{"collection":"scripture-revelation","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_41140/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_41140","id":"gutenberg_41140","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41140","summary":null,"tags":["Bible -- Geography","Bible -- Geography -- Maps","Bible -- History of Biblical events","Category: Encyclopedias/Dictionaries/Reference","Category: History - Religious","Category: Religion/Spirituality"],"text":"[Illustration: THE MODERN WORLD AND THE BIBLE LANDS.\n\nNOTE.--The Bible Lands are those included within the red lines.]\n\n[Transcriber's Note: Bold text is set off by =equal signs= and italic\ntext by _underscores_.]\n\n\n\nBIBLE ATLAS\n\n\nA MANUAL OF\n\nBIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY\n\nESPECIALLY PREPARED\n\nFOR THE USE OF TEACHERS AND STUDENTS OF THE BIBLE, AND FOR SUNDAY SCHOOL\nINSTRUCTION, CONTAINING\n\nMaps, Plans, Review Charts, Colored Diagrams,\n\nAND\n\nILLUSTRATED\n\nWITH ACCURATE VIEWS OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES AND LOCALITIES KNOWN TO\nBIBLE HISTORY.\n\n\nREVISED EDITION.\n\n\nBY REV. JESSE L. HURLBUT, D. D.,\n\nAUTHOR OF \"REVISED NORMAL LESSONS,\" \"STUDIES IN THE FOUR GOSPELS,\"\n\"STUDIES IN OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY,\" ETC.\n\nWITH AN INTRODUCTION BY\n\nREV. BISHOP JOHN H. VINCENT, D. D., LL. D.,\n\nCHANCELLOR OF THE CHAUTAUQUA UNIVERSITY.\n\n          CHICAGO:\n          RAND, McNALLY & COMPANY,\n          PUBLISHERS.\n\n\n\n\n          MANUAL OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY.\n\n          COPYRIGHT, 1884, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO.\n          COPYRIGHT, 1887, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO.\n          COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO.\n          COPYRIGHT, 1908, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO.\n          COPYRIGHT, 1910, BY RAND, MCNALLY & CO.\n\n\n\n\nINTRODUCTION.\n\n\nON this side of the sea we sit down with a big book in our hands. It is\nan old book. Nearly two thousand years have passed since the last word\nof it was written, and no one can tell how many thousands of years ago\nthe records were made or the words uttered, out of which its first\nwriter prepared his wonderful statements.\n\nThis old book is a singular book as to the variety of its\ncontents,--ranging from dry chronological statement to highest flight of\nroyal poetry. Many pages of it are simply historical, with lists of\nkings, and names of family lines through many generations. Geographical\nallusions descending to minutest detail are strewn thickly through its\npages. There is no department of natural science which does not find\nsome of its _data_ recognized in the chapters of this venerable volume.\nStones and stars, plants and reptiles, colossal monsters of sea and\nland, fleet horse, bird of swift flight, lofty cedar and lowly\nlily,--these all find their existence recognized and recorded in that\nbook of \"various theme.\"\n\nAs it is a long time since these records were made, so are the lands far\naway in which the events recorded are said to have occurred. We measure\nthe years by millenaries, and by the thousand miles we measure the\ndistance. The greatest contrast exists between the age and land in which\nwe live and the age and lands in which this book found its beginning,\nits material and its ending.\n\nTo one familiar only with the habits, dress and customs of American\nlife, the every-day events recorded in the book seem fabulous. We do not\ndress as the book says that people dressed in those far-away years and\nfar-away lands; we do not eat as they did; our houses are not like\ntheirs; we do not measure time as they did; we do not speak their\nlanguage; our seasons do not answer to the seasons that marked their\nyear. It is difficult, knowing only our modern American life, to _think_\nourselves into the conditions under which this book says that people\nlived and thought in those long-ago ages. Their wedding feasts and\nfuneral services differed utterly from ours. They lived and died in\nanother atmosphere, under a government that no longer exists; made war\nupon nations that are powerless to-day as the sleeping dead in a\nnational cemetery; and the things which we read concerning them seem\nstrange enough to us.\n\nIn the changes which have taken place through all these centuries, it\nwould be an easy thing, under some circumstances, for men to deny that\nthe people of the book ever lived, that the cities of the book were ever\nbuilt, that the events of the book ever transpired. And, if its historic\nfoundation were destroyed, the superstructure of truth, the doctrinal\nand ethical teachings resting upon it, might in like manner be swept\naway.\n\nThis old Book--the Bible, a divine product, wrought into the texture of\nhuman history and literature with the gradually unfolding ages--is the\nold Book we study to-day on this side the sea.\n\nIt is a \"Book of books,\"--the Book out-shining all other books in the\nliterary firmament, as the sun out-splendors the planets that move in\ntheir orbits around him.\n\nIt is a book that deals with man as an immortal soul; making known the\nbeginnings of the race; going back of the beginning to God, who is from\n\"everlasting to everlasting,\" and who \"in the beginning created the\nheaven and the earth\"; revealing the creative purpose and loving grace\nof God; tracing the fall and deterioration of man, the divine\ninterposition in human history, the preparation of a family, a race, a\nnation, and a world at large, for the coming of the Redeemer; revealing\nthe glory of God in the face of Jesus Christ; showing how the Christ\ncame, what he did, what he said, what he resisted, what he endured, what\nhe suffered, what he achieved; telling in simple way the story of the\nearly church, from the little meeting of the bereaved disciples in the\nupper room to the magnificent consummation of Christ's coming, as seen\nin the prophetic visions of St. John on the Isle of Patmos.\n\nIt is a book full of history, of geography, of arch\u00e6ology, of prophecy,\nof poetry, of doctrine, of \"exceeding great and precious promises.\"\n\nIn an important sense the foundations of this book are laid in human\nhistory and geography. However high toward the heavens it may reach in\ndoctrine and promise, its foundations lay hold of the earth. If the\nchildren of Israel did not live in Egypt and Canaan and the far East, if\nthe statements of their history as recorded in the book be not _facts_,\nif the story of Jesus Christ be false,--everything fails us. With the\nsweeping away of fact, we must also bid farewell to the words of\ndoctrine and of promise here recorded; to the divine words of assurance\nwhich now give comfort to the penitent, hope to the despairing, strength\nto the feeble, and immortal life to the dying.\n\nAs we sit down on this side of the sea, it is well that we are able to\nlook beyond the sea to the lands which gave to the world the book in our\nhands. And it is well, that, as we look, we are able to connect the book\nof to-day with those same lands as they now lie among the rivers and by\nthe seaside, from the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates to the mouths\nof the Nile, from the palaces of Babylon to the dock at Puteoli and the\nprison at Rome. And it is well that the lands as they are found to-day\ncorrespond to the records of the Book as they were made centuries and\ncenturies ago. The Book, on its human historic, geographical and\narch\u00e6ological side, is true to the facts as in the nineteenth century\nthey are presented to us in the lands of the East.\n\nThere are those who believe with firm faith, that, for these days of\nskepticism and of merciless and conscienceless historic criticism, the\nlands have been kept almost in their original condition, that the\ntestimony of the modern skeptical traveler might (though unintentionally\non his part, but necessarily) corroborate the teachings of the Bible.\nHave the mummy wrappings of Mohammedan domination held the far East\nunchanged through the centuries, that in these days of doubt the hills\nof Canaan, the plains of Egypt and the ruins of Mesopotamia might lift\ntheir voice in solemn attestation to the divine truthfulness of the\nsacred historians?\n\nThese lands are memorial lands. They are now what the Book says they\nonce were. Although the sweeping away of ancient governments and the\nreign of anarchy have modified the face of the country, the evidences\nstill remain that the most glowing descriptions of their prosperity were\nnot exaggerated. Infidels have doubted, for example, whether Palestine\ncould contain the immense populations which, in its prosperous days,\naccording to the statements of the Book, were resident there. But\nscientists show that the soil of Canaan, under cultivation, is one of\nthe richest and most fertile in the world. The broken terraces that may\nstill be traced on the hill-sides, the walls of cities and other ruins\nthat fill the land, sustain the account of the prosperous days and the\nimmense populations of Bible times.\n\nSo little have the conditions of social life been modified, that one may\nlive the old life over again in Canaan. Soil and scenery, the seasons of\nthe year, Jacob's well and the Jordan, Ebal and Gerizim, the plain, the\nwilderness and the city, all give witness to the words of the Book.\n\nThe names of olden time still linger. One lands at _Yafa_, the \"Joppa\"\nof old; Jerusalem is now _el Khuds_,--\"the Holy\"; _Bahr-lut_--\"the Sea\nof Lot\"--is the Dead Sea in the Valley of Sodom and Gomorrah; _Bir es\nSeba_ is the Beersheba of the olden time; _el Azariyeh_ is Bethany, the\nhome of Lazarus; _Beit-lahm_ is still Bethlehem; and _el Khalil_--\"the\nFriend\"--is the name of Hebron, the home of Abram, \"the Friend of God.\"\n\nIn the customs and costumes, in the habits of speech and the manners of\nthe people, you read the same lesson. In the spring of 1863 I was\npermitted to spend forty days and forty nights in Palestine. I saw\nAbraham at his tent-door; Rebekah vailing herself at the approach of the\nstranger; the long caravan of camels and Midianites on their way toward\nthe South. I saw the wailing mourners at the house of death; the roof\nthat might easily have been broken up; the wedding procession; the grass\non the house-tops; the sparrow making a nest for her young in the\nsynagogues of Jerusalem. I saw the elders in the gates; David the\nshepherd, with his sheep, on the hill-side; the Jewish mother teaching\nTimothy the words of the old Book in the old city on the hill. Verily,\nit is the old land; it is the old life; it is the memorial presentation\nin concrete form of what the Book says was true there thousands of years\nago.\n\nAs I stood on Safed, overlooking the Sea of Galilee and the lovely land\nabout it, I turned and looked toward the north, and saw snow-sheathed\nHermon, probably the Mount of Transfiguration, as it stood out that day\nagainst the blue sky of Syria. I thought of Ruskin's words: \"These pure\nwhite hills, near to the heavens and sources of all good to the earth,\nare the memorials of the light of his mercy that fell snow-like on the\nMount of Transfiguration.\"\n\nI once saw the Alps glorified by the setting sun. I was standing on _La\nFl\u00e9g\u00e9re_, looking down upon the Valley of Chamounix, and upward upon the\nmagnificent heights, above which towered the great Mont Blanc. A pall of\nmist had hidden the rough and unilluminated rocks; but, when that mist\ngrew thin as a vail of delicate lace, I saw the Alps beyond, and they\nappeared as if on fire. I cried out in ecstacy, \"Behold Mount Zion.\"\nThrough the mists of earth I saw the splendors of heaven. The story of\nthe transfiguration on Mount Hermon, in the days of Jesus, if taken\nliterally, is not so marvelous as the history we call the life and\ncharacter of Jesus. Both belong to the realm of the supernatural. The\n\"life\" granted, the transfiguration has no surprise in it. So I discover\nthe strange blending of the natural and supernatural in the Land and the\nBook,--in the Land as to-day hallowed by the Book,--in the Book as\nto-day supported and made real by the Land.\n\nIt thus easily appears that every Bible reader should be acquainted with\nthe outlines of Biblical and geographical antiquities. Without such\nknowledge it is impossible properly to understand the divine word. How\noften, through ignorance of sacred arch\u00e6ology, we overlook the force and\nbeauty of the allusions which abound in the narrative, poetic and\nprophetic parts of Scripture. And there is, moreover, an air of reality\nimparted to all history by familiarity with the geography involved in\nit.\n\nIn view of the supernatural character of Bible history, acquaintance\nwith Bible geography is particularly important. Once give its wonderful\ntransactions an actual locality among the hills, valleys and cities\nwhich may still be found and visited, connecting and comparing them with\nthe records of our present history, and our youth will readily\ndistinguish the miraculous from the mythical, and discover not only\nclear illustrations of many portions of the Bible, but strong and\nirresistible evidence in favor of its divinity.\n\nI therefore hail with joy the admirable presentation of the facts of\nBible history and geography in this volume--a presentation so clear, and\nso abundantly illustrative, that the humblest teacher and most\nindifferent student may be interested and instructed.\n\nThe study of Bible history and geography must not be limited to the\ntheological school, the pastor's study, or the advanced Bible class. It\nis a department peculiarly adapted to our youngest children, and by them\nmost needed, that they may secure the vivid realization of actuality in\nthe Bible narratives. Boys and girls to-day may not take much delight in\nthe advanced doctrinal teachings of the Bible; but it is possible so to\nconnect its history with stories of modern travel, through the regions\nreferred to in that history, that they will become interested in the one\nbecause of the pleasure they find in the other.\n\nOur Sunday School libraries should contain the many books of travel\nthrough the far East which are published in these days. And our\nministers should enlist young people, through special classes, in the\nstudy of Bible history and geography. In this way a \"week-day hold\" upon\nour young people may be secured.\n\nDuring ten years of my pastoral life, wherever the itinerant system of\nmy church placed me, I held on every Saturday afternoon, in the\nlecture-room of my church, a class to which old and young, and the\nrepresentatives of all denominations, were admitted. It was called \"The\nPalestine Class,\" and was devoted to the study of Bible history and\ngeography. An outline of facts, prepared in catechetical form, was\nprinted, and committed to memory by every pupil. Difficult old Hebrew\nnames of lands, cities and mountains, were arranged in a rhythmic way,\nand chanted after the manner of the old-time \"singing geography\"\nclasses. Answers were given in concert to help the memory, and personal\nexaminations were afterward conducted to test it. The class constituted\nan \"ideal company of tourists to the far East.\" The course of lessons\nwas divided into five sections, covering the whole of Bible history. As\neach member, passing a personal examination, gave proof that he had\nthoroughly mastered \"Section One,\" he was constituted a PILGRIM to the\nHoly Land, and given a certificate to that effect. Having studied\n\"Section Two,\" and passed a satisfactory examination, he was made a\nRESIDENT in Palestine, and his name was associated with one town or\nmountain. In that way every principal place on the map was associated\nwith the name of some member, who was held responsible to the class for\ninformation concerning its history and present condition. An examination\nin \"Section Three\" made our \"pilgrim\" and \"resident\" a DWELLER IN\nJERUSALEM. Having been examined in \"Section Four,\" he was made an\nEXPLORER of other Bible lands, and was located on some mountain, or city\nof Egypt, Arabia, Chaldea, Asia Minor, etc. A final examination made him\na TEMPLAR.\n\nThe songs, concert exercises, responses and ideal pilgrimage gave\nenthusiasm to the class, while the personal examinations guaranteed\nthoroughness. As I recall those Saturday afternoons of my early\nministry, surrounded by earnest women and wide-awake boys and girls of\nall ages, I am amply rewarded for all the labor and time expended. The\nenthusiasm and delight, the perceptible growth in knowledge, the spirit\nof catholicity, the steadiness promoted in the frivolous, the\ngratification afforded on the occasion of public examinations and\nreviews, the increased appreciation of the Sunday preaching, visible on\nthe faces of young and old, the grateful words that have come through\nthe intervening years from those who were by these studies incited to a\nmore intelligent and earnest Bible study--these are some of the results\nof those years of pastoral service. The plan is practicable for every\npastor. The book which I now have the honor of introducing to the public\nfurnishes to every minister a complete preparation for directing such\nclasses--a preparation which, twenty-five years ago, would have been a\ngreat benediction to me.\n\nOne of these Palestine classes reported its imaginary tour through the\nvillage paper. These articles gave local interest to the movement,\ndelighting the imaginary tourists, and (through no fault of ours)\ndeceiving more than one simple-hearted reader in the community. From\nthese letters I make a few extracts.\n\n\n\"PALESTINE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE 'INDEPENDENT WATCHMAN.'\n\n          \"DEAR INDEPENDENT: In fulfillment of the promise\n          made the night before our departure, I sit down to\n          write the first of a series of letters detailing\n          the most noteworthy incidents of our journey to\n          the Holy Land, with such historical and\n          geographical facts as are suggested by the\n          localities we may be permitted to visit.\n\n          \"As you are well aware, an association, which has\n          for its specific object the study of Bible history\n          and geography, was organized in your town some\n          months ago. After a course of thorough preliminary\n          training, arrangements were consummated for a tour\n          of observation through Egypt, Arabia,\n          Palestine,--the lands of Hebrew life and\n          literature, the scenes of the early Christian\n          history, and, later, the arena of Saracenic\n          invasion and domination. We are now on the way\n          thither. While the tide of mighty immigration is\n          pouring westward toward the American desert, the\n          Rocky Mountains, Pike's Peak and Cherry creek, a\n          tiny rill of exploration is trickling eastward\n          toward the desert of Sinai, the mountains of\n          Egypt, the peaks of Lebanon, and the river of\n          Jordan.\" * * * * *\n\nAfter calling attention to two books which had just then appeared--\"The\nLand and The Book,\" by Dr. Thomson, and \"Palestine Past and Present,\" by\nDr. Osborn--the Palestine correspondent continued:\n\n          \"No class of literature is more refining and\n          exalting than the records of cultivated minds made\n          amid the sacred scenes of Palestine, and the not\n          less interesting ruins of Egypt, Asia Minor and\n          Greece. A taste for such mental pabulum is a\n          better safeguard against the popular and polluting\n          fictions of the day than all the mandates of the\n          parent or the uncompromising denunciations of the\n          pulpit. Preoccupy by the good, and there will be\n          no evil to expel. Create a taste for healthful\n          literature in our young people, and they will not\n          crave the blood and fire potions now so\n          mercilessly provided by the corrupt press. This is\n          one object of our present pilgrimage to Palestine.\n          We would open a new world--the newest and yet the\n          oldest of worlds--to their view. We would unfurl\n          bright maps and open new books, and delight them\n          in a field of thought and research, in which\n          healthful influences prevail, a field of fragrant\n          and thornless flowers, of luscious and life-giving\n          fruit. * * * * * The association to which I have\n          referred is composed of about eighty pilgrims. On\n          Saturday morning, the 25th, we left your quiet\n          village, reaching Chicago the same evening.\n          Tuesday morning found us on our way to New York,\n          where we arrived early this morning. We shall sail\n          on Saturday, April 2, for the Orient. In order to\n          diminish our expenses, we forego the speed of the\n          regular steam route, and have chartered the\n          sailing vessel, the schooner 'Star of Bethlehem.'\n          She is a new vessel, and a 'bright light' in her\n          way. Well rigged, and ably manned, she is prepared\n          for the buffeting of old ocean. Her captain is the\n          distinguished and experienced _Hardstudy_, with\n          whom, I am sure, you have some acquaintance. He is\n          a true gentleman, and, I am told, has been an\n          intimate companion of several Oriental travelers.\n          He accompanied Dr. Robinson on both his tours. The\n          'Star,' built expressly for excursions to the\n          Mediterranean waters, is a stout boat, and is\n          provided with the modern conveniences and luxuries\n          of travel. She is about 150 tons burden. I spent\n          an hour on board of her this afternoon, and am\n          much gratified with the neatness and elegance\n          displayed in all her departments. The library and\n          reading-room is a little palace. It contains about\n          1,500 volumes, chiefly of Eastern travel, which,\n          together with a number of good maps and paintings,\n          will afford us every opportunity to prepare for\n          the interesting tour we are about making. All thus\n          far are well. Remember us in our wanderings, and\n          send us copies of your paper, directing to the\n          'care of the United States Consul at Alexandria.'\n          Prepay to New York, and send 'Via Liverpool and\n          Beyrout.'\"\n\nThe next letter gives an account of the various pilgrimages which have\nbeen made to Palestine from the days of Abraham down to the present.\n\n          \"Off Sandy Hook, 3.30 P. M.,\" our correspondent\n          wrote. \"The wide ocean is before us. We have\n          passed the Battery, Brooklyn, Staten Island, the\n          ruins of old quarantine and the forts,--feeble\n          protection in cases of invasion,--and yonder to\n          the east is Sandy Hook. The bell of the tug rings.\n          In five minutes our friends who accompany us down\n          will return to the city, and we shall be alone\n          upon the wide, wide sea. The waters appear quiet;\n          a faint west wind is rising; all the children are\n          in good spirits. If they are as bright to-morrow\n          it will be strange. Farewell, native land!\n          Farewell!\"\n\nThe third letter opened with a quotation from Browning:\n\n\n          \"'In the dimmest northeast distance\n           Dawned Gibraltar, grand and gray.'\n\n                    \"SCHOONER STAR OF BETHLEHEM,\n                          \"HARBOR OF GIBRALTAR, May 4, '59.\n\n          \"DEAR INDEPENDENT: Thirty-two days ago we left the\n          port of New York, and day before yesterday glided\n          through the Straits of Gibraltar, casting anchor\n          in this harbor. Our voyage was short and\n          agreeable, all that could be desired, with the\n          exception of the sea-sickness that prevailed among\n          us for the first four or five days, and the alarm\n          occasioned by the heavy gale of last week. For two\n          days the storm raged so violently that our fears\n          were much excited. On the evening of the 26th ult.\n          the winds were lulled, the clouds broke away, and\n          the rays of the setting sun hurried swiftly across\n          the yet raging waves, to brighten their foaming\n          crests with golden light, and bring hope to our\n          hearts. Religious services were conducted each\n          Sabbath by the chaplain, and our programme of\n          study and reading was faithfully observed every\n          day. All that we did, and all that we saw, cannot\n          be reported in a single letter. Our young friends\n          must themselves write about the wonders of the\n          sea,--whales, dolphins, icebergs; sunset, sunrise,\n          midnight; calms, storms, water-spouts; and all\n          other sources of joy or terror in ocean life.\n          Yesterday was spent in an excursion to the town of\n          Gibraltar.\" * * * * *\n\nAfter a description of Gibraltar, the writer says:\n\n          \"The whole juvenile forces of our vessel have been\n          invited to dine this afternoon with the officers\n          of _H. M. S. Manchester_, in company with the\n          British and American consuls of Gibraltar, and\n          left an hour ago, under the charge of Captain\n          _Hardstudy_, to comply with the gracious\n          invitation, and I remain to prepare this letter\n          for the morrow's steamer from Valetta to\n          Liverpool. The sun is already sinking in the blue\n          and gold waters of the Mediterranean. A fresh\n          breeze has startled the sleeping waves into lively\n          gambols, and our flag points eagerly westward and\n          homeward. See our party of little travelers just\n          off for the 'Manchester'! How their boats dance up\n          and down over the water! 'Boom!' 'boom!' go the\n          signal guns from the kind old ship! Now hear the\n          thunderous volleys from the batteries on the huge\n          mountain, proclaiming the hour of sunset!\"\n\nThe letters which follow are from \"Alexandria, Egypt, May 28\"; from the\n\"Steamer Rameses, River Nile, June 11\"; from \"Off Joppa, June 16\"; from\n\"Jerusalem, July 5\"; from \"Nablous, 'the City of Samaria,' July 12\";\nfrom \"Beyrout, Syria, July 23\"; and on Monday morning, July 25, our\ncorrespondent writes his farewell, as follows:\n\n          \"Well, friend INDEPENDENT, our travels are ended.\n          We came on board the 'Star of Bethlehem' this\n          morning. The steamer for Liverpool leaves this\n          afternoon, and we shall send our letters ashore to\n          be mailed. By the 30th of September we hope to be\n          with you again. We have seen the earthly Canaan,\n          with its degradation and defilement. Our minds\n          turn toward the better Canaan. With Watts we sing:\n\n           \"'Look up, our souls, pant toward the eternal hills;\n             Those heavens are fairer than they seem.\n             There pleasures all sincere glide on in crystal rills;\n             There not a dreg of guilt defiles,\n               No grief disturbs the stream\n               That Canaan knows,--no noxious thing,\n               No cursed soil, no tainted spring;\n               No roses grow on thorns, nor honey wears a sting.'\"\n\nSuch devices as these help to inspire the young with an interest in\nsacred things. They may not yet be prepared to appreciate the night of\nprayer on the mountain, the agony of the Lord in Gethsemane, or the\nrapturous experiences of St. John on Patmos; but they may take delight\nin the land, its customs, its wonderful histories, read with\ngratification an account of journeys from Dan to Beersheba, with perils\nfrom robbers, and the pranks of native children, the lonely horseback\nride from Jerusalem down to Jericho, the encampment by the \"Fountain of\nrobbers\" north of Jerusalem, the loveliness of Nazareth, the beauty of\nthe Sea of Galilee, and the glories of Lebanon and Hermon. Finding\ndelight in these more human things, they may, incidentally, under the\nleadership of the divine Providence and Spirit, catch glimpses of his\nface who, by simile and word and spirit, sanctified the land from north\nto south and from Bashan to the sea.\n\n                                                       J. H. VINCENT.\n\n\n\n\nPREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION.\n\n\nDURING the fourteen years since this work was prepared great advancement\nhas been gained in knowledge of the ancient Oriental world. In the light\nof recent researches it has become necessary to revise the entire book.\nThe work has been done with care, every location has been\nreinvestigated, and the historical allusions have been compared with the\nlatest and best authorities. In this revision the author has been\nmaterially aided by Prof. Robert W. Rogers of Madison, N. J., and Prof.\nKarl P. Harrington of Chapel Hill, N. C., to both of whom thanks are\nrendered. It is possible that some errors may yet remain, and if any\nappear to students who make use of this work, corrections or suggestions\nwith regard to them will be gratefully received.\n\n                                                      JESSE L. HURLBUT.\n\n\n\n\nGENERAL INDEX.\n\n\n                                                          PAGE\n  Ancient World, and the Descendants of Noah                23\n  Apostolic History, Early                                 112\n  Bible History, Chart of                                   13\n  Conquest of Canaan                                        50\n  Empire of David and Solomon                               68\n  Illustrations, List of                                    11\n  Index to Descriptive Matter                              157\n  Index to Map of Old Testament World (Map on pp. 18, 19)  156\n  Index to Map of Palestine (Map on pp. 152, 153)          151\n  Introduction                                               3\n  Isles of Greece and the Seven Churches                   132\n  Jerusalem, Ancient                                        72\n  Jerusalem, Environs of                                    82\n  Jerusalem, Modern                                         77\n  Journeys of the Apostle Paul                             116\n  Journeys of the Patriarchs                                33\n  Kingdom of Saul                                           64\n  Lands of the Sojourn and Wandering                        41\n  Life of Christ, The                                      103\n  Measures of the Bible, The                               148\n  New Testament Palestine (Kingdom of Herod the Great)     100\n  Old Testament World, The                                  17\n  Oriental Empires, The Great                               91\n  Palestine Among the Twelve Tribes                         55\n  Palestine Before the Conquest                             36\n  Palestine, Lessons in the Geography of                   143\n  Palestine Under the Judges                                60\n  Physical Palestine                                        28\n  Roman Empire, The                                         97\n  Solomon's Empire, The Division of                         86\n  Tabernacle, The                                          135\n  Table of Contents                                          9\n  Temple, The                                              138\n\n\n\n\nTABLE OF CONTENTS.\n\n\n                                                 PAGE\n  CHART OF BIBLE HISTORY                        13-16\n\n     I. GENERAL PERIODS.\n    II. SUBDIVISIONS.\n   III. PERSONS AND RULERS.\n    IV. EVENTS OF BIBLE HISTORY.\n     V. THE HISTORY OF EGYPT.\n    VI. THE KINGDOMS OF THE EAST.\n   VII. THE ORIENTAL EMPIRES.\n  VIII. THE WORLD IN GENERAL.\n\n\n  THE OLD TESTAMENT WORLD                       17-22\n\n     I. EXTENT.\n    II. SEAS.\n   III. MOUNTAIN RANGES.\n    IV. RIVERS.\n     V. LANDS.\n          I. _Lands of the Mountain System._\n               1. Armenia;\n               2. Media;\n               3. Persia.\n         II. _Lands of the Plain._\n               1. Assyria;\n               2. Elam;\n               3. Mesopotamia;\n               4. Chaldea;\n               5. Arabia.\n        III. _Lands of the Mediterranean._\n               1. Asia Minor;\n               2. Syria;\n               3. Phoenicia;\n               4. Palestine;\n               5. The Wilderness;\n               6. Egypt.\n\n\n  ANCIENT WORLD, AND DESCENDANTS OF NOAH        23-27\n\n     I. THE JAPHETIC NATIONS.\n          1. Gomer;\n          2. Magog;\n          3. Madai;\n          4. Javan;\n          5. Tubal;\n          6. Meshech;\n          7. Tiras.\n    II. THE HAMITIC RACES.\n          1. Cush;\n          2. Mizraim;\n          3. Phut;\n          4. Canaan.\n   III. THE SEMITIC RACES.\n          1. Elam;\n          2. Asshur;\n          3. Arphaxad;\n          4. Lud;\n          5. Aram.\n\n\n  PHYSICAL PALESTINE                            28-32\n\n     I. DIMENSIONS.\n          1. Canaan;\n          2. Palestine Proper;\n          3. The Land of Promise.\n    II. NATURAL DIVISIONS.\n          1. Maritime Plain;\n          2. Mountain Region;\n          3. Jordan Valley;\n          4. Eastern Table-Land.\n   III. THE WATERS OF PALESTINE.\n          1. The River Jordan;\n          2. The Three Lakes;\n          3. The Brooks.\n    IV. THE MOUNTAINS OF PALESTINE.\n          1. West of the Jordan;\n          2. East of the Jordan.\n     V. THE PLAINS OF PALESTINE.\n          1. Phoenicia;\n          2. Sharon;\n          3. Philistia;\n          4. Esdraelon;\n          5. Negeb;\n          6. Jordan;\n          7. Hauran.\n\n\n  THE JOURNEYS OF THE PATRIARCHS                33-36\n\n     I. THE JOURNEYS OF ABRAHAM.\n          1. Ur to Haran;\n          2. Haran to Canaan;\n          3. Visit to Egypt;\n          4. Removal to Hebron;\n          5. Pursuit of the Elamites;\n          6. Settlement at Beersheba;\n          7. Offering of Isaac;\n          8. Burial of Sarah.\n    II. THE JOURNEYS OF ISAAC.\n        Homes:\n          1. Beer-lahai-roi;\n          2. Gerar;\n          3. Rehoboth;\n          4. Beersheba;\n          5. Hebron.\n   III. THE JOURNEYS OF JACOB.\n          1. Flight to Haran;\n          2. Return to Canaan;\n          3. Residence in Canaan;\n          4. Descent into Egypt;\n          5. Burial Procession.\n\n\n  PALESTINE BEFORE THE CONQUEST                 36-40\n\n     I. THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS.\n          1. The Rephaim;\n          2. The Zuzim;\n          3. The Emim;\n          4. The Horim;\n          5. The Avim;\n          6. The Anakim.\n    II. THE TRIBES OF THE PATRIARCHAL ERA.\n          1. Zidonians;\n          2. Canaanites;\n          3. Philistines;\n          4. Hittites;\n          5. Girgashites;\n          6. Hivites;\n          7. Perizzites;\n          8. Jebusites;\n          9. Amorites.\n   III. THE NATIONS AT THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST.\n          1. Amorites;\n          2. Moabites and Ammonites.\n    IV. THE SURROUNDING NATIONS.\n          1. Hivites, Arkites, Sinites,\n               Arvadites, Hamathites;\n          2. Ammonites;\n          3. Amalekites, Kenites, Edomites.\n\n\n  LANDS OF THE SOJOURN AND WANDERING            41-49\n\n     I. THE LAND OF EGYPT.\n          1. Names;\n          2. Boundaries and Dimensions;\n          3. Divisions;\n          4. The Nile;\n          5. The People;\n          6. History;\n          7. Principal Places.\n    II. THE WILDERNESS OF THE WANDERING.\n          1. Situation;\n          2. Natural Features;\n          3. Inhabitants.\n   III. THE LAND OF EDOM.\n          1. Boundaries;\n          2. Names;\n          3. Natural Features;\n          4. History;\n          5. Peculiarities.\n    IV. THE WANDERING IN THE WILDERNESS.\n          1. Rameses to the Red Sea;\n          2. Red Sea to Mt. Sinai;\n          3. Mt. Sinai to Kadesh-barnea;\n          4, 5, 6. Kadesh-barnea to Mt. Hor,\n               Ezion-geber, and Return;\n          7, 8. Kadesh-barnea to Elath and Jordan;\n               Table of Stations.\n\n\n  THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN                        50-54\n\n     I. CONQUEST OF EASTERN PALESTINE.\n          1. Gilead;\n          2. Bashan;\n          3. Midian.\n    II. CONQUEST OF WESTERN PALESTINE.\n          1. Central;\n          2. Southern;\n          3. Northern.\n   III. SUPPLEMENTARY CONQUESTS.\n          1. Judah and Simeon;\n          2. Caleb and Othniel;\n          3. Dan.\n\n\n  PALESTINE AMONG THE TWELVE TRIBES             55-59\n\n     I. REUBEN.\n    II. GAD.\n   III. MANASSEH--EAST.\n    IV. SIMEON.\n     V. JUDAH.\n    VI. BENJAMIN.\n   VII. DAN.\n  VIII. EPHRAIM.\n    IX. MANASSEH--WEST.\n     X. ISSACHAR.\n    XI. ASHER.\n   XII. ZEBULON.\n  XIII. NAPHTALI.\n   XIV. LEVI.\n\n\n  PALESTINE UNDER THE JUDGES                    60-63\n\n     I. SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE CONQUEST.\n          1. Judah and Simeon;\n          2. Danite Migration;\n          3. Civil War.\n    II. OPPRESSIONS AND JUDGES.\n          1. Mesopotamian (south);\n          2. Moabite (central);\n          3. Early Philistine (south);\n          4. Canaanite (north);\n          5. Midianite (central and north);\n          6. Ammonite (east);\n          7. Philistine (south and central).\n   III. BATTLES OF THE PERIOD.\n\n\n  THE KINGDOM OF SAUL                           64-67\n\n     I. SAUL'S APPOINTMENT AS KING.\n    II. THE WARS OF SAUL.\n   III. SAUL'S PURSUIT OF DAVID.\n    IV. SAUL'S DEATH.\n\n\n  THE EMPIRE OF DAVID AND SOLOMON               68-71\n\n     I. DAVID'S REIGN OVER JUDAH.\n    II. THE UNION OF PALESTINE.\n   III. DAVID'S FOREIGN CONQUESTS.\n    IV. THE CALAMITIES OF DAVID'S REIGN.\n     V. THE CLOSE OF DAVID'S REIGN.\n    VI. THE REIGN OF SOLOMON.\n\n\n  ANCIENT JERUSALEM                             72-76\n\n     I. NAMES.\n    II. LOCATION.\n   III. GEOLOGIC FORMATION.\n    IV. VALLEYS.\n     V. MOUNTAINS.\n    VI. WALLS.\n   VII. HISTORY.\n\n\n  MODERN JERUSALEM                              77-81\n\n     I. LOCATION.\n    II. WALLS.\n   III. GATES.\n    IV. QUARTERS.\n     V. FOUNTAINS AND POOLS.\n    VI. OUTSIDE THE WALLS.\n\n\n  THE ENVIRONS OF JERUSALEM                    82-85\n\n     I. NORTHERN ROAD.\n          1. Mizpeh;\n          2. Nob;\n          3. Gibeah;\n          4. Anathoth;\n          5. Ramah;\n          6. Michmash;\n          7. Ai;\n          8. Beeroth;\n          9. Bethel;\n         10. Rimmon;\n         11. Ephraim.\n    II. EASTERN ROAD.\n          1. Bethany;\n          2. Steep Descent;\n          3. Jericho.\n   III. SOUTHERN ROAD.\n          1. Plain of the Rephaim;\n          2. Rachel's Tomb;\n          3. Bethlehem;\n          4. Valley of Elah;\n          5. Hebron;\n          6. Jeshimon.\n    IV. SOUTHWESTERN ROAD. \"Jerusalem to Gaza.\"\n     V. WESTERN ROAD.\n          1. Emmaus;\n          2. Kirjath-jearim.\n    VI. NORTHWESTERN ROAD.\n          1. Ramah;\n          2. Gibeon;\n          3. Beth-horon.\n\n\n  THE DIVISION OF SOLOMON'S EMPIRE              86-90\n\n     I. KINGDOMS:\n          1. Syria;\n          2. Israel;\n          3. Judah;\n          4. Moab;\n          5. Edom.\n    II. PERIODS:\n          1. Period of Division;\n          2. Syrian Period;\n          3. Restoration of Israel;\n          4. Fall of Israel;\n          5. Fall of Judah.\n   III. BATTLES OF THE PERIOD.\n\n\n  THE GREAT ORIENTAL EMPIRES                91-96, 99\n\n     I. THE EARLY CHALDEAN EMPIRE.\n    II. THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE.\n   III. THE BABYLONIAN EMPIRE.\n    IV. THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.\n  THE DIVISION OF ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE, B.C. 250.\n          1. Persian Supremacy;\n          2. Macedonian Supremacy;\n          3. Egyptian Supremacy;\n          4. Syrian Supremacy;\n          5. Maccabean Independence;\n          6. Roman Supremacy.\n\n\n  THE ROMAN EMPIRE                              97-99\n\n     I. EUROPEAN PROVINCES.\n    II. INSULAR PROVINCES.\n   III. ASIATIC PROVINCES.\n    IV. AFRICAN PROVINCES.\n\n\n  NEW TESTAMENT PALESTINE                     100-102\n\n     I. THE PROVINCES OF PALESTINE.\n          1. Judea;\n          2. Samaria;\n          3. Galilee;\n          4. Per\u00e6a;\n          5. Decapolis.\n    II. THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF PALESTINE,\n         B.C. 4-A.D. 70.\n          1. Kingdom of Herod the Great;\n          2. Tetrarchy;\n          3. Kingdom of Herod Agrippa;\n          4. The Two Provinces.\n\n\n  THE LIFE OF CHRIST                          103-111\n\n     I. PERIOD OF PREPARATION.\n          1. Presentation in the Temple;\n          2. Flight into Egypt;\n          3. Settlement at Nazareth;\n          4. Visit to the Temple.\n    II. PERIOD OF INAUGURATION.\n          1. Baptism;\n          2. Temptation;\n          3. Marriage at Cana;\n          4. First Passover;\n          5. Return to Galilee.\n   III. PERIOD OF EARLY GALILEAN MINISTRY.\n          1. Opening of the Ministry;\n          2. Tour in Eastern Galilee;\n          3. Second Passover;\n          4. Sermon on the Mount.\n    IV. PERIOD OF LATER GALILEAN MINISTRY.\n          1. Tour in Southern Galilee;\n          2. Gadarene Voyage;\n          3. Tour in Central Galilee;\n          4. Retirement to Bethsaida.\n     V. PERIOD OF RETIREMENT.\n          1. Journey to Phoenicia;\n          2. Journey to Decapolis;\n          3. Journey to C\u00e6sarea Philippi;\n          4. Last Return to Capernaum.\n    VI. PERIOD OF JUD\u00c6AN MINISTRY.\n          1. Galilee to Jerusalem;\n          2. Jerusalem to Bethabara.\n   VII. PERIOD OF PER\u00c6AN MINISTRY.\n          1. Bethabara to Bethany;\n          2. Retirement to Ephraim;\n          3. Journey in Per\u00e6a;\n          4. Jericho to Bethany.\n  VIII. PERIOD OF THE PASSION.\n          1, 2, 3. Bethany to Temple and Return;\n          4. Bethany to Supper;\n          5. Supper to Gethsemane;\n          6. Gethsemane to House of Caiaphas;\n          7. Caiaphas to Pilate;\n          8. Pilate to Herod and Return;\n          9. Pilate to Calvary.\n    IX. PERIOD OF THE RESURRECTION--The Ten\n         Appearances of Christ:\n          1. At Jerusalem;\n          2. At Jerusalem;\n          3. Near Emmaus;\n          4. At Jerusalem;\n          5. At Jerusalem;\n          6. At Jerusalem;\n          7. Near the Sea of Galilee;\n          8. On a Mountain in Galilee;\n          9. At Jerusalem;\n         10. Near Bethany.\n\n\n  EARLY APOSTOLIC HISTORY                     112-115\n\n     I. PHILIP'S JOURNEY.\n    II. SAUL'S JOURNEY.\n   III. PETER'S JOURNEY.\n    IV. BARNABAS' JOURNEY.\n     V. BARNABAS AND SAUL'S JOURNEY.\n\n\n  JOURNEYS OF THE APOSTLE PAUL                116-131\n\n     I. THE PROVINCES OF ASIA MINOR.\n          1. On the Black Sea;\n          2. On the \u00c6gean Sea;\n          3. On the Mediterranean;\n          4. In the Interior.\n    II. THE FIRST MISSIONARY JOURNEY.\n          1. Antioch in Syria;\n          2. Seleucia;\n          3. Island of Cyprus;\n          4. Salamis;\n          5. Paphos;\n          6. Perga;\n          7. Antioch in Pisidia;\n          8. Iconium;\n          9. Lystra;\n         10. Derbe;\n         11. Return, and Attalia.\n   III. THE SECOND MISSIONARY JOURNEY.\n          I. _Asiatic Stations._\n               1. Syria;\n               2. Cilicia;\n               3. Derbe;\n               4. Lystra;\n               5. Phrygia;\n               6. Galatia;\n               7. Troas.\n         II. _European Stations._\n               1. Philippi;\n               2. Amphipolis;\n               3. Apollonia;\n               4. Thessalonica;\n               5. Berea;\n               6. Athens;\n               7. Corinth;\n               8. Cenchrea.\n        III. _Stations of the Return Journey._\n               1. Ephesus;\n               2. C\u00e6sarea;\n               3. Jerusalem;\n               4. Antioch.\n    IV. THE THIRD MISSIONARY JOURNEY.\n          I. _Outward Journey._\n               1. Antioch;\n               2. Galatia;\n               3. Phrygia;\n               4. Ephesus;\n               5. Troas;\n               6. Macedonia;\n               7. Greece.\n         II. _Return Journey._\n               1. Philippi;\n               2. Troas;\n               3. Assos;\n               4. Mitylene;\n               5. Chios;\n               6. Samos;\n               7. Trogyllium;\n               8. Miletus;\n               9. Coos;\n              10. Rhodes;\n              11. Patara;\n              12. Tyre;\n              13. Ptolemais;\n              14. C\u00e6sarea;\n              15. Jerusalem.\n     V. THE VOYAGE TO ROME.\n          1. Jerusalem;\n          2. Antipatris;\n          3. C\u00e6sarea;\n          4. Zidon;\n          5. Myra;\n          6. Crete;\n          7. Melita;\n          8. Syracuse;\n          9. Rhegium;\n         10. Puteoli;\n         11. Appii Forum;\n         12. Rome.\n    VI. THE LAST JOURNEYS OF PAUL.\n          1. Colosse, Ephesus;\n          2. Macedonia;\n          3. Crete;\n          4. Nicopolis;\n          5. Troas;\n          6. Ephesus;\n          7. Rome.\n\n\n  THE ISLES OF GREECE AND THE SEVEN CHURCHES  132-134\n\n     I. PATMOS.\n    II. ASIA.\n   III. THE SEVEN CHURCHES OF ASIA.\n          1. Ephesus;\n          2. Smyrna;\n          3. Pergamos;\n          4. Thyatira;\n          5. Sardis;\n          6. Philadelphia;\n          7. Laodicea.\n\n\n  THE TABERNACLE                              135-137\n\n     I. ORIGIN.\n    II. HISTORY.\n   III. DEPARTMENTS OF THE TABERNACLE.\n          1. The Court;\n          2. The Altar;\n          3. The Laver;\n          4. The Tent;\n          5. The Holy Place;\n          6. The Holy of Holies.\n\n\n  THE TEMPLE                                  138-142\n\n     I. COURT OF THE GENTILES.\n    II. SACRED ENCLOSURE.\n   III. COURT OF THE WOMEN.\n    IV. COURT OF ISRAEL.\n     V. COURT OF THE PRIESTS.\n    VI. THE HOUSE OF GOD.\n\n\n  LESSONS IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE       143-147\n\n     I. LINES AND WATERS.\n    II. NAMES AND DISTANCES.\n   III. NATURAL DIVISIONS.\n          1. Sea-Coast Plain;\n          2. Mountain Region;\n          3. Jordan Valley;\n          4. Eastern Table-Land.\n    IV. MOUNTAINS.\n     V. PLACES.\n          1. In the Sea-Coast Plain;\n          2. In the Mountain Region;\n          3. In the Jordan Valley;\n          4. In the Eastern Table-Land.\n    VI. PROVINCES.\n          1. Jud\u00e6a;\n          2. Samaria;\n          3. Galilee;\n          4. Per\u00e6a;\n          5. Bashan.\n\n\n  THE MEASURES OF THE BIBLE                   148-150\n\n     I. SMALLER MEASURES OF LENGTH.\n    II. LARGER MEASURES OF LENGTH.\n   III. DRY MEASURES OF CAPACITY.\n    IV. LIQUID MEASURES OF CAPACITY.\n     V. MEASURES OF WEIGHT.\n    VI. MEASURES OF VALUE.\n\n\n  INDEX TO AND MAP OF PALESTINE               151-155\n\n  INDEX TO MAP OF OLD TESTAMENT WORLD             156\n\n  INDEX TO DESCRIPTIVE MATTER                157, 158\n\n\n\n\nLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.\n\n\n  MAPS.\n                                                    PAGE\n  Alexander's Empire, Division of                     94\n  Ancient Jerusalem in New Testament Period           72\n  Ancient World, and Descendants of Noah              24\n  Assyrian Empire                                     92\n  Babylonian Empire and its Surroundings              92\n  Beth-horon and Vicinity                             50\n  Conquest of Canaan                                  50\n  Corinth and Vicinity                               123\n  Damascus and Vicinity                              114\n  Division of Solomon's Empire                        86\n  Early Apostolic History                            112\n  Empire of Chedorlaomer                              34\n  Empire of David and Solomon                         68\n  Environs of Jerusalem                               82\n  Island of Cyprus                                   119\n  Isles of Greece and the Seven Churches             132\n  Isle of Patmos                                     134\n  Journeys of the Patriarchs                          36\n  Kadesh-barnea and Vicinity                          48\n  Kingdom of Egypt at its greatest extent under\n      Rameses II                                      42\n  Kingdom of Herod the Great                         100\n  Kingdom of Saul                                     64\n  Lands of the Sojourn and Wandering                  44\n  Modern Jerusalem                                    81\n  Modern Palestine                              152, 153\n  Modern World and Bible Lands              facing title\n  Mount Sinai, Vicinity of                            44\n  Natural Features of Jerusalem                       75\n  Nineveh and Vicinity                                96\n  Old Testament World                             18, 19\n  Oriental World in the Time of David                 70\n  Outline Map for Review                              26\n  Outline Maps (Geography of Palestine)          143-146\n  Palestine among the Tribes                          58\n  Palestine as Promised and Possessed                 53\n  Palestine before the Conquest                       36\n  Palestine during the Ministry of Jesus             102\n  Palestine under the Judges                          60\n  Palestine under the Maccabees, B.C. 100             96\n  Paul's First Missionary Journey                    116\n  Paul's Second Missionary Journey                   120\n  Paul's Third Missionary Journey                    124\n  Paul's Voyage to Rome                              126\n  Paul's Last Journeys                               130\n  Period of Preparation.          (Life of Christ)   104\n  Period of Inauguration.               \"            104\n  Period of Early Galilean Ministry.    \"            106\n  Period of Later Galilean Ministry.    \"            107\n  Period of Retirement.                 \"            107\n  Period of Jud\u00e6an Ministry.            \"            108\n  Period of Per\u00e6an Ministry.            \"            109\n  Period of the Passion.                \"            109\n  Persian Empire                                      94\n  Peter's Journey                                    112\n  Philip's Journey                                   112\n  Physical Palestine                                  28\n  Plain of Esdraelon                                  60\n  Restoration of Israel, B.C. 800                     89\n  Roman Empire in New Testament Period                98\n  Saul's Last Battle                                  64\n  Saul of Tarsus' and Barnabas' Journeys             112\n  St. Paul's Bay, Malta, enlarged                    128\n  Syrian Period, B.C. 884-840                         88\n  The Two Provinces, A.D. 44-70                      102\n\n\n  ENGRAVINGS.\n\n  Ancient Coins                                 149, 150\n  Antioch in Syria                                   117\n  Arches under Temple Area                           147\n  Areopagus at Athens                                121\n  Assyrian Palace                                     91\n  Babylon                                             95\n  Bashan, View in the Eastern Table-Land              55\n  Bethany                                            150\n  Bethlehem                                          105\n  Bible Measures                                148, 149\n  Birs Nimroud (supposed Tower of Babel)              23\n  Black Obelisk                                       93\n  Brazen Altar                                       137\n  Capernaum and the Sea of Galilee                   101\n  Church of the Ascension                             54\n  Church of the Holy Sepulchre                        16\n  Church of Nativity, Bethlehem                       71\n  Colosseum at Rome                                   97\n  Damascus                                           113\n  David's Tomb                                        73\n  Defile between Jerusalem and Jericho                83\n  Dome of the Rock (Site of the Temple)              139\n  Egyptian Temple                                     41\n  Entry of Pilgrims into Bethlehem                   xii\n  Garden of Gethsemane                                49\n  Gethsemane                                          85\n  Grotto of Jeremiah                                  99\n  Hebron                                              39\n  Jericho                                             67\n  Jericho and the Jordan                              37\n  Jews' Wailing Place at Jerusalem                    27\n  Laodicea from Hierapolis                           133\n  Moabite Stone                                       88\n  Modern Jerusalem, Panorama and Description of   78, 79\n  Mosque El Aska                                      90\n  Mount Ararat                                        20\n  Mount Tabor                                         61\n  Mount Zion                                         115\n  Mugheir (supposed to be Ur of the Chaldees)         33\n  Nazareth                                           110\n  Pool of Siloam                                     103\n  R\u00e2s es Sufsafeh (Mount Sinai)                       43\n  River Jordan                                        30\n  Round about Jerusalem                               59\n  Shechem                                             51\n  Solomon's Pools                                     84\n  Tabernacle                                         135\n  Tower of David                                      69\n  Table of Shew Bread                                136\n  Via Dolorosa                                       111\n\n\n  CHARTS.\n\n  Bible History                                   14, 15\n  Chronological Chart of Kings of Israel and Judah    87\n  Paul's First Journey, Review                       119\n  Table of Nations, Review                            27\n\n\n  COMPARATIVE DIAGRAMS.\n\n  Age of the Patriarchs, before and after the Deluge  34\n  Areas of Asia Minor and Texas, U.S.                118\n  Area of Egypt                                       42\n  Areas of Palestine and New England                  29\n  Area of Palestine at Different Periods              70\n  Areas of Assyrian, Babylonian and Persian Empires   93\n  Height of Bible Mountains                           17\n  Height of Mountains in Palestine                    32\n  Population of the Twelve Tribes at Entrance into\n      Canaan                                          57\n  Size of the Territory of the Tribes                 56\n  United States and Old Testament World               17\n\n\n  PLANS.\n\n  Antioch, Ancient                                   114\n  Athens, Ancient                                    122\n  Babylon                                             93\n  Camp of Israel                                      47\n  Ephesus and Vicinity                               125\n  Rome, Ancient                                      129\n  Sacred Enclosure (Herod's Temple)                  141\n  Section of Palestine, North to South                31\n  Section of Palestine, East to West                  31\n  Section Through the Middle of Temple, East to West 140\n  Solomon's Temple                                    71\n  Temple in the Time of Christ (Herod's)             138\n\n[Illustration: ENTRY OF PILGRIMS INTO BETHLEHEM.]\n\n\n\n\nCHART OF BIBLE HISTORY.\n\n\nTHE Geography and the History of the Bible are so closely united that\nneither subject can be studied to advantage without the other. We\ntherefore present at the opening of our work the Chart of Bible History,\nupon which the leading events of Bible History and those of the ancient\nworld in general are arranged in parallel columns. The blue lines\nextending across the page represent the centuries before Christ, each\nspace between them being 100 years. Until recently the common chronology\nfound in all reference Bibles and Biblical works, was that prepared by\nArchbishop Ussher, who died in 1656, long before the present sources of\ninformation from \"the monuments\" had been discovered. His chronology has\nnot been regarded as trustworthy by scholars for thirty years past; but\nuntil recently it has been retained because students of Biblical and\nAncient History were not agreed as to the dates which should be given in\nplace of it. But there is now a substantial, though not complete\nagreement among scholars; and we therefore discard the Ussherian system,\nand adopt that obtained from the information given in the inscriptions\nof Assyria, Babylonia, and Egypt, when compared with statements in the\nBible.\n\nWe begin at the date 2500 B.C. as the events of Bible History earlier\nthan 2500 B.C. cannot be fixed with any certainty. And it must be\nadmitted that none of the dates earlier than 1000 B.C. can be regarded\nas established.\n\nI. =General Periods.= In the first column we note the five great periods\nof Bible History. These are the natural divisions of the events\ncontained in the Bible story.\n\n1. The Period of the Early Races, from the Deluge, at a date unknown, to\nthe Call of Abraham, B.C. 2280. Before the Call of Abraham, the history\nin the book of Genesis is introductory.\n\n2. The Period of the Chosen Family, from the Call of Abraham, B.C. 2280,\nto the Exodus from Egypt, about 1250 B.C.\n\n3. The Period of the Israelite People, from the Exodus, 1250 B.C., to\nthe Coronation of Saul, about 1050 B.C.\n\n4. The Period of the Israelite Kingdom, from the Coronation of Saul,\n1050 B.C., to the Captivity in Babylon, B.C. 587.\n\n5. The Period of the Jewish Province, from the Captivity in Babylon, 587\nB.C., to the Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans, A.D. 70.\n\nII. In the second column the larger periods are broken up into\n=Subdivisions=. 1. In the _Period of the Early Races_ the line of\ndivision is made at the Dispersion of the Races, to which no date is\nassigned. 2. _The Period of the Chosen Family_ is subdivided at the\nDescent into Egypt by Jacob and his family, about 2060 B.C. 3. _The\nPeriod of the Israelitish People_ has three subdivisions. (1.) The\nWandering in the Wilderness, from the Exodus, B.C. 1250, to the Entrance\ninto Canaan, B.C. 1210. (2.) The Settlement, extending to the\nMesopotamian Oppression, B.C. 1180. (3.) The Rule of the Judges, to the\nCoronation of Saul, B.C. 1050. 4. _The Period of the Israelitish\nKingdom_ naturally divides itself into three sections. (1.) Unity, to\nthe Division of the Kingdom, B.C. 935. (2.) Division, to the Captivity\nof the Ten Tribes, B.C. 721. (3.) Decay, the stage of the kingdom of\nJudah alone, from B.C. 721 to 587, the Babylonian Captivity. 5. _The\nPeriod of the Jewish Province_ has five subdivisions. (1.) Chaldean\nRule, to the Return from Captivity, B.C. 536. (2.) Persian Rule, to the\nConquest by Alexander the Great, B.C. 330. (3.) Greek Rule, under the\nkingdoms of Alexander's successors to the Revolt of Mattathias, B.C.\n168. (4.) Jewish Independence, to the Annexation of Jud\u00e6a to the Roman\nEmpire, A.D. 6. (5.) Roman Rule, to the final Destruction of Jerusalem,\nA.D. 70.\n\nIII. Next, we notice the prominent =Persons and Rulers= in Sacred\nHistory. The perpendicular lines opposite the names of the patriarchs\nindicate the duration of their lives, according to the common\nchronology. Only the most important of the Judges are named, and with\neach is given his number in the order of the list. The crowns show the\nkings, and the years show the period of their reigns. The chronology\nduring the age of the Judges is very uncertain, and the dates are only\nconjectural.\n\nIV. =The Events of Bible History=, given in the fourth column, are too\nnumerous to be recapitulated. The student should divide them according\nto the Subdivisions of the Periods, already given.\n\nV. =The History of Egypt= occupies the fifth column. The opinions of\nscholars are greatly at variance with regard to the dates of the first\neighteen dynasties, some of them differing by a thousand years. The\nancient history of Egypt is divided into three sections. (1.) The Old\nKingdom, founded by Menes perhaps 4700 B.C., and governed by ten\ndynasties in succession. (2.) The Middle Kingdom, from about 2900 B.C.\nto 1570 B.C., Dynasties XI. to XVII. (3.) The New Kingdom, from 1570\nB.C. to 525 B.C., Dynasties XVII. to XXVII. Egypt was part of the Persian\nEmpire from 525 to 332 B.C. After 323 B.C. it was governed by a line of\nGreek kings, who bore the name of Ptolemy, until 30 B.C., when it became\na Roman province.\n\nVI. =The Kingdoms of the East=, Babylonia and Assyria, appear on the\nsixth column; beginning with a number of states in Babylonia; becoming\nan empire under Hammurabi about 2280 B.C.; by turns strong and weak\nuntil about 1100 B.C., when the Assyrian empire arose, overpowering\nBabylon. The Assyrian Empire lasted until 625 B.C., when Babylon again\narose to power, though the Chaldean Empire did not begin until 606 B.C.\nIn 536 B.C. it fell before the Persian conquerors, and the whole world\nof the Bible was under Persian control until 330 B.C., when Alexander\nthe Great won it. No world-empire arose after the death of Alexander,\nuntil the Roman period.\n\n[Transcriber's Note: This time-line has been changed from the original\nlayout due to width and text constraints. Originally, there were eight\ncolumns across with the Roman numeral major divisions noted below and\nthe century marks ran down the left and right margins. The original is\nalso color-coded to indicate eras of history such as the Roman Rule of\nIsrael. To try to make this time-line still useful in a text format,\neach item from each column has been arranged in order with a letter\nindicating its original column title. This leads to some necessary\nrepetion. For example:\n\n          [C] c. 1010. David, King.\n          [D] 1010--David King over Judah.\n\nbecause David was both a \"Ruler in Bible History\" and a part of the\n\"History of Israel.\" Below this linear timeline is a format more like\nthe original but with only one, two or three columns in a section\ndepending on the space available.]\n\n  A I. General Periods\n  B II. Subdivision of General Periods\n  C III. Persons and Rulers in Bible History\n  D IV. History of Israel\n  E V. Egypt\n  F VI. Kingdoms of the East\n  G VII. The Oriental Empires\n  H VIII. The World in General\n\n\n  Pre-2500 B.C.\n  [A] Period of Early Races, from the deluge. (Date unknown)\n  [B] The United Races to the Dispersion. (Date unknown)\n  [D] [All the dates in this column are uncertain above 1000 B.C., and\n          are given tentatively. The dates are not sufficient for a\n          complete and sure chronology].\n  [E] 4700(?)--Egypt founded by Menes. Old Kingdom (Dynasties I.-X.).\n          Memphis earliest capital.\n  [F] 4500 B.C.--Kingdoms existing in Babylonia.\n  [H] Dates earlier than 700 B.C. traditional and uncertain.\n  [F] 3900(?)--Rise of Ur to power.\n  [E] 3500(?)--Pyramids built (Dynasty IV.).\n  [F] 3000--Nineveh in existence.\n  [E] 2900(?)--Middle kingdom begins (Dynasties XI.-XVII.).\n  [H] 2850--China founded by Fu-hi.\n\n  2500\n  [A] 2500-2280--I. Period of the Early Races to the Call of Abraham\n          c. 2280.\n  [B] 2500-2280--II. The Dispersed Races to the Call of Abraham.\n  [F] 2454(?)--First dynasty of kings begins to reign at Babylon with\n          Su-mu-abi.\n      Eleven kings reigning 2454 to 2151(?).\n\n  2400\n  [F] 2357--Lao reigning in China.\n  [E] During the middle kingdom, 2900-1570 B.C. Thebes was capital until\n          about 2000 B.C. The dates are very uncertain, but between 2500\n          and 2000 B.C. the kingdom declined. 12th Dynasty 2500-2300.\n  [C] c. 2355 Abraham.\n\n  2300\n  [A] 2280-1250--II. Period of the Chosen Family.\n  [B] 2280-2060--Journeys of the Patriarchs.\n  [G] 2280-1120--EARLY BABLYLONIAN EMPIRE\n  [F] 2280(?)--Hammurabi (Amraphel(?)) (Gen. 14), sixth king of the\n          first dynasty reigning at Babylon. He conquered many states,\n          established a code of laws, and may be regarded as founder of\n          the early Babylonian Empire.\n  [D] c. 2280(?)--Call and Migration of Abraham.\n  [D] c. 2270(?)--Abraham's Victory over the Five Kings. [Gen. 14]\n  [B] c. 2256 Isaac.\n  [D] c. 2232(?)--The Offering of Isaac on Mount Moriah.\n  [H] 2205--Chinese History Begins\n\n  2200\n  [C] 2195--Jacob\n  [F] 2150(?)--Second dynasty of kings at Babylon begins with An-ma-an.\n          (According to records, not certain, it lasted until 1783 B.C.)\n  [D] c. 2180(?) Death of Abraham.\n  [D] c. 2120(?)--Jacob's Vision and Journey to Padan-aram.\n  [C] 2103--Joseph\n  [D] c. 2103(?)--Jacob's Return to Canaan.\n\n  2100\n  [D] c. 2084(?)--Joseph Sold into Egypt.\n  [D] c. 2073(?)--Joseph Ruler in Egypt.\n  [B] 2060-1250--Sojourn in Egypt.\n  [D] c. 2060(?)--Jacob and his Family go down to Egypt; Beginning of\n          the SOJOURN OF THE ISRAELITES.\n  [D] c. 2045(?)--Death of Jacob in Egypt.\n  [E] About 2000 B.C. Lower Egypt fell under the power of invaders from\n          the desert, who were called Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings. Their\n          capital was Tanis, or Zoan. Very little is known of their\n          history, and their names cannot be given with certainty, as\n          their memory was hated by the rulers that followed them, and\n          their inscriptions may have been obliterated. They ruled Egypt\n          until about 1570 B.C.(?), though the dates both of their\n          conquest and their departure are uncertain.\n  [F] 2000--Ishkibal, fourth king of second dynasty, reigning at\n          Babylon.\n  [H] 2000--Aryan migration to India(?).\n\n  2000\n  [D] 1993(?)--Death of Joseph in Egypt. The Israelites remain in the\n          Land of Goshen, between Egypt and the Wilderness, from about\n          2062 to 1250 B.C. [dates very very uncertain]. During most\n          of this period the Hyksos or Shepherd-Kings, friendly to the\n          Israelites, were ruling in Egypt.\n  [H] 1920--Gold and silver first mentioned as money.\n  [F] 1800--An Assyrian Kingdom in existence, but subject to Babylon.\n          Asshur, its capital.\n  [F] 1782--Third dynasty of kings of Babylon, beginning with Gandish,\n          reigning 1782-1767. This dynasty, known as Kassites, came from\n          Elam, conquered Babylonia, and held rule until 1207. Not much\n          is known of Babylonian history during this period; but the\n          kingdom was declining.\n  [E] About 1570 the war of liberation from the Hyksos began under\n          Dynasty XVIII., and the New Kingdom opened.\n  [E] 1570-1320(?)--Dynasty XVIII. reigning (Amosis, Amenophis, Queen\n          Hatasu, Thutmosis (or Thotmes) III., Amenophis II., Amenophis\n          III., Amenophis IV.). A period of conquest. Egyptian invasion\n          of Syria about 1490(?) (Thutmosis III.). Battle of Esdraelon\n          in Canaan. Tell-el-Amarna letters written in reigns of\n          Amenophis III. and IV.\n  [H] 1556--Athens founded. (traditional.)\n  [H] 1546--Traditional founding of Troy.\n  [H] 1507--Court of Areopagus founded at Athens.\n  [D] 1500--The Israelites still in Egypt.\n  [F] 1500-1207--Kassite dynasty still reigning at Babylon.\n  [H] 1500--Thebes founded. Greek alphabet introduced by Cadmus.\n  [H] c. 1500--Hittite migration to southern Asia Minor.\n\n  1500\n  [F] 1430--Assur-nadin-akhi. King of Assyria. (From this reign,\n          regular lists of Assyrian kings; and their kingdom grows in\n          power.)\n  [H] 1400--Rise of Hittite Kingdom in Asia Minor.\n\n  1400\n  [E] 1359(?)--Dynasty XIX. begins. Seti I. powerful ruler and\n          conqueror. Rameses II., \"Pharaoh of the Oppression\"(?).\n          Merenepthah, \"Pharaoh of the Exodus\"(?). Decline of Egyptian\n          power. Rameses III., date unknown.\n  [C] c. 1330 Moses.\n  [D] About 1330(?) begins the Oppression of the Israelites under\n          Dynasty XIX. in Egypt. About the same time 1330(?) Moses was\n          born. All the dates of this period are uncertain.\n  [F] 1300(?)--Shalmaneser I., King of Assyria, begins conquests. Calah\n          becomes capital.\n\n  1300\n  [F] 1290(?)--Tukulti-ninib, King of Assyria, conquers Babylon; but it\n          soon regains its independence. Babylonian Kingdom declining\n          in power.\n  [C] 1260--Joshua.\n  [A] 1250-1050--III. PERIOD OF THE ISRAELITE PEOPLE.\n  [B] 1250-1210--WANDERING.\n  [D] 1250(?)--The Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. End of the\n          Sojourn; Beginning of the History of Israel as a People. Death\n          of Moses.\n  [H] 1235--Theseus, King of Athens.\n  [H] 1233--Carthage founded.\n  [B] 1210-1180--CONQUEST.\n  [D] 1210(?)--The Israelites enter the Land of Canaan, and begin the\n          Conquest of Canaan. Battle of Beth-horon, 1210(?).\n  [F] 1207-1075--Dynasty of Isin in Babylon; wars between Assyria and\n          Babylonia; continued decline of Babylonia and rise of Assyria.\n  [H] 1200--Dorian migration into Greece.\n\n  1200\n  [H] 1193--Trojan war begins.\n  [B] 1180-1020--Rule of the Judges\n  [D] 1180(?)--Death of Joshua.\n  [D] 1170(?)--Age of the Judges in Israel begins.\n  [C] c. 1170. Othniel, Judge.\n  [C] c. 1130. Gideon, Judge.\n  [D] 1130--Gideon ruling in Israel.\n  [H] 1120-626 B.C. ASSYRIAN EMPIRE\n  [F] 1120-1090--Tiglath-pileser I., the first great king of Assyria,\n          conqueror over many lands. THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE begins.\n  [H] 1122--Chow dynasty reigning in China.\n  [C] c. 1100. Jephthah, Judge.\n\n  1100\n  [E] 1089(?)--Dynasty XXI. begins; a line of kings of foreign race who\n          obtained control in Egypt.\n  [C] 1080--Samuel, Judge.\n  [D] 1080--Samuel, the last of the Judges.\n  [H] 1070--Codrus; last king of Athens.\n  [A] 1050-587--IV. PERIOD OF ISRAELITE KINGDOM\n  [B] 1050-925--UNITY\n  [C] c. 1050. Saul, King.\n  [D] 1050--Coronation of Saul, King of Israel.\n  [H] 1015--Minos gives laws in Crete.\n  [C] c. 1010. David, King.\n  [D] 1010--David King over Judah.\n  [D] 1003--David King over Israel.\n\n  1000\n  [D] 990--David conquers Syria, Moab, and Edom.\n  [C] 970. Solomon, King.\n  [D] 970--Solomon, King of Israel, Syria, Moab, and Edom.\n  [B] 935-721--DIVISION\n  [C] KINGS OF ISRAEL.    KINGS OF JUDAH.\n      935. Jeroboam.      935. Rehoboam.\n  [D] 935--Division of the Kingdom. Jeroboam, King of Ten Tribes\n          (Israel). Rehoboam, King of Judah.\n  [E] 925--Shishak, King of Egypt, invades Judah, and takes many cities.\n  [E] 900(?)--Zerah, the Ethiopian (Osorkon II.), invades Egypt.\n\n  900\n  [H] 886--Homeric Poems brought into Greece.\n  [F] 885-860--Assur-nazir-pal, King of Assyria.\n  [C] 875. Ahab (Isr.)\n  [D] 875--Worship of Baal introduced into Israel by Jezebel.\n  [C] 870. Jehoshaphat. (Jud.)\n  [D] 870--Elijah the Prophet.\n  [F] 860-825--Shalmaneser II., King.\n  [F] 854--Victory of Shalmaneser over Syrians and Israelites (under\n          King Ahab) at Karkar.\n  [H] 850--Lycurgus, lawgiver of Sparta.\n  [C] 842. Jehu (Isr.)    842. Athaliah, usurper. (Jud.)\n  [D] 842--Jehu King of Judah. Athaliah usurper in Judah.\n  [F] 842--Jehu, King of Israel, pays tribute to Shalmaneser.\n  [C] 836. Jehoash. (Jud.)\n  [D] 836--Revolution in Judah under Jehoiada, the Priest.\n  [F] 800--Babylon under Assyrian control.\n\n  800\n  [C] 799. Joash. (Isr.)\n  [D] 799--Joash, King of Israel.\n  [C] 783. Jeroboam II. (Isr.)    783. Uzziah. (Jud.)\n  [D] 783--Jeroboam II., King of Israel. Israelite power; Prophet Amos.\n  [D] 769--Uzziah, King of Israel; Age of Prosperity.\n  [H] 753--Traditional founding of Rome by Romulus.\n  [H] 750--Syracuse in Sicily founded by Corinthians.\n  [D] 748--Prophet Hosea in Israel.\n  [F] 745-727--Tiglath-pileser III., King of Assyria; great conqueror;\n          receives tribute from Menahem, King of Israel. 732--Damascus\n          taken.\n  [C] 741. Menahem. (Isr.)\n  [D] 738--Prophet Isaiah begins his Ministry. Jotham, King of Judah.\n  [C] 735. Ahaz. (Jud.)\n  [C] 730. Hoshea. (Isr.)\n  [D] 730--Hoshea, last King of Israel.\n  [F] 727-722--Shalmaneser IV., King. 725--Siege of Samaria begun.\n  [E] 725--Hoshea, King of Israel, in Alliance with So (or Sabakon),\n          King of Egypt.\n  [F] 722-705--Sargon II., King of Assyria.\n  [B] 721-587--DECAY\n  [D] 721--Fall of Samaria. Israel carried captive by Sargon II. of\n          Assyria.\n  [C] 719. Hezekiah. (Jud.)\n  [H] 708--Median Kingdom begins under Deioces.\n  [F] 704-687--Sennacherib, King. Nineveh made capital.\n  [D] 701--Sennacherib's invasion of Judah.\n  [E] 701--Defeat of Tirkahah by Sennacherib, King of Assyria.\n\n  700\n  [C] 690. Manasseh. (Jud.)\n  [F] 680-668--Esar-haddon, King. 674--Egypt invaded by Assyrians.\n          Empire of Assyria at its culmination.\n  [E] 674--Invasion of Egypt by Esar-haddon, King of Assyria.\n  [F] 668-626--Assur-bani-pal, King. Decline of Assyrian Empire begins.\n  [E] 665--Destruction of Thebes by the Assyrians.\n  [H] 660--Japanese History begins with Jimmu Tenno whose descendants\n          have reigned since without intermission.\n  [H] 658--Byzantium founded by Byzas. 640--Media independent of\n          Assyria.\n  [D] 647--Manasseh a captive at Babylon; but released later.\n  [C] 639. Josiah. (Jud.)\n  [D] 628--Prophet Jeremiah begins Ministry.\n  [G] 626-536--CHALDEAN EMPIRE\n  [F] 625-604--Nabopolassar, King of Babylon, founder of Chaldean\n          Empire.\n  [D] 621--Josiah begins great reforms. Finding of the Book of the Law.\n  [H] 621--Laws of Draco in Athens.\n  [F] 609--FALL OF ASSYRIAN EMPIRE. Nineveh destroyed by the Medes.\n  [C] 608. Jehoiakim. (Jud.)\n  [D] 608--Death of Josiah in battle at Megiddo. Necho of Egypt invades\n          Judah. Jehoiakim, King of Judah.\n  [F] 608--Victory of Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabopolassar, over Necho,\n          King of Egypt, at Carchemish. CHALDEAN EMPIRE begins\n          (606-536).\n  [D] 606--First visit of Nebuchadnezzar to Judah; first group of\n          Captives to Babylon.\n  [E] 606--Necho, King of Egypt, defeated at Carchemish by\n          Nebuchadnezzar.\n  [F] 604-562--Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon.\n\n  600\n  [D] 598--Chaldeans invade Judah a second time.\n  [C] 597. Zedekiah.\n  [D] 592--Prophet Ezekiel in Chaldea.\n  [A] 587 B.C.-(?) A.D.--PERIOD OF THE JEWISH PROVINCE\n  [B] 587-536--CHALDEAN RULE\n  [D] 586--Fall of Jerusalem; end of Kingdom of Judah; Jews taken to\n          Babylon.\n  [F] 586--Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar.\n  [F] 585-573--Siege of Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar.\n  [H] 583--Laws of Solon in Athens.\n  [H] 578--Money coined in Rome.\n  [E] 567--Egypt invaded by Nebuchadnezzar, but not held.\n  [F] 562--Rapid decline of Chaldean power after death of\n          Nebuchadnezzar.\n  [H] 560--Pisistratus usurps rule at Athens.\n  [F] 558-536--Nabonidus, last king of Babylon. He associates his son\n          Belshazzar in the government.\n  [H] 557--Buddha born in India.\n  [F] 553--Cyrus, the Persian, conquers the Medes. Beginning of Persian\n          power.\n  [H] 550--Confucius born. Laocius and Mencius, the other Chinese sages,\n          lived in same century. 546--Cyrus overthrows empire of\n          Croesus.\n  [C] 536. Zerubbabel, Prince.\n  [D] 536--Decree of Cyrus, King of Persia, permitting return of Exiled\n          Jews.\n  [F] 536--Babylon taken by Cyrus. End of Chaldean Empire.\n  [D] 535--Rebuilding of Temple begun.  522--Discontinued.\n  [G] 530-330--THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.\n  [F] 529-521--Cambyses, King of Persia. Egypt conquered.\n  [E] 525--Egypt conquered by Persians under Cambyses and annexed to the\n          Persian empire. From that time until 332 Egypt was under\n          Persian rule.\n  [F] 521-486--Darius, King of Persia.\n  [D] 520--Prophets Haggai and Zechariah.\n  [D] 515--Second Temple completed.\n  [H] 510--Romans abolish royalty; Government by Consuls begins.\n  [H] 510--Africa first circumnavigated.\n  [H] 500--Pythagoras teaching in Greece.\n\n  500\n  [F] 491--Darius, King of Persia, invades Greece. 490--Battle of\n          Marathon. Greeks victorious over Persians.\n  [H] 490--Battle of Lake Regillus in Italy.\n  [H] 490--Battle of Marathon in Greece.\n  [F] 486-466--Xerxes (Ahasuerus in book of Esther), King of Persia.\n  [F] 481--Expedition of Xerxes into Greece.\n  [F] 480--Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis.\n  [D] 478--Esther's deliverance.\n  [F] 466-425--Artaxerxes Longimanus, King of Persia. Empire declining\n          in power.\n  [C] 458. Ezra.\n  [D] 458--Ezra's visit to Jerusalem.\n  [C] 444. Nehemiah.\n  [D] 444--Nehemiah rebuilds the Wall of Jerusalem.\n  [D] 440--Separation of Samaritans from Jews.\n  [F] 425--Xerxes II., King of Persia.\n  [F] 424-404--Darius II., King.\n  [H] 418--Battle of Mantinea in Greece.\n  [D] 400(?)--Malachi, last of Old Testament Prophets.\n  [H] 400--Retreat of the Ten Thousand in Persia.\n  [C] c. 400--END OF OLD TESTAMENT\n\n  400\n  [H] 399--Death of Socrates.\n  [F] 361--Artaxerxes (or Darius) Ochus, King of Persia.\n  [C] 350. Jaddua, High Priest.\n  [D] 350--Jaddua, High Priest.\n  [F] 336--Darius Codomannus, last king of Persia.\n  [D] 332--Visit of Alexander the Great to Judea.\n  [E] 332--Alexander the Great receives the submission of Egypt.\n  [B] 330-168--GREEK RULE\n  [G] 330-60--KINGDOMS OF ALEXANDER'S SUCCESSORS\n  [C] 330. Onias, High Priest.\n  [D] 330--Onias, High Priest.\n  [F] 330--Persian Empire conquered by Alexander the Great (Battle of\n          Arbela.)\n  [E] 328--Ptolemy Soter establishes the Greek kingdom of Egypt.\n  [F] 323--Alexander the Great dies at Babylon.\n  [D] 305--Jerusalem taken by Ptolemy Lagus, of Egypt. Judea subject to\n          Egypt.\n  [F] 301--Alexander's empire divided among his four generals Ptolemy,\n          Seleucus, Cassander, Lysimachus.\n  [C] 300. Simon the Just, High Priest.\n  [D] 300--Simon the First, High Priest.\n\n  300\n  [E] 286--The Alexandrian library and Museum began by King Ptolemy II.,\n          Philadelphus.\n  [D] 275(?)--Translation of the Old Testament into Greek begun\n          (Septuagint.)\n  [H] 264--First Punic war begun by Rome.\n  [E] 247-225--Reign of Ptolemy Euergetes, ablest and most powerful of\n          the Ptolemies.\n  [H] 216--Battle of Cannae; overthrow of Hannibal.\n  [H] 211--Wall of China completed.\n  [E] 205-182--Reign of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes.\n\n  200\n  [D] 197--Palestine annexed to kingdom of Syria under Antiochus III.\n  [F] 187--Seleucus IV., Philopator,  King of Syria.\n  [F] 175--Antiochus IV., Epiphanes, King of Syria.\n  [B] 168-43--JEWISH INDEPENDENCE\n  [D] 168--Persecution of the Jews by Antiochus IV. (Epiphanes).\n  [D] 168--Revolt of Mattathias against Syrian rule.\n  [C] 166. Judas Maccabeus.\n  [D] 166--Judas Maccabeus, Liberator and Ruler of Judea.\n  [E] 165--The Roman senate intervenes in Egypt.\n  [F] 162--Demetrius I., Soter, King of Syria.\n  [D] 142--Simon, brother of Judas, High Priest and Ruler.\n  [H] 123--The Gracchi in Rome.\n  [D] 107--Aristobulus assumes title of King of Judea.\n  [D] 105--Rise of Sects, Pharisees and Sadducees.\n\n  100\n  [F] 69--Syria and Armenia conquered by Romans.\n  [C] 63. Antipater.\n  [D] 63--Jerusalem taken by Pompey; Romans intervene in Judea.\n  [D] 63--Antipater, Ruler, under Roman authority.\n  [G] 60 B.C.-100 A.D.--ROMAN EMPIRE\n  [E] 52-30--Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt.\n  [B] 43--START OF ROMAN RULE\n  [C] 43. Herod the Great.\n  [D] 43--Herod the Great made King by Roman Senate.\n  [H] 41--Assassination of Julius Caesar.\n  [E] 30--Egypt becomes a Roman province.\n  [F] 27--Syria made an imperial province of Roman empire.\n  [H] 27--Augustus, Emperor of Roman World.\n  [D] 4 B.C.--Jesus born at Bethlehem.  4 B.C.--Death of Herod.\n\n  A.D.\n  [H] 14--Tiberius, Emperor.\n  [C] 26. Pontius Pilate, Procurator.\n  [D] 26--Ministry of John the Baptist.\n  [D] 30--Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Ascension of Christ.\n  [D] 37--Conversion of St. Paul.\n  [C] 41. Herod Agrippa I. King of Judea.\n  [H] 41--Claudius, Emperor.\n  [D] 50--Council of Christian Church at Jerusalem.\n  [C] 52. Felix, Procurator.\n  [H] 54--Nero, Emperor.\n  [C] 60. Festus, Procurator.\n  [D] 68--Revolt of Jews against Roman Empire.\n  [D] 68--Martyrdom of St. Paul.\n  [D] 70--Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus.\n  [H] 79--Titus, Emperor.\n\n\n\n\n  B.C.   I.              II.              III.\n         GENERAL         SUB DIVISION     PERSONS AND RULERS IN BIBLE\n         PERIODS.        OF GENERAL       HISTORY.\n                         PERIODS.\n\n         I. PERIOD\n         OF THE          I.\n         EARLY           THE UNITED\n         RACES,          RACES\n         FROM THE        TO THE\n         DELUGE.         DISPERSION.\n\n         (Date unknown)  (Date unknown)\n  2500\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n         I.              II.\n         PERIOD          THE DISPERSED\n         OF THE          RACES TO\n  2400   EARLY\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n         RACES           THE CALL OF\n         to the Call of\n         of Abraham      ABRAHAM.         c. 2355 Abraham.\n         c. 2280\n  2300\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n         2280 B.C.       c. 2280\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n                                          c. 2256 Isaac.\n\n                         JOURNEYS\n\n  2200\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                                    c. 2180           c. 2195 Jacob.\n\n         II.             OF THE\n\n                         PATRIARCHS                  c. 2103 Joseph.\n  2100\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n        PERIOD                            c. 2075\n\n                         c. 2060 B.C.\n                       +------------\n                       |\n                       |                             c. 2045.\n  2000                 |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                       |                                      c. 1993.\n        OF THE         |\n                       | THE\n                       |\n                       |\n                       |\n                       |\n                       |\n  1500                 |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                       |\n        CHOSEN         |\n                       | SOJOURN IN\n  1400                 |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                       |\n                       |             c. 1330 Moses.\n        FAMILY.        |\n                       | EGYPT.\n  1300                 |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                       |\n                       |                      c. 1260 Joshua.\n         1250 B.C.     | 1250\n         --------------+============--------------------------------------\n                       |\n                       |  WANDERING\n                       |\n                       |\n        III.           | 1210            c. 1210\n                       +------------\n  1200                 | CONQUEST.\n  ---------------------|---------------------------------------------------\n        PERIOD         | 1180                    c. 1180\n                       +------------             c. 1170. Othniel, Judge.\n        OF             |\n                       | RULE\n        ISRAELITE      |\n                       | OF THE                  c. 1130. Gideon, Judge.\n        PEOPLE         |\n                       | JUDGES.\n                       |\n                       |                         c. 1100. Jephthah, Judge.\n  1100                 |\n  ---------------------|--------------------------------------------------\n                       |                         c. 1080. Samuel, Judge.\n                       |\n         1050 B.C.     | 1050                    c. 1050. Saul, King.\n          ----------------------------------------------------------------\n                       | UNITY\n                       |\n        IV.            |                         c. 1010. David, King.\n                       |\n  1000                 |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                       |\n                       |         970. Solomon, King.\n                       |\n                       | 935     KINGS OF ISRAEL.    KINGS OF JUDAH.\n                       +---------935. Jeroboam.     935. Rehoboam.\n        PERIOD\n  900\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                                 875. Ahab\n                                                  870. Jehoshaphat.\n\n                                 842. Jehu.       842. Athaliah, usurper.\n        OF               DIVISION                 836. Jehoash.\n  800\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                                799. Joash.\n                                783. Jeroboam II. 783. Uzziah.\n\n\n                                741. Menahem.\n\n                                                  735. Ahaz.\n         ISRAELITE\n                                730. Hoshea.\n                         721\n                       +-------\n                       |\n                       |                          719. Hezekiah.\n                       |\n  700                  |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                       |\n        KINGDOM        |                          690. Manasseh.\n                       | DECAY\n                       |                          639. Josiah.\n                       |\n                       |\n                       |\n                       |                          608. Jehoiakim.\n                       |\n                       |\n                       |\n                       |\n  600                  |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n         587 B.C.      | 587                      597. Zedekiah.\n                       |\n                       |\n    ----------------------------------------------------------------------\n                       |\n                       | CHALDEAN\n        PERIOD OF      | RULE                     536. Zerubbabel, Prince.\n                       | 536\n        THE JEWISH     +-------\n        PROVINCE\n\n  500\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n        PERIOD\n\n                       PERSIAN  458. Ezra.\n\n                                444. Nehemiah.\n\n        (END OF OLD\n        TESTAMENT)\n\n  400\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                       RULE\n\n                                350. Jaddua, High Priest.\n\n        OF             330 B.C. 330. Onias, High Priest.\n                     +---------\n                     |\n                     |\n                     |          300. Simon the Just, High Priest.\n  300                |\n  -------------------|----------------------------------------------------\n                     |\n                     | GREEK\n        JEWISH       |\n                     | RULE\n  200                |\n  -------------------|----------------------------------------------------\n                     |\n                     |\n                     |\n                     |\n                     | 168 B.C.\n                     +---------\n        PROVINCE     |          166. Judas Maccabeus.\n                     | JEWISH\n                     |\n                     | INDEPENDENCE\n  100                |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                     |           63. Antipater.\n                     |\n                     |\n                     | 43 B.C.   43. Herod the Great.\n                     +--------\n\n  A.D.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                         ROMAN\n\n                                 26. Pontius Pilate, Procurator.\n                                 41. Herod Agrippa I. King of Judea.\n                                 52. Felix, Procurator.\n                                 60. Festus, Procurator.\n\n\n\n                         RULE\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n  100\n\n\n\n\n  B.C.              IV.\n         THE HISTORY OF ISRAEL.\n\n\n\n\n         [All the dates in this column are uncertain above 1000 B.C.,\n         and are given tentatively. The dates are not\n         sufficient for a complete and sure chronology].\n\n\n\n\n  2500\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n\n  2400\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n\n\n  2300\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n         c. 2280(?)--Call and Migration of Abraham.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n         c. 2270(?)--Abraham's Victory over the Five Kings. [Gen. 14]\n\n         c. 2232(?)--The Offering of Isaac on Mount Moriah.\n\n\n  2200\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n         c. 2180(?) Death of Abraham.\n\n\n         c. 2120(?)--Jacob's Vision and Journey to Padan-aram.\n         c. 2103(?)--Jacob's Return to Canaan.\n  2100\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n         c. 2084(?)--Joseph Sold into Egypt.\n         c. 2073(?)--Joseph Ruler in Egypt.\n         c. 2060(?)--Jacob and his Family go down\n             to Egypt; Beginning of the SOJOURN OF THE ISRAELITES.\n\n         c. 2045(?)--Death of Jacob in Egypt.\n\n  2000\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n         1993(?)--Death of Joseph in Egypt.\n             The Israelites remain in the Land of Goshen, between Egypt\n         and the Wilderness, from about 2062 to 1250 B.C. [dates very\n         very uncertain]. During most of this period the Hyksos or\n         Shepherd-Kings, friendly to the Israelites, were ruling in\n         Egypt.\n\n         1500--The Israelites still in Egypt.\n  1500\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n\n  1400\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n         About 1330(?) begins the Oppression of the Israelites under\n           Dynasty XIX. in Egypt. About the same time 1330(?)\n           Moses was born. All the dates of this period are uncertain.\n  1300\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n  1250   1250(?)--The Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. End of the\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           Sojourn; Beginning of the History of Israel as a People.\n           Death of Moses.\n\n\n         1210(?)--The Israelites enter the Land of Canaan, and begin the\n           Conquest of Canaan. Battle of Beth-horon, 1210(?).\n  1200\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n         1180(?)--Death of Joshua.\n         1170(?)--Age of the Judges in Israel begins.\n\n\n\n         1130--Gideon ruling in Israel.\n\n\n\n\n  1100\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n         1080--Samuel, the last of the Judges.\n\n  1050   1050--Coronation of Saul, King of Israel.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n         1010--David King over Judah.\n         1003--David King over Israel.\n  1000\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n          990--David conquers Syria, Moab, and Edom.\n          970--Solomon, King of Israel, Syria, Moab, and Edom.\n\n          935--Division of the Kingdom. Jeroboam, King of Ten Tribes\n           (Israel). Rehoboam, King of Judah.\n\n  900\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n          875--Worship of Baal introduced into Israel by Jezebel.\n          870--Elijah the Prophet.\n\n          842--Jehu King of Judah. Athaliah usurper in Judah.\n          836--Revolution in Judah under Jehoiada, the Priest.\n  800\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n          799--Joash, King of Israel.\n          783--Jeroboam II., King of Israel. Israelite power;\n           Prophet Amos.\n\n          769--Uzziah, King of Israel; Age of Prosperity.\n          748--Prophet Hosea in Israel.\n          738--Prophet Isaiah begins his Ministry. Jotham, King of Judah.\n          730--Hoshea, last King of Israel.\n\n\n          721--Fall of Samaria. Israel carried captive by\n           Sargon II. of Assyria.\n\n          701--Sennacherib's invasion of Judah.\n  700\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n          647--Manasseh a captive at Babylon; but released later.\n\n          628--Prophet Jeremiah begins Ministry.\n          621--Josiah begins great reforms. Finding of the Book of the\n           Law.\n\n          608--Death of Josiah in battle at Megiddo. Necho of Egypt\n           invades Judah. Jehoiakim, King of Judah.\n          606--First visit of Nebuchadnezzar to Judah; first group of\n           Captives to Babylon.\n  600\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n          598--Chaldeans invade Judah a second time.\n          592--Prophet Ezekiel in Chaldea.\n\n          586--Fall of Jerusalem; end of Kingdom of Judah; Jews taken\n           to Babylon.\n          536--Decree of Cyrus, King of Persia, permitting return of\n           Exiled Jews.\n          535--Rebuilding of Temple begun.  522--Discontinued.\n          520--Prophets Haggai and Zechariah.\n          515--Second Temple completed.\n  500\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n          478--Esther's deliverance.\n          458--Ezra's visit to Jerusalem.\n\n          444--Nehemiah rebuilds the Wall of Jerusalem.\n          440--Separation of Samaritans from Jews.\n\n\n  400     400(?)--Malachi, last of Old Testament Prophets.\n      (END OF OLD\n        TESTAMENT)\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n          350--Jaddua, High Priest.\n          332--Visit of Alexander the Great to Judea.\n          330--Onias, High Priest.\n\n          305--Jerusalem taken by Ptolemy Lagus, of Egypt.\n           Judea subject to Egypt.\n          300--Simon the First, High Priest.\n  300\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n          275(?)--Translation of the Old Testament into Greek begun\n           (Septuagint.)\n\n\n  200\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n          197--Palestine annexed to kingdom of Syria under\n           Antiochus III.\n\n          168--Persecution of the Jews by Antiochus IV. (Epiphanes).\n          168--Revolt of Mattathias against Syrian rule.\n          166--Judas Maccabeus, Liberator and Ruler of Judea.\n          142--Simon, brother of Judas, High Priest and Ruler.\n\n          107--Aristobulus assumes title of King of Judea.\n          105--Rise of Sects, Pharisees and Sadducees.\n  100\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           63--Jerusalem taken by Pompey; Romans intervene in Judea.\n           63--Antipater, Ruler, under Roman authority.\n\n           43--Herod the Great made King by Roman Senate.\n\n\n  A.D.      4 B.C.--Jesus born at Bethlehem.  4 B.C.--Death of Herod.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n           26 A.D.--Ministry of John the Baptist.\n\n           30 A.D.--Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Ascension of Christ.\n           37--Conversion of St. Paul.\n\n           50--Council of Christian Church at Jerusalem.\n           68--Revolt of Jews against Roman Empire.\n           68--Martyrdom of St. Paul.\n           70--Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n  100\n\n\n\n\n\n  B.C.               V.                               VI.\n                   EGYPT.                     KINGDOMS OF THE EAST.\n\n         4700(?)--Egypt founded by Menes.\n           Old Kingdom (Dynasties I.-X.).   4500 B.C.--Kingdoms existing in\n            Memphis earliest capital.         Babylonia.\n                                            4000(?)--City of Babylon\n                                              founded.\n                                            3900(?)--Rise of Ur to power.\n         3500(?)--Pyramids built\n           (Dynasty IV.).\n                                            3000--Nineveh in existence.\n         2900(?)--Middle kingdom begins\n           (Dynasties XI.-XVII.)\n  2500 B.C.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n                                            2454(?)--First dynasty of kings\n                                              begins to reign at Babylon\n                                              with Su-mu-abi.\n                                            Eleven kings reigning 2454 to\n                                              2151(?).\n  2400\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n         During the middle kingdom, 2900-1570\n           B.C. Thebes was capital until about\n           2000 B.C. The dates are very uncertain,\n           but between 2500 and 2000 B.C. the\n           kingdom declined. 12th Dynasty 2500-2300.\n\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n                                           2280(?)--Hammurabi (Amraphel(?))\n                                             (Gen. 14), sixth king of the\n                                             first dynasty reigning at\n                                             Babylon. He conquered many\n                                             states, established a code of\n                                             laws, and may be regarded as\n                                             founder of the early\n                                             Babylonian Empire.\n  2300\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n                                           2150(?)--Second dynasty of kings\n                                             at Babylon begins with\n                                             An-ma-an. (According to\n                                             records, not certain, it\n                                             lasted until 1783 B.C.)\n\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n         About 2000 B.C. Lower Egypt\n           fell under the power of invaders\n           from the desert, who were called\n           Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings. Their\n           capital was Tanis, or Zoan. Very\n           little is known of their history,\n           and their names cannot be given\n           with certainty, as their memory\n           was hated by the rulers that\n           followed them, and their\n           inscriptions may have been\n           obliterated. They ruled Egypt\n           until about 1570 B.C.(?), though\n           the dates both of their conquest\n           and their departure are          2000--Ishkibal, fourth king of\n           uncertain.                         second dynasty, reigning at\n                                              Babylon.\n  2000\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n         About 1570 the war of liberation\n           from the Hyksos began under\n           Dynasty XVIII., and the New\n           Kingdom opened.\n         1570-1320(?)--Dynasty XVIII.       1800--An Assyrian Kingdom in\n           reigning (Amosis, Amenophis,       existence, but subject to\n           Queen Hatasu, Thutmosis (or        Babylon. Asshur, its capital.\n           Thotmes) III., Amenophis II.,\n           Amenophis III., Amenophis        1782--Third dynasty of kings of\n           IV.). A period of conquest.         Babylon, beginning with\n           Egyptian invasion of Syria          Gandish, reigning 1782-1767.\n           about 1490(?) (Thutmosis III.).     This dynasty, known as\n           Battle of Esdraelon in Canaan.      Kassites, came from Elam,\n           Tell-el-Amarna letters written      conquered Babylonia, and\n           in reigns of Amenophis III.         held rule until 1207. Not\n           and IV.                             much is known of Babylonian\n                                               history during this period;\n                                               but the kingdom was\n                                               declining.\n\n                                            1500-1207--Kassite dynasty\n  1500                                         still reigning at Babylon.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n                                            1430--Assur-nadin-akhi. King of\n                                              Assyria. (From this reign,\n                                              regular lists of Assyrian\n                                              kings; and their kingdom\n                                              grows in power.)\n  1400\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n         1359(?)--Dynasty XIX. begins.\n           Seti I. powerful ruler and conqueror.\n           Rameses II., \"Pharaoh of the Oppression\"(?).\n           Merenepthah, \"Pharaoh of the Exodus\"(?).\n           Decline of Egyptian power. Rameses III.,\n           date unknown.\n\n                                            1300(?)--Shalmaneser I., King\n                                              of Assyria, begins conquests.\n  1300                                        Calah becomes capital.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                                            1290(?)--Tukulti-ninib, King\n                                              of Assyria, conquers Babylon;\n                                              but it soon regains its\n                                              independence. Babylonian\n                                              Kingdom declining in power.\n\n\n                                            1207-1075--Dynasty of Isin in\n                                              Babylon; wars between Assyria\n                                              and Babylonia; continued\n                                              decline of Babylonia and rise\n  1200                                        of Assyria.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n\n                                            1120-1090--Tiglath-pileser I.,\n                                              the first great king of\n                                              Assyria, conqueror over many\n                                              lands. THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE\n  1100                                        begins.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n         1089(?)--Dynasty XXI. begins; a line of\n           kings of foreign race who obtained control\n           in Egypt.\n\n  1000\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n          925--Shishak, King of Egypt, invades\n           Judah, and takes many cities.\n\n          900(?)--Zerah, the Ethiopian (Osorkon II.),\n  900      invades Egypt.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                                            885-860--Assur-nazir-pal, King\n                                              of Assyria.\n\n                                            860-825--Shalmaneser II., King.\n                                            854--Victory of Shalmaneser\n                                              over Syrians and Israelites\n                                              (under King Ahab) at Karkar.\n                                            842--Jehu, King of Israel, pays\n                                              tribute to Shalmaneser.\n\n                                            800--Babylon under Assyrian\n  800                                         control.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n                                            745-727--Tiglath-pileser III.,\n                                              King of Assyria; great\n                                              conqueror; receives tribute\n                                              from Menahem, King of Israel.\n                                              732--Damascus taken.\n\n          725--Hoshea, King of Israel, in   727-722--Shalmaneser IV., King.\n           Alliance with So (or Sabakon),     725--Siege of Samaria begun.\n           King of Egypt.                   722-705--Sargon II., King of\n                                              Assyria.\n                                            704-687--Sennacherib, King.\n          701--Defeat of Tirkahah by          Nineveh made capital.\n  700      Sennacherib, King of Assyria.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n          674--Invasion of Egypt by         680-668--Esar-haddon, King.\n           Esar-haddon, King of Assyria.      674--Egypt invaded by\n          665--Destruction of Thebes by       Assyrians. Empire of Assyria\n           the Assyrians.                      at its culmination.\n                                            668-626--Assur-bani-pal, King.\n                                              Decline of Assyrian Empire\n                                              begins.\n                                            625-604--Nabopolassar, King of\n                                              Babylon, founder of Chaldean\n                                              Empire.\n                                            609--FALL OF ASSYRIAN EMPIRE.\n                                              Nineveh destroyed by the\n                                              Medes.\n                                            608--Victory of Nebuchadnezzar,\n                                              son of Nabopolassar, over\n                                              Necho, King of Egypt, at\n          606--Necho, King of Egypt,          Carchemish. CHALDEAN EMPIRE\n           defeated at Carchemish by          begins (606-536).\n           Nebuchadnezzar.                  604-562--Nebuchadnezzar, King\n  600                                         of Babylon.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                                            586--Jerusalem taken and\n                                              destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar.\n          567--Egypt invaded by             585-573--Siege of Tyre by\n           Nebuchadnezzar, but not held.      Nebuchadnezzar.\n                                            562--Rapid decline of Chaldean\n                                              power after death of\n                                              Nebuchadnezzar.\n                                            558-536--Nabonidus, last king\n                                              of Babylon. He associates\n                                              his son Belshazzar in the\n                                              government.\n                                            553--Cyrus, the Persian,\n                                              conquers the Medes. Beginning\n                                              of Persian power.\n                                            536--Babylon taken by Cyrus.\n          525--Egypt conquered by Persians    End of Chaldean Empire.\n           under Cambyses and annexed to    530-330--THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.\n           the Persian empire. From that    529-521--Cambyses, King of\n           time until 332 Egypt was under     Persia. Egypt conquered.\n           Persian rule.                    521-486--Darius, King of\n  500                                         Persia.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                                            491--Darius, King of Persia,\n                                              invades Greece. 490--Battle\n                                              of Marathon. Greeks\n                                              victorious over Persians.\n                                            486-466--Xerxes (Ahasuerus in\n                                              book of Esther), King of\n                                              Persia.\n                                            481--Expedition of Xerxes into\n                                              Greece.\n                                            480--Battles of Thermopylae and\n                                              Salamis.\n                                            466-425--Artaxerxes Longimanus,\n                                              King of Persia. Empire\n                                              declining in power.\n                                            425--Xerxes II., King of Persia.\n  400                                       424-404--Darius II., King.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n                                            361--Artaxerxes (or Darius)\n                                             Ochus, King of Persia.\n\n                                            336--Darius Codomannus, last\n                                             king of Persia.\n          332--Alexander the Great\n           receives the submission of\n           Egypt.                           330--Persian Empire conquered\n                                             by Alexander the Great\n          328--Ptolemy Soter establishes     (Battle of Arbela.)\n            the Greek kingdom of Egypt.\n                                            323--Alexander the Great dies\n                                             at Babylon.\n                                            301--Alexander's empire divided\n                                             among his four generals\n                                             Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander,\n  300                                        Lysimachus.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n          286--The Alexandrian library and\n           Museum began by King Ptolemy II.,\n           Philadelphus.\n          247-225--Reign of Ptolemy Euergetes,\n           ablest and most powerful of the\n           Ptolemies.\n\n  200     205-182--Reign of Ptolemy V. Epiphanes.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                                            187--Seleucus IV., Philopator,\n                                              King of Syria.\n                                            175--Antiochus IV., Epiphanes,\n                                              King of Syria.\n          165--The Roman senate\n           intervenes in Egypt.            162--Demetrius I., Soter,\n  100                                         King of Syria.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                                            69--Syria and Armenia\n                                             conquered by Romans.\n          52-30--Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt.\n\n          30--Egypt becomes a Roman province.\n                                            27--Syria made an imperial\n  A.D.                                        province of Roman empire.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n\n\n  100\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n\n\n\n  B.C.         VII.                     VIII.\n       THE ORIENTAL EMPIRES.    THE WORLD IN GENERAL.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                               Dates earlier than 700 B.C.\n                                 traditional and uncertain.\n\n\n\n\n                                2850--China founded by Fu-hi.\n  2500\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n  2400\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n\n                                2357--Lao reigning in China.\n\n  2300\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n                2280 B.C.\n           +-----------------+\n           |                 |  2205--Chinese history begins.\n  2200     |                 |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n  2100     |                 |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |     EARLY       |\n           |                 |\n  2000     |                 |  2000--Aryan migration to India(?).\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |                 |  1920--Gold and silver first mentioned as\n           |                 |    money.\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |  1556--Athens founded. (traditional.)\n           |                 |  1546--Traditional founding of Troy.\n           |                 |\n           |                 |  1507--Court of Areopagus founded at Athens.\n           |                 |\n           |                 |  1500--Thebes founded. Greek alphabet\n           |                 |    introduced by Cadmus.\n           |                 |\n           |                 |  c. 1500--Hittite migration to southern\n  1500     |                 |    Asia Minor.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |  BABYLONIAN     |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |  1400--Rise of Hittite Kingdom in Asia\n  1400     |                 |    Minor.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n  1300     |                 |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |     EMPIRE.     |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |  1235--Theseus, King of Athens.\n           |                 |  1233--Carthage founded.\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n  1200     |                 |  1200--Dorian migration into Greece.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |                 |  1193--Trojan war begins.\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |  1122--Chow dynasty reigning in China.\n           |   1120 B.C.     |\n           +-----------------+\n  1100     |                 |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |                 |  1070--Codrus, last king of Athens.\n           | ASSYRIAN EMPIRE |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |  1015--Minos gives laws in Crete.\n  1000     |                 |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |                 |\n           |    ASSYRIAN     |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n  900      |                 |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |                 |  886--Homeric Poems brought into Greece.\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |  850--Lycurgus, lawgiver of Sparta.\n           |                 |\n  800      |                 |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |     EMPIRE.     |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |  753--Traditional founding of Rome by\n           |                 |    Romulus.\n           |                 |  750--Syracuse in Sicily founded by\n           |                 |    Corinthians.\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |  708--Median Kingdom begins under Deioces.\n  700      |                 |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |  660--Japanese History begins with Jimmu\n           |   626 B.C.      |    Tenno whose descendants have reigned\n           +-----------------+    since without intermission.\n           |                 |  658--Byzantium founded by Byzas. 640--Media\n           |                 |    independent of Assyria.\n           |                 |  621--Laws of Draco in Athens.\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |CHALDEAN EMPIRE  |\n           |                 |\n  600      |                 |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |                 |  583--Laws of Solon in Athens.\n           |                 |  578--Money coined in Rome.\n           |                 |  560--Pisistratus usurps rule at Athens.\n           |                 |  557--Buddha born in India.\n           |                 |  550--Confucius born. Laocius and Mencius,\n           |                 |    the other Chinese sages, lived in same\n           |   536 B.C.      |    century. 546--Cyrus overthrows empire of\n           +-----------------+    Croesus.\n           |                 |  510--Romans abolish royalty; Government by\n           |                 |    Consuls begins.\n           |                 |  510--Africa first circumnavigated.\n  500      |                 |  500--Pythagoras teaching in Greece.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |    PERSIAN      |  490--Battle of Lake Regillus in Italy.\n           |                 |  490--Battle of Marathon in Greece.\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |    EMPIRE.      |\n           |                 |  418--Battle of Mantinea in Greece.\n  400      |                 |  400--Retreat of the Ten Thousand in Persia.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |                 |  399--Death of Socrates.\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |   330 B.C.      |\n           +-----------------+\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n  300      |                 |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |                 |\n           |    KINGDOMS     |\n           |                 |  264--First Punic war begun by Rome.\n           |                 |\n           |                 |  216--Battle of Cannae; overthrow of\n           |                 |   Hannibal.\n           |                 |  211--Wall of China completed.\n  200      | OF ALEXANDER'S  |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |   SUCCESSORS.   |  123--The Gracchi in Rome.\n           |                 |\n  100      |                 |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |                 |\n           |                 |\n           |    60 B.C.      |\n           +-----------------+  41--Assassination of Julius Caesar.\n           |                 |\n           |                 |  27--Augustus, Emperor of Roman World.\n           |                 |\n  A.D.     |  ROMAN EMPIRE.  |\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n           |                 |  14 A.D.--Tiberius, Emperor.\n           |                 |\n           |                 |  41--Claudius, Emperor.\n           |                 |\n           |                 |  54--Nero, Emperor.\n           |                 |\n           |                 |  79--Titus, Emperor.\n  ------------------------------------------------------------------------\n  100 A.D. |   100 A.D.      |\n           +-----------------+\n\n\nVII. =The Oriental Empires= are indicated upon the seventh column of the\nchart. While they follow in regular succession, there were brief periods\nof anarchy and confusion between them, which cannot be indicated. (1.)\nThe Early Babylonian Empire, 2280-1120 B.C. Much of the time this was\nnot an empire, but rather the leading state in the oriental world. (2.)\nThe Assyrian Empire, 1120-626 B.C.; its capital at Nineveh on the Tigris\nRiver, its people fierce warriors, but not able rulers. (3.) The\nChaldean Empire, 606-536 B.C., established by Nebuchadnezzar, and\npassing away soon after his death. (4.) The Persian Empire, 536-330,\nfounded by Cyrus, and ruling over all the Old Testament lands. (5.) The\nKingdoms (not empire) of Alexander's Successors, 330-60 B.C. The empire\nof Alexander the Great lasted only seven years (330-323), and was\nfollowed by war until 301, when the four generals of Alexander made a\ndivision of his conquests. (6.) The Roman Empire became dominant in the\neast about 60 B.C., and continued supreme until after the New Testament\nperiod.\n\nVIII. =The World in General.= We arrange on the last column events\nshowing the general progress of the world outside of the Bible lands.\nThe student will note that Bible History antedates the annals of Greece\nand Rome by many centuries.\n\n[Illustration: THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE.]\n\n\n\n\nTHE OLD TESTAMENT WORLD.\n\n\nI. =Extent.= The Old Testament World embraces the seas and lands between\n30\u00b0 and 54\u00b0 east longitude, or from the mouth of the Nile to that of the\nPersian Gulf; and between 27\u00b0 and 40\u00b0 north latitude, from the parallel\nsouth of Mount Sinai to that north of Mount Ararat. The total extent of\nterritory is about 1,400 miles from east to west and 900 miles from\nnorth to south, aggregating 1,260,000 square miles. Deducting from this\nthe space occupied by the Mediterranean Sea and other large bodies of\nwater, the land will include about 1,110,000 square miles, or one-third\nthe extent of the United States, excluding Alaska. Unlike the United\nStates, however, nearly two-thirds of this extent is a vast desert, and\nuninhabitable, so that the portion actually occupied by man is less than\nan eighth of that included in the American Union.\n\n[Illustration: COMPARATIVE VIEW OF UNITED STATES AND OLD TESTAMENT\nWORLD.]\n\nII. =Seas.= This world of the Old Testament embraces several large\nbodies of water. 1. The _Caspian Sea_, the largest body of water\nsurrounded by land on the globe, occupies its northeastern corner. 2.\nThe _Persian Gulf_, the outlet of the great rivers of the Old Testament\nhistory, is in its southeastern border. 3. The two arms of the northern\nend of the _Red Sea_, the Gulf of Suez and the Gulf of Akaba, are on its\nsouthwestern side. 4. The _Mediterranean Sea_, \"the great sea toward the\ngoing down of the sun\" (Josh. 1:4), forms a part of its western\nboundary. These are its largest seas; but besides these may be named\nthree others, all salt lakes, imbedded in its mountain system. 5. The\n_Dead Sea_, called in the Bible \"Sea of the Plain,\" and \"Salt Sea,\"\nlying 1,290 feet below the Mediterranean, and situated in the land of\nPalestine; 6. _Lake Van_, anciently Arsissa, in Armenia; and 7. _Lake\nUrumiyeh_, in Media. Neither of the last two are referred to in the\nBible.\n\nIII. =Mountain Ranges.= The nucleus of the mountain system is found in\nthe land of Armenia, on the north of the map. Here five great ranges of\nmountains have their origin. 1. The _Ararat Mountains_ are lofty masses,\nlying between the Caspian Sea and Asia Minor. They are arranged in three\nsections, nearly parallel: Mount Masius, on the south; Mount Niphates,\nnorth of Lake Van; and Mount Abus, still farther north. One of the peaks\nof this latter section is the traditional resting place of the ark (Gen.\n8:4), and is the summit of the group, 17,750 feet high. 2. The _Caspian\nMountains_, branching from Ararat, bend around the southern end of the\nCaspian Sea and extend eastward, forming the northern boundary of Media.\n3. The _Zagros Mountains_ also start from Ararat, and follow a direction\ngenerally southeast, to the northern shore of the Persian Gulf. They\nform the eastern watershed of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. 4. The\n_Lebanon Range_ starts from the western side of the Ararat group, and\nfollows the Mediterranean coast through Syria and Palestine, then down\nthe Sinaitic peninsula. Its general direction is west of south. In Syria\nand Palestine it is divided into two parallel branches, Lebanon and\nAnti-Lebanon, the latter on the east. Its highest peak is Mount Hermon,\nabout 9,000 feet above the sea. South of Palestine it forms the\nremarkable Sinaitic group of mountains, upon one of which the Law was\ngiven. 5. The last range is _Mount Taurus_, which also branches from\nArarat, in a westerly direction, and forms the southern coast line of\nAsia Minor.\n\n[Illustration: COMPARATIVE HEIGHT OF BIBLE MOUNTAINS.]\n\n[Illustration: THE OLD TESTAMENT WORLD.]\n\nIV. =Rivers.= Passing by many unimportant streams, we notice the\nfollowing, the largest of which have their rise in the mountain\nsystem of Armenia. 1. The _Araxes_, not named in the Bible, but\nimportant as a boundary, rises in the northern section of the Ararat\nRange, and flows, in a general direction, eastward into the Caspian Sea.\n2. The _Tigris_, called in the Bible Hiddekel, rises in Mount Niphates,\nof the Ararat Range, and flows in a southeasterly direction, following\nthe line of Mount Zagros, unites with the Euphrates, and thence flows\ninto the Persian Gulf. Its length to the union with the Euphrates is\n1,146 miles; beyond the union to the gulf, at present, 100 miles, though\nanciently much less; and at a time within the limits of history the two\nrivers discharged by separate mouths. Their united stream is now called\nthe _Shaat el Arab_. 3. _The Euphrates_, or the _Frat_ (a word meaning\n\"abounding\"), is the great river of the Bible world. It has two\nimportant sources, both in Armenia: one at a place called _Domli_; the\nother, the more distant and true source, at _Diyadin_, at the foot of a\nmountain called _Ala Tagh_, 20 miles west of Mount Ararat. It flows\nwestward 400 miles, then southward about as far, then in a southeasterly\ndirection 1,000 miles, uniting at last with the Tigris to form the\n_Shaat el Arab_. It is navigable for 1,100 miles, and has in all ages\nformed the principal means of travel between Eastern and Western Asia.\nAt Babylon, it is nearly a mile in width, though for 800 miles it does\nnot receive a single tributary, as it flows through a desert. It\noverflows its banks every year, rising as high as twelve feet. 4. The\n_Orontes_ rises in Mount Lebanon, and flows northward parallel with the\nMediterranean until, just before reaching Asia Minor, it breaks through\nthe mountains and empties into the sea. 5. The _Jordan_, least yet most\nimportant of all, flows southward from the foot of Mount Hermon into the\nDead Sea. It will be described in connection with the Physical Map of\nPalestine. 6. The _Nile_, the great river of Africa, rises in the centre\nof the continent and flows northward into the Mediterranean Sea, turning\nthe desert through which it passes into a garden.\n\nV. =The Lands.= These are not easy to determine since their boundaries\nand names varied at different periods of the history. Yet their\nlocations may be given, and their natural limits are generally known.\nThey may be classified as follows: 1. Lands of the Mountain System, all\nnorth and east of the Zagros chain of mountains: Armenia, Media, and\nPersia. 2. Lands of the Plain: Assyria, Elam, Mesopotamia, Chaldea,\nArabia. 3. Lands of the Mediterranean: Asia Minor, Syria, Phoenicia,\nPalestine, The Wilderness, Egypt.\n\n[Illustration: MOUNT ARARAT.]\n\n\nI. LANDS OF THE MOUNTAIN SYSTEM.\n\n1. =Armenia= is a name nowhere used in the original Scriptures, but in\nour version is a translation of the word \"Ararat,\" which word properly\nappears in place of \"Armenia\" in the Revised Version. The province\nembraces the lofty plateau and mountain group between the Caspian and\nBlack Seas, and north of Mesopotamia and Assyria, the source of four\ngreat rivers, the Araxes, Tigris, Euphrates, and Acampsis, the latter\npouring into the Black Sea. Its boundaries are: upon the north, the\nCaucasus Mountains; on the east, Media and the Caspian Sea; on the\nsouth, Media, from which it is separated by the Araxes, and Assyria,\nfrom which it is divided by Mount Masius; and on the west, the\nEuphrates, separating it from Asia Minor. Tradition states that it was\nsettled by Ha\u00efk, a grandson of Japhet; and the earliest history names it\nas tributary to Assyria. Excepting the resting of Noah's ark upon one of\nits mountains, few events of Scripture are associated with it.\n\n2. =Media= is in the original the same word as Madai, the son of Japhet.\n(Gen. 10:2.) Its boundaries are the river Araxes and the Caspian Sea on\nthe north, the great salt desert of Iram on the east, Persia on the\nsouth, and the Zagros Mountains, separating it from Assyria and Armenia.\nA branch of the Zagros Mountains, running eastward, divides it into two\nportions, anciently known as Media Atropatene (the one northward) and\nMedia Magna. In each of these provinces the principal city was called\nEcbatana. The Medes were of the Aryan or Japhetic stock, and were always\na warlike and independent people. Though conquered by Assyria, their\nland was never formally annexed to the Assyrian empire. In B.C. 633 the\nMedian kingdom was established, and soon became supreme over Assyria,\nArmenia, and Persia, and formed the Medo-Persian empire, which succeeded\nto the power of Babylon in the East, B.C. 536. After that date the\nhistory of Media is lost in that of Persia.\n\n3. =Persia= was originally a small province on the Persian Gulf, still\nknown as _Fars_. But Persia Proper included, besides the sandy plain on\nthe gulf, a mountainous plateau north of it, and was bounded by Media on\nthe north, by Carmania on the east, by the Persian Gulf on the south,\nand by Elam on the west. Its people were of the Aryan race, and at first\nsubject to the Medes. They revolted under Cyrus the Great, and became\nthe controlling power in the conquest of Nebuchadnezzar's dominion. The\nPersian empire arose to greatness at the fall of Babylon, B.C. 536,\nconquered and ruled over all the lands from India to Ethiopia, and was\nby far the greatest of the great Oriental monarchies. It was subjected\nby Alexander the Great, B.C. 330. The capital of the Persian empire was\nSusa, called in the Bible \"Shushan the Palace\" (Esther 1:2); which was,\nhowever, situated not in Persia Proper, but in Elam. The most important\nplaces in the province were Persepolis (its capital at one period),\nPasargada, and Mesambria, none of which are named in the Bible.\n\n\nII. LANDS OF THE PLAIN.\n\nOf these, two are situated mainly between the Zagros chain of mountains\nand the Tigris river, Assyria and Elam; two are between the Tigris and\nEuphrates, Mesopotamia and Chaldea; and one is the vast Arabian desert.\n\n1. =Assyria=, in the Hebrew everywhere Asshur, was properly the province\nnow called _Kurdistan_, lying on the western slope of the Zagros\nMountains, and extending across the Tigris to the Sinjar hills and the\nborder of the Mesopotamian desert. The mountains separate it from\nArmenia; and the line of division from Elam, on the southeast, was near\nthe place where the Tigris and Euphrates approach nearest before their\nseparation. The land was occupied by people of various races, of which\nthe Semitic were predominant. The earliest city was at Asshur, supposed\nto be _Kileh Sherghat_, where a dynasty of kings began to rule about\n1800 B.C., while the Israelite tribes were in Egypt. The seat of\ngovernment was afterward transferred to Calah, or Halah (_Nimrud_),\nnorth of Asshur; and finally a permanent location of the capital was\nmade at Nineveh, which became the centre of the great Assyrian empire.\nThis will be described more fully with the map of that empire, on page\n91. The Assyrian kingdom was long in its duration, but passed through\nmany vicissitudes, several times ruling all the lands of the Euphrates,\nand again, in a feeble condition. Its principal cities, besides Nineveh,\nwere Calah, Resen (which may have been at _Selamiyeh_, three miles south\nof Nineveh), and Rehoboth. There is reason to believe that all the four\ncities named in Gen. 10:11, 12, were combined in the walls of Nineveh.\n\n2. =Elam=, called Susiana by the Greeks, lay southeast of Assyria and\nwest of Persia Proper, between the Zagros chain of mountains and the\nTigris river. It included both a mountainous and a lowland tract, the\nlatter very fertile. Shushan (Susa), the capital of the Persian empire,\nlay within this province, and was its principal city. The earliest\nconqueror named in the Bible, Amraphel, was the king of Elam, and held\ndominion over most of the lands as far west as Canaan. (See the map of\nhis empire, on page 34.) This kingdom was not of long continuance as an\nindependent state, but soon fell under the power of Assyria, though\nmaintaining its own organization as a vassal state until the Persian\nperiod, when it became a province of the empire.\n\n3. =Mesopotamia=, called in Scripture Aram-naharaim, or \"Syria of the\ntwo rivers,\" was a land of indefinite boundaries. The name means\n\"between the rivers,\" and hence it was often applied to all the plain\nbetween the Tigris and Euphrates, including even Chaldea and a part of\nAssyria. A more frequent use of the name restricts it to the\nnorthwestern portion of the region between the rivers, above the place\nwhere they approach and separate again. The Sinjar hills, crossing,\ndivide it into two sections, a higher and a lower, the former\nmountainous, and the latter mostly a great desert. The upper section\ncontained the cities of Orfa (Edessa), formerly supposed to be the\nbirthplace of Abraham; Haran, the patriarch's resting place on the way\nto Canaan; Nisibis and Amida, now _Nisibin_ and _Diarbekr_. The only\ntime when Mesopotamia appears in Bible history as a kingdom was a brief\ninterval during the period of the Judges. (Judg. 3:8.) Earlier it had\nbeen occupied by separate and warring tribes; later it was a part of\nAssyria.\n\n4. =Chaldea= is also called Shinar and Babylonia. The name Chaldea, in\nits most accurate sense, belongs to the southern portion of the\nprovince, but is generally used with reference to all the Mesopotamian\nplain south of _Baghdad_. It is perfectly level, and by nature one of\nthe most fertile places on the whole earth. Its earliest inhabitants, at\nleast the ruling portion of them, were Cushites, of the stock of Ham. An\nearly Oriental kingdom began at Ur (_Mugheir_) about B.C. 3900. It\nlasted, with varying fortunes, until B.C. 538. Babylon afterward became\nthe capital, and in a later period was the greatest city of the East.\n(See diagram on page 93.) Other cities of Chaldea were Erech (_Orcho\u00eb_),\nCalneh, and Sepharvaim. Further details of its political history are\ngiven in the account of the Babylonian empire of Nebuchadnezzar, on page\n92.\n\n5. The desert of =Arabia= occupies more than half of the map of the Old\nTestament World. That portion of it included upon the map is a vast\ntriangle, having for its base the 28th parallel of latitude, from the\nPersian Gulf to the Red Sea, the Euphrates on its northeastern side, and\nthe border of the Lebanon chain of mountains for its western. It is\ncalled in the Bible \"the land of Kedar.\" It is a high, undulating, dry\nplain, with few oases, and almost impenetrable to travelers. From the\ndays of Abraham until the present, the caravans have gone around it upon\nthe north, following up the Euphrates to Tiphsah (Thapsacus), and then\nturning southward rather than face its terrors. Only once in history is\nit related that an army crossed it. This was when Nebuchadnezzar, while\nravaging Palestine, learned of his father's death, and crossed this\ngreat desert by the most direct route, in order to take possession of\nthe throne.\n\n\nIII. LANDS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN.\n\nThese lands will receive more extended treatment in connection with\nother maps, so that we give them only a brief mention here.\n\n1. =Asia Minor= scarcely enters the field of the Old Testament, except\nas the \"land of the Hittites.\" It will be noticed under the topic of the\nJourneys of the Apostle Paul, page 117.\n\n2. =Syria=, in the Hebrew Aram, is a name of indefinite signification,\nsometimes embracing all the territory north of The Wilderness of the\nWandering, and therefore including Palestine and the provinces around\nit. But Syria Proper seems only to indicate the territory bounded by the\nAmanus and Taurus ranges of mountains on the north, by the Euphrates and\nthe desert on the east, by Palestine, beginning with Mount Hermon, on\nthe south, by the Mediterranean and Phoenicia on the west. It reaches\nthe Mediterranean only near the mouth of the Orontes. It consists of\nthree portions: On the north an elevated tract, never thickly populated,\nhaving Carchemish and Samosata as its principal cities; between the\nLebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges of mountains a great valley, called\nCoele-Syria, \"hollow Syria,\" forming the bed of the Orontes, flowing\nnorth, and the Leontes (_Litany_), flowing south; and on the east a\nlevel country reaching to the desert, containing the cities of Damascus\non the south, Tiphsah (Thapsacus) on the north, and Tadmor (Palmyra) in\nthe desert. During the times from Jeroboam to Jehoash, Syria was an\nindependent kingdom, the rival of Israel, with which its political\nrelations may be seen on the map on page 86. In the Old Testament\nperiod, Damascus was its principal city, and exercised sovereignty; but\nlater, Antioch, in the north, became more prominent, and was the Greek\nand Roman capital of the province.\n\n3. =Phoenicia= is a narrow strip of territory between the Mediterranean\nSea and Mount Lebanon, north of Palestine and south of the Orontes. Its\ntwo great cities were, Zidon, the mother of Mediterranean commerce; and\nTyre, her daughter. Its boundaries were never extensive; but its vessels\ntraded with every land, and its colonies were planted all along the\nshores of the Mediterranean.\n\n4. =Palestine= lies south of Phoenicia, between the Mediterranean and\nthe desert. It will be described in connection with the Physical Map of\nPalestine, page 29, and Moab and Edom, near it, on pages 39 and 45.\n\n5. South of Palestine is =The Wilderness=, a part of Arabia, in which\nthe Israelites wandered during forty years. Its description may be found\non page 42.\n\n6. =Egypt= lies in the northeastern corner of Africa. See its\ndescription on page 41.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW.\n\n1. Let the teacher state the EXTENT of the Old Testament World, and its\ncomparison in size with the United States, as given in the description;\nthe class taking down the figures in their note-books.\n\n2. Let the teacher draw upon the blackboard the SEAS of the map, in\npresence of the class, describing each as it is drawn. If drawn in\nadvance with an ordinary slate pencil, the mark cannot be seen by the\nclass, but can be traced by the teacher with white chalk. Do not try to\nmake the lines exact. A general sketch will answer far better than\nfinished work. Write upon each its initial letter, but let the class\ngive its full name; and at the same time follow the teacher by drawing\nthe map on slates or in note-books. Review the names of the seas:\n_Caspian_, _Persian Gulf_, _Red Sea_, _Mediterranean_ or _Great Sea_,\n_Dead Sea_, _Lake Arsissa_ or _Van_, _Lake Urumiyeh_.\n\n3. Draw next the most important of the MOUNTAIN RANGES, showing their\ngeneral lines, in blue or green color, naming each as drawn, requiring\nthe class to repeat its name, and to review at the close all the names:\n_Ararat_ (including _Masius_, _Niphates_, _Abus_), _Caspian_, _Zagros_,\n_Lebanon_, _Taurus_.\n\n4. Draw the RIVERS in white chalk, and drill the class upon their names\nas the course of each is shown: _Araxes_, _Tigris_, _Euphrates_,\n_Orontes_, _Jordan_, _Nile_. Review the names of seas, mountains, and\nrivers, before beginning the next subject.\n\n5. Show the LANDS in their three classes, and drill the class upon their\nnames. (1.) MOUNTAIN LANDS: _Armenia_, _Media_, _Persia_. (2.) LANDS OF\nTHE PLAIN: _Assyria_, _Elam_, _Mesopotamia_, _Chaldea_, _Arabia_. (3.)\nLANDS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN: _Asia Minor_, _Syria_, _Phoenicia_,\n_Palestine_, _Wilderness_, _Egypt_.\n\nReview the entire map, from the beginning; then erase it, and call for\nthe class to give the names as they are indicated by the pointer without\nmarking.\n\n\n\n\nANCIENT WORLD, AND DESCENDANTS OF NOAH.\n\n\nONE of the most ancient and valuable accounts of the races of mankind is\nfound in the tenth chapter of Genesis. It states the location and, in\nlarge degree, the relationship of the various families upon the earth,\nas they were known to the descendants of Abraham.\n\n[Illustration: BIRS NIMROUD (SUPPOSED TOWER OF BABEL).]\n\nIn the interpretation of this \"Table of Nations\" certain facts and\nprinciples are to be borne in mind. 1. It is _incomplete_; not\nundertaking to name all the races of mankind, but only those in the\nHebrew, Egyptian, and Assyrian sphere of interest. Neither the yellow,\nthe brown, or the black races are represented upon it, and only a\nportion of the ruddy or white race. 2. It is _popular_ and not\nscientific. The Orientals never wrote with the precision of modern\nstudents. Hence find in this document terms employed in a general and\nindefinite manner. 3. It is, in reality, _geographical_ rather than\nracial. For example, when it says \"the sons of Canaan,\" we are not\nalways to infer a literal descent, but a location in the land of Canaan.\nThe names upon this table are generally not those of individuals, but of\ntribes. In some instances relationship may be indicated; but generally\npropinquity of settlement is all that can positively be affirmed. 4. It\narranges the nations _according to zones_, in a general direction from\nnorthwest to southeast; not by continents, as was formerly supposed. The\nnations of the Japhetic family are found in Asia and Europe; the\nShemites, or Semites, in Asia; the so-called Hamitic races, in Asia and\nAfrica. After the deluge an instinct of migration took possession of the\nhuman family. From the original home (long supposed to be near the\nCaspian Sea, but now uncertain as to locality) clans moved in all\ndirections, and nations arose, occupying different lands.\n\n\nI. THE JAPHETIC NATIONS.\n\nThese belonged to seven families, who are called \"sons of Japheth\" in\nGen. 10:2; and seven others, who are spoken of as his grandsons in Gen.\n10:3, 4. These statements are not necessarily to be understood\nliterally. There may have been other sons and grandsons of Japheth; but\nthese were the ones whose names are remembered as the founders of\nnations. The peoples descended from Japheth belong to what is called the\nAryan or Indo-European race.\n\n1. =Gomer= is named, in Ezek. 38:2-6, as a race opposed to Israel after\nthe captivity. They were probably the people whom the Assyrians called\n_Gimirrai_, and the Greeks _Kimmerioi_. Their name is perpetuated in the\n_Crimea_, their early home. A branch of this race moving westward became\nthe _Cimbri_, who were formidable enemies of Rome; and probably another,\nthe _Cymry_, settled in the British Isles, and were the ancestors of the\nWelsh and the Irish. The Celtic races, to which the French partly\nbelong, are descended from this family.\n\nThree of the families descended from Gomer formed separate tribes,\nnamed, in the table of nations in Gen. 10:3, after Ashkenaz, Riphath and\nTogarmah. All of these had homes around or near the Black Sea.\n\n(1.) _Ashkenaz_ is the name of a people spread out of _Mysia_ and\n_Phrygia_ in Asia Minor. \"Ascanios,\" a Greek form of the word, occurs in\nHomer as the name of a Mysian and Phrygian prince. It is, however, true\nthat, in Jer. 51:27, Ashkenaz is located in Western Armenia, whither\nthis people had later migrated. Here, also, the Assyrians located them.\n\n(2.) _Riphath_ was formerly supposed to point to the _Riph\u00e6n Mountains_,\nnorth of the Danube and west of the Black Sea, but this is very\ndoubtful.\n\n(3.) _Togarmah_ (Ezek. 27:14; 38:6) is identified with the land of\n_Armenia_, whose people have a tradition that they are descended from\nTargom.\n\n2. =Magog= (called, in Ezek. 38 and 39, _Gog_, the prefix _Ma_ being\nthought to signify \"land\") is generally understood to designate the\n_Scythians_.\n\n[Illustration: THE ANCIENT WORLD AND THE DESCENDANTS OF NOAH.]\n\n3. =Madai= is everywhere in Scripture the word translated _Medes_, whose\nearly home was south of the Caspian Sea, whence they marched westward,\nand conquered the lands as far as the Mediterranean.\n\n4. =Javan= is the Hebrew term for the _Greeks_, as is indicated by\nvarious references in the Old Testament. It is especially applied to the\nIonians (originally called Iafon-es, the descendants of Iafon, or\nJavan), who were the Grecian people, with whom the Israelites were\nbrought into commercial relations.\n\nFive lands and races are named as subdivisions of the family of Javan in\nGen. 10:4, all of which were situated near each other.\n\n(1.) _Elishah_ (or, as in Ezek. 27:7, \"the isles of Elishah,\") is\nsupposed to refer to the _\u00c6olians_, inhabiting the isles of the \u00c6gean\nSea, from which came the purple dye mentioned in Ezekiel's reference.\n\n(2.) _Tarshish_ was formerly supposed to refer to _Tarsus_ in Cilicia of\nAsia Minor, on the authority of Josephus, but is now identified with\n_Tartessus_ in Spain, embracing the coast land from Gibraltar to the\nGuadalquiver.\n\n(3.) _Kittim_, or _Chittim_, was the name applied to the island of\n_Cyprus_, of which one of the cities was called Kitium. The name Chittim\nwas also loosely given by the Hebrews to the shores and isles of the\nMediterranean.\n\n(4.) _Dodanim_ (or, as in some copies of 1 Chron. 1:7, Rodanim). If the\nreading _Dodanim_ be preferred, this may point to the _Dardanians_, a\nname often applied in the classics to the people of Troy, the famous\ncity of Homer. The other reading, _Rodanim_, which is preferred by some\ncritics, is supposed to point to the isle of Rhodes, in the \u00c6gean Sea, a\nhome of the ancient Greeks. Thus both Javan and all his sons who founded\nfamilies were connected with the Greek race.\n\n(5.) _The Isles of the Gentiles_ (Gen. 10:5) in Hebrew refers not only\nto islands, but all lands bordering upon the sea. Here it refers to the\nJaphetic colonies on the coasts of the Mediterranean, the Black and the\nCaspian Seas.\n\n5. =Tubal=, and 6. =Meshech=, are generally associated in Scripture.\n(Ezek. 27:13; 32:26; 38:2, 3; 39:1.) From their associations, they are\nto be sought near the Caspian and Black Seas, where Herodotus mentions\nthe _Tibareni_ and the _Moschi_.\n\n7. =Tiras= (1. Chron. 1:5) was believed by the Jews to refer to the\n_Thracians_, southwest of the Black Sea. There is nothing to oppose this\nview, but no evidence except the similarity of name in its favor.\n\n\nII. THE HAMITIC RACES.\n\nThese are named with greater particularity, because they were those\nwhich rose to prominence early in the history, and those with which the\nHebrews were brought into closer relations, either as enemies or as\nfriends. Four principal races are given, some of which were greatly\nsubdivided. The homes of these races were in Africa, Eastern Arabia,\nwith a fringe of sea-coast along the eastern Mediterranean, and the\ngreat Mesopotamian valley, in which arose the earliest world empires.\nThey have been sometimes called _Turanians_. It is by no means probable\nthat all these nations should be regarded as the descendants of Ham, the\nson of Noah. In this list are evidently grouped together some races\nwhose territory was contiguous, but whose physical appearance and\nlanguage show no relationship.\n\n1. =Cush= is, throughout the Bible, the word translated _Ethiopia_.\nGenerally this refers to the region south of Egypt, now known as\nAbyssinia; but in Gen. 2:13, Isa. 11:11, and Ezek. 38:5, the reference\nmust be to an Asiatic Cush, in Mesopotamia. The subdivisions of the\nCushite tribes in Gen. 10:7-12, show that the earliest great Oriental\nmonarchies were of this race. These subdivisions are as follows:\n\n(1.) _Seba._ These were, probably, the Ethiopians of Mero\u00eb, on the Nile,\nanciently called _Saba_; in Isa. 43:3 and 45:14, connected with the\nEgyptians.\n\n(2.) _Havilah._ This is supposed to refer to _Arabia_, or at least a\npart of it.\n\n(3.) _Sabtah._ This may refer to the _Sabbatha_, or _Sabota_, of Pliny\nand Ptolemy, on the southern shore of Arabia.\n\n(4.) _Raamah_, with whom are associated his sons or descendants, _Sheba_\nand _Dedan_, occupied the eastern shore of Arabia, near the Persian\nGulf.\n\n(5.) _Sabtechah._ This is unknown, but, from the relation of the\nprevious names, may have been in the southeastern portion of Arabia.\n\n(6.) _Nimrod_ is named as a descendant of Cush (perhaps the only name of\nan individual in the list), and the founder of the early Babylonian\nempire.\n\n2. =Mizraim= is the name everywhere used for _Egypt_ in the Hebrew. The\nword is in the dual form, representing the two divisions of the country,\nand corresponding to the two crowns on all the royal effigies. Several\nbranches of this race are especially mentioned.\n\n(1.) _Ludim._ Not the same with the _Lud_ of verse 22, but from its\nassociations plainly in Africa. The location has been given as _Nubia_,\nbut is very doubtful.\n\n(2.) _Anamim._ An unknown people, whose identity was early lost in some\nother race.\n\n(3.) _Lehabim._ These are elsewhere in Scripture called _Lubim_, and\nwere the Libyans, or people of Libya, west of Egypt, on the southern\nshore of the Mediterranean.\n\n(4.) _Naphtuhim._ Probably the _Na-Ptah_ of the Egyptian monuments,\nhaving their home at _Memphis_, south of the Delta.\n\n(5.) _Pathrusim._ Often referred to in the prophets as _Pathros_, or\nUpper Egypt.\n\n(6.) _Casluhim._ An unknown people, perhaps in the vicinity of _Goshen_.\n\n(7.) _Caphtorim._ Generally supposed to refer to the people on the\nisland of _Crete_. With these, and not with the _Casluhim_, should the\n_Philistim_ be connected. (See Deut. 2:23, Jer. 47:4, Amos 9:7.)\n\n3. =Phut.= The word is several times translated _Libya_, and, from its\nassociation with other tribes, should probably be referred to that\nsection in Northern Africa. (See Jer. 46:9; Ezek. 27:10; 30:5; 38:5;\nNah. 3:9.) Some of these passages would indicate that there was also an\nAsiatic branch of this same family.\n\n4. =Canaan.= The ancient inhabitants of Palestine and Lower Syria, from\nGaza to Hamath. In their most flourishing period, just before the\nconquest by Joshua, they embraced six subdivisions or clans. (See map on\npage 36, and explanations.)\n\n\nIII. THE SEMITIC RACES. (Gen. 10:21-31.)\n\nThe descendants of Shem are placed last in the list of the table of\nnations, not because their founder was the youngest, but because out of\ntheir lines one family is chosen as the especial theme of the history,\nwhich thus receives a fitting introduction. Shem was the founder of five\ngreat races, and of many subordinate tribes.\n\n1. =Elam= everywhere is recognized as the name of a province east of the\nTigris and north of the Persian Gulf, called by the Greeks _Elymais_.\nThe name was often applied, in later times, to the whole of Persia,\nwhose capital stood within its territory.\n\n2. =Asshur= is frequently mentioned in the Old Testament. It was located\non the Tigris, having Nineveh as its capital, and its people at one time\nwere rulers of all the lands westward to the Mediterranean.\n\n3. =Arphaxad=, or _Arpachshad_ (as in the margin of Gen. 11:10), has\nbeen supposed to be the ancestor of the Chaldeans, whose home was at the\nhead of the Persian Gulf. The patriarch Abraham belonged to his race,\nand was born in \"Ur of the Chaldees.\" Another of Arphaxad's descendants\nwas _Joktan_, from whom arose thirteen tribes, named after _Almodad_,\n_Sheleph_, _Hazarmaveth_, _Jerah_, _Hadoram_, _Uzal_, _Diklah_, _Obal_,\n_Abimael_, _Sheba_ (the most important of all in after history,\nabsorbing most of the rest), _Ophir_, _Havilah_, and _Jobab_. All these\noccupied the southeastern and southern sections of the great Arabian\npeninsula. The fact that some of these names have already been mentioned\nin the Hamite genealogies may indicate that the two races became\nmingled.\n\n4. =Lud.= This is believed by most scholars to refer to the _Lydians_,\nwho dwelt on the southwestern border of Asia Minor, and under their\nking, Croesus, became a powerful nation. Their history was short, as\ntheir empire was conquered by Cyrus the Great.\n\n5. =Aram.= This is the word uniformly rendered _Syria_ throughout the\nBible. The Arameans, or Syrians, occupied the region between Canaan and\nPhoenicia, on the east, the Euphrates on the north, and the great desert\non the west and south. Four branches of this race formed separate\ntribes. _Uz_, the race of the ancient Job, was settled in the middle of\nNorth Arabia, near Nejd. _Hul_ and _Gether_ are supposed (but with\nslight evidences) to have occupied the country near Lake Merom, where\nthe _Geshurites_ were afterward found. _Mash_, or, as called in 1 Chron.\n1:17, _Meshech_, may have merged with the Meshech of the Japhetic line.\n\n[Illustration: OUTLINE MAP FOR REVIEW.]\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR TEACHING.\n\n1. The principal authorities for the map on page 24, and its\nexplanations, are: \"Ethnic Affinities,\" by Canon George Rawlinson; E. H.\nBrowne, in \"The Speaker's Commentary\"; J. G. Murphy's \"Notes on\nGenesis\"; Dillmann, \"Commentary on Genesis\"; and \"The Races of the Old\nTestament,\" by A. H. Sayce. To these the student is referred for more\nthorough discussion of the subject.\n\n2. In teaching, draw on the blackboard a sketch map (no matter how\nroughly) of the outlines of the coast, as given above, and then write on\neach place the name of the people occupying it. Take, first, the great\ndivisions of Noah's family; then, the subdivisions; then, the minor\ntribes. Review the locations as each family is finished. Write on the\nboard only the first syllable of each name, as an aid to memory, as _Ar_\nfor _Arphaxad_, _Cu_ for _Cush_, etc. If the names of each of the three\ngreat races are written in chalk of a different color, it will make the\ndistinctions more readily understood.\n\n3. If practicable, by means of a duplicating process, print a sufficient\nnumber of copies of the sketch map to supply the class or audience, and\nlet each person, with pencil, place on the map the names of the tribes\nas they are located. This will greatly add to the interest of the\nlesson.\n\n[Transcriber's Note: This family tree was originally one tree. It was\nseparated into families to accommodate size issues.]\n\nREVIEW CHART--THE TABLE OF NATIONS.\n\n\n                            NOAH\n       +---------------------+----------------------+\n    JAPHETH                 HAM                    SHEM\n  (_Aryan Race_)     (_Turanian Race_)        (_Semitic Race_)\n\n\n                        JAPHETH (_Aryan Race_)\n       +---------+---------+------------+--------+-------+-------+\n       |         |         |            |        |       |       |\n     Gomer     Magog      Madai       Javan    Tubal  Meshech  Tiras\n  (_Celts_)(_Scythians_)(_Medes_)   (_Greeks_)             (_Thracians_)\n        |                              |\n   Ashkenaz (_Nysia and Phrygia_)  Elishah (_\u00c6olians_)\n   Riphath (_Riphaean Mts?_)       Tarshish (_Tartessus_)\n   Togarmah (_Armenia_)            Kittim (_Cyprus_)\n                                   Dodanim (_Trojans_)\n\n\n                    HAM (_Turanian Race_)\n       +-------------+------+--------+\n       |             |      |        |\n      Cush        Mizraim  Phut    Canaan\n  (_Ethiopia_)  (_Egypt_)(_Libya_)(_Palestine_)\n     |               |\n    Seba          Ludim\n  (_Mero\u00eb_)     (_Nubia?_)\n    Havilah       Anamim\n  (_Arabia_)\n    Sabtah        Lehabim\n  (_Sabbatha?_) (_Libya_)\n    Raamah        Naphtuhim\n  (_Per. Gulf_) (_Na-petu_)\n    Sabtechah     Pathrusim\n                (_Pathros_)\n    NIMROD        Casluhim-Philistim\n                (_Philistia_)\n                  Caphtorim\n                (_Crete_)\n\n\n                          SHEM (_Semitic Race_)\n     +--------------+-------------+------------+-----------+\n     |              |             |            |           |\n    Elam          Asshur       Arphaxad       Lud         Aram\n  (_Elamites_) (_Assyrians_) (_Chaldeans_) (_Lydians_) (_Syrians_)\n                                  |                         |\n                                Salah                       Uz\n                                  |                         Hul\n                                  |                        Gether\n                                  |                        Mash\n                                 Eber\n                              +---+---+\n                              |       |\n                             Peleg   Joktan(_Arabia_)\n\n[Illustration: THE JEWS' WAILING PLACE, AT JERUSALEM.]\n\n[Illustration: PHYSICAL MAP OF PALESTINE.]\n\n\n\n\nPHYSICAL PALESTINE.\n\n\nI. DIMENSIONS.\n\nTHE terms Canaan, Palestine and the Holy Land are used with various\nmeanings. The first is the original name, taken from the ancestor of its\nearly inhabitants; the second is a modernized form of the word\n\"Philistine,\" a race occupying its southwest portion; the third is the\nname applied to it as the land where the Saviour of the world lived and\ndied. In either one of these three names we may also find three\ndifferent limitations of meaning. 1. Strictly speaking, the word\n\"Canaan\" refers to the country between the Jordan and the Mediterranean;\nbounded on the north by Mount Lebanon, and on the south by the desert.\nThe name \"Palestine\" is often given to this section only. This region\nincludes about 6,600 square miles, a territory smaller than the State of\nMassachusetts by 1,200 square miles. 2. Palestine Proper, the Land of\nthe Twelve Tribes, embraces both Canaan and the region east of the\nJordan, loosely called Gilead, though that name strictly belongs to but\none section of it. Palestine Proper is bounded on the north by the river\nLeontes, Mount Lebanon and Mount Hermon; east by the Syrian desert,\nsouth by the Arabian desert, and west by the Mediterranean; and forms a\nsort of parallelogram, embracing an area of about 12,000 miles, about\nthe size of Massachusetts and Connecticut. 3. The Land of Promise (Num.\n34), in its largest meaning, extended from the \"Entrance of Hamath,\" on\nthe north, to Mount Hor, Kadesh-barnea, and the \"River of Egypt\" (_Wady\nel Arish_); and from the Euphrates to the Mediterranean; including an\narea of 60,000 square miles, a little less than that of the five New\nEngland States. This was realized only during a part of the reigns of\nDavid and Solomon. Not all of even Palestine Proper was possessed by\nIsrael during most of its history; for the plain along the sea-shore was\nheld by the Philistines on the south, and by the Phoenicians on the\nnorth.\n\n[Illustration: COMPARATIVE AREAS OF PALESTINE AND NEW ENGLAND.]\n\n\nII. NATURAL DIVISIONS.\n\nThe divisions of Palestine made by the natural features of the country\nare four, generally parallel to each other: 1. The Maritime Plain. 2.\nThe Mountain Region. 3. The Jordan Valley. 4. The Eastern Table-Land.\n\n1. =The Maritime Plain= lies along the coast of the Mediterranean for\nthe entire length of the country, broken only by Mount Carmel, north of\nwhich it is quite narrow; but immediately south of the mountain it is 8\nmiles wide, thence widening to 20 miles at the southern boundary of the\ncountry. It is an undulating surface of low hillocks of sandy soil, from\n100 to 200 feet above the sea-level, and very fertile. In the Old\nTestament period it was but little occupied by the Israelites, whose\nhome was on the mountains. It is divided into four portions. North of\nMount Carmel a narrow strip is called Phoenicia. Directly east of Mount\nCarmel the level country is pressed inward, and lies between the\nmountains, forming the remarkable Plain of Esdraelon, physically\nbelonging to the Maritime Plain, but geographically to the Mountain\nRegion. South of Mount Carmel lay Sharon; and further southward was\nPhilistia, a land whose people, the Philistines, were long the enemies\nof Israel, and have since given the name PALESTINE to the whole land.\n\n2. =The Mountain Region=, between the Jordan Valley and the Plain, is\nthe backbone of the country, and was the principal home of the\nIsraelites. It is a continuation of the Lebanon range of mountains, and\nextends southward to the desert. It is divided into five sections, by\nnatural rather than political lines of boundary. (1.) In Upper Galilee\nthe mountains average a height of 2,800 feet above the sea, and _Jebel\nJermuk_, the highest peak, is 4,000 feet high. (2.) In Lower Galilee the\nhills are about 1,800 feet high, their southeastern slopes precipitous,\nthe northern and northwestern gentle. In this section lies the Plain of\nEsdraelon, about 250 feet above the sea, 9 miles across, and 14 miles\nnorth and south. (3.) The Hill Country of Samaria and Jud\u00e6a, called in\nthe Old Testament \"Mount Ephraim,\" and \"the mountains of Judah,\" is from\n2,000 to 3,000 feet high, consisting of mountain and valley, with the\nwatershed midway between the Jordan and the sea. Near the Dead Sea is\nthe Wilderness of Jud\u00e6a, an uninhabitable region, without verdure, and\npenetrated with ravines and caves; sometimes called Jeshimon. (4.) The\n_Shefelah_, or \"low hills,\" are the foot-hills of the Mountain Region,\nforming a natural terrace 500 feet above the sea-level, on the western\nside of the mountains, between them and the Plain. This extends along\nboth Samaria and Jud\u00e6a. (5.) The Negeb, a word meaning \"dry,\" translated\n\"South Country\" in the Bible, begins just south of Hebron, and slopes\nsouthward to the Arabian desert, in a series of hills much lower than\nthose in the northern section.\n\n3. =The Jordan Valley= is a remarkable depression, beginning at the\nsources of the river, and plowing a gorge which grows deeper as it goes\nsouthward. At the springs of the Jordan it is 1,700 feet above the sea,\nwith lofty mountains on each side, Hermon and Lebanon. At lake Merom it\nis 7 feet above the level of the sea. Below Merom it descends by a fall\nof 60 feet to the mile, and at the Sea of Galilee is 682 feet below the\nMediterranean. Here begins the _Ghor_ (its Arab name, meaning \"hollow\"),\na gorge 65 miles long to the Dead Sea, and descending 610 feet further\nin its depth, with a barrier of cliffs on either side, from 2 to 8 miles\napart, except at the \"Plain of Jordan,\" or \"Plain of Jericho,\" just\nnorth of the Dead Sea, which is 14 miles wide. This plain lies 400 feet\nabove the level of the Dead Sea, and is encompassed by mountains which\nrise above it about 4,000 feet.\n\n4. =The Eastern Table-Land= is a lofty plateau, east of the Jordan. The\nmountains on this side are higher and more steep than are those on the\nwest; and from their summit a plain stretches away to the great Syrian\ndesert. It is mostly fertile, and especially adapted to pasturage. On\nthe north is Bashan, now called \"the Hauran,\" in the centre lies Gilead,\nand south was the land of Moab.\n\n\nIII. THE WATERS OF PALESTINE.\n\nThese may be noticed under three heads: 1. The River Jordan. 2. The\nThree Lakes. 3. The Brooks, or mountain torrents.\n\n[Illustration: THE RIVER JORDAN.]\n\n1. =The River Jordan= has three sources. (1.) The most northerly is at\n_Hasbeiya_, on Hermon. (2.) The largest stream proceeds from a great\nspring at the ancient Dan, now _Tell el Kady_. (3.) The one recognized\nas the source by the Jews is at Banias, near the ancient C\u00e6sarea\nPhilippi. It may be divided into three sections: from Hasbeiya to Lake\nMerom, about 40 miles; from its entrance into Merom to the Sea of\nGalilee, 15 miles; and from the northern end of that lake to the Dead\nSea, 79 miles,--making its direct length 134 miles, though by its\nwindings the channel is about 200 miles long. In its progress it falls\nover 3,000 feet, an average fall of over 22 feet to the mile. It varies\nin width from 80 to 180 feet, and in depth from 5 to 12 feet.\n\n2. =The Three Lakes= are: (1.) Merom, now called _Huleh_, a triangular\nsheet of water three miles across, located in a swamp in Northern\nGalilee. (2.) The Sea of Galilee, called Chinnereth in the Old\nTestament, a pear-shaped lake, 14 miles long, and 9 wide. (3.) The Dead\nSea, 46 miles long, its surface 1,290 feet below the level of the\nMediterranean, and in some places 1,300 feet deep, though the great\nlagoon on its southern end is not more than 20 feet deep.\n\n[Illustration: SECTION OF PALESTINE FROM NORTH TO SOUTH.]\n\n3. =The Brooks=, or mountain torrents, are an important feature in the\ncountry. They are dry for most of the year, but during the winter are\nlarge and rapid. (1.) On the east of the Jordan Valley are: (_a_) the\nHieromax (now called the _Jarmuk_), flowing from the highlands of Bashan\ninto the Jordan, south of the Sea of Galilee; (_b_) the Jabbok (now\n_Zerka_), descending from the table-land, and entering the Jordan a\nlittle south of midway between the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea;\n(_c_) the Arnon (now _Mojeb_), entering the Dead Sea about the middle of\nits eastern shore. (2.) Flowing from the Mountain Region eastward are:\n(_a_) the _Farah_, \"the waters of Enon\" (John 3:23); (_b_) the brook\nCherith (1 Kings 17:3), perhaps _Wady Kelt_, near Jericho; (_c_) the\nbrook Kedron, running past Jerusalem, eastward, into the Dead Sea,\nprobably the _Wady en Nar_. (3.) Flowing into the Mediterranean are:\n(_a_) the Leontes (now _Litany_), the northern boundary of Palestine, a\nstream almost as long as the Jordan; (_b_) the Kishon, \"that ancient\nriver\" (Judg. 5:21), watering the Plain of Esdraelon; (_c_) the brook\nBesor (_Wady es Sheriah_), near the southern frontier. Others might be\nnamed, but these are the most important, though not in all cases the\nlargest.\n\n[Illustration: SECTION OF PALESTINE FROM EAST TO WEST.]\n\n\nIV. THE MOUNTAINS OF PALESTINE.\n\nThese may be considered either in order of height or of location. The\ndiagram groups the principal mountains in the relation of their\ncomparative height above the sea-level; we may notice them in their\norder of location. They naturally divide into two sections: 1. Those of\nthe Mountain Region west of Jordan. 2. Those of the Eastern Table-Land.\n\n[Illustration: COMPARATIVE HEIGHT OF MOUNTAINS IN PALESTINE.]\n\nBeginning at the northern boundary of Palestine, we find: 1. Mount\nLebanon, \"the white mountain,\" a range of lofty mountains stretching\nnorthward, parallel with the sea, generally about 5,000 feet high, but\nat its highest point, _Jebel Mukhmeel_, 10,200 feet high. 2. The highest\npoint in Galilee is _Jebel Jermuk_, northwest of the Sea of Galilee,\n4,000 feet high. 3. West of the Sea of Galilee is _Kur\u00fbn Hattin_, \"the\nhorns of Hattin,\" the traditional \"Mount of the Beatitudes,\" 1,200 feet\nhigh. 4. At the northeastern corner of the Plain of Esdraelon is Mount\nTabor, a symmetrical cone, the battle-field of Deborah and Barak, 1,843\nfeet high. 5. A short distance to the south stands Little Hermon, \"the\nHill of Moreh,\" now _Jebel el Duhy_, 1,815 feet high. 6. Southward still\nis Mount Gilboa, the place of Gideon's victory and of King Saul's\ndefeat, 1,715 feet high. 7. Sweeping around the southern border of the\nPlain of Esdraelon to the Mediterranean Sea is Mount Carmel, at its\nhighest point 1,750 feet, but 500 as it meets the sea. These last four\nmountains form the boundary of the Plain of Esdraelon. In the land of\nSamaria, which we now enter, are but two important elevations: 8. Ebal,\nthe mountain of the curses, 3,075 feet; 9. Directly opposite, Gerizim,\nthe mountain of the blessings, 2,850 feet. The principal peaks in Jud\u00e6a\nare the following: 10. Mount Zion, the seat of David's castle, 2,550\nfeet; 11. Across the valley of the Kedron eastward, the Mount of Olives,\n2,665 feet; 12. Mount Hebron, 3,030 feet. South of Hebron the land\nslopes away to the level of the desert.\n\nThe Eastern Table-Land has fewer elevations, and is generally less\nnoticed in the Scriptures. 1. On the north rises Mount Hermon, 9,000\nfeet high, the southern end of the range known as Anti-Lebanon, or\n\"Lebanon toward the sun-rising.\" 2. South of the river Hieromax is Mount\nGilead, about 3,000 feet high. 3. Near the northern end of the Dead Sea\nis Mount Nebo, 2,670 feet high, on a \"shoulder\" of which, Mount Pisgah,\nMoses beheld the Promised Land, and died.\n\n\nV. THE PLAINS OF PALESTINE.\n\nThese have been already noticed, to some extent, but may be named\ntogether. Upon the Maritime Plain, we notice: 1. Phoenicia, a very\nnarrow strip along the Mediterranean, north of Mount Carmel, never\npossessed by the Israelites, and having Tyre and Sidon as its principal\ncities. 2. Directly south of Mount Carmel, Sharon, having C\u00e6sarea and\nJoppa as its most important places. 3. Still further south, Philistia,\nthe land of Israel's ancient enemies, containing several cities, of\nwhich Gaza and Ashkelon (afterward Ascalon) were chief. Upon the\nMountain Region we find imbedded, 4. The Plain of Esdraelon, a Y-shaped\nregion, 250 feet above the sea-level, surrounded by mountains, and\nsituated between Mounts Carmel, Tabor and Gilboa. 5. The Negeb, or South\nCountry, between Hebron and the desert, in Southern Jud\u00e6a, may be\nregarded as a plain, though of rolling character, as its hills are not\nso high as those on the north. 6. In the Jordan Valley, just north of\nthe Dead Sea, is a place called \"the Plain of Jordan,\" or \"the Plain of\nJericho,\" the site of the destroyed \"cities of the plain.\" 7. In the\nnorthern section of the Eastern Table-Land is the vast highland known as\n\"the Hauran,\" anciently called Bashan, watered by the streams which form\nthe Hieromax river.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR REVIEW.\n\nI. _Dimensions._ 1. Canaan. 2. Palestine (Twelve Tribes). 3. Land of\nPromise.\n\nII. _Natural Divisions._ 1. Maritime Plain. 2. Mountain Region (Upper\nGalilee, Lower Galilee, Hill Country, Shefelah, Negeb). 3. Jordan Valley\n(Merom, Galilee, Dead Sea). 4. Eastern Table-Land (Bashan, Gilead,\nMoab).\n\nIII. _Waters._ 1. Jordan (sources, sections). 2. Lakes (Merom, Galilee,\nDead Sea). 3. Brooks. (1.) East: Hieromax, Jabbok, Arnon. (2.) Mountain\nRegion: Farah, Cherith, Kedron. (3.) Maritime Plain: Leontes, Kishon,\nBesor.\n\nIV. _Mountains._ 1. West of Jordan: Lebanon, Jermuk, Hattin, Tabor,\nLittle Hermon, Gilboa, Carmel, Ebal, Gerizim, Zion, Olives, Hebron. 2.\nEast of Jordan: Hermon, Gilead, Nebo.\n\nV. _Plains._ 1. Phoenicia. 2. Sharon. 3. Philistia. 4. Esdraelon. 5.\nNegeb. 6. Jordan. 7. Hauran.\n\n\n\n\nTHE JOURNEYS OF THE PATRIARCHS.\n\n\nAT the close of the eleventh chapter of Genesis a change is made in the\nsubject of the Bible story. Thus far it has been a history of the entire\nrace; but from this point to the close of Genesis a single family is\nbrought into prominent notice, and the rest of the tribes of men are\nreferred to only incidentally. The family of Abraham, of Semitic origin,\ndeserve all their prominence in sacred history, since through them the\ntrue religion was perpetuated until the world was ready for its wider\ndissemination in the gospel period.\n\n[Illustration: MUGHEIR, SUPPOSED TO BE UR OF THE CHALDEES.]\n\n\nI. THE JOURNEYS OF ABRAHAM.\n\nThese extend over nearly all the lands of the Old Testament, from\nChaldea to Egypt. They represent the separation of a Semitic clan from\nthe great body of the race, which was then ruled by an Elamite dynasty;\nand they bring to our notice the political relations of the world about\ntwo thousand years before Christ, in the early Chaldean period of the\nEast.\n\n1. =From Ur to Haran.= (Gen. 11:27-32.) The family of Abraham (then\ncalled Abram) lived at Ur of the Chaldees, probably _Mugheir_, south of\nthe Euphrates, and an early seat of empire. Thence, at God's call, they\nmigrated, moving up the Euphrates to Haran, in Mesopotamia, probably the\nRoman Carrh\u00e6, and the modern _Haran_, on the river Belik, 50 miles above\nits entrance into the Euphrates. Here the family remained until the\ndeath of Terah, Abraham's aged father, whose traditional tomb is still\nshown.\n\n2. =From Haran to Canaan.= (Gen. 12:1-9.) A branch of the family, the\ndescendants of Abraham's brother Nahor, settled in Haran; but Abraham\nand his nephew Lot moved on southward, past Damascus, to the land of\nCanaan. They paused first at Shechem, and afterward at Bethel, at each\nplace building an altar; but after a time removed further southward,\nimpelled by the dearth of food in the land.\n\n3. =The Visit to Egypt.= (Gen. 12:10-20.) The famine caused a removal of\nthe entire clan to Egypt, where the beauty of Sarah was the occasion of\nAbraham's deception, of Pharaoh's wrong, and of Abraham's expulsion from\nthe land. He returned to his former abode at Bethel. (Gen. 13:3, 4.)\n\n4. =The Removal to Hebron.= (Gen. 13:5-18.) This was occasioned by the\nscarcity of pasture for the immense flocks and herds of Abraham and Lot.\nThe two chieftains made a division of the land, Lot choosing the Jordan\nValley, north of the Dead Sea, near the city of Sodom, and Abraham the\nhighlands around Hebron, anciently Kirjath-arba, now known by Abraham's\ntitle, _el Khalil_, \"The Friend,\" _i. e._, of God.\n\n5. =Pursuit of the Elamites.= (Gen. 14.) At that period the early\nBabylonian empire, under Amraphel or Hammurabi (see p. 91), was at the\nheight of its power. Its king governed Elam, Chaldea, Assyria,\nMesopotamia, and most of Palestine. Chedorlaomer, the head of the united\npeoples, led his armies against the aboriginal races east of the Jordan.\n(See Map of Palestine Before the Conquest, and description, on page 37.)\nAfter subduing them he passed around south of the Dead Sea, smote the\nAmorites in the mountains near Hazezon-tamar, afterward En-gedi, and\npoured his host down upon the Jordan Valley. The cities on the north of\nthe Dead Sea, Sodom and Gomorrah, with their dependent villages, being\nunable to stay his progress, were ravaged, and their inhabitants\n(including Abraham's nephew Lot) carried away captive, up the valley.\nNews of the invasion came to Abraham, and he instantly gathered his\nservants and allies, and pursued the marauders. He overtook them near\nLaish, afterward Dan, now _Tell el Kady_, attacked them by night,\npursued them as far as Hobah, near Damascus, and brought back the booty\nand the prisoners. On the return took place the remarkable interview\nwith Melchizedek, a priest-king over the city of Salem, perhaps the\nplace afterward Jerusalem. After the return to Hebron the following\nevents occurred: 1. The covenant of God with Abraham. (Gen. 15.) 2. The\nbirth of Ishmael. (Gen. 16.) 3. The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.\n(Gen. 18, 19.) These cities were probably located on the plain of\nJordan, north of the Dead Sea, and not on the south, as formerly\nsupposed; but all traces of them have entirely disappeared.\n\n[Illustration: EMPIRE OF AMRAPHEL OR HAMMURABI.]\n\n6. =The Settlement at Beersheba.= (Gen. 20-25.) After the destruction of\nthe cities of the plain, Abraham moved southward, and made his home at\nBeersheba, on the desert border, now _Bir es Seba_. Here he spent most\nof his later years, as after various journeys we find him each time\nencamped at Beersheba.\n\n7. =The Offering of Isaac.= (Gen. 22.) From Beersheba Abraham took his\nson Isaac, at God's command, to offer him as a burnt offering in \"the\nland of Moriah.\" Some authorities accept the Samaritan tradition, that\nthis place was Mount Gerizim; but we see no sufficient reason to dissent\nfrom the general view, that it was Mount Moriah, at Jerusalem, ten\ncenturies afterward the site of the Temple. After this sublime token of\nhis faith in God, the patriarch returned to his tent at Beersheba.\n\n8. =The Burial of Sarah.= (Gen. 23.) We find Abraham again at Hebron, in\nhis old age. Here Sarah died and was buried in the cave of Machpelah.\nThis is undoubtedly covered by the Mohammedan mosque so sacredly guarded\nagainst the intrusion of travelers. The after events of Abraham's\nhistory may have taken place at Hebron or at Beersheba, as neither place\nis named as his residence at the time of Isaac's marriage or his own\ndeath. He was buried in the family sepulchre at Hebron, beside the body\nof Sarah.\n\n\nII. THE JOURNEYS OF ISAAC.\n\nThe life of Isaac, though longer than the lives of Abraham and Jacob,\nwas spent in a comparatively small range of territory, and with\ncomparatively few events. We have not noted upon the map the lines of\nhis journeyings; but the localities may be seen, as far as they are\nidentified, upon the map of Palestine, on page 58.\n\nThe homes of Isaac were as follows: 1. Beer-lahai-roi, \"Well of the Life\nof Vision,\" _i. e._, where life remained after seeing God; an unknown\nlocality in the south of Canaan, between Bered and Kadesh. It was so\nnamed by Hagar, after meeting an angel, before the birth of Ishmael.\n(Gen. 16:13.) 2. Gerar. (Gen. 26:1.) This was the chief city of the\nPhilistines in that age; and is now called _Kirbet el Gerar_. The wells\ndug by Isaac, and seized by the Philistines, were probably in the region\nnear this city. 3. Rehoboth (Gen. 26:22) is probably at the _Wady_\n(Valley) _er Ruhaibeh_, south of Beersheba. 4. Beersheba. (Gen.\n26:23-35.) Here he made a treaty of peace with the Philistine king, and\nremained for many years. It was his home during the strife of Jacob and\nEsau, and from this place Jacob departed on his long visit to Haran.\n(Gen. 28:10.) 5. Hebron. (Gen. 35:27.) Here, beside the tomb of his\nparents, Isaac at last met his son Jacob, and here he died and was\nburied, at the age of 180 years.\n\n[Illustration: COMPARATIVE AGE OF THE PATRIARCHS BEFORE AND AFTER THE\nDELUGE.]\n\n\nIII. THE JOURNEYS OF JACOB.\n\nThe life of Jacob is related with more of detail than that of any other\nperson in Old Testament history; yet there is great uncertainty\nconcerning the division of its periods. His first sixty years were\npassed near Beersheba; then twenty years in Haran, and fifty years in\nCanaan (though some of the best chronologers allow _forty_ years in\nHaran, and _thirty_ years in Canaan); and seventeen years in Egypt. The\nprincipal places named in Jacob's journeys are: 1. Beersheba, now _Bir\nes Seba_, a well-known place in the south of Palestine. 2. Bethel, now\n_Beitin_, 10 miles north of Jerusalem. 3. Haran, now bearing the same\nname. (See under Abraham's life, Journey No. 1.) 4. Mizpah, called also\nJegar-sahadutha, \"the heap of witness,\" perhaps the important place\nafterward known as Ramoth-gilead, now _es Salt_, 13 miles south of the\nJabbok. But this seems too far south to represent the event, and we are\ninclined to place it at some unknown mountain between the Jabbok and the\nHieromax. 5. Mahanaim, probably at _Mahneh_, 10 miles north of the\nJabbok. 6. Peniel, afterward Penuel, unknown, but somewhere on the brook\nJabbok. 7. Succoth, \"booths,\" recently identified as _Tell Darala_, a\nmile north of the Jabbok, in the Jordan Valley. 8. Shalem, \"peace.\" If\nthis refers to a place, it is _Salim_, 3 miles east of Shechem. But some\nread the sentence, \"Jacob came in peace [_i. e._, in safety] to\nShechem.\" (Gen. 33:18.) 9. Ephrath, the place of Rachel's death and\nburial, near Bethlehem.\n\nThe Journeys of Jacob may be arranged as follows:\n\n1. =The Flight to Haran.= (Gen. 28:10-29:14.) Fearing the vengeance of\nEsau after the stolen blessing, Jacob hastily left his home at\nBeersheba, and journeyed northward to Haran. At Bethel he saw the vision\nof the heavenly ladder, and arrived safely at Haran, distant 450 miles\nfrom Beersheba. Here he remained either 20 or 40 years, according to\ndifferent views, and married his two wives.\n\n2. =The Return to Canaan.= (Gen. 31-33.) At Mizpah he made a treaty with\nLaban; at Mahanaim was comforted by a vision of angels; at Peniel\nwrestled with \"the angel of God,\" and was reconciled to his brother\nEsau; and at Salim (if that be the name of a place), near Shechem, he\nrested in the Land of Promise.\n\n3. =The Residence in Canaan.= (Gen. 34-45.) The slaughter of the\nShechemites by Simeon and Levi, caused Jacob to move his increasing clan\nfurther south. At Bethel he renewed the covenant with God. (Gen.\n35:1-15.) Near Ephrath, or Bethlehem, his beloved wife Rachel died and\nwas buried. (Gen. 35:10-20.) At Hebron he met once more his aged father,\nand remained during most of his after-life in the land. (Gen. 35:27.)\nWhile Jacob was living at Hebron, Joseph was sold a slave to the\nMidianites, at Dothan, on the southern slopes of Mount Gilboa, and by\nthem taken down to Egypt. (Gen. 37.)\n\n4. =The Descent into Egypt.= (Gen. 45-50.) At the invitation of Joseph,\nthen prince in Egypt, Jacob left Hebron to go down into Egypt. At\nBeersheba he offered sacrifices, and received divine guidance. His home\nwas fixed in the Land of Goshen, a small but fertile district between\nthe eastern channel of the Nile and the desert, the modern province of\n_es Shurkiyeh_, including the _Wady Tumilat_. Here the family of Jacob\nremained until they became \"a great nation,\" a period variously\nestimated at from 200 to 400 years, or even longer.\n\n5. =The Burial Procession.= (Gen. 50.) After the death of Jacob, his\nembalmed body was borne from Egypt to Hebron. The direct route was not\ntaken, probably on account of the hostility of the Philistine and\nAmorite tribes; but the procession passed around the south of the Dead\nSea, through the land of Moab, and crossed the Jordan at Abel-mizraim,\nnear Jericho, a place afterward known as Beth-hoglah; and thence to\nHebron, where the last of the three fathers of the chosen people was\nlaid to rest in the ancestral sepulchre.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR REVIEW.\n\nI. _Journeys of Abraham._ 1. Ur to Haran. 2. Haran to Canaan. (Shechem,\nBethel.) 3. Visit to Egypt. (Return to Bethel.) 4. Removal to Hebron. 5.\nPursuit of Elamites. (Dan, Hobah, Salem.) 6. Settlement at Beersheba. 7.\nOffering of Isaac. (Moriah.) 8. Burial of Sarah. (Hebron.)\n\nII. _Journeys of Isaac._ 1. Beer-lahai-roi. 2. Gerar. 3. Rehoboth. 4.\nBeersheba. 5. Hebron.\n\nIII. _Journeys of Jacob._ 1. Flight to Haran. (Beersheba, Bethel,\nHaran.) 2. Return to Canaan. (Mizpah, Mahanaim, Peniel, Shechem.) 3.\nResidence in Canaan. (Bethel, Bethlehem, Hebron, Dothan.) 4. Descent\ninto Egypt. (Beersheba, Goshen.) 5. Burial Procession. (Abel-mizraim,\nHebron.)\n\n[Illustration: PALESTINE BEFORE THE CONQUEST.\n\nJOURNEYS OF THE PATRIARCHS]\n\n\n\n\nPALESTINE BEFORE THE CONQUEST.\n\n\nTHE knowledge which we possess of the inhabitants of Palestine before\nthe 13th century B.C. is quite scanty. The names of tribes, more or less\nsettled, are given; but we know very little of their language, customs\nor origin. The description of Palestine during the first eight hundred\nyears after the Deluge may be arranged as follows: 1. The Earliest\nInhabitants. 2. The Tribes of the Patriarchal Era. 3. The Nations at the\nTime of the Conquest. 4. The Surrounding Nations.\n\n\nI. THE EARLIEST INHABITANTS.\n\n[Illustration: JERICHO AND THE JORDAN.]\n\nIn most lands the earliest people have been of an unknown race, as the\nmound builders of America and the cave dwellers of Europe. Very early in\nthe history of the race a people entered Palestine, and settled upon\nboth sides of the Jordan, generally among the mountains. They were\nremembered by different names in various parts of the country, but the\nnames show the dread inspired by them among the later tribes. They were\ndoubtless of one race, but whether of Hamitic or Semitic stock is\nuncertain; and their history is as unknown as their origin. They were\nalready in their decline in the times of Abraham, when the Canaanite\nraces, the second series of inhabitants, were in possession of the land.\nThey belonged to six tribes or divisions, each having a different name\nand location, but all bearing the same characteristics, and all regarded\nas giants by those who came after them. Our principal authorities\nconcerning these archaic peoples are Gen. 14:5-7, and Deut. 2:10-23.\n\n1. The =Rephaim=, \"lofty men,\" are frequently named in the Old\nTestament, the word being generally translated \"giants.\" In the age of\nAbraham they were living in the highlands of Bashan, where their\ncapital, Ashteroth Karnaim, \"the two-horned Ashtaroth,\" was taken by the\nElamite king, Chedorlaomer, the earliest conqueror in Bible history. By\ndegrees they lost their nationality and were merged with the Amorites,\nover whom one of their race, the gigantic Og, king of Bashan, ruled at\nthe time of the conquest. They may have settled also west of the Jordan,\nnear what was afterward Jerusalem, since a locality in that vicinity\n(see map on page 82) was long afterward known as \"the Valley of the\nRephaim.\" (2 Sam. 5:18.)\n\n2. The =Zuzim=, \"tall ones,\" are supposed to be the same people with\nthose who in Deut. 2:20 are called =Zamzummim=. They occupied the\neastern table-land, south of Bashan and Gilead. Their capital was Ham, a\ncity not yet identified, unless it was (as some suppose) the place\nafterward known as Rabbath Ammon. These people were also giants, like\nthe Rephaim (Deut. 2:21), were also overswept in the raid of\nChedorlaomer (Gen. 14:5), and during the time of the Israelites' sojourn\nin Egypt, were dispossessed by the Ammonites, who occupied their\ncountry afterward, until in turn driven out by the Amorites.\n\n3. The =Emim=, \"terrible ones,\" were south of the Zuzim, and therefore\ndirectly east of the Dead Sea. They were overcome by Chedorlaomer at\nShaveh Kiriathaim, \"the dale of the two cities,\" and their land was\nafterward occupied by the Moabites.\n\n4. The =Horim=, \"cave dwellers,\" or Horites, occupied Mount Seir, south\nof the Dead Sea. Their genealogy is given in Gen. 36:20-30, and 1 Chron.\n1:38-42. They lived in caves, which are still found in great numbers\nthrough that region. They were beaten by Chedorlaomer, and subsequently\ndispossessed by the descendants of Esau, the Edomites.\n\n5. The =Avim=, \"ruins,\" or \"dwellers in ruins,\" lived in the Shefelah,\nor foot-hills, between the Philistine plain and the mountains of Judah.\n(Deut. 2:23; Josh. 13:2, 3.) They were early conquered by the Caphtorim,\na Philistine race, and were in a depressed condition at the time of the\nentrance of the Israelites. The word Hazerim (Deut. 2:23) means\n\"villages,\" or \"nomad encampments,\" showing that they were not a\nsettled, but a wandering people.\n\n6. The =Anakim=, \"long-necked ones.\" The name may refer either to their\nsize, or their strength (which in Hebrew comes from a word similar to\n_neck_). They were descendants of Arba, and divided into three clans,\nnamed Sheshai, Ahiman and Talmai. (Josh. 14:15; 15:14.) Their principal\nhome was at Hebron, called by them Kirjath-arba; but they also occupied\na city near it, called Kirjath-sepher, or \"book-town,\" a name which is\nsuggestive of a national literature. Unlike the other races, they seem\nto have maintained a foothold in the presence of the incoming Canaanite\nraces, and their gigantic appearance struck terror to the Israelite\nspies during the wandering. (Num. 13.) But they were conquered by Caleb\n(Josh. 14), and their remnant, driven from the mountains, mingled with\nthe Philistines of the sea-coast plain. One family of this race remained\nas late as the days of David, that of Goliath and his brothers. (1 Sam.\n17:4; 2 Sam. 21:15-22.)\n\n\nII. THE TRIBES OF THE PATRIARCHAL ERA.\n\nThe chosen family came to Palestine about 1921 B.C., according to the\ncommon chronology, but probably from two to four hundred years earlier.\nAt this time these earliest races were already superseded in nearly all\nthe land by later tribes, of Hamitic origin, with which the patriarchs\nwere often brought into contact. Those tribes were often called\nCanaanites, because the nation of that name was both the original stock\nand in possession of the richest and best portion of the land.\n\nWe notice these tribes, as far as practicable, in the order of their\nlocation in the four great natural divisions of the country: the tribes\nof the maritime plain, those of the mountain region, those of the Jordan\nValley, and those of the eastern table-land.\n\n1. Beginning at the north, on the narrow plain by the Mediterranean Sea,\nwe find the =Zidonians=, with their two great cities, Zidon the earlier,\nand Tyre the later. Perhaps the latter city was not yet founded in the\npatriarchal age. These people were early famous as the traders of the\nMediterranean world, having commercial relations as far as Spain. They\noccupied a narrow strip of territory between Mount Lebanon and the sea,\nnorth of Mount Carmel. Their country was never possessed by the\nIsraelites, and most of the time the relations between the two races\nwere peaceful.\n\n2. Next in order of location we come to the =Canaanites= proper, or that\nbranch of the descendants of Canaan which retained the family name.\nWhile _all_ the tribes of Palestine are often called Canaanites, as\ndescended from one stock, the name strictly belongs only to people who\nlived in two sections of the country. The word means \"lowlanders,\" and\nwas applied particularly to those dwelling on the maritime plain, on\nboth sides of Mount Carmel, the plain of Esdraelon and that of Sharon;\nand to those in the Jordan Valley. These together constituted \"the\nCanaanites on the east and on the west.\" (Josh. 11:3.) They occupied the\nrichest and most valuable portions of the land. The only city on the\ncoast belonging to the Canaanites existing during the patriarchal age\nwas Joppa, still standing. The Canaanite cities in the Jordan Valley\nwere the \"five cities of the plain,\" Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboim and\nZoar, of which all except the last were destroyed by the visitation of\nGod. (Gen. 19.) Their location was in the plain on the north of the Dead\nSea, and there is no reason to suppose that they are covered by its\nwaters. In the time immediately before the conquest we find Jericho has\narisen in the place of the destroyed cities, and not far from their\nsite, as the most important city of the Jordan Valley.\n\n3. South of the Canaanites, on the maritime plain, were the\n=Philistines=. \"Emigrants\" is the meaning of the word, supporting the\nview that they came from Caphtor, or Crete, which is but little more\nthan a surmise. They were related to the Egyptians, and hence were of\nHamitic stock. They came to the land before the time of Abraham, drove\nout and subdued the earlier Avim (Deut. 2:23), or Avites, and had\nfrequent dealings with Abraham and Isaac. In the patriarchal age their\nprincipal cities were Gaza and Gerar; but before the conquest they had\nmoved northward, and were a powerful confederacy of five cities: Gaza,\nAshkelon, Ashdod, Gath and Ekron. (Josh. 13:3.) Their territory, if\ntaken at all during the campaigns of Joshua, was soon reconquered, and\nthe Philistines were the most dangerous enemies of Israel during all the\nperiod of the Judges. In David's time they were subjected; but not until\nthe Maccabean age were they fully conquered, and their land made a part\nof Israel.\n\n4. We turn now to the tribes of the mountain region, beginning, as\nbefore, at the north. As these northern regions are not alluded to in\npatriarchal history, and only very briefly named in the annals of the\nconquest, it is not easy to determine which of the tribes occupied them.\nBut, from allusions in Josh. 1:4 and 11:3, and from frequent mention on\nthe monuments of Egypt, we incline to the opinion that the =Hittites=\nwere the possessors of this country. They have left their name in\nHattin, the Caphar Hittai of the Talmud, near the Sea of Galilee.\nAnother branch, more frequently mentioned, were in the south, at and\naround Hebron (Gen. 23), perhaps extending as far south as Beersheba.\n(Gen. 27:46.) With these people the relations of the patriarchs were\never peaceful, and of them Abraham purchased his family sepulchre.\n\n[Illustration: HEBRON.]\n\n5. The position of the =Girgashites= is uncertain, from the infrequent\nmention of them. But the slight indications point to the region west of\nthe Sea of Galilee, where we locate them conjecturally. They may have\nbeen absorbed by the surrounding tribes.\n\n6. South of Mount Carmel, and extending to what was afterward the border\nof Benjamin, we find the =Hivites=, having Shechem as their principal\ncity in the time of Jacob. (Gen. 34:2.) Afterward, they occupied several\ntowns immediately north of Jerusalem, four of which formed the\n\"Gibeonite league,\" and made a treaty of peace with Joshua. (Josh.\n9:3-15.) They were a quiet people, averse to war, and submitting readily\nto foreign domination.\n\n7. The =Perizzites=, \"villagers\" are always named in connection with the\nCanaanites. From the allusions in Gen. 34:30, Josh. 17:15, and other\nplaces, we locate them between the Hivites and the western Canaanites,\nin the northern portion of the Shefelah, or foot-hills, where villages\nwould more readily cluster than among the mountains. They remained in\nthe land as late as the time of the restoration from Babylonian\ncaptivity. (Ezra 9:1.)\n\n8. The =Jebusites= lived in the mountains around their city Jebus,\nafterward Jerusalem. They were of Canaanitish origin, a small but\nwarlike tribe. Their king was slain by Joshua; but the city, though\nburned by the Israelites (Judges 1:8), was still held by its own people,\nand remained in their possession, a foreign fortress in the midst of the\nland, until finally taken by David, and made his capital. (2 Sam. 5.)\nSouth of the Jebusites were the southern branch of the Hittites, already\nreferred to.\n\n9. One more nation of the Canaanite stock remains, perhaps the most\npowerful of all, the =Amorites=, or \"mountaineers.\" They occupied,\noriginally, the wilderness between Hebron and the Dead Sea, having\nHazezon-tamar (afterward En-gedi) as their capital; were smitten by\nChedorlaomer, but aided Abraham in his pursuit and battle. (Gen. 14.)\nAfterward they pushed northward, crossed the Jordan, and possessed all\nthe eastern table-land north of the Dead Sea, dispossessing the\nAmmonites of its southern portion, and the Rephaim of its northern. This\ngreat country was the \"land of the Amorites\" at the time of the\nconquest, ruled by two kings, Sihon and Og.\n\nIt is probable, that, during the patriarchal era, while Abraham and his\nfamily lived as wanderers in their Land of Promise, the lands east of\nthe Jordan were occupied by their primeval inhabitants, the Rephaim in\nthe north, the Zuzim between the Jabbok and the Arnon, and the Emim in\nthe south.\n\n\nIII. THE NATIONS AT THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST.\n\nWhat changes may have taken place among the tribes of Western Palestine\nduring the four centuries while the Israelites were in Egypt, is not\nknown; but, as the land became more thickly settled, the strifes of the\nCanaanite tribes and their roving traits would result in many\nalterations of boundary lines. But east of the Jordan the changes may be\nmore distinctly marked.\n\n1. The =Amorites=, already named, probably conquered the eastern\ntable-land, north of the Jabbok, during the period of the sojourn\n(_i. e._, the stay of the Israelites in Egypt), and dispossessed its\nearly inhabitants. Many of these, however, remained among the conquerors,\nand one of this race, Og, the King of Bashan, ruled over the northern\nAmorites when the Israelites entered the land, and was slain by them.\n\n2. Two new tribes, closely related, made their appearance during this\nepoch, the =Moabites= and =Ammonites=. They were descended from Lot, the\nnephew of Abraham, and their origin is related in Gen. 19. They arose\nduring the period of the sojourn, and conquered the primitive Emim and\nZuzim (Deut. 2:19-23), probably as far north as the Jabbok. But the\nAmorites on the north wrested their conquests from them and drove them\nback south of the Arnon, which was thenceforward their northern\nboundary. The Moabites were the settled portion of the tribe, dwelling\nin cities; while the Ammonites were the predatory, wandering element,\nliving mostly in the east, and without permanent dwelling places. During\nthe period of the Judges they were among the oppressors of Israel\n(Judges 3 and 10), were defeated by Saul, (1 Sam. 11), and conquered by\nDavid. (2 Sam. 8:2.)\n\n\nIV. THE SURROUNDING NATIONS.\n\nThe principal nations bordering upon the land of Canaan before the\nconquest were the following:\n\n1. On the north were the =Hivites=, \"that dwelt in Mount Lebanon, from\nMount Baal-hermon unto the entering in of Hamath.\" (Judges 3:3.) This is\nsupposed to have been the original home of the race, from which they\njourneyed to their seat in Central Palestine. Still further north were\nthe =Arkites=, the =Sinites=, the =Arvadites= and the =Hamathites=.\n\n2. On the northeast lay the desert, and on the southeast roamed the\n=Ammonites=, already mentioned.\n\n3. On the south were several tribes, not all of which can be located\nwith certainty. In the west, south of the Philistine country, were the\n=Amalekites=, a people of unknown origin and predatory habits. South of\nJudah were the =Kenites=; and southeast of the Dead Sea, were, in early\ntimes, the Horim (already mentioned), succeeded during the time of the\nsojourn by the =Edomites=, a race descended from Esau, who will be\ndescribed hereafter. (See explanations to map on page 44.)\n\nWith regard to these early inhabitants of Palestine, the following facts\nmay be noteworthy: 1. In respect to =race=, most of them belonged to the\nHamitic stock; though the origin of the six earliest peoples remains\nunknown, and the two latest, the Moabites and Ammonites, were Semites,\nand closely related to Israel. 2. As to =language=, they probably spoke\nthe Hebrew tongue, or one closely allied to it. In Isa. 19:18, the\nHebrew is evidently \"the language of Canaan,\" _i. e._, of the\nCanaanites. Whether this language was the one originally spoken by\nAbraham's ancestors or not, we have no means of knowing; but it is\npossible that it was gained, during the period of the journeyings, from\nthe Canaanites. 3. In =government=, each village or tribe had its own\nruler, who was called a \"_king_\"; but his authority was limited by the\n\"_elders_,\" a body having influence partly from birth, and partly by\nforce of character of its members. 4. Their =religion= was widely\ndifferent from that of the Hebrews, who, from the age of Abraham,\nworshiped one invisible, self-existent, spiritual God. The Canaanites\ndeified nature under various forms, especially as Baal, the giver of\nlife, and Ashtoreth (Greek, Astarte), the corresponding female divinity.\nTheir rites of worship were abominable, cruel and licentious. They\nsacrificed not only captured enemies, but their own children, to their\nidols, and performed acts of the grossest wickedness at their idolatrous\nservice. 5. Their =history= is unwritten, save in its tragical close,\nthe conquest of their land by the Israelites under Joshua, and the\nannihilation of many of their races. Still, many lived as a separate\npeople through all Jewish history; and some of the best scholars are of\nopinion that the native population of Palestine at the present time\nmainly belongs to this old Canaanite stock.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR REVIEW.\n\nI. _Earliest Inhabitants._ Rephaim, Zuzim, Emim, Horim, Avim, Anakim.\n\nII. _Tribes of the Patriarchal Era._ 1. Maritime Plain: Zidonians,\nCanaanites, Philistines. 2. Mountain Region: Hittites (north),\nGirgashites, Hivites, Perizzites, Jebusites, Hittites (south), Amorites.\n3. Jordan Valley: Canaanites. 4. Eastern Table-Land: Rephaim, Zuzim,\nEmim.\n\nIII. _Nations at the Time of the Conquest._ East of Jordan: Amorites,\nMoabites, Ammonites.\n\nIV. _Surrounding Nations._ 1. North: Hivites, Arkites, Sinites,\nArvadites, Hamathites. 2. Southeast: Ammonites. 3. South: Amalekites,\nKenites, Edomites.\n\n\n\n\nLANDS OF THE SOJOURN AND WANDERING.\n\n\nTHE LAND OF EGYPT.\n\nI. =Names.= The present name, \"Egypt,\" was given by the Greeks, and was\nnever used by the inhabitants in ancient times. On the monuments it is\ngenerally called KEM. In the Old Testament the most frequent name is\n\"Mizraim,\" in plural form. The poetical books of the Bible contain the\nname \"Rahab,\" \"the proud, or insolent,\" and \"Land of Ham.\"\n\n[Illustration: AN EGYPTIAN TEMPLE.]\n\nII. =Boundaries and Dimensions.= On the north, Egypt is bounded by the\nMediterranean Sea; on the east, by Palestine, the Arabian Desert, and\nthe Red Sea; on the south, by Nubia; and on the west, by the great\nAfrican Desert. Its limits have been the same in nearly all ages. In a\ngeographical sense, it embraces 115,000 square miles; but of this more\nthan nine-tenths consists of uninhabitable deserts. The true Egypt, the\nhome of its people, is simply the Valley of the Nile and the space\nbetween its mouths, an area of 9,600 square miles, a little larger than\nthe State of New Hampshire. Deducting from this the area covered by the\nNile and its branches, the land of Egypt which may be occupied or\ncultivated includes about 5,600 square miles, or less than the united\narea of Connecticut and Rhode Island.\n\nIII. =Divisions.= There have always been two Egypts, Northern and\nSouthern. Northern or Lower Egypt comprises the Delta of the Nile,\ntriangular in shape, a plain between the eastern or Pelusiac branch of\nthe Nile and its western or Canopic branch. This is a vast garden, with\nsoil the richest in the Old World, and the grain field of the Roman\nempire. Southeast of the Pelusiac branch lay the Land of Goshen (now\n_Esh Shurkiyeh_), the home of the Israelites during the Sojourn.\nSouthern or Upper Egypt is a narrow valley, winding with the course of\nthe Nile, varying in width from two to ten miles; a strip of fertile\nsoil between two barren hills, beyond which the desert lies on either\nside. The two sections were always regarded as separate, and each was\nrepresented in the double crown worn by the kings. There was another\ndivision, made in very early times, into _nomes_, or provinces, each\nhaving its own ruler, and its own object of worship. Of these nomes\nthere were from 36 to 50 at different times.\n\nIV. =The Nile.= This has been in every age the most important feature in\nthe topography of the country, and the cause of its surpassing\nfertility. Its sources, long unknown, are in the great lakes of Central\nAfrica, whence it flows in a northerly direction. The main stream,\ncalled the White Nile, receives in Nubia its principal tributary, the\nBlue Nile, which rises in Abyssinia. During the last 1,500 miles of its\ncourse it is not increased by any other stream, and flows through a\ntorrid desert. Yet, as it enters the Mediterranean, its current is still\nthat of a mighty river. Its mouths are at present three in number,\nthough formerly seven; and, from their resemblance on the map to the\nGreek letter [Greek: D], that portion of Egypt is called the Delta. Its\nannual overflow begins, in Lower Egypt, about the 25th of June, attains\nits height in three months, and remains stationary twelve days, at a\nheight of about 36 feet above its ordinary level at Thebes, 25 feet at\nCairo, and 4 feet at its mouth. This overflow is due to the rains in\nCentral Africa, and as it brings down new soil, keeps the land always\nfertile. But for the Nile, Egypt would only be a part of the Great\nDesert.\n\nV. =The People of Egypt= were of the Hamitic stock, a race of high\ncapacity, forming the earliest civilization known in history. They were\nreligious, but worshiping animals, and even the lowest forms of life;\ncontemplative and studious, attaining to considerable knowledge, though\non narrow lines of research; patriotic, but not fond of war, and\ntherefore rarely conquerors of other nations. Their language was\n\"agglutinative monosyllabic,\" with mingled Nigritic and Semitic\ncharacteristics. Their government was most thoroughly organized, and\ntook cognizance of even the minute matters of life. Their art was\nmassive and sombre, imposing from its vastness, but not varied, and\ntherefore giving but little play to genius. The Egyptians were slender\nof frame, but strong. Their faces were oval and olive-colored; their\nhair long, crisp and jet-black. They are supposed to be represented at\nthe present time by the Copts.\n\n[Illustration: AREA OF EGYPT.]\n\n[Illustration: THE KINGDOM OF EGYPT AT ITS GREATEST EXTENT UNDER RAMESES\nII.]\n\nVI. =The History of Egypt= begins at a time undated, but long after the\nflood. It is divided into three periods, those of the Old, Middle, and\nNew Empires. The Old Empire was founded by Menes, and had its capital at\nMemphis. During the fourth dynasty of this period the Pyramids were\nbuilt. The Middle Empire arose at Thebes, and lasted until 1570 B.C. The\nTwelfth dynasty was most powerful during this epoch, conquering Ethiopia\nand Arabia. About 2000 B.C. the land was conquered by foreign princes,\nwho ruled 400 years, and were known as the Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings.\nThe New Empire arose in 1570 B.C., after the expulsion of the Hyksos,\nand lasted for a thousand years. Its greatest monarch was Rameses II.,\nwho has been supposed to be the \"Pharaoh of the Oppression\" (not of the\nExodus), and ruled as far east as Chaldea and Assyria. The above dates\nare all uncertain. Concerning the chronology, see page 13. The land was\nconquered by the Persians, B.C. 527, and annexed to the Persian empire.\n\nVII. The principal =Places= were, in Lower Egypt, Memphis, the ancient\ncapital; Heliopolis, called in the Bible On, near the eastern branch of\nthe Delta; Rameses, in the Land of Goshen; Pelusium, at the eastern\nmouth of the Nile; and Alexandria, in later history the metropolis of\nEgypt, near the Canopic mouth of the Nile. In Upper Egypt, Thebes was\nthe most important place, and long the capital.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR REVIEW.\n\n1. _Names._ Egypt, Kem, Mizraim, Rahab, Land of Ham.\n\n2. _Boundaries and Dimensions._ North (Mediterranean Sea); East\n(Palestine, Arabia, Red Sea); South (Nubia); West (African Desert).\nArea, 115,000 square miles. Inhabitable, 9,600 square miles. Land, 5,600\nsquare miles.\n\n3. _Divisions._ Lower (Delta); Upper (Valley).\n\n4. _Nile._ White Nile, Blue Nile; Sources; Delta; Overflow.\n\n5. _People._ Hamitic Origin; Civilization; Language; Art; Physical\nTraits.\n\n6. _History._ Old Empire (Memphis, Pyramids); Middle Empire (Thebes,\nDynasty XII., Hyksos); New Empire (Rameses II., Persians).\n\n\nTHE WILDERNESS OF THE WANDERING.\n\nI. =Situation.= This region lies between Egypt and Edom, a great\ntriangle, having for its three points the border of _Lake Menzaleh_, the\nsouthern extremity of the Dead Sea, and _Ras Mohammed_, the southern end\nof the peninsula. Its northern boundary is the Mediterranean Sea, the\nland of the Philistines, and the _Negeb_, or South Country. Its\nsoutheastern line is the depression of the _Arabah_, and the Gulf of\nAkaba, or \u00c6lanitic Gulf. Its southwestern line is the Isthmus of Suez\nand the Gulf of Suez. From Egypt, in a line due east, to the Dead Sea,\nis about 200 miles; from the Mediterranean, at the _Wady el Arish_ (\"the\nRiver of Egypt\"), to Ras Mohammed, a line a little east of south, is\nabout 225 miles, thus making the entire area of the triangle about\n22,500 square miles, or less than the aggregate area of New Hampshire,\nVermont and Massachusetts, though larger than any two of those States.\n\n[Illustration: R\u00c2S ES SUFSAFEH (MOUNT SINAI).]\n\nII. =Natural Features.= This region has two general divisions, and three\nothers closely connected with them. 1. The Table-Land. 2. The Sinaitic\nMountains. 3. The narrow plain by the western arm of the Red Sea. 4. The\nArabah, or valley between the \u00c6lanitic Gulf and the Dead Sea. 5. The\nNegeb, or South Country.\n\n1. The northern and central portion of the triangle is a sterile\ntable-land of limestone, from 2,000 to 2,500 feet high, and consisting\nof rolling plains with a gravelly surface; with few springs, and these\nmostly of impure water; and watered only by the streams of the _Wady el\nArish_ (\"the River of Egypt\"), a torrent which is dry during most of the\nyear.\n\nThis was the Wilderness of Paran, \"the great and terrible wilderness\"\n(Deut. 1:19) in which the Israelites wandered for 38 years. It is now\ncalled _et Tih_, \"the wandering,\" and is traversed from east to west by\ntwo caravan routes, marked by the bleached bones of camels that have\nperished by the way. On the north it slopes away to a plain of white\nsand reaching to the Mediterranean, which was generally called the\nWilderness of Shur. On the other three sides it is bounded by a chain of\nmountains, 4,000 feet high, called _Jebel et Tih_. It was in this\nwilderness country that the children of Israel were doomed to wander\nuntil all the generation that came out of Egypt died, except Caleb and\nJoshua. Even Moses was not permitted to more than see the Promised Land\nfrom the top of Pisgah.\n\n2. Beyond the desert, and separated from it by the chain of mountains\nabove named, and also by a narrow strip of sand south of the mountains,\nis the group of the Sinaitic Mountains. This group is triangular in\nform, and consists of ranges radiating from a centre. The names Horeb\nand Sinai seem to have been used interchangeably, though some consider\nthe former the name of the group, and Sinai a single peak. There has\nbeen much discussion as to which is the \"Mountain of the Law,\" from\nwhich the Ten Commandments were given. Three peaks have been most\nprominently presented by different explorers. _Jebel Musa_, \"the\nMountain of Moses,\" which is supported by local tradition, and by the\nauthority of Ritter, Kurtz, Keil and Kalisch; _Jebel Serbal_, claimed by\nLepsius; and _R\u00e2s es Sufsafeh_, supported by Robinson, Dean Stanley, and\nthe most of recent travelers. This is a granite cliff standing above the\nplain so boldly that one may walk up and lay a hand upon its wall, which\nrises 1,500 feet above the plain, and 6,500 feet above the sea. The\nplain in front of it is called _er Rahah_, and is 2,300 yards long and\n900 yards wide, sufficiently large for the presence of all the\nIsraelites before the mount, without including another plain on the\nnortheast, branching from _er Rahah_, and called _Wady esh Sheikh_. It\nis situated in a vast and dreary desert, occupied for the most part by\nhordes of Arabs, who subsist by plunder, and render the journey to Sinai\nimpossible except to large and well defended caravans.\n\n3. Between the mountains and the western arm of the Red Sea lies a\nnarrow plain, following the line of the coast. On the northwestern\nsection it was called the Wilderness of Etham; opposite the Sinaitic\ngroup of mountains, the Wilderness of Sin. This lower portion is now\ncalled _el Kaa_.\n\n[Illustration: LANDS OF THE SOJOURN AND WANDERING.\n\nVICINITY OF MOUNT SINAI.]\n\n4. From the head of the Gulf of Akaba (\u00c6lanitic Gulf) a gorge extends\nnearly northward to the Dead Sea, an extension of the Jordan Valley, the\nArabah, called in the history the Wilderness of Zin. It lies between the\nmountain chain on the east of the Wilderness of Paran (_et Tih_) and\nMount Seir, the home of the Edomites. The opinion held by many early\nwriters, that the Jordan once flowed through this depression into the\nRed Sea, may be correct as regards a past geologic period, but not as an\nhistorical fact; for it is evident that no great change has taken place\nin this region within the limit of historical time. Opposite the\ntraditional Mount Hor the bed of the valley is about 500 feet above the\nsea-level; and from this point it slopes northward to the Dead Sea,\n1,300 feet below the sea-level, and southward to the Gulf of Akaba.\n\n5. The Negeb, or South Country, has already been described. (See p. 32.)\nThe southern section of this region belongs to the Wilderness of the\nWandering, from Mount Halak northward.\n\nIII. =Inhabitants.= The only inhabitants of this region at the time of\nthe Israelite Wandering were the Amalekites, who roamed throughout the\ndesert of Paran. Their origin is uncertain; and they may have belonged\nto the same stock with the earliest inhabitants of Canaan, as they were\na distinct tribe in the times of Abraham. (Gen. 14.) They were the\nbitter enemies of Israel during all the period of the Wandering,\nattacking their rear, and destroying detached companies of them on their\nmarch. (Deut. 25:18.) The only pitched battle with them took place at\nRephidim, near Mount Sinai, when they were defeated by Israel; but they\nattacked the Israelites again at Hormah, and inflicted serious injury.\nLong afterward their power was broken by Saul (1 Sam. 15), and their\ndestruction was completed by David. (1 Sam. 27 and 30.)\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR REVIEW.\n\nI. _Situation._ Triangle (Menzaleh, Dead Sea, Ras Mohammed). Boundaries.\nNorth (Mediterranean Sea, Philistines, Negeb); Southeast (Arabah,\nAkaba); Southwest (Isthmus and Gulf of Suez). 200 miles east and west;\n225 north and south.\n\nII. _Natural Features._ Table-Land (Paran, Shur); Sinaitic Mountains\n(Horeb and Sinai); Plain (Etham, Sin); Arabah (Zin); Negeb (Mount\nHalak).\n\nIII. _Inhabitants._ Amalekites (Rephidim, Hormah).\n\n\nTHE LAND OF EDOM.\n\nI. =Boundaries.= The country of Edom, or of the Edomites, lay south of\nthat of the Moabites, the boundary between them being the brook Zered\n(_Wady el Ahsy_), which flows into the southern lagoon of the Dead Sea.\nOn the east it extended to the great Arabian desert, in that section\nsupposed to be the \"land of the Temanites.\" On the south its border was\nthe country of the Midianites, and the head of the Gulf of Akaba. The\nwestern boundary was the Arabah, or sunken ravine running northward\nbetween the Red Sea and the Dead Sea. There is, however, an opinion\ngaining ground, that \"the field of Edom\" extended somewhat to the west\nof the Arabah, and south of Palestine.\n\nII. =Names.= The earliest name of this country, and one often used\nthroughout Bible history, was Mount Seir, \"the rugged,\" from its rough,\nmountainous nature. This was the name of its earliest inhabitants, \"the\nsons of Seir the Horite.\" (Gen. 36:20.) Afterward it was possessed by\nthe descendants of Esau, and called Edom, \"red,\" from the \"red pottage\"\nfor which Esau sold his birthright. Probably the red color of its\nsandstone mountains also aided to fix the name. In the New Testament\ntime the word received a Greek form, and became Idumea. Josephus called\nit Geballene, \"mountainous.\" At present it is divided into two sections,\neach having a different name; north of Petra being called _Jebal_, and\nsouth, _esh Sherah_.\n\nIII. =Natural Features.= Edom is emphatically a land of mountains. On\nthe west, along the side of the Arabah, is a line of low limestone\nhills. Back of these rise higher, igneous rocks, surmounted by\nvariegated sandstone, of peculiar color, 2,000 feet high. The eastern\nside of the mountains slopes gently away into the Arabian desert. But,\nthough rough, the land is rich, and the terraced hill-sides have in all\nages been bright with vegetation, and its people have been prosperous.\nSo the blessing of Esau (Gen. 27:39, 40) has been fulfilled in a land of\n\"the fatness of the earth, and of the dew of heaven.\" Its capital during\nthe Old Testament period was Bozrah (now _Busireh_), near its northern\nborder. Afterward, Sela, the _Petra_ of remarkable rock-hewn buildings,\narose to prominence. Ezion-geber, at the head of the Gulf of Akaba, was\nits seaport.\n\nIV. =History.= Mount Seir was first settled by the Horites, or Horim,\nlike the inhabitants of Palestine a people of unknown origin. During the\nlater patriarchal age it was conquered and possessed by Esau, the\nbrother of Jacob, and ever after occupied by his descendants, the\nEdomites. The refusal of this people to allow the Israelites to journey\nthrough their territory compelled them to make a long detour around Edom\non the south and east, and enter Palestine by the land of the Moabites.\nDuring the period of the Judges the Edomites are not mentioned; but they\nwere beaten by Saul, and thoroughly conquered by David, after a severe\nstruggle. At the division of the kingdom, B.C. 935, Edom was held by\nJudah. Its people rebelled in the time of Jehoram, the son of\nJehoshaphat, and, although defeated by Judah, were able to maintain\ntheir independence. They joined the Chaldeans under Nebuchadnezzar in\nthe destruction of Jerusalem, for which the later prophecies and psalms\ngave them bitter denunciations. About the time of the captivity, B.C.\n587-536, the Edomites gained possession of most of the country south of\nJudah, extending even to the confines of Egypt. But they lost their own\nland, Mount Seir, which became the possession of the Nabatheans. These\nwere a race, perhaps allied to the Arabians, who laid aside their nomad\nhabits, and founded a kingdom, whose people grew rich by the caravan\ntrade. The Edomites, or Idumeans, south of Palestine, were conquered by\nthe Maccabean princes and incorporated with the Jews, B.C. 130, and the\nNabathean kingdom was annexed to the Roman empire, A.D. 105.\n\nV. =Peculiarities.= The Edomites, though descended from the stock of\nAbraham, adopted the idolatry of the Canaanites, with whom they had\nintermarried. But their most remarkable feature, as a nation, was that\nof dwelling in caves. The mountains of Idumea are of soft sandstone,\neasily wrought, and are penetrated with caves and grottoes, which were\nused, not like those of other nations, for burial places, but for\nresidence. The rock-hewn temples, palaces and homes of Petra, so well\nknown to travelers, are magnificent in appearance. The custom probably\narose from the fear of robbers, and from the ease with which the caves\ncould be excavated in the sandstone rock.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR REVIEW.\n\n1. _Boundaries._ Moab; Desert: Midianites; Arabah.\n\n2. _Names._ Seir, Edom, Idumea, Geballene, Jebal and esh Sherah.\n\n3. _Natural Features._ Mountains; Soil; Capitals (Bozrah, Petra).\n\n4. _History._ Horites; Esau; Edomites; Israelite Supremacy; Chaldeans;\nNabatheans; Maccabeans; Romans.\n\n5. _Peculiarities._ Religion; Rock Houses.\n\n\nTHE WANDERING IN THE WILDERNESS.\n\nThere are great difficulties in fixing the location of the places and\nthe order of events in the history of the forty years which intervened\nbetween the exodus, or \"going out,\" from Egypt, and the entrance into\nthe Promised Land (B.C. 1250-1210). These difficulties arise from\nvarious causes: the antiquity of the events, the fragmentary character\nof the history, the extent of the country, our scanty knowledge of the\nregion, and especially the changes which have taken place in the\nsea-coast during the 3,000 years past. While the general course of the\njourney can be easily defined, the particular localities are, in many\ninstances, exceedingly uncertain. For the convenience of the student, we\ndivide the entire journey from Egypt to Canaan into sections.\n\nI. =From Rameses to the Red Sea.= (Exod. 12-14; Num. 33:5-8.) The\nsojourn of the Israelites was passed in the Land of Goshen, between the\nNile and the Isthmus of Suez. The court of the reigning Pharaoh during\nthe time while Moses was negotiating for the departure of the\nIsraelites, was at Zoan, or Tanis (Psa. 78:12), the royal city of the\nDelta. Rameses, the place of meeting for the Israelites, was probably a\ndistrict rather than a city (Gen. 47:8), but may have been at _Abu\nKesheib_. Pithom (Exod. 1:11) has been discovered at _Tell Maskutor_,\nten miles west of Lake Timsah. Succoth, \"booths\" or \"tents,\" was\nprobably not a city but a camp, and its location is unknown. Etham,\n\"wall\" (Exod. 13:20), may indicate a place near the great wall which\nextended across the isthmus. Pi-hahiroth may be at _Agrud_, near Suez.\nBaal-zephon may be the mountain _Jebel Alaka_. The Israelites crossed\nthe sea at the narrow Strait of Suez, where the distance from shore to\nshore is about two-thirds of a mile. At that time the gulf probably\nextended several miles north of its present position. The northeast wind\ndrove out the waters, leaving a path across the gulf, with pools on\neither side, as a \"wall\" or defense to the crossing Israelites.\n\nII. =From the Red Sea to Mount Sinai.= (Exod. 15-19; Num. 33:8-15.) The\ngeneral direction can be traced with certainty, but the precise places\nof encampment are only conjectural. It is probable that so vast a body\nof people, about two millions, must have occupied a large extent of\nterritory, and the \"stations\" were the various headquarters of the camp.\nThis section of the journey was mostly spent in the two narrow plains\nalong the coast, the Wilderness (or desert) of Etham, and that of Sin.\nAt Marah (_Ain Haw\u00e2rah_) the bitter waters were healed; at Elim (_Wady\nGhurundel_) they were refreshed by the \"twelve wells and three-score and\nten palm trees.\" At the next station, No. 9, \"the encampment at the Red\nSea,\" they saw for the last time the waters of the western gulf, and the\nland of Egypt beyond them. Here they turned eastward, and, passing the\nmountain barrier, entered the Wilderness of Sin. (This is to be\ndistinguished from the Wilderness of Zin, or the Arabah, on the eastern\nside of the peninsula.) In this wild and barren country, food failed\nthem, and the manna began to be supplied (Exod. 16), to last for forty\nyears. Their general course was now eastward, through the _wadies_, or\ndry beds of winter torrents. At Rephidim (station 13) two events are\nrecorded as occurring. The want of water led to a miraculous supply from\nthe smitten rock (Exod. 17:2-7); and the Israelites fought the first\nbattle in their history, with the wandering Amalekites, who attacked the\nrear of the scattered host. Under Joshua, who here appears for the first\ntime, they were defeated, and devoted to complete destruction. (Exod.\n17:8-16; Deut. 25:18.) The next station was Mount Sinai, in front of\nwhich they encamped, probably on the plain _er Rahah_. Their journey\nthus far had occupied two months and a half, and here they remained for\na year. The principal events at Mount Sinai were: 1. The giving of the\nlaw. (Exod. 19-31.) 2. The worship of the golden calf, and its\npunishment. (Exod. 32.) 3. The building and consecration of the\nTabernacle. (Exod. 35-40.) 4. The numbering and organization of the\npeople. (Num. 1-2.)\n\nIII. =From Mount Sinai to Kadesh-barnea.= After a year spent at and\naround Mount Sinai, the camp was taken up, and the host, led by the Ark\nof the Covenant, entered once more upon its march. The direction of the\njourney was northeast, and the route was probably through the _Wady\nSaal_. At Taberah (station 15), the \"fire of the Lord\" consumed some on\nthe verge of the camp who murmured against God's commands. (Num.\n11:1-3.) At Kibroth-hattaavah (station 16), (perhaps the same place with\nthe preceding), a dislike of the manna and a lust for flesh-meat seized\nthe crowd of people, and for a month they fed upon quails, but were\npunished by a plague, which destroyed multitudes, and gave a name to the\nplace, \"the graves of lust.\" (Num. 11:4-35.) At Hazeroth (probably _Ain\nHudherah_), Miriam instigated Aaron to a rebellion against Moses, but\nwas smitten with leprosy, though healed at the prayer of Moses. (Num.\n12:1-16.) The Israelites followed the mountain chain by the Red Sea,\nkeeping upon the western side of the hills, and, passing through the\nedge of the Wilderness of Paran and along the Arabah, followed up the\nline of the \"Mount of the Amorites\" (which appears to have been a\ngeneral name for the mountains in the southern portion of the Negeb, or\nSouth Country), until they came to Kadesh-barnea. The location of this\nplace is the great difficulty in the geography of the period. The name\nappears to be used with reference to a region, and more definitely\nreferring to a place. Three localities have been claimed, all on the\nborder of the \"Mount of the Amorites,\" or the South Country. The most\nsoutherly location is that now known as _Ain esh Shehabeh_, on the _Wady\nJerafeh_; the most westerly, at _Ain Gadis_, or _Quadis_, directly south\nof the land of Judah; the one farthest to the north and east, at _Ain el\nWeibeh_, in the edge of the Arabah, south of the Dead Sea. The latter\nhas been regarded by most explorers since Dr. Robinson, as the correct\nsite, and as it appears on the older maps. But the Rev. J. Rowlands, on\na journey through the entire region, identified _Ain Quadis_ as the true\nKadesh-barnea, and his conclusion was confirmed by Dr. H. C. Trumbull\nafter a thorough investigation of all the three places. It is now\naccepted by most writers. We have therefore regarded _Ain Quadis_ as\nKadesh-barnea, and have made it the center of Israelite journeying\nduring the thirty-eight years of the wandering. The change in the\nlocation of Kadesh-barnea may necessitate a change in the location of\nMount Hor, which Trumbull places at _Jebel Maderah_, but we have\nretained the old locality on the edge of Edom. Twice the Israelites were\nencamped at Kadesh, which marked the beginning and end of the\nthirty-eight years' wandering in the Wilderness of Paran. From Kadesh\nthe twelve spies were sent northward into the Land of Canaan, and the\nadverse report of ten of them caused such terror and rebellion in the\nhost, that God declared that they should not enter the Promised Land\nuntil all that generation should have passed away. (Num. 13, 14.) They\nwere ordered to turn back into the wilderness, but disobeyed, and,\nagainst their leaders' advice, undertook to force a passage to Canaan,\nprobably up the pass _es Sufa_. But the inhabitants of the mountains\n(Amorites, Canaanites, and Amalekites in alliance) attacked them to\ntheir utter defeat at Hormah, and effectually barred their entrance to\nthe land through the South Country, as the warlike Philistines had\nclosed it against them by the way of the plain by the sea. (Exod.\n13:17.) Discouraged and despairing, the host of Israel again turned\ntheir faces once more toward the terrible Wilderness of Paran.\n\nIV., V., VI. =From Kadesh-barnea to Mount Hor, Ezion-geber, and Return.=\nThe period of the next thirty-eight years remains in shadow. Scarcely an\nevent is named which certainly belongs to this division, the longest by\nfar in the journey. In the history at Num. 14:45, there is a break in\nthe record, and other topics are referred to until we find the people at\nKadesh once more, at the end of the 38 years, in chapter 20; and the\nlist of stations in Num. 33:18-36, is only a barren catalogue of 18\nplaces, in which not one is clearly recognized, and only two or three\ncan be even guessed at. Some have thought that the entire period was\nspent in the Arabah, wandering up and down, as two of the stations\nplainly belong there. But it is more probable that the people wandered\nover the borders between the Negeb (South Country) and the Wilderness of\nParan. For convenience we may subdivide this period of wandering into\nits three journeys. From Kadesh, through 12 unknown stations, to\nMoseroth, which is afterward named in the account of Aaron's death\n(Deut. 10:6), showing that it was near Mount Hor. This is indicated on\nthe Map as Journey IV. Journey V. was from Mount Hor down the Arabah\nsouthward to Ezion-geber, at the head of the \u00c6lanitic Gulf. Journey VI.\nwas once more through the Arabah, northward to Kadesh-barnea, completing\nthe period of the punishment for the rebellion of 38 years before. Here\nthree events took place. 1. The rock was smitten by Moses, when God had\nbidden him speak to it, in order to bring forth water; and, as a\npenalty, he was not permitted to enter Canaan. (Num. 20:1-13.) 2. The\nIsraelites asked of the Edomites (on whose western border they were\nencamped at Kadesh), the privilege of crossing their territory on their\njourney to Canaan, but their request was denied. 3. Soon after this, the\nking of the Canaanite city of Arad, in the Negeb, or South Country, 20\nmiles south of Hebron, hearing of Israel's approach by the same route as\nthat of the spies, 38 years before, went out to meet the invading host.\nHe was repulsed near the same place where Israel had suffered a defeat\nbefore, and which was thenceforth called Hormah, \"destruction.\" (Num.\n21:1-3.)\n\n  +-------------+---------------------------------------+-------------+\n  |             |                  NORTH.               |             |\n  |    WEST.    |+-----------++-----------++-----------+|    EAST.    |\n  |             ||    DAN,   ||    ASHER, || NAPHTALI, ||             |\n  |+-----------+||  62,700.  ||   41,500. ||  53,400.  ||+-----------+|\n  || BENJAMIN, ||+-----------++-----------++-----------+||   JUDAH,  ||\n  ||  35,400.  ||               CAMP OF DAN.            ||   74,600. ||\n  |+-----------++---------------------------------------++-----------+|\n  |             |  +---+     TRIBE OF LEVI.             |             |\n  |+-----------+|  | G |  +--------------+  +---------+ |+-----------+|\n  || MANASSEH, ||  | E |  |   MERARITES  |  |         | || ISSACHAR, ||\n  ||  32,200.  ||  | R |  +--------------+  |         | ||  54,400.  ||\n  |+-----------+|  | S |  +--------------+  |  AARON  | |+-----------+|\n  |             |  | H |  |  TABERNACLE  |  |         | |             |\n  |+-----------+|  | O |  +--------------+  |  MOSES  | |+-----------+|\n  || EPHRAIM,  ||  | N |  +--------------+  |         | || ZEBULON,  ||\n  ||  40,500.  ||  | I |  |  KOHATHITES  |  | Priests | ||  57,400.  ||\n  |+-----------+|  | T |  +--------------+  |         | |+-----------+|\n  |             |  | E |    TRIBE OF LEVI.  |         | |             |\n  |  CAMP OF    |  | S |                    +---------+ |  CAMP OF    |\n  |             |  +---+                                |             |\n  |  EPHRAIM.   +---------------------------------------+   JUDAH.    |\n  |             |            CAMP OF REUBEN.            |             |\n  |             |+-----------++-----------++-----------+|             |\n  |             ||    GAD,   ||   SIMEON, ||  REUBEN,  ||             |\n  |             ||  45,650.  ||   59,300. ||  46,500.  ||             |\n  |             |+-----------++-----------++-----------++             |\n  |             |                SOUTH.                 |             |\n  +-------------+---------------------------------------+-------------+\n\n[Illustration: CAMP OF ISRAEL.]\n\nVII., VIII. =From Kadesh-barnea to Elath and Jordan.= The Israelites\nwere now ready to enter their Land of Promise. But, as the entrance by\nthe south was found impracticable, and the Edomites would not permit\nthem to cross their mountains, a long detour became necessary; so for a\nthird time they took their journey through the Arabah. This we have\nindicated on the map as No. VII. They paused before Mount Hor, while\nAaron left them, to ascend the mountain and to die. The peak still bears\nhis name, _Jebel Haroun_. So according to most travelers; but Trumbull\nlocates Mount Hor in the Negeb. At Ezion-geber and Elath (stations 43\nand 44), they saw once more the Red Sea, at its eastern arm. On this\njourney, too, but whether before or after passing the Red Sea, is\nuncertain, they were plagued by serpents, and \"the brazen serpent\" was\nlifted up by Moses. (Num. 21:4-9.) At last the southern point of Mount\nSeir was reached and passed, and now for the last time (Journey VIII.)\nthe Israelites turned their faces northward. They traveled through the\nland of Teman, between Edom and the Arabian desert. At the brook Zered\n(_Wady el Ahsy_), station 49, they entered the land of Moab, which they\ncrossed in safety (Num. 21:11); and at the brook Arnon they came into\nthe country of Sihon, the king of the Amorites, who came against them,\nand was defeated and slain at Jahaz. (Num. 21:12-31.) The Amorites of\nBashan on the north were ruled by the giant Og, a descendant of the\nancient Rephaim. (See page 37.) His land was conquered and himself slain\nin a decisive battle at Edrei. From the heights of Abarim (station 57)\nthey descended to the Jordan Valley, and encamped at their last station\n(No. 58) before entering the Land of Promise, on the eastern bank of the\nJordan, opposite Jericho. Here occurred: 1. The episode of Balaam's\nprophecy. (Num. 22-24.) 2. The iniquity of Israel with the women of\nMoab, and the plague on the people as a result. (Num. 25:1-18.) 3. The\nnumbering of Israel. (Num. 26.) 4. The campaigns against the Moabites\nand Midianites. (Num. 31.) 5. The allotment to the tribes of Reuben and\nGad, and half the tribe of Manasseh. (Num. 32.) 6. The repetition of the\nlaw and the recapitulation of the journeys, in the book of Deuteronomy.\n7. Last of all, the ascent of Moses up the height of Nebo, his prophetic\nview of the Promised Land, and his lonely death. (Deut. 34.)\n\n[Illustration: KADESH-BARNEA AND VICINITY.\n\n(According to DR. TRUMBULL.)]\n\n\nSTATIONS OF THE ISRAELITES DURING THEIR JOURNEY FROM EGYPT TO CANAAN.\n\nI. FROM RAMESES TO THE RED SEA.\n\n  +============================+=================+======+======+======+\n  |   STATION.                 |IDENTIFICATION.  |EXOD. | NUM. |DEUT. |\n  +----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+\n  |1. Rameses                  |Abu Kesheib      |12:37 |33: 3 |      |\n  |2. Succoth                  |Unknown          |12:37 |33: 5 |      |\n  |3. Etham                    |Unknown          |13:20 |33: 6 |      |\n  |4. Pi-hahiroth              |Bir Suweis       |14: 2 |33: 7 |      |\n  |5. Red Sea                  |                 |14:22 |33: 8 |      |\n  +----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+\n\n\nII. FROM THE RED SEA TO MOUNT SINAI.\n\n  +============================+=================+======+======+======+\n  |   STATION.                 |IDENTIFICATION.  |EXOD. | NUM. |DEUT. |\n  +----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+\n  |6. Desert of Shur,          |Shore of Red Sea |15:22 |33: 8 |      |\n  |     or of Etham            |                 |      |      |      |\n  |7. Marah                    |Ain Haw\u00e2rah      |15:23 |33: 8 |      |\n  |8. Elim                     |Wady Ghurundel   |15:27 |33: 9 |      |\n  |9. Red Sea                  |Wady Taiyibeh    |      |33:10 |      |\n  |10. Desert of Sin           |El Murk\u00eeyeh(?)   |16: 1 |33:11 |      |\n  |11. Dophkah                 |Ain Markh\u00e2(?)    |      |33:12 |      |\n  |12. Alush                   |Uncertain        |      |33:13 |      |\n  |13. Rephidim                |Wady Feiran      |17: 1 |33:14 |      |\n  |14. Sinai                   |Plain er R\u00e2hah   |19: 1 |33:15 |      |\n  +----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+\n\n\nIII. FROM MOUNT SINAI TO KADESH-BARNEA.\n\n  +=============================+=================+======+======+======+\n  |   STATION.                  |IDENTIFICATION.  |NUM.  | NUM. |DEUT. |\n  +-----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+\n  |15. Taberah                  |Wady S\u00e2al(?)     |11: 3 |      | 9:22 |\n  |16. Kibroth-hattaavah        |Erweis el Ebeirig|11:34 |33:16 |      |\n  |17. Hazeroth                 |Ain Hudherah     |11:35 |33:17 |      |\n  |18. Mount of the Amorites    |Jebel Magrah(?)  |      |      | 1:19 |\n  |19. Kadesh-barnea            |Ain el Weibeh(?) |13:26 |      | 1:19 |\n  +-----------------------------+-----------------+------+------+------+\n\n\nIV. FROM KADESH-BARNEA TO MOUNT HOR.\n\n  +=============================+================+======+======+======+\n  |   STATION.                  |IDENTIFICATION. |NUM.  | NUM. |DEUT. |\n  +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+\n  |20. Rithmah                  |Uncertain       |      |33:18 |      |\n  |21. Rimmon-parez             |Uncertain       |      |33:19 |      |\n  |22. Libnah                   |Uncertain       |      |33:20 |      |\n  |23. Rissah                   |Uncertain       |      |33:21 |      |\n  |24. Kehelathah               |Uncertain       |      |33:22 |      |\n  |25. Mount Shapher            |Jebel Araif(?)  |      |33:23 |      |\n  |26. Haradah                  |Uncertain       |      |33:24 |      |\n  |27. Makheloth                |Uncertain       |      |33:25 |      |\n  |28. Tahath                   |Uncertain       |      |33:26 |      |\n  |29. Tarah                    |Uncertain       |      |33:27 |      |\n  |30. Mithcah                  |Uncertain       |      |33:28 |      |\n  |31. Hashmonah                |Uncertain       |      |33:29 |      |\n  |32. Moseroth                 |Mount Hor       |      |33:30 |      |\n  +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+\n\n\nV. FROM MOUNT HOR TO EZION-GEBER.\n\n  +=============================+================+======+======+======+\n  |   STATION.                  |IDENTIFICATION. |NUM.  | NUM. |DEUT. |\n  +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+\n  |33. Bene-jaakan              |Arabah          |      |33:31 |      |\n  |34. Hor-hagidgad             |Wady Ghudhaghidh|      |33:32 |      |\n  |35. Jotbathah                |Emsh\u00e2sh(?)      |      |33:33 |      |\n  |36. Ebronah                  |Uncertain       |      |33:34 |      |\n  |37. Ezion-geber              |Gulf of Akabah  |      |33:35 |      |\n  +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+\n\n\nVI. FROM EZION-GEBER TO KADESH-BARNEA.\n\n  +=============================+================+======+======+======+\n  |        STATION.             |IDENTIFICATION. | NUM. | NUM. |DEUT. |\n  +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+\n  |38. Kadesh-barnea            |Ain Quadis      |20: 1 |33:36 |      |\n  +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+\n\n\nVII. FROM KADESH-BARNEA TO ELATH.\n\n  +=============================+================+======+======+======+\n  |    STATION.                 |IDENTIFICATION. |NUM.  | NUM. |DEUT. |\n  +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+\n  |39. Bene-jaakan              |Arabah          |      |      |10: 6 |\n  |40. Mosera                   |Mount Hor       |20:22 |33:37 |10: 6 |\n  |41. Gudgodah                 |Wady Ghudhaghidh|      |      |10: 7 |\n  |42. Jotbath                  |Uncertain       |      |      |10: 7 |\n  |43. Ezion-geber              |Gulf of Akaba   |21: 4 |      | 2: 8 |\n  |44. Elath                    |Akabah          |      |      | 2: 8 |\n  +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+\n\n\nVIII. FROM ELATH TO JORDAN.\n\n  +=============================+================+======+======+======+\n  |        STATION.             |IDENTIFICATION. | NUM. | NUM. |DEUT. |\n  +-----------------------------+----------------+------+------+------+\n  |45. Zalmonah                 |Wady Amran(?)   |      |33:41 |      |\n  |46. Punon                    |Uncertain       |      |33:42 |      |\n  |47. Oboth                    |Uncertain       |21:10 |33:43 |      |\n  |48. Ije-abarim               |Uncertain       |21:11 |33:44 |      |\n  |49. Zered                    |Wady el Ahsy    |21:12 |      |10:13 |\n  |50. Arnon                    |Wady M\u00f4jeb      |21:13 |      |10:24 |\n  |51. Dibon-gad                |Dhib\u00e2n          |      |33:45 |      |\n  |52. Almon-diblathaim         |Uncertain       |      |33:46 |      |\n  |53. Beer                     |Uncertain       |21:16 |      |      |\n  |54. Mattanah                 |Uncertain       |21:18 |      |      |\n  |55. Nahaliel                 |Uncertain       |21:19 |      |      |\n  |56. Bamoth                   |Uncertain       |21:19 |      |      |\n  |57. Abarim, Nebo, or Pisgah  |Jebel Neba      |21:20 |33:47 |      |\n  |58. Plains of Moab, or Jordan|Gh\u00f4r en Nimr\u00een  |22: 1 |33:48 |      |\n  +=============================+================+======+======+======+\n\n[Illustration: GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE.]\n\n[Illustration: Beth-horon and Vicinity.\n\nCONQUEST OF CANAAN.]\n\n\n\n\nTHE CONQUEST OF CANAAN.\n\n\nAFTER the forty years of the Wandering came the seven years of the\nConquest. Yet it is true, that in the complete sense the conquest began\nbefore the Israelites crossed the Jordan under Joshua, and was not\nfinished until long after the period of the Judges. As Dean Stanley\nsays: \"The conquest began from the passage of the brook Zered, under\nMoses; it was not finally closed till the capture of Jerusalem by David.\nBut in a more limited sense it may be confined to the period during\nwhich the territory, afterward known by the name of Palestine, was\ndefinitively occupied as their own by the Israelites.\" The map on page\n36 shows us the territorial divisions of the land before the conquest;\nthe one which we are now studying presents the campaigns by which it was\nwon. These may be divided into three sections. 1. The conquest of the\nterritory on the east of the Jordan, in three campaigns, during the rule\nof Moses. 2. The conquest of that on the west of the Jordan, under the\nleadership of Joshua, in three campaigns. 3. A series of supplementary\nconquests completing the work of subjugation.\n\n[Illustration: SHECHEM.]\n\n\nI. THE CONQUEST OF EASTERN PALESTINE.\n\nThis region was occupied, at the time of the arrival of the Israelites,\nby the Moabites between the brooks Zered and Arnon, and by the Amorites\nnorth of the Arnon. The latter people were divided into two kingdoms.\nThe land of Gilead was ruled by King Sihon, whose capital was at\nHeshbon; and the table-land of Bashan by Og, a remnant of the old race\nof the Rephaim. Tributary to Sihon, and on the border of the Arabian\ndesert, were the Midianites (Josh. 13:21); and near the Moabites were\ntheir nomadic kinsmen, the Ammonites.\n\n1. =The Conquest of Gilead.= (Num. 21:21-31.) The Amorites, under Sihon,\nhad wrested from the Moabites the land between the Arnon and the Jabbok,\na short time before the coming of Israel. Moses sent messengers,\nrequesting the privilege of journeying through their land; but they\nrefused to permit the passage of such a vast host, and came out to meet\nthe Israelites in battle at Jahaz, near their border, at the brook\nArnon. They were defeated, and their whole land was conquered, including\ntheir own territory north of the Jabbok, as well as their Moabite\npossessions south of it. Thus the Israelites obtained, as their first\nfoothold, the rich region of the eastern table-land, from the Arnon to\nthe Hieromax.\n\n2. =The Conquest of Bashan.= (Num. 21:32-35.) The success of the war\nwith one nation of the Amorites encouraged the Israelites to cross the\nHieromax and undertake the conquest of the rich pasture fields of\nBashan, the kingdom of Og, whose capital was at the ancient city of his\nrace, Ashteroth Karnaim. There is some evidence to indicate that the\nleader in this campaign was Nobah, of the tribe of Manasseh. (Num.\n32:42.) A decisive battle was fought at Edrei, at the entrance to the\n_Ledja_, or mountainous district; and Og was slain, and his kingdom\npossessed by Israel. Its western portion, including Kenath and its\nvicinity, was given to Nobah, who named the region after himself. (Num.\n32:42; Judges 8:11.)\n\n3. =The Conquest of Midian.= (Num. 25 and 31.) While the Israelites were\nencamped on the plain of Jordan, opposite Jericho, their last station,\ncalled Shittim (Num. 25:1), a league was formed by the Moabites and\nMidianites to resist their advance. Balaam, the Mesopotamian seer, was\nsummoned to aid them by his curses against Israel; but his words were\nturned to blessing. (Num. 22-24.) Fearing the result of open war, the\nallied nations now undertook to corrupt Israel by their friendship and\nthe seductions of their women; and they succeeded to such an extent that\nmultitudes of the people perished by a plague which fell upon the nation\nas a penalty. The Moabites were punished by exclusion for ten\ngenerations from the privileges of Israel (Deut. 23:3, 4), and by the\nloss of that portion of their territory already taken from the Amorites.\nThe Midianites, evidently the guiltier nation, were doomed to utter\ndestruction. The campaign against them was regarded as a sacred war, and\nPhinehas the priest took command of the army. The entire people were\nlaid under the ban, and the portion of them east of the Jordan were\nthoroughly annihilated. This was, however, only a small section of the\ngreat tribe of Midian, whose principal home was on the eastern shore of\nthe Red Sea, south of the Edomites; and their former home near Moab was\nagain repopulated, and, some centuries afterward, gave new trouble to\nIsrael.\n\nThe entire country east of the Jordan and north of the brook Arnon was\nthus conquered by the Israelites before the death of Moses. It was\nassigned to the tribes of Reuben and Gad, and half the tribe of\nManasseh, as their home, upon condition that their warriors should\naccompany the rest of the tribes in the conquest of Western Palestine.\n(Num. 32.) Their boundaries will be noticed in connection with the map\nof Israel, as divided among the Twelve Tribes.\n\n\nII. THE CONQUEST OF WESTERN PALESTINE.\n\nThis was undertaken by Joshua after the death of Moses, and, as far as\ncan be ascertained from the record, was accomplished in three campaigns.\nThe war began with the passage of the Jordan, B.C. 1210, and, so far as\nactive hostilities were concerned, was finished in seven years. But the\ngreat mass of the native population remained upon the soil, to plague\nthe Chosen People by the influence of their wickedness, so that the\nconquest was never thoroughly completed. Indeed, some writers think that\nthe inhabitants of Palestine at the present time belong mainly to the\nold Canaanite stock, which has perpetuated itself under all the changes\nof government.\n\n1. =The Conquest of Central Palestine.= (Josh. 3-8.) According to the\naccount in the book of Joshua, this was a brief campaign; but the\nSamaritan records relate a series of supplementary sieges and battles,\nwhich would indicate that the war may have been longer than appears.\nStill, there are evidences that the Hivites and Perizzites, who occupied\nmost of this district, were peaceful peoples, readily yielding to the\nconquerors, so that the resistance was less stubborn than in other\nsections. The war began with the passage of the Jordan, an event ever\nkept in mind as the entrance of the people upon their own land. They\npitched their camp at Gilgal, in the Jordan Valley, and fortified the\nplace as a permanent headquarters during the entire period of conquest.\n(Josh. 5.) Jericho was first taken, by supernatural aid, and devoted to\nGod as the first fruits of conquest. (Josh. 6.) An act of trespass\nagainst God by Achan, caused a defeat at Ai (near Bethel), the next\nplace attacked; but the sin was punished, and, by a stratagem and\nambush, Ai was taken. They then marched northward to Shechem, an ancient\nHivite city, of which the last previous account is its destruction by\nthe sons of Jacob. (Gen. 34.) It may not have been rebuilt, as we find\nat this time the Hivites occupying a number of towns at a distance from\nit (Gibeon and others, Josh. 9); or it may have submitted to the\noverwhelming power of Israel. In the Vale of Shechem, between the\nmountains Ebal and Gerizim, all the Israelites were assembled, the law\nwas read in their hearing, and memorial stones were erected. After this,\nthe Hivites of four villages, of which Gibeon was the most important, by\nmeans of a deception made a treaty of peace with the Israelites, and\nobtained a pledge of protection; being the only nation in all the land\nformally spared from destruction. Their deceit was soon discovered; but\nthe word of Israel was kept, though the people of the four villages were\nreduced to the condition of \"servants of the sanctuary,\" _i. e._,\nemployed in the menial duties of the Tabernacle. The central portion of\nthe land was now possessed by Israel, from Jericho and Gibeon northward\nto the Carmel range of mountains, and the army returned to the fortified\ncamp at Gilgal. (Josh. 9.)\n\n2. =The Conquest of Southern Palestine.= (Josh. 10.) The conquest had\nthus far been easy; mainly because there was no union among the native\ntribes, but each city and village was ruled by its own \"king,\" or\nsheikh, and all were jealous of one another, so that they were readily\nconquered in detail. Warned by the fate of Jericho and Ai, and alarmed\nat the defection of Gibeon, the kings of five cities formed a league to\nresist the invading host. The head of the confederation was Adoni-zedek,\nthe king of Jerusalem, and associated with him were the rulers of\nHebron, Jarmuth, Lachish and Eglon, and perhaps other subordinate\nchiefs. They began by an attack on the city of Gibeon, as a tributary of\nIsrael. Joshua at once called forth his warriors, left the camp at\nGilgal, made a swift night march through the mountain passes, and came\nsuddenly upon the enemy near Beth-horon. Here was fought perhaps the\nmost important battle in all human history, and one at which \"the sun\nand moon\" might well \"stand still,\" since the religious destiny of all\nthe world was at stake in its result. In this one battle the conquest of\nCanaan was made certain, though it was not fully accomplished until long\nafterward. The flying host were pursued to Makkedah, on the border of\nthe plain, where the five kings were captured and slain. Then in\nsuccession, the strongholds of Libnah, Lachish, Eglon, Hebron, and, last\nof all, Debir, were taken by storm. From the list of the kings captured\n(Josh. 12:9-24), it would appear that Joshua carried his conquests\nthrough the South Country, as far as Arad and Hormah, places where the\nIsraelites had suffered defeat during the period of the wandering (Num.\n21:1-3); though these kings may have been captured at Hebron or Debir.\nBut, though all may not have been ravaged by the Israelites, all was\ncertainly conquered, from Jerusalem to the great desert on the south.\nThe conquest was afterward made complete by the aged Caleb, who with his\nnephew Othniel took possession of the very cities of which the name had\nfilled the Israelites with terror a generation before. (Num. 13.)\n\n[Illustration: PALESTINE AS PROMISED AND POSSESSED.]\n\n3. =The Conquest of Northern Palestine.= (Josh. 11.) This region was\nalso occupied by a number of independent chiefs, of whom the most\npowerful was Jabin, the king of Hazor, a title which afterward reappears\nin the history. (Judges 4, 2.) They ruled over small tribes of various\nraces, from Mount Hermon to Mount Carmel, especially on the Plain of\nEsdraelon. The king of Hazor called together the associated tribes, and\ntheir camp was pitched near Lake Merom. Joshua made one of his\ncharacteristic swift marches, up the Jordan Valley, attacked them\nsuddenly, and utterly defeated and scattered them. He burned the many\nwar chariots, and so cut the sinews of their horses as to make them\nuseless; since these animals were never used by the Israelites. After\nthe battle he marched through the northern regions, capturing the cities\nand slaying their rulers, a number of whom are mentioned in the\ncatalogue of Josh. 12:9-24. This campaign closed the active operations,\nso that \"the land rested from war\" (Josh. 11:23); but for many years the\nstrife was feebly continued, and it was not entirely finished until the\nreign of David.\n\n\nIII. SUPPLEMENTARY CONQUESTS.\n\nAlthough the struggle of the conquest was over, yet in most of the land\nthe task of expulsion or destruction was yet to be accomplished, and in\nmany places was never entirely wrought. The entire section of the\nmaritime plain remained in the hands of the Philistines; in almost every\ntribe were fortresses, which long resisted the Israelites, and formed\ncentres of rebellion, and sometimes of oppression. And many of the\ncities taken by Joshua were soon reoccupied by their original\ninhabitants, and once more fortified. The book of the Judges relates\nbriefly three campaigns after the conquest.\n\n1. =The Campaign of the Judaites and Simeonites.= (Judges 1:1-8.) This\nwas undertaken against Adoni-bezek, the king of Bezek, a place in or\nnear the tribe of Judah, not positively identified. Adoni-bezek was a\npetty chieftain, who had cruelly mutilated no less than 70 local chiefs\nwhom he had taken in battle. He was surprised by the allied forces of\nJudah and Simeon, and ten thousand of his warriors were slain. He was\ntaken prisoner, and treated as he had treated other captive kings; his\nthumbs and great toes being cut off, thus making him helpless. After\nthis, the allied tribes marched down upon the maritime plain, and took\nthe Philistine cities of Gaza, Ashkelon and Ekron. But their conquests\nwere not permanent; they withdrew to the mountains, and the Philistines\nwere soon in possession of their cities, which long stood as a menace to\nIsrael. Another campaign was directed against the cities of the Negeb,\nor South Country, and resulted in the destruction of Zephath and Hormah,\nboth south of Hebron.\n\n2. =The Campaign of Caleb and Othniel.= Caleb was the oldest man in\nIsrael, having accompanied Joshua and the other spies, thirty-eight\nyears before the entrance of Israel into the Promised Land. (Num.\n13-14.) For his faithfulness when so many were overcome with terror, he\nreceived a promise of inheritance in the land. At least 45 years\nafterward, Hebron, in the south of Judah, was allotted to him. It had\nbeen taken by Joshua (Josh. 10:36, 37), but afterward reoccupied by the\nAnakim (see page 38), and the Amorites, its original possessors. Caleb\nled an army against it, once more won the city, and made it his own. He\npromised his daughter, Achsah, to the warrior who should take Debir, or\nKirjath-sepher, south of Hebron, which had also been reoccupied by the\nenemy. His younger brother (perhaps nephew) Othniel, won the city and\nhis bride. (Josh. 14:1-15; 15:13-19; Judges 1:10-15.) This campaign was\nprobably about the same time with the one narrated above, and may have\nbeen in connection with it.\n\n3. =The Danite Campaign.= (Judges 18.) The tribe of Dan found themselves\nunable to overcome their Philistine neighbors, and were straitened for\nroom in their narrow possessions. They sent out a body of men to search\nfor a new home. These spies traversed the country as far to the north as\nLaish, or Leshem, a Phoenician city, near one of the sources of the\nJordan. The Danite spies returned to their people at Zorah and Eshtaol,\nand made their report. A part of the tribe agreed to migrate to this\nnorthern region. Their first encampment on the journey, near\nKirjath-jearim, in Judah, long bore the name of \"the camp of Dan.\" At a\nvillage in Mount Ephraim they plundered Micah of his idols and carried\naway their priest, who was a degenerate grandson of Moses the prophet.\nAt Laish they fell suddenly upon the defenseless Phoenicians, destroyed\ntheir city, and built in its place one which they called Dan. It was the\nnorthern landmark of the land, as Beersheba was its southern, giving\nrise to the term \"from Dan to Beersheba.\" Dan remained an idol\nsanctuary, and a place of corrupting influence during all the after\nhistory of Israel.\n\nUpon the map are noted: 1. The six campaigns of the conquest, three on\neach side of the Jordan. The precise route of travel cannot be\nidentified, but the general direction is shown by a red line. The\n\"supplementary conquests\" are not indicated, in order to avoid\nconfusion, but can be easily traced. 2. The important battle-fields are\nindicated by flags. These were at (1) Jahaz, (2) Edrei, (3) the land of\nMidian, (4) Jericho, (5) Ai, (6) Beth-horon, (7) Hazor. Besides these\nwere many cities captured by Joshua during his campaign in Southern\nCanaan. 3. The royal cities captured by Moses and Joshua are each\nindicated on the map by a crown. These were, on the east of Jordan:\nHeshbon, the capital of Sihon's kingdom, and Ashtaroth, the capital of\nOg's kingdom; and on the west of Jordan, 31 cities, whose kings were\ntaken and slain by Joshua. (Josh. 12:9-24.) The places identified are\nthe only ones marked upon the map. 4. The four cities of the Hivite\nleague, which alone made a treaty with Israel, are shown by clasped\nhands, the token of peace. 5. At the close of the conquest a large part\nof the country was left in the possession of the native races. This\nregion is indicated by the yellow color. 6. Many towns remained in the\nhands of the Canaanite and Philistine races. Some were taken by Israel,\nbut afterward reoccupied by their original inhabitants; others held out\nagainst the Israelites, and were a constant source of danger, both by\ntheir opposition, and still more by their friendship. The ceasing of the\nwar before the native races were either utterly exterminated or driven\naway, was a mistaken mercy, which cost Israel centuries of strife, the\ninfection from their idolatry, and the corrupt influence of their\nmorals. The sparing of the Canaanites imperiled and well nigh thwarted\nthe destiny of Israel as the depositary of religious truth for all the\nworld.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR REVIEW.\n\nI. _Conquest of Eastern Palestine._ 1. Gilead. (Amorites, Sihon, Jahaz.)\n2. Bashan. (Amorites, Og, Edrei; Nobah, Kenath.) 3. Midian. (Phinehas.)\n\nII. _Conquest of Western Palestine._ 1. Central. (Gilgal, Jericho, Ai,\nShechem, Gibeon.) 2. Southern. (Beth-horon, Makkedah, Libnah, Lachish,\nEglon, Hebron, Debir.) 3. Northern. (Hazor.)\n\nIII. _Supplementary Conquests._ 1. Judah and Simeon. (Adoni-bezek,\nBezek; Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron; Zephath, Hormah.) 2. Caleb and Othniel.\n(Hebron, Debir.) 3. Dan. (Laish.)\n\n[Illustration: CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION.]\n\n\n\n\nPALESTINE AMONG THE TWELVE TRIBES.\n\n\nTHE division of the land among the Twelve Tribes took place in three\nstages. 1. After the conquest of Eastern Palestine, during the lifetime\nof Moses, the two tribes of Reuben and Gad and half the tribe of\nManasseh received their portion, on condition that their warriors should\naid their kinsmen in the war for the rest of the land. (Num. 32.) 2.\nAfter the campaigns in Western Palestine (see last map and\nexplanations), the two leading tribes of Judah and Ephraim and the\nremaining half of Manasseh received their inheritance, and took\npossession of it, as far as conquered: Judah in the south, Ephraim a\nsmall but choice portion in the centre, and Manasseh immediately north\nof it. (Josh. 15-17.) 3. The remaining seven tribes delayed long in\nobtaining their portions in the land, but at last, after a rebuke from\nthe aged Joshua for their slowness, made the division by lot, and\nentered upon their inheritance. (Josh. 18, 19.) The cities of refuge,\nand those for the priests and Levites, were last of all appointed, late\nin the life of Joshua, and then \"the land had rest from war,\" and Israel\nentered upon its history in its own land.\n\nIt is not easy to fix the tribal boundary lines, since some tribes\npossessed cities within the domain of other tribes, and the boundaries,\nif not entirely indeterminate, varied greatly in different ages.\nGeographers are agreed upon the general position, but not upon the\nprecise boundary lines. We follow the map of Dr. James Strong, in\nMcClintock and Strong's Cyclopedia.\n\n[Illustration: VIEW IN THE EASTERN TABLE-LAND--BASHAN.]\n\nI. =The Tribe of Reuben= (Num. 32:1-38; Josh. 13:15-23) had the river\nArnon for its southern border, this river separating it from Moab. It\nwas bounded on the east by the Syrian desert, and on the west by the\nDead Sea and the lower end of the Jordan. Its northern line began at\nBeth-jeshimoth, and extended northeasterly to near Rabbath Ammon. Its\nterritory consisted of a low region by the sea and the river, a\nprecipitous mountain range, and a rolling plateau eastward, well adapted\nfor pasture. Among its prominent localities were: Heshbon, the capital\nof the Amorite king, Sihon; Dibon, where recently the Moabite stone was\ndiscovered; Mount Nebo, where Moses died; Bezer, a city of refuge;\nAroer, Ataroth, Medeba, Kiriathaim, and Kedemoth.\n\nII. =The Tribe of Gad= (Num. 32:34-36; Josh. 13:24-28) was located north\nof Reuben. Its boundary on the west was the river Jordan, from the Sea\nof Chinnereth (Galilee) almost to its mouth. Its eastern border was the\ndesert, from Rabbath Ammon to Mahanaim, from which point its line ran\nnorthwest to the Sea of Chinnereth. Like the land of Reuben, its\nterritory embraced portions of the Jordan Valley; the eastern\nmountains, divided by the torrent Jabbok; and the table-land, a rich\nand well-watered district. The part in the Jordan Valley was, however,\nnever possessed by the Israelites, but remained in the hands of the\nnative Canaanites. In the valley, its cities were Beth-nimrah and\nSuccoth. Among the mountains the places were: Jazer, near the border of\nReuben; Ramoth-gilead, a famous fortress, often the scene of war;\nPenuel, the place of Jacob's wrestling with the angel (Gen. 32:24-32);\nJabesh-gilead, whose warriors rescued the bodies of Saul and Jonathan (1\nSam. 31:11-13); Mahanaim, a place of refuge both for the son of Saul,\nand afterward for David (2 Sam. 2:8; 2 Sam. 17:24); and Gadara, a\nforeign city, on the northern frontier.\n\n  +-----------------------------------------------------------+\n  |+---------------------------------------------------------+|\n  || Manasseh, (East)  2,590 Sq. M.                          ||\n  ||            (_Partly Desert_)                            ||\n  |+---------------------------------------------------------+|\n  || Judah, 1,400 Sq. M.           |                          |\n  ||(_Exclusive of Philistia and   |                          |\n  ||  Desert by Dead Sea_)         |                          |\n  |+-------------------------------+                          |\n  || Gad,                       |                             |\n  ||1,300 Sq. Miles.            |                             |\n  |+----------------------------+                             |\n  ||Simeon, 1,000 Sq. M.|                                     |\n  ||(_Partly Desert_)   |                                     |\n  |+--------------------+                                     |\n  ||Manasseh, (West) |                                        |\n  ||  800 Sq. M.     |                                        |\n  |+-----------------+                                        |\n  ||    Naphtali,    |                                        |\n  ||  800 Sq. M.     |                                        |\n  |+-----------------+                                        |\n  ||    Reuben,   |                                           |\n  ||  700 Sq. M.  |                                           |\n  |+--------------+                                           |\n  || Ephraim,   |                                             |\n  ||  600 Sq. M.|         COMPARATIVE SIZE                    |\n  |+------------+                                             |\n  ||   Dan,   |                                               |\n  ||500 Sq. M.|               OF                              |\n  |+----------+                                               |\n  ||      |Issachar,                                          |\n  ||      |400 Sq. M.    TERRITORY OF THE TRIBES.             |\n  |+------+                                                   |\n  ||   |Zebulon,                                              |\n  ||   |300 Sq. M.                                            |\n  |+---+                                                      |\n  ||   |Asher,                                                |\n  ||   |300 Sq. M.                                            |\n  |+---+                                                      |\n  ||   |Benjamin,                                             |\n  ||   |300 Sq. M.                                            |\n  |+---+                                                      |\n  +-----------------------------------------------------------+\n\n\nIII. =The Half Tribe of Manasseh, East= (Num. 32:39-42; Josh. 13:29-31),\noccupied the northern portion of Eastern Palestine, generally known in\nthe Old Testament as Bashan, larger than the portion assigned to any one\ntribe. It extended from Mahanaim northward to Mount Hermon, and from the\nriver Jordan and its two northern lakes eastward to the desert. Though\nsome of this land is a desert, yet most of it is fertile, and even now\nit is called \"the granary of Palestine.\" It consists of undulating\nplains between two masses of mountains; the one on the east, now known\nas _el Ledja_, and the other on the side of the Jordan Valley. On its\nwestern hills were Aphek, and Golan, a city of refuge; near its centre\nwere Ashtaroth, the former capital of Og, who reigned over Bashan before\nthe conquest, and Edrei. Kenath, taken by Nobah, was at the foot of _el\nLedja_, east of the line of the map. Its people never conquered the\nGeshurites on the east, and were separated from their brethren by the\nCanaanites in the Jordan Valley (see map on page 50), so that they were\nnot closely identified with the history of Israel, and were the first to\nbe carried away captive. (2 Kings 10:32, 33.)\n\nIV. =The Tribe of Simeon= (Josh. 19:1-9) received a portion of the land\npreviously given to Judah. Its location was on the extreme south, and\nits boundaries were indeterminate, being indicated only by the list of\neighteen towns belonging to it. It was the strip of grazing land between\nthe mountains and the desert of the wandering, where Abraham and Isaac\nspent most of their lives. Its most important place was the historic\nBeersheba; but it included also Gerar, on the Philistine border; Arad,\nwhose king twice resisted the Israelites' progress during the wandering;\nHormah, in the South Country; and Ziklag, at one time the home of David.\nNothing is known of this tribe's history. From its frontier position it\nprobably lost its individuality, a part of its people becoming merged\nwith the wandering races of the desert, and a part with its more\npowerful neighbor, Judah. Most of its cities were held by the\nPhilistines until the reign of David.\n\nV. =The Tribe of Judah= (Josh. 15:1-63) occupied the most valuable\nportion of the land, and for three centuries was the rival of Ephraim in\nthe leadership of the nation. Its boundary line on the north is\ndescribed with great minuteness, but was changed after the building of\nthe Temple to include a part of the city of Jerusalem. It ran from the\nnorthern end of the Dead Sea, south of Jerusalem, in a direction\ngenerally east, though with many turnings, from the Jordan to the\nMediterranean. The region embraced five sections. 1. The Philistine\nplain, by the sea, never conquered. 2. The Shefelah, or low hills, a\nboundary disputed with the Philistines. 3. The \"hill country,\" the home\nof the tribe. 4. The Negeb, or South Country, extending from Hebron\nsouthward. 5. The wild, uninhabitable Jeshimon, called in later history\n\"the wilderness of Jud\u00e6a,\" on the western shore of the Dead Sea.\nOmitting the Philistine cities by the Mediterranean, its most important\ncities were: Hebron, the inheritance of Caleb; Debir, the conquest of\nOthniel; Bethlehem, the birthplace of David, and, in after ages, of his\ngreater Son; Maon, Carmel; En-gedi, a haunt of David during his exile;\nLachish and Libnah, on the Shefelah; and Kirjath-jearim, at one time the\nabode of the ark.\n\nVI. =The Tribe of Benjamin= (Josh. 18:11-28) was located between Judah\nand Ephraim, having the Jordan on the east, and Dan on the west. It was\na small country, 25 miles long by 12 wide, yet rich in natural\nadvantages; and many events of Bible history took place within its\nborders. It included 26 cities, of which the most important were:\nGilgal, the military capital during the conquest; Jericho, the first\ntown taken on the west of the Jordan; Jerusalem, long held by the\nJebusites, but from the time of David the capital of the country;\nBethel, connected with many events; Ramah, the home of Samuel; Gibeah,\nthe residence of King Saul; Michmash, Gibeon and Mizpeh, the places of\nfamous battles. No portion of the land contains more of Jewish history\nthan Benjamin, the smallest of all the tribes of Israel.\n\n[Illustration: COMPARATIVE POPULATION OF THE TWELVE TRIBES AT THE\nENTRANCE INTO CANAAN.]\n\n          Judah,          306,000.\n          Dan,            257,600.\n          Issachar,       257,200.\n          Zebulon,        242,000.\n          Asher,          213,600.\n          Manasseh,       210,800.\n          Benjamin,       182,400.\n          Naphtali,       181,600.\n          Reuben,         174,920.\n          Gad,            162,000.\n          Ephraim,        130,000.\n          Simeon,          88,800.\n          Levi,            46,000.\n\nVII. =The Tribe of Dan= (Josh. 19:40-48; Judges 18) was situated between\nBenjamin and the sea, and, though apparently large, was in reality very\nsmall, since nearly all its territory was held by the original\ninhabitants, the Canaanites. Its southernmost town was Timnath, a small\nvillage not on the map, but two miles west of Beth-shemesh; its northern\nlimit was a brook just north of Joppa. The original inhabitants proved\ntoo strong for the Danites, who were compelled to maintain a sort of\nfortified camp in and between the villages of Zorah and Eshtaol, called\n\"the camp of Dan.\" (Judges 13:25.) A part of the tribe migrated\nnorthward, as related in the interesting account in Judges 17, 18; and,\nby a surprise, seized the Phoenician village of Laish, or Leshem, in the\nfar north of Palestine, changed its name to Dan, and made it a new\nrallying centre for the tribe. This place, with Beersheba on the south,\nwas named, in the expression \"from Dan to Beersheba,\" as one of the\nlimits of the land. It remained for centuries the place of an idolatrous\nworship, perpetuated under all the changes of government, down to the\nfinal captivity of the land.\n\nVIII. =The Tribe of Ephraim= (Josh. 16) was located on the north of\nBenjamin and Dan, and extended from the Jordan to the Mediterranean, in\nthe centre of the country. But inasmuch as the Canaanites were able to\nresist the power of the Ephraimites on both sides of the mountain,\ntoward the river Jordan and toward the sea, the haughty tribe deemed its\npossession too small for its needs, and asked a larger space of Joshua.\nThey were answered in a half-jesting, half-rebuking manner by the\nleader, and urged to drive out the enemy and make for themselves more\nroom, a counsel which they followed only in part. (Josh. 17:14-18;\nJudges 1:22-26.) The principal places in \"Mount Ephraim\" (as the\ndistrict of this tribe was generally called) were: Shechem, between the\ntwin mountains of Ebal and Gerizim; Shiloh, the place of the ark, and\nthe religious centre of the land; Beth-horon, the field where the\ndecisive victory of the conquest was won; Timnath, the burial place of\nJoshua; and Samaria, built during the kingdom as the capital of the Ten\nTribes.\n\nIX. =The Half Tribe of Manasseh, West= (Josh. 17), was located north of\nEphraim, and extended from the Jordan to the Mediterranean. Its boundary\nfollowed the northern slope of Mount Carmel, except by the sea, where\nthe mountain was given to Asher. The lowlands on the Jordan, the Plain\nof Esdraelon, and the Mediterranean, were held by the Canaanites, in the\ncities of Dor, Megiddo, Taanach and Beth-shean, a chain of fortresses\nwhich gave control of the larger portion of the province, so that the\nManassites were restricted to the mountains, where they occupied Geba,\nDothan and Jarmuth.\n\nX. =The Tribe of Issachar= (Josh. 19:17-23) was allotted the Plain of\nEsdraelon (which it was never able to possess), and the mountains of\nTabor and Little Hermon (\"Hill of Moreh\"), extending to the Jordan south\nof the Sea of Chinnereth (Galilee). Both the plain and the Jordan Valley\nwere held by the Canaanites, but the tribe occupied the mountains. Its\ncities were En-gannim, Shunem, Haphraim, Daberath, and Beth-shemesh. The\ntowns of Cana, Nain and Nazareth, in New Testament history, were located\nin this tribe.\n\nXI. =The Tribe of Asher= (Josh. 19:24-31) lay along the sea-coast, and\nextended from Mount Carmel to Zidon. Nearly all its cities were\ncontrolled by the Canaanites and Phoenicians, and the people soon\nentered into friendly relations with them, and lost their power. A part\nof the tribe, however, occupied the mountain range, and retained their\nrelationship with the rest of the Israelites.\n\nXII. =The Tribe of Zebulon= (Josh. 19:10-16) occupied a triangle between\nMount Carmel, the Sea of Chinnereth (afterward the Sea of Galilee), and\nthe village of Aijalon; having as its base the mountain border north of\nthe Plain of Esdraelon, and its western line the mountain chain\nfollowing the Mediterranean. As this belonged to the mountain region, it\nwas controlled mainly by the Israelites, though the Canaanites held two\ntowns, Kitron and Nahalol. (Judges 1:30.) Its principal places were:\nGath-hepher, the home of the prophet Jonah; Bethlehem (to be\ndistinguished from the town of the same name in Judah); and, in later\ntimes, most of the cities of Galilee visited by our Lord.\n\n[Illustration: PALESTINE AMONG THE TRIBES.]\n\nXIII. =The Tribe of Naphtali= (Josh. 19:32-39) was the farthest to the\nnorth in all Israel. It occupied a section running north and south,\nbetween the Jordan and the Sea of Chinnereth on one side, and the\nPhoenician border on the other. Its central city was Kedesh, a city of\nrefuge. Other towns were Hazor, Abel-beth-maachah, Beth-rehob (the\nextreme point visited by the spies, Num. 13:21) and Beth-shemesh. Dan\n(see on Tribe of Dan) was also in the limits of this tribe.\n\nXIV. =The Tribe of Levi= was the priestly caste, and received no\nseparate province in the land, but was allotted certain cities\nthroughout the tribes. These cities were given up to the Levites, either\nwholly or in part; though it is evident that they were not the only\nplaces occupied by the priests, and that others besides the Levites\ndwelt in them. These \"Levitical cities\" were divided into two classes:\nthose for the priests proper, or descendants of Aaron, thirteen in\nnumber, and all in the tribes of Judah, Simeon and Benjamin (a\nremarkable arrangement, since the altar and the Tabernacle were in the\ntribe of Ephraim); and those for the Levites, or subordinate priests,\nthirty-five in number, divided among the other tribes. Thus there were\nin all forty-eight Levitical cities. These were so arranged that in each\ntribe four cities were assigned to the priests, except in Judah (which\nhad more), and Simeon and Naphtali, the frontier tribes, which had less.\nAs far as they have been identified and located, they are indicated upon\nthe map: the priests' cities by the _tiara_, or head-dress, worn by the\npriests; the Levites' cities by a _trumpet_, as they formed the choral\nbands in the worship of the Temple. Six of these cities were assigned as\n\"cities of refuge\" for the innocent man-slayer. (Josh. 20.) Three cities\nwere chosen on each side of the Jordan; in the south, the centre and the\nnorth of the land. These were: Bezer, in Reuben; Ramoth-gilead, in Gad;\nGolan, in Manasseh, East; Hebron, in Judah; Shechem, in Ephraim; and\nKedesh, in Naphtali. Each of these is indicated on the map by a tower.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW.\n\n\nSUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHING.\n\nDraw a rough map of Palestine, omitting mountains and all other lines\nexcept the river and the seas. Do not attempt to make it accurate. In\npresence of the class, draw the boundary lines of the tribes, not\nattempting an accurate copy, but roughly indicating them. With each\ntribe indicate the most important places by their initial letters.\nReview all the places before beginning another tribe, and occasionally\ngo back to the beginning and review all the work done. Let the class, on\nslate or paper, also draw the map, and locate the places. At the close,\ncall upon the scholars to give the location and name the places of the\ntribes.\n\n\nREVIEW.\n\nI. _Reuben._ Heshbon, Dibon, Mount Nebo, Bezer, Aroer, Ataroth, Medeba,\nKiriathaim, Kedemoth.\n\nII. _Gad._ Beth-nimrah, Succoth, Jazer, Ramoth-gilead, Penuel,\nJabesh-gilead, Mahanaim, Gadara.\n\nIII. _Manasseh, East._ Aphek, Golan, Ashtaroth, Edrei, Kenath.\n\nIV. _Simeon._ Beersheba, Gerar, Arad, Hormah, Ziklag.\n\nV. _Judah_ (5 sections). Hebron, Debir, Bethlehem, Maon, Carmel,\nEn-gedi, Lachish, Libnah, Kirjath-jearim.\n\nVI. _Benjamin._ Gilgal, Jericho, Jerusalem, Bethel, Ramah, Gibeah,\nMichmash, Gibeon, Mizpeh.\n\nVII. _Dan._ Zorah, Eshtaol, Dan.\n\nVIII. _Ephraim._ Shechem, Shiloh, Beth-horon, Timnath, Samaria.\n\nIX. _Manasseh, West._ Dor, Megiddo, Taanach, Beth-shean, Geba, Dothan,\nJarmuth.\n\nX. _Issachar._ En-gannim, Shunem, Haphraim, Daberath, Beth-shemesh,\nCana, Nain, Nazareth (in New Testament History).\n\nXI. _Asher._\n\nXII. _Zebulon._ Gath-hepher, Bethlehem.\n\nXIII. _Naphtali._ Kedesh, Hazor, Abel-beth-maachah, Beth-rehob,\nBeth-shemesh.\n\nXIV. _Levi._ Forty-eight Levitical cities in all. Six of these were\ncities of refuge, as follows: Bezer, Ramoth-gilead, Golan, Hebron,\nShechem, Kedesh.\n\n[Illustration: ROUND ABOUT JERUSALEM.]\n\n[Illustration: PALESTINE UNDER THE JUDGES.\n\nTHE PLAIN OF ESDRAELON.]\n\n\n\n\nPALESTINE UNDER THE JUDGES.\n\n\nTHE map on page 60 is intended to illustrate the history of Palestine\nfrom the division of the land (about 1170 B.C.) to the accession of\nDavid (B.C. 1010.) This period may be noticed under three topics. 1. The\nmovements among the tribes supplementary to the conquest. 2. The\noppressions and the Judges. 3. The reign of the first king, Saul. (See\nThe Kingdom of Saul, page 64.)\n\n\nI. SUPPLEMENTARY TO THE CONQUEST.\n\n1. =The Conquests of Judah and Simeon.= (Judges 1.) These were made by\nthe two southern tribes in alliance, and were accompanied by decisive\nvictories at Bezek, Hebron, Debir, and Zephath (afterward known as\n_Hormah_, \"destruction\"). These places are marked with flags upon the\nmap. Jerusalem, Gaza, Ashkelon, and Ekron were also attacked and taken;\nbut the conquest was not permanent, since these places were soon\nreoccupied by the native races.\n\n2. =The Danite Migration=, related in Judges 17, 18, took place about\nthe same time. The tribe of Dan was crowded by the Philistines into two\ntowns, Zorah and Eshtaol. A part of the warriors went upon an expedition\nnorthward, and finding Laish, at one of the sources of the Jordan,\nundefended, slew its Zidonian inhabitants, and made it their home and a\nsanctuary of idols, under a new name, Dan. This formed the northern\noutpost of the land of Israel.\n\n3. =The Civil War.= (Judges 19-21.) This was caused by a crime among the\npeople of one city, Gibeah, whose part was taken by the entire tribe,\naccording to the Oriental view of honor among members of a clan. It led\nto a war between Benjamin and the rest of the tribes, at the end of\nwhich, by the battle of Gibeah, the one tribe was almost annihilated.\n\n[Illustration: MOUNT TABOR.]\n\n\nII. THE OPPRESSIONS AND THE JUDGES.\n\nFrom the times of Joshua to those of Saul, the Israelites were ruled by\nmen raised up to meet the needs of the hour, not by succession or\nappointment, but by personal character and influence. Most of them ruled\nover a limited region, and more than one doubtless was in authority at\nthe same time, in different parts of the land. They were called forth by\na series of _oppressions_, which were sometimes invasions by foreign\ntribes, and sometimes the uprising of the native peoples against their\nIsraelite conquerors, reversing the relation for a time. The judges\nwere, in most instances, men who led the Israelites in throwing off the\nyoke of these foreign races. The oppressions are generally reckoned as\nseven, though the third was rather an invasion than an oppression; and\nthe judges, as fifteen in number, though several were not judges, in the\nstrict sense of the word.\n\n1. =The Mesopotamian Oppression= (Judges 3:1-11) was the first,\noccurring soon after the death of Joshua. It resulted from the conquests\nof a king named Chushan-rishathaim, who reigned in Mesopotamia. From the\ntwo facts, that at this period the kings of Edom had Aramean names (Gen.\n36), and that the deliverer of Israel was Othniel, of the tribe of\nJudah, the first judge, it has been concluded that the region of this\noppression was the territory of that tribe, in the southern portion of\nPalestine.\n\n2. =The Moabite Oppression.= (Judges 3:12-30.) The Moabites lived south\nof the torrent Arnon, on the east of the Dead Sea. In alliance with the\nwandering Ammonites, further eastward, and the Amalekites of the desert,\nunder their king, Eglon, they took possession of Jericho (which stood as\nan unwalled town), and made it the centre of rule over the central\nportion of the land, chiefly Benjamin and Judah. Ehud, the second\njudge, assassinated Eglon, and then called upon his countrymen to\nassemble at Mount Ephraim. A decisive battle was fought at the \"Fords of\nMoab\" (where the Israelites had crossed the Jordan on their first\nentrance to the land), resulting in the defeat of the Moabites and the\nfreedom of Israel.\n\n3. =The Early Philistine Oppression= (Judges 3:31) was perhaps no more\nthan a raid of these people upon the mountain region of Judah. It was\nrepelled by Shamgar, the third judge, whose army of farmers, hastily\ngathered, had no other weapons than their formidable ox-goads. The\nprecise place of the victory is unknown, but it was on the frontier\nbetween Judah and Philistia.\n\n4. =The Canaanite Oppression= (Judges 4, 5) was an uprising of the\nnative people against the Israelite conquerors. They changed the\nrelations of the two races, by becoming the dominant people in all the\nregion north of the Carmel range of mountains. Their capital was at\nHazor, and their chief military post at Harosheth, near the Plain of\nEsdraelon. A woman, Deborah, living between Ramah and Bethel, was then\nrecognized as the fourth judge. She called upon Barak, of Naphtali, who\naided her in gathering a little army, chiefly from the tribes of\nIssachar, Zebulon and Naphtali. They met at Mount Tabor, from which they\npoured down upon the Canaanites, who were encamped upon the plain. In\nthe rout that followed, the Israelites were aided by a sudden storm,\nand a rise in the torrent Kishon, which swept away many of their\nenemies. The power of the Canaanites was broken, and thenceforward the\nrace made no attempt to regain its independence.\n\n5. =The Midianite Oppression= (Judges 6-8) was the most severe, thus\nfar, in the history of the judges. The Midianites, a migratory tribe on\nthe east of Palestine, joined with the Amalekite Bedouins in an invasion\nwhich overran all the central portion of the land, plundering the\ninhabitants, and destroying the fruits of the field. So low were the\nIsraelites reduced, that they were compelled to hide their crops, and\nthemselves also, in the caves of the mountains. The deliverer of Israel\nat this period was Gideon, the fifth judge. At God's call he summoned\nhis countrymen, and gathered an army on Mount Gilboa, while their\nenemies were encamped at the foot of the Hill Moreh (Little Hermon), an\ninnumerable host. With three hundred chosen men Gideon made a night\nattack upon the Midianite host. They were defeated, and fled down the\nravine to the Jordan Valley, past Beth-shean, Abel-meholah and Tabbath.\nBeth-barah, where they were intercepted by the men of Ephraim, was not\nthe same with the Bethabara of the New Testament, but probably in the\nJordan Valley, north of the Jabbok. At Succoth, near the junction of the\nJabbok and the Jordan, and at Penuel, in the valley of the Jabbok, the\npursuing Israelites under Gideon were inhospitably treated by the\ninhabitants, but avenged themselves on their return. The remains of the\nrouted Midianite army were found by Gideon at Karkor, a place not\nprecisely known. He made a circuit, attacked them on the east, and\nutterly destroyed them. After this victory Gideon bore rule over Israel\nfrom his home in Ophrah, until his death.\n\nAfter the death of Gideon arose his son Abimelech, the sixth judge, \"the\nbramble king,\" who reigned over a small district around Shechem. (Judges\n9.) He was not one of the divinely chosen deliverers, and strictly\nshould not be reckoned in the list of judges. He was slain ignobly at\nThebez, north of Shechem. The seventh judge was Tola, who ruled from\nShamir, in Mount Ephraim. (Judges 10:1, 2.) The eighth was Jair, whose\nhome was at Camon, in Mount Gilead, east of the Jordan. (Judges 10:3-5.)\n\n6. =The Ammonite Oppression= (Judges 10:6-18; 11:1-40) was perhaps\ncontemporaneous with the early part of the one named after it, the\nPhilistine. It embraced the land of the tribes on the east of the\nJordan, and lasted eighteen years. The Israelites rallied at Mizpeh of\nGilead (the place where Jacob and Laban made their covenant, Gen.\n31:49), and called to the command Jephthah, the ninth judge, who was\nliving as a freebooter in the land of Tob, north of Gilead. He marched\nagainst the Ammonites, and fought them at Aroer, on the border of the\ntorrent Arnon. He drove them in flight northward, and wasted their\nterritory as far as Minnith, near Heshbon. On his return took place the\nfulfillment of his vow upon his daughter (Judges 11:40); and a civil\nstrife with the haughty tribe of Ephraim (Judges 12:1-6), which attacked\nGilead, but was beaten and put to flight. At the fords of Jordan many\nthousand Ephraimites were slain in attempting to cross. Probably this\nwas the same place referred to already as Beth-barah. (Judges 7:24.)\n\nAfter Jephthah, the tenth judge was Ibzan of Bethlehem, north of Mount\nCarmel; the eleventh, Elon of Aijalon, in the tribe of Zebulon; the\ntwelfth, Abdon of Pirathon, in Ephraim. (Judges 12:8-15.)\n\n7. =The Philistine Oppression= (Judges 13-16) began about the same time\nwith the Ammonite, but lasted far longer. During all the judgeships of\nEli, the thirteenth judge, of Samson the fourteenth, of Samuel the\nfifteenth and last, and the forty years of Saul's reign, Israel remained\nmore or less under Philistine domination. In the reign of Saul we read\nof Philistine garrisons throughout the land, as at Bethel (1 Sam.\n10:3-5) and at Geba (1 Sam. 13:3), and not until all Israel was\nconsolidated under the strong sceptre of David, was the Philistine yoke\nentirely thrown off.\n\nEli, the thirteenth judge, was also high-priest, and ruled from Shiloh,\nthe place of the ark. The history relates only the events at the close\nof his judgeship, when, by the loss of the ark at Ebenezer, and the\ndeath of Eli, on the same day, the Israelites were reduced to the lowest\ncondition of trouble.\n\nThe exploits of Samson were all personal, and in a narrow district. He\nled no army, but wrought brave deeds singlehanded, in the \"camp of Dan\"\nand the country of the Philistines. Had he added the administrative\npowers of a Samuel to his courage and strength, the triumphs of David\nwould have been anticipated by a century. He was born at Zorah, in the\ntribe of Dan (Judges 13:2), and won victories at Timnath (Judges\n15:1-8); at Lehi (\"the jaw,\" from the weapon used), a place whose\nprecise location is uncertain (Judges 15:9-20); and in his death, at\nGaza. (Judges 16.)\n\nSamuel, the fifteenth judge, was born at Ramah (also called\nRamathaim-zophim) (1 Sam. 1:1), and ruled from the same place during his\nperiod of government, from the loss of the ark to the Anointing of Saul.\nThe great event of his rule was the victory at Ebenezer (1 Sam. 7),\nwhich gave a name to the place of the former defeat. Other places\nconnected with this period are Kirjath-jearim, where the ark was long\nkept; Mizpeh, the place where the active rule of Samuel both began and\nended; Bethel and Gilgal, where also he exercised the functions of\njudge; and Beersheba, in the south of Judah, where his sons ruled for a\ntime as deputies in his name.\n\nUpon the map the names of the towns which remained during this period\nunder the control of the native races, are printed in red. Some of these\nwere Philistine, others Canaanite. Those on the maritime plain, west of\nJudah and Benjamin, were mainly Philistine, as Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod,\nEkron and Gath. Those in the interior, as Aijalon and Jebus; around the\nPlain of Esdraelon, as Harosheth, Megiddo, Taanach and Hadad-rimmon; and\nin the Jordan Valley, as Beth-shean and Jericho, were under the control\nof the Canaanite races.\n\nWe give the names of the fifteen judges, and their various centers of\nauthority, as indicated in the books of Judges and First Samuel. Some of\nthe locations are uncertain; but the places cannot be far from those\nassigned upon the map. The names and locations are: 1. Othniel, tribe of\nJudah. 2. Ehud, tribe of Benjamin. 3. Shamgar, tribe of Judah. 4.\nDeborah, between Ramah and Bethel, in Ephraim. 5. Gideon, Ophrah, in\nManasseh, West. 6. Abimelech, \"the bramble king,\" at Shechem, in\nEphraim. 7. Tola, in Shamir, of Manasseh, East. 8. Jair, in Manasseh,\nEast. 9. Jephthah, in the tribe of Gad. 10. Ibzan, in Bethlehem, north\nof Mount Carmel. 11. Elon, at Aijalon, of Zebulon. 12. Abdon, at\nPirathon, in Ephraim. 13. Eli, at Shiloh, in Ephraim. 14. Samson, at\nZorah, in Dan. 15. Samuel, at Ramah, in Benjamin.\n\nThe battles of this period are indicated upon the map by flags, and are\nas follows: 1. Bezek. 2. Hebron. 3. Debir. 4. Zephath. All these in the\ncampaign of Judah and Simeon. (Judges 1.) 5. Laish (Dan), in the north,\nthe Danite conquest. (Judges 18.) 6. Gibeah, the extermination of\nBenjamin. (Judges 20.) 7. Fords of Moab, Ehud's victory over the\nMoabites. (Judges 3.) 8. Mount Tabor, Deborah's victory over the\nCanaanites. (Judges 4.) 9. The Hill Moreh (Little Hermon), Gideon's\nvictory over the Midianites. (Judges 7.) 10. Karkor, the capture of the\nchiefs of Midian. (Judges 8.) 11. Shechem, Abimelech's conquest. (Judges\n9.) 12. Thebez, Abimelech's death. (Judges 9.) 13. Aroer, Jephthah's\nvictory over the Ammonites. (Judges 11.) 14. Beth-barah, Jephthah's\nvictory over Ephraim. (Judges 12.) 15. Timnath. 16. Lehi. 17. Gaza,\nSamson's three slaughters of the Philistines. (Judges 14-16.) 18.\nEbenezer, the loss of the ark. (1 Sam. 4.) 19. Ebenezer, the victory of\nSamuel. (1 Sam. 7.)\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR REVIEW.\n\n\nI. SUPPLEMENTARY TO CONQUEST.\n\n1. _Judah and Simeon._ Bezek, Hebron, Debir, Zephath.\n\n2. _Danite Migration._ Zorah, Eshtaol; Laish (Dan).\n\n3. _Civil War._ Benjamin, Gibeah.\n\n\nII. OPPRESSIONS AND JUDGES.\n\n1. _Mesopotamian._ (South.) Othniel, 1st Judge.\n\n2. _Moabite._ (Central.) Jericho. Ehud, 2d Judge; Fords of Moab.\n\n3. _Early Philistine._ (South.) Shamgar, 3d Judge.\n\n4. _Canaanite._ (North.) Hazor, Harosheth. Mount Tabor; Deborah, 4th\nJudge, Ramah.\n\n5. _Midianite._ (Central and North.) Hill Moreh, Karkor; Gideon, 5th\nJudge, Ophrah. Abimelech, 6th Judge; Shechem, Thebez. Tola, 7th Judge,\nShamir. Jair, 8th Judge, Camon.\n\n6. _Ammonite._ (East.) Aroer; Jephthah, 9th Judge; \"Fords of Jordan.\"\nIbzan, 10th Judge, Bethlehem. Elon, 11th Judge, Aijalon. Abdon, 12th\nJudge, Pirathon.\n\n7. _Philistine._ (South and Central.) Eli, 13th Judge, Shiloh; Ebenezer.\nSamson, 14th Judge; Timnath, Lehi, Gaza. Samuel, 15th Judge, Ramah;\nEbenezer.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n_Battles of the Period._ 1. Bezek. 2. Hebron. 3. Debir. 4. Zephath. 5.\nLaish (Dan). 6. Gibeah. 7. Fords of Moab. 8. Mount Tabor. 9. Hill Moreh.\n10. Karkor. 11. Shechem. 12. Thebez. 13. Aroer. 14. Fords of Jordan\n(Beth-barah?). 15. Timnath. 16. Lehi. 17. Gaza. 18, 19. Ebenezer.\n\n[Illustration: KINGDOM OF SAUL.\n\nSaul's Last Battle.]\n\n\n\n\nTHE KINGDOM OF SAUL.\n\n\nDURING the last century of the Judges, there was a growing tendency\ntoward a more settled form of government; and the wise rule of Samuel\ninspired a still stronger desire for a better organization of the state.\nThe rival tribes of Ephraim and Judah were conciliated by the choice of\na king from the weak tribe of Benjamin, equally dependent upon both; and\nSaul, an obscure farmer of Gibeah, was called to the throne. The events\nof his reign are here related only so far as is necessary to present the\nlocalities referred to, which may be grouped under the following heads:\n1. His Appointment. 2. His Wars. 3. His Pursuit of David. 4. His Death.\n\nI. =Saul's Appointment as King.= (1 Sam. 9-12.) This is connected with\nfour places. Ramah, the residence of Samuel (probably _Neby Samwil_,\n3-1/2 miles nearly north of Jerusalem), where Saul was privately\ncrowned; Mizpeh, an unknown place, near by, and also north of Jerusalem,\nwhere he was introduced to the people as king; Gibeah (_Tuleil el Ful_,\n4 miles north of Jerusalem), his home and capital; and Gilgal, in the\nJordan Valley, where he was formally recognized as king, after his\nvictory at Jabesh-gilead. The places named in the account of Saul's\nsearch for his father's stray asses, which led him to Samuel, are not\nknown with certainty; but Shalisha may be _Sirisia_, 13 miles north of\nLydda, and Zuph may be another name for Zophim, or Ramah, of which the\nname in full was Ramathaim-zophim.\n\nII. =The Wars of Saul.= (1 Sam. 11-18.) These were as follows:\n\n1. _The Ammonite War._ (1 Sam. 11.) The Ammonites were a roving,\npredatory, cruel people, ancient enemies of Israel, living east of the\nMoabites. Under their king, Nahash, they invaded the territory east of\nthe Jordan, and besieged Jabesh-gilead (_ed Deir_). Word came to Saul,\nwho instantly summoned the warriors of Israel. They met at Bezek (not\nthe same with the Bezek of Judges 1:4, but probably the ruin _Ibzik_, a\nlittle north of Tirzah), marched against the Ammonites, and, under\nSaul's vigorous leadership, utterly discomfited them. The relief of\nJabesh-gilead, Saul's first victory, greatly strengthened his authority\nas king, over the tribes.\n\n2. _The First Philistine War._ (1 Sam. 13, 14.) At the time of Saul's\naccession, the Philistine outposts held Geba, Bethel, and other places\nin the mountain region. Saul undertook to free the land, and summoned\nthe Israelites, who came tremblingly, being thoroughly cowed under their\noppressors. Saul's son Jonathan struck the first blow, by attacking the\nPhilistines at Geba (_Jeba_), near Gibeah, Saul's capital; and soon\nfollowed it up by a great victory at Michmash, across the valley from\nGeba. The Israelites now gained courage, and pursued the Philistines,\neven to their own borders. Nevertheless, the Philistines continued to\nhold their fortresses in Israel through all the reign of Saul, and wars\nwere constant between the two races.\n\nThree other wars of Saul are named in a single verse (1 Sam. 14:47),\nwithout mention of particular events. These are as follows:\n\n3. _The Moabite War._ These people lived south of the brook Arnon, and\neast of the Dead Sea. The war with them may have taken place in\nconnection with the Ammonite campaign, already referred to. No\nbattle-fields are named, so that the places of the war cannot be given.\nIt resulted in the defeat of the Moabites, but not in their subjection\nto Israel.\n\n4. _The Edomite War_ perhaps occurred at the same time, and may have\nbeen caused by an alliance of Edom, Moab and Ammon against Israel, as\nall these tribes lived near each other, the Edomites south of the Dead\nSea. Probably after the victory at Jabesh-gilead, Saul pursued the\nflying Ammonites, ravaged their territory, and then entered the lands of\nMoab and of Edom.\n\n5. _The Syrian War._ This was against \"the kings of Zobah.\" (1 Sam.\n14:47.) Zobah was situated near Damascus, northeast of Palestine, and\nwas the head of a kingdom until subjected in the reign of David. It is\nlikely that Saul's campaign was a defensive one, protecting his border\nagainst a Syrian inroad, but no places or particulars are named.\n\n6. _The Amalekite War._ (1 Sam. 14:48; 15:1-35.) This marked the turning\npoint in Saul's career; for, though a signal victory, it was the\noccasion of his alienation from Samuel, the priests and the prophetic\norder, and the beginning of his decline. The Amalekites were wild\nBedouins of the desert, whose presence made the southern border unsafe,\nand against whom an ancient ban had been pronounced. They were to be\nutterly destroyed, not merely conquered or despoiled. Saul assembled his\narmy at Telaim, on the southern border (probably _el Kuseir_, between\nBeersheba and the Dead Sea), and marched into the land of the\nAmalekites, destroyed their principal city, laid waste their country,\nand brought away their king a prisoner. But the command had been, not to\nplunder, but to destroy; as the safety of Israel (and, we may add, the\nsalvation of the world through Israel) was endangered by these nomad\nhordes; and Saul, after leading his host with their plunder over the\nmountains of Judah, met Samuel at Gilgal, and received a rebuke for his\ndisobedience, and the warning of his own rejection as the theocratic\nking.\n\n7. _The Second Philistine War._ (1 Sam. 17, 18.) War was the normal\ncondition between the Israelites and the Philistines, and there were\ndoubtless many battles and campaigns of which no mention is made. But\nthis was notable for the first appearance of DAVID, the destined king,\nwho had been privately anointed by Samuel at Bethlehem. The Philistines\nwere encamped at a place called Ephes-dammim, or Shochoh, and the\nIsraelites across the Valley of Elah, where between the two hosts David\nmet the gigantic Goliath of Gath, and killed him, in a deed of mingled\nskill and courage. As a result the Philistines fled, and were pursued by\nIsrael even to the gates of Ekron and Gath. David was now brought\nprominently into notice, and became one of Saul's household at Gibeah,\nthough soon an object of suspicion by the jealous king.\n\nIII. =Saul's Pursuit of David= (1 Sam. 19-28) is the principal subject\nof the history during the close of his reign. We have indicated upon the\nmap, by a red line, the wanderings of David during this period, as\nnearly as the localities have been identified, and have marked each\nplace by a number.\n\n1. At _Gibeah_, the capital, David was more than once threatened with\ndeath, until at last he fled from Saul's wrath to Ramah.\n\n2. At _Ramah_, David was with Samuel and the \"sons of the prophets,\" in\na neighborhood called Naioth, \"pastures,\" or \"dwellings.\" Here Saul came\nto slay him, but was overcome by the ardent worship of the prophetic\nband, and, forgetting his errand, joined in their devotions, while David\nescaped once more to Gibeah. (1 Sam. 19:18-24.)\n\n3. At _Gibeah_, David found a place of hiding for a few days, and then\nmet his friend Jonathan, in the farewell interview, when \"the arrows\"\nwere shot as tokens. (1 Sam. 20.)\n\n4. David's first stopping place, in his permanent exile, was at _Nob_,\nwhere stood the Tabernacle. Here he received food, and took the sword of\nGoliath, which he carried as his weapon during his wanderings. This act\nof hospitality afterward cost the high-priest and many of his order\ntheir lives, at the hand of Saul. (1 Sam. 21:1-9; 22:6-23.) Nob was\nprobably about two miles north of Jerusalem.\n\n5. From Nob, David made his way down the mountains to _Gath_, at that\ntime the head of the Philistine league. Here he was suspected by the\nPhilistines, and compelled to escape by a stratagem. (1 Sam. 21:10-15.)\n\n6. He found a hiding place in the _Cave of Adullam_. This was in the\nShefelah, or low country, perhaps at _Beit-jibrin_, where immense\ncaverns are found. Here a force of men gathered around him, and his aged\nparents and brothers joined him, probably from a well-grounded fear,\nthat Saul, who about this time slaughtered the priests for an act of\nkindness to David, would not scruple to kill the members of his family.\n(1 Sam. 22:1, 2.)\n\n7. To find a safe refuge for his parents, David left Judah, and went\ninto the land of Moab. Here he placed his parents in the care of the\nking of Moab, while David and his men took up their abode at _Mizpeh of\nMoab_, in a place called \"the hold.\" This may have been at _Kerak_. (1\nSam. 22:3-5.)\n\n8. By the advice of the prophet Gad, who probably had been one of his\ncompanions at Samuel's \"school of the prophets,\" in Ramah, David led his\nlittle army back to the land of Judah, and made his headquarters in the\n_Forest of Hareth_ (perhaps _Kharas_, in the mountains near Hebron).\nHere he received news of the massacre of the priests, and was joined by\nAbiathar, bearing the ephod of the high-priest. (1 Sam. 22:5, 20-23.)\n\n9. Next, he led his men to _Keilah_ (_Kilah_, in the mountains northwest\nof Hebron), to repel an attack of the Philistines. But, learning that\nthe ungrateful people were about to betray him to Saul, he removed in\nhaste to the wilderness between Hebron and the Dead Sea, called\nJeshimon, \"waste.\" (1 Sam. 23:1-13.)\n\n10. In this wilderness David remained for a time, at _Ziph_ (_Tell Zif_,\nsouth of Hebron). Here he met his friend Jonathan for the last time. His\nfollowers scattered, and David was alone, except for the presence of a\nfew faithful companions. The Ziphites were willing to betray him to\nSaul, and he was again compelled to flee. (1 Sam. 23:14-24.)\n\n11. His next hiding place was a mountain in the wilderness of _Maon_, 7\nmiles south of Hebron. Here he was again in great danger from Saul, but\nwas saved by an opportune foray of the Philistines, which called the\nking and his troops away. (1 Sam. 25:24-28.)\n\n12. From Ziph he took refuge in the almost inaccessible mountains of\n_En-gedi_ (_Ain-jedy_), overlooking the Dead Sea. Here David showed his\ngenerosity in sparing Saul, when it was in his power to slay him. (1\nSam. 24.)\n\n13. About the time of Samuel's death, David returned into the south of\nJudah, to the neighborhood of _Maon_, 7 miles south of Hebron. (See\nabove, Nos. 10, 11. The likeness of the account in the two visits, has\nsuggested that but one event may be related in both.) Here the\nnarrow-minded Nabal was saved from David's wrath by the wisdom and\ngenerosity of his wife, Abigail, who, after Nabal's death, became\nDavid's wife. (1 Sam. 25.) About this time, and while David was in or\nnear this locality, occurred David's act of mercy in sparing Saul's life\na second time, when by moonlight he penetrated to the very centre of\nSaul's camp. (1 Sam. 26.)\n\n14. Despairing of safety in Saul's realm during his reign, David finally\ntook refuge in _Gath_ (_Tell es Safieh_), on the Shefelah, the capital\nof the Philistines. Here he was more kindly received than before (see\nNo. 5), as his relations with Saul were better understood, and he was\nable to obtain from Achish, the king of Gath, the grant of a city as his\nhome. (1 Sam. 27:1-4.)\n\n15. The place allotted to David, was _Ziklag_, on the south of Judah,\nwhich was at that time recognized as a possession of the Philistines.\nIts location is unknown, but we have followed Conder in placing it at\n_Zuheilikah_, 11 miles south of east from Gaza. Here David remained\nduring the closing years of Saul's reign. He accompanied the\nPhilistines as far as Aphek, in Mount Ephraim, but was sent back, from a\nfear lest he might desert to the Israelites. Returning, he found his\nhome plundered by a roving band of Amalekites, pursued them, rescued his\nfamily and possessions, and also took a great quantity of booty, which\nhe judiciously used in making presents to the leading people of various\nplaces in Judah, after the death of Saul. (1 Sam. 27, 29, 30.) These\nplaces are located upon the map as far as they are known.\n\n16. From Ziklag David went up into the mountain region at _Hebron_, soon\nafter the death of Saul. Here he was made king, first of the tribe of\nJudah, and afterward of all Israel. (2 Sam. 2:1-3.)\n\nIV. =Saul's Death.= This took place B.C. 1010, when Saul had reigned 40\nyears. We have noticed two wars with the Philistines as prominent in the\nhistory of Saul's reign. We call the last campaign of Saul the _third_\nPhilistine war, as no others are related, though their existence may be\ninferred. This marked the flood tide of Philistine power; for it left\nthem at Saul's death in command not only of the Plain of Esdraelon and\nthe Jordan Valley, but of all the centre of the country. Their armies\nmet at Aphek, in the tribe of Benjamin (their old rallying place, 1 Sam.\n4:1), and thence marched northward to the Plain of Esdraelon, at the\nfoot of Mount Gilboa, on which the Israelites were encamped. Saul, full\nof fear, went around the Philistine camp to the village of Endor, where\nhe sought the counsel of a \"woman having a familiar spirit,\" and met the\nspirit of Samuel, which gave him warning that on the morrow he should\ndie. The battle was fought on the next day. Saul and three of his sons,\nincluding the princely Jonathan, were slain; and Israel experienced the\nheaviest defeat thus far in its history. All the middle section of the\nland of Palestine was conquered by the Philistines, cutting the tribes\nin sunder in each direction, from north to south and from east to west.\nAt such a low ebb were the fortunes of the Chosen People, when David\nascended the throne. Saul's body was fastened up on the wall of the\nCanaanite city of Beth-shean, but was rescued by the warriors of\nJabesh-gilead, in grateful remembrance of Saul's brave deed in behalf of\ntheir city, early in his reign. (1 Sam. 31.)\n\nUpon the map the following are indicated: 1. The portions of the land\nunder Philistine and Canaanite control are given in yellow, while the\nterritory governed by Saul is shown in pink. The mountain region was\nheld by Israel, and the lowlands, both by the sea and the Jordan, by the\nPhilistines. 2. The names of Philistine cities are printed in red. Some\nof these were their own hereditary possessions; others (as Aphek, Geba\nand Bethel) were fortresses in the mountain region, garrisoned to hold\nIsrael in subjection. 3. The battle-fields and wars of Saul are\nindicated by flags, and numbered. (1.) Jabesh-gilead, over the\nAmmonites. (1 Sam. 11.) (2.) Michmash, over the Philistines. (1 Sam.\n14.) (3.) In Moab, at some unknown place. (1 Sam. 14:47.) (4.) In Edom,\nat a place also unknown. (1 Sam. 14:47.) (5.) Over the Syrians of Zobah.\n(1 Sam. 14:47.) This we have indicated as taking place in the half tribe\nof Manasseh, East; but its precise location is unknown. (6.) \"A city of\nAmalek,\" place unknown. (1 Sam. 15:5.) (7.) Valley of Elah, over the\nPhilistines. (1 Sam. 17:2.) (8.) Mount Gilboa. (1 Sam. 31.) 4. The\nvarious places named in Saul's pursuit of David are shown upon the map,\nwith their most probable identifications. These places are: (1.) Gibeah.\n(2.) Ramah. (3.) Gibeah. (4.) Nob. (5.) Gath. (6.) Adullam. (7.) Mizpeh\nof Moab. (8.) Hareth. (9.) Keilah. (10.) Ziph. (11.) Maon. (12.)\nEn-gedi. (13.) Maon. (14.) Gath. (15.) Ziklag. (16.) Hebron.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR REVIEW.\n\nI. _Saul's Appointment._ Ramah, Gibeah, Gilgal, Shalisha, Zuph.\n\nII. _Wars of Saul._ 1. Ammonite. (Jabesh-gilead, Bezek.) 2. First\nPhilistine. (Geba, Michmash.) 3. Moabite. 4. Edomite. 5. Syrian. 6.\nAmalekite. (Telaim, Gilgal.) 7. Second Philistine. (Valley of Elah.)\n\nIII. _Pursuit of David._ 1. Gibeah. 2. Ramah. 3. Gibeah. 4. Nob. 5.\nGath. 6. Adullam. 7. Mizpeh of Moab. 8. Hareth. 9. Keilah. 10. Ziph. 11.\nMaon. 12. En-gedi. 13. Maon. 14. Gath. 15. Ziklag. 16. Hebron.\n\nIV. _Saul's Death._ Aphek, Gilboa, Beth-shean, Jabesh-gilead.\n\n[Illustration: JERICHO.]\n\n[Illustration: THE EMPIRE OF DAVID AND SOLOMON.]\n\n\n\n\nTHE EMPIRE OF DAVID AND SOLOMON.\n\n\n[Illustration: TOWER OF DAVID.]\n\nTHE greatness of David may be shown by a comparison of our last map with\nthe present one, keeping in mind the difference of scale between them.\nDavid succeeded to the throne of Israel when it represented about 6,000\nsquare miles of territory, more or less, under control; he left to his\nsuccessor, Solomon, an empire embracing an area of 60,000 square miles.\nSee the comparative diagram on page 70. The map now before us being upon\na scale greatly reduced from that of Saul's kingdom, it will be\nimpossible to represent upon it all the localities mentioned in the\nhistory of David and Solomon. Those in the neighborhood of Jerusalem\nwill be found on the map of the Environs of Jerusalem, page 83, and\nthose of minor importance in the land of Israel may be found on the map\nof Palestine Among the Tribes, page 58.\n\nWe present the events and localities under the following outline: 1.\nDavid's Reign over Judah. 2. The Union of Palestine. 3. David's Foreign\nConquests. 4. David's Calamities. 5. The Closing Events. 6. The Reign of\nSolomon.\n\nI. =David's Reign over Judah.= (2 Sam. 1-4.) After the death of Saul,\nDavid went from Ziklag to Hebron, and was there accepted as king over\nthe tribe of Judah. His reign lasted for seven years, from 1010 to 1003\nB.C. During a part of this time, Ishbosheth, the only remaining son of\nSaul, was also nominally reigning over a large part of the land, the\nreal power being held by Abner, Saul's general, and the ablest man of\nhis time. War naturally arose, and many battles were doubtless fought,\nof which but one, at Gibeon, is related. At last, Abner and Ishbosheth\nwere both murdered, though not by David's desire nor with his\napprobation; and, with one consent, David was accepted as king over all\nthe Twelve Tribes.\n\nII. =The Union of Palestine.= (2 Sam. 5-7.) David was now ruler over the\nmountain region only, as Saul had been before him, and in various places\nwere garrisons of the Philistines, and cities held by the Canaanite\nraces. He began by a siege of Jebus, or Jebusi, a fortress of the\nJebusites, on the border of Judah and Benjamin. Though deemed\nimpregnable by the natives, it was taken by storm, and, under its new\nname, JERUSALEM, became the capital of the kingdom. The Philistines had\nbeen friendly with David in the past, and were perhaps recognized as the\n\"lords paramount\" during his reign over Judah; but now they were jealous\nof his growing power, and, as of old, entered the mountain region with\ntheir armies. But in David they met an enemy of a different character\nfrom either Samson or Saul. Two battles were fought, both near\nJerusalem, at a place called \"the Valley [or plain] of the Rephaim\"; and\nin each the Philistines were utterly routed.\n\nDavid followed up his advantage, after the second victory, by marching\ndown upon the Shefelah and the plain. He took Gath (called Methegammah,\n\"the bridle of the metropolis,\" in 2 Sam. 8:1), and subjugated the\nentire Philistine confederacy so completely that thenceforward they\nceased to trouble Israel for centuries.\n\nThe land was now united, and David turned his attention to the religious\nreformation of the people, brought the ark from Baale, or\nKirjath-jearim, to Jerusalem, planned for the Temple to be built by his\nsuccessor, and organized the worship on a magnificent scale. (2 Sam. 6,\n7.)\n\nIII. =David's Foreign Conquests.= These were not altogether inspired by\nambition, but were necessary for the safety of Israel, and to keep its\npeople from the contamination of the idolatry of the surrounding\nnations. These conquests are indicated by flags on the map, though the\nprecise locations of the battles are not known in all cases. The lands\nconquered by David were as follows:\n\n1. _Moab._ (2 Sam. 8:2.) It is stated by Josephus, that the cruel\ntreatment of the Moabites (though fully in accord with the customs of\nOriental war in that day) was in revenge for the slaughter of David's\nparents by the king of Moab, an event not mentioned in the Bible.\n\n2. _Zobah_ (2 Sam. 8:3, 4), at that time the principal state between\nDamascus and the Euphrates.\n\n3. _Damascus_ (2 Sam. 8:5-12), in alliance with Zobah, and the largest\ncity in Syria.\n\n4. _Edom_ (2 Sam. 8:13, 14), south of the Dead Sea. The word \"Syrians,\"\nin verse 13, should undoubtedly be \"Edomites.\" The battle was fought at\nthe \"valley of salt,\" an unknown place, but probably near Sela, or\nPetra, the capital of Edom.\n\n5. _Ammon._ (2 Sam. 10-13.) This was the longest of David's wars, and\nwas waged not against the Ammonites only, but against the allied forces\nof several small Syrian kingdoms, as Zobah (already conquered, but not\nsubjugated), Maachah, Rehob and Tob, districts on the north and east of\nIsrael. Three great battles were fought; the first near Medeba; the\nsecond at Helam, an uncertain locality (if it be the name of a place,\nwhich is questioned, as the word means \"host,\" or \"army\"); and the\nthird, the siege and capture of Rabbah, the capital of the Ammonites,\nwhich ended the war. During this war occurred the crime of David with\nBathsheba, and the murder of Uriah. (2 Sam. 11.) This completed the\nseries of conquests, and made the throne of David supreme from the Red\nSea to the Euphrates. One fact which made these conquests possible was\nthat the tribes around Israel were not united into strong nations, as\nafterward in the cases of Syria and Assyria, but were independent\nprincipalities, easily overcome in turn by the trained warriors of\nDavid.\n\nAs a result of these wars the kingdom of David, which he transmitted to\nhis son Solomon, was the largest in the Oriental world at that time. The\nAssyrian empire had not arisen, the great kings of Egypt had passed\naway, and the East was broken up into small principalities, among which\nIsrael easily rose to power.\n\n                COMPARATIVE AREA OF PALESTINE\n                    AT DIFFERENT PERIODS.\n\n                  +------------------+\n                  |                  |\n                  |                  |\n                  |                  |\n                  |     Solomon,     |                      +-------+\n   +-------+      |                  |              +-------+       |\n   |       |      |    B.C. 1000,    +-------+Judah |Macca- | Herod |\n   |Joshua,+------+                  | Ten   | B.C. | bees, |  the  |\n   |  B.C. |Saul, |   60,000 Sq. M.  |Tribes,| 975, |  B.C. | Great,|\n   | 1443, |B.C.  |                  |  B.C. +------+  100, |B.C. 6,|\n   |       |1095, |                  |  975, |      |       |       |\n   |11,000 |6,000 |                  | 9,400 |3,400 |11,000 |12,000 |\n   |Sq. M. |Sq. M.|                  |Sq. M. |Sq. M.|Sq. M. |Sq. M. |\n   +-------+------+------------------+-------+------+-------+-------+\n\n[Illustration: THE ORIENTAL WORLD IN THE TIME OF DAVID.]\n\nIV. =The Calamities of David's Reign.= (2 Sam. 12-20, 24.) Three great\ntroubles befell David and his kingdom as the result of his sins.\n\n1. The first and greatest was the _Rebellion of Absalom_. We can only\nmention the places referred to in the history, not relate its events.\nGeshur, where Absalom was in exile, was a small kingdom under the rule\nof Absalom's maternal grandfather. Tekoa, whence came the \"wise woman,\"\nwas near Bethlehem. The places near Jerusalem named in David's flight,\nmay be seen on the map of the Environs of Jerusalem, page 83. David's\nresting place was at Mahanaim, east of the Jordan, and south of the\nHieromax. Absalom was defeated and killed at \"the wood of Ephraim,\" a\nlocality not in the tribe of that name, but east of the Jordan, perhaps\nwhere the Ephraimites sustained a great defeat from Jephthah. (Judges\n12.)\n\n2. The second calamity was the _Rebellion of Sheba_, following soon\nafter Absalom's, and arising from the same disaffection. It was ended at\nAbel-beth-maachah, in the extreme north, by the death of Sheba. (2 Sam.\n20.)\n\n3. The third calamity was the _Pestilence_, after the numbering of the\npeople, an enumeration with a view either to heavy levies of assessment,\nor to foreign conquest; either of which was contrary to the spirit of\nthe Hebrew constitution. (2 Sam. 24.) The places named will be found\nupon the map, except the inexplicable Tahtim-hodshi, which may mean \"the\nland newly inhabited,\" but whose location is unknown. The sacrifice of\nDavid at Araunah's threshing-floor gave the location to the great altar\nof the Temple, probably the rude rock which now rises from the floor of\nthe Mosque of Omar, in Jerusalem.\n\nV. =The Close of David's Reign= (1 Kings 1, 2; 1 Chron. 22-29) was\noccupied in the organization of his empire, and in preparation for the\nbuilding of the Temple. There are but few localities named with this\nperiod, and they may be easily found upon the maps, those near Jerusalem\nbeing upon the map of its Environs.\n\nVI. =The Reign of Solomon= was a period of peace, with few incidents to\nmark its even tenor. Its principal event was the building of the Temple.\nWe insert here a plan of Solomon's Temple, largely conjectural, as\nneither of the descriptions is sufficiently exact for a complete\nknowledge. The Temple, as it afterward stood in the time of Christ, may\nbe found described on page 139.\n\n[Illustration: PLAN OF SOLOMON'S TEMPLE.]\n\nUpon the map are noted most of the battle-fields, which may be\nenumerated as follows: 1. At Gibeon, the victory over Abner and the\nadherents of Ishbosheth. 2. At Jerusalem, its capture from the\nJebusites. 3, 4. Near Jerusalem, not indicated upon the map; two\ndecisive victories over the Philistines. 5. Gath, the capture of the\nPhilistine capital. 6. The victory over the Moabites, probably near Ar.\n7. The conquest of Zobah, north of Damascus. 8. The conquest of Damascus\nand its dependent places. 9. The conquest of Edom, near Sela. 10. The\nvictory at Medeba, over the Ammonites. 11. The victory at Helam, near\nthe Euphrates, over the Syrian allies of the Ammonites. 12. The siege\nand capture of Rabbah. 13. The defeat of Absalom's army in the wood of\nEphraim, east of the Jordan.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW.\n\nI. Draw a rough map of the country from the Red Sea to the Euphrates, as\nin the map of the kingdom of David and Solomon, and locate upon it the\nland of Israel proper, showing the dominion of Saul.\n\nII. Draw the boundary line to show the kingdom of David at Hebron, and\nthat of Ishbosheth at Mahanaim; mention and locate the battle of Gibeon.\n\nIII. Show in order the conquests of David, writing upon the board the\nnames of the lands conquered in order, and indicating the battles by\nflags.\n\nIV. Show the dimensions of David's kingdom, by another map of the\nOriental World in the time of David. Locate and drill upon the leading\nlands and capitals.\n\nV. Give an account of the calamities in David's reign, show the flight\nof David, and locate the battle with Absalom.\n\n[Illustration: CHURCH OF NATIVITY, BETHLEHEM.]\n\n[Illustration: ANCIENT JERUSALEM, IN THE NEW TESTAMENT PERIOD.]\n\n\n\n\nANCIENT JERUSALEM.\n\n\nI. =Names.= The city of Jerusalem has been known by a different name\nduring each of the most important periods of its varied history. 1. In\nthe patriarchal age it was the seat of Melchizedek's priestly kingdom,\nand was known as SALEM, properly pronounced _Shalem_. (Gen. 14:18; Psa.\n76:2.) 2. During the Jebusite period it was known as JEBUS. (Judges\n19:10.) Probably at this time the full name was _Jebus-shalem_. 3. After\nthe capture by David it received the name JERUSALEM, properly\n_Jeru-shalaim_. The earliest instance of this name is in Judges 1:7, 8,\nwhere it may have been used by anticipation; or there may have been a\nchange, for euphony, from Jebus-shalem to _Jeru-shalem_. The word means\n\"possession of peace.\" The Greek form of this word is Hierosolyma. 4. It\nis called by the prophets by the poetical name of ARIEL, \"the lion of\nGod.\" (Isa. 29:1.) 5. More than once in the Bible it is called \"the holy\ncity.\" (Matt. 4:5; 27:53.) 6. After its destruction by Titus, it was\nrebuilt by the emperor \u00c6lius Hadrianus, A.D. 135, and named \u00c6LIA, or, in\nfull, \u00c6LIA CAPITOLINA, a name that it held until the year 536 A.D.,\nwhen the ancient name Jerusalem again became prevalent. 7. It is now\nknown to the Arabs as EL KHUDS, \"the holy.\"\n\n[Illustration: DAVID'S TOMB.]\n\nII. =Location.= The city of Jerusalem stands in latitude 31\u00b0 46\u00b4 45\u00b4\u00b4\nnorth, and longitude 35\u00b0 13\u00b4 25\u00b4\u00b4 east of Greenwich, the observations\nbeing taken from the dome of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This may\nhave been outside the ancient wall, but was certainly near it. The city\nis 32 miles from the Mediterranean, 18 from the Dead Sea, 20 from\nHebron, and 36 from Samaria; and its general elevation is about 2,500\nfeet above the level of the ocean.\n\nIII. =Geologic Formation.= \"The vicinity of Jerusalem consists of strata\nof the Eocene and chalk formations, having a general dip down the\nwatershed of about 10\u00b0 east-southeast. The action of denudation has left\npatches of the various strata; but, generally speaking, the oldest are\non the west. The upper part of the Olivet chain consists of a soft white\nlimestone, with fossils and flint bands belonging to the Upper Chalk;\nbeneath this are, first, a hard silicious chalk, with flint bands;\nsecond, a soft white limestone, much used in the ancient buildings of\nthe city; third, a hard chalk, often pink and white in color, and then\nknown as Santa Croce marble. The underlying beds belonging to the period\nof the Greensand are not visible, the lowest strata in the Kedron\nprecipices belonging to the Lower Chalk epoch.\" (_Encyclo. Britan._)\n\nIV. =Valleys.= The peculiar natural features of Jerusalem, and much of\nits history, are due to the arrangement of its three valleys. These\nunite near the southeastern corner of the city. 1. _The Valley of the\nKedron_, called also \"the Valley of Jehoshaphat\" (perhaps referred to in\nJoel 3:2, 12); and \"the king's dale\" (Gen. 14:17; 2 Sam. 18:18). This\nlies on the east of the city, between Mount Moriah and the Mount of\nOlives. During the summer it is dry; but in the rainy season it is the\nbed of a brook, from which it receives its name. 2. _The Valley of the\nTyropoeon_ (a word supposed to mean \"cheesemongers,\" though the meaning\nand derivation are questioned) branches from the Kedron Valley at the\nsouthern end of Mount Moriah, and extends in a northwesterly direction.\nThe principal ravine curves in crescent form around Mount Zion, but a\nshallower and less noticeable branch extends further to the north. This\nvalley is now almost obliterated by the accumulation of debris, but its\nancient course has been established by recent soundings. 3. _The Valley\nof Hinnom_, called also, \"the valley of the son of Hinnom\" (Josh. 15:8),\nforms the western and southern border of the city, and unites with the\nKedron Valley near its junction with the Tyropoeon. Its lower portion,\nnear the Kedron, was called Tophet, or \"place of fire\" (Jer. 7:31), and\nGehenna (Ge-Hinnom). It was at one time the seat of idolatrous worship\nto Molech, and afterward became a cesspool, and place where the offal of\nthe city was burned. Gihon (1 Kings 1:33) is located by most in the\nupper portion of this valley; but, by Conder and a few others, in the\nlower portion of the Kedron Valley, at the spring en Rogel.\n\nV. =Mountains.= Jerusalem is and has ever been emphatically a place of\nmountains; as it stood anciently upon four distinct hills, with others\naround its walls on every side. The names of these hills are well known,\nbut the identification of them is neither easy nor unanimous among\ninvestigators. We name the locations as given by the largest number of\nleading scholars.\n\n1. _Mount Zion_ is the largest and highest of the four hills within the\ncity. It lies on the southwestern section, between the Valleys of the\nTyropoeon on the east and north, and Hinnom on the south and west. Its\ncrown is 2,540 feet high. Upon it, probably, stood the Jebusite fortress\nwhich so long defied the Israelites, but was finally taken by David.\n\n2. _Acra_ is a little east of north from Zion, and is an irregularly\nshaped eminence, now 2,490 feet high, but anciently higher, as its crest\nwas cut down by the Maccabean princes, in order to bring it nearer to\nthe level of the Temple-hill. It is surrounded upon the south, east and\nnorth by the two arms of the Tyropoeon Valley. On this may have stood\nthe castle, or Millo. (2 Sam. 5:9.)\n\n3. On the eastern side of the city is _Mount Moriah_, the place once\noccupied by the Temple, and now by the Dome of the Rock, mistakenly\ncalled the Mosque of Omar. It lies between the two valleys of the Kedron\non the east and the Tyropoeon on the west, and is 2,432 feet high. Its\nsouthern end is a steep declivity, called Ophel (in Josephus, Ophlas),\nrunning southward to the junction of the valleys.\n\n4. _Bezetha_ is a little west of north from Mount Moriah, and separated\nfrom it by a slight depression. It lies between the Kedron Valley and\nthe northern branch of the Tyropoeon. Only in the later age of New\nTestament history was it within the walls of the city. Its height is a\nlittle over 2,500 feet.\n\nThese four mountains are all that are named as within the ancient walls.\nCalvary was not a mountain, but merely a place outside the city where\nthe crucifixion of Jesus took place; so that it is not to be counted in\nthe list. But we must notice, in addition, the most important of the\n\"mountains round about Jerusalem.\"\n\n5. _The Mount of Olives_ lies east of the Kedron Valley, and is a range\nof hills having several summits, which are a little under 3,000 feet in\nheight. (1.) The northern peak, called _Scopus_, lies northeast of the\nwall, and is supposed to be the point from which Titus obtained his\nfirst view of the doomed city. (2.) The second is called _Viri Galil\u00e6i_,\n\"men of Galilee,\" from a tradition that the angels, at the time of\nChrist's ascension, appeared upon it. (Acts 1:11.) (3.) The central\nsummit is the _Mount of Ascension_, 2,665 feet high, and directly east\nof the Temple. It is probable that the true place of the ascension is to\nbe found on the eastern slope of this hill, near Bethany, and not in\nsight of Jerusalem. (4.) The next peak southward is called \"_The\nProphets_,\" from a tradition that some of the prophets were buried upon\nits side near the Kedron. (5.) The southern peak is called the _Mount of\nOffense_, from the idol worship which Solomon established upon it. (1\nKings 11:7.)\n\n6. South of the Valley of Hinnom, and directly opposite to Mount Zion,\nis an eminence known as the _Hill of Evil Counsel_, where Judas is said\nto have bargained for the betrayal of his Lord. Upon the slope of this\nhill is the traditional Aceldama, \"the field of blood.\" (Matt. 27:7, 8.)\n\nVI. =Walls.= Of these, three are named by the early historians and\nmentioned in the Bible. 1. The first wall was built by David and\nSolomon, and surrounded what was known as \"the city of David.\" It\nincluded Zion, Moriah, Ophel, and the southern portion of the Tyropoeon\nValley. The lines of this wall may still be traced and the ancient\nfoundations shown in various places. 2. The second wall, including Acra,\nextended in a curved line from the tower Antonia, north of the Temple,\nto a point not yet marked with certainty, on the northern border of\nMount Zion. The location of Calvary and the place of the Saviour's\nburial depend upon the question, whether this wall ran outside or inside\nof the place where now stands the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. For, as\nthese were \"outside the gate,\" if the wall include the traditional\nlocalities, they are wrongly located, and the true places must be sought\nelsewhere, perhaps near the so-called Grotto of Jeremiah, north of the\ncity. We indicate both localities, but regard the northern as\npreferable. 3. The third wall was not built until after the time of\nChrist, but was begun by Herod Agrippa, and was completed not long\nbefore the Roman siege. This section was called \"the new city,\" and\nincluded Mount Bezetha, and the region north and northwest of Mount\nZion. Only a small portion of the wall can be located with certainty.\n\nVII. =History of Jerusalem.= This may be briefly noticed under seven\nperiods.\n\n1. _The Patriarchal Period_ (B.C. 2000-1300). The earliest mention of\nJerusalem is that in Gen. 14:18, which, taken with Psa. 76:2, seems to\nindicate the place, though the identity is questioned by some scholars.\nIn the time of Abraham, B.C. 1918, according to the common chronology,\nJerusalem was the seat of a kingdom under the priest Melchizedek, who\nreceived homage and tithes, as God's representative, from the patriarch.\nAt that time it was a centre, not only of political power, but of a\nreligious worship which was recognized by Abraham as divine and\nspiritual.\n\n2. _The Jebusite Period_ (B.C. 1300-1003). The next reference to\nJerusalem (and the earliest certain account) is at the time of the\nconquest, B.C. 1210. At that period it was held by the Jebusites, a\nrace of Canaanite origin, small in numbers, but of indomitable courage\nand resolution, since they were able to hold their city for four\ncenturies against all the power of Israel. Their king, Adoni-zedek\n(Josh. 10:1), may have been a descendant of the pious Melchi-zedek, as\nthe names are similar; but the ancient purity of the people's worship\nhad been lost in the idolatry of the surrounding races. The little city\nof Jebus, as it was then called, formed a confederation with the other\nclans of the south to resist Joshua's invading host. But in the decisive\nbattle of Beth-horon the Canaanites were routed, their five kings were\nslain (among them the king of Jerusalem), and the alliance was broken\nup. For the present, Jerusalem was not attacked, but its territory was\nassigned to the tribe of Benjamin. (Josh. 18:28.) Soon after the death\nof Joshua, however, it was besieged by the united tribes of Judah and\nSimeon, as dangerous to the northern frontier of the former. From Judges\n1:8, and the history of Josephus, we learn that the lower city (perhaps\non Acra) was taken and burned; but the fortress was found impregnable\n\"by reason of its walls and also of the nature of the place.\"\n(Josephus.) The city was soon rebuilt (Judges 19:11), and remained in\nJebusite hands through all the age of the Judges and the reign of Saul.\n\n3. _The Royal Period_ (B.C. 1003-587). With the accession of David a new\nera began in Israel, and every part of the kingdom soon felt the strong\nhand of its new master. He was not one to brook a foreign fortress in\nthe centre of his realm, and in the first year of his reign over united\nIsrael he marched against it, and demanded its surrender. Trusting to\ntheir strong situation, the Jebusites refused, and, as an insult, placed\n\"the blind and the lame\" on its walls in mockery of his attempt. But,\nunder the valiant Joab, the height was scaled, the fortress was taken,\nand Jerusalem was thenceforth \"the city of David.\" (2 Sam. 5.) David\nmade it his capital, brought thither the ark of the covenant, and\nsurrounded it with a new wall. Solomon enriched it with treasures, and\nwith its greatest glory, the Temple on Mount Moriah. After the division\nit remained the capital of Judah, though close to the border of the Ten\nTribes. It was taken without resistance from Rehoboam, by Shishak, the\nking of Egypt, and robbed of its wealth, 930 B.C. In the reign of\nJehoshaphat it was restored to something like its former prosperity; but\nunder his son Jehoram, B.C. 840, it was taken by a sudden attack of the\nPhilistines and Arabians, and again plundered. Under Athaliah it became\na shrine of abominable Baal worship, but was reformed by Jehoiada in the\nearlier days of the reign of Joash. Joash, however, in his later years\nallowed the people to relapse into idolatry, with the usual result; for,\nabout B.C. 800, the powerful Hazael, king of Syria, overran the\nShefelah, defeated the Judaites, and was only kept from entering the\ncity by a gift of its treasures. Amaziah, the next king, elated by a\nvictory, offered battle at Beth-shemesh to Joash, king of Israel, then\nthe most powerful state between Egypt and Assyria. He was defeated; and,\nas a result, Jerusalem was entered by the Israelites, its wall was\nthrown down, and it was again plundered. The city suffered during the\nwicked reign of Ahaz, but was restored and divinely protected from its\nAssyrian besiegers in the good reign of Hezekiah. After the death of\nJosiah it was entered by the Egyptians under Necho; but its final\ndestruction was wrought by Nebuchadnezzar, of the Babylonian empire.\nTwice he visited it with a heavy hand, setting up one king after\nanother; and, when his vassal Zedekiah again rebelled, he besieged it\nfor more than a year, with some intermissions, and at last, in B.C. 587,\nmade a breach in its walls and took it by storm. Then, for the first\ntime, the city was absolutely destroyed, and made a heap of ruins, while\nits people were carried into captivity.\n\n[Illustration: NATURAL FEATURES OF JERUSALEM.]\n\n4. _The Period of Restoration_ (B.C. 587-70 A.D.). After lying desolate\nfor 50 years, the city was again occupied under Zerubbabel, by the\ndecree of Cyrus, B.C. 536. For nearly a century it remained unwalled and\nwas thinly inhabited, until its wall was rebuilt by Nehemiah, B.C. 445.\nThenceforward it grew rapidly, and soon became again the metropolis as\nwell as the capital of the Jewish state. Alexander the Great visited it,\nB.C. 332, and gave the Jews certain privileges in his empire. The city\nwas taken by Ptolemy Soter, king of Egypt, B.C. 320, because the Jews\nwould not fight on the Sabbath. In B.C. 203 it was taken by Antiochus,\nthe king of Syria, and, after a revolt, again by his son, Antiochus\nEpiphanes, in B.C. 170 and B.C. 168. The latter capture was followed by\na bitter persecution of the Jewish religion, in which thousands of\nlives were sacrificed. But a deliverer arose, in the family of the\npriest Mattathias, whose son, Judas Maccabeus, rescued the city and\nrestored the worship in the Temple. Under the Maccabean princes\nJerusalem was generally prosperous, though with occasional reverses. The\nRomans first besieged and took the city under Pompey, B.C. 65. Herod the\nGreat beautified the city, erected many buildings, and rebuilt the\nTemple throughout. But the most terrible of all scenes in Jerusalem's\nannals, were those which took place in the revolt of the Jews against\nthe Roman empire, and the destruction of the city by Titus, A.D. 70. For\nyears it was the arena of riot, of the bloody strife of factions, and of\nmassacre, which scarcely ceased during the final siege. At last the city\nand Temple were taken by Titus, demolished and burned, and for a second\ntime Jerusalem was left an utter desolation.\n\n5. _The Roman Period_ (A.D. 70-637). For fifty years after its\ndestruction Jerusalem is not mentioned, and probably remained\nuninhabited. But, after the attempt of the false Messiah Bar-cocheba to\nrebuild the city and Temple, and restore the independence of the\nJews,--an attempt which was only quelled by calling forth all the power\nof the empire,--the emperor Hadrian resolved to establish a heathen city\nupon its site. He named it \u00c6lia Capitolina, built on Moriah a temple to\nJupiter, and allowed no Jews to enter the walls, a prohibition which\nremained until the empire became Christian. Constantine, the first\nChristian emperor, restored the ancient name; and his mother, Helena,\nmade a pilgrimage to the city, A.D. 326, which now began to be regarded\nas a sacred place by Christians. At this time the first Church of the\nHoly Sepulchre was built, over the place where Helena discovered the\ntomb of Jesus. The emperor Julian, A.D. 362, out of hatred to the\nChristians, undertook to rebuild the Temple, and make it once more a\nJewish centre; but was defeated in his plans by earthquakes and the\nleaping forth of subterranean fires, as is related by Ammianus\nMarcellinus, himself a heathen, the friend and companion in arms of the\nemperor. He states: \"Horrible balls of fire, breaking out near the\nfoundations, with frequent and reiterated attacks, rendered the place\nfrom time to time inaccessible to the scorched and blasted workmen; and,\nthe victorious element continuing in this, obstinately and resolutely\nbent, as it were, to drive them to a distance, the undertaking was\nabandoned.\" In 529 A.D. the emperor Justinian founded a church upon the\nsite where now is the Mosque el Aksa, and a tide of pilgrims, increasing\nwith each generation, began to pour upon the holy places. In 614 A.D.\nthe city was taken by the Persian king, Chosroes II., the churches were\ndestroyed, and multitudes of priests and monks were slain; but 14 years\nafterward it was retaken by the emperor Heraclius, and held, though but\nfor a short time, by the Christians.\n\n6. _The Medi\u00e6val Period_ (A.D. 637-1517). In 637 Palestine and Jerusalem\npassed under the dominion of the Moslems, then ruled by the Caliph Omar;\nbut the holy places were respected, and the Christians were allowed to\nretain their churches. Under the Fatimite caliphs of Cairo the\nChristians were persecuted, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was\nseveral times destroyed and rebuilt. The pilgrims from Europe brought\ntrade and tribute, so that the city flourished, in spite of frequent\npillagings and captures by various Arab and Turkish hordes. On July 15,\n1099, it was taken by the Crusaders, after a terrible assault, and for\n88 years was the seat of a Christian kingdom. Saladin reconquered it in\n1187; and various changes in its government and several sieges followed,\nuntil 1517, when it finally passed under the rule of the Turks, who have\nsince been its masters.\n\n7. _The Modern Period_, from A.D. 1517 until the present, has witnessed\ncomparatively few changes in the city's condition. The present wall was\nbuilt by the sultan Suleiman in 1542. In 1832 it was seized by Mohammed\nAli, Pasha of Egypt, but was again restored to the sultan, through the\ninterference of the European powers. It is now a city of a population\nvariously estimated at from twenty to fifty thousand.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW.\n\nHave two blackboards (or a large one), and use one for the outline of\nthe lesson, the other for the map.\n\nI. Teach the _Names_. Salem, Jebus, Jerusalem, Ariel, \u00c6lia Capitolina,\nEl Khuds.\n\nII. _Location._ 1. Latitude. 2. Longitude. 3. Distances. 4. Elevation.\n\nIII. _Geologic Formation._\n\nIV. _Valleys._ Draw a rough map showing the valleys, and name them,\nindicating them by initial letters on the map. 1. Kedron. 2. Tyropoeon.\n3. Hinnom.\n\nV. _Mountains._ Describe each, and indicate by initial letter. 1. Zion.\n2. Acra. 3. Moriah. 4. Bezetha. 5. Olives. Peaks: (1.) Scopus. (2.)\n\"Viri Galil\u00e6i.\" (3.) Ascension. (4.) Prophets. (5.) Offense. (6.) Evil\nCounsel.\n\nVI. _Walls._ Draw them on the board, describe and name. First. (David.)\nSecond. Third. (Agrippa.)\n\nVII. _History._ 1. Patriarchal. (Melchizedek.) 2. Jebusite.\n(Adoni-zedek.) 3. Royal. (David, Jehoshaphat, etc.) 4. Restoration.\n(Zerubbabel, Alexander, Ptolemy, Antiochus, Judas Maccabeus, Pompey,\nHerod, Titus.) 5. Roman. (Bar-cocheba, Hadrian, Constantine, Julian,\nJustinian, Chosroes.) 6. Medi\u00e6val. (Omar, Crusaders, Saladin.) 7.\nModern. (Suleiman, Mohammed Ali, etc.)\n\n[Illustration: PANORAMA OF JERUSALEM, FROM THE MOUNT OF OLIVES.]\n\n  Rosel Minaret                                            A 44\n  El Kala'a (Citadel)                                      A 45\n  Hippicus (Tower of David)                                A 46\n  Greek Monastery                                          A 57\n  Russian Colony                                        A 75-87\n  Hospital                                                 A 77\n  Church                                                A 81-82\n  Talitha Kumi                                             A 85\n  German Hospital for Children                             A 92\n  Watchtower on the Road to Yafa                           A 97\n  Wely Rimr Monument                                       A 98\n  Mosque and Tombs of David                                B 23\n  Buildings and Gardens of the Armenian Monastery       B 27-36\n  Armenian Seminary                                        B 28\n  St. James Church of the Armenians                        B 35\n  English Protestant Church                                B 42\n  Girl's School of the English Mission                     B 43\n  Muristan                                                 B 47\n  Mar Hanna (Greek Church)                                 B 47\n  Yafa Gate                                                B 48\n  Latin Patriarchate                                       B 56\n  Church of the Sepulchre                                  B 57\n  Kaukab Minaret                                           B 60\n  Latin Monastery of St. Salvador                       B 65-66\n  Hospice of St. John, and German School                   B 62\n  Mulawieh Minaret                                         B 78\n  Russian Consulate                                        B 81\n  Pilgrims' Houses                                         B 84\n  Arabian Protestant Church                                B 91\n  Jebel Abu T\u00f4r (Hill of Evil Counsel)                    C 7-9\n  Tree of Judas                                            C 8\n  Road to Bethlehem                                        C 13\n  Mount Zion                                            C 19-29\n  Suburb of Neby Daud                                   C 20-24\n  Gate of Zion                                             C 25\n  Synagogues of the Ashkenasim                    C 28 and B 32\n  Hamra Minaret                                            C 72\n  Damascus Gate                                            C 79\n  Hill of the Grotto of Jeremiah                           C 95\n  Place where Peter Wept                                   D 17\n  Dwellings for Pilgrims of the Ashkenasim                 D 21\n  Gate of Herod                                            D 89\n  Mosque el Aksa                                        E 16-22\n  Dung Gate                                                E 19\n  Moghreb Minaret                                          E 20\n  Rothschilds' Hospital                                    E 22\n  Kubbet es Sakhra (Dome of the Rock)                   E 31-36\n  New Convent of the Roman Catholic Sisters of Zion     E 62-63\n  Barracks (Castle of Antonia)                          F 55-56\n  Haram esh Sherif (Site of the Temple)                 G 15-39\n  Former Serai                                             G 52\n  Valley of Hinnom (Wady er Rababi)                    I 1-E 14\n  Golden Gate                                           I 30-31\n  Gate of St. Stephen (Bab Sitti Mariam)                   I 56\n  Moslem Tombs                                    J 27 and J 70\n  Road to Gethsemane                               J 55 to N 53\n  Road from the Valley of Kedron to the Gate of Zion K 2 to N 4\n  Slope toward the Wady Sitti Mariam\n      (Valley of Kedron or Jehoshaphat)              Foreground\n\n\nDESCRIPTION OF MODERN JERUSALEM.\n\nI. =Location.= The modern city of Jerusalem stands upon the ruins of the\nancient, but does not include much of Mount Zion, which was the most\nimportant part in Bible history. It occupies the northern part of Zion,\nthe hills Acra, Moriah, and part of Bezetha, embracing within its walls\nan area of about 210 acres. Its population has been variously estimated,\nbut is supposed to number about 22,000, of which 12,000 are Jews, 5,000\nMoslems, and 5,000 Christians. The view represents it from the eastern\nside, having in the foreground the Valley of the Kedron, or of\nJehoshaphat, called by Mohammedans _Wady Sitti Mariam_, \"The Valley of\nour Lady Mary.\" On the south, or left of the picture, is the Valley of\nHinnom (_Wady er Rababi_), and beyond it the Hill of Evil Counsel\n(_Jebel Abu T\u00f4r_), the traditional place where Judas made the agreement\nto betray his Lord. On the northwest, outside the wall, is the extensive\nRussian establishment for pilgrims of the Greek Church, containing the\nconsulate, houses, and a large church. Near it is a Protestant mission\nchurch. North of the wall, on the right of the picture, is a cave called\nthe Grotto of Jeremiah, supposed by some to represent the place of the\ncrucifixion and burial of Jesus. The roads running out of the city, and\nthe places adjoining them, will be described in connection with the map\nof the Environs of Jerusalem, page 82.\n\nII. =Walls.= The present walls were built by the Sultan Suleiman, in\n1542, on the site of a medi\u00e6val wall. Though imposing in appearance,\naffording a fine view of the city, and sufficiently strong to protect it\nfrom marauders of the desert, they would be of little avail against\nmodern methods of warfare. They are in most places 38 feet high, and\ncontain 34 towers. They form an irregular quadrangle, which may be\nroughly described as 3,930 feet long on the north, 2,754 feet on the\neast (the front of the engraving), 3,245 feet on the south, and 2,086\nfeet on the west, making the entire wall 12,015 feet, or 2.292 miles\nlong.\n\nIII. =Gates.= Of these there are seven, two of which are closed. 1. The\nJaffa or Yafa Gate, called by Moslems, _Bab el Khalil_, \"Hebron Gate,\"\nis in the western wall, near the Citadel of David. Through this gate\nmost travelers enter the city. 2. The Damascus Gate (_Bab el Amud_,\n\"Gate of the Column,\") is in the middle of the northern wall (right of\nthe picture), and leads to the northward road, over Scopus, past the\n(so-called) Tombs of the Kings, to Samaria and Damascus. 3. The Gate of\nHerod (_Bab es Zahireh_) is in the northern wall (right of the picture),\nbut is kept closed during most of the year. 4. The Gate of St. Stephen\n(_Bab es Sitti Mariam_, \"Gate of our Lady Mary,\") is in the eastern wall\n(foreground of the picture), and is supposed by some to be the place of\nStephen's martyrdom. The road leads from it past the Garden of\nGethsemane, over Mount Olivet, and through Bethany. 5. The Golden Gate,\nwalled up, is in the eastern wall, and is shown in the picture in front\nof the Dome of the Rock. Its Moslem names are _Bab el Taubeh_, \"Gate of\nRepentance,\" and _Bab ed Dahariyeh_, \"Eternal Gate.\" 6. The Dung Gate,\ncalled also the Moorish Gate (_Bab ed Mugharibeh_), is a small portal in\nthe southern wall, leading to the village of Siloam, but usually closed.\nIt is shown on the left of the picture. 7. The Zion Gate (_Bab en Neby\nDaud_, \"Gate of the Prophet David,\") is in the southern wall, opening on\nMount Zion, indicated on the picture in the background on the left.\n\nIV. =Quarters.= These are four in number, given to the different\nreligions; but to them may be added the Temple Enclosure, which forms a\nseparate section of the city. Their boundaries cannot be traced upon the\npicture, but may be seen on the map of Modern Jerusalem, page 81. Two\nimportant streets, crossing each other nearly at right angles, divide\nthe city into the four unequal sections called quarters. The streets are\nDavid Street, running eastward from the Jaffa (Yafa) Gate, and Damascus\nStreet, southward from the Damascus Gate; though both have different\nnames in some places.\n\n1. The Mohammedan Quarter occupies the northeastern half of the city,\nand is the foreground of our view. Its principal objects of interest\nare, the Church of St. Mary Magdalene, the Church of St. Anne, two\nconvents, two mosques, a building known as Pilate's Hall, and the narrow\nand crooked street known as the Via Dolorosa, \"The Sorrowful Way,\"\nthrough which Christ is (traditionally) said to have carried his cross;\na street crowded with places commemorating different events in the\npassion of our Lord.\n\n2. The Temple Enclosure, called by Moslems _Haram esh Sherif_, \"The\nNoble Sanctuary,\" is in the southeastern part of the Mohammedan Quarter\n(on the left foreground of the picture). It occupies the site of the\nTemple, and probably a part also of the Tower of Antonia. (See map and\ndescription of Ancient Jerusalem, page 72.) It is now a quadrangle of\n1,042 feet on the north, 1,530 east (along the front wall in the\npicture), 922 south, and 1,601 west, embracing about 35 acres. Its most\nprominent building is the _Kubbet es Sakhra_, \"The Dome of the Rock,\"\noften called, but incorrectly, the Mosque of Omar. This is an octagonal\nbuilding, each of its sides being 67 feet long, 170 in height, and\nsurmounted by a dome. Directly under the dome rises a rough native rock,\nstanding at present nearly 5 feet above the pavement. Some regard this\nas the place where the Ark of the Covenant rested in Solomon's Temple;\nbut most authorities consider it the site of the Altar of Burnt\nOffering, and of Araunah's threshing-floor. (2 Sam. 24:18.) In the\nsoutheast corner of the Enclosure stands the Mosque el Aksa (left of the\npicture), adjoining the southern wall.\n\n3. The Jewish Quarter is west of the Temple Enclosure. In the picture,\nbeyond the trees in the Enclosure, may be seen the steep side of the\nTyropoeon Valley. The Jews' Wailing Place, adjoining the Temple\nEnclosure, is hidden in the picture by the Mosque el Aksa, but may be\nlocated upon the map. Here the wall contains large blocks of stone,\nwhich may have belonged to the foundations of the court of the ancient\nTemple; and at this place a Jewish service of lamentation is held every\nweek, over the destruction of the Temple and the city. Two domed\nbuildings may be noticed on the hill beyond the Tyropoeon Valley, the\ntwo synagogues of the Ashkenasim Jews. This quarter, once filthy and\nmean, has been greatly improved by the liberality of Sir Moses\nMontefiore.\n\n4. The Armenian Quarter is west of the Jewish, in the southwestern\ncorner of the city. Its most prominent building is the Citadel of David\n(_el Kabaa_), an irregular, castellated edifice, containing a lofty\ntower. This _may_ occupy the site of the castle built by David, where a\nJebusite fortress had stood before, but the identification is not\ncertain. Two other buildings in this quarter are named upon the\npanoramic view, the Church of St. James, and a seminary.\n\n5. The Christian Quarter is in the northwestern part of the city,\nbetween the Jaffa and Damascus Gates, in the picture. Its most important\nlocality is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, where tradition has fixed\nthe scenes of the crucifixion and resurrection. The church is a group of\nbuildings, crowned with a dome, and erected at various periods. The Holy\nSepulchre itself is a marble shrine within the cathedral, 26 feet long,\nby 18 broad, and 20 feet high. If the ancient wall can be certainly\nshown not to have been _outside_ of this place, then the identity of the\nholy places may be deemed measurably sure, since the cross and the\nsepulchre were undoubtedly near the wall, but without it. Another place\nof interest is the Muristan, a ruined castle, which was the headquarters\nof the Knights Hospitallers during the Crusades.\n\nV. =Fountains and Pools.= Most of these are without the walls, and only\none is shown in the picture. The identification of the ancient pools is\nnot easy, and explorers are not agreed with regard to their position and\nmodern name. 1. The _Birket Mamilla_, supposed by many to represent the\nUpper Pool of Gihon (2 Kings 18:17; Isa. 7:3), lies 2,000 feet west of\nthe Jaffa Gate, and is now 240 feet long by 144 wide, but anciently much\nlarger. 2. The _Birket es Sultan_, supposed to be the Lower Pool of\nGihon, where Solomon was crowned (1 Kings 1:38), lies just outside the\nsouthwestern corner of the wall, in the Valley of Hinnom. It is narrow,\nbut 500 feet long. 3. The _Birket es Silwan_, or Pool of Siloam (John\n9:7), is in the Tyropoeon Valley, near its junction with the Kedron\nValley, just outside the limit of the picture, on the left. It is 52\nfeet long, and 18 wide. 4. The _Birket el Hamra_ (\"red pond\") lies south\nof the Pool of Siloam, still further outside of the picture, and is\nlarger, but now nearly filled up, and without water. Some think that\nthis is the pool dug by Hezekiah. (2 Chron. 32:30.) 5. The spring\n_En-rogel_, called by Christians the Fountain of the Virgin, and by\nMoslems _'Ain Umm ed Deraj_ (\"the spring the mother of steps,\" from the\n28 steps leading down to it), is the only natural fountain near the\ncity. It lies in the narrowest part of the Kedron Valley, opposite the\nstone Zoheleth. (1 Kings 1:9.) Its action is intermittent, rising and\nfalling suddenly, sometimes oftener than once a day. From this fact,\nsome have thought it to be the Pool of Bethesda. (John 5:2-9.) 6. But\nmost of the explorers regard the Pool of Bethesda as identical with\nthe _Birket Israel_, which may be found on the picture just within the\neastern (foreground) wall, between the gate of St. Stephen and the\nnorthern wall of the Temple Enclosure, just behind the little domed\nbuilding by the wall, to the left of St. Stephen's Gate. This is 360\nfeet long, by 120 feet wide, and 80 feet deep, but half filled with\nrubbish. 7. The _Birket Hamman_ (\"Pool of the Bath\"), generally known as\nthe Pool of Hezekiah, is within the wall, adjoining the Muristan on the\nwest, and hidden by it in the picture. It is supplied with water by an\nunderground conduit, from the _Birket Mamilla_. 8. To this list we might\nadd the vast covered reservoirs under the Temple, on Mount Moriah. These\naggregated in their capacity five million gallons, and furnished an\nabundant supply of water for the Temple services.\n\nVI. =Outside the Walls.= Some of the important places without the wall\nhave been already noticed. The Tomb of David (traditional) is on Mount\nZion, near the Gate of Zion; and just a little to the left of it, where\nseveral small domes are seen, is the Coenaculum, or traditional place\nwhere the Last Supper was held. Mount Zion is now, fulfilling prophecy,\n\"a plowed field,\" and has but few buildings. On nearly all sides of the\ncity, outside the wall, are Moslem graves. Northwest of the city, toward\nthe Russian Colony, is the place where the Assyrian messengers encamped\nin the time of Hezekiah. (2 Kings 18.)\n\n[Illustration: MODERN JERUSALEM.]\n\n[Illustration: ENVIRONS OF JERUSALEM.]\n\n\n\n\nTHE ENVIRONS OF JERUSALEM.\n\n\nTHE city of Jerusalem occupies a prominent place, not only in the\nhistory but also in the topography of the Holy Land. It is one of the\nmost elevated sites in a land whose important places were among the\nmountains. There are many peaks higher than Mount Zion, on which the\ncity stands; but few cities in Palestine are built upon a site so lofty.\nThis fact explains many of the allusions in the Psalms. \"Beautiful for\nsituation,\" \"I will look unto the hills,\" etc.\n\nThere are six roads leading to Jerusalem from different parts of the\nland. Starting from the city by each one of these roads, let us notice\nthe important places upon either side of it.\n\n[Illustration: DEFILE BETWEEN JERUSALEM AND JERICHO.]\n\nI. =The Northern Road.= This starts from the Damascus Gate and leads\nalmost due north through the centre of the mountain region, toward\nShechem and Damascus, passing more of the historic localities than any\nother. Explorers, however, are not agreed upon the identification of all\nthe places; and our space permits us only to give conclusions without\nnaming reasons or authorities for the opinion in all cases.\n\n1. About a mile north of Jerusalem, on the west of the path, we find\n_Scopus_, the eminence from which Titus, the Roman conqueror, obtained\nhis first view of the doomed city. According to some authorities this\nwas also the location of _Mizpeh_, the place of assembly for Israel\nduring the time of the Judges. But later investigators place Mizpeh at\n_Neby Samwil_, on the northwestern road, and we have accepted their\nconclusions. (See next page.) Both the location of Mizpeh and that of\nRamah are uncertain. One word means \"watch-tower,\" the other \"height,\"\nso they may be identical, though the references seem to point to\ndifferent localities.\n\n2. A mile further, and on the west of the path, is _Nob_ (_el\nIsawiyeh_), named as a city of the priests. At this place the Tabernacle\nwas kept during the reign of Saul; David visited the high-priest and\nreceived the sword of Goliath; and the priest and 70 of his associates\nwere slain by command of Saul. (1 Sam. 21:1-9; 22:9-19.)\n\n3. _Gibeah_ (_Tuleil el Ful_), \"hill of beans,\" lies on the east of the\nroad, 2-1/2 miles from the city. The place is first mentioned in the\npainful story of the Levite (Judges 19); but its principal interest is\nin the fact that it was the home and court of King Saul. \"It is now\ndreary and desolate, with scarce any ruins save a confused mass of\nstones, which form a sort of cairn on the top.\"--_Tristram._\n\n4. _Anathoth_ (_Anata_), the birthplace of the prophet Jeremiah, and a\npriestly city, is 3 miles northeast of Jerusalem, upon a path branching\nout of the main road. It is now a village of about 20 houses.\n\n5. Some locate _Ramah_, the home of Samuel, at _Er Ram_, on the east of\nthe road; but others favor the place at _Neby Samwil_, to be noticed\nbelow.\n\n6. _Michmash_, the scene of Jonathan's daring exploit, lies on a hill\nadjoining a ravine, 7 miles northeast of the city; and a mile away, in\nplain sight, lies _Geba_, the camping place of Saul's army at the time\nof the battle. (1 Sam. 13.) It is now called _Mukmas_.\n\n7. _Ai_--the place where Joshua's army was repulsed by the Canaanites,\non account of the crime of Achan (Josh. 7), and which, after his\npunishment, was taken and destroyed by the Israelites--is 9 miles from\nthe city; a desolate heap, known as _el Tell_.\n\n8. _Beeroth_ (wells), now _el Bireh_, 10 miles north, was one of the\nGibeonite cities which made peace with Israel. (Josh. 9:17.) According\nto tradition, this is the place where Joseph and Mary, returning from\nJerusalem, first missed the boy Jesus (Luke 2:44); and it is now the\nhalting place of caravans going north.\n\n9. _Bethel_, \"the house of God\" (now _Beitin_), 10 miles north, is a\nplace of many Scriptural associations. Here Abraham pitched his tent and\nbuilt his altar, on his entrance upon the Land of Promise (Gen 12:8);\nhere Jacob lay down to rest and saw the glorious vision of the heavenly\nladder (Gen. 28:11-22), and on his return from Syria again consecrated\nthe place to God's service. (Gen. 35:6-15.) During the period of the Ten\nTribes it was a sanctuary of idols, but also the seat of a prophetic\nschool. (1 Kings 12:29-33; 2 Kings 2:2, 3.) It is now an uninhabited\nruin.\n\n10. East of Bethel, and 11 miles north of Jerusalem, is the rock\n_Rimmon_ (now _Rummon_), where the remnant of the tribe of Benjamin\nfound a refuge after the civil war. (Judges 20, 21.)\n\n11. Two miles north of Rimmon is the site of _Ophrah_, in the New\nTestament _Ephraim_, the retreat of Jesus after the raising of Lazarus.\n(John 11:54.) It is in a wilderness, on the edge of the Jordan Valley,\nand outside the line of travel; now called _et Taiyibeh_.\n\n[Illustration: SOLOMON'S POOLS.]\n\nII. =The Eastern Road= from Jerusalem leads through a barren region of\ncrags and ravines, almost without inhabitants, except the robbers who\nhave haunted it since the days when \"a certain man went down from\nJerusalem to Jericho, and fell among thieves.\" (Luke 10:30.) The road is\na continual descent from a height of 2,700 feet above the sea to 1,300\nfeet below it, in 20 miles.\n\nThe only place passed on the route is _Bethany_ (now _el Azariyeh_), the\nhome of Mary and Martha, the place where Lazarus was raised from death,\nand near which Jesus ascended. (Luke 24:50.) It is on the eastern slope\nof the Mount of Olives, and about a mile and a quarter from Jerusalem.\nBeyond this place the road grows more steep, descending toward the\nJordan Valley.\n\nIII. =The Southern Road=, leading along the crest of the hill country\ntoward Hebron, also passes few places of historical interest.\n\n1. Just south of the city is the _Plain of the Rephaim_, where, after\nthe capture of Jerusalem, David twice met and vanquished the\nPhilistines. (2 Sam. 5:18-25.) The name may be a reminiscence of the\nmost ancient people who inhabited the mountain region of Palestine,\nbefore the Amorites were in the land.\n\n2. Four miles from the city the traveler passes _Rachel's Tomb_. This\nmay represent the place where Jacob, while journeying southward, lost\nhis beloved wife Rachel, the mother of Joseph and Benjamin. (Gen.\n35:16-20.) The monument now standing is of comparatively recent date;\nbut it may occupy the site of one more ancient.\n\n3. Six miles southeast of the city we come to _Bethlehem_, a small town,\nyet having the deepest interest as the birthplace of David, and of\nDavid's greatest descendant, the Saviour of the world. It lies upon the\nside and summit of a steep hill, and contains now about 2,000\ninhabitants. Many places connected with the birth of Jesus are shown;\nbut there is no authority for their precise location except tradition.\nIn a cave near this village Jerome wrote most of his translation of the\nBible, the Vulgate version, recognized as the standard Bible by the\nRoman Catholic Church.\n\n4. A little beyond Bethlehem is the head of the _Valley of Elah_, in\nwhich, but at a distance to the west, David fought with Goliath, and\ngained his earliest honors before Israel. (1 Sam. 17.)\n\n5. There are no more places of interest to the Bible reader until we\nreach _Hebron_, 18 miles from Jerusalem. This is one of the most ancient\ntowns in the world, occupied before the time of Abraham; the burial\nplace of the Patriarchs, the capital of David's kingdom of Judah, and\nthe place where Absalom's rebellion was begun. It is still a large town,\ninhabited by intolerant Mohammedans, who closely guard the sanctity of\nthe Mosque which covers the graves of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. It is\nnow called _el Khalil_, \"the Friend,\" _i. e._, Abraham, \"the friend of\nGod.\"\n\n6. The region between Hebron and the Dead Sea is wild and desolate, with\nbut few inhabitants. It was called _Jeshimon_, \"the waste,\" and is the\nplace generally recognized as \"the wilderness of Jud\u00e6a,\" where David\nwandered during his exile when he was persecuted by Saul, and in\nconstant danger of his life, and where Christ was tempted after his long\nfast of forty days.\n\nIV. =The Southwestern Road= is that \"that goeth down from Jerusalem unto\nGaza, which is desert.\" (Acts 8:26.) It passes through ravines and among\nmountains, descending through successive plateaus, from the mountain\nregion to the Shefelah, or low hills, and thence to the plain by the\nMediterranean. It is \"desert,\" in the sense that no towns lie along the\nroute. The fountain where Philip baptized the Ethiopian treasurer is\nshown at _Ain Haniyeh_, 4 miles southwest of Jerusalem; but it has only\ntradition in support of its claim.\n\nV. =The Western Road= leads to Joppa, descending from the mountains to\nthe sea.\n\n1. Four miles from Jerusalem it passes _Emmaus_ (_Kuloniyeh_), the place\nto which the two disciples were walking when they were joined by the\nrisen Christ. (Luke 24:13.) The place, however, is disputed. Dr. Thomson\nlocates it at _Kuriet el Enab_, further from Jerusalem; and others at\n_el Kubeibeh_, 7 miles northwest of the city.\n\n2. _Kirjath-jearim_, or _Baalah_, is 7 miles from Jerusalem, at _Kuriet\nel Enab_, named above. Here the Ark of the Covenant was brought from\nBeth-shemesh, after its return from the Philistines, and remained until\nit was removed by David to Jerusalem. (1 Sam. 6:21; 2 Sam. 6:2.) It is\nnow a small village, with ruins and a church.\n\nVI. =The Northwestern Road= branches from the Northern Road just beyond\nGibeah, and winds down the mountains to the sea-shore at Joppa. Among\nits places of interest are the following:\n\n1. _Mizpeh_, \"watch-tower,\" is probably the hill known as _Neby Samwil_,\n4 miles northwest of Jerusalem. Here Samuel gathered the people for\nreformation, and won his great victory over the Philistines. This may\nalso have been _Ramah_, the birthplace and burial-place of Samuel.\n\n2. _Gibeon_ is at _el Jib_, a hill 6 miles from Jerusalem. This was the\nhead of the Hivite league of cities which made peace with Israel and\nwere spared by Joshua at the time of the conquest (Josh. 9:17); which\nled to the battle of Beth-horon, the decisive event of the war. Here a\nskirmish took place between the soldiers of David and of Abner (while\nDavid was reigning over Judah), and Asahel, the brother of Joab, was\nkilled. (2 Sam. 2:12-24.) At this place the Tabernacle was standing\nduring David's reign, while the ark was at Zion; here was \"the great\nhigh place\" where Solomon offered sacrifice at the opening of his reign;\nand here Solomon had a vision, and made his choice of wisdom. (1 Kings\n3:4-14.)\n\n3. Five miles beyond Gibeon is _Beth-horon_, celebrated as the place\nwhere was fought the great battle of the conquest, which, measured by\nits results, was the most important battle in the history of the world,\nsince upon it was staked the world's religion. If ever the sun might\nstand still, it was then, when earth's destiny was in the balance.\n(Josh. 10:9-14.) The \"upper Beth-horon\" is at _Beit ur el Foka_, and the\nlower at _Beit ur et Tahta_, two miles beyond it.\n\nIn this brief view we have compassed the most important places upon the\nmap within 15 miles around the city of Jerusalem.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW.\n\n\nSUGGESTIONS FOR TEACHING.\n\n1. Locate upon the blackboard Jerusalem as a centre, and in presence of\nthe class draw the general direction of the roads leading from it. It is\nscarcely necessary to draw the valleys and mountains, as they are but\nrarely referred to by name. The teacher may mark the line of the road in\nFrench chalk or common slate-pencil upon the blackboard, in advance of\nthe lesson, making a faint line, which can be followed with the crayon\nafterward.\n\n2. Then take each road in order, going out from Jerusalem, and indicate\nthe places near it, stating the events of Bible History in connection\nwith each place.\n\n3. It would be a good plan to write on slips of paper the references to\ntexts, distribute them among the class, and have each text read by a\nstudent as its event is named.\n\n\nREVIEW.\n\nI. _Northern Road._ 1. Scopus. (Titus.) 2. Nob. (Slaughter of priests.)\n3. Gibeah. (Saul's court.) 4. Anathoth. (Jeremiah.) 5. Ramah.(?)\n(Samuel.) 6. Michmash. (Jonathan's exploit.) 7. Ai. (Achan.) 8. Beeroth.\n(Gibeonites; Jesus lost in Temple.) 9. Bethel. (Jacob's ladder.) 10.\nRimmon. (Benjamin.) 11. Ephraim. (Christ's retirement.)\n\nII. _Eastern Road._ 1. Bethany. (Lazarus.) 2. Steep descent. 3. Jericho.\n\nIII. _Southern Road._ 1. Plain of Rephaim. (David's victory.) 2.\nRachel's Tomb. 3. Bethlehem. (David, Jesus.) 4. Valley of Elah. (David\nand Goliath.) 5. Hebron. (Abraham's sepulchre.) 6. Jeshimon\n(Wilderness).\n\nIV. _Southwestern Road._ \"Jerusalem to Gaza.\" (Philip.)\n\nV. _Western Road._ 1. Emmaus. (Risen Christ.) 2. Kirjath-jearim.\n(Removal of ark.)\n\nVI. _Northwestern Road._ 1. Mizpeh. (Samuel.) 2. Gibeon. (Solomon's\nchoice.) 3. Beth-horon. (Joshua's victory.)\n\n[Illustration: GETHSEMANE.]\n\n[Illustration: THE DIVISION OF SOLOMON'S EMPIRE.]\n\n\n\n\nTHE DIVISION OF SOLOMON'S EMPIRE.\n\n\nON the death of Solomon, B.C. 935, the empire which had been won by the\nsword and consolidated by the statesmanship of David, fell asunder, and\nfive kingdoms took the place of one. These were:\n\n1. The portion of Solomon's empire north of Mount Hermon and extending\nto the Euphrates revolted, and formed the =Kingdom of Syria=, having\nDamascus for its capital. This kingdom, at first small, soon rose to\npower, and at its height, under Hazael, was the leading nation in Asia,\nwest of the Euphrates. It fell, about B.C. 750, under the power of\nAssyria.\n\n[Illustration: CHRONOLOGICAL CHART OF KINGS OF ISRAEL AND JUDAH.]\n\n2. South of Syria was the =Kingdom of Israel=, or the Ten Tribes,\nfounded by Jeroboam, B.C. 935, soon after the death of Solomon. This\nincluded by far the larger portion of Palestine Proper, having 9,400\nsquare miles, while the rival kingdom of Judah had but 3,400. It\nreceived the allegiance of all the tribes on the east of the Jordan. The\nboundary line between the two kingdoms ran south of Jericho, Bethel and\nJoppa. This line was, however, very variable, being moved northward or\nsouthward, according to the relative power of the kingdoms. Over this\nkingdom reigned nineteen kings, representing several dynasties, with\nintervals of anarchy and frequent change. Its capital was at first\nShechem, then Tirzah, until Omri, the founder of the third dynasty,\nchose a permanent location at SAMARIA, which soon became to Israel all\nthat Jerusalem was to Judah, and in time gave its name to the entire\nprovince. Its two religious sanctuaries were at Dan on the north, and at\nBethel on the south, where the national worship to Jehovah, was\nmaintained under the form of a calf or young ox.\n\n3. =The Kingdom of Judah= included the tribe of that name, a portion of\nBenjamin, and perhaps of Simeon also, though the southern boundary was\nalways uncertain. The Shefelah, or low hills, and the sea-coast, were\nprobably controlled by the Philistines, though nominally belonging to\nJudah. This kingdom remained loyal to the house of David during all its\nhistory, and was ruled by twenty-one kings, all of one family. It was\ndestroyed by Nebuchadnezzar, B.C. 587.\n\n4. =Moab= lay east of the Dead Sea, between the brooks Arnon and Zered.\nIt was nominally subject to Israel (the northern kingdom); but, from the\nindications of the history and of the Moabite Stone (a monument of\nMesha, the king of Moab, erected in the time of Elisha the prophet), it\nmay be inferred that it had its own government, and only occasionally\npaid tribute to the Ten Tribes. Strong kings, like Omri, Ahab and\nJeroboam II., may have held power over it; but during most of the time\nit was practically independent.\n\n5. =Edom=, south of the Dead Sea, had been conquered by David, and\nremained subject during the reign of Solomon. After the disruption it\nheld to Judah about the same relation that Moab held to Israel,\ndependent and tributary, but not annexed as a part of the realm. There\nwas a king of Edom during the reign of Jehoshaphat (2 Kings 3:9), but\nevidently subject to Judah. The Edomites finally gained their\nindependence during the reign of Jehoram, the son of Jehoshaphat (2\nKings 8:16-22), despite a defeat which they suffered at Zair (probably\nSeir, or Sela). Like all the kingdoms around it, this kingdom fell under\nthe rule of Nebuchadnezzar.\n\nThese five provinces or kingdoms are represented upon the map according\nto their general boundaries during most of the time from the age of\nSolomon to that of Nebuchadnezzar, when all the East was united under\none mighty sceptre. Historically, the epoch requires the consideration\nof several periods, as follows:\n\n1. =The Period of Division= (B.C. 935-842), during which three\nkingdoms--Syria, Israel and Judah--strove for supremacy. This extends\nfrom the reign of Jeroboam to that of Jehu in the north; and from\nRehoboam to Joash in Judah. During the first half-century of this\nperiod, wars were constant between Israel and Judah. During the latter\nhalf-century the growing power of Syria compelled an alliance between\nthe rival kingdoms, and nearly all the battles were between Israel and\nSyria. The leading events of this period were: (1.) The accession of\nRehoboam, followed by the disruption of the kingdom, and the breaking up\nof Solomon's empire. (2.) The invasion of Judah by Shishak, king of\nEgypt, and the loss of all the treasures of David and Solomon (2 Chron.\n12), which permanently crippled the kingdom. (3.) The wars of Jeroboam\nwith Judah, culminating in the battle of Zemaraim, near Bethel, a signal\ndefeat for Israel. (2 Chron. 13.) (4.) The invasion of Judah by the\nEthiopians under Zerah, and the victory of Asa at Mareshah. (2 Chron.\n14.) (5.) The introduction of the worship of Baal into Israel, by Ahab,\nand with it the appearance of the prophet Elijah. (1 Kings 16-19.) (6.)\nThe wars with Syria, with the victory of Israel at Aphek, and the defeat\nat Ramoth-gilead. (1 Kings 20-22.) (7.) The invasion of Judah, in the\nreign of Jehoshaphat, by the allied forces of Ammon, Moab and Edom, and\ntheir slaughter at Berachah. (2 Chron. 20.) (8.) The allied war of\nIsrael and Judah with Moab, and the battle of Kir-haraseth, commemorated\nby the Moabite Stone, recently discovered. (2 Kings 3.) (9.) The revolt\nof Edom from Judah, in the reign of Jehoram. Jehoram gained a victory at\nZair (probably Sela, or Petra), but could not retain supremacy over the\nEdomites.\n\n[Illustration: MOABITE STONE.]\n\n[Illustration: THE SYRIAN PERIOD, B.C. 884-840.]\n\n2. =The Syrian Period=, B.C. 842-799, began with revolutions in the same\nyear in Damascus, Samaria, and Jerusalem; by which Hazael mounted the\nthrone of Syria, Jehu of Israel, and Athaliah, the queen-mother, usurped\nthe throne of Judah. Hazael established a powerful kingdom. (2 Kings\n8:7-15.) He conquered all of Israel east of the Jordan (2 Kings 10:32,\n33), reduced Israel under Jehoahaz to a condition of vassalage (2 Kings\n13:1-8), took Gath from Judah, and was only withheld from besieging\nJerusalem by the payment of a heavy tribute. (2 Kings 12:17, 18; 2\nChron. 24:23, 24.) We insert an outline map of his kingdom and\nconquests.\n\nThe principal events of this period were as follows: (1.) The accession\nof Hazael in Syria, Jehu in Israel, and Athaliah in Judah, B.C. 842.\n(2.) The destruction of Baal worship in Israel. (2 Kings 10.) (3.) The\nconquests of Hazael on the east of Jordan. (2 Kings 10:32, 33.) (4.) The\nslaughter of Athaliah, and accession of Jehoash in Judah. (2 Kings 11.)\n(5.) The repairs of the Temple by Jehoiada. (2 Kings 12.) (6.) The\nprophecies of Jonah and Joel. (7.) The subjection of Israel under\nHazael. (8.) Hazael's campaign against Judah, and capture of Gath. (9.)\nThe death of Hazael.\n\n3. =The Restoration of Israel=, B.C. 779-742. The Syrian conqueror,\nHazael, left as his successor a weak prince, Ben-hadad III., who was\nunable to hold his dominions against the ability of the third king of\nthe house of Jehu in Israel, Jehoash, or Joash, and his greater son,\nJeroboam II. Under these two able rulers the kingdom of the Ten Tribes\narose to its culmination, the territory lost was regained, nearly all\nSyria was conquered, Judah was made tributary, and Samaria gave laws to\na large part of Solomon's empire. This period was marked as the era of\ntwo great prophets, Jonah and Joel; and, from its brilliant but brief\nprosperity, has been called \"the Indian Summer of Israel.\" At the\nopening of this epoch, Amaziah reigned in Judah. He won a victory in\nEdom, but, venturing to attack Israel, was routed at Beth-shemesh; and,\nfor the only time in Judah's history, the army of the Ten Tribes entered\nJerusalem as victors. (2 Kings 14.) Uzziah, his successor, was more\nsuccessful, and held his kingdom in security both against Israel and the\nenemies on the south. The outline map represents the kingdoms during the\nreign of Jeroboam II., about B.C. 800.\n\n4. =The Fall of Israel=, B.C. 742-721. The decline of Israel after the\nreign of Jeroboam II. was rapid. A succession of usurpers seized the\nthrone, the foreign conquests melted away, and anarchy prevailed. The\ncause of these sudden changes was the growth of the Assyrian power under\na succession of warlike kings, who made Nineveh the capital of the\nEastern world. Syria fell before their arms, and Israel soon followed.\nIn the reign of Menahem, Israel became tributary to Assyria; and in that\nof Pekah, B.C. 735, the portion of Israel on the north, including the\ntribe of Naphtali, was carried into captivity by Tiglath-pileser. (2\nKings 15:29.) In the reign of Hoshea, Samaria itself was taken (B.C.\n721) by Sargon (having been besieged by Shalmaneser); and the Ten Tribes\nwere finally carried into captivity to Halah and Habor. (2 Kings 17.)\nThis period belongs to the map of the Assyrian Empire.\n\n5. =The Fall of Judah=, B.C. 721-587. The kingdom of Judah lasted more\nthan a hundred years after that of Israel, though most of the time as a\nsubject-nation to the \"great king\" of Assyria, to whom Ahaz and most of\nthe kings of Judah after him paid tribute. The most important events of\nthis period were: (1.) The reforms of King Hezekiah, and the deliverance\nof Jerusalem from the Assyrians under Sennacherib. (2 Chron. 30-32.)\n(2.) The captivity of King Manasseh among the Assyrians, and his return.\n(2 Chron. 33.) (3.) The attempt at reformation by King Josiah, and his\ndeath at the battle of Megiddo. (2 Chron. 34, 35.) (4.) The rise of the\npower of Babylon, and Nebuchadnezzar's first invasion of Judah, in the\nreign of Jehoiakim, B.C. 606. From this date Judah was subject to\nBabylon, and the \"seventy years' captivity\" began. (5.) The rebellion of\nZedekiah, the last king, against Nebuchadnezzar, the siege of Jerusalem,\nthe destruction of the kingdom, and the final carrying of Judah into\ncaptivity to Babylon, B.C. 587.\n\n[Illustration: THE RESTORATION OF ISRAEL, B.C. 800.]\n\nWe notice the most important wars, sieges and battles of this period,\nindicated upon the map of the Division of Solomon's Empire, by flags.\n\n1. The battle of =Zemaraim=, near Bethel, fought between Jeroboam and\nAbijah, the second king of Judah, B.C. 917, and resulting in the defeat\nof Israel, and the ruin of Jeroboam's plans of ambition. (2 Chron. 13.)\n\n2. The battle of =Mareshah=, in Judah, on the border of the mountain\nregion, in which King Asa defeated Zerah, the Ethiopian king of Egypt,\nand an immense host, B.C. 900. (2 Chron. 14.)\n\n3. The siege of =Samaria=, by Ben-hadad, king of Syria, in the reign of\nAhab, who was able to repel the invaders. (1 Kings 20.) We notice, that\nfrom this time, for a century, the principal wars of Israel are with\nSyria.\n\n4. The victory at =Aphek=, won by Ahab over Ben-hadad and the Syrians.\nAhab, however, allowed the fruits of the victory to be lost, when he\nmight have made it decisive in its results. (1 Kings 20:26-43.)\n\n5. The battle of =Ramoth-gilead=, in which the Syrians, under Ben-hadad,\nwere victorious over allied Israel and Judah, and Ahab was slain. (1\nKings 22.)\n\n6. The slaughter of the allied Moabites, Ammonites and Edomites, at\n=Berachah=, \"the valley of blessing,\" in the reign of Jehoshaphat, king\nof Judah. (2 Chron. 20.)\n\n7. The war of Israel, Judah and Edom, against the Moabites, in which a\ngreat battle took place at =Kir-haraseth=, in the land of Moab, when the\nking of Moab offered his own son as a sacrifice in presence of the\ncontending armies. (2 Kings 3.) This was during the reign of Jehoshaphat\nin Judah, and of Jehoram in Israel.\n\n8. A second siege of =Samaria=, by the Syrians, under Ben-hadad, in the\nreign of Jehoram; and a miraculous deliverance. (2 Kings 6, 7.)\n\n9. A battle at =Zair= (probably Sela, or Petra), in Edom, in which\nJehoram was surrounded by the revolting Edomites, and won a victory, yet\ncould not prevent the Edomites from gaining their liberty. (2 Kings\n8:21, 22.)\n\n10. The capture of =Gath=, by the Syrians, under Hazael, in the reign of\nJehoash, king of Judah. (2 Kings 12:17.)\n\n11. The victory of King Jehoash, of Israel, over the Syrians, at\n=Aphek=, foretold by Elisha. (2 Kings 13:17-25.)\n\n12. The battle of =Beth-shemesh=, a victory of Israel over Judah,\nresulting in an Israelite army entering Jerusalem, in the reign of\nAmaziah. (2 Kings 14.)\n\n13. The final capture of =Samaria= by the Assyrians, and the extinction\nof the kingdom of the Ten Tribes. (2 Kings 17:1-6.)\n\n14. The battle of =Megiddo=, in which King Josiah, of Judah, lost his\nlife while resisting the invasion of Pharaoh-necho, the king of Egypt.\n(2 Kings 23:29.)\n\n15. Two battles at =Carchemish=, near the Euphrates, in the first of\nwhich, Pharaoh-necho, of Egypt, was victorious (B.C. 608) over the\nAssyrians, and in the second (B.C. 606) was thoroughly defeated by\nNebuchadnezzar, and compelled to relinquish all his conquests in Asia.\n(2 Chron. 35:20.)\n\n16. The destruction of =Jerusalem= by Nebuchadnezzar, and the extinction\nof the kingdom of Judah. (2 Kings 25.)\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR TEACHING.\n\n1. Draw on the blackboard the map of _Solomon's Empire_, as already\ngiven, showing its boundaries, and placing on it the city of Jerusalem,\nthe river Jordan, etc.\n\n2. Divide the map into the _five kingdoms_ of _Syria_, _Israel_,\n_Judah_, _Moab_ and _Edom_, and show their capitals and political\nrelations.\n\n3. Drill the class upon the leading events of the _five historical\nperiods_ named in the above description, placing upon the map the\nlocalities named in the history.\n\n4. Name the _battles_ of the periods, and state the circumstances of\neach battle, placing them upon the map in their historical order.\n\n5. Through all the work let the class draw their own maps, following\nthat upon the board, and at the close carefully review all the work.\nThis subject might require several lessons in a normal class.\n\n[Illustration: MOSQUE EL AKSA.]\n\n\n\n\nTHE GREAT ORIENTAL EMPIRES.\n\n\nTHE history of the Bible is so interwoven with that of the East, that a\nview of its great empires is necessary. All the lands between the\nPersian Gulf and the Mediterranean were united at different periods\nunder one government, and formed an empire which was constantly changing\naccording to the power or weakness of its dominant state; for in the\nOriental world there never has existed anything like a confederation of\nstates on an equality. At different periods Ur, Babylon or Nineveh\nconquered all the surrounding lands; or at other periods a single race,\nas the Medes and Persians, obtained supremacy. The empire thus arose and\nfell, to be succeeded by a similar empire with another centre. During\nthe Old Testament history, between the days of Abraham and of Ezra, more\nthan 1,500 years, four successive empires appeared in the East. These\nwere:\n\nI. The Early Babylonian Empire. B.C. 2280-1120.\n\nII. The Assyrian Empire. B.C. 1120-626.\n\nIII. The Babylonian Empire. B.C. 606-538.\n\nIV. The Persian Empire. B.C. 538-330.\n\nI. =The Early Babylonian Empire= began about 3000 B.C., with several\nstates, each having a city as its capital. Among these were Ur\n(_Mugheir_), Lagesh (Shirpurta), and Isin. These separate kingdoms were\nunited in an empire, of which Babylon was the capital, in the reign of\nHammurabi (the Amraphel of Gen. 14:1), about 2280 B.C. It lasted, with\nvarying fortunes, for 1,000 years. A map of this empire, in the time of\nAbraham, is given on page 34.\n\n[Illustration: AN ASSYRIAN PALACE.]\n\nII. =The Assyrian Empire= arose from the small country Asshur, about 25\nsquare miles in extent, lying east of the Tigris and north of the lower\nZab. Its capital was the city Asshur, now called _Kileh Sherghat_, 60\nmiles south of Nineveh. The city rose to power in the 14th century B.C.,\nwhen, under Tukulti-ninib, Babylon was captured and the Babylonian\nempire became the Assyrian. Afterward _Nimrud_, 20 miles south of\nNineveh, became the capital. Not until 702 was NINEVEH made by\nSennacherib the royal residence. It soon surpassed the earlier capitals\nin size and magnificence, and became one of the largest cities of the\nEast. It then included four cities, surrounded by one wall, and forming\na parallelogram, as shown on the plan on page 96. The greatest kings of\nthis empire were: Shalmaneser, who made war on Samaria, and erected the\n\"Black Obelisk,\" which now stands in the British Museum, and by its\ninscriptions furnishes the best record of the kingdom down to its own\nage; Sargon, who completed the conquest of Samaria, and otherwise added\nto the empire; Sennacherib, who enlarged and beautified Nineveh, warred\nfrom Babylon to Egypt, and extorted tribute from Hezekiah, king of\nJudah; and Esar-haddon, son of the preceding, who saw the empire at its\nheight, embracing, besides Assyria, Armenia, Media, Babylonia, Elam,\nMesopotamia, Syria, Israel, Judah, and the northern portion of Egypt.\nThese lands, however, for the most part retained their own rulers,\ncustoms and government, but recognized themselves as vassals to the\n\"Great King,\" as he is styled in the inscriptions. Esar-haddon took\nManasseh, king of Judah, captive to Babylon, and repopulated Samaria\nwith colonists from other lands. His son, Asshur-bani-pal, witnessed his\nkingdom declining, and was the last of the great kings, though he built\na vast palace at Nineveh. There was no coherence or unity in the empire,\nwhose provinces were held together only by the strong arm of the king;\nand, on the death of Asshur-bani-pal, a general revolt took place among\nthe subject nations, his son perished, and Nineveh was utterly\ndestroyed, never again to appear in history.\n\nThe boundaries of the Assyrian empire are given upon the map according\nto the best authorities. On the north they were the Armenian Mountains,\nthe river Cyrus (now called the _Kur_), north of the Araxes, and the\nnorthern range of Mount Taurus; on the east, the Caspian Sea and the\ngreat salt desert; on the south, the Persian Gulf, the Arabian desert\nand Upper Egypt; on the west, the Mediterranean and the river Halys.\n\n[Illustration: THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE.]\n\n[Illustration: THE BABYLONIAN EMPIRE AND ITS SURROUNDINGS.]\n\nIII. =The Babylonian Empire=, B.C. 606-538. This period has been more\ncorrectly termed that of the \"four kingdoms,\" since the East was not\nthen, as during the Assyrian period, under one government. The\ndestruction of Nineveh had been wrought by the union of the Medes and\nBabylonians, under their kings, Cyaxares and Nabopolassar, and these\npeoples succeeded to most, but not all, of the conquests of Assyria.\n\n1. Media won its own independence, and obtained possession of Armenia,\nAssyria Proper (north of the Tigris), and Elam. Persia had already been\nconquered, so that the largest, though less important, portion of the\nAssyrian empire now belonged to Media.\n\n2. Babylonia obtained Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Syria and Palestine. Most of\nthese countries had claimed their independence on the fall of Assyria;\nand their conquest occupied the reign of Nabopolassar, and his greater\nson, Nebuchadnezzar. Thus the important parts of the Bible world were\nnearly all under the rule of Babylon.\n\n3. A new kingdom arose in Asia Minor, that of Lydia, embracing all the\nlands between the \u00c6gean Sea and the river Halys; destined, however, to a\nshort history, for it formed one of the earliest conquests of Cyrus the\nGreat.\n\n4. Cilicia also appears for the first time upon the map, being situated\nbetween the Euphrates and Lydia, north of Syria, and south of the Halys\nriver, and retained its independence until the close of the Babylonian\nperiod, when it was annexed to Persia, though even then it retained its\nown kings.\n\n5. To these might be added Egypt, though outside of the Asiatic world.\nIt soon shook off the yoke of Assyria, and resumed its independence;\nbut, endeavoring to contest with Babylon the empire of the East, was\ndefeated at Carchemish by Nebuchadnezzar, and compelled to retire from\nAsia. Some suppose that it was conquered by Babylon; and it is possible\nthat for a few years Egypt may have recognized the supremacy of\nNebuchadnezzar by paying tribute, but it was never a part of his empire.\n\n[Illustration: BLACK OBELISK.]\n\nThe map of the Oriental world, as thus reconstructed, lasted about a\ncentury, though with varying boundary lines; as, for instance, Elam, or\nSusiana, sometimes formed a part of Babylonia, and at other times of\nMedia. During this period BABYLON was the metropolis of the East. It was\nraised to greatness by Nebuchadnezzar, who finished the Tower of Belus,\nraised the Hanging Gardens, and built great palaces. Two-thirds of the\nbricks unearthed in the ruins of Babylon bear his name. The city formed\na square, on both sides of the Euphrates, covering an area of 130 miles,\nabout that of the city and county of Philadelphia. It was surrounded\nwith double walls, one of which is said to have been 300 feet high, and\nso wide that six chariots could be driven abreast along its summit. The\ngreatness of the city was short-lived. It was taken by the Medes and\nPersians, B.C. 536, and soon began to decline, though it remained, in a\ndecaying condition, for nearly 1,000 years afterward.\n\n[Illustration: BABYLON.]\n\n[Illustration: COMPARATIVE AREAS OF THE GREAT EMPIRES--ASSYRIAN,\nBABYLONIAN, PERSIAN.]\n\n[Illustration: THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.]\n\n[Illustration: DIVISION OF ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE.]\n\nIV. =The Persian Empire=, B.C. 538-330. As the Babylonian power arose\nwith Nebuchadnezzar, the Persian began with Cyrus the Great. He was the\nhereditary king of the Persians, and headed a revolt against the Medes,\nwhich resulted in reversing the relations of the two races, so that the\nPersians became dominant. He then led his united people westward, and\nconquered Croesus, the king of Lydia, thus extending his dominion from\nthe Persian Gulf to the \u00c6gean Sea. The power of Babylon began to fall on\nthe death of Nebuchadnezzar, whose successors were weaklings, and in\nB.C. 538 Cyrus took the city of Babylon. His dominions were now larger\nthan those of the old Assyrian empire; and under his successors the\nconquests of Persia were pushed both eastward and westward, until, under\nDarius the Great, they embraced all the lands from the Indus to the\nNile. The map represents the empire of Persia at this period, with the\ntwenty satrapies, or provinces, into which it was divided by Darius.\nThis empire lasted for 200 years, until its conquest by Alexander the\nGreat, B.C. 330, when the sceptre of the East passed into European\nhands, and Greece gave law to Asia. In the extent of its territory, in\nthe strength of its dominion, and in the consolidation of its conquests,\nPersia was far greater than either Assyria or Babylon. It will be\nobserved that the scale of all the maps of the Assyrian, Babylonian and\nPersian Empires, is the same, so that their relative proportions may be\nseen.\n\nThe map of the Persian Empire represents the political state of the\nOriental world at the conclusion of the Old Testament period. When Ezra\nand Nehemiah were at Jerusalem, and Haggai and Malachi were the prophets\nof Judah, all the lands were under the dominion of Persia, and were\ngoverned from \"Shushan the palace,\" or Susa.\n\n[Illustration: BABYLON.]\n\n\nPERIOD OF RESTORATION 536 B.C.-70 A.D.\n\nThe closing portion of Old Testament history, from the edict of Cyrus\nthe Great, B.C. 536, permitting the captive Jews to return to Palestine,\nis known as the Period of Restoration. From that time until the end of\nthe Jewish history, the land was under foreign rule. The Period of\nRestoration, from the return from captivity to the birth of Christ, may\nbe divided as follows:\n\n1. =The Persian Supremacy=, B.C. 538-330. During the 200 years of the\nPersian empire, the Jews were kindly treated by their sovereigns, and\npermitted to regulate their own affairs. Under Darius the Great, who\nreigned B.C. 521-486, the second Temple was completed. Under Xerxes, the\nnext monarch, called in the Bible, Ahasuerus, occurred the romantic\nevents of Esther's deliverance, and the downfall of Haman. Under his\nsuccessor, Artaxerxes Longimanus, B.C. 465-425, the Jewish state was\nreformed by Ezra, and the walls of Jerusalem were built by Nehemiah.\nSoon after this occurred the separation of the Samaritans, and a rival\ntemple was built on Mount Gerizim.\n\n2. =The Macedonian Supremacy=, B.C. 330-321, though brief, brought to\npass vast results. Alexander the Great, in a brilliant series of\nbattles, subjugated the entire Persian empire, and became the master of\nthe Oriental world. He dealt kindly with the Jews, notwithstanding their\nloyalty to the Persian throne, and permitted them to enjoy freedom of\nworship and of government. We do not give a map of Alexander's empire,\nas its boundaries in Asia varied but little from those of Persia, and it\nhas no direct relation to Bible history. Soon after Alexander's death,\nhis generals formed a compact for the government of his empire; but it\nwas soon broken, and out of his conquests four kingdoms arose, of which\nthe most important were those of Seleucus in Asia, and of Ptolemy in\nAfrica. In the first division, B.C. 323, Palestine became a part of\nSyria.\n\n3. =The Egyptian Supremacy=, B.C. 321-198. Palestine was taken from\nSyria by Ptolemy Soter, the ruler of Egypt; and his successors, the\nGreek kings of Egypt, all named Ptolemy, held the Holy Land for 120\nyears. During this time the Jews were governed, under the king of Egypt,\nby their high-priests. The most important event of this epoch was the\nSeptuagint translation of the Old Testament, made at Alexandria about\n285 B.C. The map of the Division of Alexander's Empire represents the\nOriental world at this period, after the lands had settled down into\nsomething like order under stable governments.\n\nOmitting the minor states and free cities, the kingdoms of that epoch\nwere as follows:\n\n1. _The kingdom of the Seleucid\u00e6_, sometimes known as Syria, was founded\nby Seleucus, B.C. 312. It included the largest portion of Alexander's\nconquests, embracing most of Asia Minor, and those provinces of the\nBible world known as Syria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Persia Proper,\nSouthern Media, and far beyond them eastward to the Indus. Throughout\nits history of 250 years, it remained a Greek government, though in\nAsia, and introduced the Greek language and literature to all the lands\nof the Orient.\n\n2. _The kingdom of the Ptolemies_ included Egypt, Libya, Palestine,\nPhoenicia, and the southern provinces of Asia Minor. It was ruled by a\nsuccession of Greek monarchs, descended from Ptolemy Soter, and, with\nchanging boundaries, endured until the death of its last queen, the\nfamous Cleopatra, when it became a part of the Roman empire.\n\n3. There were other kingdoms in Asia at this time, appearing upon the\nmap. _Pontus_ and _Cappadocia_ intervened between the two sections of\nthe empire of the Seleucid\u00e6. Southwest of the Caspian, and near the sea,\n_Media Atropatene_ had gained its independence, and on the southeast\n_Parthia_ was rising to power; while beyond, on the east, was\n_Bactriana_. Other lands of less importance might also be named; but\nthese are all that are necessary to the reader of the history.\n\nDuring this epoch of 125 years, Palestine remained under the control of\nEgypt.\n\n[Illustration: NINEVEH AND VICINITY.]\n\n4. =The Syrian Supremacy=, B.C. 198-166. By the battle of Mount Panium,\nAntiochus of the Seleucid line wrested Palestine from Egypt. The Syrian\ndomination, though short, brought to the Jews greater trials than any\nprevious period in their history. Jerusalem was twice taken and sacked,\nthe Temple was desecrated and closed, the Jewish religion was forbidden,\nand those who remained steadfast to it were subjected to a cruel\npersecution. The trials named in Heb. 11:35-87, belonged to this\nperiod, when every attempt was made by Antiochus Epiphanes to destroy\nthe worship of Jehovah, and introduce Greek customs and religion among\nthe Jewish people. But the very violence of the tyranny reacted, and led\nto a complete deliverance and a more thorough devotion.\n\n5. =The Maccabean Independence=, B.C. 166-40. A priest named Mattathias\nraised the banner of revolt; and, after his death, his five sons in\nsuccession led the efforts of the Jews for freedom. The greatest of\nthem, though all were heroes, was Judas, called Maccabeus, \"the hammer.\"\nIn B.C. 165 he took possession of Jerusalem; and, after his death, his\nbrother Simon won the recognition of the freedom of Palestine. Other\nMaccabean princes extended the boundaries of the land over Edom, Samaria\nand Galilee. Under a succession of these rulers, also called Asmonean\nkings, Palestine was virtually independent, though nominally subordinate\nto either Syria or Egypt.\n\n[Illustration: PALESTINE UNDER THE MACCABEES.\n\nB.C. 100.]\n\n6. =The Roman Supremacy=, B.C. 40-A.D. 70. Perhaps this period should\nbegin with B.C. 63, when the Roman general Pompey entered Jerusalem, and\nthe Romans began to exercise a controlling influence. But the\nrepresentatives of the Maccabean line were allowed to reign until B.C.\n40, when they were set aside, and Herod the Great, an Idumean (Edomite),\nwas made king by the Romans. It was in the closing portion of his reign\nthat JESUS CHRIST was born. The last 70 years of the Roman period belong\nto New Testament history, and will be considered in connection with the\nmaps of that period.\n\n\n\n\nTHE ROMAN EMPIRE.\n\n\nTHE last of the Old World empires was that having its capital on the\nseven hills of ROME. Like most of the others, it was the dominion of a\nsingle city; but, unlike others, it represented the conquests, not of a\nsingle conquering king, as Nebuchadnezzar or Cyrus, but of a\nself-governing and conquering people; and, unlike its predecessors, it\nwas not a loose aggregation of states, ready to fall apart as soon as\nthe hand that fettered them was removed, but an empire, carefully welded\ntogether, building up in every land its own civilization, and developing\na national unity which held its possessions together for a thousand\nyears.\n\n[Illustration: THE COLOSSEUM AT ROME.]\n\nAt the close of the Old Testament period, the Persian empire stood in\nall its power. Four hundred years later, at the opening of the New\nTestament epoch, the Persian empire had given place to that of\nAlexander; that had broken up into many fragments; and most of these in\nturn had been united under the eagles of Rome. The world's capital had\nmoved westward, and the Mediterranean was now a Roman lake. The\nprincipal provinces of this empire, omitting minor subdivisions, were:\n\nI. =European Provinces.= 1. Italy. 2. Hispania, now known as Spain,\nsubdivided into three provinces. 3. Gallia, now France, including also\nparts of Germany and the Netherlands, embracing five provinces. 4. The\nDanubian provinces of Rh\u00e6tia, Noricum, Pannonia, and Moesia, to which\nDacia was afterward added by the emperor Trajan. 5. The Grecian\nprovinces of Thracia, Macedonia, Achaia, and Illyricum.\n\nII. =The Insular Provinces= were: 1. Britannia. 2. Sicilia. 3. Sardinia\nand Corsica, united. 4. Cyprus. The other islands were attached, either\nto these, or to governments upon the mainland.\n\nIII. =The Asiatic Provinces= were: 1. Asia, a term referring only to the\nwestern end of Asia Minor. 2. Pontus and Bithynia, united. 3. Galatia.\n4. Pamphylia and Lycia. 5. Cilicia. 6. Syria, of which Palestine was a\npart. To these were added, after the New Testament period, Armenia,\nMesopotamia, and Arabia Petr\u00e6a; but they were soon lost to the empire.\n\nIV. =The African Provinces= were: 1. \u00c6gyptus, or Egypt. 2. Cyrenaica,\ncalled, in Acts 2:10, \"parts of Libya about Cyrene.\" 3. Africa, the\ndistrict around Carthage. 4. Mauritania, now Morocco.\n\nThis empire was the most thoroughly organized and the longest in\nduration of any in ancient history. It lasted until Rome fell under the\nattacks of barbarians from the North, A.D. 476. Even after this, the\neastern division of the empire remained with almost unbroken power for\ncenturies, and was not finally extinguished until 1453, the close of the\nMiddle Ages.\n\n[Illustration: THE ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE NEW TESTAMENT PERIOD.]\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW.\n\nTHE ANCIENT EMPIRES.\n\nIt is desirable to let the class see the comparative area and location\nof the Four Oriental Empires; hence they should be presented upon the\nsame map. Each of these may form a separate lesson.\n\nI. _The Early Chaldean Empire._ 1. Draw in the centre of the blackboard\nthe outlines of the map of Chedorlaomer's Empire, on page 34, reserving\nspace enough around it to embrace all the lands of the maps on page 92.\n2. Draw the four important rivers: the _Tigris_, _Euphrates_, _Jordan_\nand _Nile_. 3. Show the _boundaries_ of Chedorlaomer's empire, and its\nprincipal places: _Babylon_, _Ur_, _Nineveh_, _Haran_, _Damascus_,\n_Hebron_. 4. State briefly the _history_ of the empire. 5. Review the\nlesson, and let the class state all the information given.\n\nN. B. The outlines may be drawn in advance with slate pencil or\nsoapstone, and then traced with chalk in the presence of the class.\nAlso, the initial letters only of places or rivers should be written, as\na hint to the memory; afterward the initial letters should be erased,\nand the class be called upon to name the places as located by the\npointer.\n\nII. _The Assyrian Empire._ 1. After erasing the boundaries of the first\nempire, leaving the general outline of sea-coast and lands the same,\nshow the location of the conquering province, _Assyria_, and its\ncapital, Nineveh. 2. Draw the _boundaries_ of the Assyrian empire,\nexplain them to the class, and have them repeated in concert. 3. Locate\nand name the subject provinces: _Armenia_, _Media_, _Mesopotamia_,\n_Susiana_, _Babylonia_, _Syria_, _Palestine_. 4. Name its most important\nkings: _Tiglath-adar_, _Shalmaneser_, _Sargon_, _Sennacherib_,\n_Esar-haddon_, _Asshur-bani-pal_. With each king should be named the\nevents associated with his reign. 5. Review the outline as before.\n\nIII. _The Babylonian Empire._ This may be given upon the same map as the\ntwo preceding. 1. Show the location and relations of the four kingdoms:\n_Babylonia_, _Media_, _Lydia_, _Cilicia_. 2. Give an account of Babylon,\nand its fall.\n\nIV. _The Persian Empire._ Leaving the coast-line of the former maps on\nthe board, add to it the lines in all points of the compass requisite to\nshow the boundaries of Persia. The provinces, or satrapies, need not be\nspecified (unless detailed knowledge is desired), for they do not relate\nto Bible history. Name the leading monarchs, Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes,\nArtaxerxes Longimanus, and give an account of the fall of the empire.\n\nV. _The Empire of Alexander._ 1. This may be shown in outline; and its\nhistory be given. 2. The division of the empire and its leading kingdoms\nshould be mentioned.\n\nVI. _The Roman Empire._ This will require a new map. Draw in outline the\nlands around the Mediterranean Sea, and enumerate the provinces:\nEuropean, Asiatic, African.\n\n[Illustration: GROTTO OF JEREMIAH (UNDER MOUNT CALVARY).]\n\n[Illustration: THE KINGDOM OF HEROD THE GREAT.]\n\n\n\n\nNEW TESTAMENT PALESTINE.\n\n\nTHE political geography of Palestine, during the seventy years of New\nTestament history, is somewhat complicated, from the two facts, that new\nprovinces are named in the annals, and also that the government was\nchanged from regal to provincial, and from provincial to regal, oftener\nthan once in a generation.\n\n\nI. THE PROVINCES OF PALESTINE.\n\nThese were, on the west of the Jordan, Jud\u00e6a, Samaria and Galilee; and\non the east, Per\u00e6a, and a group of minor principalities, popularly, but\nnot accurately, called Decapolis. They are indicated upon the map of the\nKingdom of Herod the Great.\n\n1. =Jud\u00e6a= was the largest province in Palestine. It embraced the\nterritory anciently belonging to the four tribes, Judah, Benjamin, Dan,\nand Simeon. On the east its boundary was the Dead Sea; on the south, the\ndesert; on the west, the Mediterranean. The northern line, separating it\nfrom Samaria, is less definitely known; but we have adopted the boundary\nas given by Conder in \"A Handbook to the Bible,\" where the evidences in\nits favor are shown. The southern portion was properly Idumaea, or\nwestern Edom. The Philistine plain, and the Negeb, or \"South Country,\"\nwere both known as Daroma.\n\n2. =Samaria= was the central province, between Jud\u00e6a and the Carmel\nrange of mountains. Its share of the plain by the sea was known as\nSarona (Sharon), and was occupied almost entirely by Gentiles; while its\nmountain region was held by the Samaritans, a people of mingled origin,\npartly descended from the remnant of the Ten Tribes after the captivity,\nand partly from heathen peoples deported to the territory, of which an\naccount is contained in 2 Kings 17. They separated from (or rather, were\ndisfellowshiped by) the Jews in the times of Nehemiah, and built a\ntemple on Mount Gerizim, B.C. 400. A small remnant still remain in the\nancient city of Shechem, and maintain their ancient worship.\n\n3. =Galilee= was the northern province, extending from Mount Carmel to\nLebanon, and from the Sea of Tiberias to the Mediterranean and\nPhoenicia. Its people were Jews, and profoundly attached to the law, but\nless superstitious than those of Jerusalem. In this province most of the\nministry of Jesus Christ was accomplished.\n\n[Illustration: TIBERIAS.]\n\n4. =Per\u00e6a= extended from the Jordan and the Dead Sea on the west to the\nSyrian desert on the east, and from the river Arnon on the south to the\ntown of Pella on the north; nearly corresponding to the location of the\ntribes of Reuben and Gad. The word means \"beyond\"; and the country was\nsometimes called (Mark 10:1) \"Jud\u00e6a by the farther side of Jordan.\" It\nwas inhabited during the New Testament period by Jews, among whom were\nestablished many villages of Gentiles.\n\n5. The remaining province has no correct geographical name. It is\nsometimes called =Decapolis=; but the term is not precise, and strictly\nrefers to ten cities, not all of which were in the province. It embraced\nno less than five sections, as may be seen upon the map. (1.)\nGaulanitis, the ancient Golan, now _Jaulan_, east of the Jordan,\nTiberias, and Lake Merom, which was then called Samachonitis. (2.)\nAuranitis, now _Hauran_, the flat country of Bashan. (3.) Trachonitis,\n\"rugged,\" the mountainous district of Bashan, now known as _el Ledja_.\n(4.) Iturea, now called _Jedur_, between Mount Hermon and the _Ledja_,\non the north. (5.) Batanea, an Aramaic form of the Hebrew word Bashan,\nsouth of the Hieromax.\n\nDecapolis was \"the land of the ten cities.\" These were ten confederated\nGentile cities standing in Palestine; and, though surrounded by a Jewish\npopulation, preserving their heathen character, and protected by the\nRoman government. Their names, as given by different historians, do not\nentirely agree; but the best list is: (1.) Scythopolis (Beth-shean).\n(2.) Gadara. (3.) Gerasa. (4.) Canatha. (5.) Abila. (6.) Raphana. (7.)\nHippos. (8.) Dion. (9.) Pella. (10.) Capitolias. To these may be added:\n(11.) Philadelphia (Rabbath Ammon). (12.) Damascus. As far as\nidentified, they are named upon the map in red letters. Many of these\ncities were destroyed, and their inhabitants massacred, by the Jews, in\nthe beginning of the final war before the destruction of Jerusalem by\nTitus.\n\n[Illustration: PALESTINE DURING THE MINISTRY of JESUS.\n\nA.D. 26.]\n\n\nII. THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF PALESTINE, B.C. 4-A.D. 70.\n\n1. =The Kingdom of Herod the Great= included all the provinces indicated\nupon the map, and described above. This organization came to an end B.C.\n4, when Herod died.\n\n2. =The Tetrarchy=, B.C. 4-A.D. 41. The word means \"a government of\nfour,\" and points to the division of the kingdom after Herod's death,\nwhen Archelaus was made tetrarch of Jud\u00e6a and Samaria; Antipas (called\nin the New Testament \"Herod the tetrarch\"), of Galilee and Per\u00e6a; and\nPhilip, of the fifth province, east of the Sea of Tiberias. The fourth\ntetrarch was Lysanias, who ruled over the small district of Abilene,\nbetween Mount Hermon and Damascus, a separate dominion from that of\nHerod. In A.D. 6 Archelaus was deposed, and Jud\u00e6a and Samaria were\nannexed directly to the empire, and governed by a series of procurators,\nof whom Pontius Pilate was the sixth. This was the political arrangement\nof Palestine during the ministry of Jesus, of which a map is given.\n\n3. =The Kingdom of Herod Agrippa=, A.D. 41-44. Herod Agrippa was a\ngrandson of Herod the Great, and an intimate friend of the emperor\nCaligula, from whom he received the title of king, and all the dominions\nof Herod the Great, with Abilene added; so that he reigned over more\nterritory than any Jewish king after Solomon. He was the \"Herod the\nking\" who slew the apostle James, imprisoned Peter, and died by the\njudgment of God at C\u00e6sarea. (Acts 12.)\n\n4. =The Two Provinces=, A.D. 44-70. On the death of Herod Agrippa, his\nson, Herod Agrippa II., was a youth of 17. The emperor Claudius gave him\nonly the tetrarchies formerly held by Philip and Lysanias, \"the fifth\nprovince\" of Palestine, and Abilene. Over these he reigned until the\nfinal extinction of the Jewish state by Titus, A.D. 70, when he retired\nto a private station at Rome. This was the \"King Agrippa\" before whom\nthe apostle Paul bore testimony. (Acts 25, 26.) During his reign, Jud\u00e6a,\nSamaria, Galilee and Per\u00e6a formed the province of Jud\u00e6a, under Roman\nprocurators, having their headquarters at C\u00e6sarea. When the last\nrebellion of the Jews had been quelled by the destruction of Jerusalem,\nthe entire country was annexed to the province of Syria, and the history\nof Jud\u00e6a ended.\n\n[Illustration: THE TWO PROVINCES.\n\nA.D. 44-70.]\n\n\n\n\nTHE LIFE OF CHRIST.\n\n\nAS THE life of Jesus Christ on earth is the most important not only in\nall Bible history, but in all human history as well, it is desirable\nthat the Bible student, and especially the Bible teacher, should obtain\na clear understanding of its leading events, associate them with the\nplaces where they occurred, and arrange them in chronological order. Of\nthe 150 principal events, about 100 are fixed as to their chronological\norder by the common consent of the leading harmonists; about 25 are\nagreed upon by the majority; while the remaining 25 are altogether\nuncertain. In the outline here given, the authorities most relied upon\nare Andrews, Robinson, Geikie, and Strong, yet no one of them is\nexclusively followed. We divide the earthly life of Jesus into nine\nperiods, to each of which is given a separate map, so that the student\nmay not be confused among the various lines of the Saviour's journeying.\n\n[Illustration: THE POOL OF SILOAM.]\n\nThe periods are as follows:\n\nI. Period of Preparation, 30 years, from the Birth to the Baptism of\nJesus.\n\nII. Period of Inauguration, 15 months, from the Baptism to the Rejection\nat Nazareth.\n\nIII. Period of Early Galilean Ministry, 4 months, from the Rejection at\nNazareth to the Sermon on the Mount.\n\nIV. Period of Later Galilean Ministry, 10 months, from the Sermon on the\nMount to the Feeding of the Five Thousand.\n\nV. Period of Retirement, 6 months, from the Feeding of the Five Thousand\nto the Feast of Tabernacles.\n\nVI. Period of Jud\u00e6an Ministry, 3 months, from the Feast of Tabernacles\nto the Feast of Dedication.\n\nVII. Period of Per\u00e6an Ministry, 4 months, from the Feast of Dedication\nto the Anointing at Bethany.\n\nVIII. Period of the Passion, 8 days, from the Anointing at Bethany to\nthe Resurrection.\n\nIX. Period of the Resurrection, 40 days, from the Resurrection to the\nAscension.\n\n\nI. PERIOD OF PREPARATION.\n\nThis includes the events of 30 years, from the Birth of Jesus to his\nBaptism, and though the longest, contains the fewest recorded incidents\nof any. Upon the map are indicated by red lines four journeys of Jesus.\n\n1. =The Presentation in the Temple.= (From Bethlehem to Jerusalem and\nreturn.) From Bethlehem, his birthplace, the infant Jesus, at the age of\n40 days, was taken to Jerusalem, to be presented before the Lord in the\nTemple. Here he was recognized as the Messiah of Israel, by Simeon and\nAnna, and then was taken back to Bethlehem. (Luke 2:22-38.)\n\n2. =The Flight into Egypt.= (From Bethlehem to Egypt.) After the visit\nof the Wise Men, the Saviour, still an infant, was taken down to Egypt,\nin order to escape the jealousy of Herod the Great. (Matt. 2:1-18.)\n\n3. =The Settlement at Nazareth.= (From Egypt to Nazareth.) After the\ndeath of Herod, Jesus was taken from Egypt to Galilee, to the village of\nNazareth, the early home of Joseph and Mary. Here he spent his youth.\n(Matt. 2:19-23.)\n\n4. =The Visit to the Temple.= (From Nazareth to Jerusalem and return.)\nThe only recorded event of the Saviour's youth, is his journey to\nJerusalem, at the age of 12 years, to attend the Passover. On the return\njourney, he was lost by his parents, and after three days, found in the\nTemple (probably in the Court of the Women), conversing with the doctors\nof the law. He returned with Joseph and Mary to Nazareth (Luke 2:40-52),\nand thenceforth no events in his life for 18 years are related.\n\nThe places in this period are: (1.) Bethlehem, a village six miles\nsouthwest of Jerusalem, now _Beit-lahm_. (2.) The Temple in Jerusalem.\n(See plan on page 138.) (3.) Nazareth, a village on the border of the\nPlain of Esdraelon, in Galilee, now _en Nasireh_, a place of 6,000\npopulation.\n\n[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST\n\nMAP 1.\n\nPERIOD OF PREPARATION, FROM THE BIRTH TO THE BAPTISM.]\n\n\nOUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--FIRST PERIOD.\n\nPERIOD OF PREPARATION.\n\n          1. _Presentation in the Temple._ (Bethlehem to\n          Jerusalem and return.) Recognized by Simeon and\n          Anna.\n\n          2. _Flight into Egypt._ (Bethlehem to Egypt.)\n          Escape from Herod.\n\n          3. _Settlement at Nazareth._ (Egypt to Nazareth.)\n          Childhood and youth.\n\n          4. _Visit to the Temple._ (Nazareth to Jerusalem\n          and return.) Found among the doctors.\n\n\nII. PERIOD OF INAUGURATION.\n\nThis embraces 15 months, from the Baptism of Jesus to the Rejection at\nNazareth, and contains the record of five journeys. Its places are as\nfollows: 1. Nazareth, already located. 2. Bethabara was formerly\nsupposed to be the ancient Beth-Nimrah, now _Nimrin_, on a small stream\neast of the Jordan, not far from the Dead Sea. But Conder locates it at\n_Abarah_, a ford of the Jordan above Beth-shean, and near the Sea of\nGalilee. 3. \"The Wilderness\" is probably the uninhabited region of Jud\u00e6a\nnear the Dead Sea, though it may have been the desert far to the south.\n4. Cana is located at _Kefr Kenna_, northeast of Nazareth, though Dr.\nRobinson places it at _Kana el Jelil_, 9 miles north of Nazareth. 5.\nCapernaum was probably at _Khan Minyeh_, on the west of the Sea of\nGalilee, though long located at _Tell Hum_, on the north. 6. Jerusalem.\n7. Sychar, the ancient Shechem, now _Nablus_, beside Mount Gerizim. The\njourneys of this period are named, each from its leading event.\n\n1. =The Baptism.= (From Nazareth to Bethabara.) Near the close of John\nthe Baptist's ministry, Jesus left his carpenter shop at Nazareth, and\njourneyed down the Jordan Valley to Bethabara. There he was baptized by\nJohn, and received from heaven the testimony of his sonship. (Matt.\n3:13-17.)\n\n2. =The Temptation.= (From Bethabara to the Wilderness and return.) (1.)\nImmediately after his baptism, Jesus was led by the Spirit into the\nWilderness, where he fasted 40 days, and overcame the temptations of\nSatan. (Matt. 4:1-11.) (2.) Returning to Bethabara, he received the\ntestimony of John the Baptist, and met his earliest followers, Andrew\nand Peter, John, Philip, and Nathanael. (John 1:37-50.)\n\n[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST\n\nMAP 2.\n\nPERIOD OF INAUGURATION, FROM THE BAPTISM TO THE REJECTION AT NAZARETH.]\n\n3. =The Marriage at Cana.= (Bethabara to Cana and Capernaum.) (1.) Jesus\nleft Bethabara, journeyed up the Jordan Valley to Galilee, and over the\nmountains to Cana, near Nazareth. Here he was present at a wedding, and\nwrought his first miracle, turning the water into wine. (2.) Thence,\nwith his mother and brothers, he went down to Capernaum, by the Sea of\nGalilee, and remained a few days. (John 2:1-12.)\n\n4. =The First Passover.= (Capernaum to Jerusalem.) (1.) Soon after the\nwedding feast Jesus went up to Jerusalem, probably by way of the Jordan\nValley, to attend the first Passover of his ministry. (John 2:13.) (2.)\nAt Jerusalem he asserted his authority by cleansing the Temple from the\ntraders. (John 2:14-22.) (3.) He held the conversation with Nicodemus\nconcerning the new birth, and remained for a time in Jud\u00e6a, gathering a\nfew disciples, yet not making his ministry prominent, while his\nforerunner was still preaching. (John 3:1-36.)\n\n5. =The Return to Galilee.= (Jerusalem to Sychar and Cana.) (1.) As soon\nas the teaching of John the Baptist was ended by his imprisonment, Jesus\nleft Jud\u00e6a to open his own public ministry. (2.) He went through\nSamaria, and paused at Jacob's well for the conversation with the\nSamaritan woman, and then remained at Sychar, the ancient Shechem, two\ndays. (3.) At Cana, the place of his earlier miracle, he spoke the word\nof healing for a nobleman's son, who was sick at Capernaum. (John\n4:1-54.)\n\n\nOUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--SECOND PERIOD.\n\nPERIOD OF INAUGURATION.\n\n          1. _Baptism._ (Nazareth to Bethabara.)\n\n          2. _Temptation._ (Bethabara to Wilderness and\n          return.) (1.) The temptation. (2.) The first\n          followers.\n\n          3. _Marriage at Cana._ (Bethabara to Cana and\n          Capernaum.) (1.) The first miracle. (2.) The visit\n          to Capernaum.\n\n          4. _First Passover._ (Capernaum to Jerusalem.)\n          (1.) The Passover. (2.) Cleansing the Temple. (3.)\n          Discourse with Nicodemus.\n\n          5. _Return to Galilee._ (Jerusalem to Sychar and\n          Cana.) (1.) The departure. (2.) The woman of\n          Samaria. (3.) The nobleman's son.\n\n[Illustration: BETHLEHEM.]\n\n\nIII. PERIOD OF EARLY GALILEAN MINISTRY.\n\nThis is a period of about four months, from the Rejection at Nazareth to\nthe Sermon on the Mount. It brings to notice six places, most of which\nhave been already noticed. 1. Cana. 2. Nazareth. 3. Capernaum. 4.\nEastern Galilee, the region on the shore of the Sea of Galilee. 5.\nJerusalem. 6. The mountain of the sermon. This was probably _Kur\u00fbn\nHattin_, \"the horns of Hattin,\" a mountain with a double peak, a few\nmiles from the Sea of Galilee. The journeys of this period are four in\nnumber.\n\n1. =The Opening of the Ministry.= (From Cana to Nazareth and Capernaum.)\n(1.) He came (perhaps from Cana) to Nazareth, with the intention of\ncommencing his ministry in his own home. But his towns-people rejected\nhis message, and would have slain him if he had not escaped from their\nhands. (Luke 4:16-31.) (2.) Rejected in his own city, he removed to\nCapernaum, which thenceforward was the centre of his ministry for more\nthan a year. (Luke 4:31.) (3.) Here he called from their work at the\nseaside his four earliest disciples, Simon and Andrew, James and John.\nThey had known him before, but now left all to follow him. (Luke\n5:1-11.) (4.) In the synagogue, on the sabbath, he cast out an evil\nspirit (Luke 4:33-36), and healed the mother of Peter's wife. (Luke\n4:38-40.)\n\n2. =The Tour in Eastern Galilee.= (From Capernaum through Eastern\nGalilee and return.) (1.) This journey was probably near the Sea of\nGalilee, and may not have occupied more than a few weeks. (2.) During\nits progress he healed a leper, whose testimony led such multitudes to\ncome seeking miracles that Jesus was compelled to go into retirement.\n(3.) On his return to Capernaum he healed a paralytic let down through\nthe roof, and (4.) called the publican Matthew to be one of his\ndisciples. (Luke 5:17-28.)\n\n3. =The Second Passover.= (From Capernaum to Jerusalem and return.) (1.)\nIn the spring of the second year of his ministry he went up to the feast\nat the capital, and while there healed a cripple at the Pool of\nBethesda. (John 5:1-47.) (2.) On his return, while walking through the\nwheat fields, he asserted his authority as \"Lord of the sabbath.\" (Luke\n6:1-5.) (3.) On a sabbath soon after, he healed in the synagogue a man\nwith a withered hand. (Luke 6:6-11.)\n\n4. =The Sermon on the Mount.= (From Capernaum to the mountain.) (1.) The\nopposition of the Pharisees caused Jesus to leave Capernaum and instruct\nthe people by the sea-shore. (Mark 3:7-12.) (2.) He ascended a mountain,\nprobably _Kur\u00fbn Hattin_, and, after a night in prayer, appointed the\nTwelve Apostles. (Luke 6:12-16.) (3.) To the disciples and the multitude\nhe preached the Sermon on the Mount. (Matt. 5-7.)\n\n\nOUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--THIRD PERIOD.\n\nPERIOD OF EARLY GALILEAN MINISTRY.\n\n1. _Opening of the Ministry._ (Cana to Nazareth and Capernaum.) (1.)\nRejection at Nazareth. (2.) Settlement at Capernaum. (3.) Calling of\nSimon and Andrew, James and John. (4.) Demoniac healed, and Peter's\nwife's mother healed.\n\n2. _Tour in Eastern Galilee._ (Capernaum to Eastern Galilee and return.)\n(1.) Preaching in Galilee. (2.) Leper healed. (3.) Paralytic healed.\n(4.) Matthew called.\n\n3. _Second Passover._ (Capernaum to Jerusalem and return.) (1.) The\ncripple at Bethesda. (2.) Through the wheat fields. (3.) Withered hand\nhealed.\n\n4. _Sermon on the Mount._ (Capernaum to the mountain.) (1.) By the sea.\n(2.) Calling the Twelve. (3.) The sermon.\n\n[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST\n\nMAP 3.\n\nEARLY GALILEAN MINISTRY FROM THE REJECTION AT NAZARETH TO THE SERMON ON\nTHE MOUNT.]\n\n\nIV. THE LATER GALILEAN MINISTRY.\n\nThis period of ten months, from the Sermon on the Mount to the Feeding\nof the Five Thousand, was a time of opposition on the part of the ruling\nclasses, but continued popularity among the people. The places which\nJesus visited at this time were: 1. Capernaum, already noticed, and\nstill the headquarters of his ministry. 2. Nain, now called _Nein_, on\nthe northwestern edge of Little Hermon, six miles southeast of Nazareth,\nin full view of Mount Tabor. 3. \"The country of the Gadarenes\" (Mark\n5:1); called by Matthew (8:28) \"the country of the Gergesenes.\" Gadara\nwas the largest city of the region, situated south of the Sea of\nGalilee, and giving its name to the district; Gergesa, the little\nvillage east of the Sea of Galilee, now called _Khersa_. 4. Nazareth,\nalready noticed under Period I. 5. Bethsaida, a city at the head of the\nSea of Galilee, supposed by some to have been on both sides of the\nJordan, by others on the east side. 6. The plain of Gennesaret, near to\nCapernaum. We arrange the events of this period under four journeys.\n\n1. =The Tour in Southern Galilee.= (From Capernaum to Nain and return.)\nThe following events belong to this tour: (1.) At Capernaum, before\nstarting, Jesus healed the slave of a believing centurion. (Luke\n7:1-10.) (2.) On the next day he led his disciples southward to Nain,\nwhere he raised to life the widow's son, about to be buried. (Luke\n7:11-17.) (3.) Perhaps at the same time and place he received the\nmessengers and answered the questions of John the Baptist. (Luke\n7:18-35.) (4.) During the journey he was entertained by a Pharisee, at\nwhose house \"a woman who was a sinner\" washed his feet. (Luke 7:36-50.)\n(5.) On his return the healing of a dumb demoniac occasioned the\nPharisees to assume an open opposition, and to declare that his miracles\nwere wrought by the power of the evil spirit. (Luke 11:14-26.) (6.) At\nthe same time occurred the interference of his mother and brethren,\ndesiring to restrain him. (Luke 8:19-21.)\n\n2. =The Gadarene Voyage.= (Capernaum to Gergesa and return.) With this\njourney are associated four events. (1.) The opposition of the enemies\ncaused Jesus to leave the city, and to teach in parables by the sea.\n(Matt. 13:1-53.) (2.) From the shore, near Capernaum, he set sail for\nthe country of the Gadarenes, east of the Sea of Galilee, and on the\nvoyage stilled a sudden tempest. (Mark 4:35-41.) (3.) At the eastern\nshore, near the village of Gergesa, he restored two demoniacs, permitted\nthe demons to enter a herd of swine, and as a result was besought by the\npeople to leave their coasts. (4.) Returning across the sea to\nCapernaum, he raised to life the daughter of Jairus the ruler. (Luke\n8:41-56.)\n\n3. =The Tour in Central Galilee.= (From Capernaum to Nazareth and\nreturn.) (1.) Starting from Capernaum with his disciples, he visited\nNazareth a second time, but was again rejected by its people. (Mark\n6:1-6.) (2.) He then gave the Twelve a charge, and sent them out to\npreach. (Matt. 10:5-42.) (3.) While they were absent upon their mission,\nJesus himself also journeyed preaching through Central Galilee. (Mark\n6:6.) This was his third tour in Galilee. (4.) On his return to\nCapernaum, he received the report of the Twelve, and the news of John\nthe Baptist's murder by Herod Antipas. (Mark 6:14-30.)\n\n4. =The Retirement to Bethsaida.= (1.) The multitudes following him led\nJesus to leave Capernaum by sea for a retired place near Bethsaida.\n(Mark 6:31, 32.) (2.) The people hastened after Jesus, and met him as he\nlanded, so that he was compelled to teach them all day, and wrought in\nthe afternoon the miracle of the Five Loaves. (Mark 6:32-44.) (3.) After\nthe miracle he sent the disciples out upon the sea, and at midnight\nwalked to them upon the water. (Mark 6:45-51.) (4.) In the morning they\nlanded at the plain of Gennesaret, near Capernaum, where Jesus wrought\nmany miracles (Mark 6:52-56), and then returned to Capernaum. (5.) Here\nhe completed his Galilean ministry by a discourse in the synagogue on\nthe \"Bread of Life.\" (John 6:25-59.)\n\n[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST\n\nMAP 4.\n\nLATER GALILEAN MINISTRY\n\nA.D. 28-29.]\n\n\nOUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--FOURTH PERIOD.\n\nPERIOD OF LATER GALILEAN MINISTRY.\n\n1. _Tour in Southern Galilee._ (Capernaum to Nain and return.) (1.)\nCenturion's servant healed. (2.) Widow's son at Nain raised. (3.)\nMessengers from John. (4.) Washing the Saviour's feet. (5.) Dumb\ndemoniac, and opposition of Pharisees. (6.) Interference of relatives.\n\n2. _Gadarene Voyage._ (Capernaum to Gergesa and return.) (1.) Parables\nby the sea. (2.) Stilling the tempest. (3.) Gadarene demoniacs. (4.)\nJairus' daughter raised.\n\n3. _Tour in Central Galilee._ (Capernaum to Nazareth and return.) (1.)\nSecond rejection at Nazareth. (2.) Mission of the Twelve. (3.) Third\ntour in Galilee. (4.) Report of the Twelve, and death of John the\nBaptist.\n\n4. _Retirement to Bethsaida._ (Capernaum to Bethsaida and return.) (1.)\nSeeking retirement. (2.) Feeding the five thousand. (3.) Walking on the\nsea. (4.) Miracles at Gennesaret. (5.) Discourse on the \"Bread of Life.\"\n\n\nV. PERIOD OF RETIREMENT.\n\nDuring most of the six months, from the Feeding of the Five Thousand to\nthe Feast of Tabernacles, in the fall before Christ's crucifixion, he\nremained in retirement, engaged in instructing his disciples in the\ndeeper truths of the gospel. The places visited at this time were: 1.\nPhoenicia, \"the coasts of Tyre and Sidon,\" probably only the borders\nnear Galilee, not the cities themselves. 2. Decapolis, the region of the\n\"ten cities,\" southeast of the Sea of Galilee; a country mainly\ninhabited by a heathen population. 3. Dalmanutha, a village on the\nwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee, not certainly identified, but\nperhaps at _Ain el Barideh_, two miles from Tiberias. 4. Bethsaida,\nalready noticed under Period IV. 5. C\u00e6sarea Philippi, at the foot of\nMount Hermon, now _Banias_. 6. Capernaum, already noticed under Period\nII.\n\n1. =The Journey to Phoenicia.= (From Capernaum to the borders of Tyre\nand Sidon.) (1.) The discourse in the synagogue, showing the spiritual\nnature of Christ's kingdom, led to the defection of the multitude, and\nthe retirement of Jesus and the Twelve. (John 6:60-71.) (2.) At the\n\"coasts,\" or frontiers, of Tyre and Sidon, he restored the demoniac\ndaughter of a Syrophoenician woman. (Mark 7:24-30.)\n\n[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST\n\nMAP 5.\n\nPERIOD OF RETIREMENT,\n\nA.D. 29.]\n\n2. =The Journey to Decapolis.= (From the borders of Tyre and Sidon to\nDecapolis.) (1.) The crowds gathering around Jesus in Phoenicia, he\ncrossed Galilee, and sought seclusion in Decapolis, southeast of the Sea\nof Galilee. (Mark 7:31.) (2.) Here he wrought two miracles, healing a\ndeaf stammerer, and feeding the four thousand. (Mark 7:31-37; 8:1-9.)\n\n3. =The Journey to C\u00e6sarea Philippi.= (From Decapolis to Dalmanutha,\nBethsaida and C\u00e6sarea Philippi.) (1.) He sailed across the lake to\nDalmanutha, but was met by the Pharisees with unbelieving demands for a\nsign, so took ship again. (Mark 8:10-13.) (2.) He sailed northward to\nBethsaida, where he healed a blind man, who saw \"men as trees walking.\"\n(Mark 8:22-26.) (3.) Pursuing his way up the Jordan, he came to C\u00e6sarea\nPhilippi, at the foot of Mount Hermon, where he remained several days.\n(4.) Here occurred Peter's confession, \"Thou art the Christ,\" the\ntransfiguration, and the restoration of the demoniac boy. (Luke\n9:18-45.)\n\n4. =The Last Return to Capernaum.= (From C\u00e6sarea Philippi to Capernaum.)\nHe probably went down the Jordan to Bethsaida, and thence by the shore\nof the sea to Capernaum. Here he kept in seclusion, and gave his\ndisciples a lesson in humility, from \"the child in the midst.\" (Mark\n9:30-50.)\n\n\nOUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--FIFTH PERIOD.\n\nPERIOD OF RETIREMENT.\n\n1. _To Phoenicia._ (Capernaum to coasts of Tyre and Sidon.) (1.)\nDefection of the multitude. (2.) Syrophoenician woman.\n\n2. _To Decapolis._ (Phoenicia to Decapolis.) (1.) Journey to Decapolis.\n(2.) Healing the stammerer, and feeding the four thousand.\n\n3. _To C\u00e6sarea Philippi._ (Decapolis to Dalmanutha, Bethsaida and\nC\u00e6sarea Philippi.) (1.) Dalmanutha: a sign demanded. (2.) Bethsaida:\nblind man healed. (3.) C\u00e6sarea Philippi. (4.) Transfiguration.\n\n4. _To Capernaum._ (C\u00e6sarea Philippi to Capernaum.) The child in the\nmidst.\n\n\nVI. PERIOD OF JUD\u00c6AN MINISTRY.\n\nThis includes the events of about three months, from the Feast of\nTabernacles to the Feast of Dedication. The following places are\nreferred to during this period: 1. Capernaum, noticed under Period II.\n2. The \"village of the Samaritans\" where Jesus was inhospitably treated,\nhas been traditionally located at En-gannim, on the border of Galilee\nand Samaria. 3. Bethany, a small village on the Mount of Olives, east of\nJerusalem, the home of Mary and Martha, now _el Nasiriyeh_. 4.\nJerusalem. (See description on page 73.) 5. Bethabara, on the east of\nJordan, referred to as the place of the baptism, in Period II.\n\nThis period embraces but two journeys, at its beginning and ending; the\none before the Feast of Tabernacles, the other after the Feast of\nDedication.\n\n1. =From Galilee to Jerusalem.= (1.) Bidding farewell to Galilee, Jesus\nleft Capernaum for the last time, and journeyed through Galilee toward\nJerusalem. While starting he conversed with \"the three aspirants\" (Luke\n9:57-62), and showed the duty of full devotion to his work. (2.) On the\nborder of Samaria, perhaps at the village of En-gannim, he was rejected\nby the Samaritans, but refused to allow his disciples to call down fire\nfrom heaven, \"as Elias did.\" (Luke 9:52-56.) (3.) While in Samaria he\nhealed the ten lepers, of whom but one turned back to give him thanks.\n(Luke 17:11-19). (4.) He found a home at Bethany, with Lazarus and his\ntwo sisters, and reminded Martha of her needless care, while Mary was\nseeking \"the good part.\" (Luke 10:38-42.) (5.) He came to Jerusalem\nduring the Feast of Tabernacles, and gave the teachings embodied in John\n7-10. (6.) While here he healed the blind man at the Pool of Siloam.\n(John 9:1-41.)\n\n2. =From Jerusalem to Bethabara.= (1.) At the Feast of Dedication the\nteachings of Christ created such an opposition that he left the city.\n(2.) He went to Bethabara beyond Jordan, the place of the baptism, and\nthere prepared for his tour in Per\u00e6a.\n\n[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST\n\nMAP 6.\n\nPERIOD OF JUD\u00c6AN MINISTRY,\n\nA.D. 29.\n\nTO THE FEAST OF TABERNACLES FROM THE FEAST OF DEDICATION.]\n\n\nOUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--SIXTH PERIOD.\n\nPERIOD OF JUD\u00c6AN MINISTRY.\n\n1. _From Galilee to Jerusalem._ (1.) Three aspirants. (2.) Rejected by\nSamaritans. (3.) Ten lepers. (4.) Mary and Martha. (5.) Feast of\nTabernacles. (6.) Blind man at Pool of Siloam.\n\n2. _From Jerusalem to Bethabara._ (1.) Departure from Jerusalem. (2.) At\nBethabara.\n\n\nVII. PERIOD OF PER\u00c6AN MINISTRY.\n\nThis extends through four months, from the events immediately succeeding\nthe Feast of Dedication, to the Anointing at Bethany, six days before\nthe crucifixion. Its places are as follows: 1. Bethabara, already\nnoticed in Period II. 2. Bethany. (See Period VI.) 3. Ephraim. This was\nprobably the village in a wild region northeast of Bethel, in the Old\nTestament called Ophrah, now _et Taiyibeh_. 4. Per\u00e6a was the province on\nthe east of Jordan, and south of the Hieromax river. It was governed by\nHerod Antipas, the slayer of John the Baptist, and was inhabited by a\nmixed population. No towns are named as visited by the Saviour; but we\nhave conjectured a route through most of the province, as shown on the\nmap. 5. Jericho, at that time the largest city in the Jordan Valley, and\nrecently beautified by Herod. It is now a miserable village, called _er\nRiha_. This period includes four journeys.\n\n[Illustration: THE LIFE OF CHRIST\n\nMAP 7.\n\nPERIOD OF PER\u00c6AN MINISTRY,\n\nA.D. 30.\n\nFROM FEAST OF DEDICATION TO ANOINTING AT BETHANY.]\n\n1. =From Bethabara to Bethany.= (1.) While at Bethabara Jesus sent out\nthe Seventy, to proclaim his coming in the Per\u00e6an villages. (Luke\n10:1-16.) (2.) Hearing of the sickness of Lazarus, after some delay, he\nwent to Bethany, and raised him from the dead, a miracle which caused\nthe Jewish leaders to formally resolve upon putting Jesus to death.\n(John 11.)\n\n2. =The Retirement to Ephraim.= The hour had not yet come for Jesus to\ndie, and he therefore secluded himself from the rulers, in the village\nof Ephraim, in a wilderness north of Jerusalem, on the mountains\noverlooking the Jordan Valley. Here he remained several weeks, probably\ninstructing the Twelve.\n\n3. =The Journey in Per\u00e6a.= Descending the mountains, Jesus crossed the\nJordan Valley, and entered the province of Per\u00e6a. His ministry, during\nthis journey, was of teaching rather than miracle, and is mainly related\nby Luke. Its events were: (1.) The miracles of healing the woman bent\ntogether by an infirmity, and the man with the dropsy. (Luke 13:10-17,\nand 14:1-6.) (2.) The seven great parables, among them that of the\nProdigal Son. (Luke 14-16.) (3.) Blessing the little children. (Luke\n18:15-17.) (4.) The rich young ruler's question, and Jesus' answer,\n\"Sell all that thou hast,\" etc. (Luke 18:18-30.) (5.) The ambitious\nrequest of James and John, for the first places in the kingdom of\nChrist. (Matt. 20:20-28.)\n\n4. =From Jericho to Bethany.= Jesus had now reached Jericho, on his last\njourney to Jerusalem, and from this point we notice the following\nevents: (1.) The healing of Bartimeus at the gate of Jericho. (Luke\n18:35-43.) (2.) The visit of Jesus at the house of Zaccheus the\npublican. (Luke 19:1-10.) (3.) At the end of his journey, the anointing\nby Mary at Bethany, on the Saturday evening before the Passover. (John\n12:1-8.)\n\n\nOUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--SEVENTH PERIOD.\n\nPERIOD OF PER\u00c6AN MINISTRY.\n\n1. _Bethabara to Bethany._ (1.) Sending the Seventy. (2.) Raising of\nLazarus.\n\n2. _Retirement to Ephraim._\n\n3. _Journey in Per\u00e6a._ (1.) Two miracles (infirm woman, and dropsy).\n(2.) Seven parables. (3.) Blessing little children. (4.) Rich young\nruler. (5.) Request of James and John.\n\n4. _Jericho to Bethany._ (1.) Bartimeus. (2.) Zaccheus. (3.) Anointing\nby Mary.\n\n[Illustration: MAP 8. THE LIFE OF CHRIST.\n\nPERIOD OF THE PASSION, FROM THE ANOINTING TO THE RESURRECTION.]\n\n\nVIII. PERIOD OF THE PASSION.\n\nAlthough this period embraces only the week from the Anointing by Mary\nto the Death of Jesus on the cross, its events are so minutely related\nby the Evangelists as to occupy one-third of the Gospels. If the entire\nlife of Jesus were as fully written out, it would fill nearly 80 volumes\nas large as the Bible. The events of the Passion-Week took place in and\nnear Jerusalem. The locations on the map are those of tradition only,\nand are largely conjectural, while the lines of the journeyings are\nentirely unknown. The map is intended merely as a guide to the student\nin presenting the order of events, and must not be regarded as fixing\nthe places with any authority. We arrange the events under nine short\njourneys.\n\n[Illustration: NAZARETH.]\n\n1, 2, 3. =From Bethany to the Temple and Return.= These three journeys\ntook place on successive days, and were marked by distinctive events.\n(1.) The First Journey, on Sunday, was the triumphal entry into the city\nand the Temple, after which Jesus returned for the night to Bethany.\n(Matt. 21:1-11.) (2.) The Second Journey, on Monday, was marked by the\ncleansing of the Temple, when for the second time the Saviour drove out\nof the Court of the Gentiles those who made it a place of trade. (3.)\nThe Third Journey, on Tuesday, was made memorable by the last teachings\nof Jesus, to the people and rulers in the Temple, and to the Twelve on\nthe Mount of Olives, looking down upon the city. (Matt. 21-25.) At the\nclose of each of these three days Jesus returned to Bethany, where he\nremained in seclusion on Wednesday, no event of that day being left on\nrecord.\n\n4. =From Bethany to the Supper.= The traditional place of the\n_Coenaculum_, or supper-room, is on Mount Zion, where Jesus came with\nhis disciples on Thursday evening. Here took place the Last Supper, and\nthe farewell conversation of Jesus with his disciples. (John 13-17.)\n\n5. =From the Supper to Gethsemane.= Near midnight of Thursday, Jesus and\nhis disciples (Judas being absent) left the supper-room, and walked up\nthe Valley of Jehoshaphat to the Garden of Gethsemane. Here Jesus\nendured the agony, and here he was arrested by the officers of the Jews,\nled by Judas. (Matt. 26:36-56.)\n\n6. =From Gethsemane to the House of Caiaphas.= The fettered Jesus was\ndragged by the crowd, first to the house of Annas (John 18:13-15), for a\nbrief examination, thence to the house of Caiaphas for the formal trial\nbefore the Sanhedrim. This place is traditionally located on Mount Zion,\nnear the house of the Last Supper. Here he was condemned by the rulers,\nand mocked by their servants. (John 18:16-28.)\n\n7. =From Caiaphas to Pilate.= Jesus was brought before the Roman\nprocurator at his _pr\u00e6torium_, or place of judgment. We are inclined to\nthink that this was the castle built by Herod the Great on Mount Zion;\nbut we give on the map the traditional location at the Tower Antonia,\nnorth of the Temple. Here Jesus was examined by Pilate, who vainly\nsought to deliver him, being convinced of his innocence. (John\n18:28-38.)\n\n8. =From Pilate to Herod and Return.= Wishing to avoid the\nresponsibility of condemning Jesus, Pilate sent him to Herod Antipas,\nwho was then in the city, probably in the palace of the Asmonean\n(Maccabean) kings. But Herod only mocked Jesus, and returned him to\nPilate. (Luke 23:8-12.)\n\n9. =From Pilate to Calvary.= At last Pilate gave orders for the\ncrucifixion of Jesus. He was now led forth, bearing his cross, perhaps\nby the street called Via Dolorosa, \"the Sorrowful Way,\" to the place\nGolgotha, or CALVARY, outside the wall, where three crosses were\nerected, and the Saviour of the world was crucified. As two locations of\nCalvary are now given, both are indicated, and a journey from Pilate's\ncastle to each. The route to the northern locality is indicated by\ndotted lines.\n\n\nOUTLINE REVIEW OF JOURNEYS--EIGHTH PERIOD.\n\nPERIOD OF THE PASSION.\n\n1. _Bethany to Temple and Return._ Triumphal entry.\n\n2. _Bethany to Temple and Return._ Cleansing the Temple.\n\n3. _Bethany to Temple and Return._ Last discourses.\n\n4. _Bethany to Supper._ Last Supper.\n\n5. _Supper to Gethsemane._ (1.) Agony. (2.) Arrest.\n\n6. _Gethsemane to Caiaphas._ (1.) To Annas. (2.) To Caiaphas.\n\n7. _Caiaphas to Pilate._\n\n8. _Pilate to Herod and Return._\n\n9. _Pilate to Calvary._ (1.) Crucifixion. (2.) Death. (3.) Burial.\n\n\nIX. PERIOD OF THE RESURRECTION.\n\nThe events of the forty days between the Resurrection and the Ascension\nof Jesus cannot be arranged as journeys, since his resurrection body\nmoved from place to place by the will of his spirit. The student may\ntherefore consult the Map of Palestine during the ministry of Jesus for\nthe places referred to in the account of this period. Of the ten\nrecorded appearances, five were on the day of the resurrection, the\nfirst Easter Sunday.\n\n1. =At Jerusalem=, on Easter morning, to Mary Magdalene, after the other\nwomen had received from the angels the news that he was alive. (John\n20:1-18.)\n\n2. =At Jerusalem=, soon afterward, to the other women, when Jesus\ngreeted them with the words \"All hail!\" (Matt. 28:1-10.)\n\n3. =Near Emmaus=, on Easter afternoon, to two disciples, not apostles,\nto whom he unfolded the Scriptures concerning himself. (Luke 24:13-33.)\nVarious locations have been proposed for Emmaus, of which we prefer\n_Kulonieyeh_, four miles west of Jerusalem.\n\n4. =At Jerusalem=, on the afternoon of the same day, to Simon Peter.\n(Luke 24:34.) No account of this appearance, more than the mention of\nthe fact, has been preserved.\n\n5. =At Jerusalem=, on Easter evening, to the ten disciples, Thomas being\nabsent. (John 20:19-25.)\n\n6. =At Jerusalem=, a week after the resurrection, to the eleven\napostles, when Thomas received a tender rebuke for the slowness of his\nfaith. (John 20:26-29.) Perhaps these last two appearances were at the\nplace of the Supper, on Mount Zion.\n\n7. =Near the Sea of Galilee=, to seven apostles, when Peter received a\nnew commission. (John 21:1-23.)\n\n8. =On a Mountain in Galilee=, perhaps _Kur\u00fbn Hattin_, the place of the\nSermon on the Mount. Here were gathered 500 disciples, and the final\ncommands of Christ were given. (Matt. 28:16-20; 1 Cor. 15:6.)\n\n9. =At Jerusalem= (?). To James, the Lord's brother. Only a mention of\nthis appearance is left on record. (1 Cor. 15:7.)\n\n10. =Near Bethany.= Forty days after the resurrection, Jesus appeared to\nthe eleven apostles, gave them his last charges, and ascended to heaven,\nfrom whence he has promised to come once more to earth. (Acts 1:9-12.)\n\n[Illustration: THE VIA DOLOROSA.]\n\n\nOUTLINE REVIEW OF NINTH PERIOD.\n\nPERIOD OF THE RESURRECTION.\n\n_The Ten Appearances of the Risen Christ:_\n\n1. _Jerusalem._ Mary Magdalene.\n\n2. _Jerusalem._ Other women.\n\n3. _Emmaus._ Two disciples.\n\n4. _Jerusalem._ Peter.\n\n5. _Jerusalem._ Ten apostles.\n\n6. _Jerusalem._ Eleven apostles.\n\n7. _Sea of Galilee._ Seven apostles.\n\n8. _Mountain in Galilee._ Five hundred disciples.\n\n9. _Jerusalem(?)._ James.\n\n10. _Bethany._ Apostles. [Ascension.]\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW.\n\n1. Let each period be given as a separate lesson.\n\n2. Draw the map for the period on the blackboard, and show each place\nnamed in the period.\n\n3. Let each scholar also draw the map, and locate the places upon it.\n\n4. Draw the lines of the journeys in the period in colored chalk, naming\nthe places and events of the journeys, and writing only initials or\ncatch-syllables.\n\n5. Review carefully and thoroughly each period, each journey under it,\nand each event of the journey.\n\n6. Erase the map, and call upon the scholars to draw its different parts\nin turn; one the outlines, another the places, a third the journeys, a\nfourth the events, etc.\n\n7. Review with each lesson the leading points in all the previous\nlessons, until the whole series is thoroughly understood and\nremembered.\n\n[Illustration: EARLY APOSTOLIC HISTORY.\n\nPHILIP'S JOURNEY.\n\nPETER'S JOURNEY.]\n\n\n\n\nEARLY APOSTOLIC HISTORY.\n\n\nDURING the seven years following the ascension of the Saviour, the\nChristian church was entirely Jewish in its membership, and, so far as\nwe can learn, limited to the city of Jerusalem and the surrounding\nvillages. There was at that time no thought of the gospel for the\nGentiles, and the conception of the apostles was that the only door into\nthe church lay through the profession of Judaism and the rite of\ncircumcision. Probably the first to attain to wider views of the gospel\nwas Stephen, and the persecution in which he became the first martyr\narose from the tendency of his teachings toward extending among the\nGentiles the privileges of the new kingdom. This state of affairs was\nsuddenly ended by the death of Stephen, and the scattering of the church\nat Jerusalem. The more liberally inclined of its members, when driven\nabroad, were led to preach the gospel, first to Samaritans; then to\nbelievers in the Jewish faith who had not yet submitted to circumcision,\nand hence were called \"Proselytes of the Gate\"; and at last to the\ngeneral Gentile world. The period from the death of Stephen, A.D. 37, to\nthe first missionary journey of the Apostle Paul, A.D. 45, may,\ntherefore, be regarded as an age of transition from Jewish to Gentile\nChristianity.\n\nThis period requires us to notice two provinces, Palestine and Syria.\nPalestine appears at this time under several forms of government in\nfrequent succession. During the public life of Christ, Jud\u00e6a and Samaria\nwere under the direct rule of Rome, governed by a procurator, while\nGalilee and Per\u00e6a belonged to Herod Antipas, and the region north and\neast of the Sea of Galilee, anciently called Bashan, was held by Herod\nPhilip, both of these having the title of _tetrarch_, \"ruler of a fourth\npart.\" In A.D. 37 Herod Agrippa received Philip's tetrarchy, and in 41\nhe was made king of all Palestine. (\"Herod the king,\" Acts 12.) In A.D.\n44 he died, and his dominions were divided. Jud\u00e6a, Samaria, Galilee and\nPer\u00e6a again became a procuratorship, under a succession of Roman rulers,\nuntil the final destruction of the Jewish state, A.D. 70. The\nprincipality of Bashan was given to Herod Agrippa II. in A.D. 53, and\nheld by him until A.D. 70. Syria, the great region north of Palestine,\nextending from Damascus to Antioch, was, during this time, a province of\nthe Roman empire, governed by a prefect.\n\n[Illustration: DAMASCUS.]\n\nThe events of this period gather around seven cities. 1. =Jerusalem.=\nThis place has been already described. (See page 73.) 2. =Samaria= (Acts\n8:5-25), the field of Philip's early ministry, was the ancient capital\nof the Ten Tribes (see page 87), located 30 miles north of Jerusalem,\nand 6 miles northwest of Shechem. It had been rebuilt by Herod the\nGreat, and named Sebaste, in honor of Augustus. It is now a village\ncalled _Sebastiyeh_. 3. =C\u00e6sarea= (Acts 10:1), the place where the\nGentile Cornelius became a disciple, was the Roman capital of Palestine,\nand the residence of the procurators. It was called C\u00e6sarea Stratonis,\nto distinguish it from C\u00e6sarea Philippi, under Mount Hermon; and was\nlocated on the sea-coast, 47 miles northwest of Jerusalem; and is now a\ndesolate, uninhabited ruin, called _Kaisarieyeh_. 4. =Joppa=, where\nDorcas was raised to life, and Peter received a vision (Acts 9:36-43;\n10:11), is one of the most ancient towns in the world, in all ages the\nprincipal seaport of Palestine. It lies 30 miles south of C\u00e6sarea, and\n35 miles northwest of Jerusalem; and is now a flourishing city called\n_Yafa_, or _Jaffa_. 5. =Damascus=, the place where Saul was converted\n(Acts 9:1-25), is an ancient and famous city of Syria, 133 miles\nnortheast of Jerusalem, beautifully situated in a plain at the foot of\nthe Anti-Lebanon mountains. Recently it had a population of 150,000, but\nis rapidly decaying from the diversion of the Eastern trade through the\nSuez Canal. Its modern name is _el Shams_. 6. =Antioch=, seat of the\nfirst missionary church (Acts 11:19-30), was the metropolis of northern\nSyria, situated on the river Orontes, 16-1/2 miles from the\nMediterranean, and 300 miles north of Jerusalem, in a deep pass between\nthe Taurus and Lebanon ranges of mountains. It is now a mean village of\n6,000 people, called _Antakia_. 7. =Tarsus=, the home of the apostle\nPaul, was the capital of Cilicia, in Asia Minor, and one of the leading\ncities of the Roman world. It was 12 miles from the Mediterranean, the\nsame distance from Mount Taurus, and about 80 miles northwest of\nAntioch, across an arm of the sea. It is now a place of 30,000\ninhabitants, called _Tersous_.\n\n[Illustration: PLAN OF ANCIENT ANTIOCH.]\n\nThe most important events of this period may be arranged under five\njourneys, which are indicated upon the map.\n\nI. =Philip's Journey.= (Acts 8:5-40.) Philip, one of the \"seven\" (Acts\n6:3-5), was compelled to leave Jerusalem in the persecution that arose\non account of Stephen. He went first to Samaria, the city known by the\nGreeks as Sebaste, now _Sebastiyeh_, 6 miles northwest of Shechem, or\nSychar, and there began to preach the gospel. This was a step outside of\nnarrow Judaism, as the Samaritans were considered at least semi-Gentile\nby the Jews. After planting a church here, he was sent by the Spirit\nsouthward \"unto the way that goeth down from Jerusalem unto Gaza, which\nis desert\" (Acts 8:26); that is, by the less frequented road. There he\nmet a nobleman from Ethiopia (the kingdom of Mero\u00eb, in Nubia), whom he\ninstructed in the gospel, and baptized as a believer. Suddenly caught\naway by the Spirit, Philip next appeared at Azotus, the ancient Ashdod,\nnow _Asdud_. He followed the line of the coast northward, preaching in\nthe cities of the maritime plain. These cities were mostly inhabited by\nheathen, though in all of them there were many Jews. We find in the\nafter-history the results of his preaching, in churches at Joppa, at\nLydda, and at C\u00e6sarea, where he made his home for 20 years, and was met\nby the apostle Paul, who, long before, as Saul the persecutor, had\ndriven him from Jerusalem. Philip's journey is indicated by a line of\nred color on the small map.\n\nII. =Saul's Journey.= (Acts 9:1-30.) The destroyer of the Jerusalem\nchurch now began a journey for persecution, which was ended in his own\nflight, as a Christian, from persecutors. 1. He went to Damascus,\nexpecting to bind others, but was himself bound by the cords of the\ngospel, and preached the truth he had sought to destroy. 2. From\nDamascus, as a disciple, he went into Arabia, a name which may refer to\nalmost any region from the Euphrates to the Indian Ocean, but probably\nhere indicating the desert lands on the border of Syria, and not\nnecessarily distant from Damascus, to which he returned after a stay of\nfrom one to three years. (Gal. 1:17.) 3. Escaping from Damascus by being\nlet down over the wall in a basket, he returned to Jerusalem, where he\nwas introduced to the church by Barnabas, and received by the apostles\nPeter and James. 4. After a fortnight's visit at Jerusalem, he left the\ncity by divine direction in a vision (Acts 22:17-21), and, aided by the\ndisciples, descended to the seaport of C\u00e6sarea, where in after years he\nwas destined to spend two years in imprisonment. 5. From C\u00e6sarea he\nsailed to his birthplace, Tarsus, in Cilicia, where he spent several\nyears in retirement, preparing for the great work which was to open\nbefore him. This journey is shown by a red line on the large map.\n\n[Illustration: DAMASCUS AND VICINITY.]\n\nIII. =Peter's Journey.= (Acts 9:32-11:18.) This was the journey in which\nthe door of faith was finally opened to the Gentiles. During the \"rest\"\nwhich the churches enjoyed after Saul's conversion, and while the Jewish\nleaders were too busy with the alarming state of their relations with\nRome to disturb the disciples, Peter went forth to visit the churches.\n1. He came down to Lydda, now _Ludd_, on the border of the Shefelah, and\nrestored to health \u00c6neas, a paralytic. (Acts 9:32, 33.) 2. From Lydda he\nwas summoned to Joppa, the principal seaport of Palestine, where\nTabitha, or Dorcas, \"the gazelle,\" had died. She was restored to the\nweeping church, and Peter remained in Joppa \"many days.\" (Acts 9:43.)\n3. He was called to C\u00e6sarea by the Roman centurion, Cornelius, who,\nunder Peter's ministry, accepted Christ, received the endowment of the\nHoly Spirit, and was baptized into the church by the apostle, without\nreference to Jewish requirements (Acts 10); thus marking an era in the\nhistory of the church. 4. Peter returned to Jerusalem, and there met the\ncomplaints of the Judaistic element in the church, by showing that God's\nhand had led in the conversion of Cornelius and the reception of\nGentiles into the church. (Acts 11:1-18.) This journey is indicated by a\nred line on the small map, lower right-hand corner.\n\nIV. =Barnabas' Journey.= (Acts 11:19-30.) After the death of Stephen,\ncertain disciples, driven from Jerusalem, traveled along the coast past\nTyre and Sidon, as far as Antioch, and at the latter place began\npreaching the gospel, at first to the Jews only, but after a while to\nthe Gentiles also. As a result, a church arose at Antioch (on the\nOrontes, near its mouth, now _Antakia_), the first where Jews and\nGentiles became one, the first to receive the name Christian, and the\nfirst to send out missionaries to the heathen world. When the news of\nthis work came to Jerusalem, there was some alarm lest it might cause a\ndivision in the church. Barnabas was dispatched by the apostles to visit\nAntioch. He came, gave the work his hearty indorsement, and remained to\ndirect it. Soon feeling the need of a co-worker, he went to Tarsus, a\nshort voyage across the northeastern corner of the Mediterranean. Here\nhe found Saul, and thenceforward the two were united in labors for many\nyears, until parted forever by an unhappy difference. This journey of\nBarnabas is shown on the map by a broken red line.\n\nV. =Barnabas and Saul's Journey.= (Acts 11:26-30; 12:25.) 1. Starting\nfrom Tarsus the two gospel workers sailed across the narrow sea to\nSeleucia, the seaport, and thence journeyed up the river Orontes to\nAntioch. Here they labored together for a year, and aided in\nestablishing a church, which became one of the most important in the\nearly age of Christianity. 2. Learning by revelation of coming famine,\nthe church at Antioch prepared a contribution for the poorer disciples\nin Jud\u00e6a, and sent it by the hands of Barnabas and Saul. 3. About the\ntime of the death of Herod Agrippa, the two evangelists returned, from\ntheir charitable errand, to Antioch, where they remained until the next\ngreat event, the first missionary journey.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW.\n\nLet the teacher draw on the blackboard the outline of the map, including\nthe borders of the Mediterranean Sea, and the two provinces of Palestine\nand Syria. Then locate the seven important places. 1. _Jerusalem._ 2.\n_Samaria._ 3. _C\u00e6sarea._ 4. _Joppa._ 5. _Damascus._ 6. _Antioch._ 7.\n_Tarsus._ Next draw the five lines representing the journeys, relating\nthe events connected with them. If the journeys can be given in chalk of\ndifferent colors, it will make them more distinct.\n\nI. _Philip's Journey._ Jerusalem, Samaria, Azotus, Lydda, Joppa,\nC\u00e6sarea.\n\nII. _Saul's Journey._ Jerusalem, Damascus, Arabia, Damascus, Jerusalem,\nC\u00e6sarea, Tarsus.\n\nIII. _Peter's Journey._ Jerusalem, Lydda, Joppa, C\u00e6sarea, Jerusalem.\n\nIV. _Barnabas' Journey._ Jerusalem, Antioch, Tarsus.\n\nV. _Barnabas and Saul's Journey._ Tarsus, Antioch, Jerusalem, Antioch.\n\n[Illustration: MOUNT ZION.]\n\n[Illustration: PAUL'S FIRST MISSIONARY JOURNEY.]\n\n\n\n\nJOURNEYS OF THE APOSTLE PAUL.\n\n\nDURING the twenty years between A.D. 45 and 65, of which the events of\nchurch history are recorded in Acts 13-28, the most important personage\nis the apostle Paul. While the work of the original Twelve is scarcely\nreferred to, the journeys of the last apostle are related with\nconsiderable detail. The probable reason for this is, that Paul was the\nleader in the great movement by which the church of Christ was broadened\nfrom an inconsiderable Jewish sect, scarcely known out of Jerusalem, to\na religion for all the world. This distinction from the other apostles\nis considered of so much importance that he is called, almost\nuniversally, by the descriptive title he gave himself--the Apostle of\nthe Gentiles. The localities and events of this period are represented\nupon four maps, three of Paul's Missionary Journeys, and the last of his\nVoyage to Rome.\n\n\nTHE PROVINCES OF ASIA MINOR.\n\nAs the first missionary journey was mainly in Asia Minor, a brief\ndescription of that peninsula is necessary. It embraces about 156,000\nsquare miles, or about two-thirds the size of Texas, and was located\nbetween the Black, \u00c6gean, and Mediterranean Seas on the north, west and\nsouth, and bounded on the east by the provinces of Armenia, Mesopotamia\nand Syria. The provinces which it contained at the New Testament epoch\nmay be variously stated, since in their political, racial and\ngeographical relations they were different. The map of the Roman Empire,\non page 98, gives them according to their political arrangement, which\nunited two or more under one government, and gave to some new names.\nThus there were four districts united under the name ASIA, which in the\nNew Testament never denotes the whole continent, nor yet the whole\npeninsula, but the seaboard provinces of Caria, Lydia, Mysia, and the\ninterior land of Phrygia. So, too, Bithynia and Pontus formed one\ngovernment, Lycaonia was included in Galatia, and Lycia and Pisidia in\nPamphylia. We can best arrange these provinces of Asia Minor, according\nto territorial relations, in four groups. 1. The three northern\nprovinces, on the Black Sea: Pontus, Paphlagonia, Bithynia. 2. The three\nwestern provinces, on the \u00c6gean Sea: Mysia, Lydia, Caria. 3. The three\nsouthern provinces, on the Mediterranean Sea: Lycia, Pamphylia, Cilicia.\n4. The five interior provinces: on the north, Galatia; on the east,\nCappadocia; on the south, Lycaonia and Pisidia; and on the west,\nPhrygia. All of these fourteen provinces, except four, are named in the\nNew Testament.\n\n1. =The Provinces on the Black Sea.= (1.) _Pontus_ (Acts 2:9; 18:2; 1\nPet. 1:1) was the northeastern province, between Paphlagonia and\nArmenia, and having Cappadocia on the south; now represented by\n_Trebizond_ in the Turkish empire. Some of its Jewish inhabitants were\npresent in Jerusalem on the Day of Pentecost; Aquila, a helper of Paul,\nwas a native of this region; and its Christian Jews were among those\naddressed in Peter's first Epistle. (2.) _Paphlagonia_, not mentioned in\nthe New Testament, lay between Pontus and Bithynia, and north of\nGalatia. (3.) _Bithynia_ (Acts 16:7; 1 Pet. 1:1) was the northwestern\nprovince, having the Propontis (now called the _Sea of Marmora_) on the\nwest, and Mysia and Phrygia on the south, from which it was separated by\nMount Olympus. Though the region is only incidentally named in the New\nTestament, two of its cities, Nic\u00e6a and Nicomedia, were prominent in the\nhistory of the Greek church.\n\n[Illustration: ANTIOCH IN SYRIA.]\n\n2. =The Provinces on the \u00c6gean Sea.= These are all included under the\nname Asia, by which the western portion of the peninsula was known to\nthe Romans. (1.) _Mysia_ (Acts 16:7, 8) was separated from Europe by\nthe Hellespont and the Propontis, and had Bithynia on the north, Phrygia\non the east, and Mysia on the west. It contained Troas, on the ruins of\nancient Troy, whence Paul could dimly see the hills of Europe on the\nwest, and where the vision of \"the man of Macedonia\" led to the voyage\nfor the evangelization of Europe. (2.) _Lydia_, once the centre of the\ngreat empire of Croesus, extended along the \u00c6gean Sea from Mysia to\nCaria, and eastward to Phrygia. Its principal city was Ephesus, the\nmetropolis of Asia Minor, and one of Paul's most important fields of\nlabor; and Sardis, Thyatira and Philadelphia were also large places and\nseats of churches addressed in the Apocalypse. (3.) _Caria_ was the\nsouthwestern province, not named in the New Testament, though its\ncities, Cnidus and Miletus, are referred to; the latter as the place\nwhere Paul parted from the Ephesian elders. (Acts 20:15.)\n\n[Illustration: MAP GIVING COMPARATIVE SIZE OF ASIA MINOR AND TEXAS,\nU. S.]\n\n3. =The Provinces on the Mediterranean.= (1.) _Lycia_ (Acts 27:5) lay\nsouth of Mount Taurus, and opposite to the island of Rhodes. Two of its\ncities, Patara and Myra, were visited by the apostle Paul. (Acts 21:1;\n27:5.) (2.) _Pamphylia_ (Acts 13:13) was a small province between Lycia\nand Cilicia, and also between Mount Taurus and the sea. Its capital,\nPerga, was the first city in Asia Minor visited by Paul on his first\nmissionary journey. On his return, he preached in its seaport, Attalia.\n(Acts 13:13; 14:24, 25.) (3.) _Cilicia_ (Acts 6:9) is a long and narrow\nprovince, also lying between Mount Taurus and the sea, and separated\nfrom Syria by the Syrian Gates, a pass in the mountains. Its capital,\nTarsus, was one of the leading cities of the Roman empire, and the\nbirthplace of Paul.\n\n4. =The Provinces in the Interior.= (1.) On the north was _Galatia_, a\nland of uncertain and varying boundaries, but located between Bithynia,\nCappadocia, Lycaonia and Phrygia. It received its name from a race of\nGauls, who conquered it about 300 B.C., was twice visited by Paul, and\nits Christian population was addressed in the Epistle to the Galatians.\n(Acts 16:6; 18:23; Gal. 1:2.) (2.) _Cappadocia_ lay on the southeast of\nGalatia, and south of Pontus. It was the largest province in Asia Minor.\nSome of its people were in Jerusalem at the Feast of Pentecost (Acts\n2:9); and its churches were among those addressed in 1 Peter. (3.)\n_Lycaonia_ (Acts 14:1-23) was not a political division, but a district\nin southern Galatia. It was west of Cappadocia and east of Phrygia, and\nseparated by the Taurus range from Cilicia. Its principal places were\nIconium, Derbe and Lystra, in all of which Paul preached the gospel and\nsuffered persecution. (4.) _Pisidia_ was politically connected with\nPamphylia, but lay north of the Taurus, between Lycaonia and Phrygia.\nIts principal city was Antioch (to be distinguished from Antioch in\nSyria), twice, at least, visited by the apostle Paul. (Acts 13:14;\n14:21.) (5.) _Phrygia_ varied greatly at different periods, and in\nPaul's time had no separate existence as a province. In the earlier\ndays, when Galatia was a part of it, it was said to touch in some way\nevery other land in Asia Minor. In its southern section lay the three\ncities of Laodicea, Hierapolis and Colosse, all named in Paul's letters.\n\n\nTHE FIRST MISSIONARY JOURNEY.\n\n1. Paul and Barnabas, with John Mark as their assistant, set forth upon\nthe first missionary journey from _Antioch_, the metropolis of Syria\n(Acts 13:1), already described on page 107.\n\n2. They descended the mountains to _Seleucia_ (Acts 13:4), the seaport\nof Antioch, 16 miles from the city, named from its founder, Seleucus\nNicator, B.C. 280. It is now a small village known as _el Kalusi_,\nhaving among its ruins an ancient gateway, still standing, through which\nPaul and Barnabas may have passed.\n\n3. Setting sail, they crossed over the arm of the Mediterranean to the\nisland of _Cyprus_ (Acts 13:4-13), the early home of Barnabas, 60 miles\nwest of Syria, and 40 miles south of Asia Minor; of irregular shape, 140\nmiles long and 50 wide; then thickly inhabited, and governed by a Roman\nproconsul, now under the rule of Great Britain.\n\n4. Their first stopping place was at _Salamis_ (Acts 13:5), on its\neastern shore, on the river Pedi\u00e6sus, where they found a Jewish\nsynagogue. The city is now desolate, and its unoccupied site is known as\n_Old Famagousta_.\n\n5. They crossed the island from east to west, preaching on their way,\nand came to _Paphos_ (Acts 13:6), the capital, and residence of the\nproconsul. This city contained a famous shrine of Venus, to whose\nworship, with all its immoralities, its people were devoted. There was\nan old and a new city, of which the former was the one visited by Paul\nand Barnabas. It is now called _Baffa_.\n\n6. Sailing in a northwesterly direction a distance of 170 miles, they\nreached Asia Minor, in the province of Pamphylia. Passing by Attalia for\nthe present, they ascended the river Cestrus, and landed at _Perga_\n(Acts 13:13), 7-1/2 miles from the sea. This was a Greek city, devoted\nto the worship of Diana: now in ruins, and called _Eski Kalessi_. Here\ntheir young assistant, Mark, left the two missionaries to prosecute the\nhardest part of the journey without his help.\n\n7. Their next field of labor was _Antioch in Pisidia_, a city east of\nEphesus, and northwest of Tarsus, now known as _Yalobatch_. Here Paul\npreached in the synagogue a discourse reported more at length than any\nother in his ministry, and here a church was founded. (Acts 13:14-52.)\n\n8. Driven out of Antioch by the persecution of the Jews, they went on 60\nmiles eastward to _Iconium_, a large city, still in existence as\n_Konieh_, and in the Middle Ages the capital of a powerful Mohammedan\nkingdom. This region, in the apostle's time, was independent of the\nRoman empire. (Acts 14:1-5.)\n\n9. Again compelled to endure persecution, they traveled to _Lystra_, a\nheathen city in the district of Lycaonia, where a miracle wrought by\nPaul led the superstitious people to offer worship to the two apostles\nas the gods Jupiter and Mercury (in Greek, Zeus and Hermes). There is\nreason to suppose that Lystra was at the place now known as _Bin bir\nKilisseh_, \"the thousand and one churches,\" a mass of ruins in the _Kara\nDagh_, or Black Mountain.\n\n[Illustration: MAP OF THE ISLAND OF CYPRUS.]\n\n10. Paul having been stoned at Lystra, the apostles went on to _Derbe_,\n20 miles distant, but in the same province, where they were suffered to\nlabor in peace. It is supposed to be represented by the modern village\nof _Divle_. This marked the furthest place reached by the evangelists.\nThey were now quite near the pass in Mount Taurus, known as the Cilician\nGates, and could easily have reached Tarsus, and thence taken a short\nvoyage home.\n\n[Illustration: REVIEW CHART OF PAUL'S FIRST JOURNEY.]\n\n11. But they preferred to return by the same route, perilous as the\njourney was from the enmities excited by their preaching; and revisited\nLystra, Iconium and Antioch, confirming the churches which they had\nplanted, and establishing new ones in other neighboring places in\nPisidia and Pamphylia, as in _Attalia_, a seaport on the river\nKatarrhaktes, 16 miles from Perga, now known as _Adalia_, where they\ntook ship once more, and thence sailed over the Cilician section of the\nMediterranean, north of Cyprus, to Antioch in Syria, where they were\ngladly received by the church which had sent them forth.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW.\n\n1. Draw on the blackboard the subjoined Review Chart of Asia Minor, and\nlet the class also draw the same on slates or paper, in a rough sketch.\nThen insert the provinces, and drill the class upon their names,\nreviewing from the beginning after each group is given.\n\n   _Black Sea._ Pontus, Paphlagonia, Bithynia.\n   _\u00c6gean Sea._ Mysia, Lydia, Caria.\n   _Mediterranean Sea._ Lycia, Pamphylia, Cilicia.\n   _Interior._ Galatia, Cappadocia, Lycaonia, Pisidia, Phrygia.\n\n2. Draw in colored chalk the line representing _Paul's travel_, calling\nattention to the places and events; and frequently review the list, as a\nnew name is presented. (1.) Antioch in Syria. (2.) Seleucia. (3.) Island\nof Cyprus. (4.) Salamis. (5.) Paphos. (6.) Perga. (7.) Antioch in\nPisidia. (8.) Iconium. (9.) Lystra. (10.) Derbe. (11.) Return, and\nAttalia.\n\n\nTHE SECOND MISSIONARY JOURNEY.\n\nThe map presents the field of the apostle Paul's labor during four of\nthe most active years of his life, according to Alford's chronology,\nfrom A.D. 50 to 54. To this period belong two journeys: a journey from\nAntioch to Jerusalem and return, and the second missionary journey,\nthrough Asia Minor, Macedonia and Greece.\n\n[Illustration: PAUL'S SECOND MISSIONARY JOURNEY.]\n\nThe journey to Jerusalem, not indicated upon the map, was Paul's third\nvisit to that city after his conversion. His first visit was in A.D. 40,\nwhen Barnabas introduced him to Peter and James (Acts 9:26-30); his\nsecond was in A.D. 45, when with Barnabas he brought the gifts of the\nchurch at Antioch (Acts 11:30); his third was in A.D. 50, when, again\naccompanied by Barnabas, he attended the council in Jerusalem, called to\nestablish the principle upon which Gentiles were to be received into the\nChristian church. (Acts 15:1-30.)\n\nThe second missionary journey began with an unfortunate disagreement\nbetween Paul and Barnabas, which resulted in their separation, Barnabas\ngoing to the island of Cyprus, and Paul to the mainland. (Acts\n15:36-40.) The apostle chose as his companion Silas, or Silvanus, and\nwas afterward joined by Timothy, and Luke, the author of the third\nGospel and the Acts. We may subdivide this journey into three sections,\nas follows:\n\nI. The Stations in Asia, seven in number.\n\nII. The Stations in Europe, eight in number.\n\nIII. The Stations of the Return, four in number.\n\nI. =The Asiatic Stations.= These are mostly the names of provinces in\nAsia Minor already described in connection with a previous map.\n\n1. Starting from Antioch, Paul first traveled through _Syria_, visiting\nthe churches. (Acts 15:41.) This tour was probably through northern\nSyria only, in the region around Antioch; and the general direction was\ntoward Asia Minor, which he probably entered through the Syrian Gates,\nnow the Beilan Pass in Mount Amanus. No cities are named in this region\nas visited by the apostle; but the principal places were Issus and\nAlexandria, both of which lay along the route of his journey.\n\n2. The next province visited was _Cilicia_ (Acts 15:41), the land of\nPaul's birth. As everywhere he made the chief cities his stations of\nlabor, we may suppose that he passed through Mopsuestia and Adana, on\nhis way to Tarsus, the metropolis of the province. From Tarsus he\njourneyed westward toward Mount Taurus, the northern boundary of the\nprovince, and crossed the range through the Cilician Gates, from which\nhe emerged upon the great Lycaonian plain.\n\n3. We read of a station at _Derbe_, where he had planted a church on the\nfirst journey, and which was now strengthened by his second visit. (Acts\n16:1.)\n\n4. Next, at _Lystra_, where in other days he had been first worshiped\nand then stoned. Here he found a church, the result of his early labors,\nand was joined by his life-long companion, Timothy. (Acts 16:1-4.)\n\n5. We read of Paul and Silas as having next \"gone throughout _Phrygia_.\"\nProbably this refers to a tour among the churches at Iconium and Antioch\nin Pisidia, the fields of former labors. There is no indication in the\nActs or Epistles that he preached in any new places in this district.\n\n6. From Antioch he turned northward and entered for the first time the\nprovince of _Galatia_. (Acts 16:6.) But W. M. Ramsay has shown that\nLycaonia itself was only a district in the political province of\nGalatia, and that the Galatian journey (and also the Galatian epistle)\nmay refer to the region of Derbe, Lystra, and Iconium, not to the entire\nprovince. In that case the dotted red line on the map may indicate\nPaul's journey, and the line through Pessinus, Ancyra, and Tavium should\nbe omitted.\n\nThese conclusions are not, as yet, generally accepted.\n\n7. Paul's desire was to preach the word throughout the Roman proconsular\nprovince of Asia, which comprised Phrygia, and the maritime districts of\nMysia, Lydia and Caria. But divine influences closed up his path, both\nin this direction and northward toward Bithynia; so he journeyed\nwestward across Phrygia and Mysia, and at last reached the shore of the\n\u00c6gean Sea at _Troas_. (Acts 16:6-8.) This was the site of ancient Troy,\nthe scene of Homer's Iliad, and has been the place of great discoveries\nin modern times. There was a city near the ancient site in Paul's time;\nand it is probable that in it he founded a church, for there he was\njoined by Luke, the historian of the Acts and author of the third\nGospel, and in a later journey met \"the disciples\" of the place. (Acts\n20:7.) Here the vision of the \"man of Macedonia\" summoned Paul from Asia\nto Europe (Acts 16:9, 10), and opened a new chapter in the history of\nChristianity.\n\n[Illustration: THE ACROPOLIS AT ATHENS. (AREOPAGUS ON THE LEFT.)]\n\nII. =The European Stations.= All the places named as visited by the\napostle in this journey were included in the two provinces of Macedonia\nand Greece, of which the Roman name was Achaia.\n\n_Macedonia_ was the province north of Greece, and famous in history from\nits conquering kings, Philip, and his greater son, Alexander. Its\nboundaries were: on the north, the H\u00e6mus or Balkan Mountains; on the\neast, Thrace and the \u00c6gean Sea; on the south, Achaia (Greece); on the\nwest, the Pindus Mountains, separating it from Epirus and Illyricum. It\nconsists of two great plains, watered respectively by the Axius, near\nThessalonica, and the Strymon, near Apollonia. Between these two rivers\nprojects a peninsula, having three points, like a hand of three fingers,\nacross the palm of which, in Paul's time, ran the great Roman road known\nas the Ignatian Way. It was divided by the Romans into four districts,\nof which the capitals were Amphipolis, Thessalonica (the residence of\nthe provincial proconsul), Pella (the birthplace of Alexander the\nGreat), and Pelagonia. Of these, Amphipolis had become less important\nthan the rival city of Philippi, in the same district.\n\n_Achaia_ was the Roman name of the little land of Greece, whose fame has\nfilled all history. In the later period of its independence, its ruling\nstate had been Achaia, which gave its name to the entire province when\nannexed to the Roman empire. In the apostolic age, Corinth was its\nmetropolis and political capital, though Athens still retained its fame\nas a centre of art and literature.\n\nThe apostle Paul and his companions sailed across the \u00c6gean Sea from\nTroas, in a northwesterly direction, passing the storied isles of\nTenedos and Imbros; anchored for the first night off Samothracia, \"the\nThracian Samos,\" a rocky island near the coast of Thrace; and the next\nday passed northward of Thasos, and anchored in the harbor of Neapolis,\non the border of Thrace. They did not remain at the seaport, but pressed\ninland to the larger city, which was to be memorable as the first\nfoothold of the gospel in Europe. In the European part of the second\nmissionary journey we notice eight places visited by the apostle.\n\n1. _Philippi_ (Acts 16:12-40). This was an ancient town, enlarged and\nrenamed by Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. Near it was fought\nthe great battle between Augustus and Antony on one side, and Brutus and\nCassius on the other, in which the hope of a Roman republic perished,\nand the empire was ushered in. It had been made a _colony_; that is, a\nbranch of Rome itself, and enjoyed certain privileges of\nself-government, so that its magistrates bore Roman titles, as noticed\nby Luke. Here Lydia, the first convert in Europe, was baptized, and a\nchurch was planted; Paul and Silas were scourged and imprisoned, and set\nfree by divine power; the jailer was brought to Christ; and the\nofficials of the city were made to tremble at having inflicted violence\nupon citizens of Rome.\n\n2. _Amphipolis_ was 33 miles southwest of Philippi, and 3 miles from the\n\u00c6gean Sea. It was a town of ancient fame; but, in Paul's time, decayed\nin population; and, having no synagogue or Jewish population, was not\nyet made a field of his labors. After a delay of only a day, he\njourneyed on still further westward. (Acts 17:1.)\n\n3. _Apollonia_ was 30 miles from Amphipolis, and an important city; but\nfor some reason Paul did not choose to labor in its vicinity, and\nremained there but a day. (Acts 17:1.)\n\n4. _Thessalonica_ (Acts 17:1-9) was the capital of the entire province,\nand 40 miles from the preceding station. It was named after a sister of\nAlexander the Great, and had many historic associations. An arch is\nstill standing, and was doubtless seen by the apostle, which\ncommemorated the victory at Philippi. There was a large Jewish\npopulation, and a synagogue, in which Paul preached for three sabbaths.\nHe succeeded in founding a church, mostly of Gentiles, to which he soon\nafter wrote his two earliest epistles, First and Second Thessalonians.\nBut the Jews excited a riot, and the apostles were compelled to leave\nthe city by night. Thessalonica, now called _Saloniki_, is still the\nsecond city of European Turkey, and contains 80,000 inhabitants.\n\n5. _Berea_ (Acts 17:10-13) was a small city, chosen by the apostle on\naccount of its retired situation. It lay on the eastern side of Mount\nOlympus. Its people were generous in hearing the truth, and candid in\nexamination of its claims; so that many of them believed, and \"the\nBereans\" have furnished a name for earnest students of the Bible in all\nlands. The place is now called _Verria_, and has a population of about\n6,000.\n\n[Illustration: PLAN OF ATHENS.]\n\n6. _Athens_ (Acts 17:15-34) was one of the most famous cities of the\nworld. It was situated 5 miles northeast of the Saronic Gulf, between\nthe two little streams Cephissus and Ilissus, and connected by long\nwalls with its two seaports, the Pir\u00e6us and the Phaleric Gulf, where\nprobably Paul landed. Around it stand mountains noted in history, and\nwithin its walls rise four important hills: the Acropolis, surmounted\nby the Parthenon, the most perfect specimen of Greek architecture; the\nAreopagus, northwest of the Acropolis, where Paul delivered his\nmemorable discourse; the Pnyx, still further west; and, on the south,\nthe Museum. In Paul's time Athens was no longer the political capital,\nbut was still the literary centre, not only of Greece, but of the\ncivilized world. Paul's discourse before its philosophers was not\nattended with immediate results, as no church appears to have been\nfounded; but, four centuries afterward, the Parthenon became a Christian\nchurch, and the Athenians were among the most bitter foes of image\nworship. After many changes of fortune--at times being without\ninhabitants--Athens is now the growing capital of the kingdom of modern\nGreece, and the seat of a university.\n\n7. _Corinth_ (Acts 18:1-18), the next station of the apostle, was 40\nmiles west of Athens, on the isthmus between Hellas and Peloponnesus,\nwhich is here 10 miles wide. In Paul's time it was the commercial and\npolitical metropolis of Greece, being the residence of the Roman\nproconsul. It was, however, a most wicked city, and a by-word for\ncorruption and licentiousness. Paul preached in Corinth for a year and a\nhalf, working meanwhile at his trade as a tent-maker, and during his\nstay wrote the two Epistles to the Thessalonians. After leaving, he\nwrote to the Corinthian Christians two of his longest Epistles, First\nand Second Corinthians. The site of the city is now desolate, except for\na small and wretched village, named _Gortho_.\n\n[Illustration: CORINTH AND VICINITY.]\n\n8. _Cenchrea_ (Acts 18:18), more accurately Cenchre\u00e6, is named merely as\nthe place from which Paul set forth on his return journey, and where he\nperformed the Levitical service of cutting off his hair in token of a\nvow. We know, however, that he had, directly or indirectly, planted a\nchurch here, as its deaconess, Phebe, is named. (Rom. 16:1, 2.) This was\nthe eastern harbor of Corinth, on the Saronic Gulf, 9 miles from the\ncity. It is now called _Kekhries_.\n\nIII. =The Return Stations= of the apostle, in his journey from Corinth\nto Antioch, are given as four in number, though the journey was more\nthan a thousand miles in length.\n\n1. Sailing eastward across the \u00c6gean Sea, and passing many celebrated\nislands, after a voyage of 250 miles, he reached _Ephesus_. (Acts\n18:19-21.) He had been hindered from preaching in this region before,\nand now remained but a few weeks, though urged by the Jews to remain\nlonger. He left behind him his friends Aquila and Priscilla, by whose\nlabors the brilliant young Apollos of Alexandria was led into the\nchurch, and the way was prepared for Paul's labor on his second visit,\nin connection with which Ephesus will be noticed again.\n\n2. A voyage around the southwestern border of Asia Minor, thence past\nthe isle of Rhodes in a southeasterly direction, leaving Cyprus on the\nnortheast, brought the apostle to _C\u00e6sarea_. (Acts 18:22.) This was the\nRoman capital of Palestine, and a harbor. Here Paul debarked from the\nvessel on which he had sailed 600 miles, and entered once more the Holy\nLand. (For an account of C\u00e6sarea, see page 113.)\n\n3. _Jerusalem._ (Acts 18:22.) The apostle climbed the mountains, and for\nthe fourth time since his conversion entered the Holy City. He stayed\nonly to salute the church, and perhaps leave the gifts of the Gentile\nChristians to the poorer saints of Jud\u00e6a, and then left once more.\n\n4. He traveled, overland most probably, to _Antioch_, his home, if any\nplace might be so named; for here were his nearest friends, here he had\nbegun his missionary journey, and here he doubtless received a glad\nwelcome from the church. He brought with him, on his return, not only\nSilas, who had set out as his companion, but Timothy, and perhaps also\nAristarchus, Gaius and Erastus, whose names we find associated with\nPaul's soon after.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR REVIEW.\n\n          I. Draw the map of Asia Minor, and review the\n          names of its provinces as already given.\n\n          II. Notice the _Stations in Asia_, and the events\n          of the journey associated with them. 1. Syria. 2.\n          Cilicia. 3. Derbe. 4. Lystra. 5. Phrygia. 6.\n          Galatia. 7. Troas.\n\n          III. Notice the _Stations in Europe_. 1. Philippi.\n          2. Amphipolis. 3. Apollonia. 4. Thessalonica. 5.\n          Berea. 6. Athens. 7. Corinth. 8. Cenchrea.\n\n          IV. Notice the _Stations of the Return Journey_.\n          1. Ephesus. 2. C\u00e6sarea. 3. Jerusalem. 4. Antioch.\n\n\nTHE THIRD MISSIONARY JOURNEY.\n\nThis journey of the apostle, beginning at Antioch, led him as far west\nas Corinth, and then as far east as Jerusalem. It probably occupied\nabout four years, from A.D. 54 to 58, and may be subdivided into two\nstages. I. The Outward Journey, from Antioch to Corinth, including seven\nstations. II. The Return Journey, from Corinth to Jerusalem, with\nfifteen stations. More than half of this period was spent at Ephesus,\nwhere Paul preached for nearly three years.\n\n[Illustration: PAUL'S THIRD MISSIONARY JOURNEY.]\n\nI. =The Outward Journey.= (Acts 18:23-20:3.)\n\n1. We note _Antioch_, the starting point for each of Paul's three\nmissionary journeys. This place has been already described, on page 113,\nin connection with the map of the Early Apostolic History.\n\n2. His westward course lay through _Galatia_ (Acts 18:23), where he\nvisited the churches planted upon his former tour. But as before, this\nmay refer to the part of Galatia embraced in Lycaonia; and we have thus\nindicated upon the map by a dotted line. (See page 121.)\n\n3. Still journeying westward toward the coast, Paul passed through\n_Phrygia_ (Acts 18:23), already described on page 118. No events of this\npart of the journey are related.\n\n4. He came from the highlands of the interior to _Ephesus_, where he had\ntouched on his previous journey, and was now to remain longer than at\nany other place during his active ministry. (Acts 19:1-20:1.) Ephesus\nwas the metropolis of Proconsular Asia, and may be regarded as the third\ncapital of Christianity, as Jerusalem had been its birthplace, and\nAntioch the centre of its foreign missions. It stood a mile from the\n\u00c6gean Sea, fronting an artificial harbor, in which met the ships of all\nlands, and above which rose the Temple of Artemis (Diana), celebrated as\nthe most magnificent building in Asia Minor, though the image which it\nenshrined was only a shapeless block. Its population was principally\nGreek, though with a large Oriental mixture. Here a preparation for\nPaul's labor had been made by Apollos, who had instructed a small\ncompany of Jews up to the twilight of John the Baptist's teachings\nconcerning the Messiah. From Paul's friends, Aquila and Priscilla, he\nhad learned the gospel of Christ; and, just before the apostle's\narrival, had gone to Corinth. For three months Paul labored in the\nsynagogue with the Jews and inquiring Gentiles; but, when the Jewish\nopposition endangered the work, he took the step (at this time first in\nthe history of Christianity) of calling the believers in Christ out of\nthe synagogue. Paul remained at Ephesus in all more than two years,\nworking at his trade through the week, while preaching on the Jewish\nSabbath. Through his endeavors most of \"the Seven Churches,\" addressed\nlong afterward by John, were founded at this time. Just before Paul's\ndeparture a riot arose, and a tumultuous mob occupied the theatre, whose\nruins may still be seen. Ephesus is now an utter desolation, haunted by\nwild beasts. Near its ruins is a small Turkish village, called\n_Ayasalouk_. Near the close of his stay at Ephesus, Paul wrote the First\nEpistle to the Corinthians.\n\n[Illustration: PLAN OF EPHESUS.]\n\n5. The next stopping place of the apostle was at _Troas_. (2 Cor. 2:12,\n13.) This is mentioned, not in the Acts, but in the Epistle written soon\nafterward. Here he had expected to meet his companion Titus, with news\nfrom the church at Corinth. While waiting, he found an opportunity for\npreaching, and success in winning souls. But, as the expected tidings\ndid not come, Paul again took ship, and sailed once more (see the\nprevious journey) from Asia to Europe.\n\n6. His next station is named as _Macedonia_ (Acts 20:2); but it may be\ninferred that he visited Philippi, Thessalonica and Berea, the places of\nformer labors, already described in the account of the second journey.\nPerhaps it was at this time that he journeyed \"round about unto\nIllyricum,\" which was a province on the Adriatic Sea, west of Macedonia.\n(Rom. 15:19.) While in Macedonia, perhaps at Philippi, Paul wrote the\nSecond Epistle to the Corinthians.\n\n7. The last place in Paul's outward journey is mentioned as _Greece_,\nthe province elsewhere called Achaia. (Acts 20:2, 3; 18:27.) His\nprincipal errand was to Corinth (already described on page 123), where\ntroubles in the church required his attention. While here he wrote the\nEpistle to the Galatians, and his great statement of Christian doctrine,\nthe Epistle to the Romans.\n\nII. =The Return Journey.= (Acts 20:6-21:6.) This was undertaken with the\ndesire of reaching Jerusalem in time for the Feast of Pentecost, A.D.\n58. For some reason, probably on account of a Jewish plot to murder him,\nPaul did not take the direct route, but went around the \u00c6gean Sea by way\nof Philippi and Troas, and was accompanied by a number of friends.\n\n1. From Corinth, Paul and his friends journeyed overland, through Greece\nand Macedonia, to _Philippi_ (Acts 20:3-6), a place now visited for the\nthird time. Here Paul was rejoined by Luke the Evangelist, who\nhenceforth shared his dangers to the end of his life.\n\n2. Most of Paul's company sailed from Philippi across the \u00c6gean Sea to\n_Troas_, in advance of the apostle, but were soon followed by Paul and\nLuke. (Acts 20:5-13.) At Troas they remained for a week with the church;\nand here Eutychus was restored to life by the apostle.\n\n[Illustration: PAUL'S VOYAGE TO ROME.]\n\n3. From Philippi, most of the company set sail for Palestine, but Paul\nwent on foot as far as _Assos_, where he was taken on board. (Acts\n20:13, 14.) This place was situated 19 miles from Troas, and is now\nmarked by extensive ruins.\n\n4. _Mitylene._ This was on the island of Lesbos, famed as the home of\nSappho, the Greek poetess. Here they anchored for the night, as the\nchannel was not easy to follow among the islands. (Acts 20:14.) This and\nthe succeeding stations in the \u00c6gean Sea may be noticed on the map of\nthe islands and coasts of Asia Minor, on page 132.\n\n5. _Chios._ (Acts 20:15.) This is an island 32 miles long, and 5 miles\nfrom Asia; said to have been the birthplace of Homer; and now called\n_Scio_. Here Paul's ship anchored only for a night.\n\n6. _Samos._ (Acts 20:15.) This is an island near the mainland, 42 miles\nsouthwest of Smyrna; and 27 miles long. It was the birthplace of the\nphilosopher Pythagoras. They barely touched at the island, and then\nsailed across to the shore of Asia Minor.\n\n7. _Trogyllium_ (Acts 20:15) is a town and cape on the coast of Asia\nMinor, at the foot of Mount Mycale. The place at which they anchored for\nthe night is still called _St. Paul's Port_. On the next day they sailed\npast the harbor of Ephesus without stopping, for Paul's stations were\ncontrolled by the movements of the ship and its masters.\n\n8. _Miletus._ (Acts 20:16-38.) This was at the mouth of the river\nM\u00e6ander, 36 miles south of Ephesus; and at that time on the shore,\nthough now ten miles inland, by the changes in the coast. Here, while\nthe ship was delayed, Paul sent for the elders of the church at Ephesus,\nand gave to them a farewell address of deep tenderness. This place is\nnow a small village, called _Melas_.\n\n9. _Coos_, or Cos (Acts 21:1), where they next anchored, is a small\nisland, northwest of Rhodes; now called _Stanchio_.\n\n10. _Rhodes_ (Acts 21:1) is an island of note in both ancient and modern\nhistory, 13 miles from Asia Minor, 46 miles long, and 18 wide. Upon it\nhad stood the Colossus, a figure over 100 feet high, but overthrown by\nan earthquake, B.C. 224, and prostrate at the time of Paul's visit.\n\n11. _Patara_ (Acts 21:1) was a seaport in the province of Lycia, in Asia\nMinor, opposite Rhodes. Here the vessel ended its voyage, and the\napostolic company found another, which was bound for Phoenicia. The\nplace is now a ruin, and buried in the encroaching sand.\n\n12. The disciples took another ship at Patara, and sailed in a\nsoutheasterly direction for Phoenicia, passing by Cyprus without\nstopping. The vessel paused for a week at _Tyre_ to unlade its burden,\nand here Paul found a church, perhaps planted by Philip the evangelist.\nTyre had once been the great commercial metropolis of the Mediterranean,\nknown as \"the strong city\" as early as the time of Joshua. It was the\ncapital of Phoenicia, and in Old Testament times held friendly relations\nwith Israel, but was idolatrous and abominably wicked. It was besieged\nby Nebuchadnezzar for 13 years, was destroyed by Alexander the Great,\nrebuilt by the Seleucid\u00e6, and, in Paul's time, was still a large city.\nIt is now a miserable village, called _Sur_, and, in the fulfillment of\nprophecy, \"a place for the spreading of nets.\" (Ezek. 26:14.)\n\n13. Taking ship once more, for the last time, they sailed southward\nalong the coast of Palestine to _Ptolemais_. (Acts 21:7.) This was the\nOld Testament Accho, in the tribe of Asher, but never possessed. It was\n8 miles north of Mount Carmel. In medi\u00e6val history it sustained a siege\nby the Crusaders, and was known as _St. Jean d'Acre_. Here Paul spent a\nday with the church, and then journeyed with his friends southward over\nthe Plain of Esdraelon and Mount Carmel.\n\n14. At _C\u00e6sarea_, the next station, they were entertained by Philip,\nwho, years before, had been driven out of Jerusalem by Saul of Tarsus.\n(See Philip's Journey, page 112.) C\u00e6sarea was the Roman capital of\nPalestine, and was in all respects a heathen city, though containing\nmany Jews. Here Paul received a message from the aged prophet Agabus,\nwarning him not to go to Jerusalem; but he persisted in his purpose.\n\n15. For the fifth time in his life as a Christian, and for the last\ntime, Paul entered the city of JERUSALEM, from which he was soon to go\nforth \"the prisoner of the Lord.\"\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR REVIEW.\n\n          I. _Outward Journey._ 1. Antioch. 2. Galatia. 3.\n          Phrygia. 4. Ephesus. 5. Troas. 6. Macedonia.\n          (Philippi.) 7. Greece. (Corinth.)\n\n          II. _Return Journey._ 1. Philippi. 2. Troas. 3.\n          Assos. 4. Mitylene. 5. Chios. 6. Samos. 7.\n          Trogyllium. 8. Miletus. 9. Coos. 10. Rhodes. 11.\n          Patara. 12. Tyre. 13. Ptolemais. 14. C\u00e6sarea. 15.\n          Jerusalem.\n\n\nTHE VOYAGE TO ROME.\n\nThe last of Paul's recorded journeys was that which he took as a\nprisoner under Roman power. He was seized by a Jewish mob in the Court\nof the Women in the Temple (see plan of the Temple on page 141), in or\nnear the room set apart for the ceremonies of a Nazarite's vow. Dragged\nby the crowd into the Court of the Gentiles, he would have been slain\nbut for the arrival of a company of Roman soldiers from the Tower of\nAntonia. He made an address to the throng from the stairs leading from\nthe Court of the Gentiles to the Tower, and was then taken to the prison\nin the tower.\n\n1. From _Jerusalem_ he began his journey, as a prisoner. The immediate\ncause of his departure from the city was the information received by the\nRoman officer in charge of the Tower of Antonia, that a band of Jews had\nformed a plan to slay Paul. That night he was sent, under a strong\nescort, out of the reach of his enemies.\n\n2. The guard paused at _Antipatris_ (Acts 23:31, 32), beyond which the\nsoldiers were not needed, so they were sent back, and Paul journeyed the\nrest of the way under an escort of cavalry. Antipatris was built by\nHerod the Great, and named for his father, Antipater. It was 26 miles\nsoutheast of C\u00e6sarea, on the direct road from Jerusalem, and 16 miles\nnortheast of Joppa. Its location is not identified with certainty, but\nis probably to be found at a ruin known as _Ras el' Ain_.\n\n3. The apostle was taken to _C\u00e6sarea_ (Acts 23:33), where he was\nremanded to prison. Here he remained for more than two years, was tried\nby Felix, and made his memorable defense before the younger Herod\nAgrippa. (Acts 24-26.) Having appealed, as a Roman citizen, to the\nsupreme court of the emperor at Rome, he was sent on shipboard for the\nvoyage with a company of prisoners, and a guard commanded by the\ncenturion Julius. Luke and Aristarchus were with Paul on the vessel.\n(Acts 27:1, 2.)\n\n4. The day after starting from C\u00e6sarea, the vessel touched at _Zidon_,\nand Paul was permitted to go on shore with the soldier to whom he was\nchained. (Acts 27:3.) Zidon was one of the most ancient towns in\nhistory, and the mother city of Tyre, which was 20 miles south of it. It\nlay in the limits of the tribe of Asher, but was never possessed by\nIsrael. Its commerce was extensive, but early superseded by that of\nTyre. It was a battle ground more than once during the Crusades, and\nchanged masters frequently. Its site is now occupied by a small fishing\nvillage, called _Saida_.\n\n5. The wind being unfavorable, the vessel was carried to the north of\nCyprus, and sailed over waters traversed by Paul more than once, in the\nnortheastern corner of the Mediterranean, past his church home at\nAntioch, and his birthplace, Tarsus, to the harbor of _Myra_, a city in\nthe province of Lycia, in Asia Minor. (Acts 27:4-6.) This city stood at\nthe entrance to a gorge in Mount Taurus, two miles from the sea. Its\nport, where Paul landed to be transferred to another vessel, was called\nAndriadice. It is now in ruins.\n\n6. The next station was to have been Cnidus, 100 miles from Myra, on the\ncoast of Caria; but the vessel only reached it with difficulty, and was\nunable to enter, on account of contrary winds: so the prow was turned\nsouthward toward the island of _Crete_. This lies at the entrance to the\n\u00c6gean Sea, and is 140 miles long by 35 wide. They rounded Cape Salmone,\nat the eastern point of the island, and anchored for a time at a place\nthen known, and still known, as _Fair Havens_, on the southern coast,\nabout midway between the two extremes of the island. Here they were\ndelayed for some time, and Paul urged the centurion to remain during the\nwinter, and escape impending dangers. But it was resolved to follow\nalong the shore still further westward, to the more commodious harbor of\nPhenice. But in this they were disappointed; for they were driven out to\nsea, and to the final result predicted by the apostle. (Acts 27:7-13.)\n\n7. Soon after leaving Fair Havens, the storm set in. It was of the kind\nthen called Euroclydon (Revised Version, Euro aquilo, \"east-northeaster\"),\nnow known as \"a Levanter.\" They were able to run under the lee of the\nlittle island of Clauda, 23 miles from Fair Havens, where they\nstrengthened the vessel for the gale by \"frapping,\" or winding ropes\naround the hull. Thence for fourteen days and nights they were driven\nbefore the wind in a westward direction, until hope perished in every\nheart save Paul's. They were driven 476 miles, upon the island of\n_Melita_, which is 62 miles south of Sicily, and is 17 miles long by 8\nor 9 wide. It is of irregular oval shape, and its coast is indented by\nmany bays. The one in which the apostle was shipwrecked is on the\nnortheastern side of the island, and is known as St. Paul's Bay. A close\ninvestigation of the locality, its surroundings, and the soundings of\nthe sea approaching it, show the remarkable accuracy of Luke's\nstatements. The island is now known as _Malta_, and is under British\nrule. Some years ago an ancient inscription was found on the island,\ngiving to its ruler the same title, _protos_, \"first or chief man\" (Acts\n28:7), given by Luke.\n\n[Illustration: ST. PAUL'S BAY, MALTA, ENLARGED.\n\nMALTESE ISLANDS.]\n\n8. After wintering in the island of Melita, Paul and the other prisoners\nwere placed on board an Alexandrian ship which was bound toward Rome.\nThe first stopping place in this part of the voyage was at the historic\ncity of _Syracuse_, on the eastern shore of Sicily. (Acts 28:12.) Here\nthey paused for three days, and then continued their voyage.\n\n9. The next station was at _Rhegium_, where they lay, awaiting a\nfavorable wind, for one day. (Acts 28:13.) This is at the \"toe\" of the\nItalian boot, opposite Sicily, from which it is separated by a strait,\nonly 6 miles wide. It is now a flourishing town, called _Rheggio_.\n\n10. The vessel ended its voyage, and Paul and his fellow-prisoners\ndisembarked, at _Puteoli_, near Naples. This was one of the leading\nports of Italy, being to Rome what Liverpool is to London. Here Paul\nfound a Christian church, and was permitted to remain for a week before\ngoing onward to the capital, 141 miles distant. The city is now called\n_Pozzuoli_.\n\n[Illustration: PLAN OF ANCIENT ROME.]\n\n11. At a place called _Appii Forum_, \"the forum of Appius,\" a village on\nthe Appian Way, 43 miles from Rome, and again at the \"Three Taverns,\" 10\nmiles nearer, Paul was met by some Christians, who had heard of his\ncoming, and came to give him a welcome, which rejoiced his heart.\n\n12. At last great ROME was reached, and the apostle was at the end of\nhis long journey. For two years he dwelt as a prisoner at large, chained\nto a Roman soldier, but in \"his own hired house.\" At this point ends all\nthat is positively known of the journeys of the apostle.\n\nThe city of Rome stands on the river Tiber. In the period of its\ngreatness it occupied ten hills, with the valleys between them, and a\nplain near the river. The apostle lived near the Pretorian Camp, on the\nnortheastern border of the city, and at the opposite end of the city\nfrom the Jewish quarter, which was on the west of the Tiber. At the time\nof Paul's imprisonment, Rome contained about 1,200,000 inhabitants.\nOne-half of the population were slaves, and two-thirds of the rest were\npaupers, supported in idleness by the free distribution of food. During\nthe two years of Paul's imprisonment he wrote at least four\nEpistles--Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Philemon. After about\ntwo years of imprisonment, Paul was released and spent two or more years\nat liberty.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR REVIEW.\n\n          1. Jerusalem. 2. Antipatris. 3. C\u00e6sarea. 4. Zidon.\n          5. Myra. 6. Crete. (Fair Havens.) 7. Melita. 8.\n          Syracuse. 9. Rhegium. 10. Puteoli. 11. Appii Forum\n          and Three Taverns. 12. Rome.\n\n\nTHE LAST JOURNEYS OF PAUL.\n\n[Illustration: PAUL'S LAST JOURNEYS.]\n\nThe definite history of the apostle Paul ends with the last verse of the\nActs of the Apostles; but, from the later Epistles and the dim light of\nearly tradition, we may gather a few facts, and perhaps can indicate a\nfew more journeys. From Philippians and Philemon, it is clear that\nPaul expected an acquittal and release; from 1 Timothy and Titus, it is\nevident, that after his imprisonment there were two years, perhaps more,\nof liberty. Combining the allusions in the Epistles, we offer a\nconjectural outline of the apostle's journeys during that year,\nfollowing mainly the order of Canon Farrar.\n\n1. Near the close of his imprisonment he expressed an expectation of\nspeedily visiting the churches of Proconsular Asia, especially that at\n_Colosse_ (Philem. 1:22), and desired a lodging to be prepared for him\nat the house of Philemon. We may take for granted that this purpose was\naccomplished, and that _Ephesus_, as well as Colosse, was visited at\nthis time. Ephesus has been already described. (See page 125.) Colosse,\ncalled also Colass\u00e6, was a city on the Lycus, near Hierapolis and\nLaodicea, and on the great caravan road from Ephesus to the Euphrates.\nAt one time it was a large and flourishing place, but declined as other\ncities gained its Eastern trade. Paul had never before visited this\ncity, and its church had been founded by Epaphras. Yet Paul was well\nacquainted with several of its members, and addressed to it, during his\nimprisonment, the Epistle to the Colossians; and to one of its members\nthe Epistle to Philemon. The site of the ancient city is near the modern\nvillage of _Chonas_.\n\n2. Just before his release, Paul dispatched Timothy to Philippi,\nexpecting soon to follow him. (Phil. 2:19-24.) Timothy fulfilled his\nmission, and came to Ephesus, where Paul left him in charge of the\nchurch, and himself went to _Macedonia_. (1 Tim. 1:3.) Here he doubtless\nvisited the churches which he had planted in Philippi, Thessalonica and\nBerea, and probably journeyed as far south as Corinth.\n\n3. We judge that to this time belongs his visit to _Crete_. (Titus 1:5.)\nHe had touched at this island during his voyage to Rome, and may have\ngone on shore at Fair Havens; but now he organized the church, and left\nit under the care of Titus, who had accompanied him to the island.\n\n4. We find that after this Paul was at _Nicopolis_, a place not\npreviously mentioned in his history. (Titus 3:12.) There were no less\nthan ten cities of this name in the ancient world; but it must have been\none of three among them: Nicopolis of Thrace, of Cilicia, or of Epirus.\nThe latter has been generally accepted as the one where Paul \"determined\nto winter.\" It was in the Roman province of Achaia, near the Adriatic\nSea and the Ionian Isles; and was built by Augustus to commemorate his\nvictory at Actium. The place is now called _Paleo-prevesa_, \"old\nPrevesa,\" and contains extensive ruins, among which is a building said\nto have been Paul's place of prayer. Some think that Paul was arrested\nhere before his final imprisonment; but there is no certainty concerning\nit.\n\n5. _Troas._ (2 Tim. 4:13.) It is evident that Paul passed through this\nplace, and stopped with a certain person named Carpus, where he left his\nmantle for winter wear, and some manuscripts. Farrar is of the opinion\nthat he was here arrested, and in such haste that he could not obtain\nthese articles. He may have come from Nicopolis by way of Macedonia,\npassing through Philippi, and sailing across the \u00c6gean Sea.\n\n6. An allusion in 2 Tim. 4:20 hints at another place visited by the\napostle, perhaps as a prisoner. If arrested at Troas, he would probably\nbe sent to _Ephesus_, the residence of the proconsul, for trial. And at\nMiletus, near that city, we find that he left his companion, Trophimus,\nwho had been with him at the time of his former arrest in Jerusalem. It\nis a slight confirmation of this view, that there is among the ruins of\nEphesus a place pointed out as the prison of Paul.\n\n7. From Ephesus he may have set sail once more as a prisoner for _Rome_.\nHe was accompanied by several friends, as Titus, who had left Crete once\nmore to follow him; Luke the physician, his companion to the last; and\nTychicus. We know nothing concerning the voyage, and therefore represent\nit on the map by the most direct route from Ephesus. At Rome we know\nonly that his imprisonment was short; that his friends were few, for the\nchurch had been scattered by the terrible persecution of Nero; that Paul\nwas left alone at his first hearing, his friends having gone in various\ndirections, some on errands of duty, and others in fear of the world;\nthat he wrote earnestly to Timothy to come, bringing Mark with him (2\nTim. 4:9, 11); and we infer from his own expectations and the tradition\nof the church, that his martyrdom was not long delayed.\n\nThe traditional place of his execution is shown at Aqu\u00e6 Salv\u00e6, now _Tre\nFontane_, three miles from Rome, near the road to Ostia.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR REVIEW.\n\n          1. Colosse and Ephesus. 2. Macedonia. (Philippi,\n          Thessalonica, Berea, Corinth.) 3. Crete. 4.\n          Nicopolis. 5. Troas. (Arrest?) 6. Ephesus. 7.\n          Rome. (Martyrdom.)\n\n[Illustration: THE ISLES OF GREECE AND THE SEVEN CHURCHES.]\n\n\n\n\nTHE ISLES OF GREECE AND THE SEVEN CHURCHES.\n\n\nI. AS THE islands of the \u00c6gean Sea are often referred to in the Acts,\nespecially in the account of Paul's voyage to Phoenicia, in his third\nmissionary journey, we present a map representing them upon a larger\nscale, with those portions of Asia and Europe adjoining them. Such of\nthe islands as are mentioned in the history have been already described.\nOne of the smallest is brought to our notice in the book of Revelation,\n=Patmos=, to which the apostle John was banished. This lies 20 miles\nsouth of the island of Samos, 24 miles west of Asia Minor, and about 70\nmiles southwest of Ephesus. It is about 20 miles in circumference, and\nis rocky and barren. Its loneliness and seclusion made it a suitable\nplace for the banishment of criminals; and to it the apostle John was\nbanished by the emperor Domitian, near the close of the first Christian\ncentury: though some scholars give an earlier date, under the emperor\nNero. A narrow isthmus divides the island into two parts, north and\nsouth. On a hill in the southern part is a monastery named after the\napostle John, and near it is the cave where it is said by tradition that\nhe received the vision of the Apocalypse. In the Middle Ages the island\nwas called Patmosa, and it is now known as _Patmo_.\n\nII. The term =Asia= was used by the ancients in varied extent of\nmeaning. 1. Its earliest use in Homer refers only to a meadow near Troy\n(Troas), which was called the \"Asian meadow.\" 2. The lands of Mysia,\nLydia, Caria, and a part of Phrygia, were known as Proconsular Asia, as\nthey formed the province of Asia under the Roman government. This was\noriginally the dominion of the last king of Pergamos, whose title was\n\"king of Asia\"; and was by him bequeathed to the Romans. 3. Asia Minor,\nas a whole, was sometimes called by the name Asia, though not often. 4.\nThe entire Asiatic continent was known by this name in ancient times;\nbut this use of the word is not found in Scripture.\n\n[Illustration: LAODICEA FROM HIERAPOLIS.]\n\nIII. =The Seven Churches of Asia= were all located in Proconsular Asia,\nin the immediate neighborhood of Ephesus. There were other churches\nbesides these, as Hierapolis and Colosse, both near Laodicea, and\nreferred to in the Pauline Epistles; but these are named as the most\nimportant, and a group of seven is the arrangement most frequently found\nin the Bible, especially in its symbolical writings. To these Seven\nChurches were sent the messages in the opening chapters of the\nRevelation.\n\n1. _Ephesus_ (Rev. 2:1) was the most important city of the district, its\nchurch was the largest, and it was the first addressed. (A description\nand plan of this city may be found on page 125.)\n\n2. _Smyrna_ (Rev. 2:8) is north of Ephesus, about 40 miles in a direct\nline, though longer by the route of travel. It is on the \u00c6gean Sea, at\nthe head of the Herm\u00e6an Gulf, at the foot of Mount Pagus. The earliest\ncity was built B.C. 1500, by the Greeks, and destroyed and rebuilt\nseveral times. From the time of Alexander the Great, who was one of its\nbuilders, it became an important city. Its earliest mention in Christian\nhistory is in the Revelation. Polycarp, a pupil of John, was martyred\nhere A.D. 155. His grave is still shown on a hill near the city. Despite\nfires, earthquakes and wars, it has retained its importance, and is now\nthe largest city on the Asiatic side of the \u00c6gean Sea, having a\npopulation of nearly 200,000 people. The modern city is about two miles\nfrom the ancient site.\n\n3. _Pergamos_ (Rev. 2:12), more properly Pergamum, was 60 miles\nnortheast of Smyrna, in the district of Mysia, 3 miles north of the\nlittle river Caicus, and 20 miles from the \u00c6gean Sea. It was the capital\nof a small but wealthy kingdom, which arose in the breaking up of\nAlexander's empire. It was celebrated for its large library, which at\none time contained 200,000 manuscripts, but was by Mark Antony presented\nto Cleopatra, and removed to Alexandria. The city was devoted to the\nworship of \u00c6sculapius, the patron divinity of medicine; and was, like\nmost idolatrous places, corrupt in its morals. It is now a city of\n25,000 inhabitants, called _Pergama_.\n\n[Illustration: ISLE of PATMOS.]\n\n4. _Thyatira_ (Rev. 2:18) was a city in the province of Lydia, on the\nroad from Pergamos to Sardis. It was founded by Alexander the Great, who\nplanted it with people from Macedonia, which may account for the fact\nthat \"Lydia of Thyatira\" was found by Paul at Philippi, in Macedonia. It\nwas a prosperous manufacturing town, but never a great city, and its\nscarlet cloth still has a reputation throughout the Orient. It is now a\nplace with a population of from 17,000 to 20,000, and is called _ak\nHissar_, \"white castle.\"\n\n5. _Sardis_ (Rev. 3:1) lay 30 miles south of Thyatira, between the river\nHermus and Mount Tmolus. It was the capital of Croesus, the wealthy king\nof Lydia, whose empire was overthrown by Cyrus the Great. After the time\nof Alexander it belonged to the kingdom of Pergamos, until its\nabsorption into the Roman empire. It was a place of extensive commerce,\nwhich led to prosperity, and the worldliness of the Christian church,\nrebuked in the message of the Revelation. It is now a miasmatic region,\nwith scarcely an inhabitant, and bears the name _Sert Kalessi_.\n\n6. _Philadelphia_ (Rev. 3:7) was about 25 miles southeast of Sardis, on\nthe river Cogamus, a branch of the Hermus. It was built and named by\nAttalus Philadelphus, king of Pergamos, and was the centre of a rich\nfarming region, which has kept it inhabited through all the vicissitudes\nof the centuries. It was destroyed by an earthquake A.D. 17, but\nrebuilt. Its population is now about 10,000, and its modern name is\n_Allah Shehr_, \"city of God.\"\n\n7. _Laodicea_ (Rev. 3:14) was the capital of Phrygia, and was 50 or 60\nmiles from Philadelphia, according to route. It was on the bank of the\nLycus, near Hierapolis and Colosse. Its ancient name was Diospolis, but\nwas changed by the Syrian king, Seleucus II., in honor of his wife,\nLaodice. In A.D. 62 it was destroyed by an earthquake; but its people\nwere sufficiently rich to decline the aid of the Romans in rebuilding\ntheir city. Its worldly prosperity was reflected in its church, which\nreceived the sharpest rebukes of the Revelator. The Mohammedans\ndestroyed the city, which is now a mass of ruins, surrounding a village\ncalled _Eski-hissar_.\n\nIt will be noticed, that, in the order of the Revelation, the Seven\nChurches are arranged in a circuit, as one would find them, starting\nfrom Ephesus, and traveling north to Smyrna and Pergamus, then southeast\nto Thyatira, Sardis and Philadelphia, until the southern and eastern\nlimit is reached at Laodicea.\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR REVIEW.\n\n          I. Let the teacher draw the outlines of the coast\n          of both Europe and Asia, and call attention to the\n          lands as already noticed under other maps. Then\n          locate and name the principal _Islands_,\n          especially those referred to in Paul's voyage to\n          Palestine (map on page 122), and _Patmos_.\n\n          II. Explain the four meanings of the name Asia, as\n          used by the ancients.\n\n          III. Locate and name the _Seven Churches_, as\n          given in Revelation. _Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamos,\n          Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia, Laodicea._\n\n\n\n\nTHE TABERNACLE.\n\n[Illustration: THE TABERNACLE, ACCORDING TO FERGUSSON.]\n\n\nI. =Its Origin.= The Tabernacle was the tent in which the emblems for\ndivine worship were kept from the time of Moses to that of Solomon, 400\nyears. It represented the idea of God dwelling among his people, in the\ncentre of the camp of Israel. The earliest institution for worship was\nthe Altar, built wherever the patriarchs pitched their tents. Next we\nfind a place consecrated and kept for the house of God, as Jacob's\npillar at Bethel, to which the patriarch returned as to a sanctuary in\nafter years. The Tabernacle arose when Israel was no longer a family,\nbut a nation, needing a centralizing power and a system of worship as\nthe uniting element among the tribes. It was erected under the direction\nof Moses, by divine command, while the Israelites were encamped at Mount\nSinai.\n\nII. =Its History.= During all the journeys of the Israelites through the\nwilderness, the Tabernacle stood in the centre of their camp, or, while\non the march, was taken apart and carried by the Levites. At the time of\nthe conquest, it remained at Gilgal, the fortified camp of Israel, near\nJericho. After the war it was established at Shiloh, in the tribe of\nEphraim, where it continued until the great defeat of Israel at Ebenezer\n(1 Sam. 4:1-11), when the ark was taken, and probably Shiloh was\nravaged. The Tabernacle was removed to Nob, in the tribe of Benjamin,\nwhere it remained until Saul's slaughter of the priests. (1 Sam. 21:1-6;\n22:18, 19.) It seems to have been at Gibeon, while the ark was in\nseclusion at Kirjath-jearim. (2 Chron. 1:4.) There is no mention of the\nTabernacle after the building of the Temple; but a Jewish tradition is\nthat its curtains were rolled up and laid away in one of the rooms\nconnected with the Temple.\n\nIII. =The Departments of the Tabernacle.= This will require us to\nnotice: 1. The Court. 2. The Altar. 3. The Laver. 4. The Tent. 5. The\nHoly Place. 6. The Holy of Holies. The dimensions of these are given in\ncubits; and, as the authorities differ as to the length of the cubit, we\nwill consider it here as being about a foot and a half, or 18 inches,\nthe length generally given.\n\n1. _The Court_ was 150 feet long by 75 wide. It was separated from the\ncamp by a curtain of fine linen, supported by 60 pillars, of which 20\nwere on each side, and 10 on each end. The pillars were probably of wood\ncovered with brass. (There is strong reason for believing that the word\n\"brass\" in the Old Testament refers to copper.) They were fastened\ntogether by cords, and rested upon bases of brass, which were fastened\nto the ground, perhaps by spikes from the bottom. Each pillar was 7-1/2\nfeet (5 cubits) high, and was covered with a silver cap. The curtain was\nmade of linen, in sections, extending from pillar to pillar, a distance\nof about 8 feet, and was fastened to the pillars by hooks of silver. The\nentrance was on the end toward the east, 30 feet wide, and consisted of\nan embroidered hanging, which could be raised or lowered at pleasure.\nNone but the priests and Levites were allowed within the court; and the\nworshipers presented their offerings without at the entrance. (Review.\n1. Dimensions. 2. Pillars. 3. Curtain. 4. Entrance. 5. Priests.)\n\n2. _The Altar_ stood within the court, in front of the entrance, in the\nmost prominent situation of the camp, and was the largest article of the\ntabernacle furniture. It was a plain structure, 7-1/2 feet square and\n4-1/2 feet high, hollow within, and made of acacia wood, to avoid\nexcessive weight; but covered with plates of brass, as it was exposed to\nthe fire. Upon each corner projected a horn from the top, upon which the\nblood of the victim was sometimes sprinkled, and to which suppliants\nsometimes fled. Around the altar, midway between the top and bottom, was\na \"compass\" (Exod. 27:5), or ledge, upon which the priest stood while\nsacrificing. There is mention also of \"a grate\" (Exod. 27:4), which was\nformerly supposed to have been placed inside the altar, so that the fire\nmight be built upon it, and the ashes fall through it; but this is now\nby the best scholars considered to have been upright, and under the\n\"compass,\" and not a grate, but a lattice-work of brass, surrounding the\naltar. It is believed that at each encampment the altar was filled with\nearth, and that upon this the fire was kindled, according to Exod.\n20:24, 25. At each corner was a brass ring, and through the pair of\nrings on each side a rod was passed, by which the altar was carried\nfrom place to place during the marches of Israel. The fire upon the\naltar was kindled miraculously (Lev. 9:24), and was never suffered to go\nout, but was kept alive even on the march by live coals in a vessel.\nTwice each day the high-priest offered the general sacrifice for the\npeople, besides the individual offerings of worshipers. In officiating,\nthe priest approached the altar by an ascent of earth, as steps were\nforbidden (Exod. 20:26), and he stood upon either the north or south\nside, as the ashes were thrown out on the east side. (Lev. 1:16.) The\nutensils of the altar were five, all of brass. 1. _Pans_, used to convey\nthe ashes outside the camp. (Lev. 6:10, 11.) 2. _Shovels_, for taking\noff coals of fire to put in the censers. 3. _Basins_, for receiving and\ncarrying the blood of offerings. 4. _Flesh-hooks_, for placing the\nsacrifice on the fire. 5. _Fire-pans_, for carrying the fire while on\nthe march. (Note for Review. 1. Situation. 2. Dimensions. 3. Horns. 4.\nCompass. 5. Grate. 6. Earth contents. 7. Rings. 8. Fire. 9. Sacrifices.\n10. Approach. 11. Utensils.)\n\n[Illustration: THE TABLE OF SHEW-BREAD.]\n\n3. _The Laver_ is less minutely described than the altar. It was a large\ntank for holding water, an abundance of which was needed in the\nsacrifices, and was made out of the metallic \"looking-glasses\" of the\nwomen who worshiped at the Tabernacle. (Exod. 38:8.) It stood at the\ndoor of the Tabernacle, and west of the altar. (Exod. 30:18.) With it is\nmentioned \"its foot,\" which was probably a lower basin, into which the\nwater ran from above, made to prevent the earth around from becoming\nsaturated with water. Its size and form are not stated in the account.\n(Review. 1. Purpose. 2. Material. 3. Place. 4. Foot.)\n\n4. _The Tent._ This was the Tabernacle proper, to which the court was\nthe adjunct. It stood as the representation of God's house, wherein he\ndwelt in the midst of his own chosen people. It was 15 feet wide and\nhigh, and 45 feet long, divided into two rooms by a curtain, or vail.\nThough many details are given, yet it is not possible to give certain\nconclusions either concerning its plan of construction, or even its\ngeneral appearance. For example: some authorities conclude that the\ncurtained roof was flat, or even sagging downward in the middle, while\nothers are sure that it was pointed, by means of a ridge-pole, as\nrepresented in our engraving. We consider neither as certain, but\nincline to the latter opinion. The walls and rear end of the tent were\nmade of upright boards, covered with gold, each 15 feet high, and 2 feet\n3 inches wide; of which there were 20 boards on each side, and 10 in the\nrear, while the front was open. Upon each board were rings of gold, so\narranged that, when the walls were erected, the rings were in three\nrows, and through them long poles were passed to hold the structure\ntogether. Each board was furnished at its lower end with two tenons,\nwhich fitted into mortises in bases of solid silver, each weighing\nnearly 100 pounds. These bases stood side by side, forming a firm and\ncontinuous foundation, and protecting the lower ends of the boards from\ndecay. The roof of the tent was supported by pillars, of which there\nseem to have been five in the front (Exod. 36:38), and probably as many\nin the rear. These were covered with gold, and rested upon bases of\nbrass. The covering of the Tabernacle consisted of four curtains, one\nover another. 1. A covering called the \"tabernacle cloth,\" of linen,\nwoven in various colors, and embroidered with figures of cherubim. 2.\nOver this was stretched a covering of cloth made from goat's hair,\nlarger than the other, and therefore extending beyond it. 3. Next came a\ncovering of \"rams' skins dyed red.\" 4. Over all was spread a covering\nskin, called in the Hebrew, _tachash_, translated \"badgers' skins,\" but\nsupposed by many to mean _seal skin_, taken from animals found in the\nRed Sea, and intended to preserve the roof from the effects of the\nweather. The front, on the eastern end, was protected by a hanging of\nfine linen, embroidered in blue, purple and scarlet, and resting upon\nthe five pillars named above. (Review. 1. Purpose. 2. Dimensions. 3.\nForm. 4. Walls. 5. Rings. 6. Bases. 7. Pillars. 8. Coverings. 9. Front.)\n\n5. _The Holy Place._ This was the larger of the two rooms, and was\nseparated from the smaller room within by the _Vail_, which was an\nembroidered curtain hanging upon four pillars. Its dimensions were 15\nfeet in width and 30 feet in length, with walls 15 feet high. There is\nno mention of a floor, and probably there was none. It contained three\narticles of furniture. On the right of a person entering, midway between\nthe two ends of the room, stood the _Table_, made of shittim wood\n(acacia), covered with gold; it was 3 feet long, a foot and a half wide,\n2 feet 3 inches high, and surrounded with a \"crown,\" or ornamental band,\nof gold. On the corners were rings, through which rods were passed, to\ncarry it from place to place. On this table were kept 12 loaves of\nunleavened bread, which were renewed every Sabbath. On the left,\nopposite to the table, was the _Lamp-stand_, generally called the\nCandlestick, but incorrectly, as it contained lamps, not candles. This\nwas a tree of gold, probably 40 inches high, having three branches on\neach side of the central trunk, so arranged that the seven summits, each\nholding a lamp, stood in a horizontal line. It is uncertain whether the\nlamps were kept burning at all times, or only during the night. Directly\nin front of the vail, at the western end of the Holy Place, stood the\n_Altar of Incense_. This was of acacia wood, overlaid with gold, whence\nit was frequently called \"the golden altar.\" It was a foot and a half\nsquare, and three feet high. It had horns on its corners, and rings for\ncarrying, and an opening in the top, wherein was placed daily a censer\nfull of incense, which was lighted by live coals from the altar of burnt\noffering in the court. The lighting of the incense with common fire was\nthe crime for which the two elder sons of Aaron \"died before the Lord.\"\n(Lev. 10:1, 2.) Into the Holy Place the priests entered daily, to trim\nand refill the lamps, and offer the incense. (Review. 1. Vail. 2.\nDimensions. 3. Table. 4. Lamp-stand. 5. Altar of Incense. 6. Daily\nuses.)\n\n6. _The Holy of Holies._ This was the inner room, at the western end of\nthe building, entered only on one day in the year, the Day of Atonement,\nand only by the high priest. Its dimensions were those of a cube, 15\nfeet in breadth, length and height. It contained the most sacred _Ark of\nthe Covenant_, which was a chest, the receptacle for the stone tablets\nof the Law, given by the Lord to Moses. It was of shittim or acacia\nwood, covered without and within with gold, 3 feet 9 inches long, by 2\nfeet 3 inches wide and deep; furnished on the side with rings, that it\nmight be carried. The lid was made of gold, and was called the\n_propitiatory_,--in our version, \"mercy seat.\" Upon it stood golden\nfigures of the cherubim, and between them was believed to dwell the\ncloud which denoted God's presence. (Review. 1. Uses. 2. Dimensions. 3.\nArk.)\n\n[Illustration: THE BRAZEN ALTAR.]\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW.\n\n          1. Draw upon the blackboard a diagram representing\n          the ground-plan of the Court of the Tabernacle,\n          and, within it, the Tabernacle itself. Tell the\n          class its origin and history.\n\n          2. Locate upon the diagram each of the parts\n          referred to, and describe them, following the\n          outline given at the end of each paragraph.\n\n          3. Review the facts given, frequently during the\n          lesson, and finally at the close.\n\n[Illustration: THE BRAZEN ALTAR, ACCORDING TO MEYER.]\n\n[Illustration: THE TEMPLE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST (HEROD'S).]\n\n\n\n\nTHE TEMPLE.\n\n\nTHE Temple was the centre of Jewish thought, not only in Palestine, but\nalso throughout the world. Even when it lay in ruins, Daniel, in the\nland of captivity, opened his window toward its site when he prayed; and\nthe front of every synagogue looked toward it. It stood on Mount Moriah,\nwhich was originally outside the wall of the city, east of Mount Zion.\nIn order to give room for all its courts, the surface of the hill was\nincreased by building out from its sides on successive platforms,\nsupported by immense substructions of brick and stone, so that the\nentire mountain is honeycombed with artificial caves.\n\nThere were three successive Temples. 1. _Solomon's Temple_ dedicated\nabout 950 B.C. The accounts of this building are so meager, and the text\nis so uncertain, that it is impossible to construct its plan with any\nsatisfaction. A conjectural ground plan is given on page 71. This temple\nstood until 587 B.C., when it was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar. 2. After\na period of desolation of 50 years, _Zerubbabel's Temple_ was begun, 536\nB.C., and finished 20 years after. Still less is known of its\narchitecture; but it was probably on the same general plan as Solomon's,\nthough less magnificent. It passed through many sieges, was desecrated\nby enemies, and reconsecrated by the Jews, but stood until 30 years\nbefore the birth of Christ. 3. _Herod's Temple_ was a restoration,\nenlargement, and improvement upon Zerubbabel's. It was built by Herod\nthe Great, in sections, taking down the old and building the new part by\npart, so that it occupied many years, and was not completed until after\nHerod's death, and less than ten years before its final destruction.\nThis was the Temple standing in the time of Christ, and referred to in\nthe allusions of the New Testament. It was destroyed by the Romans under\nTitus, A.D. 70, and was never rebuilt by the Jews, though its\nrestoration was more than once attempted. Its site is now occupied by\nthe Mohammedan \"Dome of the Rock,\" often, but erroneously, called the\nMosque of Omar.\n\n[Illustration: THE DOME OF THE ROCK.]\n\nThe Temple of Herod is the one usually described in works on the\nsubject. The authorities are: 1. The Scriptures, from which we gather\nreferences to this Temple, and analogies from the description of the\nTabernacle, of which the Temple was an enlarged copy. 2. The description\ngiven by Josephus, which was written 20 years after its fall, and gives\ngeneral impressions rather than accurate details. 3. The tract Middoth\n\"measures,\" in the Talmud, which gives precise measurements, but not\ncomplete information. 4. The allusions in ancient Jewish literature, of\nmore or less value and authority. 5. The results of recent explorations\nunder the Temple area, which are very valuable. Different investigators\nhave come to very different conclusions concerning the Temple and its\ncourts. We present in this description those of Dr. James Strong, in\nMcClintock & Strong's Cyclopedia, from which our diagram is taken, by\npermission. From the uncertainty of many dimensions, and especially the\ndifference of opinion with regard to the length of the Jewish cubit, in\nwhich all the ancient measurements are given, most of our figures must\nbe regarded as general estimates, rather than precise statements.\n\nThe Temple consisted of a building called \"the House of God,\" surrounded\nby a number of open courts, the outer ones including the inner. On the\nnorth of it was the Tower of Antonia; east, Valley of the Kedron;\nsouth, Ophel; west, Valley of the Tyropoeon; and beyond, Mount Zion.\n\nI. =The Court of the Gentiles= was the largest, and the first entered by\na visitor from without. It was so named because it was the only part of\nthe building in which foreigners were allowed; hence not regarded as\nsacred by the Jews. Speaking roughly, it was an open square, of about\n1,000 feet on each side; more precisely, a quadrangle, whose inside\nmeasurements were 990 feet on the north, 1,000 on the east, 910 on the\nsouth, 1,060 on the west. On two sides there was a covered corridor;\nSolomon's Porch on the east, Herod's Porch on the south. It was entered\non the north, east and south, by a single gate in each wall: north, the\nGate Tedi, a staircase leading up to the Tower Antonia, from which Paul\nmade his speech to the Jewish mob (Acts 22); east, the Gate Shushan,\ndirectly opposite to the altar, and leading to the Valley of the Kedron;\nsouth, the Gate Huldah, a subterranean passage through the floor of the\ncourt, which was here much higher than the ground outside the wall;\nwest, four gates: the southern, near the angle of the wall, the Gate\nShalleketh, or Kiponos, opening to a bridge over the Tyropoeon; next,\nGate Parbar; then, the South Gate of Asuppim; and near the northern\ncorner of the wall, the North Gate of Asuppim. On the floor of this\ncourt was a market for the sale of sacrificial meats, with \"tables of\nthe money changers\"; twice broken up by Jesus in his ministry. (John\n2:14-16; Matt. 21:12, 13.) [Notice, in this account: 1. Name. 2.\nDimensions. 3. Porches. 4. Gates. 5. Market.]\n\n[Illustration: SECTION THROUGH THE MIDDLE OF THE TEMPLE FROM EAST TO\nWEST.]\n\nII. =The Sacred Enclosure= was an elevated section in the northwestern\npart of the Court of the Gentiles, containing the sacred buildings. It\nwas called by the Jews the _Chel_ (pronounced _Kel_). It stood 8 feet\nhigher than the level of the surrounding court; and its outside\nmeasurement was 630 feet on the north and south, by 300 east and west.\nIts outer wall was a lattice wrought in stone, called Soreg,\n\"interwoven,\" 4-1/2 feet high, containing inscriptions in many\nlanguages, warning all foreigners not to enter it, under penalty of\ndeath. A fragment of this wall, with its inscription, was recently\ndiscovered in Jerusalem. Within this wall was a corridor 24 feet wide,\ncontaining an ascent of steps 8 feet high; and above them the inner\nwall, which was like that of a castle, very thick, from 40 to 60 feet\nhigh, and more than once used as a fortress by the Jews. Through both\nthe outer lattice and the inner wall were nine gates, four each on the\nnorth and south; one on the east, opposite to the altar; but none on the\nwest. Though most of the worshipers came from that side, the rear of the\nTemple stood toward it, and the front faced the east. The Chel, then,\nwas a terrace of 24 feet, between two walls, an outer lattice and an\ninner castle. Paul was arrested under a false report of his having led\nGentiles into this Sacred Enclosure. (Acts 21:28, 29.)\n\n[Illustration: PLAN OF THE SACRED ENCLOSURE (HEROD'S TEMPLE).]\n\nIII. =The Court of the Women=, often called \"The Treasury,\" occupied a\nsquare in the eastern end of the Sacred Enclosure. Passing through the\nthick wall, the Jewish visitor (for none other was allowed to enter)\nfound himself in an open court, about 240 feet square, surrounded by\nhigh walls, and 3 feet higher than the platform of the Chel. To this led\nfour gates, or rather doors, in the middle of the wall on each side;\nthat on the east, probably, being the Beautiful Gate (Acts 3:2), and\nthat on the west the Gate of Nicanor, because the head of Nicanor, a\nSyrian enemy of the Jews, had once been hung upon it. In each corner of\nthe court was a room, open overhead, 60 feet square. That in the\nsoutheast was used for the ceremonies of the Nazarite's vow, and was the\none where Paul was seized by the Jews (Acts 21:26); in the northeast,\nfor the preparation of wood for the altar; in the northwest, for the\nceremonies of cleansing for lepers; in the southwest, for the storage of\nsacrificial oil. Between these rooms were galleried cloisters, of which\nthe upper story was set apart for women, who were not allowed to\npenetrate further into the Temple, but from the gallery over the Gate of\nNicanor could witness the sacrifices. Around the wall were fastened 13\ntreasure-chests, for gifts of the worshipers, from which came the name\n\"Treasury.\" (Mark 12:41, 42; John 8:20.) Under the floor of this court\nwas a subterranean passage from the Tower of Antonia, by which soldiers\nwere sent to quell riots among the Jews, the opening being by the Gate\nBeautiful, over which was a guard-room. Through this passage the\nsoldiers came who rescued Paul from the Jewish mob. (Acts 21:31, 32.)\nUnder the steps leading up to the Gate Nicanor were two rooms in which\nmusical instruments were stored for use at the festivals. [Review. 1.\nNames. 2. Dimensions. 3. Doors. 4. Rooms. 5. Galleries. 6.\nTreasure-chests. 7. Underground passage. 8. Music-rooms. 9. Scripture\nallusions.]\n\nIV. =The Court of Israel=, or Court of the Men, occupied the western end\nof the Sacred Enclosure, and was a narrow corridor surrounding the Court\nof the Priests. It was 10 feet higher than the Court of the Women; 320\nfeet east and west, by 240 north and south. The width of the corridor on\nthe north and south was 16 feet, and on the east and west 24 feet. It\nwas the place where the men of Israel stood to view the sacrifices. On\nthe outside of it rose the high inner wall of the Sacred Enclosure; on\nthe inside, a low balustrade sufficed to separate it from the space set\napart for the priests. Three gates led up to it on the north; as many on\nthe south; and one, the Gate of Nicanor, on the east. In the wall on the\nnorth were chambers used severally for treasuries, guard, the storage of\nsalt, the storage of hides and of earthenware. On the south, at its\neastern corner, was the session-room of the Sanhedrim, called the Hall\nGazith, and beyond it rooms in the wall for guard, storage, etc. In the\nHall Gazith, the elders sat on seats of stone arranged in semicircular\nform. [Review. 1. Name. 2. Location. 3. Dimensions. 4. Purpose. 5.\nWalls. 6. Gates. 7. Rooms.]\n\nV. =The Court of the Priests= was a raised platform within the Court of\nIsrael, and standing 3 feet above it. It was about 275 feet long, by 200\nfeet wide. It was mainly occupied by the House of God, in front of which\nstood the great Altar of Burnt Offering, built upon the stone which now\nrises under the Dome of the Rock. The altar was a rude structure of\nrough stone, whitewashed, and 15 feet high. From its southwestern corner\nan underground drain passed beneath all the courts to the brook Kedron.\nOpposite, also, to the southwestern corner, was the Laver, supplying\nwater for the services and washings. Around the altar were marble tables\nfor various uses in the sacrifices, and in the pavement were rings for\nsecuring the animals to be slain. [Review. 1. Name. 2. Dimensions. 3.\nAltar. 4. Drain. 5. Laver. 6. Tables, rings, etc.]\n\nVI. =The House of God=, or Temple Proper, occupied more than half the\nspace in the Court of the Priests. Its floor was 8 feet above the level\nof the surrounding court; and it had four parts. 1. The Porch, or\nVestibule, extended across the front: it was 120 feet high, and\nconsisted of several stories. Its roof was steep, and covered with\ngolden spikes to keep birds from settling upon and defiling it. It was\nbuilt of marble, and richly ornamented. 2. The Chambers were on each\nside of the house, but separate from it, and not attached to its wall.\nThey were three stories high, and entered from the north and south by\nwinding stairs. Their use was to furnish homes for the priests during\ntheir two weeks of service each year. 3. The Holy Place was 30 feet wide\nand 60 feet long, double the dimensions of the same room in the\nTabernacle. It was entered from the vestibule by double doors plated\nwith gold; and both floor and ceiling were covered with gold. On the\nright side of one entering was the Table, on which 12 loaves of\nunleavened bread were kept standing; on the left was the Lamp-stand,\ngenerally called (but incorrectly) the Golden Candlestick, for it held\nseven lamps, not candles; and at its further end was the golden Altar of\nIncense, lighted each day by coals from the Altar of Burnt Offering. In\nthis room Zacharias received the promise of the birth of John the\nBaptist. (Luke 1.) 4. The Holy of Holies was a cube, each dimension\nbeing 30 feet. It was separated from the Holy Place by a vail, said to\nbe 8 inches thick (but probably consisting of two vails 8 inches apart),\nwhich was rent from top to bottom at the hour of the Saviour's death on\nthe cross. (Mark 15:38.) In the first Temple this room contained the Ark\nof the Covenant; but in the second and third Temples the place of the\nlost ark was taken by a marble stone, upon which the high priest laid\nthe censer on the Day of Atonement, the only day in the year when the\nHoly of Holies was entered. The Roman conqueror, Pompey, insisted upon\nentering it, expecting to see some object of worship, and perhaps\ntreasure, but was surprised to find nothing within the vail. [Review. 1.\nPorch. 2. Chambers. 3. Holy Place and contents. 4. Holy of Holies.]\n\n\nOUTLINE FOR TEACHING AND REVIEW.\n\n          I. Let the teacher relate the history of the\n          Temple, with its three periods of building, under\n          Solomon, Zerubbabel and Herod, and review the\n          class on the names and events.\n\n          II. Draw the elevations of the several courts and\n          buildings, showing how they successively rose one\n          above another, and, as each is indicated, give its\n          name, and its elevation above the preceding. 1.\n          Court of Gentiles. 2. Sacred Enclosure, 8 feet\n          elevation. 3. Court of Women, 3 feet higher. 4.\n          Court of Israel, 10 feet. 5. Court of the Priests,\n          3 feet. 6. House of God, 8 feet.\n\n          III. Draw next the ground plan of the six\n          departments as given, and describe each, following\n          the order given in the description above.\n          Frequently review the class upon the names,\n          dimensions and facts.\n\n          IV. Number the Scripture references given in the\n          description, write them on slips of paper,\n          distribute to the class, and call for them in\n          connection with the parts of the Temple to which\n          they refer. At the close call upon the class to\n          name the Scripture incidents connected with each\n          department.\n\n\n\n\nLESSONS IN THE GEOGRAPHY OF PALESTINE.\n\n\nMORE than two-thirds of the events of Bible history are associated with\nthe land of Palestine, and a knowledge of that country and its principal\nplaces is needed by every Sunday School scholar and Bible student. Any\nSuperintendent who will take ten minutes of the Sunday School session\nfor the purpose or teaching Bible Geography, can in less than three\nmonths give to his school a sufficient knowledge of Palestine for the\ngeneral needs of Bible study. The requisites are: a blackboard; some\ncrayons (of various colors, if possible to obtain them); a clear idea on\nthe part of the instructor of what he proposes to teach; precise\nstatements of the things taught, in as few words as possible; giving\nnothing except the important facts which are to be remembered; and\nfrequent reviews, from the beginning, of all the facts acquired. The\nlessons here given have been taught many times in Sunday Schools and\nchildren's classes at Assemblies, and are now published in the hope that\nthey may be made generally useful.\n\n[Illustration: LESSON I.]\n\n\nLESSON I. LINES AND WATERS.\n\nI. Draw in presence of the class, in white chalk, the =two lines=, one\nrepresenting the Coast Line, the other, the Jordan Line. Notice that the\ncape on the Coast Line is one-third the distance from the top of the\nmap; that the second of the three lakes is directly opposite to the\ncape; and that the distance between the second and third lakes is just\nsix times that between the first and the second. The teacher may draw\nthe lines in advance of the lesson, with a soapstone slate pencil, which\nwill make a faint mark, not distinguishable at a distance, but seen by\nthe teacher, and easily traced in presence of the class with white\ncrayon. Let the class repeat the names of the two lines. 1. Coast Line.\n2. Jordan Line.\n\nII. Locate the different =Bodies of Water=, indicating their names by\ninitial letters. 1. The Mediterranean Sea, on the west, called in the\nBible \"the Great Sea.\" 2. The river Jordan, flowing from north to south.\n3. Lake Merom, on the north. 4. The Sea of Galilee. 5. The Dead Sea,\ninto which the Jordan flows. Show the class that this sea lies so low,\nthat, if a canal were cut to the Mediterranean, the ocean would run in,\ninstead of the Dead Sea running out. Drill the class on: 1. Lines. 2.\nBodies of Water.\n\n\nLESSON II. NAMES AND DISTANCES.\n\nDraw the same map as in Lesson I., but omit the lettering, and review\nthe Lines and Waters.\n\nI. State and drill upon the =Names= by which the land has been known in\ndifferent times. 1. In the earliest ages it was called _Canaan_, because\nits best-known people were the Canaanites. 2. After the Israelites\nconquered it, it was known as the _Land of Israel_. 3. In the time of\nChrist it was generally called _Jud\u00e6a_ because the Jews were its\ninhabitants. 4. Its name is now _Palestine_. [Write an initial or\nsyllable of each name, and recall it from the class.]\n\nII. Give the =Distances=. 1. Begin with the country best known, and\nstate first the distance from America to Palestine, 7,800 miles. [Write\non the board A. P. 7,800.] 2. The Coast Line, from a point opposite the\nsource of the Jordan to a point opposite the lower end of the Dead Sea,\n180 miles. [Write C. L. 180.] 3. The Jordan Line, from its source to the\nlower end of the Dead Sea, 180 miles. [J. L. 180.] 4. From the Jordan to\nthe Mediterranean, on the north, 30 miles. [J. M. 30.] 5. From the Dead\nSea, at its southern end, to the Mediterranean, 90 miles. [D. S. M. 90.]\n6. The most northern town in Palestine was Dan [mark D. on the map]; the\nmost southern was Beersheba [mark B.]. Hence, to show the extent of the\nland, they said \"from Dan to Beersheba,\" which was 150 miles in a\nstraight line. [Write D. B. 150.] 7. Palestine, between the Jordan and\nthe sea, includes about 6,600 square miles, which is a little smaller\nthan Massachusetts. [Write S. M. 6,600.] Review the facts already given\nfrom the beginning. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Distances.\n\n[Illustration: LESSON II.]\n\n[Illustration: LESSON III.]\n\n\nLESSON III. NATURAL DIVISIONS.\n\nDraw, as before, the outline of the map, and review all the facts\nalready taught. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Names. 4. Distances. Test the\nmemory of the class on these without giving the initials.\n\nThere are four Natural Divisions to Palestine; that is, four sections in\nthe country, lying parallel with each other. Indicate them on the map in\nbrown chalk, not making them very prominent.\n\n1. We find the =Sea-Coast Plain= [S. C. P.] extending along the Coast\nfrom north to south, narrow at the north, and wider at the south.\n\n2. Further inland, we come to the =Mountain Region= [M. R.], the\nbackbone of the country, a section of hills and mountains, and the home\nof the Israelitish people.\n\n3. Passing over the mountains, we find the =Jordan Valley=, a deep\ngorge, and deeper the further we travel southward, until, at the Dead\nSea, it is more than 1,300 feet lower than the Mediterranean.\n\n4. Still further eastward, we climb the steep mountains again, and reach\nthe =Eastern Table-Land=, a lofty plain sloping gradually to the great\ndesert beyond it.\n\nReview, as before. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Names. 4. Distances. 5.\nNatural Divisions.\n\n\nLESSON IV. MOUNTAINS.\n\n[Illustration: LESSON IV.]\n\nReview, as usual, from the beginning, before commencing the advance\nlesson. The events of the Bible are often associated with =Mountains=,\nof which there are many in Palestine. We select eight of the most\nimportant, group them in pairs, and state with each the fact which gives\nit interest.\n\nOn the north of the country, near the source of the Jordan, we find two\nmountains, nearly opposite to each other. 1. _Mount Hermon_, on the\neast, the highest mountain in Palestine, and the place where the Saviour\nwas transfigured. 2. _Mount Lebanon_, on the west, famous for its\ncedars.\n\nNext, we find two mountains nearly in line with the Sea of Galilee, one\ndirectly west and the other southwest of it. 3. _Mount Carmel_, by the\nMediterranean, where Elijah called down fire from heaven upon the altar.\n4. _Mount Gilboa_, where King Saul fell in battle with the Philistines.\n\nIn the centre of the country we find two mountains, where Joshua read\nthe law to the Israelites. 5. On the north, _Mount Ebal_, the mount of\ncursing. 6. On the south, _Mount Gerizim_, the mount of blessing.\n\nIn the south, directly in line with the northern end of the Dead Sea,\nare two mountains. 7. On the west, _Mount Olivet_, or the Mount of\nOlives, where Jesus ascended. 8. On the east, _Mount Nebo_, where Moses\ndied.\n\nWith each of these mountains the event associated might be briefly\nrelated. At the close, review as before. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Names.\n4. Distances. 5. Divisions. 6. Mountains. Be sure that the class can\nname the event with each mountain.\n\n\nLESSON V. PLACES.\n\nThis lesson may well be divided into from two to four sections,\naccording to the time which can be given to it. Draw the map, as usual,\nfrom the beginning; and, as each subject is presented upon it, review\nthe pupils, until all their past lessons are clearly fixed in mind. 1.\nLines. 2. Waters. 3. Names. 4. Distances. 5. Natural Divisions. 6.\nMountains. See that with each mountain, as it is located, the event\nconnected with it is named.\n\nWe have now to fix the most important =Places= in Palestine. We locate\nthem by their arrangement in the Natural Divisions, and name an event\nfor which each place is remembered.\n\nI. =Places in the Sea-Coast Plain.= [These may constitute one lesson, if\ndesired.] 1. _Gaza_, where Samson pulled down the idol temple upon the\nPhilistines and himself. This lies on the Mediterranean, directly in\nline west of the middle point of the Dead Sea. 2. _Joppa_, the seaport\nof Palestine, from which the prophet Jonah started on his voyage. This\nlies nearly half way between Gaza and Mount Carmel. 3. _C\u00e6sarea_, where\nPaul made his defense before King Agrippa, and was a prisoner for two\nyears. This is a little more than half way between Joppa and Mount\nCarmel. 4. _Tyre_, the city which sent ships to all lands; a little\nfurther north of Mount Carmel than C\u00e6sarea is south of it. As each place\nis named, locate it on the board, and mark it by an initial letter.\n\nII. Another lesson may include the most important =Places in the\nMountain Region=. 1. _Beersheba_, the home of Abraham; opposite the\nlower bay of the Dead Sea. 2. _Hebron_, where the patriarchs were\nburied; opposite the middle of the Dead Sea, and in line with Gaza. 3.\n_Bethlehem_, where David and Jesus were born, 6 miles south of\nJerusalem. 4. _Jerusalem_, the capital of Palestine, where David\nreigned, and where Jesus was crucified; directly in line with the\nnorthern end of the Dead Sea. 5. _Bethel_, 10 miles north of Jerusalem,\nwhere Jacob saw the vision of the heavenly ladder. 6. _Shechem_, between\nthe twin mountains of Ebal and Gerizim, where Jesus talked with the\nwoman of Samaria. 7. _Nazareth_, where Jesus spent his boyhood; directly\nin line with the southern end of the Sea of Galilee.\n\n[Illustration: LESSON V.]\n\nIII. =Places in the Jordan Valley.= Two of these are near the northern\nend of the Dead Sea. 1. _Jericho_, west of the Jordan, where the walls\nfell down before the Israelites. 2. _Bethabara_, east of the Jordan,\nwhere Jesus was baptized. Two more are near the northern shore of the\nSea of Galilee. 3. _Capernaum_, where Jesus lived during his ministry,\nand wrought many miracles; on the northwestern shore of the sea. 4.\n_Bethsaida_, where Jesus fed the five thousand with five loaves; on the\nnorth of the sea. 5. The last is at the source of the river Jordan,\n_Dan_, the most northerly town in Palestine.\n\n[Illustration: LESSON VI.]\n\nIV. =Places in the Eastern Table-Land.= There are not many in this\nsection, because few events of Bible history took place there. 1.\n_Mach\u00e6rus_, where John the Baptist was imprisoned and beheaded; opposite\nthe northern part of the Dead Sea. 2. _Penuel_, on the brook Jabbok,\nwhere Jacob wrestled with the angel. This is about midway between the\nDead Sea and the Sea of Galilee. 3. _Mahanaim_, where David wept over\nAbsalom's death. This is about half way between Penuel and the Sea of\nGalilee. 4. _C\u00e6sarea Philippi_, at the foot of Mount Hermon, where Jesus\ntaught his disciples.\n\nIt may be desirable not to give these places in a single lesson, but to\ndivide it into two, or even four sections, and give one at a session. In\nthat case, with each lesson all the places already located should be\nreviewed, together with the events associated with them. If the places\ncan be marked upon the board in bright red chalk, they will be\nprominent.\n\n\nLESSON VI. PROVINCES.\n\nReview from the beginning, as usual. 1. Lines. 2. Waters. 3. Names. 4.\nDistances. 5. Natural Divisions. 6. Mountains. 7. Places.\n\nIn this lesson we are to learn the Provinces, or parts of the country,\nin the time of Christ. We do not take the division by tribes; as that is\nmore difficult to learn, and not often referred to in history. At the\ntime when Christ was among men, Palestine was divided into five\nProvinces, though two of these were under one ruler.\n\nI. Draw the boundary line of =Jud\u00e6a=, and write its initial, J. This was\nthe southern province, and the largest. [Review the names of the places\ncontained in it.] Its people were the Jews, or men of the tribe of\nJudah, and its principal city was Jerusalem.\n\nII. North of Jud\u00e6a was the province known as =Samaria=, having Shechem\nas its principal city. Its people were the Samaritans, with whom the\nJews had no dealings. In Christ's day Jud\u00e6a and Samaria were under one\ngovernment. It contained the twin mountains Ebal and Gerizim.\n\nIII. North of Samaria was =Galilee=, where Jesus lived during most of\nhis life. Its people were also Jews, but were called \"Galileans\" by the\nJews in Jerusalem; and in Christ's time it was under the rule of Herod,\nwho slew John the Baptist. Notice the mountains and towns situated in\nit. Mountains: Lebanon and Gilboa; towns: Nazareth, Capernaum and Dan.\n\nIV. On the east of the Jordan, and south of the Sea of Galilee, was the\nprovince of =Per\u00e6a=, a word which means \"beyond\"; so named, because it\nis \"beyond Jordan.\" Here Jesus taught at one time during his ministry,\nand blessed the little children. The places which we have noticed in it\nare Mach\u00e6rus, Bethabara, Penuel and Mahanaim; and its mountain, Nebo.\nThis province, in Christ's day, was also ruled by King Herod.\n\nV. The province north of Per\u00e6a and east of the Sea of Galilee is not\nnamed in the New Testament. We will call it by its Old Testament name,\n=Bashan=, a word meaning \"woodland.\" It was ruled by a brother of Herod,\nnamed Philip, whose title was \"tetrarch\"; hence it is sometimes called\n\"Philip's Tetrarchy.\" The mountain we have noticed in it is Hermon, and\nthe two places, Bethsaida, and C\u00e6sarea Philippi, or \"Philip's C\u00e6sarea,\"\nto distinguish it from the other C\u00e6sarea, by the sea-shore.\n\nAt the close of the lesson, review once more from the very beginning of\nthe series; then erase the map, and, pointing to the places on an\n\"invisible map,\" call for their names from the class. There can scarcely\nbe too much reviewing of these leading facts, in order to impress them\non the scholar's memory.\n\n[Illustration: ARCHES IN THE TEMPLE AREA.]\n\n\n\n\nTHE MEASURES OF THE BIBLE.\n\n\nTHE student of the Bible meets with some difficulty in adapting the\nnames of weights, measures and coins, to the standards now in use, and\nfinds that the authorities are not agreed upon the precise signification\nof the Bible terms used in relation to these subjects. These\ndifficulties and discrepancies arise from three facts: 1. The Oriental\nmind has never been accustomed to the exactness of our systems of\nmeasurement. Among eight cubit measures found on the Egyptian monuments,\nno two were precisely alike. 2. The models or standards of weights and\nmeasures referred to in Hebrew history were long ago lost, and it is not\neasy to reproduce them. 3. The Jews adopted the measurements of peoples\namong whom they were dispersed, yet often retained the names of such of\ntheir own as were nearest to them in amount, so that at different\nperiods in Bible history the standard was different. The same word may\nrefer to different measurements at different times. We have adopted in\nthis section the measurements of F. R. and C. R. Conder in \"The Hand\nBook of the Bible,\" except where other authorities are specified.\n\n[Illustration: SMALLER MEASURES OF LENGTH.]\n\nI. =Smaller Measures of Length.= 1. The lowest dimension, as in our own\ntable of linear measure, was the Barleycorn. 2. Two barleycorns laid\nendways made the Finger-breadth (Hebrew, Atzbah), two-thirds of an inch.\n3. Four finger-breadths made the Palm (Heb., Tupah), 2-2/3 inches. 4.\nSometimes the Hand-breadth and Palm are the same; elsewhere, the\nhand-breadth (Heb., Zereth) is double the palm, or 5-1/3 inches. 5.\nThree palms made the Span (Heb., Sit), 8 inches, the width of the\noutspread hand, from the end of the thumb to that of the little finger.\n6. Four palms made the Foot (Heb., Regal), 10-2/3 inches. 7. Six palms\nmade the Cubit (Heb., Ameh), 16 inches (Conder), or the distance from\nthe elbow to the tip of the middle finger, when held in a straight line.\nThe cubit, however, varied (just as the pound with us varies in troy and\navoirdupois weight), as indicated in the expressions \"the cubit of a\nman\" (Deut. 3:11), \"a great cubit\" (Ezek. 41:8), etc. In the length of\nthe cubit, authorities vary from 15 to 21 inches. We have adopted the\ngeneral opinion, and place it, conjecturally, at a foot and a half, or\n18 inches.\n\nII. =Larger Measures of Length.= The cubit (reckoned more precisely at\n16 inches) is here regarded as the unit of measurement. 1. The Fathom\nwas 6 or 6-1/2 feet. 2. The Reed (Heb., Keneh; compare our word _cane_)\nwas 4 cubits, according to Conder, but 6 cubits according to other\nauthorities, thus varying between 5-1/3 feet and 8 feet. 3. The Furlong\n(named only in the New Testament) was a Greek measurement (Stadium), of\n606-3/4 feet, or 53-1/4 feet less than our furlong. 4. The Mile (Matt.\n5:41) was 1,618 yards. The Hebrew mile is not referred to in the Bible,\nbut was of two kinds, \"the small mile\" (Heb., Mil), being about 1,000\ncubits, or about a quarter of our mile; and \"the long mile,\" twice as\nfar. 5. The Sabbath Day's Journey is stated by Conder at 2,000 cubits,\nor half an English mile; but by most other writers at seven-eighths of\nour mile. 6. The Day's Journey was variable, from 10 to 30 miles;\ngenerally about 20 miles. So most authorities decide, but Conder gives\nit at 4-3/4 miles.\n\nIII. =Dry Measures of Capacity.= 1. The Cab (2 Kings 6:25), 96 cubic\ninches, or 675 thousandths of a quart. 2. The Omer (Exod. 16:36)\ncontained 172-8/10 cubic inches, or about 2-1/2 quarts. 3. The Seah (in\nGreek, Modios) was the ordinary household measure of quantity,\ntranslated, generally, \"measure\" in our Bibles, but in Matt. 5:15\n\"bushel.\" It contained six times as much as the cab, or a little over a\npeck; according to Conder, 1.012 pecks; according to the Revised Version\n(Matt. 13:33, marginal note), a peck and a half. 4. The Ephah (Exod.\n16:36) contained 3 seahs, or 10 omers; about three-quarters of a bushel.\n5. The Cor contained 10 ephahs, or 7-1/2 bushels. The cor is also called\n\"the homer\" (Isa. 5:10), which is to be carefully distinguished from the\nomer, which contained one-hundredth of its quantity. The two words are\nnot alike in the Hebrew. It will be noticed that the omer, the ephah and\nthe cor (or homer) formed a decimal scale of measurement.\n\n[Illustration: DRY MEASURES.]\n\nIV. =Liquid Measures of Capacity.= 1. The Auphauk (not named in the\nBible) was the smallest, containing 6 cubic inches, or 675 thousandths\nof a gill. 2. The Log (Lev. 14:10), four times as large as the auphauk,\nwas \"six egg-shells full,\" 24 cubic inches, or a little more than half a\npint (675 thousandths). 3. The Hin (Exod. 29:40) contained 12 logs, or a\nlittle over a gallon. 4. The Seah (see above, under Dry Measures)\ncontained twice as much as the hin. 5. The Bath, containing 3 seahs or 6\nhins, contained 1,728 cubic inches, or 6.036 gallons. Besides these, the\nNew Testament names two Greek measures, the Metretes (John 2:6,\n\"firkins\"), equivalent to 10-1/3 gallons; and the Choenix (Rev. 6:6,\n\"measure\"), about a pint and a half.\n\n[Illustration: LIQUID MEASURES.]\n\nV. =Measures of Weight.= (From the Oxford Teacher's Bible.) 1. The\nGerah, \"a bean,\" weighed a little less than half of a dram avoirdupois\n(.439 dram). 2. The Bekah, 10 gerahs, weighed about a quarter of an\nounce (4.39 drams). The word means \"half,\" _i. e._, of a shekel. 3. The\nShekel, \"weight,\" used as a silver coin, 2 bekahs, weighed 8.9 drams. 4.\nThe Maneh (Greek, Mina), 60 shekels (Conder says 50 shekels, which would\nagree with paragraph VI., below), 2 lbs. 1 oz. 5. The Talent, \"circle,\"\nmeaning \"an aggregate sum,\" 50 manehs, weighing 102 lbs. 14 ozs. The\nweights are of lower degree than those in common use at present, because\nin the early times money was weighed, and not counted, and exact\nweighing was necessary with gold and silver.\n\nVI. =Measures of Value.= Two systems of money are referred to in the\nBible: the Hebrew, or that in use in Old Testament times and lands; and\nthe Roman, which was used during the New Testament period. In the Hebrew\nsystem the weights referred to in paragraph V. were used in silver as\nmeasures of value. 1. The Gerah (Exod. 30:13) was the lowest, and was\nworth 2-3/4 cents. 2. The Bekah, 10 gerahs (Exod. 38:26), was worth\n27-37/100 cents, or about 2 cents more than our quarter of a dollar. 3.\nThe Shekel, 2 bekahs, was worth 54-3/4 cents, or about 5 cents more than\nhalf a dollar. 4. The Maneh, or Mina, 50 shekels (Luke 19:13, \"pound\"),\n$27.37-1/2. 5. The Talent of Silver, 60 manehs, $1,642.50. 6. The Talent\nof Gold was nearly twenty times as valuable, being estimated at $26,280.\n7. So the Shekel of Gold was worth, in the same proportion of weight\nwith the ordinary shekel of silver, $8.75. It is to be remembered that a\ngiven amount of coin in those times would purchase ten times as much as\nnow.\n\n[Illustration: This is a copper coin, a quarter-gerah, worth about half\na cent; was made about the time of Alexander the Great, B.C. 325.]\n\n[Illustration: A silver coin, three-quarters of a shekel, called a\n_righia_, used especially for paying the temple tax. It was worth about\n40 cents.]\n\nThe Greek and Roman coins are chiefly referred to in the New Testament.\nThe smallest was the Lepton (Mark 12:42, \"mite\"), worth a fifth of a\ncent. 2. The Quadrans (Mark 12:42, \"farthing\"), 2 mites, or less than\nhalf a cent. 3. The Assarion (Matt, 10:29, \"farthing\"), four times the\nquadrans, or 1-3/5 cents. Notice that two coins, one worth four times as\nmuch as the other, are both translated \"farthing\" in our version. 4. The\nDenarius (Matt, 22:19, \"penny\"), 10 times the assarion, or 16 cents. It\nwas the latter which in Christ's time bore the face of the Roman\nemperor.\n\n[Illustration: No. 1\n\nThe smallest copper coin in use among the Jews, the _lepton_, called in\nHebrew _chalcous_, \"copper money.\" The widow's mite was of this coin.]\n\n[Illustration: No. 2\n\nThe denarius, or penny, bearing the face of the emperor Tiberius.]\n\n[Illustration: BETHANY.]\n\n\n\n\nINDEX TO MAP OF PALESTINE.\n\n(SURROUNDING COUNTRY INCLUDED.)\n\n\n          EXPLANATION.--The letter and number following each\n          name show its location on the map. The name will\n          be found at or near the intersection of a vertical\n          line drawn between the letters top and bottom and\n          a horizontal line between the figures on either\n          side.\n\n  Abama                      R-11\n  Abbin                      M-20\n  Abdon                      G-15\n  Abil                       J-13\n  Abilin                     G-17\n  Abud                       G-23\n  Acco Ptolemais             F-16\n  Acrabi                     H-23\n  Acre                       F-16\n  Acre                       O-15\n  Adlan                      H-12\n  Adonis                      J-7\n  Adrha                      R-11\n  Afka                        L-7\n  Ahiry                      Q-16\n  Ai                         H-24\n  Ain Ata                     N-6\n  Ain Barada                 N-10\n  Ain Burdai                  O-8\n  Ain Feshkhah               I-26\n  Ain Haudh                  E-18\n  Ain Jiddy                  I-28\n  Ain Yebrud                 H-24\n  Aithy                      M-10\n  Ajalon                     F-25\n  Ajlan                      D-27\n  Ajlun                      L-21\n  Ajiltun                     K-8\n  Akir                       D-25\n  Akka                       F-16\n  Akka, Plain of             G-16\n  Akkaba                     I-21\n  Akobar                     P-10\n  Akrabeh                    H-23\n  Akurah                      L-7\n  Allan                      L-22\n  Alleikah                   K-15\n  Alma                       J-15\n  Amaad                      K-19\n  Amaleh                     K-18\n  Amateh                     K-21\n  Amathus                    K-21\n  Amkah                      G-16\n  Amman                      N-24\n  Ammik                      L-10\n  Ammonites                  M-25\n  Amshir                      J-6\n  Amwas                      E-25\n  Amyan                       L-5\n  Anab                       F-28\n  Anat                       J-11\n  Anathoth                   H-25\n  Anti-Lebanon                R-6\n  Antipatris                 E-22\n  Anz                        T-20\n  Apollonia                  D-22\n  Ar (Rabbath Moab)          L-29\n  Araba                      I-17\n  Arad                       G-29\n  Arair                      L-28\n  Arak el Emir               M-24\n  Aramun                      J-9\n  Arar                       O-18\n  Ararah                     F-30\n  Arbela                     N-19\n  Arbin                      P-11\n  Ard Asjerah                K-16\n  Ard el Huleh               J-14\n  Areiya                      K-9\n  Areopolis                  L-29\n  Arnau                       K-6\n  Arnon                      L-28\n  Arnun                      I-13\n  Arny                       M-13\n  Aroer                      F-30\n  Aroer                      L-28\n  Arrabeh                    G-20\n  Arrabeh                    I-17\n  Arsuf                      D-22\n  Ary                        R-19\n  Ascalon                    B-26\n  Ashdod                     C-26\n  Asher                      I-21\n  Askulan                    B-26\n  Ashkut                      L-8\n  Astifa                     F-18\n  Ataibeh                    R-11\n  Atara                      G-21\n  Ataroth                    K-27\n  Athlit                     E-18\n  Atil                       R-17\n  Atny                        S-8\n  Attil                      F-21\n  Attir                      F-29\n  Atuf                       I-22\n  Aulam                      J-18\n  Auranitis                  P-18\n  Aurney                     M-13\n  Ayun ed Dura                P-9\n  Ayun el Alak                S-5\n  Azzun                      F-22\n  Baalbek                     O-7\n  Baal Meor                  L-26\n  Babda                       J-9\n  Bahret Bala                T-14\n  Bahret el Ateibeh          T-12\n  Bahret el Hijaneh          S-13\n  Bahr Tubariyeh             K-17\n  Bakah                      F-20\n  Bala                       Q-11\n  Balin                      D-26\n  Banias                     K-14\n  Bar Elias                   M-9\n  Bashan                     O-17\n  Batan\u00e6a                    T-16\n  Bathaniyeh                 S-17\n  Bathaniyeh                 T-16\n  Batneh                     K-23\n  Batruny                    N-10\n  Bechar                     F-21\n  Beeroth                    G-24\n  Beer Sheba                 D-29\n  Beer Sheba, Desert of      D-30\n  Beirut                      I-8\n  Beit Auwa                  E-28\n  Beit Dejan                 D-24\n  Beit Dirdis                B-27\n  Beit er Ras                M-19\n  Beit Far                   E-25\n  Beit Idis                  K-20\n  Beit Imrim                 H-21\n  Beitin                     G-24\n  Beit Jala                  G-26\n  Beit Jenn                  M-13\n  Beit Jibrin                E-27\n  Beit Kurm                  K-29\n  Beit Lahm                  G-18\n  Beit Lahm                  G-26\n  Beit Lid                   F-22\n  Beit Luna                  I-11\n  Beit Nebala                E-24\n  Beit Ur Tahta              G-25\n  Beka                       S-20\n  Belat                      I-10\n  Belateh                    N-25\n  Belfort                    J-13\n  Bereikut                   G-26\n  Bereitan                    O-8\n  Berkha                      O-6\n  Berya                      I-10\n  Berytus                     I-8\n  Beshara                    I-14\n  Besum                      J-18\n  Bethany                    H-25\n  Bethar                     F-21\n  Beth Dagon                 D-24\n  Bethel                     G-24\n  Beth Gamul                 P-21\n  Beth Hogla                 J-25\n  Bethhoron                  G-24\n  Beth Jesimoth              K-25\n  Bethlehem                  G-26\n  Beth Nimrah                K-24\n  Bethshean                  J-20\n  Beth Shemesh               F-26\n  Beth Tappuah               F-27\n  Bethzur                    F-27\n  Bilhas                      L-7\n  Bireh                      G-24\n  Bir es Seba                D-29\n  Birweh                     G-16\n  Bir Zeit                   G-24\n  Bisri                      J-11\n  Biut Jebeil                I-15\n  Blabura                     L-6\n  Bludan                     N-10\n  Botal Meon                 L-26\n  Botrys                      J-6\n  Bozrah                     R-19\n  Brummana                    J-8\n  Bsherreh                    M-6\n  Budeih                      N-7\n  Bukfeiya                    K-8\n  Bukha                       R-8\n  Burak                      Q-14\n  Burd                       S-19\n  Burka                      C-25\n  Burmeh                     M-22\n  Busrah                     R-19\n  Byblus                      J-7\n  Bziza                       L-5\n  Cabul                      H-17\n  C\u00e6sarea                    D-20\n  C\u00e6sarea Philippi           K-14\n  Callirhoe                  J-27\n  Cana                       H-18\n  Capercotia                 H-20\n  Carmel                     G-28\n  Castellum Peregrinorum     D-18\n  Chesalloth                 I-18\n  Chorazin                   K-16\n  Conna                       Q-5\n  Convent                    E-17\n  Core\u00e6                      H-23\n  Daberath                   I-18\n  Dahr el Ahmar              L-11\n  Damascus                   P-11\n  Damascus                    R-9\n  Damet el Alyah             Q-16\n  Dan                        K-13\n  Dareiya                    O-12\n  Dead Sea                   J-28\n  Decapolis                  Q-16\n  Deir Aly                   P-14\n  Deir el Ahmar               N-7\n  Deir el Kamr               J-10\n  Denna                      J-19\n  Derat                      O-18\n  Dhekir                     R-15\n  Dhiban                     L-27\n  Dibbin                     M-21\n  Dibon                      L-28\n  Dilly                      O-16\n  Dimas                      N-11\n  Dinneh                     B-27\n  Dimesk                     P-12\n  Dimonah                    F-31\n  Doroa                      P-17\n  Draa                       J-30\n  Dulbeh                     R-12\n  Duma                        L-6\n  Duma                       P-11\n  Dumah                      F-28\n  Dummar                     O-11\n  Dura                       F-27\n  Duris                       N-8\n  Eaumia                     I-28\n  Ecdippi Achzib             F-15\n  Ed Dur                     P-17\n  Edhra                      O-17\n  Eglon                      D-27\n  Ehden                       M-5\n  Eib                         P-5\n  Eidum                      M-20\n  Ejlil                      D-22\n  Ekron                      D-25\n  El al                      L-25\n  El Batrum                   J-5\n  El Belka                   K-26\n  El Bellan                  N-12\n  El Bukaa                   M-10\n  El Bukeia                  I-16\n  El Burj                    E-28\n  El Burj                    I-13\n  El Daumeh                  F-28\n  El Dekwa                   T-12\n  Elealeh                    L-25\n  Eleutheropolis             E-27\n  El Fejjeh                  E-23\n  El Fuhais                  L-24\n  El Fuleh                   H-19\n  El Fureidis                J-10\n  El Futian                  N-27\n  El Ghor                    J-23\n  El Ghor                    J-31\n  El Ghuzlaniyeh             Q-12\n  El Hadeth                   J-9\n  El Hadeth                   N-8\n  El Hather                  L-13\n  El Herath                  K-22\n  El Hish                    L-15\n  El Husm                    M-19\n  El Jisr                     K-7\n  El Kana                     N-8\n  El Kerak                    M-8\n  El Khulil                  G-27\n  El Kireh                   G-19\n  El Kuds                    G-25\n  El Kusein                  F-30\n  Ellar                      G-21\n  El Latron                  E-25\n  El Lisan                   J-29\n  El Mejdel                  C-26\n  El Merj                     L-9\n  El Mezzeh                  O-11\n  El Mokhrah                  O-7\n  El Mukhtarah               J-10\n  Er-Riha                    L-28\n  El Tell                    K-16\n  Elusa                      D-31\n  Endor                      I-18\n  En-gannim                  I-20\n  En-gedi                    I-28\n  Ephraim, Mountains of      F-23\n  Eriha                      J-25\n  Er Ram                     H-25\n  Er Remtheh                 N-19\n  Esdraelon, Plain of        H-19\n  Esdud                      C-26\n  Eshmiskin                  O-17\n  Es Salt                    L-23\n  Es Samieh                  I-24\n  Es Sawafir                 C-26\n  Es Semuy                   J-16\n\n[Illustration: MAP OF PALESTINE AND SURROUNDING COUNTRY.]\n\n  Es Sendiyaneh              F-19\n  Es Sgheir                  P-20\n  Es Sheikh                  F-18\n  Es Zib                     F-15\n  Et-Tih, Desert of          B-30\n  Et Tireh                   E-18\n  Et Tireh                   E-24\n  Et Tireh                   J-19\n  Eyat                        O-7\n  Ez Zumleh                  O-19\n  Farah                      K-21\n  Fawara                     K-19\n  Ferata                     G-22\n  Fedar                       K-6\n  Ferkha                     G-23\n  Fijeh                      N-11\n  Fik Apheca                 L-17\n  Fikeh                       Q-6\n  Frank                      H-26\n  Furzul                      L-8\n  Fusail                     J-23\n  Gaba                       H-21\n  Gabara                     H-16\n  Gabata                     H-19\n  Gadara                     L-19\n  Gadda                      O-23\n  Galilee                    H-17\n  Gamala                     L-18\n  Gath                       D-26\n  Gaulanitis                 L-17\n  Gaza                       B-28\n  Gebal                       J-7\n  Gedor                      F-26\n  Gennesaret                 J-17\n  Gerada                      S-9\n  Gerar                      B-29\n  Gerasa                     M-22\n  Gergasa                    K-17\n  Gharz                      O-19\n  Ghasuleh                   R-12\n  Ghautha                    R-18\n  Ghazir                      K-7\n  Ghederah                   D-25\n  Ghusam                     Q-19\n  Ghuzzeh                    A-28\n  Gibeah                     G-25\n  Gibeah                     G-26\n  Gibeon                     G-25\n  Gilboa                     I-20\n  Gilead                     L-20\n  Gilead, Mountains of       L-24\n  Gilgal                     F-23\n  Gilgal                     G-23\n  Gilgal                     I-25\n  Gimzo                      E-24\n  Gin\u00e6a                      I-20\n  Giscala                    J-15\n  Gophna                     G-24\n  Hadar                      R-15\n  Hafir                      Q-10\n  Haifa                      F-17\n  Halbun                     O-10\n  Halhul                     G-27\n  Halwy                      M-11\n  Hamul                      G-15\n  Harran                     Q-16\n  Harran                     R-11\n  Hanin                      I-15\n  Haris                      I-14\n  Hasbeiya                   K-12\n  Hauran                     Q-17\n  Hawara                     H-23\n  Hazor                      D-25\n  Hazor                      H-24\n  Hebras                     M-19\n  Hebron                     G-27\n  Helaweh                    K-20\n  Heldua                      I-9\n  Heliopolis                  O-8\n  Hepha                      F-17\n  Herodion                   G-26\n  Hesban el Kusur            L-26\n  Hesbon                     L-26\n  Hieromax                   L-18\n  Hijaneh                    R-12\n  Hippos                     K-18\n  Hit                        S-16\n  Homeis                      M-5\n  Hormah                     C-31\n  Huj                        C-27\n  Hukkok                     I-17\n  Huleh Lake                 K-15\n  Hunin                      J-14\n  Idhna                      F-27\n  Ijon                       J-12\n  Iksim                      E-19\n  Irbid                      J-17\n  Irbid                      N-19\n  Iron                       I-15\n  Itur\u00e6a                     N-15\n  Jaarah                     F-19\n  Jabesh                     K-21\n  Jabneh                     C-25\n  Jabbok                     L-22\n  Jacob's Well               H-22\n  Jaezer                     M-24\n  Jaffa                      D-23\n  Jaj                         L-6\n  Jambruda                    R-8\n  Jamnia                     C-25\n  Janohah                    I-23\n  Japhia                     H-18\n  Japho                      C-23\n  Jarmuth                    F-26\n  Jasem                      N-16\n  Jattir                     F-29\n  Jaulan                     L-16\n  Jeba                       H-21\n  Jebaa                      J-11\n  Jebatha                    H-18\n  Jebeil                      J-6\n  Jebel Ajlun                M-20\n  Jebel Ameto                 N-6\n  Jebel Bludih                O-9\n  Jebel Duhy                 I-19\n  Jebel el Mania             O-13\n  Jebel esh Sheikh           M-12\n  Jebel esh Sherky            P-9\n  Jebel Fureidis             H-26\n  Jebel Hauran               T-17\n  Jebel Jelad                L-23\n  Jebel Jermuk               I-15\n  Jebel Libna                 L-9\n  Jebel Shihan               K-28\n  Jebel Sunnin                M-8\n  Jedal                      Q-16\n  Jedur                      F-26\n  Jedur                      N-15\n  Jefat                      H-17\n  Jehab                      P-15\n  Jelbon                     I-20\n  Jenin                      H-20\n  Jerash                     M-22\n  Jericho                    I-25\n  Jerjua                     I-12\n  Jerud                       S-9\n  Jerusalem                  G-25\n  Jezreel                    I-19\n  Jezzin                     J-11\n  Jib Jenin                  L-11\n  Jibin                      L-17\n  Jifna                      G-24\n  Jiljilia                   G-23\n  Jiljuliah                  F-22\n  Jimzu                      E-24\n  Jish                       J-15\n  Jisr Benat Yakub           K-15\n  Jisr Damieh                J-23\n  Jiyeh                      C-27\n  Jobar                      P-11\n  Jokneam                    F-18\n  Joppa                      D-23\n  Jordan                     J-21\n  Jotapata                   H-17\n  Jubb Adin                   Q-9\n  Judah, Desert of           H-28\n  Judah, Mountains of        F-27\n  Judea                      G-27\n  Julias                     K-16\n  Julis                      C-26\n  Juneh                       K-8\n  Kab Elias                   L-9\n  Kabul                      H-17\n  Kadisha                     L-5\n  Kahn Jubb Yusef            J-16\n  Kaisariyeh                 D-19\n  Kakon                      E-21\n  Kallaat                    J-13\n  Kamid el Loz               L-10\n  Kana                       H-14\n  Kanah                      D-20\n  Kara Comochara              S-6\n  Karobin                     M-6\n  Katarna                    O-12\n  Kattin                     J-11\n  Kaukab                     O-12\n  Kedes                      J-14\n  Kedron                     H-26\n  Keffin                      K-7\n  Kefr Abil                  K-20\n  Kefr Birim                 I-15\n  Kefr Hajla                 J-25\n  Kefr Hata                   L-5\n  Kefr Kannir                E-20\n  Kefr Kenna                 H-18\n  Kefr Kud                   H-20\n  Kefr Kuk                   M-11\n  Kefr Malik                 H-24\n  Kefr Rahta                 L-19\n  Kefr Saba                  E-22\n  Kefr Sabt                  I-18\n  Kefr Zebad                  M-9\n  Keftun                      K-5\n  Kenath                     S-17\n  Kerak                      J-18\n  Kerak                      L-30\n  Kerak                      Q-18\n  Kerazeh                    K-16\n  Kereimbeh                  M-14\n  Kereitein                  G-29\n  Kerun                      K-11\n  Kes Sumrah                 K-18\n  Kesweh                     O-13\n  Ketherabba                 K-31\n  Khan                       J-19\n  Khan Arus                   S-8\n  Khan El Khulda              I-9\n  Khan el Tujjar             I-18\n  Khan Yunas                 A-29\n  Khanzireh                  K-31\n  Khersa                     K-17\n  Khertin                     K-7\n  Khisbet es Suk             K-23\n  Khirbet Silim              I-13\n  Khubab                     P-15\n  Khulasah                   D-30\n  Khuldeh                    M-24\n  Khureb                     Q-20\n  Kilkilia                   F-22\n  Kiratah                    P-16\n  Kirjath-arba (see El\n    Khulil)                  G-27\n  Kirjath-jearim             F-25\n  Kir Moab                   L-30\n  Kishon                     F-17\n  Kubbet el Baul             G-30\n  Kudna                      E-26\n  Kufr                       S-18\n  Kulat                      J-17\n  Kulat el Husn              K-18\n  Kulat Zerka                O-23\n  Kulmon                     E-17\n  Kunawat                    S-17\n  Kuneitirah                 L-14\n  Kurahta                    P-12\n  Kurawa                     F-23\n  Kureim                     P-15\n  Kureiyat                   K-27\n  Kureiyeh                   R-19\n  Kuriut                     H-23\n  Kuriyet es Suk             N-25\n  Kurmul                     G-28\n  Kurn Hattin                I-17\n  Kurnub                     G-31\n  Kustul                      S-8\n  Kuteibeh                   O-16\n  Kuteifeh                    R-9\n  Kutraneh                   N-30\n  Lachish                    C-27\n  Lahfit                      L-6\n  Lala                       L-11\n  Lebweh                      P-6\n  Leja                       Q-15\n  Lejjun                     G-19\n  Lejum                      N-27\n  Leontes                    I-13\n  Little Hermon              I-19\n  Lubban                     F-23\n  Lubick                     J-17\n  Ludd                       E-24\n  Lybo                        P-6\n  Lycus                       J-8\n  Lydda, Diospolis           E-24\n  Maad                        K-6\n  Macatha                    M-18\n  Madeba                     L-26\n  Magdala                    J-17\n  Mahajjeh                   P-16\n  Main                       L-26\n  Maksura                    S-10\n  Malatha                    F-30\n  Malia                      H-15\n  Malula                      Q-8\n  Marabun                     O-9\n  Mar Elias                  G-25\n  Maresa                     E-27\n  Mar Saba                   H-26\n  Masada                     I-29\n  Mashita                    N-25\n  Mateh Burak                Q-14\n  Medaba                     L-26\n  Megiddo                    G-19\n  Meifuk                      K-6\n  Meiron                     I-16\n  Meis                       J-14\n  Mejdel                     F-23\n  Mejdel                     G-17\n  Mejdel                     I-17\n  Mejdel                     L-13\n  Mejdel Keram               H-16\n  Mejellun                   I-11\n  Menarah                    J-14\n  Meneh                      O-21\n  Menin                      P-10\n  Menjah                     M-25\n  Merjaneh                   Q-13\n  Meshghara                  K-11\n  Mezarib                    N-18\n  Mezraah                     P-9\n  Mezraatesh Shuf            J-10\n  Mirkib                     G-31\n  Misiliya                   H-21\n  Mizpah                     G-25\n  Mkaur                      K-27\n  Moab, Mountains of         K-26\n  Moabites                   M-29\n  Moharfer                   I-25\n  Mount Carmel               F-18\n  Mount Ebal                 G-22\n  Mount Gerizim              G-22\n  Mount Gilboa               I-20\n  Mount Hermon               M-12\n  Mount Nebo                 K-26\n  Mount of Olives            H-25\n  Mount Tabor                J-18\n  Mukam                      B-28\n  Mukhalid                   E-21\n  Mukhmas                    H-25\n  Murduk                     S-17\n  Nabatiyeh                  I-12\n  Nabulus                    G-22\n  Naby Shaib                 K-24\n  Nahr Abu Zabura            D-21\n  Nahr Amman                 N-24\n  Nahr Barada                O-11\n  Nahr ed Damur              I-10\n  Nahr el Asy                 P-5\n  Nahr el Aujeh              D-23\n  Nahr el Auwaly             I-11\n  Nahr el Falaik             D-21\n  Nahr el Jazeh               L-6\n  Nahr el Kasimiyeh          G-13\n  Nahr el Kelb                K-8\n  Nahr es Sikal              R-11\n  Nahr es Zaherani           H-11\n  Nahr Litany                K-12\n  Nahr Rubin                 C-24\n  Nahr Yarmuk                K-18\n  Nahr Zurka                 E-19\n  Nain                       H-19\n  Nakbel Jurd                 L-8\n  Nasar                      H-12\n  Nawa                       N-16\n  Nazareth                   H-18\n  Neapolis                   R-17\n  Nebha                       O-6\n  Nebk                        S-7\n  Neby Samwil                G-25\n  Neby Sufa                  L-11\n  Neby Zatur                  M-9\n  Nein                       H-19\n  Nejha                      P-13\n  Nejran                     Q-17\n  Nemariyeh                  I-12\n  Nezib                      F-27\n  Nicopolis                  E-25\n  Niha                       J-11\n  Nimrim                     J-31\n  Nimrin                     K-24\n  Nmeireh                    J-30\n  Nob                        H-25\n  Noleh                      Q-12\n  Nujein                     P-16\n  Ophra                      I-24\n  Orak                       K-31\n  Orman                      T-19\n  Pal\u00e6 Tyrus                 G-14\n  Pelod                      F-17\n  Pharpar                    Q-13\n  Phiala                     L-13\n  Philadelphia               O-24\n  Philippopolis              T-19\n  Philistia, Plain of        D-25\n  Philistines, Country of\n    the                      D-26\n  Phoeneutus                 P-14\n  Phoenicia                  H-13\n  Pirathon                   G-22\n  Rabba                      L-29\n  Rabbath Ammon              O-24\n  Rachel's Tomb              G-26\n  Ragaba                     K-21\n  Raha                       S-18\n  Rajib                      K-21\n  Ramah                      F-27\n  Ramah                      H-14\n  Ramah                      H-16\n  Ramah                      H-25\n  Rameh                      F-16\n  Rameh                      G-27\n  Rameh                      H-21\n  Ramleh                     E-24\n  Ramoth Gilead              L-23\n  Ras Baalbek                 Q-5\n  Rasheiya                   L-11\n  Rasheiyet                  K-13\n  Rehob                      J-20\n  Rehoboth                   D-31\n  Renthieh                   E-23\n  Reyak                       N-9\n  Rhamdun                     K-9\n  Ridgah                     J-20\n  Rihan                      Q-11\n  Rimeh                      R-17\n  Rimmon                     H-24\n  Rimmon                     I-17\n  Ruheiba                    D-31\n  Ruheim Selameh             G-29\n  Rukhleh                    M-11\n  Rum                        J-11\n  Rumaneh                    I-17\n  Rumeish                    H-15\n  Rumin                      I-12\n  Rummaneh                   H-19\n  Rummon                     H-24\n  Sabha                      R-21\n  Saccoea                    S-16\n  Safed                      J-16\n  Safriyeh                   E-24\n  Sahmur                     K-11\n  Sahr                       Q-15\n  Sahwet el Kamh             Q-19\n  Saida                      H-11\n  Saidnaya                   P-10\n  Sair                       G-27\n  Salameh                    E-23\n  Salcah                     T-20\n  Saleh                      T-18\n  Salim                      H-22\n  Samaria                    G-22\n  Samaria                    H-21\n  Sansannah                  C-29\n  Sanur                      H-21\n  Saphir                     C-26\n  Sardak                      M-7\n  Sasa                       I-15\n  Sasa                       N-13\n  Saufin                     F-22\n  Sawanieh                   E-19\n  Sawiet                     H-23\n  Sbeta                      C-30\n  Scopus                     G-25\n  Scythopolis                J-20\n  Sea of the Plains          J-28\n  Sea of Tiberias            K-17\n  Sebaste                    G-22\n  Sebata                     C-31\n  Sebbeh                     I-29\n  Sefurieh                   H-17\n  Seilun                     H-23\n  Selakhid                   R-16\n  Semakh                     K-18\n  Semme                      P-19\n  Semunieh                   G-18\n  Sepphoris                  G-18\n  Serepta                    H-12\n  Seweh                      S-19\n  Shabat                      O-8\n  Shalem                     H-22\n  Sharon, Plain of           D-22\n  Shebaa                     P-12\n  Shebruh                     L-7\n  Shefa Omar                 G-17\n  Shehim                     I-10\n  Sheikh Abret               G-18\n  Shelifa                     N-7\n  Sheriat el Kebir           J-24\n  Shihon                     K-28\n  Shiloh                     H-23\n  Shukah                     S-16\n  Shumlan                     J-9\n  Shunem                     H-19\n  Shuttah                    I-19\n  Shuweikeh                  E-26\n  Shuweikeh                  F-28\n  Sidon                      H-11\n  Sihil                       S-7\n  Sijn                       R-17\n  Siloam                     H-25\n  Sinjil                     H-23\n  Sir                        H-21\n  Solomon's Pools            G-26\n  Subhiyeh                   R-20\n  Subbarin                   F-19\n  Succoth                    J-21\n  Suf                        M-21\n  Suffa                      F-24\n  Suk                        N-11\n  Suleim                     R-17\n  Sulima                      K-9\n  Sulkhad                    T-20\n  Sunamein                   O-15\n  Sur                        G-13\n  Surafend                   E-18\n  Surafend                   H-12\n  Surah                      F-25\n  Suwaret el Kebir           R-14\n  Suweideh                   R-18\n  Taanach                    H-20\n  Taanuck                    H-20\n  Taiyibeh                   H-24\n  Tantura                    E-19\n  Tanurin el Fokhar           M-6\n  Tappoah                    I-22\n  Tarich\u00e6a                   J-18\n  Teffuh                     F-27\n  Tekoa                      H-27\n  Tekua                      H-26\n  Tell Arad                  G-29\n  Tell Dothan                H-20\n  Tell el Kamon              F-18\n  Tell es Saffoyeh           D-26\n  Tell Habeish               G-14\n  Tell Hazor                 H-16\n  Tell Hum                   J-16\n  Tell Lukiyeh               E-29\n  Tell Main                  G-28\n  Tell Milh                  F-30\n  Tell Sheriah               D-29\n  Telse\u00e6                     T-10\n  Temnin                      M-8\n  Terbikha                   H-15\n  Tershiha                   H-15\n  Teyasir                    I-21\n  Thebez                     I-21\n  Thimnoth                   F-24\n  Tiberias                   J-17\n  Tibneh                     F-24\n  Tibneh                     E-26\n  Tibnin                     I-14\n  Tibny                      L-20\n  Tibny                      P-15\n  Tima                       E-26\n  Timnath                    E-26\n  Tireh                      E-23\n  Tireh                      G-17\n  Tirzah                     H-22\n  Trachonitis                R-16\n  Tubakat Fahel              K-20\n  Tubakoh                    C-27\n  Tubariyeh                  J-17\n  Tubas                      I-21\n  Tufs                       N-18\n  Tuliel el Ful              H-25\n  Tura                       H-13\n  Turah                      I-17\n  Turkumieh                  F-27\n  Tyre                       G-13\n  Tyrus                      G-13\n  Um el Fahm                 G-20\n  Um el Jemal                P-20\n  Um el Jemal                P-21\n  Um el Jerar                B-29\n  Um er Rusas                O-27\n  Um Jaujy                   M-24\n  Um Keis                    L-19\n  Um Lakhis                  C-27\n  Umm el Kuten               S-21\n  Umm es Surab               P-20\n  Umm Wulad                  Q-18\n  Um Rasas                   M-27\n  Um Tail                    J-23\n  Unkhul                     O-15\n  Urniebeh                   N-26\n  Urtas                      G-26\n  Wady Ain Feranjy           M-30\n  Wady Allan                 M-16\n  Wady Awaj                  Q-13\n  Wady Belat                 F-23\n  Wady Benillamed            K-29\n  Wady Debr                  I-25\n  Wady ed Dan                P-18\n  Wady el Abiad              J-24\n  Wady el Akib               R-20\n  Wady el Azziyeh            G-14\n  Wady el Butm               S-20\n  Wady el Ghar               P-17\n  Wady el Harram             O-16\n  Wady el Hasy               B-27\n  Wady el Jerayeh            R-14\n  Wady el Kady               I-10\n  Wady el Keis               D-28\n  Wady el Mahanwait          H-30\n  Wady el Mojib              K-28\n  Wady Enkeileh              M-28\n  Wady en Nar                I-26\n  Wady esh Shahrur            I-9\n  Wady es Sunam              L-16\n  Wady es Suny               B-29\n  Wady Ezrak                 L-24\n  Wady Fedar                  K-7\n  Wady Fikreh                I-31\n  Wady Fusal                 J-23\n  Wady Harir                 L-10\n  Wady Hrer                  O-17\n  Wady Husasah               I-27\n  Wady Kell                  J-25\n  Wady Kerak                 K-30\n  Wady Kerkera               G-15\n  Wady Khuberah              C-30\n  Wady Khusneh               I-20\n  Wady Kunawat               R-17\n  Wady Kurawa                F-23\n  Wady Kurn                  G-15\n  Wady Luia                  R-15\n  Wady Mukubrit              S-10\n  Wady Nawaimeh              J-24\n  Wady Satar                  Q-1\n  Wady Seir                  K-25\n  Wady Seiyal                H-29\n  Wady Sheriah               C-29\n  Wady Surar                 E-25\n  Wady Tallit                P-18\n  Wady Teim                  K-12\n  Wady Tufileh               J-31\n  Wady Um Baghek             H-30\n  Wady Umm Dubeb             S-13\n  Wady Waleh                 L-27\n  Wady Yabis                 K-20\n  Wady Zakur                 E-23\n  Wady Zedi                  P-19\n  Wady Zerka                 K-22\n  Waters of Merom            K-15\n  Welgha                     R-18\n  Yabrud                      R-7\n  Yabud                      G-20\n  Yafa                       H-18\n  Yafilfeh                    O-9\n  Yakak                      I-17\n  Yalu                       F-25\n  Yanuk                      H-16\n  Yanun                      I-23\n  Yarmuk                     F-26\n  Yaron                      I-15\n  Yarun                      I-13\n  Yatir                      I-14\n  Yazur                      D-25\n  Yazur                      E-23\n  Yebna                      C-25\n  Yelda                      P-12\n  Yerka                      G-16\n  Yesir                      H-13\n  Yosela                     J-23\n  Yunin                       P-7\n  Yutta                      G-28\n  Zahleh                      M-9\n  Zarephath                  G-12\n  Zebdany                    N-10\n  Zebdeh                     G-20\n  Zebdin                     I-12\n  Zebireh                    Q-16\n  Zeila                      F-21\n  Zeita                      I-11\n  Zelah                      G-26\n  Zerarieh                   H-13\n  Zerin                      H-19\n  Zifteh                     I-12\n  Ziph                       G-28\n  Ziph                       G-31\n  Ziza                       N-26\n  Zoar                       J-30\n  Zora                       O-17\n  Zorah                      F-25\n  Zuk                         J-8\n  Zuweirah                   H-30\n\n\n\n\nINDEX TO MAP OF OLD TESTAMENT WORLD,\n\nGIVING ONLY BIBLE AND MODERN NAMES.\n\n(_See Map, pages 18, 19._)\n\n         EXPLANATION.--The letter and number following each\n         name show its location on the map. The name will be\n         found at or near the intersection of a vertical\n         line drawn between the letters top and bottom and a\n         horizontal line between the figures on either side.\n         The italics designate modern names.\n\n          Abronas, _Nahr Ibrahim_, R.          L-12\n          Accad, _Nisibin_                     G-23\n          Accho                                N-11\n          Ahava, _Hit_                         N-24\n          Ain, _Ain el Azy_                    L-14\n          Ammon                                Q-14\n          Antioch                              H-14\n          Aphek, _Afka_                        L-13\n          Aphek                                O-13\n          Arad                                 R-11\n          Aram                                 L-15\n          Aram Naharaim                        N-26\n          Ararat                               B-31\n          Ararat, Mt.                          A-29\n          Argob                                N-14\n          Armenia                              B-24\n          Arnon, R.                            R-13\n          Arvad, _Ruad_, I.                    K-13\n          Asia Minor                           D-10\n          Asshur                               J-30\n          Asshur, _Kileh Sherghat_             J-27\n          Assyria                              K-30\n          Ava, _Hit_                           N-26\n          Baal Zephon                           T-6\n          Babylon, _Hillah_                    P-29\n          Bashan                               O-14\n          Beersheba                            R-11\n          Berea, _Aleppo_                      H-16\n          Berothah                             M-12\n          Bethel                               Q-11\n          Bethlehem                            Q-11\n          Beth-shemesh, _Ain Shems_             S-5\n          Bozrah                               S-12\n          Calah                                I-26\n          Calah(?), _Holwan_                  L-32\n          Calneh                               P-31\n          Carchemish                           G-17\n          Carmel, Mt.                          O-11\n          Chaldea                              Q-32\n          Charran(?), _Harran_                G-21\n          Chittim, _Cyprus_                     J-9\n          Chun                                 M-13\n          Damascus                             N-14\n          Dan                                  N-13\n          Daphne, _Beit el M\u00e2\u00e1_                H-14\n          Dor                                  O-11\n          Ecbatana, North, _Takht-i-Suleiman_  H-34\n          Ecbatana, South, _Hamalan_           K 37\n          Edom                                 T-12\n          Egypt                                 S-3\n          Egypt, Stream of, _Wady el Arish_     S-8\n          Elam                                 O-34\n          Elath                                U-11\n          Elim                                  V-7\n          Ellasar, _Senkereh_                  Q-32\n          Ephraim, Mt.                         P-12\n          Erech, _Warka_                       R-31\n          Etham                                 S-6\n          Euphrates, _el Frat_, R.             L-25\n          Ezion-geber                          U-10\n          Galilee                              O-12\n          Gaza                                 Q-10\n          Gebal, _Jebail_                      L-12\n          Gilead                               P-13\n          Gilgal                               P-11\n          Gozan                                H-22\n          Great, _el Frat_, R.                 K-22\n          Habor, _Khabour_, R.                 J-22\n          Halah                                I-26\n          Halah, _Holwan_                      L-33\n          Halak, Mt.                           T-10\n          Ham, Land of                          U-3\n          Hamath                               K-15\n          Hamath, _Hamah_                      J-15\n          Hara(?), _Harran_                    G-20\n          Hara, _Zarnath_                      M-32\n          Haran(?), _Harran_                   G-20\n          Haran, _Harran el Awamid_            N-15\n          Hazar-enan, _Kuryetein_              L-16\n          Hebron                               Q-11\n          Helbon                               M-14\n          Hena, _Anah_                         L-24\n          Hermon, Mt.                          N-13\n          Heshbon                              Q-13\n          Hiddekel, _Tigris_, R.               O-31\n          Hor, Mt.                             L-14\n          Horeb, Mt.                            W-9\n          Israel                               O-13\n          Ivah, _Hit_                          N-25\n          Javan, _Cyprus_                       J-8\n          Jerusalem                            Q-12\n          Jezreel                              O-12\n          Joppa                                P-10\n          Jordan, R.                           P-12\n          Judah                                Q-11\n          Kedesh                               N-13\n          Kedar                                S-22\n          Kir Haraseth                         R-13\n          Luristan                             N-36\n          Mahanaim                             P-13\n          Marah                                 U-7\n          Media                                K-44\n          Memphis                               T-4\n          Mesopotamia, _El Jezireh_            J-24\n          Migdol, _Tel el Her_                  R-6\n          Minni                                C-31\n          Moab                                 R-13\n          Nebaioth                             T-13\n          Nineveh                              H-27\n          Noph                                  T-4\n          On, _Ain Shems_                       T-6\n          Padan-aram                           J-22\n          Paran                                 W-9\n          Paran, Wilderness of                  U-9\n          Pebsia                               T-45\n          Philistines                          Q-10\n          Phoenicia                            M-13\n          Pibeseth                              S-4\n          Pi-hahiroth                           T-7\n          Rabbath Ammon                        P-13\n          Rahab                                 W-3\n          Rameses                               S-5\n          Red Sea                              Y-10\n          Rehob, _Ruheibeh_                    M-15\n          Rehoboth                              R-9\n          Rehoboth, _Rahabeh_                  J-21\n          Rephidim                              W-8\n          Resen, _Selamyeh_                    H-27\n          Rezpeh                               J-19\n          Riblah                               L-14\n          Salcah                               P-15\n          Samaria                              P-11\n          Sea of the Plain                     R-12\n          Sela                                 T-12\n          Sepharvaim, _Mosaib_                 O-28\n          Shihor, the River of Egypt, _Nile_    U-3\n          Shinar                               P-30\n          Shur, Wilderness of                   S-8\n          Shushan, _Sus_                       P-37\n          Side                                  G-6\n          Sin, _El Farma_                       R-7\n          Sin, Wilderness of, _El K\u00e2'a_         X-8\n          Sinai, Mt.                            W-9\n          Sinai, Wilderness of Mt.              W-9\n          Sippara, _Mosaib_                    O-27\n          Solomon, Kingdom of                  O-15\n          South Country, The, _Negeb_          R-10\n          Syria                                I-16\n          Syrian Desert                        K-18\n          Taberah                               V-9\n          Tadmor                               K-18\n          Tiphsah, _Suriyeh_                   I-18\n          Togarmah                             C-25\n          Tripolis, Tarablous                  L-12\n          Tyre                                 N-12\n          Ur, _Mugheir_                        S-33\n          Uz, Land of                          Q-22\n          Zarephath                            M-12\n          Zephath                              S-10\n          Zidon                                M-12\n          Zin, Wilderness of                   S-12\n          Zoan                                  R-4\n          Zobah                                M-14\n\n\n\n\nINDEX TO DESCRIPTIVE MATTER.\n\n                      PAGE\n  Abel-beth-maachah, 57, 71\n  Abel-meholah, 62\n  Abel-mizraim, 35\n  Abila, 102\n  Accad, 91\n  Achaia, 122\n  Acra, 74\n  Admah, 38\n  Adullam, Cave of, 66\n  Ai, 52, 54, 83\n  Aijalon, 62, 63\n  Akaba, Gulf of, 43\n  Alexandria, 42\n  Alexander's Empire, 95\n  Amalekites, 40\n  Amalekite War, 65\n  Ammon, 70\n  Ammonite, 62\n  Ammonites, 39, 40\n  Amorites, 39\n  Amphipolis, 122\n  Anakim, 38\n  Anamim, 25\n  Anathoth, 83\n  Antioch, 113\n  Antioch in Pisidia, 119\n  Antipatris, 127\n  Aphek, 56, 88, 90\n  Apollonia, 122\n  Appii Forum, 129\n  Ar, 71\n  Arad, 56\n  Aram, 26\n  Ariel, 73\n  Arkites, 40\n  Arnon, 31\n  Aroer, 55, 62, 63\n  Arphaxad, 26\n  Arvadites, 40\n  Ashdod, 63, 114\n  Asher, 57\n  Ashkelon, 63\n  Ashkenaz, 23\n  Ashtaroth, 56\n  Ashteroth Karnaim, 37\n  Asia, 133\n  Asia Minor, 117\n  Asshur 26, 91\n  Assyrian Empire, 91\n  Ataroth, 55\n  Athens, 122\n  Attalia, 119\n  Auranitis, 101\n  Avim, 38\n  Azotus, 114\n\n  Baalah, 85\n  Babylon, 91, 93\n  Babylonia, 93\n  Babylonian Empire, 91, 92\n  Bashan, 32, 51\n  Batanea, 101\n  Beer-lahai-roi, 34\n  Beeroth, 83\n  Beersheba, 34, 35, 54, 56, 63\n  Benjamin, 56\n  Berachah, 88, 90\n  Berea, 122\n  Besor, 31\n  Bethabara, 104\n  Bethany, 84, 108, 111\n  Beth-barah, 62, 63\n  Bethel, 33, 35, 56, 62, 63, 83\n  Beth-hoglah, 35\n  Beth-horon, 52, 57, 85\n  Bethlehem, 56, 57, 62, 84, 103, 104\n  Beth-nimrah, 56\n  Beth-rehob, 57\n  Bethsaida, 106\n  Beth-shean, 57, 62, 63, 102\n  Beth-shemesh, 57, 59, 89, 90\n  Bezek, 53, 61, 63, 65\n  Bezer, 55, 59\n  Bezetha, 74\n  Bithynia, 117\n\n  C\u00e6sarea, 113\n  C\u00e6sarea Philippi, 107\n  Camon, 62\n  Cana, 57, 104\n  Canaan, 26, 29\n  Canaanite, 62\n  Canaanites, 38\n  Canatha, 102\n  Capernaum, 104\n  Caphtorim, 25\n  Capitolias, 102\n  Cappadocia, 118\n  Carchemish, 90\n  Caria, 118\n  Carmel, 56\n  Casluhim, 25\n  Cenchrea, 123\n  Chaldean, 21\n  Cherith, 31\n  Chios, 127\n  Chittim, 25\n  Cilicia, 93, 118\n  Colosse, 131\n  Coos, 127\n  Corinth, 123\n  Crete, 38, 128\n  Cush, 25\n  Cyprus, 118\n\n  Daberath, 57\n  Dalmanutha, 107\n  Damascus, 70, 71, 102, 113\n  Dan, 33, 54, 57, 59, 61\n  Danite, 63\n  Debir, 53, 56, 61, 63\n  Decapolis, 101, 107\n  Dedan, 25\n  Derbe, 119\n  Dibon, 55\n  Dion, 102\n  Dodanim, 25\n  Dor, 57\n  Dothan, 57\n\n  Ebal, 32\n  Ebenezer, 63\n  Edom, 45, 70, 71, 87\n  Edomites, 40\n  Edomite War, 65\n  Edrei, 51, 54, 56\n  Egypt, 33, 41, 93, 103\n  Egypt, River of, 29, 43\n  Ekron, 63\n  Elah, 66\n  Elah, Valley of, 84\n  Elam, 26\n  Elim, 46\n  Elishah, 25\n  Emim, 38\n  Emmaus, 84, 111\n  Endor, 67\n  En-gannim, 57, 108\n  En-gedi, 33, 56, 66\n  Enon, 31\n  Ephes-dammim, 66\n  Ephesus, 125\n  Ephraim, 57, 84, 108\n  Ephraim, The Wood of, 71\n  Ephrath, 35\n  Erech, 91\n  Esdraelon, Plain of, 32\n  Eshtaol, 57\n  Etham, 46\n  Etham, Wilderness of, 43\n\n  Fair Havens, 128\n  Farah, 31\n\n  Gad, 55\n  Gadara, 56, 102\n  Gadarenes, Country of the, 106\n  Galatia, 118\n  Galilee, 101\n  Gath, 63, 66, 69, 71, 88, 90\n  Gath-hepher, 57\n  Gaulanitis, 101\n  Gaza, 63\n  Geba, 57, 62, 65\n  Gehenna, 74\n  Gerar, 34, 56\n  Gerasa, 102\n  Gerizim, 32\n  Geshur, 70\n  Gether, 26\n  Gibeah, 56, 61, 63, 65, 66, 83\n  Gibeon, 52, 56, 71, 85\n  Gihon, 74\n  Gilead, 51\n  Gilgal, 52, 56, 63, 65\n  Girgashites, 39\n  Golan, 56, 59\n  Gomer, 23\n  Gomorrah, 33, 34, 38\n  Goshen, 41\n\n  Hadad-rimmon, 63\n  Ham, 37\n  Hamathites, 40\n  Haphraim, 57\n  Haran, 33, 35\n  Hareth, 66\n  Harosheth, 62, 63\n  Hauran, 32\n  Havilah, 25\n  Hazerim, 38\n  Hazeroth, 46\n  Hazezon-tamar, 33\n  Hazor, 53, 54, 57, 62\n  Hebron, 33, 38, 56, 59, 61, 63, 67, 84\n  Helam, 70, 71\n  Heliopolis, 42\n  Heshbon, 54, 55\n  Hieromax, 31\n  Hill of Evil Counsel, 74\n  Hinnom, Valley of, 73\n  Hippos, 102\n  Hittites, 39\n  Hivites, 39, 40\n  Hobah, 33\n  Horim, 38\n  Hormah, 56\n  Hul, 26\n\n  Iconium, 119\n  Iturea, 101\n\n  Jabbok, 31\n  Jabesh-gilead, 56, 65\n  Jahaz, 54\n  Japheth, 23\n  Jarmuth, 57\n  Javan, 25\n  Jazer, 56\n  Jebel Jermuk, 29\n  Jebel Mukhmeel, 32\n  Jebus, 63, 69\n  Jebusites, 39\n  Jericho, 54, 56, 61, 63, 109\n  Jerusalem, 56, 69, 71, 73, 90\n  Jeshimon, 56, 84\n  Joppa, 113, 114\n  Jordan, Fords of, 62\n  Jordan, Plain of, 32\n  Jud\u00e6a, 101\n  Judah, 56\n\n  Kadesh-barnea, 46, 47\n  Karkor, 62, 63\n  Kedemoth, 55\n  Kedesh, 57, 59\n  Kedron, Valley of the, 73\n  Keilah, 66\n  Kenath, 56\n  Kenites, 40\n  Kibroth-hattaavah, 46\n  Kingdom of Israel, 87\n  Kingdom of Judah, 87\n  Kir-haraseth, 88, 90\n  Kiriathaim, 55\n  Kirjath-jearim, 54, 56, 63, 85\n  Kirjath-sepher, 38, 53\n  Kishon, 31, 62\n  Kittim, 25\n  Kur\u00fbn Hattin, 32\n\n  Laish, 33, 54, 57, 61, 63\n  Laodicea, 134\n  Lehabim, 25\n  Lehi, 63\n  Leontes, 31\n  Leshem, 54\n  Levi, 59\n  Libnah, 56\n  Little Hermon, 32\n  Lubim, 25\n  Lud, 26\n  Ludim, 25\n  Lycaonia, 118\n  Lycia, 118\n  Lydda, 114, 118\n  Lydia, 93, 118\n  Lystra, 119\n\n  Maachah, 70\n  Macedonia, 122\n  Madai, 25\n  Magog, 23\n  Mahanaim, 35, 56, 70\n  Manasseh, 56, 57\n  Maon, 56, 66\n  Marah, 46\n  Mareshah, 89\n  Mash, 26\n  Medeba, 55, 70, 71\n  Media, 93\n  Megiddo, 57, 63, 90\n  Melita, 128\n  Memphis, 42\n  Meshech, 25, 26\n  Michmash, 56, 65, 83\n  Midian, 51\n  Midianite, 62\n  Miletus, 127\n  Minnith, 62\n  Mitylene, 127\n  Mizpah, 35\n  Mizpeh, 56, 63, 83\n  Mizpeh of Gilead, 62\n  Mizpeh of Moab, 66\n  Mizraim, 25\n  Moab, 70, 87\n  Moab, Fords of, 62,, 63\n  Moabite, 61\n  Moabites, 39, 61\n  Moabite War, 65\n  Moreh, Hill of, 32, 57, 62, 63\n  Moriah, 34\n  Mount Carmel, 32\n  Mount Ephraim, 29\n  Mount Gilboa, 32, 62, 67\n  Mount Gilead, 32\n  Mount Hebron, 32\n  Mount Hermon, 32\n  Mount Hor, 45, 47, 49\n  Mount Lebanon, 32\n  Mount Moriah, 74\n  Mount Nebo, 32, 55\n  Mount of Offense, 74\n  Mount of Olives, 74\n  Mount Pisgah, 32\n  Mount Seir, 45\n  Mount Tabor, 32, 62, 63\n  Mount Zion, 32, 74\n  Myra, 128\n  Mysia, 118\n\n  Nain, 57, 106\n  Naphtali, 57\n  Naphtuhim, 25\n  Nazareth, 57, 103, 104\n  Negeb, 32\n  Nicopolis, 131\n  Nimrod, 25\n  Nimrud, 91\n  Nile, 41\n  Nob, 66, 83\n\n  Ophrah, 62\n\n  Palestine, 29\n  Pamphylia, 118\n  Paphlagonia, 117\n  Paphos, 118\n  Paran, Wilderness of, 43\n  Patara, 127\n  Pathrusim, 25\n  Patmos, 133\n  Pella, 102\n  Pelusium, 42\n  Peniel, 35\n  Penuel, 56, 62\n  Per\u00e6a, 101, 108\n  Perga, 119\n  Pergamos, 133\n  Perizzites, 39\n  Persian Empire, 93\n  Philadelphia, 102, 134\n  Philippi, 122\n  Philistia, 32\n  Philistine, 62\n  Philistines, 38\n  Phoenicia, 32, 107\n  Phrygia, 118\n  Phut, 26\n  Pirathon, 62\n  Pisidia, 118\n  Pontus, 117\n  Ptolemais, 127\n  Puteoli, 128\n\n  Raamah, 25\n  Rabbah, 70, 71\n  Rabbath Ammon, 55\n  Rachel's Tomb, 84\n  Ramah, 63, 65, 66, 83, 85\n  Rameses, 42, 46\n  Ramoth-gilead, 56, 59, 88, 90\n  Raphana, 102\n  Rehob, 70\n  Rehoboth, 34\n  Rephaim, 37, 69\n  Rephaim, Plain of, 84\n  Reuben, 55\n  Rhegium, 128\n  Rhodes, 127\n  Rimmon, 84\n  Riphath, 23\n  Rodanim, 25\n  Rome, 129\n  Roman Empire, 97\n\n  Sabtah, 25\n  Sabtechah, 25\n  Salamis, 118\n  Samaria, 57, 87, 89, 90, 101, 113\n  Samos, 127\n  Sardis, 134\n  Scopus, 74\n  Scythopolis, 102\n  Seba, 25\n  Seleucia, 118\n  Shalem, 35\n  Shalisha, 65\n  Shamir, 62\n  Sharon, 32\n  Sheba, 25\n  Shechem, 33, 52, 57, 59, 62, 63\n  Shefelah, The, 29\n  Shiloh, 57\n  Shochoh, 66\n  Shunem, 57\n  Shur, Wilderness of, 43\n  Simeon, 56\n  Sin, Wilderness of, 43\n  Sinaitic Mountains, 43\n  Sinites, 40\n  Smyrna, 133\n  Sodom, 33, 34, 38\n  Succoth, 35, 46, 56, 62\n  Sychar, 104\n  Syracuse, 128\n  Syria, 87\n\n  Taanach, 57, 63\n  Tabbath, 62\n  Tarshish, 25\n  Tarsus, 114\n  Tekoa, 70\n  Telaim, 65\n  Tetrarchy, 102\n  Thebes, 42\n  Thebez, 62, 63\n  Thessalonica, 122\n  Thyatira, 134\n  Timnath, 57, 63\n  Tiras, 25\n  Tob, 62, 70\n  Togarmah, 23\n  Tophet, 74\n  Trachonitis, 101\n  Troas, 121\n  Trogyllium, 127\n  Tubal, 25\n  Tyre, 127\n  Tyropoeon, Valley of the, 73\n\n  Ur, 33, 91\n  Uz, 26\n\n  Viri Galil\u00e6i, 74\n\n  Wilderness, 104\n  Wilderness of the Wandering, 42\n\n  Zair, 88, 90\n  Zamzummim, 37\n  Zeboim, 38\n  Zebulon, 57\n  Zemaraim, 88, 89\n  Zephath, 61, 63\n  Zidon, 128\n  Zidonians, 38\n  Ziklag, 56, 66\n  Zin, Wilderness of, 43\n  Ziph, 66\n  Zoar, 38\n  Zobah, 65, 70, 71\n  Zorah, 57, 63\n  Zuph, 65\n  Zuzim, 37\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTranscriber's Notes:\n\nObvious punctuation errors repaired. Italic text is set apart by\n_underscores_ and bold text by =equal signs=.\n\nTo prevent them being split over two lines all spaces in B. C. and A. D.\nwere removed.\n\nPage xi, \"Aske\" changed to \"Aska\" (Mosque El Aska)\n\nPage 14, \"tentativey\" changed to \"tentatively\" (are given tentatively)\n\nPage 14, XII changed to XVII (B.C., Dynasties XVII. to XXVII)\n\nPage 15, \"Shalmameser\" changed to \"Shalmaneser\" (860-825--Shalmaneser\nII)\n\nPage 27, Review Chart of the Nations, \"Aeolians\" changed to \"\u00c6olians\"\n(_\u00c6olians_)\n\nPage 27, Review Chart of the Nations, \"Meroe\" changed to \"Mero\u00eb\"\n(_Mero\u00eb_)\n\nPage 31, \"plain\" changed to \"Plain\" (watering the Plain of Esdraelon)\n\nPage 35, \"7\" changed to \"8\" (8. Burial of Sarah)\n\nPage 46, \"Hawarah\" changed to \"Haw\u00e2rah\" (_Ain Haw\u00e2rah_)\n\nPage 56, Comparitive Size table, Ephraim, \"S.\" changed to \"Sq.\" (600 Sq.\nM.)\n\nPage 62, \"route\" changed to \"rout\" (the rout that followed)\n\nPage 75, \"Melchizedek\" was hyphenated as \"Melchi-zedek\" on this page in\nthe original text to show its similarity to \"Adoni-zedek\". This was\nretained.\n\nPage 78, \"Tor\" changed to \"T\u00f4r\" (Jebel Abu T\u00f4r (Hill of Evil Counsel))\n\nPage 79, \"1.\" added to text. (1. The _Birket Mamilla_)\n\nPage 79, \"rred\" changed to \"red\" (\"red pond\")\n\nPage 79, bold text changed to italic to match the rest of the pattern\n(5. _En-rogel_, called)\n\nPage 79, word \"the\" moved to from before \"most\" to after \"of\" (most of\nthe explorers) Original read (the most of explorers)\n\nPage 115, \"C\u00e6esarea\" changed to \"C\u00e6sarea\" (3. _C\u00e6sarea._)\n\nPage 137, \"tables\" changed to \"tablets\" (for the stone tablets of)\n\nPage 144, \"160\" changed to \"180\" (Dead Sea, 180 miles)\n\nPage 148, the text defines a \"cab\" as being \"96 cubic inches, or 675\nthousandths of a quart\". This does not seem possible but the transcriber\ncould not ascertain what was meant. An earlier version of this text uses\nthis same definition.\n\nPages 151-154, entries in this index match the map but not always the\ntext. For example, the text refers to Beth Jesimoth which the index and\nmap names as Beth-jeshimoth. It is Dhib\u00e2n in the text but Dhiban on the\nmap and the map's index. Names in the map index were not always in\nalphabetical order. This was retained.\n\nPage 157, \"Keilah\" moved to alphabetical placement. Originally listed\nafter \"Kenites.\"\n\nPage 157, \"Miletus\" moved to alphabetical placement. Originally listed\nafter \"Michmash.\"\n\nPage 157, \"Misraim\" changed to \"Mizraim\" (Mizraim, 25) This entry was\nalso moved to reflect its corrected spelling.\n\nThe original table of contents seems to have been taken from an earlier edition\nwithout the printers updating the chart section. This only affects the Chart of\nBible History. The rest of the Table of Contents is identical.\n\n                                                 PAGE\n  CHART OF BIBLE HISTORY                        13-16\n\n     I. GENERAL PERIODS.\n    II. SUBDIVISIONS.\n   III. PERSONS AND RULERS.\n    IV. EVENTS OF BIBLE HISTORY.\n  -------------------------------------\n    Actual text of book contains these headings:\n         (V. THE HISTORY OF EYGPT)\n         (VI. THE KINGDOMS OF THE EAST)\n         (VII. THE ORIENTAL EMPIRES)\n         (VIII. THE WORLD IN GENERAL)\n  -------------------------------------\n    Actual text of table of contents has these headings instead:\n     V. BATTLES OF BIBLE HISTORY.\n    VI. EVENTS OF RELIGIOUS PROGRESS.\n   VII. THE BOOKS OF THE BIBLE.\n  VIII. GREAT ORIENTAL EMPIRES.\n    IX. EVENTS OF SECULAR HISTORY.\n  --------------------------------------","title":"Bible Atlas: A Manual of Biblical Geography and History","tradition":"scripture-revelation","translated_text":null,"word_count":90760}