{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_42784/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_42784","id":"gutenberg_42784","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42784","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Encyclopedias/Dictionaries/Reference","Category: Essays, Letters & Speeches","Category: History - Other","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Notes and Queries","Questions and answers -- Periodicals"],"text":"Transcriber's note: A few typographical errors have been corrected: they\nare indicated by footnotes to the relevant item.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n{77}\n\nNOTES AND QUERIES:\n\nA MEDIUM OF INTER-COMMUNICATION FOR LITERARY MEN, ARTISTS, ANTIQUARIES,\nGENEALOGISTS, ETC.\n\n\"When found, make a note of.\"--CAPTAIN CUTTLE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNo. 169.]\nSATURDAY, JANUARY 22. 1853\n[Price Fourpence. Stamped Edition 5d.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nCONTENTS.\n\n  NOTES:--                                                    Page\n\n  Blackguard, by Sir J. Emerson Tennent                         77\n\n  Predictions of the Fire and Plague of London, No. I.,\n    by T. Sternberg                                             79\n\n  Notes and Queries on Bacon's Essays, No. II., by,\n    P. J. F. Gantillon, B.A.                                    80\n\n  FOLK LORE:--Irish Superstitious Customs--Charm for,\n    Warts--The Devil--\"Winter Thunder,\" &c.                     81\n\n  Malta the Burial-place of Hannibal                            81\n\n  MINOR NOTES:--Waterloo--\"Tuch\"--The Dodo--Francis I.          82\n\n  QUERIES:--\n\n  Dr. Anthony Marshall                                          83\n\n  Lindis, Meaning of                                            83\n\n  MINOR QUERIES:--Smock Marriage in New York--The broken\n    Astragalus--Penardo and Laissa--St. Adulph--St. Botulph--\n    Tennyson--\"Ma Ninette,\" &c.--Astronomical Query--Chaplains\n    to Noblemen--\"More\" Queries--Heraldic Query--\"By Prudence\n    guided,\" &c.--Lawyers' Bags--Master Family--Passage in\n    Wordsworth--Govett Family--Sir Kenelm Digby--Riddles--\n    Straw Bail--Wages in the West in 1642--Literary Frauds\n    of Modern Times                                             84\n\n  MINOR QUERIES WITH ANSWERS:--\"Very like a Whale\"--Wednesday\n    a Litany Day--\"Thy Spirit, Independence,\" &c.--\"Hob and\n    nob,\" Meaning of                                            86\n\n  REPLIES:--\n\n  Wellesley Pedigree, by John D'Alton                           87\n\n  Consecrated Rings for Epilepsy                                88\n\n  Turner's View of Lambeth Palace, by J. Walter, &c.            89\n\n  Etymological Traces of the social Position of our Ancestors,\n    by C. Forbes, &c.                                           90\n\n  Goldsmiths' Year-marks, by W. Chaffers, Jun., and H. T.\n    Ellacombe                                                   90\n\n  Editions of the Prayer-Book prior to 1662, by W. Sparrow\n    Simpson, B.A.                                               91\n\n  PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES:--Originator of the Collodion\n    Process--Mr. Weld Taylor's Process--Dr. Diamond's Services\n    to Photography--Simplification of the Wax-paper Process     92\n\n  The Burial Service said by Heart, by Mackenzie Wallcott,\n    M.A., &c.                                                   94\n\n  REPLIES TO MINOR QUERIES:--Mary Queen of Scots' Gold\n    Cross--Jennings Family--Adamson's \"England's Defence\"--\n    Chief Justice Thomas Wood--Aldiborontiphoscophornio--\n    Statue of St. Peter at Rome--Old Silver Ornament--\n    \"Plurima, pauca, nihil\"--\"Pork-pisee\" and \"Wheale\"--Did\n    the Carians use Heraldic Devices?--Herbert Family--\n    Children crying at Baptism, &c.                             95\n\n  MISCELLANEOUS:--\n\n  Notes on Books, &c.                                           97\n\n  Books and Odd Volumes wanted                                  98\n\n  Notices to Correspondents                                     98\n\n  Advertisements                                                99\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNotes.\n\nBLACKGUARD.\n\nIn some of the earlier numbers of \"N. & Q.,\" there occur disquisitions as\nto the origin of the term _blackguard_, and the time at which it came into\nuse in England in its present sense. But the communications of your\ncorrespondents have not been satisfactory upon either point--they have not\nshown the period at which the word came to be accepted _in its present\nsense_; and their quotations all apply to its use in a much more simple\nmeaning, and one totally different from that which we now attach to it.\n\nOne class of these quotations (Vol. ii., pp. 171. 285.), such as the\npassages from BUTLER and FULLER, refer obviously to a popular superstition,\nduring an age when the belief in witchcraft and hobgoblins was universal;\nand when such creatures of fancy were assigned as _Black Guards_ to his\nSatanic majesty. \"Who can conceive,\" says FULLER in the paragraph\nextracted, \"but that such a Prince-principal of Darkness must be\nproportionally attended by a Black Guard of monstrous opinions?\" (_Church\nHistory_, b. ix. c. xvi.) And in the verses of BUTLER referred to,\nHudibras, when deceived by Ralpho counterfeiting a ghost in the dark,--\n\n \"Believed it was some drolling sprite\n  That _staid upon the guard_ at night:\"\n\nand thereupon in his trepidation discourses with the Squire as follows:\n\n \"Thought he, How does the _Devil_ know\n  What 'twas that I design'd to do?\n  His office of intelligence,\n  His oracles, are ceas'd long since;\n  And he knows nothing of the Saints,\n  But what some treach'rous spy acquaints.\n  This is some petty-fogging _fiend_,\n  Some under door-keeper's friend's friend,\n  That undertakes to understand,\n  And juggles at the second hand:\n  And now would pass for spirit Po,\n  And all men's dark concerns foreknow.\n  I think I need not fear him for't;\n  These rallying _devils_ do not hurt.\n  {78}\n  With that he roused his drooping heart,\n  And hastily cry'd out, What art?--\n  A wretch, quoth he, whom want of grace\n  Has brought to this unhappy place.\n    I do believe thee, quoth the knight;\n  Thus far I'm sure thou'rt in the right,\n  And know what 'tis that troubles thee,\n  Better than thou hast guess'd of me.\n  Thou art some paltry, _blackguard sprite_,\n  Condemn'd to drudg'ry in the night;\n  Thou hast no work to do in th' house,\n  _Nor half-penny to drop in shoes_;\n  Without the raising of which sum\n  You dare not be so troublesome;\n  To pinch the slatterns black and blue,\n  For leaving you their work to do.\n  This is your business, good Pug Robin,\n  And your diversion, dull dry bobbing.\"\n    _Hudibras_, Part III. Canto 1. line 1385, &c.\n\nIt will be seen that BUTLER, like FULLER, uses the term in the simple sense\nas a _guard_ of the Prince of Darkness. But the concluding lines of\nHudibras's address to Ralpho explain the process by which, at a late\nperiod, this term of the _Black Guard_ came to be applied to the lowest\nclass of domestics in great establishments.\n\nThe Black Guard of Satan was supposed to perform the domestic drudgery of\nthe kitchen and servants' hall, in the infernal household. The extract from\nHOBBES (Vol. ii., p. 134.) refers to this:--\n\n    \"Since my Lady's decay, I am degraded from a cook; and I fear the Devil\n    himself will entertain me but for one of his _black guard_, and he\n    shall be sure to have his roast burnt.\"\n\nHence came the popular superstition that these goblin scullions, on their\nvisits to the upper world, confined themselves to the servants' apartments\nof the houses which they favoured with their presence, and which at night\nthey swept and garnished; pinching those of the maids in their sleep who,\nby their laziness, had imposed such toil on their elfin assistants; but\n_slipping money into the shoes_ of the more tidy and industrious servants,\nwhose attention to their own duties before going to rest had spared the\ngoblins the task of performing their share of the drudgery. Hudibras\napostrophises the ghost as--\n\n \"... some paltry _blackguard_ sprite\n  Condemn'd to drudgery in the night;\n  Thou hast no work to do in th' house\n  Nor half-penny to drop in shoes;\"\n\nand therefore, as the knight concluded--\"this devil full of malice\" had\nfound sufficient leisure to taunt and rally him in the dark upon his recent\ndisasters.\n\nThis belief in the visits of domestic spirits, who busy themselves at night\nin sweeping and arranging the lower apartments, has prevailed in the North\nof Ireland and in Scotland from time immemorial: and it is explained in SIR\nWALTER SCOTT'S notes to the _Lay of the Last Minstrel_, as his\njustification for introducing the goblin page Gilpin Horner amongst the\ndomestics of Branksome Hall. Perhaps, from the association of these elves\nwith the lower household duties, but more probably from a more obvious\ncause, came at a later period the practice described by GIFFORD in his note\non BEN JONSON, as quoted by your correspondent (Vol. ii., p. 170.), by\nwhich--\n\n    \"in all great houses, but particularly in the Royal Residences, there\n    were a number of mean dirty dependents, whose office it was to attend\n    the wool-yard, sculleries, &c. Of these, the most forlorn wretches seem\n    to have been selected to carry coals to the kitchens, halls, &c. To\n    this smutty regiment, who attended the progresses, and rode in the\n    carts with the pots and kettles, the people, in derision, gave the name\n    of the _black guards_.\"\n\nThis is no doubt correct; and hence the expression of BEAUMONT and\nFLETCHER, quoted from the _Elder Brother_, that--\n\n \"... from the _black guard_\n  To the grim Sir in office, there are few\n  Hold other tenets:\"\n\nmeaning from the lowest domestic to the highest functionary of a household.\nThis too explains the force of the allusion, in Jardine's _Criminal\nTrials_, to the apartments of Euston House being \"far unmeet for her\nHighness, but fitter for the Black Guard\"--that is, for the scullions and\nlowest servants of an establishment. SWIFT employs the word in this sense\nwhen he says, in the extract quoted by Dr. Johnson in his _Dictionary_ in\nillustration of the meaning of _blackguard_,--\n\n    \"Let a black-guard boy be always about the house to send on your\n    errands, and go to market for you on rainy days.\"\n\nIt will thus be seen, that of the six authors quoted in \"N. & Q.\" no one\nmakes use of the term _black guard_ in an opprobrious sense such as\nattaches to the more modern word \"blackguard;\" and that they all wrote\nwithin the first fifty years of the seventeenth century. It must therefore\nbe subsequent not only to that date, but to the reign of Queen Anne, that\nwe are to look for its general acceptance in its present contumelious\nsense. And I believe that its introduction may be traced to a recent\nperiod, and to a much more simple derivation than that investigated by your\ncorrespondents.\n\nI apprehend that the present term, \"a blackguard,\" is of French origin; and\nthat its importation into our language was subsequent to the Restoration of\nCharles II., A.D. 1660. There is a corresponding term in French, _blague_,\nwhich, like our English adaptation, is not admissible in good society. It\nis defined by Bescherelles, in his great _Dictionnaire National_, to mean\n\"fanfaronnade, h\u00e2blerie, mensonge; bourde, gasconade:\" and to {79} be \"un\nmot populaire et bas, dont les personnes bien \u00e9lev\u00e9es \u00e9vitent de se\nservir.\" From _blague_ comes the verb _blaguer_, which the same authority\nsays means \"dire des blagues; mentir pour le plaisir de mentir.\" And from\n_blaguer_ comes the substantive _blagueur_, which is, I apprehend, the\noriginal of our English word _blackguard_. It is described by Bescherelles\nas a \"diseur de sornettes et de fausset\u00e9es; h\u00e2bleur, fanfaron. Un\n_blagueur_ est un menteur, mais un menteur qui a moins pour but de tromper\nque de se faire valoir.\"\n\nThe English term has, it will be observed, a somewhat wider and more\noffensive import than the French: and the latter being rarely to be found\namongst educated persons, or in dictionaries, it may have escaped the\netymologists who were in search of a congener for its English derivative.\nIts pedigree is, however, to be sought in philological rather than\narch\u00e6ological records. Within the last two centuries, a number of words of\nhonest origin have passed into an opprobrious sense; for example, the\noppressed tenants of Ireland are spoken of by SPENSER and SIR JOHN DAVIES\nas \"_villains_.\" In our version of the Scriptures, \"_cunning_\" implies\nmerely skill in music and in art. SHAKSPEARE employs the word \"_vagabond_\"\nas often to express pity as reproach; and I think it will be found, that as\na _knave_, prior to the reign of Elizabeth, meant merely a serving man, so\na _blackguard_ was the name for a pot-boy or scullion in the reign of Queen\nAnne. The transition into its more modern meaning took place at a later\nperiod, on the importation of a foreign word, to which, being already\ninterchangeable in sound, it speedily became assimilated in sense.\n\nJ. EMERSON TENNENT.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nPREDICTIONS OF THE FIRE AND PLAGUE OF LONDON, NO. I.\n\n    \"It was a trim worke indeede, and a gay world no doubt for some idle\n    cloister-man, mad merry friers, and lusty abbey-lubbers; when\n    themselves were well whittled, and their paunches pretily stuffed, to\n    fall a prophesieing of the woefull dearths, famines, plagues, wars, &c.\n    of the dangerous days imminent.\"--Harvey's _Discoursive Probleme_,\n    Lond. 1588.\n\nAmong the sly hits at our nation, which abound in the lively pages of the\nSieur d'Argenton, is one to the effect that an Englishman always has an old\nprophecy in his possession. The worthy Sieur is describing the meeting of\nLouis X. and our Henry II. near Picquini, where the Chancellor of England\ncommenced his harangue by alluding to an ancient prophecy which predicted\nthat the Plain of Picquini should be the scene of a memorable and lasting\npeace between the two nations. \"The Bishop,\" says Commines, \"commen\u00e7a par\nune proph\u00e9tie, dont,\" adds he, _en parenth\u00e8se_, \"les Anglois ne sont jamais\ndespourveus.\"[1] Even at this early period, we had thus acquired a\nreputation for prophecies, and it must be confessed that our chronicles\nabound in passages which illustrate the justice of the Sieur's sarcasm.\nFrom the days of York and Lancaster, when, according to Lord Northampton\n\"bookes of beasts and babyes were exceeding ryfe, and current in every\nquarter and corner of the realme,\"[2] up to the time of Napoleon's\nprojected invasion, when the presses of the Seven Dials were unusually\nprolific in visions and predictions, pandering to the popular fears of the\ncountry--our national character for vaticination has been amply sustained\nby a goodly array of prophets, real or pretended, whose lucubrations have\nnot even yet entirely lost their influence upon the popular mind. To this\nday, the ravings of Nixon are \"household words\" in Cheshire; and I am told\nthat a bundle of \"Dame Shipton's Sayings\" still forms a very saleable\naddition to the pack of a Yorkshire pedlar. Recent discoveries in\nbiological science have given to the subject of popular prophecies a\nphilosophical importance beyond the mere curiosity or strangeness of the\ndetails. Whether or not the human mind, under certain conditions, becomes\nendowed with the prescient faculty, is a question I do not wish to discuss\nin your pages: I merely wish to direct attention to a neglected and not\nuninteresting chapter in the curiosities of literature.\n\nIn delving among what may be termed the popular religious literature of the\nlatter years of the Commonwealth, and early part of the reign of Charles,\nwe become aware of the existence of a kind of nightmare which the public of\nthat age were evidently labouring under--a strong and vivid impression that\nsome terrible calamity was impending over the metropolis. Puritanic\ntolerance was sorely tried by the licence of the new Court; and the pulpits\nwere soon filled with enthusiasts of all sects, who railed in no measured\nterms against the monster city--the city Babylon--the bloody city! as they\nloved to term her: proclaiming with all the fervour of fanaticism that the\nmeasure of her iniquities was well nigh full, and the day of her extinction\nat hand. The press echoed the cry; and for some years before and after the\nRestoration, it teemed with \"warnings\" and \"visions,\" in which the\napproaching destruction is often plainly predicted. One of the earliest of\nthese prefigurations occurs in that Leviathan of Sermons, _God's Plea for\nNineveh, or London's Precedent for Mercy_, by Thomas Reeve: London, 1657.\nSpeaking of London, he says:\n\n    It was Troy-novant, it is Troy le grand, and it will be Troy\n    l'extinct.\"--P. 217.\n\n{80} And again:\n\n    \"Methinks I see you bringing pick-axes to dig downe your owne walls,\n    and kindling sparks that will act all in a flame from one end of the\n    city to the other.\"--P. 214.\n\nAnd afterwards, in a strain of rough eloquence:\n\n    \"This goodly city of yours all in shreds, ye may seek for a threshold\n    of your antient dwellings, for a pillar of your pleasant habitations,\n    and not find them; all your spacious mansions and sumptuous monuments\n    are then gone.... Wo unto us, our sins have pulled down our houses,\n    shaken down our city; we are the most harbourlesse featlesse people in\n    the world.... Foxes have holes, and the fowls of the air nests, but we\n    have neither; our sins have deprived us both of couch and covert. What\n    inventions shall ye then be put to, to secure yourselves, when your\n    sins shall have shut up all the conduits of the city, and suffer only\n    the Liver conduit to run[3]; when they allow you no showers of rain,\n    but showers of blood; when ye shall see no men of your incorporation,\n    but the mangl'd citizen; nor hear no noise in your streets but the\n    crys, the shrieks, the yells and pangs of gasping, dying men; when,\n    amongst the throngs of associates, not a man will own you or come near\n    you,\" &c.--Pp. 221. _et seq._\n\nAfter alluding to the epidemics of former ages, he thus alludes to the\ncoming plague:\n\n    \"It will chase men out of their houses, as if there was some fierce\n    enemy pursuing them, and shut up shop doors, as if execution after\n    judgment was served upon the merchants; there will then be no other\n    music to be heard but doleful knells, nor no other wares to be born up\n    and down but dead corpses; it will change mansion houses into\n    pest-houses, and gather congregations rather into churchyards than\n    churches.... The markets will be so empty, that scarce necessaries will\n    be brought in, a new kind of brewers will set up, even apothecaries to\n    prepare diet drinks.\"--P. 255.\n\nThe early Quakers, like most other religious enthusiasts, claimed the gift\nof prophecy: and we are indebted to members of the sect for many\ncontributions to this branch of literature. Humphrey Smith was one of the\nmost celebrated of the vaticinating Quakers. Little is known of his life\nand career. He appears to have joined the Quakers about 1654; and after\nenduring a long series of persecutions and imprisonments for the sake of\nhis adopted creed, finally ended his days in Winchester gaol in 1662. The\nfollowing passage, from a _Vision which he saw concerning London_ (London,\n1660). is startling[4]:\n\n    \"And as for the city, herself and her suburbs, and all that belonged to\n    her, a fire was kindled therin; but she knew not how, even in all her\n    goodly places, and the kindling of it was in the foundation of all her\n    buildings, and there was none could quench it.... And the burning\n    thereof was exceeding great, and it burned inward in a hidden manner\n    which cannot be described.... All the tall buildings fell, and it\n    consumed all the lofty things therein, and the fire searched out all\n    the hidden places, and burned most in the secret places. And as I\n    passed through her streets I beheld her state to be very miserable, and\n    very few were those who were left in her, who were but here and there\n    one: and they feared not the fire, neither did the burning hurt them,\n    but they walked as dejected mournful people.... And the fire continued,\n    for, though all the lofty part was brought down, yet there was much old\n    stuffe, and parts of broken-down desolate walls, which the fire\n    continued burning against.... And the vision thereof remained in me as\n    a thing that was showed me of the Lord.\"\n\nDaniel Baker, Will Lilly, and Nostradamus, I shall reserve for another\npaper.\n\nT. STERNBERG.\n\n[Footnote 1: _M\u00e9moires_, p. 155.: Paris, 1649.]\n\n[Footnote 2: _Defensative against the Poyson of supposed Prophecies_, p.\n116.]\n\n[Footnote 3: \"It was a great contributing to this misfortune that the\nThames Water House was out of order, so that the conduits and pipes were\nalmost all dry.\"--_Observations on the burning of London_: Lond. 1667, p.\n34.]\n\n[Footnote 4: For a sight of this extremely scarce tract, I am indebted to\nthe courtesy of the gentleman who has the care of the Friends' Library in\nDevonshire House, Bishopsgate.]\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNOTES AND QUERIES ON BACON'S ESSAYS, NO. II.\n\n(Vol. vii., p. 6.)\n\nEssay I. p. 2. \"One of the fathers.\" Who, and where?\n\nDitto, ditto. The poet. Lucretus, ii., init. \"Suave mari magno,\" &c.\n\nDitto, p. 3. (note i). Plutarch. Does Montaigne allude to Plutarch, _De\nLiberis educandis_, vol. ii. (ed. Xyland.) 11 C.: \"[Greek: to gar\npseudesthai douloprepes k.t.l.]\"?\n\nEssay II. p. 4. \"You shall read in _some_ of the friars' books,\" &c. Where?\n\nDitto, ditto. \"Pompa magis,\" &c. Does Bacon quote this from memory,\nreferring to \"Tolle istam pompam, sub qu\u00e2 lates, et stultos territas\"? (Ep.\nXXIV. vol. ii. p. 92.: ed. Elzev. 1672.)\n\nDitto, p. 5. \"We read,\" &c. Tac. _Hist._, ii. 49. \"Quidam milites juxta\nrogum interfecere se, non nox\u00e2 neque ob metum, sed \u00e6mulatione decoris et\ncaritate principis.\" Cf. Sueton. _Vit. Oth._, 12.\n\nDitto, ditto. \"Cogita quamdiu,\" &c. Whence is this?\n\nDitto, ditto. \"Augustus C\u00e6sar died,\" &c. Suet. _Vit. Octav._, 99.\n\nDitto, ditto. \"Tiberius in dissimulation.\" Tac. _Ann._, vi. 50.\n\nDitto, ditto. \"Vespasian.\" Suet. _Vit. Vespas._, 23.\n\nDitto, ditto. \"Galba.\" Tac. _Hist._, i. 41.\n\nDitto, ditto. \"Septimus Severus.\" Whence is this?\n\nDitto, p. 6. (note _m_). \"In the tenth Satire of Juvenal.\" V. 357., _seq._\n\nDitto, ditto. \"Extinctus amabitur idem.\" Hor. _Epist._ ii. l. 14.\n\n{81}\n\nEssay III. p. 8. \"A master of scoffing.\" Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, book ii.\ncap. viii. (p. 339. vol. i. ed. Bohn, 1849.)\n\nDitto, p. 9. \"As it is noted by one of the fathers.\" By whom, and where?\n\nDitto, p. 10. \"Lucretius.\" I. 102.\n\nDitto, p. 11. \"It was a notable observation of a wise father.\" Of whom, and\nwhere?\n\nEssay IV. p. 13. \"For the death of Pertinax.\" See _Hist. Aug. Script._,\nvol. i. p. 578. (Lugd. Bat. 1671.)\n\nDitto, ditto, (note _f_). \"The poet.\" Ovid, _Ar. Am._, i. 655.\n\nEssay V. ditto. \"Bona rerum secundarum,\" &c. Does Bacon allude to Seneca\n(Ep. lxvi. p. 238., _ut sup._), where, after stating that \"In \u00e6quo est\nmoderat\u00e8 gaudere, et moderat\u00e8 dolere;\" he adds, \"Illa bona optabilia sunt,\nh\u00e6c mirabilia\"?\n\nDitto, ditto. \"Vere magnum habere,\" &c. Whence is this?\n\nDitto, ditto. \"The strange fiction of the ancient poets.\" In note (_a_) we\nfind \"Stesichorus, Apollodorus, _and others_\" named. Whereabouts?\n\nDitto, p. 11. (note _c_). \"This fine passage has been quoted by Macaulay.\"\n_Ut sup._, p. 407.\n\nEssay VI. p. 15. \"Tacitus saith.\" _Ann._, v. 1.\n\nDitto, ditto. \"And again, when Mucianus,\" &c. Ditto, _Hist._, ii. 76.\n\nDitto, ditto. \"Which indeed are arts, &c., as Tacitus well calleth them.\"\nWhere?\n\nDitto, p. 17. \"It is a good shrewd proverb of the Spaniard.\" What is the\nproverb?\n\nEssay VII. p. 19. \"The precept, 'Optimum elige,' &c.\" Whence? though I am\nashamed to ask.\n\nEssay VIII. p. 20. \"The generals.\" See \u00c6sch. _Pers\u00e6_, 404. (Dindf.), and\nBlomfield _in loc._ (v. 411. ed. su\u00e6).\n\nDitto, ditto. \"It was said of Ulysses,\" &c. By whom? Compare _Od._, v. 218.\n\nDitto, p. 21. \"He was reputed,\" &c. Who?\n\n(_To be continued._)\n\nP. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nFOLK LORE.\n\n_Irish Superstitious Customs._--The following strange practices of the\nIrish are described in a MS. of the sixteenth century, and seem to have a\nPagan origin:\n\n    \"Upon Maie Eve they will drive their cattell upon their neighbour's\n    corne, to eate the same up; they were wont to begin from the rast, and\n    this principally upon the English churl. Onlesse they do so upon Maie\n    daie, the witch hath power upon their cattell all the yere following.\"\n\nThe next paragraph observes that \"they spitt in the face; Sir R. Shee spat\nin Ladie ---- face.\"\n\nSpenser alludes to spitting on a person for luck, and I have experienced\nthe ceremony myself.\n\nH.\n\n_Charm for Warts._--I remember in Leicestershire seeing the following charm\nemployed for removal of a number of warts on my brother, then a child about\nfive years old. In the month of April or May he was taken to an ash-tree by\na lady, who carried also a paper of fresh pins; one of these was first\nstruck through the bark, and then pressed through the wart until it\nproduced pain: it was then taken out and stuck into the tree. Each wart was\nthus treated, a separate pin being used for each. The warts certainly\ndisappeared in about six weeks. I saw the same tree a year or two again,\nwhen it was very thickly studded over with old pins, each the index of a\ncured wart.\n\nT. J.\n\nLiverpool.\n\n_The Devil._--\n\n    \"According to the superstition of the west countries if you meet the\n    devil, you may either cut him in half with a straw, or force him to\n    disappear by spitting over his horns.\"--_Essays on his own Times_, by\n    S. T. Coleridge, vol. iii. p. 967.\n\nJ. M. B.\n\nIf you sing before breakfast you will cry before supper.\n\nIf you wish to have luck, never shave on a Monday.\n\nJ. M. B.\n\n_\"Winter Thunder,\" &c._--I was conversing the other day with a very old\nfarmer on the disastrous rains and storms of the present season, when he\ntold me that he thought we had not yet seen the worst; and gave as a reason\nthe following proverb:\n\n \"Winter thunder and summer flood\n    Bode England no good.\"\n\nH. T.\n\nIngatestone Hall, Essex.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nMALTA THE BURIAL-PLACE OF HANNIBAL.\n\nMalta affords a fine field for antiquarian research; and in no part more so\nthan in the neighbourhood of Citta Vecchia, where for some distance the\nground is dotted with tombs which have already been opened.\n\nHere, in ancient times, was the site of a burial-place, but for what\npeople, or at what age, is now unknown; and here it is that arch\u00e6ologists\nshould commence their labours, that in the result they may not be\ndisappointed. In some of the tombs which have been recently entered in this\nvicinity, fragments of linen cloth have been seen, in which bodies were\nenveloped at the time of their burial; in others glass, and earthen\ncandlesticks, and jars, hollow throughout and of a curious shape; while in\na few were earrings and finger-rings made of the purest gold, but they are\nrarely found. {82}\n\nThere cannot be a doubt that many valuable antiquities will yet be\ndiscovered, and in support of this presumption I would only refer to those\nnow known to exist; the Giant's Tower at Gozo, the huge tombs in the\nBengemma Hills, and those extensive and remarkable ruins at Krendi, which\nwere excavated by order of the late Sir Henry Bouverie, and remain as a\nlasting and honourable memento of his rule, being among the number.\n\nAn antiquary, being at Malta, cannot pass a portion of an idle day more\nagreeably than in visiting some singular sepulchral chambers not far from\nNotabile, which are built in a rocky eminence, and with entrances several\nfeet from the ground. These are very possibly the tombs of the earliest\nChristians, who tried in their erection \"to imitate that of our Saviour, by\nbuilding them in the form of caves, and closing their portals with marble\nor stone.\" When looking at these tombs from a terrace near the Cathedral,\nwe were strongly reminded of those which were seen by our lately deceased\nfriend Mr. John L. Stephens, and so well described by him in his _Incidents\nof Travel_ in eastern lands. Had we time or space, we should more\nparticularly refer to several other interesting remains now scattered over\nthe island, and, among them, to that curious sepulchre not a long time ago\ndiscovered in a garden at Rabato. We might write of the inscription on its\nwalls, \"In pace posita sunt,\" and of the figures of a dove and hare which\nwere near it, to show that the ashes of those whom they buried there were\nleft in peace. We might also make mention, more at length, of a tomb which\nwas found at the point Beni Isa in 1761, having on its face a Phoenician\ninscription, which Sir William Drummond thus translates:\n\n    \"The interior room of the tomb of \u00c6nnibal, illustrious in the\n    consummation of calamity. He was beloved. The people, when they are\n    drawn up in order of battle, weep for \u00c6nnibal the son of Bar Malek.\"\n\nSir Grenville Temple remarks, that the great Carthaginian general is\nsupposed, by the Maltese, to have been a native of their island, and one of\nthe Barchina family, once known to have been established in Malta; while\nsome writers have stated that his remains were brought from Bithynia to\nthis island, to be placed in the tomb of his ancestors; and this\nsupposition, from what we have read, may be easily credited.\n\nMight I ask if there is any writer, ancient or modern, who has recorded\nthat Malta was not the burial-place of Hannibal?\n\nW. W.\n\nMalta.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMinor Notes.\n\n_Waterloo._--I do not know whether, in any of the numerous lives of the\nlate Duke of Wellington, the following fact has been noticed. In Strada's\nHistory of the Belgian war (a work which deserves to be better known and\nappreciated than it is at present), there occurs a passage which shows\nthat, about three hundred years since, Waterloo was the scene of a severe\nengagement; so that the late sanguinary struggle was not the first this\nbattle-ground has to boast of. The passage occurs in _Famian\u00e6 Strad\u00e6 de\nBello Belgico, Decas prima_, lib. vi. p. 256., edit. Rom\u00e6, 1653; where,\nafter describing a scheme on the part of the insurgents for surprising\nLille, and its discovery by the Royalists, he goes on:\n\n    \"Et Rassinghemius de Armerteriensi milite inaudierat: nihilqve moratvs\n    selectis centvmqvinqvaginta peditibvs et equitibus sclopetariis ferm\u00e8\n    qvinqveginta prope _Waterlocvm_ pagvm pvgnam committit.\"\n\nWhat makes this more curious is, that, like the later battle, neither of\nthe contending parties on this occasion were natives of the country in\nwhich the battle was fought, they being the French Calvinists on one side\nand the Spaniards on the other.\n\nPHILOBIBLION.\n\n\"_Tuch._\"--In \"The Synagogue,\" attached to Herbert's _Poems_, but written\nby Chr. Harvie, M.A., is a piece entitled \"The Communion Table,\" one verse\nof which is as follows:\n\n \"And for the matter whereof it is made,\n      The matter is not much,\n      Although it be of _tuch_,\n  Or wood, or mettal, what will last, or fade;\n            So vanitie\n  And superstition avoided be.\"\n\nS. T. Coleridge, in a note on this passage, printed in Mr. Pickering's\nedition of Herbert, 1850 (fcap. 8vo.), says:\n\n    \"_Tuch_ rhyming to _much_, from the German _tuch_, cloth: I never met\n    with it before as an English word. So I find _platt_, for foliage, in\n    Stanley's _Hist. of Philosophy_, p. 22.\"\n\nWhether Coleridge rightly appreciated Stanley's use of the word _platt_, I\nshall not determine; but with regard to _touch_, it is evident that he went\n(it was the tendency of his mind) to Germany for error, when truth might\nhave been discovered nearer home. The context shows that _cloth_ could not\nhave been intended, for who ever heard of a table or altar made of cloth?\nThe truth is that the poet meant _touchstone_, which the author of the\n_Glossary of Architecture_ (3rd edit., text and appendix) rightly explains\nto be \"the dark-coloured stone or marble, anciently used for tombstones. A\nmusical sound\" (it is added) \"may be produced by touching it sharply with a\nstick.\" And this is in fact the reason for its name. The author of the\n_Glossary of Architecture_ cites _Ben Jonson_ by Gifford, viii. 251., and\n_Arch\u00e6ol._, xvi. 84.\n\nALPHAGE.\n\nLincoln's Inn.\n\n{83}\n\n_The Dodo._--Among the seals, or rather sulphur casts, in the British\nMuseum, is one of Nicholas Saumares, anno 1400. It represents an esquire's\nhelmet, from which depends obliquely a shield with the\narms--supporters--dexter a unicorn, sinister a greyhound; crest, a bird,\nwhich from its unwieldy body and disproportionate wings I take to be a\nDodo: and the more probability attaches itself to this conjecture, since\n_Dodo_ seems to have been the surname of the Counts de Somery, or Somerie\n(query Saumarez), as mentioned in p. 2. of Add. MSS. 17,455. in the British\nMuseum, and alluded to in a former No. of \"N. & Q.\" This seal, like many\nothers, is not in such a state of preservation as to warrant the assertion\nthat we have found a veritable Dodo. I only offer it as a hint to MR.\nSTRICKLAND and others, that have written so learnedly on this head. Burke\ngives a falcon for the crest of Saumarez; but the clumsy form and figure of\nthis bird does not in any way assimilate with any of the falcon tribe.\n\nDodo seems also to have been used as a Christian name, as in the same\nvolume of MSS. quoted above we find Dodo de Cisuris, &c.\n\nCLARENCE HOPPER.\n\n_Francis I._--Mention has been made in \"N. & Q.\" of Francis I.'s celebrated\n\"Tout est perdu hormis l'honneur!\" but the beauty of that phrase is lost in\nits real position,--a long letter to Louisa of Savoy, his mother. The\nletter is given at full length in Sismondi's _Histoire des Fran\u00e7ais_.\n\nM--A L.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nQueries.\n\nDR. ANTHONY MARSHALL.\n\nIn 1662 Anthony Marshall, D.D., was Rector of Bottesford, in\nLeicestershire. Nichols adds a _query_ after his name; whether he were of\nthe Bishop of Exeter's family? and a _note_, that Anthony Marshall was\ncreated D.D. at Cambridge in 1661 by royal mandate (_Hist. Leic._, vol ii.\np. 77.); and again, Dr. Anthony Marshall preached a Visitation Sermon at\nMelton in 1667, Aug. 11. I do not find that any Bishop of Exeter bore the\nname of Marshall except Henry Marshall in 1191, of course too far back to\nsuppose that the Query could refer to him; but I have not introduced this\nNote to quarrel with Mr. Nichols, but to ask if this is all that is known\nof a man who must, in his day, have attained to considerable eminence. I\nmore than suspect that this Dr. Marshall was a native of Staveley in\nDerbyshire. Sir Peter Frescheville, in his will, dated in 1632, gives to\nSt. John's College, Cambridge, 50l. \"for the buying of bookes to furnish\nsome one of the desks in the new library lately built and erected in the\nsaid college; and expresses his desire that the said money shall be layed\nforth, and the bookes bought, provided, and placed in the said library by\nthe paines, care, and discression of his two loveing friends, Mr. Robert\nHitch, late Fellow of Trinity College in Cambridge; and Mr. Robert\nMarshall, Fellow of St. John's College[5]; or the survivor of them,\"--which\nlast Robert, I suspect, should be Anthony.\n\nIn 1677 Anthony Marshall, D.D., Rector of Bottesford, was a subscriber of\n10l. towards a fund then raised for yearly distribution; and there is only\none name precedes his, or subscribes a larger amount, and that is Dr. Hitch\nbefore named.\n\nMr. Bagshaw, in his _Spiritualibus Pecci_, 1701, p. 61., referring to\nThomas Stanley, one of the ejected ministers, says:\n\n    \"Mr. Stanley was born at Dackmonton, three miles from Chesterfield,\n    where he had part of his education, as he had another part of it at\n    Staley, not far from it. His noted schoolmaster was one Mr. Marshall,\n    whose brother made a speech to King James I.\"\n\nIs there any means of corroborating this incident? In 1682 I observe the\nname of Dr. Marshall amongst the King's Chaplains in Ordinary, and a Dr.\nMarshall (perhaps the same individual) Dean of Gloucester; but whether\nidentified in the Doctor about whom I inquire, remains a Query.\n\nU. J. S.\n\nSheffield.\n\n[Footnote 5: [There is a Latin epigram, by R. Marshall of St. John's\nCollege, Cambridge, prefixed to John Hall's _Poems_, published in\n1646.--ED.]]\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nLINDIS, MEANING OF.\n\nWe are told by Bede that _Lindisfarne_, now Holy Island, derives the first\npart of its name from the small brook Lindis, which at high water is quite\ninvisible, being covered by the tide, but at low water is seen running\nbriskly into the sea. Now I should be glad to know the precise meaning of\n_Lindis_. We are informed by etymologists, that _Lyn_ or _Lin_, in names of\nplaces, signifies water in any shape, as lake, marsh, or stream: but what\ndoes the adjunct _dis_ mean? Some writers assert that _Lindis_ signifies\nthe linden-tree; thus making the sound an echo to the meaning: and hence\nthey assume that Lindesey in Lincolnshire must signify an Isle of\nLinden-trees. But it is very doubtful that such a tree ever existed in\nLincolnshire anterior to the Conquest. The _linden_ is rather a rare tree\nin England; and the two principal species, the _Tilia Europea_ and the\n_Tilia grandifolia_, are said by botanists not to be indigenous to this\ncountry, but to have been introduced into our island at an early period to\nadorn the parks of the nobles, and certainly not till after the Conquest.\n\nDr. Henry, in his _History of Britain_, vol. iv., gives the meaning of\n\"Marsh Isle\" to Lindsey, and of \"Lake Colony\" to Lincolnia. This I consider\nthe most probable signification to a district {84} that abounded in marshes\nat that early period, when the rude Briton or the Saxon applied names to\nplaces the most consonant to the aspects they afforded them: nor is it\nlikely they would give the name of Lindentree to a small brook, where such\na tree never could have grown.\n\nAs to the antiquity of the name of Lindes or Lindesey, I should say\nLindentree must be of comparatively modern nomenclature. I should, however,\nbe glad to have the opinion of some of your better-informed etymologists on\nthe meaning of the word, as it may decide a point of some importance in\ngenealogy.\n\nJ. L.\n\nBerwick.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMinor Queries.\n\n_Smock Marriage in New York._--In a curious old book, entitled _The\ninteresting Narrative of the Life of Oulandah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa,\nthe African, written by himself_, and published in London, by subscription,\nin 1789, I find the following passage:\n\n    \"While we lay here (New York, A.D. 1784) a circumstance happened which\n    I thought extremely singular. One day a malefactor was to be executed\n    on a gallows, but with a condition that if any woman, having nothing on\n    but her shift, married the man under the gallows, his life was to be\n    saved. This extraordinary privilege was claimed; a woman presented\n    herself, and the marriage ceremony was performed.\"--Vol. ii. p. 224.\n\nPerhaps some of your New York correspondents can say whether the annals of\nthat city furnish evidence of so extraordinary an occurrence.\n\nR. WRIGHT.\n\n_The broken Astragalus._--Where was the broken astragalus, given by the\nhost to his guest, first used as the symbol of hospitality?\n\nC. H. HOWARD.\n\n_Penardo and Laissa._--Who is the author of a poem (the title-page of which\nis wanting) called _The Historye of Penardo and Laissa_, unpaged, in\nseventeen caputs, with poems recommendatory, by Drummond of Hawthornden and\nothers, small 4to., containing many Scotticisms?\n\nE. D.\n\n_St. Adulph_ (Vol. v., pp. 566, 567.).--Capgrave, quoting John of Tynemouth\n(?), says:\n\n    \"Sanctum igitur Adulphum audita ejus fama ad _trajectensem_[6]\n    ecclesiam in episcopum _rex_ sublimavit.\"\n\nQuery 1. Who is the \"rex\" here mentioned?\n\nQuery 2. \"Trajecteasem:\" ought this to be applied to \"Utrecht\" or\n\"Maestricht,\" or either? Literally, it is \"on the other side of the water.\"\n\nA. B.\n\n[Footnote 6: \"trajectensem\" (passim) corrected from \"trajecteasem\" by\nerratum in Issue 170.--Transcriber.]\n\n_St. Botulph_ (Vol. v., pp. 566, 567.).--Your correspondent C. W. G. says:\n\n    \"His (St. Botulph's) life was first put into regular form by\n    Fulcard.... Fulcard tells us what his materials were.... An early MS.\n    of _this_ life is in the Harleian Collection, No. 3097. It was printed\n    by Capgrave in the _Legenda Nova_.\"\n\nQuery: _Fulcard's_ life of the saint, or the life by some other person:\nJohn of Tynemouth to wit?\n\nA. B.\n\n_Tennyson._--Mr. Gilfillan, in his _Literary Gallery_, speaking of that\nfine poem \"The Two Voices,\" says that the following line--\n\n \"You scarce could see the grass for flowers\"--\n                  P. 308. l. 18., 7th edit.\n\nis borrowed from one of the old dramatists. Could you or any of your\ncorrespondents tell me what the line is?\n\nAs also the Latin song referred to in \"Edwin Morris:\"\n\n                   \"Shall not love to me,\n  As in the Latin song I learnt at school,\n  Sneeze out a full God-bless-you right and left?\"\n                  P. 231. l. 10., 7th edit.\n\nMy last Tennyson Query is about the meaning of--\n\n                   \"She to me\n  Was proxy-wedded with a bootless calf,\n  At eight years old.\"\n              _Princess_, p. 15. l. 18., 4th edit.\n\nH. J. J.\n\nLiverpool.\n\n_\"Ma Ninette,\" &c._--Can any of your French readers tell me the\ncontinuation, if continuation there be, of the following charming verses;\nas also where they come from?\n\n \"Ma Ninette a quatorze ans,\n  Trois mois quelque chose;\n  Son teint est un printemps,\n  Sa bouche une rose.\"\n\nH. J. J.\n\n_Astronomical Query._--You style your paper a medium of communication\nbetween literary men, &c. I trust this does not exclude one of my sex from\nseeking information through the same channel.\n\nWe have had additions to our solar system by the discovery of four planets\nwithin the last few years. Supposing that these planets obey the same laws\nas the larger ones, they must be at all times apparently moving within the\nzodiac; and considering the improvements in telescopes within the last\nseventy years, and the great number of scientific observers at all times\nengaged in the pursuit of astronomy both in Europe and North America, I am\nat a loss to understand why these planets were not discovered before.\n\nI suppose we may not consider them as new creations attached to our solar\nsystem, because the law of perturbations on which Mr. Herschel {85}\ndiscourses at length, in the eleventh chapter of his _Treatise on\nAstronomy_, would seem to demonstrate that they would interfere with the\nequilibrium of the solar system.\n\nWould some of your scientific contributors condescend to explain this\nmatter, so as to remove the ignorance under which I labour in common with,\nI believe, many others?\n\nLEONORA.\n\nLiverpool.\n\n_Chaplains to Noblemen._--Under what statute, if any, do noblemen appoint\ntheir chaplains? and is there any registry of such appointments in any\narchiepiscopal or episcopal registry?\n\nX.\n\n_\"More\" Queries._--\n\n \"When _More_ some years had Chancellor been,\n    No _more_ suits did remain;\n  The same shall never _more_ be seen,\n    Till _More_ be there again.\"\n\nI infer from the first lines of this epigram that Sir Thomas More, by his\nunremitting attention to the business of the Court of Chancery, had brought\nto a close, in his day, the litigation in that department. Is there any\nauthentic record of this circumstance?\n\nAre there, at the present day, any male descendants of Sir Thomas More, so\nas to render possible the fulfilment of the prophecy contained in the last\ntwo lines?\n\nHENRY H. BREEN.\n\nSt. Lucia.\n\n_Heraldic Query._--To what families do the following bearings belong? 1.\nTwo lions passant, on a chief three spheres (I think) mounted on pedestals;\na mullet for difference. The crest is very like a lily reversed. 2. Ermine,\na bull passant; crest, a bull passant: initials \"C. G.\"\n\nU. J. S.\n\nSheffield.\n\n_\"By Prudence guided,\" &c._--Can any of the readers of \"N. & Q.\" supply me\nwith the words deficient in the following lines, and inform me from what\nauthor they are quoted? I met with them on an old decaying tomb in one of\nthe churchyards in Sheffield:\n\n \"By prudence guided, undefiled in mind,\n  Of pride unconscious, and of soul refined,\n  . . . .  conquest  . . . . . . . . subdue\n  With . . . . . . . . . . . . . .in view\n  Here . . . . . . . .  the heaven-born flame\n  Which  . . . . . . . from whence it came.\"\n\nW. S. (Sheffield.)\n\n_Lawyers' Bags._--I find it stated by Colonel Landman, in his _Memoirs_,\nthat prior to the trial of Queen Caroline, the colour of the bags carried\nby barristers was green; and that the change to red took place at, or\nimmediately after, the event in question. I shall be glad of any\ninformation both as to the fact of such change having taken place, and the\ncircumstances by which it was brought about and accompanied.\n\nJ. ST. J. Y.\n\nWellbank.\n\n_Master Family._--Can you refer me to any one who may be able to give me\ninformation respecting the earlier history of the family of Master or\nMaistre, of Kent, prior to 1550: and any suggestions as to its connexion\nwith the French or Norman family of Maistre or De Maistre? This being a\nQuery of no public interest, I inclose a stamped envelope, according to the\nwish expressed by you in a recent Number.\n\nGEORGE S. MASTER.\n\nWelsh-Hampton, Salop.\n\n_Passage in Wordsworth._--Can any of your correspondents find an _older\noriginal_ for Wordsworth's graceful conceit, in his sonnet on Walton's\nlines--\n\n \"There are no colours in the fairest sky\n  As fair as these: _the feather whence the pen_\n  _Was shaped, that traced the lives of these good men,_\n  _Dropt from an angel's wing_\"--\n\nthan the following:\n\n                       \"whose noble praise\n  Deserves a quill pluckt from an angel's wing.\"\n\n    Dorothy Berry, in a Sonnet prefixed to Diana Primrose's _Chain of\n    Pearl, a Memorial of the peerless Graces, &c. of Queen Elizabeth_:\n    published London, 1639,--a tract of twelve pages.\n\nM--A L.\n\nEdinburgh.\n\n_Govett Family._--Can you inform me for what town or county Sir ----\nGovett, Bart., was member of parliament in the year 1669, and what were his\narmorial bearings? His name appears in the list of members given in page\n496. of the Grand Duke Cosmo's _Travels through England_, published in\n1821. Is the baronetcy extinct? If so, who was the last baronet, and in\nwhat year? Where he lived, or any other particulars, will much oblige.\n\nQU\u00c6RO.\n\n_Sir Kenelm Digby._--Why is Sir Kenelm Digby represented, I believe always,\nwith a sun-flower by his side?\n\nVANDYKE.\n\n_Riddles._--It would take up too much of your valuable time and space to\ninsert all the riddles for which correspondents cannot find answers; but\nwill you find means to ask, through your pages, if any clever Oedipus would\nallow me to communicate to him certain enigmas which puzzle me greatly, and\nwhich I should very much like to have solved.\n\nRUBI.\n\n_Straw Bail._--Fielding, in his _Life of Jonathan Wild_, book i. chap. ii.,\nrelates that Jonathan's aunt\n\n    \"Charity took to husband an eminent gentleman, whose name I cannot\n    learn; but who was famous for {86} so friendly a disposition, that he\n    was bail for above a hundred persons in one year. He had likewise the\n    remarkable humour[7] of walking in Westminster Hall with a straw in his\n    shoe.\"\n\nWhat was the practice here referred to, and what is the origin of the\nexpression \"a man of straw,\" which is commonly applied to any one who\nappears, or pretends to be, but is not, a man of property?\n\nStraw bail is, I believe, a term still used by attorneys to distinguish\ninsufficient bail from \"justifiable\" or sufficient bail.\n\nJ. LEWELYN CURTIS.\n\n[Footnote 7: \"humour\" corrected from \"honour\" by erratum in Issue\n170.--Transcriber.]\n\n_Wages in the West in 1642._--The Marquis of Hertford and Lord Poulett were\nvery active in the West in the year 1642. In the famous collection of\npamphlets in the British Museum (113, 69.) is contained Lord Poulett's\nspeech at Wells, Somerset:\n\n    \"His lordship, with many imprecations, oaths, and execrations (in the\n    height of fury), said that it was not fit for any yeoman to have\n    allowed him from his own labours any more than the poor moiety of ten\n    pounds a-year; and when the power shall be totally on their side, they\n    shall be compelled to live on that low allowance, notwithstanding their\n    estates are gotten with a great deal of labour and industry.\n\n    \"Upon this the people attempted to lay violent hands upon Lord Poulett,\n    who was saved by a regiment marching in or by at the moment.\"\n\nWhat was Lord Poulett's precise meaning? Do we not clearly learn from the\nabove, that the Civil War was due to more than a mere choosing between king\nand parliament among the humbler classes of the remote country districts?\n\nGEORGE ROBERTS.\n\n_Literary Frauds of Modern Times._--In a work by Bishop (now Cardinal)\nWiseman, entitled _The Connexion between Science and Revealed Religion_,\n3rd edition, vol. ii. p. 270., occurs the following remark:\n\n    \"The most celebrated literary frauds of modern times, the _History of\n    Formosa_, or, still more, the _Sicilian Code of Vella_, for a time\n    perplexed the world, but were in the end discovered.\"\n\nWill you, or any of your readers, kindly refer me to any published account\nof the frauds alluded to in this passage? I have a faint remembrance of\nhaving read some remarks respecting the _Code of Vella_, but am unable to\nrecall the circumstances.\n\nI was under the impression that Chatterton's forgery of the Rowley poems,\nMacpherson's of the Ossianic rhapsodies, and Count de Surville's of the\npoems of Madame de Surville, were \"the most celebrated literary frauds of\nmodern times.\" In what respect are those alluded to by Dr. Wiseman entitled\nto the unenviable distinction which he claims for them?\n\nHENRY H. BREEN.\n\nSt. Lucia.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMinor Queries with Answers.\n\n\"_Very like a Whale._\"--What is the origin of this expression? It occurs in\nthe following doggerel verses, supposed to be spoken by the driver of a\ncart laden with fish:\n\n \"This salmon has got a tail;\n  _It's very like a whale_;\n  It's a fish that's very merry;\n  They say its catch'd at Derry.\n  It's a fish that's got a heart;\n  It's catch'd and put in Dugdale's cart.\"\n\nHENRY H. BREEN.\n\nSt. Lucia.\n\n    [This expression occurs in _Hamlet_, Act III. Sc. _2._:\n\n     \"_Hamlet._ Do you see yonder cloud, that is almost in shape of a\n         camel?\n      _Polonius._ By the mass, and 'tis like a camel, indeed.\n      _Hamlet._ Methinks it is like a weasel.\n      _Polonius._ It is backed like a weasel.\n      _Hamlet._ Or like a whale?\n      _Polonius._ Very like a whale.\"\n\n    Since Shakspeare's time, it has been used as a proverb in reply to any\n    remark partaking of the marvellous.]\n\n_Wednesday a Litany Day._--Why is Wednesday made a Litany day by the\nChurch? We all know why Friday was made a fast; but why should Wednesday be\nsacred?\n\nANON.\n\n    [Wednesdays and Fridays were kept as fasts in the primitive Church:\n    because on the one our Lord was betrayed, on the other crucified. See\n    Mant and Wheatley.]\n\n_\"Thy Spirit, Independence,\" &c._--Could you, or any of your readers,\ninform me where are the following lines?--\n\n \"Thy spirit, Independence, let me share,\n    Lord of the lion heart and eagle eye!\n  Thy steps I'll follow with my bosom bare,\n    Nor heed the storm that howls along the sky.\"\n\nI quote from memory.\n\nH.\n\n    [In Smollett's _Ode to Independence_.]\n\n_\"Hob and nob,\" Meaning of._--What is the origin of these words as verbs,\nin the phrase \"Hob or nob,\" which means, as I need not inform your readers,\nto spend an evening tippling with a jolly companion?\n\nWhat is the origin of \"nob?\" And is either of these two words ever used\nalone?\n\nC. H. HOWARD.\n\nEdinburgh.\n\n    [This phrase, according to Grose, \"originated in the days of good Queen\n    Bess. When great chimnies were in fashion, there was at each corner of\n    the hearth, or grate, a small elevated projection, called _hob_, and\n    behind it a seat. In winter-time the beer was placed on the hob to\n    warm; and the cold beer was set on a small table, said to have been\n    called the _nob_: so that the {87} question, Will you have hob or nob?\n    seems only to have meant, Will you have warm or cold beer? _i.e._ beer\n    from the hob, or beer from the nob.\" But Nares, in his _Glossary_, s.v.\n    _Habbe_ or _Nabbe_, with much greater reason, shows that _hob_ or\n    _nob_, now only used convivially, to ask a person whether he will have\n    a glass of wine or not, is most evidently a corruption of the old\n    _hab-nab_, from the Saxon _habban_, to have, and _nabban_, not to have;\n    in proof of which, as Nares remarks, Shakspeare has used it to mark an\n    alternative of another kind:\n\n    \"And his incensement at this moment is so implacable, that satisfaction\n    can be none but by pangs of death and sepulchre: _hob, nob_ is his\n    word; give't or take't.\"--_Twelfth Night_, Act III. Sc. 4.]\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nReplies.\n\nWELLESLEY PEDIGREE.\n\n(Vol. vi., pp. 508. 585.)\n\nThere is an anxiety to obtain further particulars on this interesting\nsubject, and I have searched my Genealogical MSS. Collections for such; the\nresult has extended farther than I could have wished, but, while I am able\nto furnish _dates_ and _authorities_ for hitherto naked statements, I have\ninserted two or three links of descent not before laid down.\n\nA member of the Somersetshire Wellesleighs is said to have accompanied\nHenry II. to Ireland.\n\nWalleran or Walter de Wellesley, living in Ireland in 1230 (Lynch, _Feud.\nDig._), witnessed a grant of certain townlands to the Priory of Christ\nChurch about 1250 (_Registry of Christ Church_); while it is more\neffectively stated that he then \"endowed the Priory of All Saints with 60\na. of land, within the manor of Cruagh, _which then belonged, with other\nestates, to his family_, and that he gave to the said priory _free common\nof pasture, of wood and of turbary, over his whole mountain there_.\"\n\nHis namesake and son (according to Lynch, _Feud. Dig._), \"Walran de\nWylesley,\" was in 1302 required, as one of the \"Fideles\" of Ireland, by\nthree several letters, to do service in the meditated war in Scotland\n(_Parl. Writs_, vol. i. p. 363.), and in the following year he was slain\n(_MS. Book of Obits, T.C.D._). The peerage books merge these two Wallerans\nin one.\n\nWilliam de Wellesley, who appears to have been son to Walleran, was in 1309\nappointed Constable of the Castle of Kildare (_Rot. Pat. Canc. Hib._),\nwhich he maintained when besieged by the Bruces in their memorable invasion\nof Ireland, and their foray over that county. For these and other services\nto the state he received many lucrative and honourable grants from the\ncrown, and was summoned to parliament in 1339. In 1347 he was slain at the\nsiege of Calais. (_Obits, T.C.D._)\n\nSir John de Wellesly, Knight, son of William, having performed great\nactions against the O'Tooles and O'Byrnes of Wicklow, had grants of sundry\nwardships and other rewards from the year 1335. In 1343 he became one of\nthe sureties for the appearance of the suspected Earl of Desmond, on whose\nflight Sir John's estates were seised to the crown and withheld for some\nyears. (Lynch's _Feud. Dig._)\n\nHis successor was another John de Wellesley, omitted in the peerage books,\nbut whose existence is shown by _Close Roll 29 & 30 Edw. III., C. H._ He\ndied about the year 1355.\n\nWilliam Wellesley, son of John, was summoned to great councils and\nparliaments of Ireland from 1372; he was also entrusted by the king with\nvarious important commissions and custodies of castles, lands, and wards\n(_Patent Rolls C. H._). In 1386 he was Sheriff of Kildare, and Henry IV.\nrenewed his commission in 1403.\n\nRichard, son and heir of William de Wellesley, as proved by _Rot. Pat. 1\nHenry IV., Canc. Hib._, married Johanna, daughter and heiress of Sir\nNicholas de Castlemartin, by whom the estates of Dangan, Mornington, &c.\npassed to the Wellesley family; he and his said wife had confirmation of\ntheir estates in 1422. (_Rot. Pat. 1 Henry VI., C. H._) He had a previous\ngrant from the treasury by order of the Privy Council, in consideration of\nhis long services as sheriff of the county of Kildare, and yet more\nactively \"in the wars of Munster, Meath, and Leinster, with men and horses,\narms and money.\" (_Rot. Claus. 17 Ric. II., C. H._) In 1431 he was\nspecially commissioned to advise the crown on the state of Ireland, and was\nsubsequently selected to take charge of the Castle of Athy, as \"the fittest\nperson to maintain that fortress and key of the country against the malice\nof the Irish enemy.\" (_Rot. Pat. et Claus. 9 Henry VI., C. H._) In\nresisting that \"malice\" he fell soon after.\n\nThe issue of Sir Richard de Wellesley by Johanna were William Wellesley,\nwho married Katherine ----, and dying in 1441 was succeeded by his next\nbrother, Christopher Wellesley, whose recorded fealty in the same year\nproves all the latter links; his succession to William as brother and heir,\nand the titles of Johanna as widow of his father Richard, and of Katherine\nas widow of William, to dower off said estates. (_Rot. Claus. 19 Henry\nVI._, _C. H._) At and previous to this time, another line of this family,\nconnected as cousins with the house of Dangan, flourished in the co.\nKildare, where they were recognised as Palatine Barons of Norragh to the\nclose of the seventeenth century. William Wellesley of Dangan was the son\nand heir of Christopher. An (unprinted) act of Edward IV. was passed in\n1472 in favour of this William; and his two marriages are stated by Lynch\n(_Feud. Dig._): the first was to {88} Ismay Plunkett; the second, to Maud\nO'Toole, was contracted under peculiar circumstances. The law of Ireland at\nthe time prohibited the intermarriages of the English with the natives\nwithout royal licence therefor being previously obtained, and not even did\nthe licence so obtained wash out the _original sin_ of Irish birth; for, as\nin this instance, Maud, having survived her first husband, on marrying her\nsecond, Patrick Hussey, had a fresh licence to legalise that marriage. It\nis of record (_Rot. Pat. 21 Henry VII., C. H._), and proves the second\nmarriage of Sir William clearly: yet it is not noticed in any of the\npeerage books, which derive his issue from the first wife, and not from the\nsecond, as Lynch gives it, that issue being Gerald the eldest son, Walter\nthe second, and Alison a daughter.\n\nGerald had a special livery of his estate in 1539; Walter the second son\nbecame Bishop of Kildare in 1531, and died its diocesan in 1539 (see Ware's\n_Bishops_); and the daughter Alison intermarried with John Cusack of\nCushington, co. Meath. (Burke's _Landed Gentry_, Supp. p. 88.)\n\nGerald, according to all the peerage books, married Margaret, eldest\ndaughter of Sir Thomas Fitzgerald, who was Lord Chancellor of Ireland in\n1483, and had issue William, his eldest son, Lord of Dangan, who married\nElizabeth Cusack, of Portrane, co. Dublin, and died previous to 1551 (as I\nbelieve is proveable by _inquisitions_ of that year in the office of the\nChief Remembrancer, Dublin), leaving Gerald, his eldest son and heir. An\ninquiry taken in 1579 as to the extent of the manor of Dangan, finds him\nthen seised thereof (_Inquis. in C. H. 23 Eliz._). Previous to this he\nappears a party in conveyances of record, as in 1564, &c. He had a son\nEdward (not mentioned in the peerage books), who joined in a family\nconveyance of 1599, and soon after died, leaving a son, Valerian Wellesley.\nGerald himself died in 1603, leaving said Valerian, his grandson and heir,\nthen aged ten (_Inquis. 5 Jac. I. in Rolls Office_), and _married_, adds\nthe Inquisition; and Lynch, in his _Feudal Dignities_, gives interesting\nparticulars of the betrothal of this boy, and his public repudiation of the\nintended match on his coming to age. This Valerian is traced through Irish\nrecords to the time of the Restoration; he married first, Maria Cusack (by\nwhom he had William Wellesley, his eldest son), and, second, Anne Forth,\notherwise Cusack, widow of Sir Ambrose Forth, as shown by an Inquisition of\n1637, in the Rolls Office, Dublin.\n\nWilliam Wellesley, son and heir of Valerian, married Margaret Kempe\n(_Peerage Books_), and by her had Gerald Wellesley, who on the Restoration\npetitioned to be restored to his estates, and a Decree of Innocence issued,\nwhich states the rights of himself, his father, and his grandfather in\n\"Dingen.\" This Gerald married Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Sir Dudley\nColley, and their first daughter was baptized in 1663 by the name of\nMargaret, some evidence, in the courtesy of christenings, of Gerald's\nmother being Margaret. (_Registry of St. Werburgh's._) Gerald was a suitor\nin the Court of Claims in 1703: he left two sons; William the eldest died\n_s. p._, and was succeeded by Garrett, his next brother, who died also\nwithout issue in 1728, having bequeathed all the family estates to Richard\nColley, second son of the aforesaid Sir Dudley Colley, and testator's\nuncle, enjoining upon said Richard and his heirs male to bear thenceforth,\nas they succeeded to the estates, the name and arms of Wellesley.\n\nThis Richard Colley Wellesley married Elizabeth, daughter of John Sale,\nLL.D. and M.P., by whom he had issue Garrett Wellesley, born, as the\n_Dublin and London Magazine_ for 1735 announces, \"19th July,\" when \"the\nLady of Richard Colley Westley was delivered of a son and heir, _to the\ngreat joy of that family_.\" This son was father of the Marquis Wellesley\nand of the DUKE OF WELLINGTON!\n\nJOHN D'ALTON.\n\n48. Summer Hill, Dublin.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nCONSECRATED RINGS FOR EPILEPSY.\n\n(Vol. vi., p. 603.)\n\nSIR W. C. T. has opened a very interesting field for inquiry regarding\nthese blest rings.\n\nSt. Edward, in his last illness (obiit January 5, 1066), gave a ring which\nhe wore to the Abbot of Westminster. The origin of this ring is surrounded\nby much mystery. A pilgrim is said to have brought it to the king, and to\nhave informed him that St. John the Evangelist had made known to the donor\nthat the king's decease was at hand. \"St. Edward's ring\" was kept for some\ntime at Westminster Abbey, as a relic of the saint, and was applied for the\ncure of the falling sickness or epilepsy, and for cramp. From this arose\nthe custom of our English kings, who were believed to have inherited St.\nEdward's powers of cure, solemnly blessing every year rings for\ndistribution.\n\nIt is said, we know not on what authority, that the ring did not always\nremain at Westminster, but that in the chapel of Havering (so called from\n_having the ring_), in the parish of Hornchurch, near Rumford in Essex\n(once a hunting-seat of the kings), was kept, till the dissolution of\nreligious houses, the identical ring given by the pilgrim to St. Edward.\nWeaver says he saw it represented in a window of Rumford Church.\n\nThese rings seem to have been blessed for two different species of cure:\nfirst, against the falling sickness (comitialis morbus); and, secondly,\nagainst the cramp (contracta membra). For the cure of the king's evil the\nsovereign did not bless rings, but continued to _touch_ the patient. {89}\n\nGood Friday was the day appointed for the blessing of the rings. They were\noften called \"medijcinable rings,\" and were made both of gold and silver;\nand as we learn from the household books of Henry IV. and Edward IV., the\nmetal they were composed of was what formed the king's offering to the\ncross on Good Friday. The following entry occurs in the accounts of the 7th\nand 8th years of Henry IV. (1406): \"In oblacionibus Domini Regis factis\nadorando Crucem in capella infra manerium suum de Eltham, die Parascevis,\nin precio trium nobilium auri et v solidorum sterlyng, xxv s.\n\n\"In denariis solutis pro eisdem oblacionibus reassumptis, pro annulis\nmedicinalibus inde faciendis, xxv s.\"\n\nThe prayers used at the ceremony of blessing the rings on Good Friday are\npublished in Waldron's _Literary Museum_. Cardinal Wiseman has in his\npossession a MS. containing both the ceremony for the blessing the cramp\nrings, and the ceremony for the touching for the king's evil. At the\ncommencement of the MS. are emblazoned the arms of Philip and Mary: the\nfirst ceremony is headed, \"Certain prayers to be used by the quenes heignes\nin the consecration of the crampe rynges.\" Accompanying it is an\nillumination representing the queen kneeling, with a dish, containing the\nrings to be blessed, on each side of her. The second ceremony is entitled,\n\"The ceremonye for y^e heling of them that be diseased with the kynges\nevill;\" and has its illumination of Mary kneeling and placing her hands\nupon the neck of the diseased person, who is presented to her by the clerk;\nwhile the chaplain, in alb and stole, kneels on the other side. The MS. was\nexhibited at a meeting of the Arch\u00e6ological Institute on 6th June, 1851.\nHearne, in one of his manuscript diaries in the Bodleian, lv. 190.,\nmentions having seen certain prayers to be used by Queen Mary at the\nblessing of cramp rings. May not this be the identical MS. alluded to?\n\nBut, to come to W. C. T.'s immediate question, \"When did the use of these\nblest rings by our sovereigns cease?\" The use never ceased till the change\nof religion. In addition to the evidence already given of the custom in the\nfifteenth century, may be added several testimonies of its continuance all\nthrough the sixteenth century. Lord Berners, when ambassador to the Emperor\nCharles V., writing \"to my Lord Cardinal's grace\" from Saragossa, June 31,\n1518, says, \"If your grace remember me with some crampe ryngs, ye shall doo\na thing muche looked for; and I trust to bestowe thaym well with goddes\ngrace.\" (_Harl. MS._ 295. f. 119. See also Polydore Virgil, _Hist._ i. 8.;\nand Harpsfield.) Andrew Boorde, in his _Introduction to Knowledge_,\nmentions the blessing of these rings: \"The kynges of England doth halow\nevery yere crampe rynges, y^e which rynges worne on one's finger doth helpe\nthem whych hath the crampe:\" and again, in his _Breviary of Health_, 1557,\nf. 166., mentions as a remedy against the cramp, \"The kynge's majestie hath\na great helpe in this matter, in halowing crampe ringes, and so given\nwithout money or petition.\"\n\nA curious remnant or corruption of the use of cramp rings is given by Mr.\nG. Rokewode, who says that in Suffolk \"the use of cramp rings, as a\npreservative against fits, is not entirely abandoned. Instances occur where\nnine young men of a parish each subscribe a crooked sixpence, to be moulded\ninto a ring, for a young woman afflicted with this malady.\" (_History,\n&c._, 1838, Introd. p. xxvi.)\n\nCEYREP.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTURNER'S VIEW OF LAMBETH PALACE.\n\n(Vol. vii., p. 15.)\n\nL. E. X. inquires respecting the first work exhibited by the late J. M. W.\nTurner, R.A. The statement of the newspaper referred to was correct. The\nfirst work exhibited by Turner was a water-colour drawing of Lambeth\nPalace, and afterwards presented by him to a gentleman of this city, long\nsince deceased. It is now in the possession of that gentleman's daughter,\nan elderly lady, who attaches no little importance to it. The fact is, that\nMr. Turner, when young, was a frequent visitor at her father's house, and\non such terms that her father lent Mr. Turner a horse to go on a sketching\ntour through South Wales. This lady has also three or four other drawings\nmade at that time by Turner,--one a view of Stoke Bishop, near Bristol,\nthen the seat of Sir Henry Lippincott, Bart., which he made as a companion\nto the Lambeth Palace; another is a small portrait of Turner by himself, of\ncourse when a youth. As the early indications of so great an artist, these\ndrawings are very curious and interesting; but no person that knows\nanything of the state of water-colour painting at that period, and previous\nto the era when Turner, Girtin, and others began to shine out in that new\nand glorious style, that has since brought water-colour works to their\npresent style of splendour, excellence, and value, will expect anything\napproaching the perfection of latter days.\n\nJ. WALTER, Marine Painter.\n\n28. Trinity Street, Bristol.\n\nWhether or not the work deemed by L. E. X. to be the first exhibited by\nTurner may have been in water-colours, or be still in existence, I leave to\nother replicants, availing myself of the occasion to ask him or you,\nwhether in 1787 two works of W. Turner, at Mr. G. Turner's, Walthamstow,\n\"No. 471. Dover Castle,\" \"No. 601. Wanstead House,\" were not, in fact, his\nfirst tilt in that arena of which he was the champion at the hour of his\n{90} death? Whether in the two following years he appeared at all in the\nring; and, if not, why not? although in the succeeding 1790 he again threw\ndown the glaive in the \"No. 644. The Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth,\" being\nthen set down as \"_T._ W. Turner;\" reappearing in 1791 as \"W. Turner, of\nMaiden Lane, Covent Garden,\" with \"No. 494. King John's Palace, Eltham;\"\n\"No. 560. Sweakley, near Uxbridge.\" In the horizon of art (strange to say,\nand yet to be explained!) this luminary glows no more till 1808, when he\nhad \"on the line\" (?) several views of Fonthill, as well as the \"Tenth\nPlague of Egypt,\" purchased of course by the proprietor of that princely\nmansion, as it is found mentioned in Warner's _Walks near Bath_ to be that\nsame year adorning the walls of one of the saloons.\n\nJ. H. A.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nETYMOLOGICAL TRACES OF THE SOCIAL POSITION OF OUR ANCESTORS.\n\n(Vol. vii., p. 13.)\n\nI was preparing to answer your correspondent E. S. TAYLOR by a reference to\nthe conversation between Gurth and Wamba, _Ivanhoe_, chap. i., when a\nfriend promised to supply me with some additional and fuller information. I\ncopy from a MS. note that he has placed in my hands:\n\n    \"Nec quidem temer\u00e8 contigisse puto quod animalia viva nominibus\n    Germanic\u00e6 originis vocemus, quorum tamen carnem in cibum paratam\n    originis Gallic\u00e6 nominibus appellamus; puta,--bovem, vaccam, vitulum,\n    ovem, porcum, aprum, feram, etc. (an ox, a cow, a calf, a sheep, a hog,\n    a boar, a deer, &c.); sed carnem bubulam, vitulinam, ovinam, porcinam,\n    aprugnam, ferinam, etc. (beef, veal, mutton, pork, brawn, venison, &c.)\n    Sed hinc id ortum putaverim, quod Normanni milites pascuis, caulis,\n    haris, locisque quibus vivorum animalium cura agebatur, parcius se\n    immiscuerint[8] (qu\u00e6 itaque antiqua nomina retinuerunt) quam macellis,\n    culinis, mensis, epulis, ubi vel parabantur vel habebantur cibi, qui\n    itaque nova nomina ab illis sunt adepti.\"--Preface to Dr. Wallis's\n    _Grammatica Lingu\u00e6 Anglican\u00e6_, 1653, quoted by Winning, _Comparative\n    Philology_, p. 270.\n\nC. FORBES.\n\nTemple.\n\n[Footnote 8: \"immiscuerint\" corrected from \"immiscuerunt\" by erratum in\nIssue 170.--Transcriber.]\n\nIf your correspondent E. S. TAYLOR will refer to the romance of _Ivanhoe_,\nhe will find in the first chapter a dialogue between Wamba the son of\nWitless, and Gurth the son of Beowulph, wherein the subject is fully\ndiscussed as to the change of names consequent on the transmutation of live\nstock, under the charge of Saxon herdsmen, into materials for satisfying\nthe heroic appetites of their Norman rulers. It would be interesting to\nknow the source from whence Sir Walter Scott derived his ideas on this\nsubject: whether from some previous writer, or \"some odd corner of the\nbrain.\"\n\nA. R. X.\n\nPaisley.\n\nSee Trench _On Study of Words_ (3rd edit.), p. 65.\n\nP. J. F. GANTILLON, B.A.\n\nMR. TAYLOR will find in Pegge's _Anonymiana_, Cent. i. 38., and Cent. vii.\n95., allusion to what he inquires after.\n\nTHOS. LAWRENCE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nGOLDSMITHS' YEAR-MARKS.\n\n(Vol. vi., p. 604.)\n\nIn answer to MR. LIVETT'S Query, as to the marks or letters employed by the\nGoldsmiths' Company to denote the year in which the plate was\n\"hall-marked,\" I subjoin a list of such as I am acquainted with, and which\nmight with a little trouble be traced to an earlier period: I have also\nadded a few notes relating to the subject generally, which may interest\nmany of your readers.\n\nIn the year 1596, the Roman capital A was used; in 1597, B; and so on\nalphabetically for twenty years, which would bring us to the letter U,\ndenoting the year 1615: the alphabet finishing every twenty years with the\nletter U or V. The next year, 1616, commences with the Old English letter\n[Old English A], and is continued for another twenty years in the Old\nEnglish capitals. In 1636 is introduced another alphabet, called Court\nalphabet.\n\n  From 1656 to 1675 inclusive, Old English capitals.\n       1676 to 1695     \"      Small Roman letters.\n       1696 to 1715     \"      The Court alphabet.\n       1716 to 1735     \"      Roman capitals.\n       1736 to 1755     \"      Small Roman letters.\n       1756 to 1775     \"      Old English capitals.\n       1776 to 1795     \"      Small Roman letters.\n       1796 to 1815     \"      Roman capitals.\n       1816 to 1835     \"      Small Roman letters.\n       1836 to 1855     \"      Old English capitals.\n\nThe letter for the present year, 1853, being [Old English S].\n\nIn this list it will appear difficult, at first sight, in looking at a\npiece of plate to ascertain its age, to determine whether it was\nmanufactured between the years 1636 and 1655, or between 1696 and 1715, the\nCourt hand being used in both these cycles: but (as will presently be\nmentioned) instead of the lion passant and leopard's head in the former, we\nshall find the lion's head erased, and Britannia, denoting the alteration\nof the standard during the latter period.\n\nThe standard of gold, when first introduced into the coinage, was of 24\ncarats fine; that is, pure gold. Subsequently, it was 23\u00bd and half alloy;\nthis, after an occasional debasement by Henry VIII., was fixed at 22 carats\nfine and 2 carats alloy by Charles I.; and still continues so, being {91}\ncalled the old standard. In 1798 an act was passed allowing gold articles\nto be made of a lower or worse standard, viz., of 18 carats of fine gold\nout of 24; such articles were to be stamped with a crown and the figures\n18, instead of the lion passant.\n\nThe standard of silver has always (with the exception of about twenty\nyears) been 11 oz. 2 dwts., and 18 dwts. alloy, in the pound: this was\ntermed _sterling_, but very much debased from the latter end of Henry VIII.\nto the beginning of Elizabeth's reign. In the reign of William III., 1697,\nan act was passed to alter the standard of silver to 11 oz. 10 dwts., and\n10 dwts. alloy: and instead of the usual marks of the lion and leopard's\nhead, the stamps of this better quality of silver were the figure of a\nlion's head erased, and the figure of Britannia: and the variable letter\ndenoting the date as before. This act continued in operation for twenty-two\nyears, being repealed in 1719, when the standard was again restored.\n\nA duty of sixpence per ounce was imposed upon plate in 1719, which was\ntaken off again in 1757; in lieu of which, a licence or duty of forty\nshillings was paid by every vendor of gold or silver. In 1784, a duty of\nsixpence per ounce was again imposed, and the licence still continued:\nwhich in 1797 was increased to one shilling, and in 1815 to\neighteenpence--at which it still remains. The payment of this duty is\nindicated by the stamp of the sovereign's head.\n\nAll gold plate, with the exception of watch-cases, pays a duty of seventeen\nshillings per ounce; and silver plate one shilling and sixpence;\nwatch-cases, chains, and a few other articles being exempted.\n\nThe letters used as dates in the foregoing list (it must be remembered) are\nonly those of the Goldsmiths' Hall in London, as denoted by the leopard's\nhead crowned. Other Halls, at York, Newcastle, Lincoln, Norwich, Bristol,\nSalisbury, and Coventry, had also marks of their own to show the year; and\nhave stamped gold and silver since the year 1423, perhaps earlier.\nEdinburgh, Glasgow, and Dublin have had the same privilege from a very\nearly period: and, more recently, Chester, Birmingham, and Sheffield. Thus\nit will be seen that four marks or punches are used on gold and silver\nplate, independent of the makers' initials or symbol, viz.:\n\n_The Standard Mark._--For gold of the old standard of 22 carats, and silver\nof 11 oz. 2 dwts.:\n\n  A lion passant for England.\n  A thistle for Edinburgh.\n  A lion rampant for Glasgow.\n  A harp crowned for Ireland.\n\nFor gold of 18 carats:\n\n  A crown, and the figures 18.\n\nFor silver of 11 oz. 10 dwts.:\n\n  A lion's head erased, and Britannia.\n\n_The Hall Mark._--\n\n  A leopard's head crowned for London.\n  A castle for Edinburgh.\n  Hibernia for Dublin.\n  Five lions and a cross for York.\n  A castle for Exeter.\n  Three wheatsheaves and a dagger for Chester.\n  Three castles for Newcastle.\n  An anchor for Birmingham.\n  A crown for Sheffield.\n  A tree and fish for Glasgow.\n\n_The Duty Mark._--The head of the sovereign, to indicate that the duty has\nbeen paid: this mark is not placed on watch-cases, &c.\n\n_The Date Mark_, or variable letter, denoting the year as fixed by each\nHall.\n\nW. CHAFFERS, Jun.\n\nOld Bond Street.\n\nThe table inquired for by MR. LIVETT, with a most interesting historical\npaper on the subject, was published in the last _Arch\u00e6ological Journal_,\nOctober, 1852.\n\nH. T. ELLACOMBE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nEDITIONS OF THE PRAYER-BOOK PRIOR TO 1662.\n\n(Vol. vi., pp. 435. 564.; Vol. vii., p. 18.)\n\nSince the publication of the professedly imperfect list of various editions\nof the Prayer-Book, at page 564. of your last volume, which list was\ncompiled chiefly from liturgical works in my own possession, I have had\noccasion to consult the _Catalogue_ of the British Museum, from which I\nhave gleaned materials for a more full and correct enumeration. All the\neditions in the following list are in the library of the British Museum;\nand in order to increase its value and utility, I have appended to each\narticle the press-mark by which it is now designated. In some of these\npress-marks a numeral is subscript, thus:\n\n  C. 25. h. 7.\n  ------------\n       1\n\nIn order to save space I have represented this in the following list thus,\n(C. 25. h. 7) 1., putting the subscript numeral outside the parenthesis.\n\n  1552. (?) 4to. B. L. N. Hyll for A. Veale. (3406. c.)\n  1573. (?) fol. R. Jugge. (C. 24. m. 5.) 1.\n  1580. (?) 8vo. Portion of Prayer-Book. (3406. a.)\n  1584. 4to. Portion of Prayer-Book. (1274. b. 9.)\n  1595. fol. Deputies of Ch. Barker. (C. 25. m. 5.) 2.\n  1596. 4to. (C. 25 h. 7.) 1.\n  1598. fol. (C. 25. 1. 10.) 1.\n  1603. (?) 4to. Imperfect. (1275. b. 11.) 1.\n  1611. 4to. (1276. e 4.) 1.\n  1612. 8vo. (3406. a.)\n  1613. 4to. (3406. c.)\n  {92}\n  1614. 4to. Portion of Prayer-Book. (3406. c.) 1.\n  1615. Fol. (3406. e.) 1.\n        4to. (1276. e. 8.) 1.\n  1616. Fol. (1276. k. 3.) 1.\n        Fol. (1276. k. 4.) 1.\n  1618. 4to. Portion of Prayer-Book. (3407. c.)\n  1619. Fol. (3406. e.) 1.\n  1628. 8vo. (3050. a.) 1.\n  1629. 4to. (1276. f. 3.) 1.\n  1630-29. Fol. (3406. e.) 1.\n  1631. 4to. (1276. f. 1.) 1.\n  1633. 12mo. (3405. a.) 1.\n        8vo. (1276. b. 14.) 1.\n  1633-34. Fol. (3406. f.) (With the \"Form of Healing,\" two leaves.)\n  1634. 8vo. (3406. b.) 1.\n  1636. 4to. (1276. f. 4.) 2.\n  1639. 8vo. (3050. b.) 1.\n        8vo. (1274. a. 14.) 1.\n  1642. (?) 8vo. (1276. c. 2.) 3.\n  1642. 12mo. (3405. a.)\n  1660. 12mo. (3406. b.) 1.\n\nIn Latin we have an early copy in addition to those already noted, viz.:\n\n  1560. Reg. Wolfe. 4to. (3406. c.)\n\nOf which the British Museum possesses two copies of the same press-mark,\none of which is enriched with MS. notes and sixteen cancelled leaves.\nBesides the above we have also\n\n  1589. 8vo. London. In French.\n  1599. 4to. London. Deputies of Ch. Barker. In Welsh.\n\nAllow me to take this opportunity of thanking ARCHDEACON COTTON for his\nvery valuable communication. I trust that he and others of your many\nlearned readers will lend a helping hand to the correction of this list,\nand its ultimate completion; the notice of the editions of 1551 and 1617\n(Vol. vii., p. 18.) is as interesting as it is important. It will be\nperceived that editions of the Prayer-Book referred to in former lists are\nnot enumerated in the present one.\n\nW. SPARROW SIMPSON, B.A.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES AND QUERIES.\n\n_Originator of the Collodion Process._--All those who take any interest in\nphotography must agree with your correspondent G. C. that M. Le Gray is a\ntalented man, and has done much for photography. G. C. has given a very\ngood translation of M. Le Gray's _last published work_, p. 89., which work\nI have: but I must take leave to observe, that it is no contradiction\nwhatever to my statement. The translations to which M. Le Gray alludes, of\n1850, appeared in Willat's publication, from which I gave him the credit of\nhaving first suggested the use of collodion in photography. The subject is\nthere dismissed in three or four lines.\n\nM. Le Gray gave no directions whatever for its application to glass in his\nwork published in July 1851, wherein he alludes to it only as an\n\"encallage\" for paper, classing it with amidou, the resins, &c., which he\nrecommends in a similar manner.\n\nI had, four months previous to this, published the process in detail in the\n_Chemist_. I never asserted that he had not tried experiments with\ncollodion in 1849; but he did not give the public the advantage of\nfollowing him: and I again repeat that the first time M. Le Gray published\nthe collodion process was in September, 1852,--a year and a half after my\npublication, and when it had become much used.\n\nIt is obvious that if M. Le Gray had been in possession of any detailed\nprocess with collodion on glass in 1850, he would not have omitted to\npublish it in his work dated July, 1851.\n\nF. SCOTT ARCHER.\n\n105. Great Russell Street, Bloomsbury.\n\nG. C., claiming for Le Gray the merit of the first use of collodion upon\nglass, states that a pamphlet upon the subject was published in 1850, and\nwhich was _translated into English at the same time_. Will he oblige me by\nstating who published this pamphlet, or where it may be obtained? I have\nheard this statement before, and have used every endeavour to obtain a\nsight of the publication, but without success. Were the facts as stated by\nyour correspondent, it would deprive MR. ARCHER undoubtedly of the merit\nwhich he claims; but from all I have been able to learn, Le Gray mentioned\ncollodion as a mere agent for obtaining a smooth surface to paper, or other\nsubstance, having no idea of making it the sole sensitive substance to be\nemployed. I have been informed that in Vienna, early in 1850, collodion was\ntried upon glass by being first immersed in a bath of iodide of potassium;\nand it was afterwards placed in a second bath of nitrate of silver. These\nexperiments had _very limited_ success, and were never published, and\ncertainly were unknown to MR. ARCHER.\n\nH. W. D.\n\n_Mr. Weld Taylor's Process._--In your 167th Number (Vol. vii., p. 48.) is a\ncommunication from WELD TAYLOR on photographic manipulation, which, in its\npresent form, is perfectly unintelligible. At p. 48. he says: \"Twenty\ngrains of nitrate of silver in half an ounce of water is to have half an\nounce of solution of iodide of potassium of fifty grains to the ounce\nadded.\" Now this is unnecessarily mystifying. Why not say: \"Take equal\nquantities of a forty-grain solution of nitrate of silver, and of a\nfifty-grain solution of iodide of potassium;\" though, in fact, an _equal_\nstrength would do as well, and be quite as, if not more, economical.\n\nIn the next place, he directs that cyanide of potassium should be added\n_drop by drop_, &c. It {93} is to be presumed that he means a _solution_ of\nthis salt, which is a solid substance as usually sold.\n\nWhat follows is so exceedingly droll, that I can do nothing more than\n_guess_ at the meaning. How one _solution_ is to be floated on another, and\nthen, _after_ a bath of nitrate of silver, is to be _ready for the camera_,\nsurpasses my comprehension.\n\nAlso, further on, he alludes to _iodizing_ with the _ammonio-nitrate_ (I\npresume of silver). What does he mean?\n\nGEO. SHADBOLT.\n\n_Dr. Diamond's Services to Photography._--SIR, We, the undersigned amateurs\nof Photography in the city of Norwich, shall be obliged if you will\n(privately, or otherwise, at your own discretion) convey to DR. DIAMOND our\ngrateful thanks for the frankness and liberality with which he has\npublished the valuable results of his experiments in the pages of \"N. & Q.\"\nWe have profited largely by DR. DIAMOND'S instructions, and beg to express\nour conviction that he is entitled to the gratitude of every lover of the\nArt.\n\n  We are, Sir,\n      Your obedient servants,\n          T. LAWSON SISSON, Clk., (Edingthorpe Rectory).\n          THOS. D. EATON.\n          JOHN CROSSE KOOPE.\n          JAMES HOWES.\n          T.G. BAYFIELD.\n          G. BROWNFIELD.\n          HENRY PULLEY.\n          W. BRANSBY FRANCIS.\n          J. BLOWERS (Cossey).\n          BENJ. RUSSELL.\n\n    [Agreeing, as we do most entirely, with the Photographers of Norwich in\n    their estimate of the skill and perseverance exhibited by DR. DIAMOND\n    in simplifying the collodion and paper processes, and of his liberality\n    in making known the results of his experiments, we have great pleasure\n    in giving publicity to this recognition of the services rendered by DR.\n    DIAMOND to this important Art.]\n\n_Simplification of the Wax-paper Process._--At a late meeting of the\nChemical Discussion Society, Mr. J. How read the following paper on this\nsubject:--\n\n\"The easiest way of waxing the paper is to take an iron (those termed\n'box-irons' are the cleanest and best for the purpose) moderately hot, in\nthe one hand, and to pass it over the paper from side to side, following\nclosely after it with a piece of white wax, held in the other hand, until\nthe whole surface has been covered. By thus heating the paper, it readily\nimbibes the wax, and becomes rapidly saturated with it. The first sheet\nbeing finished, I place two more sheets of plain paper upon it, and repeat\nthe operation upon the top one (the intermediate piece serving to absorb\nany excess of wax that may remain), and so on, sheet after sheet, until the\nnumber required is waxed.\n\n\"The sheets, which now form a compact mass, are separated by passing the\niron, moderately heated, over them; then placed between folds of bibulous\npaper, and submitted to a further application of heat by the means just\ndescribed, so as to remove all the superfluous wax from the surface, and\nrender them perfectly transparent--most essential points to be attended to\nin order to obtain fine negative proofs.\n\n\"I will now endeavour to describe the method of preparing the iodizing\nsolution.\n\n\"Instead of being at the trouble of boiling rice, preparing isinglass,\nadding sugar of milk and the whites of eggs, &c., I simply take some milk\nquite fresh, say that milked the same day, and add to it, drop by drop,\nglacial acetic acid, in about the proportion of one, or one and a half\ndrachm, fluid measure, to the quart, which will separate the caseine,\nkeeping the mixture well stirred with a glass rod all the time; I then boil\nit in a porcelain vessel to throw down the remaining caseine not previously\ncoagulated, and also to drive off as much as possible of the superfluous\nacid it may contain. Of course any other acid would precipitate the\ncaseine; still I give the preference to the acetic from the fact that it\ndoes not affect the after-process of rendering the paper sensitive, that\nacid entering into the composition of the sensitive solution.\n\n\"After boiling for five or ten minutes, the liquid should be allowed to\ncool, and then be strained through a hair sieve or a piece of muslin, to\ncollect the caseine: when quite cold, the chemicals are to be added.\n\n\"The proportions I have found to yield the best results are those\nrecommended by Vicomte Veguz, which I have somewhat modified, both as\nregard quantities and the number of chemicals employed. They are as follow:\n\n  385  grains of iodide of potassium.\n   60     \"   of bromide.\n   30     \"   of cyanide.\n   20     \"   of fluoride.\n   10     \"   of chloride of sodium in crystals.\n    1\u00bd \"   of resublimed iodine.\n\n\"The above are dissolved in thirty-five ounces of the strained liquid, and,\nafter filtration through white bibulous paper, the resulting fluid should\nbe perfectly clear and of a bright lemon colour.\n\n\"The iodized solution is now ready for use, and may be preserved, in\nwell-stopped bottles, for any length of time.\n\n\"The waxed paper is laid in the solution, in a flat porcelain or gutta\npercha tray, in the manner described by M. Le Gray and others, and allowed\nto remain there for from half an hour to an hour, according to the\nthickness of the paper. It is then taken out and hung up to dry, when it\nshould be of a light brown colour. All these operations may be carried on\nin a light room, taking care only that, during the latter part of the\nprocess, {94} the paper be not exposed to the direct rays of the sun.\n\n\"The 'iodized paper,' which will keep for almost any length of time, should\nbe placed in a portfolio, great care being taken to lay it perfectly flat,\notherwise the wax is liable to crack, and thus spoil the beauty of the\nnegative. The papers manufactured by Canson Fr\u00e8res and Lacroix are far\npreferable, for this process, to any of the English kinds, being much\nthinner and of a very even texture.\n\n\"To render the paper sensitive, use the following solution:\n\n  150 grains nitrate of silver crystals.\n  3 fluid drachms glacial acetic acid, crystallizable.\n  5 ounces distilled water.\n\n\"This solution is applied in the way described by Le Gray, the marked side\nof the paper being towards the exciting fluid. The paper is washed in\ndistilled water and dried, as nearly as possible, between folds of bibulous\npaper. It should be kept, till required for the camera, in a portfolio,\nbetween sheets of stout blotting-paper, carefully protected from the\nslightest ray of light, and from the action of atmospheric air. If prepared\nwith any degree of nicety, it will remain sensitive for two or three weeks:\nindeed I have seen some very beautiful results on paper which had been kept\nfor a period of six weeks. At this time of year, an exposure in the camera\nof from ten to twenty minutes is requisite.\n\n\"The picture may be developed with gallic acid, immediately after its\nremoval from the camera; or, if more convenient, that part of the process\nmay be delayed for several days. Whilst at this section of my paper, I may,\nperhaps, be allowed to describe a method of preparing the solution of\ngallic acid, whereby it may be kept, in a good state of preservation, for\nseveral months. I have kept it myself for four months, and have found it,\nafter the lapse of that period, infinitely superior to the newly-made\nsolution. This process has, I am informed, been alluded to in photographic\ncircles; but not having seen it in print, and presuming the fact to be one\nof great practical importance, I trust I shall be excused for introducing\nit here, should it not possess that degree of novelty I attribute to it.\n\n\"What is generally termed a saturated solution of gallic acid is, I am led\nto believe, nothing of the kind. In all the works on photography, the\ndirections given run generally as follow:--'Put an excess of gallic acid\ninto distilled water, shake the mixture for about five minutes, allow it to\ndeposit, and then pour off the supernatant fluid, which is found to be a\nsaturated solution of the acid.'\n\n\"Now I have found by constant experiment, that by keeping an excess of acid\nin water for several days, the strength of the solution is greatly\nincreased, and its action as a developing agent materially improved. The\nmethod I have adopted is to put half an ounce of crystallized gallic acid\ninto a stoppered quart bottle, and then so to fill it up with water as\nthat, when the stopper is inserted, a little of the water is displaced,\nand, consequently, every particle of air excluded.\n\n\"The solution thus prepared will keep for several months. When a portion of\nit is required, the bottle should be refilled with fresh distilled water,\nthe same care being taken to exclude every portion of atmospheric air,--to\nthe presence of which I am led to believe, is due the decomposition of the\nordinary solution of gallic acid.\n\n\"It will be needless to detain you further in explaining the\nafter-processes, &c. to be found in any of the recent works on the\nWaxed-paper Process, the translation of the last edition of Le Gray being\nthe one to which I give the preference.\"\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTHE BURIAL SERVICE SAID BY HEART.\n\n(Vol. vii., p. 13.)\n\nSouthey has confounded two stories in conjecturing that the anecdote\nmentioned by Bp. Sprat related to Bull. It was the _baptismal_ and not the\n_funeral_ service that Bull repeated from memory.\n\nI quote from his _Life_ by Robert Nelson:\n\n    \"A particular instance of this happened to him while he was minister of\n    St. George's (near Bristol); which, because it showeth how valuable the\n    Liturgy is in itself, and what unreasonable prejudices are sometimes\n    taken up against it, the reader will not, I believe, think it unworthy\n    to be related.\n\n    \"He was sent for to baptize the child of a Dissenter in his parish;\n    upon which occasion, he made use of the office of Baptism as prescribed\n    by the Church of England, which he had got entirely by heart. And he\n    went through it with so much readiness and freedom and yet with so much\n    gravity and devotion, and gave that life and spirit to all that he\n    delivered, that the whole audience was extremely affected with his\n    performance; and, notwithstanding that he used the sign of the cross,\n    yet they were so ignorant of the offices of the Church, that they did\n    not thereby discover that it was the Common Prayer. But after that he\n    had concluded that holy action, the father of the child returned him a\n    great many thanks; intimating at the same time with how much greater\n    edification they prayed who entirely depended upon the Spirit of God\n    for his assistance in their _extempore_ effusions, than those did who\n    tied themselves up to premeditated forms; and that, if he had not made\n    the sign of the cross, that badge of Popery, as he called it, nobody\n    could have formed the least objection against his excellent Prayers.\n    Upon which, Mr. Bull, hoping to recover him from his ill-grounded\n    prejudices, showed him the office of Baptism in the Liturgy, wherein\n    was contained every prayer that was offered up to God on that occasion;\n    which, with farther arguments that he then urged, so effectually {95}\n    wrought upon the good man and his whole family, that they always after\n    that time frequented the parish-church; and never more absented\n    themselves from Mr. Bull's communion.\"--Pp. 39--41., Lond. 1714, 8vo.\n\nSome few dates will prove that Bull could not have been the person alluded\nto. Bp. Sprat's _Discourse to the Clergy of his Diocese_ was delivered in\nthe Year 1695. And he speaks of the minister of the London parish as one\nwho \"was afterwards an eminent Bishop of our Church.\" We must therefore\nsuppose him to have been _dead_ at the time of Bp. Sprat's visitation. Now,\nin the first place (as J. K. remarks), \"Bull never held a London cure.\"\nAnd, in the second place, he was not consecrated Bishop until the 29th of\nApril, 1705 (ten years after Bp. Sprat's visitation), and did not die until\nFeb. 1709-10. (_Life_, pp. 410--474.)\n\nSouthey's conjecture is therefore fatally wrong. And now as regards Bp.\nHacket. The omission of the anecdote from the _Life_ prefixed to his\n_Sermons_ must, I think, do away with his claims also, though he was\nrestored to his parish of St. Andrew's, Holborn, and was not consecrated\nBishop of Lichfield until December, 1661. Unfortunately, I have not always\nfollowed Captain Cuttle's advice, or I should now be able to contribute\nsome more decisive information. I have my own suspicions on the matter, but\nam afraid to guess in print.\n\nRT.\n\nWarmington.\n\nThe prelate to whom your correspondent alludes was Dr. John Hacket, Rector\nof St. Andrews, Holborn, cons. to the see of Lichfield and Coventry on\nDecember 22, 1661. The anecdote was first related by Granger. (Chalmers's\n_Biog. Dict._, vol. xvii. p. 7.)\n\nBishop Bull, while rector of St. George's near Bristol, said the Baptismal\nOffice by heart on one occasion. (Nelson's _Life_, i. \u00a7 ix. p. 34.;\n_Works_, Oxford, 1827.)\n\nMACKENZIE WALCOTT, M.A.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nReplies to Minor Queries.\n\n_Mary Queen of Scots' Gold Cross_ (Vol. vi., p. 486.).--\n\n    \"Would it not facilitate the identification of the Gold Cross of Mary\n    Queen of Scotts, in the possession of Mr. Price of Glasgow, if a\n    representation of it was sent to _The Illustrated London News_, as the\n    publication of it by that Journal would lead antiquaries to the\n    identification of a valuable historical relic?\"\n\nI hope you will insert the above in \"N. & Q.\" in the hope it may meet the\neye of MR. PRICE, and lead to a satisfactory result.\n\nW. H. C.\n\n_Jennings Family_ (Vol. vi., p. 362.).--This family is supposed to have\ncontinued from some time in Cornwall, after the Visitation of 1620; but the\nname is not now found there in any great respectability. William Jennings\nof Saltash was sheriff of Cornwall, 1678; but his arms differ from those of\nthe Visitation: argent, a chevron gules between three mariners, plumets\nsable.\n\nFrancis Jennnings, who recorded the pedigree of 1620, married the daughter\nof _Spoure_ of Trebartha; and in a MS. book of that family, compiled about\nthe latter part of the seventeenth century, the same arms, strange to say,\nare stated to be his, and not the lion rampant of the Jennings of\nShropshire. This seems to support the hypothesis that William Jennings, the\nsheriff, was the same family. The _Spoure_ MSS. also mention \"Ursula,\nsister of Sir William Walrond of Bradfield, Devon, who married first,\nWilliam Jennings of _Plymouth_ (query, the sheriff?), and afterwards the\nRev. William Croker, Rector of Wolfrey (Wolfardisworthy?) Devon.\"\n\nPERCURIOSUS.\n\n_Adamson's \"England's Defence\"_ (Vol. vi., p. 580.) is well worth attention\nat the present time; as is also its synopsis before publication, annexed to\n_Stratisticos, by John Digges, Muster Master_, &c., 4to., 1590, and filling\npp. 369. to 380. of that curious work, showing the wisdom of our ancestors\non the subject of invasion by foreigners.\n\nE. D.\n\n_Chief Justice Thomas Wood_ (Vol. vii., p. 14.).--In Berry's _Hampshire\nVisitation_ (p. 71.), Thomas Wood is mentioned as having married a daughter\nof Sir Thomas de la More, and as having had a daughter named Elizabeth, who\nmarried Sir Thomas Stewkley of Aston, Devon, knight.\n\nI am as anxious as N. C. L. to know something about Thomas Wood's lineage;\nand shall be obliged by his telling me where it is said that he built Hall\nO'Wood.\n\nEDWARD FOSS.\n\n_Aldiborontiphoscophornio_ (Vol. vii., p. 40.).--This euphonious and\nformidable name will be found in _The Most Tragical Tragedy that ever was\nTragidized by any Company of Tragedians_, viz., _Chrononhotonthologos_,\nwritten by \"Honest merry Harry Carey,\" who wrote also _The Dragon of\nWantley_, a burlesque opera (founded on the old ballad of that name), _The\nDragoness_ (a sequel to _The Dragon_), &c. &c. While the public were\napplauding his dramatic drolleries and beautiful ballads (of which the most\nbeautiful is \"Sally in our Alley\"), their unhappy author, in a fit of\ndespondency, destroyed himself at his lodgings in Warner Street,\nClerkenwell. There is an engraving by Faber, in 1729, of Harry Carey, from\na painting by Worsdale (the celebrated Jemmy!); which is rare.\n\nGEORGE DANIEL.\n\n    [We are indebted to several other correspondents for replies to the\n    Query of F. R. S.]\n\n{96}\n\n_Statue of St Peter at Rome_ (Vol. vi., p. 604.).--This well-known bronze\nstatue is falsely stated to be a Jupiter converted. It is very far from\nbeing true, though popularly it passes as truth, that the statue in\nquestion is the ancient statue of Jupiter Capitolinus, with certain\nalterations.\n\nAnother commonly-received opinion regarding this statue is, that it was\ncast for a St. Peter, _but of the metal of the statue of Jupiter\nCapitolinus_. But this can scarcely be true, for Martial informs us that in\nhis own time the statue of the Capitoline Jupiter was not of bronze but of\n_gold_.\n\n \"Scriptus et \u00e6terno nunc primum Jupiter _auro_.\"\n                                  Lib. xi. Ep. iv.\n\nUndoubtedly the statue was cast for a St. Peter. It was cast in the time of\nSt. Leo the Great (440-461), and belonged to the ancient church of St.\nPeter's. St. Peter has the nimbus on his head; the first two fingers of the\nright hand are raised in the act of benediction; the left hand holds the\nkeys, and the right foot projects from the pedestal. The statue is seated\non a pontifical chair of white marble.\n\nCEYREP.\n\n_Old Silver Ornament_ (Vol. vi., p. 602.).--This ornament is very probably\nwhat your correspondent infers it is,--a portion of some military\naccoutrement: if so, it may have appertained to some Scotch regiment. It\nrepresents precisely the badge worn by the baronets of Nova Scotia, the\ndevice upon which was the saltier of St. Andrew, with the royal arms of\nScotland on an escutcheon in the centre; the whole surrounded by the motto,\nand ensigned with the royal crown. The insignia of the British orders of\nknighthood are frequently represented in the ornaments upon the military\naccoutrements of the present day.\n\nEBOR.\n\n\"_Plurima, pauca, nihil_,\" (Vol. vi., p. 511.).--A correspondent asks for\nthe first part of an epigram which ends with the words \"plurima, pauca,\nnihil.\" He is referred to an epigram of Martial, which _I_ cannot find. But\nI chance to remember two epigrams which were affixed to the statue of\nPasquin at Rome, in the year 1820, upon two Cardinals who were candidates\nfor the Popedom. They run as follows, and are smart enough to be worth\npreserving:\n\n                 \"PASQUINALIA.\n\n \"Sit bonus, et fortasse pius--sed semper ineptus--\n    Vult, meditatur, agit, _plurima, pauca, nihil_.\"\n\n                 \"IN ALTERUM.\n\n \"Promittit, promissa negat, ploratque negata,\n    H\u00e6c tria si junges, quis neget esse Petrum.\"\n\nA. BORDERER.\n\n_\"Pork-pisee\" and \"Wheale\"_ (Vol. vi., p. 579.).--Has not MR. WARDE, in his\nsecond quotation, copied the word wrongly--\"pork-pisee\" for pork-_pesse_? A\nporpoise is the creature alluded to; or _porpesse_, as some modern\nnaturalists spell it. \"Wheale\" evidently means _whey_: the former\nexpression is probably a provincialism.\n\nJAYDEE.\n\n_Did the Carians use Heraldic Devices?_ (Vol. vi., p. 556.).--Perhaps the\nfollowing, from an heraldic work of Dr. Bernd, professor at the University\nof Bonn, may serve to answer the Queries of MR. BOOKER.\n\nHerodotus ascribes the first use, or, as he expresses it, the invention of\nsigns on shields, which we call arms, and of the supporter or handle of the\nshield, which till then had been suspended by straps from the neck, as well\nas of the tuft of feathers or horse-hair on the helmet, to the Carians; in\nwhich Strabo agrees with him, and, as far as regards the supporters and\ncrest, \u00c6lian also:\n\n    \"Herodot schrieb den ersten Gebrauch, oder wie er sich ausdr\u00fcckt, die\n    Erfindung der Zeichen auf Schilden, die wir Wappen nennen, wie auch der\n    Halter oder Handhaben an den Schilden, die bis dahin nur an Riemen um\n    den Nacken getragen wurden, und die B\u00fcsche von Federn oder Rosshaaren\n    auf den Helmen, den Cariern zu, worin ihm Strabo (_Geogr._ 14. I. \u00a7\n    27.), und was die Handhaben und Helmb\u00fcsche betrifft, auch \u00c6lian (_Hist.\n    Animal._ 12. 30.), beistimmen.\"--Bernd's _Wappenwissen der Griechen und\n    R\u00f6mer_, p. 4. Bonn, 1841.\n\nOn Thucydides i. 8., where mention is made of Carians disinterred by the\nAthenians in the island of Delos, the scholiast, evidently referring to the\npassage cited by MR. BOOKER, says:\n\n    [Greek: Kares pr\u00f4toi heuron tous omphalous t\u00f4n aspid\u00f4n, kai tous\n    lophous. tois oun apothn\u00easkousi sunethapton aspidiskion mikron kai\n    lophon, s\u00eameion t\u00eas heurese\u00f4s.]\n\nFrom Plutarch's _Artaxerxes_ (10.) may be inferred, that the Carian\nstandard was a cock; for the king presented the Carian who slew Cyrus with\na golden one, to be thenceforth carried at the head of the troop.\n\nFor full information on the heraldry of the ancients, your correspondent\ncan scarcely do better than consult the above-quoted work of Dr. Bernd.\n\nJOHN SCOTT.\n\nNorwich.\n\n_Herbert Family_ (Vol. vi., p. 473.).--The celebrated picture of Lord\nHerbert of Cherbury by Isaac Oliver, at Penshurst, represents him with a\nsmall swarthy countenance, dark eyes, very dark black hair, and mustachios.\nAll the Herberts whom I have seen are dark-complexioned and black-haired.\nThis is the family badge, quite as much as the unmistakeable nose in the\ndescendants of John of Gaunt.\n\nE. D.\n\n_Children crying at Baptism_ (Vol. vi., p. 601.).--I am inclined to suspect\nthat the idea of its being lucky for a child to cry at baptism arose {97}\nfrom the custom of _exorcism_, which was retained in the Anglican Church in\nthe First Prayer-Book of King Edward VI., and is still commonly observed in\nthe baptismal services of the Church of Rome. When the devil was going out\nof the possessed person, he was supposed to do so with reluctance: \"The\nspirit cried, and rent him sore, and came out of him: and he was as one\ndead; insomuch that many said, He is dead.\" (St. Mark, ix. 26.) The tears\nand struggles of the infant would therefore be a convincing proof that the\nEvil One had departed. In Ireland (as every clergyman knows) nurses will\ndecide the matter by pinching the baby, rather than allow him to remain\nsilent and unlachrymose.\n\nRT.\n\nWarmington.\n\n_Americanisms_ (Vol. vi., p. 554.).--The word _bottom_, applied as your\ncorrespondent UNEDA remarks, is decidedly an English provincialism, of\nconstant use now in the clothing districts of Gloucestershire, which are\ncalled \"The Bottoms,\" whether mills are situated there or not.\n\nE. D.\n\n_Dutch Allegorical Picture_ (Vol. vi., p. 457.).--In the account I gave you\nof this picture I omitted one of the inscriptions, which I but just\ndiscovered; and as the picture appears to have excited some interest in\nHolland (my account of it having been translated into Dutch[9], in the\n_Navorscher_), I send you this further supplemental notice.\n\nI described a table standing under the window, on the left-hand side of the\nroom, containing on the end nearest to the spectator, not two pewter\nflagons, as I at first thought, but one glass and one pewter flagon. On the\nend of this table, which is presented to the spectator, is an inscription,\nwhich, as I have said, had hitherto escaped my notice, having been\npartially concealed by the frame--a modern one, not originally intended for\nthis picture, and partly obscured by dirt which had accumulated in the\ncorner. I can now make out very distinctly the following words, with the\ndate, which fixes beyond a question the age of the picture:\n\n \"Hier moet men gissen\n  Glasen te wasser\n  Daer in te pissen\n  En so\u00fa niet passen.\n          1659.\"\n\nI may also mention, that the floor of the chamber represented in the\npicture is formed of large red and blue square tiles; and that the folio\nbook standing on end, with another lying horizontally on the top of it,\nwhich I said in my former description to be standing on the end of the\ntable, under the window, is, I now see, standing not on the table, but on\nthe floor, next to the chair of the grave and studious figure who sits in\nthe left-hand corner of the room.\n\nThese corrections of my first description have been in a great measure the\nresult of a little soap and water applied with a sponge to the picture.\n\nJAMES H. TODD, D.D.\n\nTrin. Coll., Dublin.\n\n[Footnote 9: With some corrections in the reading of the inscriptions.]\n\n_Myles Coverdale_ (Vol. vi., p. 552.).--I have a print before me which is\nintended to represent the exhumation of Coverdale's body. The following is\nengraved beneath:\n\n    \"The Remains of Myles Coverdale, Bishop of Exeter, as they appeared in\n    the Chancel of the Church of St. Bartholomew, near the Exchange. Buried\n    Feb. 1569. Exhumed 23d Sept. 1840.\n\n      Chabot, Zinco., Skinner Street.\"\n\nIf I am not mistaken, his remains were carried to the church of St. Magnus,\nnear London Bridge, and re-interred.\n\nW. P. STORER.\n\nOlney, Bucks.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nMiscellaneous.\n\nNOTES ON BOOKS, ETC.\n\nOne of the most beautifully got up cheap publications which we have seen\nfor a long time, is the new edition of Byron's _Poems_, just issued by Mr.\nMurray. It consists of eight half-crown volumes, which may be separately\npurchased, viz. Childe Harold, one volume; Tales and Poems, one volume; and\nthe Dramas, Miscellanies, and Don Juan, &c., severally in two volumes. Mr.\nMurray has also made another important contribution to the cheap literature\nof the day in the republication, in a cheap and compendious form, of the\nvarious Journals of Sir Charles Fellows, during those visits to the East to\nwhich we owe the acquisition of the Xanthian Marbles. The present edition\nof his _Travels and Researches in Asia Minor, and more particularly in the\nProvince of Lycia_, as it embraces the substance of all Sir Charles's\nvarious journals and pamphlets, and only omits the Greek and Lycian\ninscriptions, and lists of plants and coins, and such plates as were not\ncapable of being introduced into the present volume, will, we have no\ndoubt, be acceptable to a very numerous class of readers, and takes its\nplace among the most interesting of the various popular narratives of\nEastern travel.\n\nMost of our readers will probably remember the memorable remark of Lord\nChancellor King, that \"if the ancient discipline of the Church were lost,\nit might be found in all its purity in the Isle of Man.\" Yet\nnotwithstanding this high eulogium on the character of the saintly Bishop\nWilson, it is painful to find that his celebrated work, _Sacra Privata_,\nhas hitherto been most unjustifiably treated and mutilated, as was noticed\nin our last volume, p. 414. But here we have before us, in a beautifully\nprinted edition of this valuable work, the good bishop _himself_, what he\nthought, and {98} what he wrote, in his _Private Meditations, Devotions,\nand Prayers_, now for the first time printed from his original manuscripts\npreserved in the library of Sion College, London. Much praise is due to the\neditor for bringing this manuscript before the public, as well as for the\ncareful superintendence of the press; and we sincerely hope he will\ncontinue his labours of research in Sion College as well as in other\nlibraries.\n\nThere are doubtless many of our readers who echo Ben Jonson's wish that\nShakspeare had blotted many a line, referring of course to those\ncharacteristic of the age, not of the man, which cannot be read aloud. To\nall such, the announcement that Messrs. Longman have commenced the\npublication in monthly volumes of a new edition of Bowdler's _Family\nShakspeare, in which nothing is added to the original text, but those words\nand expressions are omitted which cannot with propriety be read in a\nfamily_, will be welcome intelligence. The work is handsomely printed in\nFive-Shilling Volumes, of which the first three are already published.\n\nBOOKS RECEIVED.--_Memoirs of James Logan, a distinguished Scholar and\nChristian Legislator, &c._, by Wilson Armistead. An interesting biography\nof a friend of William Penn, and one of the most learned of the early\nemigrants to the American Continent.--_Yule-Tide Stories, a Collection of\nScandinavian and North German Popular Tales and Traditions._ The name of\nthe editor, Mr. Benjamin Thorpe, is a sufficient guarantee for the value of\nthis new volume of Bohn's _Antiquarian Library_. In his _Philological\nLibrary_, Mr. Bohn has published a new and enlarged edition of Mr. Dawson\nW. Turner's _Notes on Herodotus_: while in his _Classical Library_ he has\ngiven _The Pharsalia of Lucan literally translated into English Prose, with\nCopious Notes_, by H. T. Riley, B.A.; and has enriched his _Scientific\nLibrary_ by the publication of Dr. Chalmers's _Bridgewater Treatise on the\nPower, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Adaption of\nExternal Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Constitution of Man_, with\nthe author's last corrections, and a Biographical Preface by Dr. Cumming.\n\n_Photographic Manipulation._ _The Wax-paper Process of Gustave Le Gray_,\ntranslated from the French, published by Knight & Sons; and _Hennah's\nDirections for obtaining both Positive and Negative Pictures upon Glass by\nmeans of the Collodion Process, &c._, published by Delatouche & Co., are\ntwo little pamphlets which will repay the photographer for perusal, but are\ndeficient in that simplicity of process which is so much to be desired if\nPhotography is to be made more popular.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nBOOKS AND ODD VOLUMES\n\nWANTED TO PURCHASE.\n\nTOWNSEND'S PARISIAN COSTUMES. 3 Vols, 4to. 1831-1839.\n\nTHE BOOK OF ADAM.\n\nTHE TESTAMENTS OF THE TWELVE PATRIARCHS, THE SONS OF JACOB.\n\nMASSINGER'S PLAYS, by GIFFORD. Vol. IV. 8vo. Second Edition. 1813.\n\nSPECTATOR. Vols. V. and VII. 12mo. London, 1753.\n\nCOSTERUS (FRAN\u00c7OIS) CINQUANTE MEDITATIONS DE TOUTE L'HISTOIRE DE LA PASSION\nDE NOSTRE SEIGNEUR. 8vo. Anvers, Christ. Plantin.\n\nTHE WORLD WITHOUT A SUN.\n\nGUARDIAN. 12mo.\n\nTWO DISCOURSES OF PURGATORY AND PRAYERS FOR THE DEAD, By WM. WAKE. 1687.\n\nWHAT THE CHARTISTS ARE. A Letter to English Working Men, by a\nFellow-Labourer. 12mo. London, 1848.\n\nLETTER OF CHURCH RATES, by RALPH BARNES. 8vo. London, 1837.\n\nCOLMAN'S TRANSLATION OF HORACE DE ARTE POETICA. 4to. 1783.\n\nCASAUBON'S TREATISE ON GREEK AND ROMAN SATIRE.\n\nBOSCAWEN'S TREATISE ON SATIRE. London, 1797.\n\nJOHNSON'S LIVES (Walker's Classics). Vol. I.\n\nTITMARSH'S PARIS SKETCH-BOOK. Post 8vo. Vol. I. Macrone, 1840.\n\nFIELDING'S WORKS. Vol. XI. (being second of \"Amelia.\") 12mo. 1808.\n\nHOLCROFT'S LAVATER. Vol. I. 8vo. 1789.\n\nOTWAY. Vols. I. and II. 8vo. 1768.\n\nEDMONDSON'S HERALDRY. Vol. II. Folio, 1780.\n\nSERMONS AND TRACTS, by W. ADAMS, D.D.\n\nTHE GENTLEMAN'S MAGAZINE for January 1851.\n\nBEN JONSON'S WORKS. (London, 1716. 6 Vols.) Vol. II. wanted.\n\nRAPIN'S HISTORY OF ENGLAND, 8vo. Vols. I., III. and V. of the CONTINUATION\nby TINDAL. 1744.\n\nSHARPE'S PROSE WRITERS. Vol. IV. 21 Vols., 1819. Piccadilly.\n\nINCHBALD'S BRITISH THEATRE. Vol. XXIV. 25 Vols. Longman.\n\nMEYRICK'S ANCIENT ARMOUR, by SKELTON. Part XVI.\n\n*** _Correspondents sending Lists of Books Wanted are requested to send\ntheir names._\n\n*** Letters, stating particulars and lowest price, _carriage free_, to be\nsent to MR. BELL, Publisher of \"NOTES AND QUERIES,\" 186. Fleet Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nNotices to Correspondents.\n\nBACK NUMBERS. _Parties requiring Back Numbers are requested to make\nimmediate application for them; as the stock will shortly be made up into\nSets, and the sale of separate copies of the_ EARLY NUMBERS _will be\ndiscontinued_.\n\nM. W. B._'s Note to_ J. B. _has been forwarded_.\n\nA. T. F. (Bristol.) _Our Correspondent's kind offer is declined, with\nthanks._\n\nSIGMA _is thanked: but he will see that we could not_ now _alter the size\nof our volumes_.\n\nW. C. H. D. _will find, in our_ 6th Vol, pp. 312, 313., _his Query\nanticipated. The reading will be found in Knight's_ Pictorial Shakspeare.\n\nH. E. _who asks who, what, and when_ Captain Cuttle _was? is informed that\nhe is a_ relation _of one of the most able writers of the day--Mr. Charles\nDickens. He was formerly in the Mercantile Marine, and a Skipper in the\nservice of the well-known house of_ Dombey and Son.\n\nMISTLETOE ON OAKS. O. S. R. _is referred to our_ 4th Volume, pp. 192. 226.\n396. 462., _for information upon this point_.\n\nMR. SIMS _is thanked for his communication, which we will endeavour to make\nuse of at some future time_.\n\nIOTA _is informed that the Chloride of Barium, used in about the same\nproportion as common salt, will give the tint he desires. His second Query\nhas already been answered in our preceding Numbers. As to the mode of\naltering his camera, he must tax his own ingenuity as to the best mode of\nattaching to it the flexible sleeves, &c._\n\n_We are unavoidably compelled to postpone until next week_ MR. LAWRENCE _on\nthe Albumen Process, and_ MR. DELAMOTTE_'s notice of a Portable Camera_.\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY. _Particulars of this newly-formed Society in our\nnext._\n\n_We again repeat that we cannot undertake to recommend any particular\nhouses for the purchase of photographic instruments, chemicals, &c. We can\nonly refer our Correspondents on such subjects to our advertising columns._\n\nOUR SIXTH VOLUME, _strongly bound in cloth, with very copious Index, is now\nready, price 10s. 6d. Arrangements are making for the publication of\ncomplete sets of_ \"NOTES AND QUERIES,\" _price Three Guineas for the Six\nVolumes_.\n\n\"NOTES AND QUERIES\" _is published at noon on Friday, so that the Country\nBooksellers may receive Copies in that night's parcel, and deliver them to\ntheir Subscribers on the Saturday_. {99}\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nBENNETT'S MODEL WATCH, as shown at the GREAT EXHIBITION No. 1. Class X., in\nGold and Silver Cases, in five qualities, and adapted to all Climates, may\nnow he had at the MANUFACTORY, 65. CHEAPSIDE. Superior Gold London-made\nPatent Levers, 17, 15, and 12 guineas. Ditto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 4\nguineas. First-rate Geneva Levers, in Gold Cases, 12, 10, and 8 guineas.\nDitto, in Silver Cases, 8, 6, and 5 guineas. Superior Lever, with\nChronometer Balance, Gold 27, 23, and 19 guineas. Bennett's Pocket\nChronometer, Gold, 50 guineas; Silver, 40 guineas. Every Watch skilfully\nexamined, timed, and its performance guaranteed. Barometers, 2l., 3l., and\n4l. Thermometers from 1s. each.\n\nBENNETT. Watch, Clock, and Instrument Maker to the Royal Observatory, the\nBoard of Ordnance, the Admiralty, and the Queen,\n\n65. CHEAPSIDE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nWESTERN LIFE ASSURANCE AND ANNUITY SOCIETY,\n\n3. PARLIAMENT STREET, LONDON.\n\nFounded A.D. 1842.\n\n   _Directors._\n  H. Edgeworth Bicknell, Esq.\n  William Cabell, Esq.\n  T. Somers Cocks, Jun. Esq. M.P.\n  G. Henry Drew, Esq.\n  William Evans, Esq.\n  William Freeman, Esq.\n  F. Fuller, Esq.\n  J. Henry Goodhart, Esq.\n  T. Grissell, Esq.\n  James Hunt, Esq.\n  J. Arscott Lethbridge, Esq.\n  E. Lucas, Esq.\n  James Lys Seager, Esq.\n  J. Basley White, Esq.\n  Joseph Carter Wood, Esq.\n\n   _Trustees._\n  W. Whateley, Esq., Q.C.;\n  L. C. Humfrey, Esq., Q.C.;\n  George Drew, Esq.\n\n_Consulting Counsel._--Sir Wm. P. Wood, M.P.\n\n_Physician._--William Rich. Basham, M.D.\n\n_Bankers._--Messrs. Cocks, Biddulph, and Co., Charing Cross.\n\nVALUABLE PRIVILEGE.\n\nPOLICIES effected in this Office do not become void through temporary\ndifficulty in paying a Premium, as permission is given upon application to\nsuspend the payment at interest, according to the conditions detailed on\nthe Prospectus.\n\nSpecimens of Rates of Premium for Assuring 100l., with a Share in\nthree-fourths of the Profits:--\n\n  Age       \u00a3   s.  d.\n   17       1  14   4\n   22       1  18   8\n   27       2   4   5\n   32       2  10   8\n   37       2  18   6\n   42       3   8   2\n\nARTHUR SCRATCHLEY, M.A., F.R.A.S., Actuary.\n\nNow ready, price 10s. 6d., Second Edition, with material additions,\nINDUSTRIAL INVESTMENT and EMIGRATION: being a TREATISE on BENEFIT BUILDING\nSOCIETIES, and on the General Principles of Land Investment, exemplified in\nthe Cases of Freehold Land Societies, Building Companies, &c. With a\nMathematical Appendix on Compound Interest and Life Assurance. By ARTHUR\nSCRATCHLEY, M.A., Actuary to the Western Life Assurance Society, 3.\nParliament Street, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHY.--HORNE & CO.'S Iodized Collodion, for obtaining Instantaneous\nViews, and Portraits in from three to thirty seconds, according to light.\n\nPortraits obtained by the above, for delicacy of detail rival the choicest\nDaguerreotypes, specimens of which may be seen at their Establishment.\n\nAlso, every description of Apparatus, Chemicals, &c. &c., used in this\nbeautiful Art.--123. and 121. Newgate Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHY.--A New Work, giving Plain and Practical Directions for\nobtaining both Positive and Negative Pictures upon Glass, by means of the\nCollodion Process, and a method for Printing from the Negative Glasses, in\nvarious colours, on to Paper. By T. H. HENNAH. Price 1s., or by Post 1s.\n6d.\n\n    Published by DELATOUCHE & CO., Manufacturers of Pure Photographic\n    Chemicals, Apparatus, Prepared Papers, and every Article connected with\n    Photography on Paper or Glass.\n\n147. OXFORD STREET.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nROSS'S PHOTOGRAPHIC PORTRAIT AND LANDSCAPE LENSES.--These lenses give\ncorrect definition at the centre and margin of the picture, and have their\nvisual and chemical acting foci coincident.\n\n_Great Exhibition Jurors' Reports_, p. 274.\n\n    \"Mr. Ross prepares lenses for Portraiture having the greatest intensity\n    yet produced, by procuring the coincidence of the chemical actinic and\n    visual rays. The spherical aberration is also very carefully corrected,\n    both in the central and oblique pencils.\"\n\n    \"Mr. Ross has exhibited the best Camera in the Exhibition. It is\n    furnished with a double achromatic object-lens, about three inches\n    aperture. There is no stop, the field is flat, and the image very\n    perfect up to the edge.\"\n\nA. R. invites those interested in the art to inspect the large Photographs\nof Vienna, produced by his Lenses and Apparatus.\n\nCatalogues sent upon Application.\n\nA. ROSS, 2. Featherstone Buildings, High Holborn\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES.--A Selection of the above beautiful Productions may\nbe seen at BLAND & LONG'S, 153. Fleet Street, where may also be procured\nApparatus of every Description, and pure Chemicals for the practice of\nPhotography in all its Branches.\n\nCalotype, Daguerreotype, and Glass Pictures for the Stereoscope.\n\nBLAND & LONG, Opticians, Philosophical and Photographical Instrument\nMakers, and Operative Chemists, 153. Fleet Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER.--Negative and Positive Papers of Whatman's, Turner's,\nSanford's, and Canson Fr\u00e8res make. Waxed-Paper for Le Gray's Process.\nIodized and Sensitive Paper for every kind of Photography.\n\nSold by JOHN SANFORD, Photographic Stationer, Aldine Chambers, 13.\nPaternoster Row, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nKERR & STRANG, Perfumers and Wig-Makers, 124. Leadenhall Street, London,\nrespectfully inform the Nobility and Public that they have invented and\nbrought to the greatest perfection the following leading articles, besides\nnumerous others:--Their Ventilating Natural Curl; Ladies and Gentlemen's\nPERUKES, either Crops or Full Dress, with Partings and Crowns so natural as\nto defy detection, and with or without their improved Metallic Springs;\nVentilating Fronts, Bandeaux, Borders, Nattes, Bands \u00e0 la Reine, &c.; also\ntheir instantaneous Liquid Hair Dye, the only dye that really answers for\nall colours, and never fades nor acquires that unnatural red or purple tint\ncommon to all other dyes; it is permanent, free of any smell, and perfectly\nharmless. Any lady or gentleman, sceptical of its effects in dyeing any\nshade of colour, can have it applied, free of any charge, at KERR &\nSTRANG'S, 124. Leadenhall Street.\n\nSold in Cases at 7s. 6d., 15s., and 20s. Samples, 3s. 6d., sent to all\nparts on receipt of Post-office Order or Stamps.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nLOST.--Two Water-coloured Drawings by MR. DELAMOTTE [engraved in 2nd volume\nof \"Journal of Arch\u00e6ological Institute\"] of distemper Paintings in Stanton\nHarcourt Church. Any person having them, is requested to return them to\ntheir owner, MR. DYKE, Jesus College, Oxford.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHY.--XYLO-IODIDE OF SILVER, prepared solely by R. W. THOMAS, has\nnow obtained an European fame; it supersedes the use of all other\npreparations of Collodion. Witness the subjoined Testimonial.\n\n    \"122. Regent Street\n\n    \"Dear Sir,--In answer to your inquiry of this morning, I have no\n    hesitation in saying that your preparation of Collodion is incomparably\n    better and more sensitive than all the advertised Collodio-Iodides,\n    which, for my professional purposes, are quite useless when compared to\n    yours.\n\n             \"I remain, dear Sir,\n                 \"Yours faithfully,\n                     \"N. HENNEMAN.\n\n          Aug. 30. 1852.\n      to Mr. R.W. Thomas.\"\n\nMR. R. W. THOMAS begs most earnestly to caution photographers against\npurchasing impure chemicals, which are now too frequently sold at very low\nprices. It is to this cause nearly always that their labours are unattended\nwith success.\n\nChemicals of absolute purity, especially prepared for this art, may be\nobtained from R. W. THOMAS, Chemist and Professor of Photography, 10. Pall\nMall.\n\nN.B.--The name of Mr. T.'s preparation, Xylo-Iodide of Silver, is made use\nof by unprincipled persons. To prevent imposition each bottle is stamped\nwith a red label bearing the maker's signature.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHIC PORTRAITS and VIEWS by the Collodion and Waxed Paper Process.\nApparatus, Materials, and Pure Chemical Preparation for the above\nprocesses, Superior Iodized Collodion, known by the name of Collodio-iodide\nor Xylo-iodide of Silver, 9d. per oz. Pyro-gallic Acid, 4s. per drachm.\nAcetic Acid, suited for Collodion Pictures, 8d. per oz. Crystallizable and\nperfectly pure, on which the success of the Calo-typist so much depends,\n1s. per oz. Canson Fr\u00e8res' Negative Paper, 3s.; Positive do., 4s. 6d.; La\nCroix, 3s.; Turner, 3s. Whatman's Negative and Positive, 3s. per quire.\nIodized Waxed Paper, 10s. 6d. per quire. Sensitive Paper ready for the\nCamera, and warranted to keep from fourteen to twenty days, with directions\nfor use, 11\u00d79, 9s. per doz.; Iodized, only 6s. per doz.\n\nGEORGE KNIGHT & SONS (sole Agents for Voightlander & Sons' celebrated\nLenses), Foster Lane, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPHOTOGRAPHY, DAGUERREOTYPE, ETC.\n\nPURE CHEMICALS for the above Processes supplied at the following prices, by\nJOHN J. GRIFFIN & CO., 53. Baker Street, Portman Square.--Superior Iodized\nCollodion, in bottles at 2s. 6d.; Pyrogallic Acid, 4s. per drachm; Pure\nCrystallizable Acetic Acid, 8d. per oz.; Iodide of Potassium, 1s. 6d. per\noz.; Canson Fr\u00e8res' Negative Paper, 3s.; Positive Ditto, 4s. per quire.\n\nBromine, 8s. 6d. per oz.; Iodine, 2s. 6d. per oz.; Charcoal, 1s. per\nbottle; Rouge, 1s. per oz.; Tripoli, finely prepared, 6d. per oz.\n\nAn Illustrated priced List of Photographic Apparatus and Materials, post\nfree, 3d.\n\nNearly Ready, the Third much enlarged Edition of Professor HUNT'S MANUAL OF\nPHOTOGRAPHY.\n\nJOHN J. GRIFFIN & CO., 53. Baker Street, London; and RICHARD GRIFFIN & CO.,\nGlasgow.\n\n{100}\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nJust published, Sixth Edition, fcap. 8vo., 5s., of\n\nESSAYS WRITTEN IN THE INTERVALS OF BUSINESS.\n\nAlso, by the same Author,\n\nTHE CONQUERORS OF THE NEW WORLD and their BONDSMEN; being a Narrative of\nthe Principal Events which led to Negro Slavery in the West Indies and\nAmerica. Vol. II., post 8vo., 7s. Just published.\n\nVOLUME I., post 8vo., 6s.\n\nFRIENDS IN COUNCIL; a Series of Readings, and Discourse thereon. A New\nEdition. Two vols., fcap. 8vo., 12s.\n\nCOMPANIONS of MY SOLITUDE. Fcap. 8vo., 6s. Third Edition.\n\nTHE CLAIMS OF LABOUR. An Essay on the Duties of the Employers to the\nEmployed. Fcap. 8vo. Second Edition, with Additional Essay. 6s.\n\nWILLIAM PICKERING, 177. Piccadilly.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNow ready, Third Edition, with considerable Additions, fcp. 8vo., 7s. 6d.\n\nAN OUTLINE of the NECESSARY LAWS of THOUGHT. A Treatise on Pure and Applied\nLogic. By the Rev. WILLIAM THOMSON, Fellow and Tutor of Queen's College,\nOxford. With an Appendix on Indian Logic, by Professor MAX MULLER.\n\nWILLIAM PICKERING, 177. Piccadilly.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nIN VOLUMES FOR THE POCKET, PRICE FIVE SHILLINGS EACH.\n\nOn the 31st inst. will be published, in fcp. 8vo., Vol. IV. of BOWDLER'S\nFAMILY SHAKSPEARE. In which nothing is _added_ to the Original Text; but\nthose Words and Expressions are _omitted_ which cannot with propriety be\nread aloud in a Family. A New Edition, to be completed in Six Monthly\nVolumes, price 5s. each.\n\nLondon: LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nTO LITERARY GENTLEMEN and PUBLISHERS.--VALUABLE LITERARY PROPERTY.--A\nMAGAZINE, one of the most popular, talented, and improvable of the present\nday, is to be SOLD by PRIVATE BARGAIN. The Copyright, very numerous\nStereotype Plates (which are of _permanent_ value), and Stock of Sheets,\nwill require from 3000l. to 4000l., a portion of which may be taken on\napproved bill.\n\nApplications by letter, and from principals only, to be addressed to X. Y.,\ncare of MR. HODGSON, Auctioneer, 192. Fleet Street, corner of Chancery\nLane, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nRALPH'S SERMON PAPER.--This approved Paper is particularly deserving the\nnotice of the Clergy, as, from its particular form (each page measuring 5\u00be\nby 9 inches), it will contain more matter than the size in ordinary use;\nand, from the width being narrower, is much more easy to read: adapted for\nexpeditious writing with either the quill or metallic pen; price 5s. per\nream. Sample on application.\n\nENVELOPE PAPER.--To identify the contents with the address and postmark,\nimportant in all business communications; it admits of three clear pages\n(each measuring 5\u00bd by 8 inches), for correspondence, it saves time and is\nmore economical. Price 9s. 6d. per ream.\n\nF. W. RALPH, Manufacturing Stationer, 36. Throgmorton Street, Bank.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nIn the Press,\n\nSELECTIONS, GRAVE AND GAY, From the Writings, published and unpublished, of\nTHOMAS DE QUINCEY, revised and enlarged by himself.\n\nVol. I.--AUTOBIOGRAPHIC SKETCHES.\n\nEdinburgh: JAMES HOGG. London: R. GROOMBRIDGE & SONS.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nTHE EDINBURGH REVIEW, No. CXCVII., is just published.\n\n       CONTENTS:\n\n    I. BUNSEN'S HIPPOLYTUS AND HIS AGE.\n\n    II. JERVIS'S HISTORY OF THE ISLAND OF CORFU AND THE IONIAN ISLANDS.\n\n    III. SAUL OF TARSUS.\n\n    IV. HUNGARIAN REVOLUTION.\n\n    V. CATHEDRAL REFORM.\n\n    VI. OUR INDIAN ARMY.\n\n    VII. MONTALEMBERT.\n\n    VIII. MRS. JAMESON'S LEGENDS OF THE MADONNA, AS REPRESENTED IN THE FINE\n    ARTS.\n\n    IX. THE FALL OF THE DERBY MINISTRY.\n\nLondon: LONGMAN & CO. Edinburgh: A. & C. BLACK.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nTO ALL WHO HAVE FARMS OR GARDENS.\n\nTHE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE AND AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE,\n\n(The Horticultural Part edited by PROF. LINDLEY)\n\nOf Saturday, January 15, contains Articles on\n\n  Agricultural Societies\n  Arithmetic, Rational, rev.\n  Botany, Cryptogamic\n  Calendar, Horticultural\n  Cattle, fat\n  Chironia, the\n  College, Cirencester\n  Draining, Davis on\n  England, climate of\n  Estates, improvement of, settled\n  Food, brewers' grains as\n  Fruit trees, oblique (with engraving)\n  Grapes, red Hamburgh\n  Hyacinth, hints on\n  Irrigation\n  ---- and liquid manure, by Mr. Mechi\n  Labourers, employment of\n  Larch, durability of\n  Lime, to apply, by Mr. Summers\n  Manure, liquid, by Mr. Mechi\n  ---- lime as\n  Mildew, effect of salt on, by Mr. Watson\n  Montague, Dr.\n  Narcissus, dormant, by Mr. George\n  Pimelea, the\n  Plant, Bed Mooshk\n  Poultry, metropolitan show of\n  ---- weights of\n  Rain at Arundel\n  Roots, branch\n  Salt _v._ Mildew, by Mr. Watson\n  Season, mildness of, by Mr. George\n  Seed trade\n  Shamrock, the\n  Smithfield Club, cattle at\n  Societies, agricultural\n  ---- proceedings of the Kirtling Agricultural\n  Temperature, our winter\n  Tenant-right\n  Tithe commutation, by Mr. Willich\n  Trees, oblique fruit (with engraving)\n  Vines, effect of soil on, by Mr. Urquhart\n  Walls, ivy on\n  ---- spring protection for\n  Weather, the\n  ---- in Sussex\n  Yuccas\n  Zygopetalon Mackayii, by Mr. Woolley\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nTHE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE and AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE contains, in addition to\nthe above, the Covent Garden, Mark Lane, Smithfield, and Liverpool prices,\nwith returns from the Potato, Hop, Hay, Coal, Timber, Bark, Wool, and Seed\nMarkets, and a _complete Newspaper, with a condensed account of all the\ntransactions of the week_.\n\nORDER of any Newsvender. OFFICE for Advertisements, 5. Upper Wellington\nStreet, Covent Garden, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNow ready, Two New Volumes (price 28s. cloth) of\n\nTHE JUDGES OF ENGLAND and the Courts at Westminster. By EDWARD FOSS, F.S.A.\n\n  Volume Three, 1272-1377.\n  Volume Four, 1377-1485.\n\nLately published, price 28s. cloth,\n\n  Volume One, 1066-1199.\n  Volume Two, 1199-1272.\n\n    \"A book which is essentially sound and truthful, and must therefore\n    take its stand in the permanent literature of our country.\"--_Gent.\n    Mag._\n\nLondon: LONGMAN & CO.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nNow ready, Price 25s., Second Edition, revised and corrected. Dedicated by\nSpecial Permission to\n\nTHE (LATE) ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY.\n\nPSALMS AND HYMNS FOR THE SERVICE OF THE CHURCH. The words selected by the\nVery Rev. H. H. MILMAN, D.D., Dean of St. Paul's. The Music arranged for\nFour Voices, but applicable also to Two or One, including Chants for the\nServices, Responses to the Commandments, and a Concise SYSTEM OF CHANTING,\nby J. B. SALE, Musical Instructor and Organist to Her Majesty. 4to., neat,\nin morocco cloth, price 25s. To be had of Mr. J. B. SALE, 21. Holywell\nStreet, Millbank, Westminster, on the receipt of a Post Office Order for\nthe amount; and by order, of the principal Booksellers and Music\nWarehouses.\n\n    \"A great advance on the works we have hitherto had, connected with our\n    Church and Cathedral Service.\"--_Times._\n\n    \"A collection of Psalm Tunes certainly unequalled in this\n    country.\"--_Literary Gazette._\n\n    \"One of the best collections of tunes which we have yet seen. Well\n    merits the distinguished patronage under which it appears.\"--_Musical\n    World._\n\n    \"A collection of Psalms and Hymns, together with a system of Chanting\n    of a very superior character to any which has hitherto\n    appeared.\"--_John Bull._\n\nLondon: GEORGE BELL, 186. Fleet Street.\n\nAlso, lately published,\n\nJ. B. SALE'S SANCTUS, COMMANDMENTS and CHANTS as performed at the Chapel\nRoyal St. James, price 2s.\n\nC. LONSDALE, 26. Old Bond Street.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n3 vols. 8vo. price 2l. 8s.\n\nA GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN GRECIAN, ROMAN, ITALIAN, AND GOTHIC\nARCHITECTURE. The Fifth Edition enlarged, exemplified by 1700 Woodcuts.\n\n    \"In the Preparation of this the Fifth Edition of the Glossary of\n    Architecture, no pains have been spared to render it worthy of the\n    continued patronage which the work has received from its first\n    publication.\n\n    \"The Text has been considerably augmented, as well by the additions of\n    many new Articles, as by the enlargement of the old ones, and the\n    number of Illustrations has been increased from eleven hundred to\n    seventeen hundred.\n\n    \"Several additional Foreign examples are given, for the purpose of\n    comparison with English work, of the same periods.\n\n    \"In the present Edition, considerably more attention has been given to\n    the subject of Medi\u00e6val Carpentry, the number of Illustrations of 'Open\n    Timber Roofs' has been much increased, and most of the Carpenter's\n    terms in use at the period have been introduced with\n    authorities.\"--_Preface to the Fifth Edition._\n\nJOHN HENRY PARKER, Oxford; and 377. Strand, London.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPrinted by THOMAS CLARK SHAW, of No. 8. New Street Square, at No. 5. New\nStreet Square, in the Parish of St. Bride, in the City of London; and\npublished by GEORGE BELL, of No. 186. Fleet Street, in the Parish of St.\nDunstan in the West, in the City of London, Publisher, at No. 186. Fleet\nStreet aforesaid.--Saturday, January 22. 1853.","title":"Notes and Queries, Number 169, January 22, 1853: A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, Genealogists, etc.","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":22351}