{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_44460/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_44460","id":"gutenberg_44460","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44460","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Encyclopedias/Dictionaries/Reference","Category: History - Ancient","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Mythology -- Dictionaries","Mythology, Classical"],"text":"CARLETON'S\n\n                               CONDENSED\n\n                         CLASSICAL DICTIONARY.\n\n                                 BEING\n\n                     BRIEF BUT SUCCINCT INFORMATION\n\n                               CONCERNING\n\n                          THE PROMINENT NAMES\n\n                                   IN\n\n                    CLASSICAL HISTORY AND MYTHOLOGY,\n\n                             TOGETHER WITH\n\n                          THE MOST CONSPICUOUS\n\n                    INCIDENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM.\n\n                    _CAREFULLY PREPARED AND EDITED_\n\n                                   BY\n\n                          GEORGE W. CARLETON,\n\n                               AUTHOR OF\n\n             \"OUR ARTIST IN CUBA, PERU, ALGIERS AND SPAIN.\"\n\n\"Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we\n      can find information upon it.\"--_Boswell's Life of Johnson._\n\n                                NEW YORK\n\n                          Copyright, 1882, by\n\n                  _G. W. Carleton & Co., Publishers_.\n\n                            MADISON SQUARE.\n\n                              MDCCCLXXXII.\n\n\n\n\n               CARLETON'S CONDENSED CLASSICAL DICTIONARY.\n\n\n=Aby\u00b4dos.= A city of Asia opposite Sestos in Europe. It is famous for the\nloves of Hero and Leander, and for the bridge of boats which Xerxes\nbuilt there across the Hellespont. Leander was in the habit of swimming\nacross the Hellespont to see Hero, till at length, on a stormy night, he\nwas drowned.\n\n=Aby\u00b4dos.= A town of Egypt, where was the famous temple of Osiris.\n\n=Acade\u00b4mi\u00b4a.= A place surrounded with trees, near Athens, belonging to\nAcademus, from whom the name is derived. Here Plato opened his school of\nphilosophy, and from this every place sacred to learning has ever since\nbeen called Academia.\n\n=Acha\u00b4tes.= A friend of \u00c6neas, whose fidelity was so exemplary that _Fidus\nAchates_ has become a proverb.\n\n=Achelo\u00b4us.= The son of Oceanus and Terra, or Tethys, god of the river of\nthe same name in Epirus. As one of the numerous suitors of Dejanira, he\nentered the lists against Hercules, and being inferior, changed himself\ninto a serpent, and afterwards into an ox. Hercules broke off one of his\nhorns and defeated him, after which, according to some, he was changed\ninto a river.\n\n=Ac\u00b4heron.= One of the rivers of hell; often used to signify hell itself.\n\n=Achil\u00b4les=, the son of Peleus and Thetis, was the bravest of all the\nGreeks in the Trojan war. During his infancy, Thetis plunged him in the\nStyx, thus making every part of his body invulnerable except the heel by\nwhich she held him. To prevent him from going to the Trojan war, Thetis\nsent him privately to the court of Lycomedes, where he was disguised in\na female dress. As Troy could not be taken without his aid, Ulysses went\nto the court of Lycomedes in the habit of a merchant, and exposed jewels\nand arms for sale. Achilles, choosing the arms, discovered his sex, and\nwent to the war. Vulcan made him a strong suit of armor, which was proof\nagainst all weapons. He was deprived by Agamemnon of his favorite\nBriseis, and for this affront he would not appear on the field till the\ndeath of Patroclus impelled him to vengeance. He slew Hector, who had\nkilled Patroclus, and tying his corpse to his war-car, dragged it three\ntimes round Troy. He is said to have been killed by Paris, who inflicted\na mortal wound in his vulnerable heel with an arrow.\n\n=A\u00b4cis.= A shepherd of Sicily, son of Faunus and the nymph Sim\u00e6this.\nGalatea passionately loved him, upon which his rival, Polyphemus,\ncrushed him to death with a piece of broken rock. The gods changed Acis\ninto a stream, which rises from Mount Etna.\n\n=Act\u00e6\u00b4on.= A famous huntsman, son of Arist\u00e6us and Autonoe, daughter of\nCadmus. He saw Diana and her attendants bathing, for which he was\nchanged into a stag and devoured by his own dogs.\n\n=Ac\u00b4tium.= A town and promontory of Epirus, famous for the naval victory\nwhich Augustus obtained over Antony and Cleopatra, B. C. 31.\n\n=A\u00b4des or Hades.= The God of hell amongst the Greeks; the same as the\nPluto of the Latins. The word is often used for hell itself by the\nancient poets.\n\n=Adher\u00b4bal.= Son of Micipsa, and grandson of Masinissa, was besieged at\nCirta, and put to death by Jugurtha, after vainly imploring the aid of\nRome, B. C. 112.\n\n=Adme\u00b4tus.= Son of Pheres and Clymene, king of Pher\u00e6 in Thessaly. Apollo,\nwhen banished from heaven, is said to have tended his flocks for nine\nyears.\n\n=Ado\u00b4nis=, son of Cinyras and Myrrha, was the favorite of Venus. He was\nfond of hunting, and was often cautioned not to hunt wild beasts. This\nadvice he slighted, and at last was mortally wounded by a wild boar.\nVenus changed him into the flower anemone. Proserpine is said to have\nrestored him to life, on condition that he should spend six months of\nthe year with her, and the rest of the year with Venus. This implies the\nalternate return of summer and winter.\n\n=Adras\u00b4tus=, son of Talaus and Lysimache, was king of Argos. Polynices,\nbeing banished from Thebes by his brother Eteocles, fled to Argos, where\nhe married Argia, daughter of Adrastus. The king assisted his\nson-in-law, and marched against Thebes with an army. He was defeated\nwith great slaughter, and fled to Athens, where Theseus gave him\nassistance, and was victorious. Adrastus died from grief, occasioned by\nthe death of his son \u00c6gialeus.\n\n=Adria\u00b4nus.= A famous emperor of Rome. He is represented as an active,\nlearned, warlike, and austere general. He came to Britain, where he\nbuilt a wall between the modern towns of Carlisle and Newcastle-on-Tyne,\nto protect the Britons from the incursions of the Caledonians.\n\n=\u00c6di\u00b4les.= Roman magistrates, who had the charge of all buildings, baths,\nand aqueducts, and examined weights and measures. The office of an \u00c6dile\nwas honorable, and the primary step to a more distinguished position in\nthe State.\n\n=\u00c6geus.= King of Athens, son of Pandion. Being desirous of having\nchildren, he went to consult the oracle, and on his return stopped at\nthe court of Pittheus, king of Troezene, who gave him his daughter\n\u00c6thra in marriage. He directed her, if she had a son, to send him to\nAthens as soon as he could lift a stone under which he had concealed his\nsword. \u00c6thra became mother of Theseus, whom she sent to Athens with his\nfather's sword, \u00c6geus being at that time living with Medea, the divorced\nwife of Jason. When Theseus came to Athens, Medea attempted to poison\nhim, but he escaped; and upon showing \u00c6geus the sword, discovered\nhimself to be his son. When Theseus returned from Crete, after the death\nof the Minotaur, he omitted to hoist up white sails, as a signal of\nsuccess, and at sight of black sails, \u00c6geus, concluding that his son was\ndead, threw himself into the sea, which, as some suppose, has since been\ncalled the \u00c6gean sea. \u00c6geus died B. C. 1235.\n\n=\u00c6gis.= The shield of Jupiter. He gave it to Pallas, who placed Medusa's\nhead on it, which turned into stones all those who gazed at it.\n\n=\u00c6gy\u00b4ptus=, son of Belus, and brother to Danaus, gave his fifty sons in\nmarriage to the fifty daughters of his brother. Danaus, who had\nestablished himself at Argos, and was jealous of his brother, obliged\nall his daughters to murder their husbands on the first night of their\nnuptials. This was done, Hypermnestra alone sparing her husband Lynceus.\n\u00c6gyptus himself was killed by his niece Polyxena.\n\n=\u00c6lia\u00b4nus Clau\u00b4dius.= A Roman sophist of Pr\u00e6neste in the reign of Adrian.\nHe taught rhetoric at Rome. He wrote treatises on animals in seventeen\nbooks, and on various other subjects in fourteen books. \u00c6lian died at\nthe age of sixty, A. D. 140.\n\n=\u00c6ne\u00b4as.= A Trojan prince, son of Anchises and Venus. He married Creusa,\nthe daughter of Priam, and they had a son named Ascanius. During the\nTrojan war \u00c6neas behaved with great valor in defense of Troy. When the\ncity was in flames he is said to have carried away his father Anchises\non his shoulders, leading his son Ascanius by the hand, his wife\nfollowing them. Subsequently he built a fleet of twenty ships, with\nwhich he set sail in quest of a settlement. He was driven on the coasts\nof Africa, and was kindly received by Dido, Queen of Carthage, who\nbecame enamored with him; but he left Carthage by the order of the gods.\nHe has been praised for his piety and his submission to the will of the\ngods; the term \"Pius\" is generally appended to his name.\n\n=\u00c6ne\u00b4is.= The \u00c6neid, a grand poem by Virgil, the great merit of which is\nwell known. The author has imitated the style of Homer, and is by some\nthought to equal him.\n\n=\u00c6olus=, the ruler of storms and winds, was the son of Hippotas. He\nreigned over \u00c6olia. He was the inventor of sails, and a great\nastronomer, from which the poets have called him the god of wind.\n\n=\u00c6s\u00b4chines.= An Athenian orator who lived about 342 B.C.; and\ndistinguished himself by his rivalship with Demosthenes.\n\n=\u00c6s\u00b4chylus=, a soldier and poet of Athens, son of Euphorion. He was in the\nAthenian army at the battles of Marathon, Salamis, and Plat\u00e6a; but his\nmost solid fame rests on his writings. He wrote ninety tragedies, forty\nof which were rewarded with a public prize. He was killed by the fall of\na tortoise, dropped from the beak of an eagle on his head, B.C. 456.\n\n=\u00c6scula\u00b4pius=, son of Apollo and Coronis, or, as some say, of Apollo and\nLarissa, daughter of Phlegias, was the god of medicine. He married\nEpione, and they had two sons, famous for their skill in medicine,\nMachaon and Podalirus; of their four daughters, Hygeia, goddess of\nhealth, is the most celebrated.\n\n=\u00c6son=, son of Cretheus, was born at the same birth as Pelias. He\nsucceeded his father in the kingdom of Iolchos, but was soon exiled by\nhis brother. He married Alcimeda, by whom he had Jason, whose education\nhe intrusted to Chiron. When Jason reached manhood he demanded his\nfather's kingdom from his uncle, who gave him evasive answers, and\npersuaded him to go in quest of the Golden Fleece. On his return Jason\nfound his father very infirm, and at his request Medea drew the blood\nfrom \u00c6son's veins and refilled them with the juice of certain herbs,\nwhich restored the old man to the vigor of youth.\n\n=\u00c6so\u00b4pus.= A Phrygian philosopher who, originally a slave, procured his\nliberty by his genius. He dedicated his fables to his patron Croesus.\nThe fables which we have now under his name doubtless are a collection\nof fables and apologues of wits before and after the age of \u00c6sop,\nconjointly with his own.\n\n=Agamem\u00b4non=, king of Mycen\u00e6 and Argos, was brother to Menelaus, and son\nof Plisthenes, the son of Atreus. He married Clytemnestra, and Menelaus\nHelen, both daughters of Tyndarus, king of Sparta. When Helen eloped\nwith Paris, Agamemnon was elected commander-in-chief of the Grecian\nforces invading Troy.\n\n=Agesila\u00b4us.= Of the family of the Proclid\u00e6, son of Archidamus, king of\nSparta, whom he succeeded. He made war against Artaxerxes, king of\nPersia, with success; but in the midst of his conquests he was called\nhome to oppose the Athenians and Boetians. He passed over in thirty\ndays that tract of country which had taken up a whole year of Xerxes'\nexpedition. He defeated his enemies at Coronea, but sickness interfered\nwith his conquests, and the Spartans were beaten in every engagement\ntill he again appeared at their head. He died 362 years B.C.\n\n=Agrip\u00b4pa, M. Vipsanius.= A celebrated Roman who obtained a victory over\nS. Pompey, and favored the cause of Augustus at the battles of Actium\nand Philippi, where he behaved with great valor. In his expeditions in\nGaul and Germany he obtained several victories, but refused the honor of\na triumph, and turned his attention to the embellishment of Rome and the\nraising of magnificent buildings, among them the Pantheon. Augustus\ngave him his daughter Julia in marriage. He died universally lamented at\nRome, aged fifty-one, B.C. 12.\n\n=Agrip\u00b4pa.= A son of Aristobulus, grandson of the great Herod. He was\npopular with the Jews, and it is said that while they were flattering\nhim with the appellation of god he was struck with death, A.D. 43. His\nson of the same name was with Titus at the siege of Jerusalem, and died\nA.D. 94. It was before him that St. Paul pleaded. There were a number of\nothers of the same name, but of less celebrity.\n\n=A\u00b4jax=, son of Telamon and Periboea, or Eriboea, was one of the\nbravest of the Greeks in the Trojan war. After the death of Achilles,\nAjax and Ulysses both claimed the arms of the dead hero, which were\ngiven to Ulysses. Some say that he was killed in battle by Paris, but\nothers record that he was murdered by Ulysses.\n\n=Alari\u00b4cus.= A famous king of the Goths, who plundered Rome in the reign\nof Honorius. He was greatly respected for his valor, and during his\nreign he kept the Roman empire in continual alarm. He died after a reign\nof twelve years, A.D. 410. He was buried in the bed of a river which had\nbeen turned from its course for the reception of his corpse, in order\nthat it might be said that no one should tread on the earth where he\nreposed.\n\n=Al\u00b4bion=, son of Neptune and Amphitrite, came into Britain, where he\nestablished a kingdom, and introduced astrology and the art of building\nships. Great Britain is called \"Albion\" after him.\n\n=Alc\u00e6\u00b4us.= A celebrated lyric poet of Mitylene, in Lesbos, about 600 years\nbefore the Christian era. He fled from a battle, and the armor in which\nhe left the field was hung up in the temple of Minerva as a monument of\nhis disgrace. He was enamored of Sappho. Of his works only a few\nfragments remain.\n\n=Alces\u00b4te= or =Alces\u00b4tis=, daughter of Pelias, married Admetus. She, with\nher sisters, put her father to death that he might be restored to youth\nand vigor by Medea, who had promised to effect this by her enchantments.\nShe, however, refused to fulfill her promise, on which the sisters fled\nto Admetus, who married Alceste.\n\n=Alcibi\u00b4ades.= An Athenian general, famous for his enterprise, versatile\ngenius, and natural foibles. He was a disciple of Socrates, whose\nlessons and example checked for a while his vicious propensities. In the\nPeloponnesian war he encouraged the Athenians to undertake an expedition\nagainst Syracuse. He died in his forty-sixth year, B.C. 404.\n\n=Alcme\u00b4na.= Daughter of Electrion, king of Argos. Her father promised her\nand his crown to Amphitryon if he would revenge the death of his sons,\nwho had been killed by the Teleboans. In the absence of Amphitryon,\nJupiter assumed his form and visited Alcmena, who, believing the god to\nbe her lover, received him with joy. Amphitryon, on his return,\nascertained from the prophet Tiresias the deception which had been\npracticed. After the death of Amphitryon Alcmena married Rhadamanthus.\nHercules was the son of Jupiter and Alcmena.\n\n=Alcy\u00b4one= or =Halcy\u00b4one=, daughter of \u00c6olus, married Ceyx, who was drowned\nas he was going to consult the oracle. The gods apprised Alcyone in a\ndream of her husband's fate, and when she found his body washed ashore\nshe threw herself into the sea, and she and her husband were changed\ninto birds.\n\n=Alec\u00b4to.= One of the Furies. She is represented with her head covered\nwith serpents, and breathing vengeance, war, and pestilence.\n\n=Alexan\u00b4der=, surnamed the Great, was son of Philip and Olympias. He was\nborn B. C. 355, on the night on which the famous temple of Diana at\nEphesus was burnt. This event, according to the magicians, was a\nprognostic of his future greatness, as well as the taming of Bucephalus,\na horse which none of the king's attendants could manage. Philip, it is\nrecorded, said, with tears in his eyes, that his son must seek another\nkingdom, as that of Macedonia would not be large enough for him. He\nbuilt a town, which he called Alexandria, on the Nile. His conquests\nwere extended to India, where he fought with Porus, a powerful king of\nthe country, and after he had invaded Scythia, he retired to Babylon\nladen with spoils. His entry into the city was predicted by the\nmagicians as to prove fatal to him. He died at Babylon in his\nthirty-second year, after a reign of twelve years and eight months of\ncontinual success, B. C. 323. There were a number of others of the same\nname, but of less celebrity.\n\n=Alth\u00e6\u00b4a=, daughter of Thestius and Eurythemis, married OEneus, king of\nCalydon, by whom she had many children, amongst them being Meleager.\nWhen he was born the Parc\u00e6 put a log of wood on the fire, saying, as\nlong as it was preserved the life of the child would be prolonged. The\nmother took the wood from the flames and preserved it, but when Meleager\nkilled his two uncles, Alth\u00e6a, to revenge them, threw the log in the\nfire, and when it was burnt Meleager expired. Alth\u00e6a then killed\nherself.\n\n=Amaryl\u00b4lis.= The name of a countrywoman in Virgil's Eclogues. Some\ncommentators have supposed that the poet spoke of Rome under this\nfictitious name.\n\n=Amaz\u00b4ones or Amazonides.= A nation of famous women who lived near the\nriver Thermodon in Cappadocia. All their lives were employed in wars and\nmanly exercises. They founded an extensive empire in Asia Minor along\nthe shores of the Euxine.\n\n=Ambra\u00b4cia.= A city of Epirus, the residence of King Pyrrhus. Augustus,\nafter the battle of Actium, called it Nicopolis.\n\n=Amphiara\u00b4us=, son of Oicleus and Hypermnestra, was at the chase of the\nCalydonian boar, and accompanied the Argonauts in their expedition. He\nwas famous for his knowledge of futurity.\n\n=Amphic\u00b4tyon=, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reigned at Athens after\nCranaus. Some say the deluge happened in his age.\n\n=Amphic\u00b4tyon=, the son of Helenus, who first established the celebrated\nCouncil of the Amphictyons, composed of the wisest and most virtuous men\nof some cities of Greece.\n\n=Amphi\u00b4on=, son of Jupiter and Antiope. He cultivated poetry, and made\nsuch progress in music that he is said to have been the inventor of it,\nand to have built the walls of Thebes by the sound of his lyre.\n\n=Amphitri\u00b4te.= A daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, who married Neptune. She\nis sometimes called Salatia. She was mother of Triton, a sea deity.\n\n=Amphit\u00b4ryon.= A Theban prince, son of Alc\u00e6us and Hipponome. His sister\nAnaxo married Electryon, king of Mycen\u00e6, whose sons were killed in\nbattle by the Teleboans. Electryon gave his daughter Alcmena to\nAmphitryon for avenging the death of his sons.\n\n=Anachar\u00b4sis=, a Scythian philosopher 592 years B. C., who, on account of\nhis wisdom, temperance, and knowledge, has been called one of the seven\nwise men. He has rendered himself famous among the Ancients by his\nwritings, his poems on war, the laws of the Scythians, etc.\n\n=Anac\u00b4reon.= A famous lyric poet of Teos, in Ionia, favored by Polycrates\nand Hipparchus, son of Philostratus. He was of intemperate habits and\nfond of pleasure. Some of his odes are extant, and the elegance of his\npoetry has been the admiration of every age and country. He lived to the\nage of eighty-five, and after a life of voluptuousness was choked with a\ngrape stone. He flourished B. C. 532.\n\n=Anadyom\u00b4ene.= A famous painting by Apelles of Venus rising from the sea.\n\n=Anaxag\u00b4oras.= A Clazomenian philosopher, who disregarded wealth and\nhonors to indulge his fondness for meditation and philosophy. He applied\nhimself to astronomy, and obtained a knowledge of eclipses. He used to\nsay he preferred a grain of wisdom to heaps of gold. He was accused of\nimpiety and condemned to die, but he ridiculed the sentence, which he\nsaid had already been pronounced on him by nature. He died at the age of\nseventy-two, B. C. 428.\n\n=Anaxar\u00b4ete.= A girl of Salamis, who so arrogantly rejected the addresses\nof Iphis, a youth of ignoble birth, that he hanged himself at her door.\nShe saw the spectacle without emotion, and was changed into stone.\n\n=Anchi\u00b4ses.= A son of Capys and Themis. He was so beautiful that Venus\ncame down from heaven on Mount Ida to enjoy his company. \u00c6neas was the\nson of Anchises and Venus, and was intrusted to the care of Chiron the\nCentaur. When Troy was taken, Anchises had become so infirm that \u00c6neas\nhad to carry him through the flames upon his shoulders, and thus saved\nhis life.\n\n=Androm\u00b4ache.= Daughter of Eetion, king of Thebes. She married Hector, son\nof Priam, and was the mother of Astyanax. Her parting with Hector, who\nwas going to battle, is described in the Iliad, and has been deemed one\nof the most beautiful passages in that great work. Pope's translation of\nthe Iliad (book 6) describes with great pathos and beauty the parting of\nHector from his wife and child.\n\n=Androm\u00b4eda.= A daughter of Cepheus, king of \u00c6thiopia, and Cassiope. She\nwas promised in marriage to Phineus when Neptune drowned the kingdom and\nsent a sea monster to ravage the country, because Cassiope had boasted\nthat she was fairer than Juno and the Nereides. The oracle of Jupiter\nAmmon was consulted, but nothing could stop the resentment of Neptune\nexcept the exposure of Andromeda to the sea monster. She was accordingly\ntied to a rock, but at the moment that the monster was about to devour\nher, Perseus, returning from the conquest of the Gorgons, saw her, and\nwas captivated with her beauty. He changed the monster into a rock by\nshowing Medusa's head, and released Andromeda and married her.\n\n=Anthropoph\u00b4agi.= A people of Scythia who fed on human flesh. They lived\nnear the country of the Messaget\u00e6. Shakspeare makes Othello, in his\nspeech to the Senate, allude to the Anthropophagi thus:--\n\n    \"The cannibals that each other eat,\n     The Anthropophagi, and men whose heads\n     Do grow beneath their shoulders.\"\n\n=Antig\u00b4one.= A daughter of OEdipus, king of Thebes. She buried by night\nher brother Polynices, against the orders of Creon, who ordered her to\nbe buried alive. She, however, killed herself on hearing of the\nsentence. The death of Antigone is the subject of one of the finest\ntragedies of Sophocles. The play has been adapted for representation on\nthe English stage, Miss Helen Faucit performing the heroine with\nexquisite pathos.\n\n=Antig\u00b4onus.= One of Alexander's generals, who, on the division of the\nprovinces after the king's death, received Pamphylia, Lycia, and\nPhrygia. Eventually his power became so great that Ptolemy, Seleucus,\nCassander, and Lysimachus combined to destroy him. He gained many\nvictories over them, but at last was killed in battle at the age of\neighty, B.C. 301. There were others of the same name, but much less\nconspicuous.\n\n=Antin\u00b4ous.= A youth of Bithynia of whom the emperor Adrian was so\nextremely fond that, at his death, he erected a temple to him, and\nwished it to be believed that he had been changed into a constellation.\n\n=Anti\u00b4ochus=, surnamed _Soter_, was son of Seleucus and king of Syria. He\nmade a treaty of alliance with Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt. He\nwedded his step-mother Stratonice. He was succeeded by his son Antiochus\nII., who put an end to the war which had begun with Ptolemy, and married\nhis daughter Berenice, but being already married to Laodice, she, in\nrevenge, poisoned him. Antiochus, the third of that name, surnamed the\nGreat, was king of Syria, and reigned thirty-six years. He was defeated\nby Ptolemy Philopater at Raphia. He conquered the greater part of\nGreece, and Hannibal incited him to enter on a crusade against Roma. He\nwas killed 187 years before the Christian era. Antiochus Epiphanes, the\nfourth of the name, was king of Syria after his brother Seleucus. He\nbehaved with cruelty to the Jews. He reigned eleven years, and died\nunregretted. There were many others of the same name of less note.\n\n=Ant\u00b4iope=, daughter of Nycteus, king of Thebes, and Polyxo, was beloved\nby Jupiter. Amphion and Tethus were her offspring.\n\n=Antip\u00b4ater=, son of Iolaus, was a soldier under King Philip, and raised\nto the rank of a general under Alexander the Great. When Alexander went\nto invade Asia, he left Antipater supreme governor of Macedonia. He has\nbeen suspected of giving poison to Alexander to advance himself in\npower.\n\n=Antoni\u00b4nus=, surnamed _Pius_, was adopted by the Emperor Adrian, whom he\nsucceeded. He was remarkable for all the virtues forming a perfect\nstatesman, philosopher, and king. He treated his subjects with\naffability and humanity, and listened with patience to every complaint\nbrought before him. He died in his seventy-fifth year, after a reign of\ntwenty-three years, A.D. 160.\n\n=Anto\u00b4nius Mar\u00b4cus.= Mark Antony, the triumvir, distinguished himself by\nhis ambitious views. When Julius C\u00e6sar was killed in the senate house,\nAntony delivered an oration over his body, the eloquence of which is\nrecorded in Shakspeare's tragedy of Julius C\u00e6sar. Antony had married\nFulvia, whom he repudiated to marry Octavia, the sister of Augustus. He\nfought by the side of Augustus at the battle of Philippi, against the\nmurderers of Julius C\u00e6sar. Subsequently he became enamored with\nCleopatra, the renowned queen of Egypt, and repudiated Octavia to marry\nher. He was utterly defeated at the battle of Actium, and stabbed\nhimself. He died in the fifty-sixth year of his age, B.C. 30.\n\n=Anto\u00b4nius, Ju\u00b4lius=, son of the famous triumvir Antony, by Fulvia, was\nconsul with Paulus Fabius Maximus. He was surnamed Africanus, and put to\ndeath by order of Augustus, but some say he killed himself.\n\n=Anto\u00b4nius M. Gni\u00b4pho.= A poet of Gaul who taught rhetoric at Rome. Cicero\nand other illustrious men frequented his school. There were a number of\nothers of the same name, but of less repute.\n\n=Apel\u00b4les.= A celebrated painter of Cos, or, as others say, of Ephesus,\nson of Pithius. He lived in the age of Alexander the Great, who forbade\nany one but Apelles to paint his portrait. He was so absorbed in his\nprofession that he never allowed a day to pass without employing himself\nat his art: hence the proverb of _Nulla dies sine linea_. His most\nperfect picture was Venus Anadyomene, which was not quite finished when\nhe died. He painted a picture in which a horse was a prominent feature,\nand so correctly was it delineated that a horse passing by it neighed,\nsupposing it to be alive. He was ordered by Alexander to paint a\nportrait of one of his favorites--Campaspe. Apelles became enamored with\nher and married her. He only put his name to three of his pictures--a\nsleeping Venus, Venus Anadyomene, and an Alexander. The proverb, _Ne\nsutor ultra crepidam_, has been used in reference to him by some\nwriters.\n\n=Aphrodi\u00b4te.= The Grecian name for Venus, from the Greek word [Greek:\naphros], _froth_, because Venus is said to have been born from the froth\nof the ocean.\n\n=Apic\u00b4ius.= A famous gourmand in Rome. There were three of this name, all\nnoted for their voracious appetites.\n\n=A\u00b4pis.= One of the ancient kings of Peloponnesus, son of Phoroneus and\nLaodice. Some say that Apollo was his father, and that he was king of\nArgos, whilst others called him king of Sicyon, and fix the time of his\nreign above 200 years earlier. Varro and others have supposed that Apis\nwent to Egypt with a colony of Greeks, and that he civilized the\ninhabitants and polished their manners, for which they made him a god\nafter death, and paid divine honors to him under the name of Serapis.\n\n=A\u00b4pis.= A god of the Egyptians, worshiped under the form of an ox. Some\nsay that Isis and Osiris are the deities worshiped under this name,\nbecause they taught the Egyptians agriculture.\n\n=Apol\u00b4lo.= Son of Jupiter and Latona; called also Phoebus. He was the\ngod of the fine arts and the reputed originator of music, poetry, and\neloquence. He had received from Jupiter the power of knowing futurity,\nand his oracles were in repute everywhere. As soon as he was born he\ndestroyed with his arrows the serpent Python, which Juno had sent to\npersecute Latona; hence he was called Pythius. He was not the inventor\nof the lyre, as some have supposed, but it was given to him by Mercury,\nwho received in return the famous Caduceus. He received the surnames of\nPhoebus, Delius, Cynthius, P\u00e6an, Delphicus, etc. He is in sculpture\ngenerally represented as a handsome young man with a bow in his hand,\nfrom which an arrow has just been discharged.\n\n=Appia\u00b4nus.= An historian of Alexandria, who flourished A.D. 123. His\nUniversal History, which consisted of twenty-four books, was a history\nof all the nations conquered by the Romans.\n\n=Ap\u00b4pius Clau\u00b4dius.= A decemvir who obtained his power by force and\noppression. He grossly insulted Virginia, whom her father killed to save\nher from the power of the tyrant.\n\n=Arca\u00b4dia.= A district of Peloponnesus, which has been much extolled by\nthe poets. It was famous for its mountains. The inhabitants were for the\nmost part shepherds, who lived upon acorns. They were skillful warriors\nand able musicians. Pan lived chiefly among them.\n\n=Archil\u00b4ochus.= A poet of Paros, who wrote elegies, satires, odes, and\nepigrams. He lived B.C. 685.\n\n=Archime\u00b4des.= A famous geometrician of Syracuse, who invented a machine\nof glass that represented the motion of the heavenly bodies. When\nMarcellus, the Roman consul, besieged Syracuse, Archimedes constructed\nmachines which suddenly raised into the air the ships of the enemy,\nwhich then fell into the sea and were sunk. He also set fire to the\nships with burning-glasses. When the enemy were in possession of the\ntown, a soldier, not knowing who he was, killed him, B.C. 212.\n\n=Arethu\u00b4sa=, a nymph of Elis, daughter of Oceanus, and one of Diana's\nattendants. As she returned one day from hunting she bathed in the\nAlpheus stream. The god of the river was enamored of her, and pursued\nher over the mountains, till Arethusa, ready to sink from fatigue,\nimplored Diana to change her into a fountain, which the goddess did.\n\n=Ar\u00b4go.= The name of the famous ship which carried Jason and his\ncompanions to Polchis, when they went to recover the Golden Fleece.\n\n=Argonau\u00b4t\u00e6.= The Argonauts, those ancient heroes who went with Jason in\nthe Argo to Aolchis to recover the Golden Fleece, about seventy-nine\nyears before the capture of Troy. The number of the Argonauts is not\nexactly known.\n\n=Ar\u00b4gus.= A son of Arestor, whence he is sometimes called Arestorides. He\nhad a hundred eyes, of which only two were asleep at one time. Juno set\nhim to watch Io, whom Jupiter had changed into a heifer, but Mercury, by\norder of Jupiter, slew him, by lulling all his eyes to sleep with the\nnotes of the lyre. Juno put the eyes of Argus in the tail of the\npeacock, a bird sacred to her.\n\n=Ariad\u00b4ne=, daughter of Minos, second king of Crete, and Pasiph\u00e6, fell in\nlove with Theseus, who was shut up in the labyrinth to be devoured by\nthe Minotaur. She gave Theseus a clue of thread by which he extricated\nhimself from the windings of the labyrinth. After he had conquered the\nMinotaur he married her, but after a time forsook her. On this,\naccording to some authorities, she hanged herself. According to other\nwriters, after being abandoned by Theseus, Bacchus loved her, and gave\nher a crown of seven stars, which were made a constellation.\n\n=Ari\u00b4on.= A famous lyric poet and musician, son of Cyclos of Methymna in\nLesbos. He went into Italy with Periander, tyrant of Corinth, where he\ngained much wealth by his profession. Afterwards he wished to revisit\nthe place of his nativity, and he embarked in a ship, the sailors of\nwhich resolved to kill him for the riches he had with him. Arion\nentreated them to listen to his music, and as soon as he had finished\nplaying he threw himself into the sea. A number of dolphins had been\nattracted by the sweetness of his music, and it is said that one of them\ncarried him safely on its back to T\u00e6narus, whence he went to the court\nof Periander, who ordered all the sailors to be crucified.\n\n=Arist\u00e6\u00b4us.= Son of Apollo and Cyrene, famous for his fondness for\nhunting. He married Autonoe, the daughter of Cadmus, Act\u00e6on being their\nson. He was after death worshiped as a demigod.\n\n=Aristar\u00b4chus.= A celebrated grammarian of Samos, disciple of\nAristophanes. He lived the greatest part of his life at Alexandria. He\nwrote about 800 commentaries on different authors. He died in his\nseventy-second year, B.C. 157.\n\n=Aristi\u00b4des.= A celebrated Athenian, son of Lysimachus, in the age of\nThemistocles, whose great temperance and virtue procured for him the\nname of the \"Just.\" He was rival to Themistocles, by whose influence he\nwas banished for ten years, B.C. 484. He was at the battle of Salamis,\nand was appointed to be chief commander with Pausanias against\nMardonius, whom they defeated at Plat\u00e6a.\n\n=Aristip\u00b4pus=, the elder, a philosopher of Cyrene, a disciple of Socrates,\nand founder of the Cyrenaic sect.\n\n=Aristogi\u00b4ton= and =Harmo\u00b4dis=. Two celebrated friends of Athens, who, by\ntheir joint efforts, delivered their country from the tyranny of the\nPisistratid\u00e6, B.C. 510.\n\n=Aristoph\u00b4anes.= A celebrated comic poet of Athens, son of Philip of\nRhodes. He wrote fifty-four comedies, of which eleven have come down to\nus. He lived B.C. 434, and lashed the vices of the age with a masterly\nhand.\n\n=Aristot\u00b4eles.= A famous philosopher, son of Nicomachus, born at Stagira.\nHe went to Athens to hear Plato's lectures, where he soon signalized\nhimself by his genius. He has been called by Plato the philosopher of\ntruth, and Cicero complimented him for his eloquence, fecundity of\nthought, and universal knowledge. He died in his sixty-third year, B.C.\n322. As he expired he is said to have exclaimed: _Causa causarum\nmiserere mei_, which sentence has since become famous, and is by some\nattributed to Cicero. The term Stagirite has been applied to Aristotle\nfrom the name of his birthplace.\n\n=Artaxerx\u00b4es= the First succeeded to the kingdom of Persia after Xerxes.\nHe made war against the Bactrians, and reconquered Egypt, which had\nrevolted. He was remarkable for his equity and moderation.\n\n=Artaxerx\u00b4es= the Second. King of Persia, surnamed Mnemon. His brother\nCyrus endeavored to make himself king in his place, and marched against\nhis brother at the head of 100,000 Barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He was\nopposed by Artaxerxes with a large army, and a bloody battle was fought\nat Cunaxa, in which Cyrus was killed and his forces routed.\n\n=Ar\u00b4temis.= The Greek name of Diana. Her festivals, called Artemesia, were\ncelebrated in several parts of Greece, particularly at Delphi.\n\n=Asca\u00b4nius=, son of \u00c6neas and Creusa, was saved from the flames of Troy by\nhis father, whom he accompanied in his voyage to Italy. He was\nafterwards called Iulus.\n\n=Aspa\u00b4sia.= Daughter of Axiochus, born at Miletus. She came to Athens,\nwhere she taught eloquence. Socrates was one of her scholars. She so\ncaptivated Pericles by her accomplishments that he made her his wife.\nThe conduct of Pericles and Aspasia greatly corrupted the morals of the\nAthenians, and caused much dissipation in the State.\n\n=Aspa\u00b4sia.= A daughter of Hermotimus of Phoc\u00e6a, famous for her personal\ncharms. She was priestess of the sun, and became mistress to Cyrus.\n\n=Astar\u00b4te.= A powerful divinity of Syria, the same as the Venus of the\nGreeks. She had a famous temple at Hierapolis in Syria, which was\nattended by 300 priests.\n\n=Astr\u00e6\u00b4a.= A daughter of Astr\u00e6us, king of Arcadia, or, according to\nothers, daughter of Titan and Aurora. Some make her daughter of Jupiter\nand Themis. She was called Justice, of which virtue she was the goddess.\n\n=Asty\u00b4anax.= A son of Hector and Andromache. He was very young when the\nGreeks besieged Troy, and when the city was taken his mother saved him\nin her arms from the flames. According to Euripides he was killed by\nMenelaus.\n\n=Atalan\u00b4ta.= Daughter of Schoeneus, king of Scyros. According to some\nshe was the daughter of Jasus, or Jasius, and Clymene, but others say\nthat Menalion was her father. She determined to live in celibacy, but\nher beauty gained her many admirers, and to free herself from their\nimportunities she proposed to run a race with them. As she was almost\ninvincible in running, her suitors, who entered the lists against her,\nwere defeated, till Hippomenes, the son of Macareus, proposed himself as\nan admirer. Venus gave him three golden apples from the garden of the\nHesperides, and with these concealed about him he entered the lists to\nrace against Atalanta. As the race proceeded he dropped the apples,\nwhich she stopped to pick up, thus enabling Hippomenes to arrive first\nat the goal, and obtain her in marriage.\n\n=A\u00b4te.= Daughter of Jupiter, and goddess of all evil. She raised such\ndiscord amongst the gods that Jupiter banished her from heaven, and sent\nher to dwell on earth, where she incited mankind to evil thoughts and\nactions.\n\n=Athana\u00b4sius.= A bishop of Alexandria, celebrated for his determined\nopposition to Arius and his doctrines. He died A.D. 373, after filling\nthe archiepiscopal chair for forty-seven years. The famous creed which\nis named after him is no longer supposed to have been written by him,\nand its authorship remains in doubt.\n\n=At\u00b4las.= One of the Titans, son of Iapetus and Clymene. He married\nPleione, daughter of Oceanus (or of Hesperis, according to some\nwriters). He had seven daughters, who were called the Atlantides.\n\n=A\u00b4treus.= A son of Pelops and Hippodamia, was king of Mycen\u00e6. His brother\nChrysippus was illegitimate, and Hippodamia wished to get rid of him,\nand urged Atreus and another of her sons, Thyestes, to murder him,\nwhich, on their refusal, she did herself. Atreus retired to the court of\nEurystheus, king of Argos, and succeeded to his throne.\n\n=At\u00b4ticus, T. Pomponius.= A celebrated Roman knight, to whom Cicero wrote\na number of letters, containing the general history of the age. He\nretired to Athens, where he endeared himself to the citizens, who\nerected statues to him in commemoration of his virtues. He died at the\nage of seventy-seven, B.C. 32.\n\n=At\u00b4tila.= A celebrated king of the Huns, who invaded the Roman empire in\nthe reign of Valentinian, with an army of half a million of men. He\nlaid waste the provinces, and marched on Rome, but retreated on being\npaid a large sum of money. He called himself the \"Scourge of God,\" and\ndied A.D. 453, of an effusion of blood, on the night of his marriage.\n\n=Angus\u00b4tus, Octavia\u00b4nus C\u00e6\u00b4sar=, emperor of Rome, was son of Octavius, a\nsenator, and Accia, sister to Julius C\u00e6sar. He was associated in the\ntriumvirate with Antony and Lepidus, and defeated the armies of Brutus\nand Cassius at Philippi. Octavia, the sister of Augustus, married Antony\nafter the death of his wife Fulvia. Octavia, however, was slighted for\nthe charms of Cleopatra, which incensed Augustus, who took up arms to\navenge the wrongs of his sister, and at the great battle of Actium (B.C.\n31), the forces of Antony and Cleopatra suffered a disastrous defeat.\n\n=Aurelia\u00b4nus=, emperor of Rome, was austere and cruel in the execution of\nthe laws, and in his treatment of his soldiers. He was famous for his\nmilitary character, and his expedition against Zenobia, queen of\nPalmyra, gained him great honors. It is said that in his various battles\nhe killed 800 men with his own hand. He was assassinated near Byzantium,\nA.D. 275.\n\n=Aure\u00b4lius, M. Antoni\u00b4nus=, surnamed \"the philosopher,\" possessed all the\nvirtues which should adorn the character of a prince. He raised to the\nimperial dignity his brother L. Verus, whose dissipation and\nvoluptuousness were as conspicuous as the moderation of the philosopher.\nDuring their reign the Quadi, Parthians, and Marcomanni were defeated.\nVerus died of apoplexy, and Antoninus survived him eight years, dying in\nhis sixty-first year, after a reign of nineteen years and ten days.\n\n=Auro\u00b4ra.= A goddess, daughter of Hyperion and Thia or Thea. She is\ngenerally represented by the poets as sitting in a chariot and opening\nwith her fingers the gates of the east, pouring dew on the earth, and\nmaking the flowers grow. The Greeks call her Eos.\n\n\n=Bac\u00b4chus= was son of Jupiter and Semele, the daughter of Cadmus. He was\nthe god of wine, and is generally represented crowned with vine leaves.\nHe is said to have married Ariadne after she had been forsaken by\nTheseus.\n\n=Belisa\u00b4rius.= A celebrated general who, in the reign of Justinian,\nemperor of Constantinople, renewed the victories which had rendered the\nfirst Romans so distinguished. He died, after a life of glory, suffering\nfrom royal ingratitude, 565 years before the Christian era.\n\n=Beller\u00b4ophon=, son of Glaucus, king of Ephyre, and Eurymede; was at first\ncalled Hipponous. He was sent by Iobates, king of Lycia, to conquer the\nmonster Chim\u00e6ra. Minerva assisted him in the expedition, and by the aid\nof the winged horse Pegasus he conquered the monster and returned\nvictorious. After sending him on other dangerous adventures, Iobates\ngave him his daughter in marriage, and made him successor to his throne.\n\n=Bello\u00b4na=, goddess of war, was daughter of Phorcys and Ceto; called by\nthe Greeks Enyo, and is often confounded with Minerva. She prepared the\nchariot of Mars when he was going to war, and appeared in battles armed\nwith a whip to animate the combatants, and holding a torch.\n\n=Be\u00b4lus=, one of the most ancient kings of Babylon, about 1800 years\nbefore the age of Semiramis, was made a god after death, and was\nworshiped by the Assyrians and Babylonians. He was supposed to be the\nson of the Osiris of the Egyptians. The temple of Belus was the most\nancient and magnificent in the world, and was said to have been\noriginally the tower of Babel.\n\n=Bereni\u00b4ce.= A daughter of Philadelphus, who married Antiochus, king of\nSyria, after he had divorced his former wife Laodice.\n\n=Bereni\u00b4ce.= The mother of Agrippa, whose name occurs in the history of\nthe Jews as daughter-in-law of Herod the Great. A number of others of\nminor celebrity were known by the same name.\n\n=Bi\u00b4on.= A philosopher of Scythia who rendered himself famous for his\nknowledge of poetry, music, and philosophy. Another of the same name was\na Greek poet of Smyrna who wrote pastorals. He was a friend of Moschus,\nwho says that he died by poison about 300 years B.C.\n\n=Boadice\u00b4a.= A famous British queen who rebelled against the Romans and\nwas defeated, on which she poisoned herself. Her cruel treatment by the\nRomans is the subject of an ode by Cowper.\n\n=Bo\u00b4reas.= The name of the north wind blowing from the Hyperborean\nmountains. According to the poets, he was son of Astr\u00e6us and Aurora. He\nwas passionately fond of Hyacinthus.\n\n=Bren\u00b4nus.= A general of the Galli Senones, who entered Italy, defeated\nthe Romans, and marched into the city. The Romans fled into the Capitol,\nand left the city in possession of the enemy. The Gauls climbed the\nTarpeian rock in the night, and would have taken the Capitol had not the\nRomans been awakened by the cackling of some geese, on which they\nroused themselves and repelled the enemy.\n\n=Bri\u00b4a\u00b4reus.= A famous giant, son of Coelus and Terra. He had a hundred\nhands and fifty heads, and was called by men by the name of \u00c6geon.\n\n=Bru\u00b4tus L. Junius.= Son of M. Junius and Tarquinia. When Lucretia killed\nherself, B.C. 509, in consequence of the brutality of Tarquin, Brutus\nsnatched the dagger from the wound and swore upon the reeking blade\nimmortal hatred to the royal family, and made the people swear they\nwould submit no longer to the kingly authority. His sons conspired to\nrestore the Tarquins, and were tried and condemned before their father,\nwho himself attended their execution. Mr. John Howard Payne, the\nAmerican dramatist, has written a tragedy, of which Brutus is the hero.\n\n=Bru\u00b4tus, Mar\u00b4cus Ju\u00b4nius=, father of C\u00e6sar's murderer, followed the party\nof Marius, and was conquered by Pompey, by whose orders he was put to\ndeath.\n\n=Bru\u00b4tus, Mar\u00b4cus Ju\u00b4nius=, the destroyer of C\u00e6sar, conspired with many of\nthe most illustrious citizens of Rome, against C\u00e6sar, and stabbed him in\nPompey's Basilica. The tumult following the murder was great, but the\nconspirators fled to the Capitol, and by proclaiming freedom and liberty\nto the populace, for the time established tranquillity. Antony, however,\nsoon obtained the popular ear, and the murderers were obliged to leave\nRome. Brutus retired into Greece, where he gained many friends. He was\nsoon pursued by Antony, who was accompanied by the young Octavius. The\nfamous battle of Philippi followed, in which Brutus and his friend\nCassius, who commanded the left wing of the army, were totally defeated.\nBrutus fell on his own sword, B.C. 42, and was honored with a\nmagnificent funeral by Antony. Plutarch relates that C\u00e6sar's ghost\nappeared to Brutus in his tent before the battle of Philippi, warning\nhim of his approaching fall.\n\n=Buceph\u00b4alus.= A horse of Alexander's, so frequently named by writers that\nthe term has become proverbial. Alexander was the only person that could\nmount him, and he always knelt down for his master to bestride him.\n\n\n=Ca\u00b4cus.= A famous robber, son of Vulcan and Medusa, represented as a\nthree-headed monster vomiting flames. He resided in Italy, and the\navenues of his cave were covered with human bones. When Hercules\nreturned from the conquest of Geryon, Cacus stole some of his cows,\nwhich Hercules discovering, he strangled Cacus.\n\n=Cad\u00b4mus=, son of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, and Telephassa, or Agriope,\nwas ordered by his father to go in quest of his sister Europa, whom\nJupiter had carried away. His search proving fruitless, he consulted the\noracle of Apollo, and was told to build a city where he saw a heifer\nstop in the grass, and call the country around Boeotia. He found the\nheifer, as indicated by the oracle. Requiring water, he sent his\ncompanions to fetch some from a neighboring grove. The water was guarded\nby a dragon, who devoured those who were sent for it, and Cadmus, tired\nof waiting, went himself to the place. He attacked the dragon and killed\nit, sowing its teeth in the ground, on which a number of armed men rose\nout of the earth. Cadmus threw a stone amongst them, and they at once\nbegan fighting, and all were killed except five, who assisted him in\nbuilding the city. Cadmus introduced the use of letters in Greece--the\nalphabet, as introduced by him, consisting of sixteen letters.\n\n=Cadu\u00b4ceus.= A rod entwined at one end with two serpents. It was the\nattribute of Mercury, and was given to him by Apollo in exchange for the\nlyre.\n\n=C\u00e6\u00b4sar.= A surname given to the Julian family in Rome. This name, after\nit had been dignified in the person of Julius C\u00e6sar and his successors,\nwas given to the apparent heir of the empire in the age of the Roman\nemperors. The first twelve emperors were distinguished by the name of\nC\u00e6sar. They reigned in this order--Julius C\u00e6sar, Augustus, Tiberius,\nCaligula, Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and\nDomitian. Suetonius has written an exhaustive history of the C\u00e6sars. C.\nJulius C\u00e6sar, the first emperor of Rome, was son of L. C\u00e6sar and\nAurelia, the daughter of Cotta. He was descended, according to some\naccounts, from Julus, the son of \u00c6neas. His eloquence procured him\nfriends at Rome, and the generous manner in which he lived equally\nserved to promote his interest. He was appointed for five years over the\nGauls. Here he enlarged the boundaries of the Roman empire by conquest,\nand invaded Britain, which till then was unknown to the Romans. The\ncorrupt state of the Roman senate, and the ambition of C\u00e6sar and Pompey,\ncaused a civil war. Neither of these celebrated Romans would endure a\nsuperior, and the smallest matters were grounds enough for unsheathing\nthe sword. By the influence of Pompey a decree was passed to strip C\u00e6sar\nof his power. Antony, as tribune, opposed this, and went to C\u00e6sar's camp\nwith the news. On this C\u00e6sar crossed the Rubicon, which was the boundary\nof his province. The passage of the Rubicon was a declaration of war,\nand C\u00e6sar entered Italy with his army. Upon this Pompey left Rome and\nretired to Dyrrachium, and C\u00e6sar shortly afterwards entered Rome. He\nthen went to Spain, where he conquered the partisans of Pompey, and on\nhis return to Rome was declared dictator, and soon afterwards consul.\nThe two hostile generals met in the plains of Pharsalia, and a great\nbattle ensued B.C. 48. Pompey was defeated and fled to Egypt, where he\nwas slain. At length C\u00e6sar's glory came to an end. Enemies had sprung up\naround him, and a conspiracy, consisting of many influential Romans, was\nformed against him. Conspicuous among the conspirators was Brutus, his\nmost intimate friend, who, with others, assassinated him in the senate\nhouse in the ides of March, B.C. 44, in the fifty-sixth year of his age.\nHe wrote his Commentaries on the Gallic wars when the battles were\nfought. This work is admired for its elegance and purity of style. It\nwas after his conquest over Pharnaces, king of Pontus, that he made use\nof the words, which have since become proverbial, _Veni, vidi, vici_,\nillustrative of the activity of his operations. Shakspeare's tragedy of\nJulius C\u00e6sar, in the third act of which he is assassinated, uttering as\nhis last words, \"_Et tu, Brute!_ Then fall C\u00e6sar\"--is devoted to the\nconspiracy and its results, ending with defeat and death of Brutus and\nCassius at Philippi.\n\n=Calig\u00b4ula=, a Roman emperor, was son of Germanicus by Agrippina. He was\nproud, wanton, and cruel. He was pleased when disasters befell his\nsubjects, and often expressed a wish that the Romans had but one head,\nthat he might have the pleasure of striking it off. He had a favorite\nhorse made consul, and adorned it with the most valuable trappings and\nornaments. The tyrant was murdered A.D. 41, in his twenty-ninth year,\nafter a reign of three years and ten months.\n\n=Calli\u00b4ope.= One of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who\npresided over eloquence and heroic poetry.\n\n=Cal\u00b4ydon.= A city of \u00c6tolia, where OEneus, the father of Meleager,\nreigned. During the reign of OEneus Diana sent a wild boar to ravage\nthe country on account of the neglect which had been shown of her\ndivinity by the king. All the princes of the age assembled to hunt the\nCalydonian boar. Meleager killed the animal, and gave the head to\nAtalanta, of whom he was enamored.\n\n=Calyp\u00b4so.= One of the Oceanides, or one of the daughters of Atlas,\naccording to some writers. When Ulysses was shipwrecked on her coasts\nshe received him with hospitality, and offered him immortality if he\nwould remain with her as a husband, which he refused to do, and after\nseven years' delay he was permitted to depart from the island where\nCalypso reigned.\n\n=Camby\u00b4ses=, king of Persia, was the son of Cyrus the Great. He conquered\nEgypt, and was so disgusted at the superstition of the Egyptians, that\nhe killed their god Apis and plundered their temples.\n\n=Camill\u00b4us, L. Fu\u00b4rius.= A celebrated Roman, called a second Romulus from\nthe services he rendered his country. He was banished for distributing\nthe spoils he had obtained at Veii. During his exile Rome was besieged\nby the Gauls under Brennus. The besieged Romans then elected him\ndictator, and he went to the relief of his country, which he delivered\nafter it had been some time occupied by the enemy. He died B.C. 365.\n\n=Cam\u00b4pus Mar\u00b4tius.= A large plain without the walls of Rome, where the\nRoman youth were instructed in athletic exercises and learnt to throw\nthe discus, hurl the javelin, etc.\n\n=Can\u00b4n\u00e6.= A village of Apuleia, where Hannibal defeated the Roman consuls\n\u00c6mylius and Varro, B.C. 216.\n\n=Capitoli\u00b4num.= A celebrated temple and citadel at Rome on the Tarpeian\nrock.\n\n=Caracal\u00b4la=, son of the emperor Septimius Severus, was notorious for his\ncruelties. He killed his brother Geta in his mother's arms, and\nattempted to destroy the writings of Aristotle. After a life made odious\nby his vices he was assassinated, A.D. 217, in the forty-third year of\nhis age.\n\n=Carac\u00b4tacus.= A king of the Britons, who was conquered by the Romans and\ntaken prisoner to Rome.\n\n=Cartha\u00b4go.= Carthage, a celebrated city of Africa, the rival of Rome, and\nfor a long period the capital of the country, and mistress of Spain,\nSicily, and Sardinia. The time of its foundation is unknown, but it\nseems to be agreed on that it was built by Dido about 869 years before\nthe Christian era, or, according to some writers, 72 or 73 years before\nthe foundation of Rome. It had reached its highest glory in the days of\nHamilcar and Hannibal.\n\n=Cassan\u00b4der=, son of Antipater, made himself master of Macedonia after his\nfather's death, where he reigned for eighteen years.\n\n=Cassan\u00b4dra=, daughter of Priam and Hecuba, was passionately loved by\nApollo, who promised to grant her whatever she might require, and she\nobtained from him the power of seeing into futurity. Some say she\nreceived the gift of prophecy, with her brother Helenus, by being placed\nwhen young one night in the temple of Apollo, where serpents were found\nwreathed round their bodies and licking their ears, which gave them a\nknowledge of futurity. She was allotted to Agamemnon in the division of\nthe spoils of Troy, and was slain by Clytemnestra, Agamemnon's wife.\n\n=Cas\u00b4sius C.= A celebrated Roman who became famous by being first qu\u00e6stor\nto Crassus in his expedition against Parthia. He married Junia, the\nsister of Brutus, and joined Brutus in the conspiracy formed to\nassassinate C\u00e6sar, after which he returned to Philippi with Brutus, and\ncommanded one wing of the army in the famous battle fought there. On the\ndefeat of his forces he ordered one of his freedmen to kill him, and he\nperished by the sword which had inflicted a wound on C\u00e6sar. He was\ncalled by Brutus \"the last of all the Romans.\"\n\n=Casta\u00b4lius Fons=, or =Casta\u00b4lia=. A fountain of Parnassus sacred to the\nMuses.\n\n=Castor= and =Pollux= were twin brothers, sons of Jupiter and Leda. Mercury\ncarried them to Pallena, where they were educated. As soon as they\narrived at manhood they embarked with Jason in quest of the Golden\nFleece. In this expedition they evinced great courage. Pollux defeated\nand slew Amycus in the combat of the Cestus, and was afterwards\nconsidered to be the god and patron of boxing and wrestling. Castor\ndistinguished himself in the management of horses.\n\n=Catili\u00b4na, L. Ser\u00b4gius=, a celebrated Roman, descended from a noble\nfamily. When he had squandered his fortune he secretly meditated the\nruin of his country, and conspired with many Romans as dissolute as\nhimself to extirpate the senate, plunder the treasuries, and set Rome on\nfire. This plot, known as the Catiline conspiracy, was unsuccessful.\nThe history of it is written by Sallust. Catiline was killed in battle\nB.C. 63.\n\n=Ca\u00b4to, Mar\u00b4cus=, was great-grandson of the censor Cato. The early virtues\nthat appeared in his childhood seemed to promise that he would become a\ngreat man. He was austere in his morals and a strict follower of the\ntenets of the Stoics. His fondness for candor was so great that his\nveracity became proverbial. In the Catilinian conspiracy he supported\nCicero, and was the chief cause of the capital punishment which was\ninflicted on some of the conspirators. He stabbed himself after reading\nPlato's treatise on the immortality of the soul, B.C. 46, in the\nfifty-ninth year of his age.\n\n=Catul\u00b4lus C.=, or =Q. Vale\u00b4rius=. A poet of Verona whose compositions are\nthe offspring of a luxuriant imagination. He was acquainted with the\nmost distinguished people of his age. He directed his satire against\nC\u00e6sar, whose only revenge was to invite him to a sumptuous banquet.\n\n=Cel\u00b4sus=, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who wrote eight books on\nmedicine, besides treatises on agriculture, rhetoric, and military\naffairs.\n\n=Centau\u00b4ri.= A people of Thessaly, half men and half horses. They were the\noffspring of Centaurus and Stilbia.\n\n=Centum\u00b4viri.= The members of a court of justice at Rome. Though\noriginally 105 in number, they were known as Centumvirs, and this name\nthey retained when they were increased to 180.\n\n=Cer\u00b4berus.= A dog of Pluto. According to Hesiod he had fifty heads, but\naccording to other mythologists he had three only. He was placed at the\nentrance to the infernal regions to prevent the living from entering,\nand the inhabitants of the place from escaping.\n\n=Ce\u00b4res=, the goddess of corn and harvests, was daughter of Saturn and\nVesta. She was the mother of Proserpine, who was carried away by Pluto\nwhilst she was gathering flowers.\n\n=Ch\u00e6rone\u00b4a=, a city of Boeotia celebrated for a great battle fought\nthere, in which the Athenians were defeated by the Boeotians, B.C.\n447, and for the victory which Philip of Macedonia obtained there over\nthe confederate armies of the Thebans and Athenians, B.C. 338. It was\nthe birth-place of Plutarch.\n\n=Cha\u00b4ron.= A god of the infernal regions, son of Nox and Erebus, who\nconducted the souls of the dead in a boat over the rivers Styx and\nAcheron.\n\n=Che\u00b4ops.= A king of Egypt, after Rhampsinitus, famous for building\npyramids.\n\n=Chim\u00e6\u00b4ra.= A celebrated monster which continually vomited flames. It was\ndestroyed by Bellerophon.\n\n=Chi\u00b4ron.= A centaur, half a man and half a horse, son of Philyra and\nSaturn. He was famous for his knowledge of music, medicine, and\nshooting, and taught mankind the use of plants and medicinal herbs.\n\n=Chrysos\u00b4tom.= A bishop of Constantinople who died A.D. 407. He was a\ngreat disciplinarian, and by severely lashing the vices of his age he\nmade many enemies.\n\n=Cic\u00b4ero, M. T.=, born at Arpinum, was son of a Roman knight and lineally\ndescended from the ancient kings of the Sabines. In youth he displayed\nmany abilities, and was taught philosophy by Philo, and law by Mutius\nSc\u00e6vola. He applied himself with great diligence to the study of\noratory, and was distinguished above all the speakers of his time in the\nRoman forum. He signalized himself in opposing Catiline, whom he\npublicly accused of treason against the State, and whom he drove from\nthe city. After a number of vicissitudes of fortune he was assassinated,\nB.C. 43, at the age of sixty-three.\n\n=Cincinna\u00b4tus, L. Q.= A celebrated Roman, who was informed, as he plowed\nin the fields, that the senate had chosen him to be dictator. On this he\nleft the plow and repaired to the field of battle, where his countrymen\nwere opposed by the Volsci and \u00c6qui. He conquered the enemy, and entered\nRome in triumph.\n\n=Cir\u00b4ce.= A daughter of Sol and Perseis, celebrated for her knowledge of\nmagic and venomous herbs. She was carried by her father to an island\ncalled \u00c6aea. Ulysses, on his return from the Trojan war, visited her\ncoasts, and his companions were changed, by her potions, into swine.\nUlysses, who was fortified against enchantments by an herb which he had\nreceived from Mercury, demanded of Circe the restoration of his\ncompanions to their former shape; she complied with his wishes, and\neventually permitted him to depart from her island.\n\n=Claudia\u00b4nus.= A celebrated poet, in the age of Honorius, who is\nconsidered by some writers to equal Virgil in the majestic character of\nhis style.\n\n=Clau\u00b4dius, T. Drusus Nero=, son of Drusus, became emperor of Rome after\nthe death of Caligula. He went to Britain, and obtained a triumph for\nvictories achieved by his generals. He suffered himself to be governed\nby favorites, whose avarice plundered the State and distracted the\nprovinces. He was poisoned by Agrippina, who wished to raise her son\nNero to the throne.\n\n=Cleopa\u00b4tra=, queen of Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, was celebrated\nfor her beauty. Antony became enamored of her and married her, ignoring\nhis connection with Octavia, the sister of Augustus. He gave her the\ngreatest part of the eastern provinces of the Roman empire. This caused\na rupture between Augustus and Antony, and these two famous men met at\nActium, when Cleopatra, by flying with sixty ships, ruined the battle\nfor Antony, and he was defeated. Cleopatra destroyed herself by applying\nan asp to her breast.\n\n=Cli\u00b4o.= The first of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She\npresided over history.\n\n=Cloaci\u00b4na.= A goddess at Rome who presided over the Cloac\u00e6, which were\nlarge receptacles for the filth of the whole city.\n\n=Clo\u00b4tho=, the youngest of the three Parc\u00e6, who were daughters of Jupiter\nand Themis, was supposed to preside over the moment of birth. She held\nthe distaff in her hand and spun the thread of life.\n\n=Clytemnes\u00b4tra.= A daughter of Tyndarus, king of Sparta, and Leda, married\nAgamemnon, king of Argos, in whose absence in the Trojan war she\nmisconducted herself with his cousin \u00c6gysthus. On the return of\nAgamemnon Clytemnestra murdered him, as well as Cassandra, whom he had\nbrought with him. After this Clytemnestra ascended the throne of Argos.\nIn the meantime her son Orestes, after an absence of seven years,\nreturned, resolved to avenge the death of his father Agamemnon. On an\noccasion when \u00c6gysthus and Clytemnestra repaired to the Temple of\nApollo, Orestes, with his friend Pylades, killed them.\n\n=Clyt\u00b4ia= or =Clyt\u00b4ie=. A daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, beloved by Apollo.\nShe was changed into a sun-flower.\n\n=Co\u00b4cles, P. Horatius.= A celebrated Roman who alone opposed the whole\narmy of Porsenna at the head of a bridge whilst his companions were\ncutting off the communication with the other shore. When the bridge was\ndestroyed, Cocles, though wounded by the darts of the enemy, leapt into\nthe Tiber and swam across it, armed as he was. For his heroism a brazen\nstatue was raised to him in the Temple of Vulcan.\n\n=Co\u00b4drus.= The last king of Athens, son of Melanthus. When the Heraclid\u00e6\nmade war against Athens, the oracle said that the victory would be\ngranted to that nation whose king was killed in battle. The Heraclid\u00e6 on\nhearing this gave orders to spare the life of Codrus, but the patriotic\nking disguised himself, and engaging with one of the enemy, was killed.\nThe Athenians obtained the victory, and Codrus was regarded as the\nsavior of his country.\n\n=Coe\u00b4lus= or =Ura\u00b4nus=. An ancient deity supposed to be the father of\nSaturn, Oceanus, and Hyperion.\n\n=Col\u00b4chis= or =Col\u00b4chos=. A country of Asia famous for the expedition of the\nArgonauts, and as being the birthplace of Medea.\n\n=Collati\u00b4nus, L. Tarquinius.= A nephew of Tarquin the Proud. He married\nLucretia. He, with Brutus, drove the Tarquins from Rome.\n\n=Colos\u00b4sus.= A celebrated brazen image at Rhodes, which was considered to\nbe one of the seven wonders of the world.\n\n=Com\u00b4modus, L. Aure\u00b4lius Antoni\u00b4nus=, son of M. Antoninus, succeeded his\nfather in the Roman empire. He was naturally cruel and fond of indulging\nhis licentious propensities. Desirous of being likened to Hercules, he\nadorned his shoulders with a lion's skin, and carried a knotted club in\nhis hand. He fought with the gladiators, and boasted of his skill in\nkilling wild beasts in the amphitheatre. He was strangled by a wrestler\nin the thirty-first year of his age, A.D. 192.\n\n=Co\u00b4mus.= The god of revelry, feasting, and nocturnal amusements. He is\nrepresented as a drunken young man with a torch in his hand.\n\n=Concor\u00b4dia.= The goddess of peace and concord at Rome, to whom Camillus\nraised a temple in the Capitol.\n\n=Confu\u00b4cius.= A Chinese philosopher, as much honored amongst his\ncountrymen as if he had been a monarch. He died about 499 years B.C.\n\n=Co\u00b4non.= A famous general of Athens, son of Timotheus. He was made\ngovernor of all the islands of the Athenians, and was defeated in a\nnaval battle by Lysander. He defeated the Spartans near Cnidos, when\nPisander, the enemy's admiral, was killed. He died in prison B.C. 393.\n\n=Constan\u00b4tia.= A granddaughter of the great Constantine, married the\nEmperor Gratian.\n\n=Constanti\u00b4nus=, surnamed the Great from the greatness of his exploits,\nwas son of Constantius. It is said that as he was going to fight against\nMaxentius, one of his rivals, he saw a cross in the sky with the\ninscription, _In hoc vince_. From this he became a convert to\nChristianity, ever after adopting a cross for his standard. He founded a\ncity where old Byzantium formerly stood, and called it Constantinopolis.\nThere he kept his court, and made it the rival of Rome in population and\nmagnificence. He died A.D. 337, after a reign of thirty-one years of the\ngreatest glory.\n\n=Constan\u00b4tius Chlo\u00b4rus=, son of Eutropius, and father of the great\nConstantine. He obtained victories in Britain and Germany. He became the\ncolleague of Galerius on the abdication of Dioclesian, and died A.D.\n306, bearing the reputation of being brave, humane, and benevolent.\n\n=Con\u00b4sul.= A magistrate at Rome with real authority for the space of a\nyear. There were two consuls, who were annually chosen in the Campus\nMartius. The first two were L. Jun. Brutus and L. Tarquinius Collatinus.\n\n=Corin\u00b4na.= A celebrated woman of Thebes, whose father was Archelodorus.\nIt is said that she obtained a poetical prize five times against the\ncompetitorship of Pindar.\n\n=Coriola\u00b4nus.= The surname of C. Martius, from his victory over Corioli.\nAfter a number of military exploits, and many services to his country,\nhe was refused the consulship. He was banished, and went to the Volsci,\nwhere he met with a gracious reception from Tullus Aufidius, whom he\nadvised to make war against Rome, marching with the Volsci as general.\nHis approach alarmed the Romans, who sent his mother and his wife to\nmeet him and appease his resentment against his countrymen, which with\ndifficulty they succeeded in doing.\n\n=Corne\u00b4lia.= A daughter of Scipio Africanus, famous for her learning and\nvirtues, and as being the mother of the Gracchi, Tiberius and Caius\nGracchus. Her husband was T. Sempronius Gracchus.\n\n=Cras\u00b4sus, M. Licin\u00b4ius.= A celebrated Roman, who by educating slaves and\nselling them, became very wealthy. He was made consul with Pompey, and\nwas afterwards censor, and formed one of the first triumvirate, his\nassociates in it being Pompey and C\u00e6sar. In the hope of enlarging his\npossessions he left Rome, crossed the Euphrates, and hastened to make\nhimself master of Parthia. He was met by Surena, the Parthian general,\nand in the battle which ensued 20,000 of the Romans were killed and\n10,000 made prisoners. Crassus surrendered, and was put to death B.C.\n53.\n\n=Cre\u00b4on=, king of Corinth, was son of Sisyphus. He promised his daughter\nGlauce to Jason, who had repudiated Medea. To revenge herself on her\nrival, Medea sent her a present of a dress covered with poison. Glauce\nput it on, and was seized with sudden pain. Her body took fire, and she\nexpired in the greatest agony. The house in which she was was also\nconsumed, and Creon and his family shared Glauce's fate.\n\n=Cre\u00b4on.= King of Thebes, whose territories were ravaged by the Sphinx.\nCreon offered his crown to any one who would explain the enigmas\nproposed by the Sphinx. OEdipus solved the riddles, and ascended the\nthrone of Thebes.\n\n=Croe\u00b4sus=, the fifth and last of the Mermnad\u00e6, who reigned in Lydia,\nwas the son of Alyattes, and was considered the richest man in the\nworld. His court was an asylum for learning, and \u00c6sop, the famous fable\nwriter, with other learned men, lived under his patronage. \"As rich as\nCroesus,\" has become a proverb.\n\n=Cupi\u00b4do=, god of love, son of Jupiter and Venus, is represented as a\nwinged infant, naked, armed with a bow and arrows. On gems and ornaments\nhe is represented generally as amusing himself with some childish\ndiversion. Cupid, like the rest of the gods, assumed different shapes,\nand we find him in the \u00c6neid putting on, at the request of his mother,\nthe form of Ascanius, and going to Dido's court, where he inspired the\nqueen with love.\n\n=Cur\u00b4tius, M.= A Roman who devoted himself to the service of his country,\nabout 360 years B.C., by leaping on horseback, and fully armed, into a\nhuge gap in the earth, at the command of the oracle.\n\n=Cyb\u00b4ele.= A goddess, daughter of Coelus and Terra, and wife of Saturn.\nShe was supposed to be the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Vesta, etc.\nAccording to Diodorus, she was the daughter of a Lydian prince. On her\nbirth she was exposed on a mountain, where she was tended and fed by\nwild beasts, receiving the name of Cybele from the mountain where her\nlife had been preserved.\n\n=Cyclo\u00b4pes.= A race of men of gigantic stature, supposed to be the sons of\nCoelus and Terra. They had only one eye, which was in the center of\nthe forehead. According to Hesiod they were three in number, and named\nArges, Brontes, and Steropes.\n\n=Cy\u00b4rus.= A king of Persia, son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter of\nAstyages, king of Media. Xenophon has written the life of Cyrus; and\ndelineates him as a brave and virtuous prince, and often puts in his\nmouth many of the sayings of Socrates.\n\n=Cy\u00b4rus= the younger was the son of Darius Nothus, and the brother of\nArtaxerxes, the latter succeeding to the throne at the death of Nothus.\nCyrus was appointed to the command of Lydia and the sea-coasts, where he\nfomented rebellion and levied troops under various pretenses. At length\nhe took the field with an army of 100,000 Barbarians and 13,000 Greeks\nunder the command of Clearchus. Artaxerxes met him with 900,000 men near\nCunaxa. The engagement ended fatally for Cyrus, who was killed 401 years\nB.C.\n\n\n=D\u00e6d\u00b4alus=, an Athenian, was the most ingenious artist of his age; he was\nthe inventor of the wedge and many other mechanical instruments. He made\na famous labyrinth for Minos, king of Crete, but incurred the\ndispleasure of Minos, who ordered him to be confined in the labyrinth.\nHere he made himself wings with feathers and wax, and fitted them to his\nbody, adopting the same course with his son Icarus, who was the\ncompanion of his confinement. They mounted into the air, but the heat of\nthe sun melted the wax on the wings of Icarus, and he fell into the\nocean, which after him has been called the Icarian Sea. The father\nalighted safely at Cum\u00e6, where he built a temple to Apollo.\n\n=Dan\u00b4ae=, daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos, and Eurydice. Jupiter was\nenamored with her, and they had a son, with whom Danae was exposed in a\nboat on the sea by her father. The winds carried them to the island of\nSeriphus, where she was saved by some fishermen, and carried to\nPolydectes, king of the place, whose brother, named Dictys, educated the\nchild, who was called Perseus, and kindly treated the mother.\n\n=Dana\u00b4ides.= The fifty daughters of Danaus, king of Argos, who married the\nfifty sons of their uncle \u00c6gyptus. Danaus had been told by the oracle\nthat he would be killed by a son-in-law, and he made his daughters\npromise to slay their husbands immediately after marriage. All of them\nfulfilled their father's wishes except one, Hypermnestra, who spared her\nhusband Lynceus.\n\n=Daph\u00b4ne.= A daughter of the River Peneus, or of the Ladon, and the\ngoddess Terra, of whom Apollo became enamored. Daphne fled to avoid the\naddresses of this god, and was changed into a laurel.\n\n=Dar\u00b4danus.= A son of Jupiter, who killed his brother Jasius to obtain the\nkingdom of Etruria. He built the city of Dardania, and was reckoned to\nhave been the founder of Troy.\n\n=Dari\u00b4us.= A noble satrap of Persia, son of Hystaspes, who usurped the\ncrown of Persia after the death of Cambyses. Darius was twenty-nine\nyears old when he ascended the throne, and he soon distinguished himself\nby his military prowess. He besieged Babylon, which he took after a\nsiege of twenty months. He died B.C. 485.\n\n=Dari\u00b4us=, the second king of Persia of that name, ascended the throne of\nPersia soon after the murder of Xerxes. He carried on many wars with\nsuccess, aided by his generals and his son Cyrus the younger. He died\nB.C. 404, after a reign of nineteen years.\n\n=Dari\u00b4us.= The third king of Persia of that name. He soon had to take the\nfield against Alexander, who invaded Persia. Darius met him with an\nenormous army, which, however, was more remarkable for the luxuries\nindulged in by its leaders than for military courage. A battle was\nfought near the Granicus, in which the Persians were easily defeated,\nand another conflict followed near Issus, equally fatal to the Persians.\nDarius escaped and assembled another powerful army. The last and\ndecisive battle was fought at Arbela, Alexander being again victorious.\nWhen the fight was over Darius was found in his chariot covered with\nwounds and expiring, B.C. 331.\n\n=Dejani\u00b4ra.= A daughter of OEneus, king of \u00c6tolia. Her beauty procured\nher many admirers, and her father promised to give her in marriage to\nhim who should excel in a competition of strength. Hercules obtained\nthe prize, and married Dejanira.\n\n=Del\u00b4phi.= A town of Phocis, at the south-west side of Mount Parnassus. It\nwas famous for a temple of Apollo, and for an oracle celebrated in every\nage and country.\n\n=Deme\u00b4trius.= A son of Antigonus and Stratonice, surnamed Poliorcetes,\n_destroyer of towns_. At the age of twenty-two he was sent by his father\nagainst Ptolemy, who had invaded Syria. He was defeated at Gaza, but\nsoon afterwards obtained a victory. The greater part of his life was\npassed in warfare, his fortunes undergoing many changes. He was\ndistinguished for his fondness of dissipation when in dissolute society,\nand for military skill and valor in the battle-field. He died B.C. 286.\n\n=Deme\u00b4trius.= Surnamed _Soter_, king of Syria. His father gave him as a\nhostage to the Romans. After the death of his father, Seleucus\nPhilopator, Antiochus Epiphanes usurped the throne of Syria, and was\nsucceeded by his son Antiochus Eupator. Demetrius procured his liberty,\nand established himself on the throne, causing Eupator to be put to\ndeath.\n\n=Deme\u00b4trius.= Son of Soter, whom he succeeded after he had driven from the\nthrone a usurper, Alexander Bala. Demetrius gave himself up to luxury,\nand suffered his kingdom to be governed by his favorites, thus becoming\nodious to his subjects. He was at last killed by the governor of Tyre,\nwhere he had fled for protection.\n\n=Deme\u00b4trius Phale\u00b4reus.= A disciple of Theophrastus, who gained such\ninfluence over the Athenians by his eloquence and the purity of his\nmanners that he was elected decennial archon, B.C. 317. He embellished\nthe city, and rendered himself popular by his munificence, but his\nenemies plotted against him, and he fled to the court of Ptolemy Lagus,\nwhere he was received with kindness. He put an end to his life by\npermitting an asp to bite him, B.C. 284. There were several others of\nthe name of Demetrius of minor note.\n\n=Democ\u00b4ritus.= A celebrated philosopher of Abdera, one of the disciples of\nLeucippus. He travelled over the greatest part of Europe, Asia, and\nAfrica, in quest of knowledge, and returned home in the greatest\npoverty. He indulged in continual laughter at the follies of mankind for\ndistracting themselves with care and anxiety in the short term of their\nlives. He told Darius, who was inconsolable for the loss of his wife,\nthat he would raise her from the dead if he could find three persons who\nhad gone through life without adversity, whose names he might engrave on\nthe queen's monument. He taught his disciples that the soul died with\nthe body. He died in his 109th year, B.C. 361. He has been termed \"the\nlaughing philosopher.\"\n\n=Demos\u00b4thenes.= A celebrated Athenian, was son of a rich blacksmith and\nCleobule. He became pupil of Plato, and applied himself to study the\norations of Isocrates. At the age of seventeen he gave early proof of\nhis eloquence and abilities in displaying them against his guardians,\nfrom whom he obtained restitution of the greater part of his estate. To\ncorrect the stammering of voice under which he labored he spoke with\npebbles in his mouth. In the battle of Cheron\u00e6a he evinced cowardice,\nand saved his life by flight. He ended his life by taking poison, which\nhe always carried in a quill, in the sixtieth year of his age, B.C. 322.\n\n=Deuca\u00b4lion.= A son of Prometheus, who married Pyrrha, the daughter of\nEpimetheus. He reigned over part of Thessaly, and in his age the earth\nwas covered by a deluge of water, sent by Jupiter as a punishment for\nthe impiety of mankind. Deucalion constructed a ship, and by this means\nsaved himself and Pyrrha. The ship, after being tossed on the waves for\nnine days, rested on Mount Parnassus. The deluge of Deucalion is\nsupposed to have occurred B.C. 1503.\n\n=Dia\u00b4na.= The goddess of hunting. According to Cicero there were three of\nthe name--viz.: a daughter of Jupiter and Proserpine, a daughter of\nJupiter and Latona, and a daughter of Upis and Glauce. The second is the\nmost celebrated, and all mention of Diana by ancient writers refers to\nher. To shun the society of men she devoted herself to hunting, and was\nalways accompanied by a number of young women, who, like herself,\nabjured marriage. She is represented with a quiver, and attended by\ndogs. The most famous of her temples was that at Ephesus, which was one\nof the wonders of the world.\n\n=Dicta\u00b4tor.= A magistrate at Rome, invested with regal authority.\n\n=Di\u00b4do.= A daughter of Belus, king of Tyre, who married Sich\u00e6us or\nSicharbus, her uncle, who was priest of Hercules. Pygmalion killed\nSich\u00e6sus to obtain his immense riches, and Dido, disconsolate at the\nloss of her husband, set sail with a number of Tyrians in quest of a\nplace in which to form a settlement. A storm drove her fleet on the\nAfrican coast, and she bought of the inhabitants as much land as could\nbe covered by a bull's hide cut into thongs. On this land she built a\ncitadel called Byrsa, which was the nucleus of a great city. Her\nsubjects wished her to marry again, but she refused, and erected a\nfuneral pile, on which she ascended and stabbed herself to death.\n\n=Diocletia\u00b4nus, Cai\u00b4us Valer\u00b4ius Jo\u00b4vius.= A celebrated Roman emperor,\nborn of an obscure family in Dalmatia. He was first a common soldier,\nand by merit gradually rose to the position of a general, and at length\nhe was invested with imperial power. He has been celebrated for his\nmilitary virtues, and though he was naturally unpolished by education,\nyet he was the friend and patron of learning and genius. His cruelty,\nhowever, against the followers of Christianity, has been severely\nreprobated. After reigning twenty-one years in great prosperity, he\nabdicated, A.D. 304, and died nine years afterwards, aged sixty-eight.\n\n=Diodo\u00b4rus, Sic\u00b4ulus.= Celebrated as the author of a history of Egypt,\nPersia, Syria, Media, Greece, Rome and Carthage. It was divided into\nforty books, of which only fifteen are extant, with a few fragments.\n\n=Dio\u00b4genes.= A celebrated cynic philosopher of Sinope, banished from his\ncountry for coining false money. From Sinope he retired to Athens, where\nhe became the disciple of Antisthenes, who was at the head of the\nCynics. He dressed himself in the garment which distinguished the\nCynics, and walked about the streets with a tub on his head, which\nserved him as a house. His singularity, joined to his great contempt for\nriches, gained him reputation, and Alexander the Great visited the\nphilosopher and asked him if there was anything in which he could oblige\nhim. \"Get out of my sunshine,\" was the reply of the Cynic. Such\nindependence pleased the monarch, who, turning to his courtiers, said,\n\"Were I not Alexander, I would wish to be Diogenes.\" He was once sold as\na slave, and his magnanimity so pleased his master, that he made him\nthe preceptor of his children and the guardian of his estates. He died,\nB.C. 324, in the ninety-sixth year of his age. The life of Diogenes does\nnot bear strict examination: whilst boasting of his poverty, he was so\narrogant that it has been observed that his virtues arose from pride and\nvanity, not from wisdom or sound philosophy.\n\n=Dio\u00b4genes Laer\u00b4tius.= An Epicurean philosopher, born in Cilicia. He wrote\nthe lives of the philosophers, in ten books. This work contains an\naccurate account of the ancient philosophers, and is replete with\nanecdotes respecting them. It is compiled, however, without any plan,\nmethod, or precision, though neatness and conciseness are observable in\nit.\n\n=Diome\u00b4des=, a son of Tydeus and Deiphyle, was king of \u00c6tolia, and one of\nthe bravest of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He often engaged\nHector and \u00c6neas, and obtained much military glory.\n\n=Diome\u00b4des.= A king of Thrace, son of Mars and Cyrene, who fed his horses\nwith human flesh. Hercules destroyed Diomedes, and gave him to his own\nhorses to be devoured.\n\n=Di\u00b4on.= A Syracusan, son of Hipparina, famous for his power and\nabilities. He was related to Dionysius the First, who constantly advised\nwith him, and at whose court he obtained great popularity. He was\nassassinated 354 years before the Christian era by one of his familiar\nfriends. His death was greatly lamented by the Syracusans, who raised a\nmonument to his memory. When Dionysius the Second ascended the throne he\nbanished Dion, who collected some forces, and in three days made himself\nmaster of Syracuse.\n\n=Di\u00b4on Cas\u00b4sius.= A native of Nic\u00e6a in Bithynia, who was raised to some\nof the greatest offices of state in the Roman empire. He is celebrated\nas the writer of a history of Rome which occupied him twelve years in\ncomposing.\n\n=Dionys\u00b4ius= the Elder was son of Hermocrates. He signalized himself in\nthe wars which the Syracusans carried on against Carthage, and made\nhimself absolute at Syracuse. His tyranny rendered himself odious to his\nsubjects. He made a subterraneous cave in a rock in the form of a human\near, which was called \"the Ear of Dionysius.\" The sounds of this cave\nwere all directed to one common tympanum, which had a communication with\nan adjoining room, where Dionysius spent part of his time in listening\nto what was said by those whom he had imprisoned. He died in the\nsixty-third year of his age, B.C. 368, after a reign of thirty-eight\nyears.\n\n=Dionys\u00b4ius= the Younger was son of Dionysius the First and Doris. He\nsucceeded his father, and as soon as he ascended the throne he invited\nPlato to his court and studied under him for some time. Plato advised\nhim to lay aside the supreme power, in which he was supported by Dion.\nThis highly incensed Dionysius, who banished Dion, who collected forces\nin Greece, and in three days rendered himself master of Syracuse, and\nexpelled the tyrant, B.C. 357. He, however, recovered Syracuse ten years\nafterward, but was soon compelled to retire again by the Corinthians\nunder Timoleon.\n\n=Dionys\u00b4ius= of Halicarnassus. A historian who left his country and came\nto reside in Rome that he might study all the authors who had written\nRoman history. He was occupied during twenty-four years on his work on\nRoman antiquities, which consisted of twenty books.\n\n=Dir\u00b4ce.= A woman whom Lycus, king of Thebes, married after he had\ndivorced Antiope. Amphion and Zethus, sons of Antiope, for cruelties she\npracticed on Antiope, tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, by which\nshe was dragged over rocks and precipices till the gods pitied her and\nchanged her into a fountain.\n\n=Discor\u00b4dia.= A malevolent deity, daughter of Nox, and sister to Nemesis,\nthe Parc\u00e6, and Death. She was driven from heaven by Jupiter because she\nsowed dissensions amongst the gods. At the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis\nshe threw an apple amongst the gods, inscribed with the words, _Detur\npulchriori_, which was the primary cause of the ruin of Troy, and of\ninfinite misfortunes to the Greeks.\n\n=Dolabel\u00b4la, P. Corn.= A Roman who married the daughter of Cicero. During\nthe civil wars he warmly espoused the cause of Julius C\u00e6sar, whom he\naccompanied at the famous battles of Pharsalia and Munda.\n\n=Domitia\u00b4nus, Ti\u00b4tus Fla\u00b4vius=, son of Vespasian and Flavia Domitilla,\nmade himself emperer of Rome on the death of his brother Titus, whom,\naccording to some accounts, he destroyed by poison. The beginning of his\nreign promised hopefully, but Domitian became cruel, and gave way to\nvicious indulgences. In the latter part of his reign he became\nsuspicious and remorseful. He was assassinated A.D. 96, in the\nforty-fifth year of his age.\n\n=Dra\u00b4co.= A celebrated lawgiver of Athens, who made a code of laws, B.C.\n623, which, on account of their severity, were said to be written in\nletters of blood. Hence the term \"Draconic,\" applied to any punishment\nof exceptional severity.\n\n=Dru\u00b4sus.= A son of Tiberius and Vipsania, who became famous for his\ncourage displayed in Illyricum and Pannonia.\n\n=Dru\u00b4sus, M. Liv\u00b4ius.= A celebrated Roman, who renewed the proposals\nbearing on the Agrarian laws, which had proved fatal to the Gracchi.\n\n=Dru\u00b4sus, Ne\u00b4ro Clau\u00b4dius.= A son of Tiberius Nero and Livia. He\ndistinguished himself in the wars in Germany and Gaul, and was honored\nwith a triumph. There were other Romans of the same name, but of smaller\ndistinction.\n\n=Dry\u00b4ades.= Nymphs that presided over the woods. Oblations of milk, oil,\nand honey were offered to them. Sometimes the votaries of the Dryads\nsacrificed a goat to them.\n\n=Duum\u00b4viri.= Two patricians at Rome, first appointed by Tarquin to keep\nthe Sibylline books, which were supposed to contain the fate of the\nRoman empire.\n\n\n=Ech\u00b4o.= A daughter of the Air and Tellus, who was one of Juno's\nattendants. She was deprived of speech by Juno, but was allowed to reply\nto questions put to her.\n\n=Ege\u00b4ria.= A nymph of Aricia in Italy, where Diana was particularly\nworshiped. Egeria was courted by Numa, and, according to Ovid, became\nhis wife. Ovid says that she was disconsolate at the death of Numa, and\nthat she wept so violently that Diana changed her into a fountain.\n\n=Elec\u00b4tra.= A daughter of Agamemnon, king of Argos. She incited her\nbrother Orestes to revenge his father's death by assassinating his\nmother Clytemnestra. Her adventures and misfortunes form the subject of\none of the finest of the tragedies of Sophocles.\n\n=Eleu\u00b4sinia.= A great festival observed by the Laced\u00e6monians, Cretans, and\nothers, every fourth year, and by the people of Athens every fifth year,\nat Eleusis in Attica, where it was introduced by Eumolpus, B.C. 1356. It\nwas the most celebrated of all the religious ceremonies of Greece. The\nterm \"Mysteries\" is often applied to it. The expression \"Eleusinian\nmysteries,\" as applied to anything that is inexplicable, has become\nproverbial.\n\n=Elys\u00b4ium.= The Elysian Fields, a place in the infernal regions, where,\naccording to the ancients, the souls of the virtuous existed after\ndeath.\n\n=Emped\u00b4ocles.= A philosopher, poet, and historian of Agrigentum in Sicily,\nwho lived 444 B.C. He was a Pythagorean, and warmly espoused the belief\nin the transmigration of souls.\n\n=Endym\u00b4ion.= A shepherd, son of \u00c6thlius and Calyce. He is said to have\nrequired of Jupiter that he might be always young. Diana saw him as he\nslept on Mount Latmus, and was so struck with his beauty that she came\ndown from heaven every night to visit him.\n\n=En\u00b4nius.= An ancient poet, born in Calabria. He obtained the privileges\nof a Roman citizen on account of his learning and genius.\n\n=E\u00b4os.= The name of Aurora among the Greeks.\n\n=Epaminon\u00b4das.= A famous Theban descended from the ancient kings of\nBoeotia. At the head of the Theban armies he defeated the Spartans at\nthe celebrated battle of Leuctra about 370 B.C. He was killed in battle\nin the forty-eighth year of his age.\n\n=Eph\u00b4esus.= A city of Ionia, famous for a temple of Diana, which was\nconsidered to be one of the seven wonders of the world.\n\n=Epicte\u00b4tus.= A Stoic philosopher of Hieropolis, originally the slave of\nEpaphroditus, the freedman of Nero. He supported the doctrine of the\nimmortality of the soul.\n\n=Epicu\u00b4rus.= A celebrated philosopher, born in Attica of obscure parents.\nHe distinguished himself at school by the brilliancy of his genius. He\ntaught that the happiness of mankind consisted in pleasure, which arises\nfrom mental enjoyment, and the sweets of virtue. His death occurred 270\nB.C., his age being seventy-two.\n\n=Er\u00b4ato.= One of the Muses. She presided over lyric poetry, and is\nrepresented as crowned with roses and myrtle, and holding a lyre in her\nhand.\n\n=Er\u00b4ebus=, A deity of the infernal regions, son of Chaos and Darkness. The\npoets often use the word to signify the infernal regions.\n\n=Ete\u00b4ocles.= A king of Thebes, son of OEdipus and Jocasta. After his\nfather's death it was agreed between him and his brother Polynices that\nthey should reign a year each alternately. Eteocles first ascended the\nthrone, but at the end of the year he refused to resign the crown. Thus\ntreated, Polynices implored assistance from Adrastus, king of Argos,\nwhose daughter he married, and who placed an army at his disposal.\nEteocles marshalled his forces, and several skirmishes took place\nbetween the hostile hosts, when it was agreed on that the brothers\nshould decide the contest by single combat. They fought with inveterate\nfury, and both were killed.\n\n=Eucli\u00b4des.= A famous mathematician of Alexandria, who lived B.C. 300. He\nwrote fifteen books on the elements of mathematics. Euclid was so much\nrespected that King Ptolemy became one of his pupils.\n\n=Eu\u00b4menes.= A Greek officer in the army of Alexander. He was the most\nworthy of all Alexander's generals to succeed him after his death. He\nconquered Paphlagonia and Cappadocia, of which he obtained the\ngovernment, till the power of Antigonus obliged him to retire.\nEventually, after many vicissitudes of fortune, he was put to death in\nprison by order of Antigonus.\n\n=Eumen\u00b4ides.= A name given to the Furies. They sprang from the drops of\nblood which flowed from a wound which Coelus received from Saturn.\nAccording to some writers they were daughters of the Earth, and sprung\nfrom the blood of Saturn. Others make them to be daughters of Acheron\nand Night, or Pluto and Proserpine. According to the generally received\nopinion they were three in number--Tisiphone, Megara, and Alecto, to\nwhich some add Nemesis.\n\n=Euphor\u00b4bus.= A famous Trojan. He wounded Patroclus, whom Hector killed.\nHe died by the hand of Menelaus.\n\n=Euphra\u00b4tes.= A large river in Asia which flowed through the middle of the\ncity of Babylon.\n\n=Eurip\u00b4ides.= A celebrated tragic poet born at Salamis. He studied\neloquence under Prodicus, ethics under Socrates, and philosophy under\nAnaxagoras. He often retired to a solitary cave, where he wrote his\ntragedies. It is said that he met his death by being attacked and torn\nin pieces by dogs, 407 years before the Christian era, in the\nseventy-eighth year of his age. He is accredited with the authorship of\nseventy-five tragedies, of which only nineteen are extant. One of his\nplays, \"Ion,\" has become familiarized in name to general readers by the\nexquisite play thus called written by the late Judge Talfourd, and first\nacted at Covent Garden theater, May 26, 1836.\n\n=Euro\u00b4pa.= A daughter of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, and Telaphassa. Her\nbeauty attracted Jupiter, and to become possessed of her he assumed the\nshape of a handsome bull, and mingled with the herds of Agenor while\nEuropa was gathering flowers in the meadows. She caressed the animal,\nand mounted on his back. The god crossed the sea with her, and arrived\nin Crete, where he assumed his proper form, and declared his love. She\nbecame mother of Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus.\n\n=Euryd\u00b4ice.= The wife of the poet Orpheus. As she fled from Arist\u00e6us, who\nwas enamored with her, she was bit by a serpent, and died of the wound.\nOrpheus was disconsolate at her loss, and descended to the infernal\nregions in search of her, and by the melody of his lyre he obtained from\nPluto the restoration of Eurydice, provided he did not look behind him\ntill he reached the earth; but his eagerness to see his wife caused him\nto violate the conditions, and he looked behind him, thus losing\nEurydice forever.\n\n=Euryd\u00b4ice.= Wife of Amyntas, king of Macedonia. Alexander, Perdiccas, and\nPhilip were their sons, and they had a daughter named Euryone. She\nconspired against Amyntas, but was prevented from killing him by\nEuryone.\n\n=Eurys\u00b4thenes.= A son of Aristodemus, who lived in perpetual dissension\nwith his twin brother Procles whilst they both sat on the Spartan\nthrone. The descendants of Eurysthenes were called Eurysthenid\u00e6, and\nthose of Procles Proclid\u00e6.\n\n=Eurys\u00b4theus.= A king of Argos and Mycen\u00e6, son of Sthenelus and Nicippe.\nJuno hastened his birth by two months that he might come into the world\nbefore Hercules, the son of Alcmena, as the younger of the two was\ndoomed by Jupiter to be subservient to the other. This natural right was\ncruelly exercised by Eurystheus, who was jealous of the fame of\nHercules, and who, to destroy him, imposed upon him the most dangerous\nenterprises, known as the Twelve Labors of Hercules, all of which were\nsuccessfully accomplished.\n\n=Euse\u00b4bius.= A bishop of C\u00e6sarea, in favor with the Emperor Constantine.\nHe was mixed up in the theological disputes of Arius and Athanasius, and\ndistinguished himself by writing an ecclesiastical history and other\nworks.\n\n=Euter\u00b4pe.= One of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She\npresided over music.\n\n=Entro\u00b4pius.= A Latin historian in the age of Julian. He wrote an epitome\nof the history of Rome from the age of Romulus to the reign of the\nemperor Valens.\n\n\n=Fa\u00b4bii.= A noble and powerful family at Rome. They fought with the\nVeientes, and all of them were slain. One of the family, of tender age,\nremained in Rome, and from him descended the family which afterwards\nbecame so distinguished.\n\n=Fa\u00b4bius, Max\u00b4imus Rullia\u00b4nus=, was the first of the Fabii who obtained\nthe name of \"Maximus.\" He was master of the horse, and his victory over\nthe Samnites in that capacity nearly cost him his life. He was five\ntimes consul, twice dictator, and once censor.\n\n=Fa\u00b4bius, Q. Max\u00b4imus.= A celebrated Roman who was raised to the highest\noffices of state. In his first consulship he obtained a victory over\nLiguria, and the battle of Thrasymenus caused his election to the\ndictatorship. In this office he opposed Hannibal, harassing him more by\ncountermarches and ambuscades than by fighting in the open field. He\ndied at the age of 100, after being consul five times. Others of the\nfamily were of minor distinction, though their names occur in Roman\nhistory.\n\n=Fabric\u00b4ius, Cai\u00b4us.= A distinguished Roman, who in his first consulship\nobtained several victories over the Samnites and Lucanians. He had the\nmost consummate knowledge of military matters, and was distinguished for\nthe simplicity of his manners.\n\n=Faler\u00b4nus.= A fertile mountain and plain of Campania, famous for its\nwine. Falernian wine was held in great esteem by the Romans, and it is\noften alluded to by the poets.\n\n=Fau\u00b4ni.= Rural deities represented as having the legs, feet, and ears of\ngoats, and the rest of the body human.\n\n=Flac\u00b4cus.= A consul who marched against Sylla and was assassinated.\n\n=Flamin\u00b4ius, T. Q.= A famous Roman who was trained in the art of war\nagainst Hannibal. He was sent in command of the Roman troops against\nPhilip of Macedonia, and met with great success.\n\n=Flo\u00b4ra.= The goddess of flowers and gardens among the Romans. She was the\nsame as the Chloris of the Greeks.\n\n=Fortu\u00b4na.= A powerful deity among the ancients, daughter of Oceanus,\naccording to Homer, or one of the Parc\u00e6 according to Pindar. She was\nthe goddess of Fortune, and bestowed riches or poverty on mankind.\n\n=Ful\u00b4via.= An ambitious woman, wife of the tribune Clodius, afterwards of\nCurio, and lastly of Antony. Antony divorced her for Cleopatra. She\nattempted to avenge her wrongs by persuading Augustus to take up arms\nagainst Antony.\n\n\n=Galat\u00e6\u00b4a.= A sea nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was loved by\nPolyphemus, the Cyclops, whom she treated with disdain, while she was in\nlove with Acis, a shepherd of Sicily.\n\n=Gal\u00b4ba, Ser\u00b4vius Sulpi\u00b4cius.= A Roman who rose to the greatest offices of\nthe state, and exercised his powers with equity till he was seated on\nthe throne, when his virtues disappeared. He was assassinated in the\nseventy-third year of his age.\n\n=Gallie\u00b4nus, Pub. Licin\u00b4ius.= A son of the emperor Valerian. He reigned\nconjointly with his father for seven years, and then became sole\nemperor, A.D. 260. In his youth he showed military ability in an\nexpedition against the Germans and Sarmat\u00e6, but when possessed of the\npurple he gave himself up to pleasure and vice. He was assassinated in\nhis fiftieth year, A.D. 268.\n\n=Gal\u00b4lus, Corne\u00b4lius.= A Roman knight famous for his poetical as well as\nhis military talents. He was greatly attached to his slave Lycoris (or\nCytheris), whose beauty he extolled in his poetry.\n\n=Ganyme\u00b4des.= A beautiful youth of Phrygia. He was taken to heaven by\nJupiter while tending flocks on Mount Ida, and he became the cupbearer\nof the gods in place of Hebe.\n\n=Gel\u00b4lius Au\u00b4lus.= A Roman grammarian in the age of M. Antoninus. He\nwrote a work called \"Noctes Attic\u00e6,\" which he composed at Athens.\n\n=German\u00b4icus C\u00e6\u00b4sar.= A son of Drusus and Antonia, the niece of Augustus.\nHe was raised to the most important position in the state, and was\nemployed in war in Germany, where his successes obtained him a triumph.\nHe was secretly poisoned, A.D. 19, in the thirty-fourth year of his age.\nHe has been commended not only for his military talents but for his\nlearning and humanity.\n\n=Ge\u00b4ryon.= A monster, represented by the poets as having three bodies and\nthree heads. It was killed by Hercules.\n\n=Gigan\u00b4tes.= The sons of Coelus and Terra, who, according to Hesiod,\nsprang from the blood of a wound inflicted on Coelus by his son\nSaturn. They are represented as huge giants, with strength in accordance\nwith their size.\n\n=Glau\u00b4cus.= A son of Hippolochus, the son of Bellerophon. He aided Priam\nin the Trojan war, and was noted for his folly in exchanging his golden\narmor with Diomedes for an iron one.\n\n=Glau\u00b4cus.= A fisherman of Boeotia. He observed that the fishes which he\ncaught and laid on the grass became invigorated and leaped into the sea.\nHe tasted the grass, and suddenly felt a desire to live in the sea. He\nwas made a sea deity by Oceanus and Tethys.\n\n=Glau\u00b4cus.= A son of Minos the Second and Pasiphae, who was smothered in a\ncask of honey. The soothsayer Polyidus, on being commanded by Minos to\nfind his son, discovered him, and by rubbing his body with a certain\nherb restored him to life.\n\n=Gordia\u00b4nus, M. Anto\u00b4nius Africa\u00b4nus.= Son of Metius Marcellus. He applied\nhimself to poetry, and composed a poem in thirty books. He was sent as\nproconsul to Africa, and subsequently, when he had attained his\neightieth year, he was proclaimed emperor. He strangled himself at\nCarthage A.D. 236, and was deeply lamented by the army and the people.\n\n=Gordia\u00b4nus, M. Anto\u00b4nius Africa\u00b4nus=, son of Gordianus, was made prefect\nof Rome, and afterwards consul, by Alexander Severus. He was elected\nemperor in conjunction with his father. He was killed in a battle fought\nwith Maximinus in Mauritania.\n\n=Gordia\u00b4nus M. Anto\u00b4nius Pius=, was grandson of the first Gordian. He was\nproclaimed emperor in the sixteenth year of his age. He married the\ndaughter of Misetheus, who was distinguished by his virtues, and to whom\nGordian intrusted many of the chief offices of the state. Gordian\nconquered Sapor, king of Persia, and took many cities from him. He was\nassassinated A.D. 244.\n\n=Gor\u00b4dius.= A Phrygian who, from the position of a peasant, was raised to\nthe throne consequent on a prediction of the oracle. The knot which tied\nthe yoke to the draught-tree of his chariot was made so cunningly that\nthe ends of the cord could not be seen, and a report arose that the\nempire of Asia was promised by the oracle to him who should untie the\nGordian knot. Alexander cut the knot with his sword.\n\n=Gor\u00b4gones= (the Gorgons). Three sisters, daughters of Phorcys and Ceto,\nwhose names were Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa. They possessed the power\nof turning into stone those on whom they looked. Perseus attacked them\nand cut off Medusa's head, which he gave to Minerva, who placed it on\nher \u00e6gis, which turned into stone those who fixed their eyes on it.\n\n=Grac\u00b4chus, T. Sempronius=, was twice consul and once censor. He married\nCornelia, of the family of the Scipios, a woman of piety and learning.\nTheir children, Tiberius and Caius, rendered themselves famous for their\nobstinate attachment to the interests of the populace, which at last\nproved fatal to them. The Gracchi stand out conspicuously in Roman\nannals. The history of Gaius Gracchus has been dramatized by James\nSheridan Knowles. It was one of his earliest efforts in dramatic\nliterature, and has long been obsolete as an acting play.\n\n=Gymna\u00b4sium.= A place among the Greeks where all the public exercises were\nperformed, and where not only dancers and wrestlers exhibited, but where\npoets and philosophers repeated their compositions.\n\n\n=Ha\u00b4des=, see ADES.\n\n=Halicarnas\u00b4sus.= A maritime city in Asia Minor, where a mausoleum, one of\nthe seven wonders of the world, was erected. It is celebrated as being\nthe birthplace of Herodotus, Dionysius, and Heraclitus.\n\n=Hamadry\u00b4ades.= Nymphs who lived in the country and presided over trees.\n\n=Hamil\u00b4car.= A famous Carthaginian, father of Hannibal. He was engaged in\nSicily during the first Punic war. He used to say of his three sons that\nhe kept three lions to devour the Roman power.\n\n=Han\u00b4nibal.= A celebrated Carthaginian general, son of Hamilcar. While a\nchild he took a solemn oath never to be at peace with Rome. His passage\nof the Alps with a great army was achieved by softening the rocks with\nfire and vinegar, so that even his armed elephants descended the\nmountains without difficulty. He defeated the Romans in the great battle\nof Cann\u00e6, but was subsequently conquered by Scipio at Zama. He died by\npoison taken from a ring in which he kept it concealed. This occurred in\nhis seventieth year, about 182 years B.C.\n\n=Harmo\u00b4dius.= A friend of Aristogiton who assisted in delivering his\ncountry from the tyranny of the Pisistratid\u00e6.\n\n=Harpy\u00b4l\u00e6.= The Harpies, winged monsters who had the face of a woman, the\nbody of a vulture, and feet and fingers armed with claws. They were\nthree in number--Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno. They were daughters of\nNeptune and Terra.\n\n=Has\u00b4drubal.= A son of Hamilcar, and brother of Hannibal. He crossed the\nAlps and entered Italy, where he was defeated by the consuls, M. Livius\nSalinator and Claudius Nero. He was killed in the battle B.C. 207, and\nhis head was sent to Hannibal. One of the finest passages in Professor\nNichol's tragedy of Hannibal is the invocation over Hasdrubal's head at\nthe close of the play.\n\n=He\u00b4be.= A daughter of Jupiter and Juno. She was made cup-bearer to the\ngods, but was dismissed from the office by Jupiter, because she fell\ndown in a clumsy posture as she was pouring out nectar at a festival,\nand Ganymedes succeeded her as cupbearer.\n\n=Hec\u00b4ate.= A daughter of Persus and Asteria. She was called Luna in\nheaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate or Proserpine in hell.\n\n=Hec\u00b4tor=, son of King Priam and Hecuba, was the most valiant of all the\nTrojan chiefs who fought against the Greeks. He married Andromache, the\ndaughter of Eetion, Astyanax being their son. Hector was made chief of\nthe Trojan forces when Troy was besieged by the Greeks, and it is said\nthat thirty-one of the most valiant Greek chiefs were killed by him, but\nwhen he met Achilles he fled. Achilles pursued him, and Hector was\nkilled, and his body dragged in triumph at the chariot wheels of the\nconqueror.\n\n=Hec\u00b4uba=, daughter of Dymas, a Phrygian prince, or, according to some, of\nCisseus, a Thracian king, was the second wife of Priam, king of Troy.\nWhen her son Paris was born, she exposed him on Mount Ida, hoping he\nwould perish, as the soothsayers had predicted that he would be the ruin\nof his country. In the Trojan war she saw most of her children perish.\nAfter enduring many misfortunes, she threw herself into the sea, and was\ndrowned.\n\n=Hel\u00b4ena.= One of the most beautiful women in the age in which she lived.\nHer beauty was so universally admired, even in her infancy, that\nTheseus, with his friend Pirithous, carried her away when she was ten\nyears of age and concealed her with his mother, but she was recovered by\nCastor and Pollux, and restored to her native country. She married\nMenelaus, son of Atreus, but when Paris visited Menelaus he persuaded\nher to fly with him to Troy, B.C. 1198. On this, Menelaus sent\nambassadors to the court of Priam to demand her restitution, but in\nvain, and the result was the Trojan war. When Troy was taken she\nreturned to Menelaus, and after his death she retired to Rhodes, where\nshe was strangled by order of Polyxo, who reigned there. Her beauty and\nmisfortunes have been a theme for the poets in all ages.\n\n=Hel\u00b4icon.= A mountain of Boeotia on the borders of Phocis. It was\nsacred to the Muses, who had a temple there. The fountain Hippocrene\nflowed from this mountain.\n\n=Heliogab\u00b4alus, M. Aure\u00b4lius Antoni\u00b4nus.= A Roman emperor who had been\npriest to a divinity in Phoenicia. Under his sway Rome became the\nscene of cruelty and vice. He raised his horse to the honors of\nconsulship, and indulged in a number of absurdities which rendered him\nodious to his subjects. His head was cut off by his soldiers A.D. 222.\n\n=Hel\u00b4le.= A daughter of Athamas and Nephele. She fled from her father's\nhouse to avoid the oppression of her mother-in-law Ino. According to\nsome accounts she was carried through the air on a golden ram, when,\nbecoming giddy, she fell into the sea, which received from her the name\nHellespont.\n\n=Hellespon\u00b4tus.= A narrow strait between Europe and Asia, which received\nits name from Helle, who is said to have been drowned in it. It is\ncelebrated as being the scene of the love and death of Leander.\n\n=Heracli\u00b4tus.= A celebrated Greek philosopher of Ephesus, who lived about\n500 years before the Christian era. He received the appellation of the\nObscure Philosopher and the Mourner, from his custom of weeping at the\nfollies and frailties of human life.\n\n=Hercula\u00b4neum.= A town of Campania swallowed up by an earthquake, produced\nby an eruption of Mount Vesuvius, A.D. 79.\n\n=Her\u00b4cules.= A celebrated hero who, after death, was ranked among the\ngods. According to the ancients there were many persons of the same\nname, but the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, generally called the Theban,\nis the most celebrated. The birth of Hercules was attended with many\nmiraculous events. Before he was eight months old Juno sent two snakes\nto devour him, which he seized, and crushed them to death. He achieved a\nseries of enterprises known as the \"Twelve Labors of Hercules.\" These\ncomprised the slaughter of the Nem\u00e6an lion, the destruction of the\nLern\u00e6an hydra, the catching of a stag having golden horns and remarkable\nfor his swiftness, the seizing alive a wild boar which committed great\nravages, the cleansing of the stables of Augias, the killing of the\ncarnivorous birds near Lake Stymphalis, the taking captive a prodigious\nwild bull, the obtaining the mares of Diomedes which fed on human flesh,\nthe getting possession of the girdle of the queen of the Amazons, the\ndestruction of the monster Geryon, the obtaining the apples from the\ngarden of the Hesperides, and the bringing to the earth the three-headed\ndog Cerberus. Besides these labors he aided the gods in their wars with\nthe giants, and performed numerous difficult feats. He was conducted by\nMercury to Omphale, queen of Lydia, whom he married, and whom he\npermitted to dress in his armor while he was sitting to spin with her\nfemale servants. He delivered Dejanira from the Centaur Nessus, whom he\nkilled. The Centaur, as he expired, gave Dejanira a mystic tunic, which,\nin a jealous paroxysm, she gave to Hercules to put on, which he had no\nsooner done than he was seized with a desperate distemper which was\nincurable. He erected a burning pile on Mount \u00c6tna, on which he cast\nhimself. Jupiter surrounded the burning pile with smoke, amidst which\nHercules, after his mortal parts were consumed, was carried to heaven in\na chariot drawn by four horses.\n\n=Her\u00b4mes.= A name of Mercury among the Greeks.\n\n=Hermin\u00b4ius.= A valiant Roman who defended the bridge with Cocles against\nthe army of Porsenna.\n\n=Hermi\u00b4one.= A daughter of Mars and Venus who married Cadmus. She was\nchanged into a serpent, and placed in the Elysian Fields.\n\n=Hermi\u00b4one.= A daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She was privately promised\nin marriage to Orestes, the son of Agamemnon, but her father, ignorant\nof the engagement, gave her hand to Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles, whose\nservices he had experienced in the Trojan war.\n\n=Hermip\u00b4pus.= A freedman, disciple of Philo, in the reign of Adrian, by\nwhom he was greatly esteemed. He wrote five books on dreams.\n\n=Hermoc\u00b4rates.= A general of Syracuse, who was sent against the Athenians.\nHis lenity towards the Athenian prisoners was regarded with suspicion.\nHe was banished from Sicily, and was murdered on his attempt to return\nto his country.\n\n=Hermodo\u00b4rus.= A philosopher of Ephesus who is said to have assisted, as\ninterpreter, the Roman decemvirs, in the composition of the ten tables\nof laws which had been collected in Greece.\n\n=He\u00b4ro.= A beautiful girl of Sestos, greatly beloved by Leander, a youth\nof Abydos. The lovers were greatly attached to each other, and often in\nthe night Leander swam across the Hellespont to Hero in Sestos, till on\none tempestuous night he was drowned, and Hero in despair threw herself\ninto the sea and perished.\n\n=Hero\u00b4des=, surnamed the Great, followed the fortunes of Brutus and\nCassius, and afterwards those of Antony. He was made king of Jud\u00e6a by\nthe aid of Antony, and after the battle of Actium he was continued in\npower by submission to and flattery of Augustus. He rendered himself\nodious by his cruelty, and as he knew his death would be a cause for\nrejoicing, he ordered a number of the most illustrious of his subjects\nto be confined and murdered directly he expired, that there might appear\nto be grief and shedding of tears for his own death. Herod died in the\nseventieth year of his age, after a reign of 40 years.\n\n=Herod\u00b4otus.= A celebrated historian of Halicarnassus. He ranks amongst\nhistorians as Homer does amongst the poets and Demosthenes amongst the\norators. His great work is a history of the wars of the Persians against\nthe Greeks, from the age of Cyrus to the battle of Mycale in the reign\nof Xerxes; besides which it gives an account of many celebrated nations.\nA life of Homer is attributed to his pen, though by some the authorship\nis doubted.\n\n=Hesi\u00b4odus.= A celebrated poet, born at Ascra in Boeotia. He lived in\nthe age of Homer, and obtained a poetical prize in competition with him,\naccording to Varro and Plutarch. Quintilian, Philostratus, and others,\nmaintain that Hesiod lived before the age of Homer. Hesiod, without\npossessing the sublimity of Homer, is admired for the elegance of his\ndiction.\n\n=Hesi\u00b4one.= A daughter of Laodemon, king of Troy. It was her fate to be\nexposed to a sea-monster, to whom the Trojans presented yearly a young\ngirl to appease the resentment of Apollo and Neptune, whom Laodemon had\noffended. Hercules undertook to rescue her, and attacking the monster\njust as he was about to devour her, killed him with his club.\n\n=Hesper\u00b4ides.= Three Nymphs, daughters of Hesperus. Apollodorus mentions\nfour, \u00c6gle, Erythia, Vesta and Arethusa. They were appointed to guard\nthe golden apples which Juno gave to Jupiter on the day of their\nmarriage. The place where the Hesperides lived was a celebrated garden,\nabounding with delicious fruit, and was guarded by a dragon which never\nslept. It was one of the labors of Hercules to procure some of the\ngolden apples, which he succeeded in doing after slaying the dragon.\n\n=Hieron\u00b4ymus.= A tyrant of Sicily, who succeeded to the throne when he\nwas fifteen years old. He rendered himself odious by his cruelty and\noppression.\n\n=Hieron\u00b4ymus.= A Christian writer, commonly called St. Jerome. He was\ndistinguished for his zeal against heretics. He wrote commentaries on\nthe prophets, St. Matthew's Gospel, &c. He died A.D. 420, in his\neightieth year.\n\n=Hippar\u00b4chus.= A son of Pisistratus, who succeeded his father, as tyrant\nof Athens, with his brother Hippias. He patronized some of the learned\nmen of his age, and distinguished himself for his love of literature.\n\n=Hippoc\u00b4rates.= A celebrated physician of Cos. He delivered Athens from a\ndreadful pestilence in the beginning of the Peloponnesian war, for which\nhe was rewarded with a golden crown. He died in his ninety-ninth year,\nB.C. 361.\n\n=Hippocre\u00b4ne.= A fountain of Boeotia, near Mount Helicon, sacred to the\nMuses. It rose from the ground when struck by the feet of the horse\nPegasus.\n\n=Hippodami\u00b4a.= A daughter of OEnomaus, king of Pisa, who married Pelops,\nson of Tantalus. Her father would marry her only to some one who should\nconquer him in a chariot race. Her beauty was great, and many were\ncompetitors for her hand, though the conditions involved death in case\nof defeat in the race. After thirteen suitors had been defeated, Pelops\nentered the lists, and by bribing the charioteer of OEnomaus, obtained\nthe victory and married Hippodamia.\n\n=Hippol\u00b4yte.= A queen of the Amazons, given in marriage to Theseus by\nHercules. Hippolytus was their son.\n\n=Hippol\u00b4ytus.= Son of Theseus and Hippolyte. His step-mother Ph\u00e6dra fell\nin love with him. He fled to the sea-shore, where, his horses taking\nfright and rushing among the rocks, his chariot was broken in pieces,\nand he was killed. According to some accounts he was restored to life by\nDiana.\n\n=Hippo\u00b4nax.= A Greek poet born at Ephesus, 540 years before the Christian\nera. He cultivated satirical poetry, which was marked by its beauty and\nvigor.\n\n=Home\u00b4rus.= A celebrated Greek poet, the most ancient of all the profane\nwriters. The age in which he lived is not known, though some suppose it\nto be about 168 years after the Trojan war. Uncertainty prevails, also,\nas to the place of his nativity, seven cities claiming to be thus\nhonored. These are Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, and\nAthen\u00e6. In his two famous poems, the Iliad and Odyssey, he has displayed\nthe most consummate knowledge of human nature, and rendered himself\nimmortal by the sublimity and elegance of his poetry. In the Iliad be\ngives a narrative of the siege of Troy, and the Odyssey deals with the\nwanderings of Ulysses after the fall of the city.\n\n=Hono\u00b4rius.= An emperor of the Western Empire of Rome, who succeeded his\nfather, Theodosius the Great. He conquered his enemies by the ability of\nhis generals, and suffered his people to be governed by ministers who\ntook advantage of his indolence and indifference. He died A.D. 423.\n\n=Hora\u00b4tii.= Three brave Romans, born at the same time, who fought against\nthe three Curiatii about 667 years before Christ. At the beginning of\nthe fight two of the Horatii were killed, and the surviving one\npretended to fly, thus separating his antagonists as they pursued him,\nand then, attacking them singly, he slew them all.\n\n=Hora\u00b4tius Q. Flac\u00b4cus.= A celebrated poet born at Venusia. His rising\ntalents obtained the attention of Virgil and Varius, who recommended him\nto the care of M\u00e6cenas and Augustus, the celebrated patrons of\nliterature. Under this fostering patronage Horace gave himself up to\nindolence and pleasure. He was warm in his friendships, and if he at any\ntime gave offense he was ready to make any concession to effect a\nreconciliation. In his satires and epistles he displays much wit and\nsatirical humor. He died in his fifty-seventh year, B.C. 8.\n\n=Hora\u00b4tius.= See =Cocles=.\n\n=Horten\u00b4sius, Q.= A celebrated orator who began to distinguish himself in\nthe Roman Forum when he was nineteen years old. Cicero speaks\neulogistically of his oratorical powers, and of his retentive memory.\nQuintilian alludes to his orations in terms of high commendation.\n\n=Hyacin\u00b4thus.= A son of Amyclas and Diomede, greatly beloved by Apollo and\nZephyrus. He was accidentally killed by Apollo, who changed his blood\ninto a flower which bore his name.\n\n=Hy\u00b4bla.= A mountain in Sicily, famous for the odoriferous herbs which\ngrew on it. It was famous for its honey.\n\n=Hy\u00b4dra.= A celebrated monster which infested the neighborhood of Lake\nLerna in Peloponnesus. It was one of the labors of Hercules to destroy\nthe monster, which he effected with the aid of Iolas.\n\n=Hyge\u00b4ia.= The goddess of health, daughter of \u00c6sculapius. She was held in\ngreat veneration among the ancients.\n\n=Hymen\u00e6\u00b4us= or =Hy\u00b4men=, the god of marriage among the Greeks, was the son\nof Bacchus and Venus, or, according to some, of Apollo and one of the\nMuses.\n\n=Hymet\u00b4tus.= A mountain of Attica, about two miles from Athens, famous for\nits bees and honey.\n\n=Hyperi\u00b4on.= A son of Coelus and Terra, who married Thea. Aurora was\ntheir daughter. Hyperion is often used by the poets to signify the sun.\nAlso in \"Troilus and Cressida\" and other of Shakspeare's plays, the same\nlicense is used.\n\n=Hypermnes\u00b4tra.= One of the Danaides, who were the fifty daughters of\nDanaus. She was ordered by her father to murder her husband Lynceus on\nthe night of their marriage, which she refused to do. Danaus wished to\npunish her for her disobedience, but afterwards forgave her, and left\nhis kingdom at his death to Lynceus.\n\n=Hypsip\u00b4yle.= A queen of Lemnos, daughter of Thoas. During her reign,\nVenus, whose altars had been slighted, punished the Lemnian women by\ncausing their husbands' affections to be estranged from them. This\nenraged the women, and they put to death their male relations, except in\nthe case of Hypsipyle, who spared her father Thoas.\n\n\n=Ic\u00b4arus.= A son of Daedalus, who, with his father, took a winged flight\nfrom Crete to escape the anger of Minos. His flight was too high, and\nthus the sun melted the wax which cemented his wings, and he fell into\nthe sea and was drowned.\n\n=Idom\u00b4eneus= succeeded his father Deucalion on the throne of Crete, and\naccompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, during which he rendered\nhimself famous for his valor. On his voyage home, being caught in a\ngreat tempest, he vowed to Neptune that if he escaped he would make an\noffering to the god of the first living creature he saw on his arrival\nat the Cretan shore. He escaped the storm, and the first to meet him on\nhis landing was his son. He performed his vow, and became so odious to\nhis subjects that he had to leave his dominions.\n\n=Igna\u00b4tius.= A bishop of Antioch, torn to pieces by lions in the\namphitheater at Rome A.D. 107. His works consisted of letters to the\nEphesians, Romans, etc. He zealously supported the doctrine of the\ndivinity of Christ.\n\n=I\u00b4lus=, fourth king of Troy, was son of Tros by Callirrhoe. He married\nEurydice, the daughter of Adrastus. He embellished the city of Ilium,\ncalled also Troy from his father Tros.\n\n=I\u00b4no.= A daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, who nursed Bacchus. She married\nAthamas, king of Thebes, after he had divorced Nephele.\n\n=I\u00b4o=, a daughter of Inachus, was a priestess of Juno at Argos. Juno\nchanged her into a beautiful heifer, and eventually restored her to her\nown form. She was greatly persecuted by Juno. She married Telegonus,\nking of Egypt, or Osiris, according to others, and treated her subjects\nwith such kindness that after death she received divine honors, and was\nworshiped under the name of Isis.\n\n=I\u00b4olas= or =Iola\u00b4us=. A son of Iphiclus, king of Thessaly, who assisted\nHercules in conquering the Hydra; he burnt with a hot iron the place\nwhere the monster's heads had been cut off to prevent their re-growth.\n\n=Iph\u00b4iclus.= A son of Amphitryon and Alcmena, twin brother of Hercules. As\nthe children were cradled together, Juno, jealous of Hercules, sent two\nlarge serpents to destroy him. At the sight of the snakes Iphiclus\nshowed great alarm, but Hercules seized them, one in each hand, and\nsqueezed them to death.\n\n=Iphic\u00b4rates.= A celebrated general of Athens, who, though son of a\nshoemaker, rose to the highest offices in the state. He made war against\nthe Thracians, and assisted the Persian king against Egypt.\n\n=Iphigeni\u00b4a.= A daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When the Greeks,\ngoing to the Trojan war, were detained at Aulis by contrary winds, they\nwere informed by a soothsayer that to appease the gods they must\nsacrifice Iphigenia to Diana. As the fatal knife was about to be plunged\ninto her, Iphigenia suddenly disappeared, and a goat of great beauty was\nfound in the place where she had stood ready for the sacrifice.\n\n=Iph\u00b4itus.= A son of Eurytus, king of OEchalia. When his father had\npromised his daughter Iole to any one who could excel him or his sons in\ndrawing the bow, Hercules accepted the challenge and was victorious.\nEurytus, however, refused to fulfill the compact by giving his daughter\nto the conqueror. Afterwards some oxen were stolen from Eurytus, and\nIphitus was sent in quest of them. In his search he met Hercules, who\naided him in seeking the lost animals, but on recollecting the\nfaithlessness of Eurytus he killed Iphitus.\n\n=Iren\u00e6\u00b4us.= A native of Greece, disciple of Polycarp, and bishop of Lyons.\nHe wrote on different subjects, and suffered martyrdom A.D. 202.\n\n=I\u00b4ris.= One of the Oceanides, messenger of the gods, and more\nparticularly of Juno. Her office was to cut the thread which seemed to\ndetain the soul of those who were expiring. She is the same as the\nrainbow.\n\n=I\u00b4sis.= A celebrated deity of the Egyptians, daughter of Saturn and\nRhea, according to Diodorus of Sicily. Some suppose her to be the same\nas Io, who was changed into a cow, and restored to her human form in\nEgypt, where she taught agriculture, and governed the people with\nmildness and equity, for which she received divine honors after her\ndeath.\n\n=Isoc\u00b4rates.= A celebrated orator, son of a musical instrument maker at\nAthens. He opened a school of eloquence at Athens, where he was\ndistinguished for the number, character, and fame of his pupils. He was\nintimate with Philip of Macedon, but the aspiring ambition of Philip\ndispleased Isocrates, and the defeat of the Athenians at Ch\u00e6ronea had\nsuch an effect on him that he did not long survive it. He died, after\nbeing four days without taking any aliment, in his ninety-ninth year,\nabout 338 years B.C. He was honored after death by the erection of a\nbrazen statue to his memory by Timotheus, one of his pupils, and\nAphareus, his adopted son. Milton, in one of his sonnets, speaks of him\nas \"that old man eloquent\" when alluding to his death as being caused by\nthe news of the battle of Ch\u00e6ronea.\n\n=I\u00b4tys.= A son of Tereus, king of Thrace, and Procne, daughter of Pandion,\nking of Athens. He was killed by his mother when he was six years old,\nand served up to his father to be eaten by him. He was changed into a\npheasant, his mother into a swallow, and his father into an owl.\n\n=Ixi\u00b4on.= A king of Thessaly, son of Phlegias, or, according to Hyginus,\nof Leontes, or, according to Diodorus, of Antion and Perimela. Jupiter\ncarried him to heaven and placed him at the table of the gods, where he\nbecame enamored with Juno, which so incensed Jupiter that he banished\nhim from heaven, and ordered Mercury to tie him to a wheel in hell,\nwhich continually whirled round, keeping Ixion in perpetual torture.\n\n\n=Ja\u00b4nus.= An ancient king who reigned in Italy. He was a native of\nThessaly, and, according to some writers, a son of Apollo. He built a\ntown which he called Janiculum. Some authors make him to have been son\nof Coelus and Hecate. He is represented with two faces, because he was\nacquainted with the past and future. His temple was always open in time\nof war, and was shut when peace existed.\n\n=Jap\u00b4etus.= A son of Coelus or Titan and Terra, who married Asia, or,\naccording to some writers, Clymene. The Greeks looked on him as the\nfather of all mankind.\n\n=Ja\u00b4son.= A celebrated hero, son of \u00c6son and Alcimedes. His education was\nentrusted to the Centaur Chiron. The greatest feat recorded of him is\nhis voyage in the Argo to Colchis to obtain the Golden Fleece, which,\naided by Juno, he succeeded in doing. Medea, daughter of \u00c6tes, king of\nColchis, fell in love with Jason. She was a powerful magician, and on\nJason having vowed eternal fidelity to her, she gave him charms to\nprotect him from danger. After securing the Fleece, Jason set sail from\nthe country with his wife Medea. After some years he became enamored\nwith Glauce, daughter of Creon, king of Corinth, whom he married, having\ndivorced Medea. This cruel act was revenged by Medea, who destroyed her\nchildren in the presence of their father. Jason is said to have been\nkilled by a beam which fell on his head as he was reposing by the side\nof the ship which had borne him to Colchis.\n\n=Jocas\u00b4ta.= A daughter of Menoeceus, who married Laius, king of Thebes,\nOEdipus being their son. She afterwards married OEdipus without\nknowing who he was, and on the discovery she hanged herself. By some\nmythologists she is called Epicasta.\n\n=Jose\u00b4phus, Fla\u00b4vius.= A celebrated Jew, born in Jerusalem, who signalized\nhimself in a siege conducted by Vespasian and Titus in a small town in\nJud\u00e6a. He was present at the siege of Jerusalem by Titus, and received\nall the sacred books which it contained from the conqueror's hands. He\nwrote a history of the wars of the Jews, in Syriac, and afterwards\ntranslated it into Greek. He also wrote a work, which he divided into\ntwenty books, on Jewish antiquities. He died A.D. 93, in his fifty-sixth\nyear.\n\n=Jovia\u00b4nus, Fla\u00b4vius Clau\u00b4dius.= A native of Pannonia elected emperor of\nRome by the soldiers after the death of Julian. He refused the purple at\nfirst, but on being assured that his subjects were favorably disposed\ntowards Christianity he accepted the crown. He died about seven months\nafter assuming the supreme power, being found in bed suffocated by the\nvapors of charcoal which had been lighted in his room, A.D. 364.\n\n=Ju\u00b4ba.= A king of Numidia and Mauritania who favored the cause of Pompey\nagainst Julius C\u00e6sar. He defeated Curio, whom C\u00e6sar had sent to Africa,\nand after the battle of Pharsalia he joined his forces to those of\nScipio. He was conquered in a battle at Thapsus, and killed himself. His\nkingdom became a Roman province, of which Sallust was the first\ngovernor.\n\n=Ju\u00b4ba=, the second of that name, was led captive to Rome to give lustre\nto the triumph of C\u00e6sar. He wrote a history of Rome, which was often\ncommended and quoted by the ancients.\n\n=Jugur\u00b4tha.= A distinguished Numidian who went with a body of troops to\nthe assistance of Scipio, who was besieging Numantia. Jugurtha endeared\nhimself to the Roman general by his bravery and activity. His uncle\nMicipsa appointed him successor to the throne, with his two sons\nAdherbal and Hiempsal, the latter of whom was slain by Jugurtha, and the\nformer had to fly to Rome for safety. C\u00e6cilius Metellus was sent against\nJugurtha, who was betrayed and delivered into the hands of the Romans.\nHe died in prison B.C. 106.\n\n=Ju\u00b4lia.= A daughter of Julius C\u00e6sar and Cornelia, famous for her virtues\nand personal charms. She was obliged by her father to divorce herself\nfrom her first husband to marry Pompey the Great, with the object of\ncementing the friendship between him and her father.\n\n=Ju\u00b4lia.= Daughter of Augustus, remarkable for her beauty, genius, and\nvices. Her father give her in marriage to Marcellus, after whose death\nshe united herself to Agrippa, and again becoming a widow she married\nTiberius. Her conduct now became so unseemly that she was banished to a\nsmall island on the coast of Campania, where she was starved to death.\n\n=Ju\u00b4lia.= A daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, born at Lesbos, A.D. 17.\nShe married M. Vinucius, a senator, when she was sixteen years old. She\nwas banished on suspicion of conspiracy by her brother Caligula. She was\nnotorious for her licentious conduct, and was put to death when she was\nabout twenty-four years of age.\n\n=Ju\u00b4lia.= A celebrated woman born in Phoenicia. She applied herself to\nthe study of philosophy, and was conspicuous for her mental as well as\nher personal charms. She came to Rome, where she married Septimius\nSeverus, who was afterwards invested with the purple. She was also\ncalled Domna.\n\n=Julia\u00b4nus.= A son of Julius Constantius, the brother of Constantine the\nGreat, born in Constantinople. The massacre which attended the elevation\nof the sons of Constantine to the throne nearly proved fatal to Julian\nand his brother Gallus. The two brothers were privately educated and\ntaught the doctrines of the Christian religion--which afterwards Julian\ndisavowed, and in consequence of this the term \"Apostate\" is generally\naffixed to his name. He died, A.D. 363, in his thirty-second year. His\nlast moments were spent in a conversation with a philosopher about the\nimmortality of the soul. Julian's character has been admired by some\nwriters, but generally he is censured for his apostasy.\n\n=Ju\u00b4no.= A celebrated deity among the ancients, daughter of Saturn and\nOps. Jupiter married her, and the nuptials were celebrated with the\ngreatest solemnity in the presence of all the gods. By her marriage with\nJupiter, Juno became the queen of all the gods, and mistress of heaven\nand earth. She presided over marriage, and patronized those of her sex\nwho were distinguished for virtuous conduct. Paris gave her great\noffense by giving the golden apple, as an award to beauty, to Venus\ninstead of herself.\n\n=Ju\u00b4piter.= The chief of all the gods of the ancients. According to Varro\nthere were three hundred persons of that name. To him of Crete, who\npassed for the son of Saturn and Ops, the actions of the rest have been\nattributed. Jupiter was educated in a cave on Mount Ida, in Crete, and\nfed with the milk of the goat Amalth\u00e6a. While he was very young he made\nwar on the Titans, whom he conquered. The beginning of his reign in the\nsupernal regions was interrupted by the rebellion of the giants, who\nwere sons of the earth, and who were desirous of revenging the death of\nthe Titans, but by the aid of Hercules, Jupiter overpowered them.\nJupiter married Metis, Themis, Ceres, Euronyme, Mnemosyne, Latona, and\nJuno. His worship was universal: he was the Ammon of the Africans, the\nBelus of Babylon, and the Osiris of Egypt.\n\n=Juvena\u00b4lis, D. Ju\u00b4nius.= A poet born at Axuinum in Italy. He came to Rome\nat an early age, where he applied himself to the writing of satires,\nsome of which are extant. He died in the reign of Trajan, A.D. 128. His\nwritings are distinguished by a lively style, but abound with ill humor.\n\n\n=Labe\u00b4rius, J. Dec\u00b4imus.= A Roman knight famous for his skill in writing\npantomimes. C\u00e6sar made him appear on the stage in one of his plays,\nwhich he resented by throwing out aspersions on C\u00e6sar during the\nperformance, and by warning the audience against tyranny.\n\n=Lach\u00b4esis.= One of the Parc\u00e6, or Fates. She presided over futurity, and\nwas represented as spinning the thread of life, or, according to some,\nas holding the spindle.\n\n=Laer\u00b4tes.= A king of Ithaca who married Anticlea, daughter of Autolycus.\nUlysses was their son, and succeeded him on the throne, Laertes retiring\nto the country, and devoting his time to gardening, in which employment\nhe was found by Ulysses on his return from the Trojan war, after twenty\nyears\u00b4 absence.\n\n=La\u00b4gus.= A Macedonian of mean extraction, who married Arsinoe, daughter\nof Meleager. On the birth of a child it was exposed in the woods by\nLagus, but an eagle preserved its life by feeding and sheltering it with\nher wings. The infant was afterwards known as King Ptolemy the First of\nEgypt.\n\n=La\u00b4is.= A woman of immoral character, daughter of Timandra and\nAlcibiades. Diogenes, the Cynic, was one of her admirers, and gained her\nheart. She went to Thessaly, where the women, jealous of her charms,\nassassinated her.\n\n=Laoc\u00b4oon.= A priest of Apollo who in the Trojan war was opposed to the\nadmission of the wooden horse to the city. For this, as a punishment,\ntwo enormous serpents were sent to attack him, which they did whilst,\naccompanied by his two sons, he was offering a sacrifice to Neptune. The\nserpents coiled round him and his sons, and crushed them to death.\n\n=Laom\u00b4edon.= Son of Ilus, and king of Troy. He married Strymo, called by\nsome Placia or Leucippe. Podarces, afterwards known as Priam, was their\nson. Laomedon built the walls of Troy, in which he was assisted by\nApollo and Neptune.\n\n=Lap\u00b4ithus.= A son of Apollo and Stilbe. He married Orsinome, Phorbas and\nPeriphas being their children, to whose numerous descendants was given\nthe name Lapith\u00e6, a number of whom attended the nuptials of Pirithous\nwith Hippodamia, the daughter of Adrastus, king of Argos. The Centaurs\nalso attended the festivity, and quarrelled with the Lapith\u00e6, which\nresulted in blows and slaughter. Many of the Centaurs were slain, and\nthey were at last obliged to retire.\n\n=La\u00b4res.= Gods of inferior power at Rome, who presided over houses and\nfamilies. They were two in number, sons of Mercury and Lara.\n\n=Lati\u00b4nus.= A son of Faunus and Marica, king of the Aborigines in Italy,\nwho from him were called Latini.\n\n=Lato\u00b4na.= A daughter of Coeus, the Titan, and Phoebe. She was admired\nfor her beauty by Jupiter. Juno made Latona the object of her vengeance,\nand sent the serpent Python to persecute her.\n\n=Lean\u00b4der.= A youth of Abydos. He was passionately in love with Hero, a\nyoung girl of Sestos. He was in the habit of swimming across the\nHellespont to visit her, in doing which, on a tempestuous night, he was\ndrowned. Lord Byron performed the same feat in 1810, an exploit which he\nhas celebrated in verse in his occasional pieces. He expresses surprise\nthat, as the truth of Leander's story had been questioned, no one had\nhitherto tested its practicability.\n\n=Le\u00b4da.= A daughter of king Thespius and Eurythemis, who married Tyndarus,\nking of Sparta. She is famous for her intrigue with Jupiter. She brought\nforth two eggs, from one of which sprang Pollux and Helena, and from the\nother Castor and Clytemnestra. She is said to have received the name of\nNemesis after death.\n\n=Lem\u00b4ures.= The manes of the dead. The ancients supposed that after death\nthe departed souls wandered over the world and disturbed the peace of\nits inhabitants.\n\n=Leon\u00b4idas.= A celebrated king of Laced\u00e6mon who went to oppose Xerxes,\nking of Persia, who had invaded Greece with a vast army. A great battle\nwas fought at Thermopyl\u00e6, the entire army of Leonidas consisting of 300\nmen who refused to abandon him. For a time this small army resisted the\nvast legions of Xerxes, till at length a traitor conducted a detachment\nof Persians by a secret path to the rear of Leonidas, when his soldiers\nwere cut to pieces, one only of the 300 escaping.\n\n=Lep\u00b4idus, M. \u00c6mil\u00b4ius.= A celebrated Roman, one of the triumvirs with\nAugustus and Antony. He was of an illustrious family, and, like many of\nhis contemporaries, remarkable for ambition. He was unable to maintain\nhis position as triumvir, and, resigning power, he sank into obscurity.\n\n=Le\u00b4the.= One of the rivers of hell, whose waters were imbibed by the\nsouls of the dead which had been for a certain period confined in\nTartarus. Those who drank of this river forgot what they had previously\nknown. In this sense the word is constantly used by the poets.\n\n=Leucip\u00b4pus.= A celebrated philosopher of Abdera, about 428 years before\nChrist. He was a disciple of Zeno. His life was written by Diogenes.\nThere were several others of the same name.\n\n=Leuc\u00b4tra.= A village in Boeotia, famous for the victory which\nEpaminondas, the Theban general, obtained over the superior force of\nCleombrotus, king of Sparta, B.C. 371.\n\n=Licin\u00b4ius, C.= A tribune of the people, celebrated for his intrigues and\nability. He was a plebeian, and was the first of that class that was\nraised to the office of master of the horse to the dictator. There were\na number of other Romans of the same name.\n\n=Liv\u00b4ius, Ti\u00b4tus.= A native of Padua, a celebrated historian. He passed\nthe chief part of his time at Naples and Rome, but more particularly at\nthe court of Augustus, who liberally patronized him. The name of Livy is\nrendered immortal by his history of the Roman empire. The merit of this\nhistory is admitted by all, and the high rank which Livy holds amongst\nhistorians is undisputed.\n\n=Liv\u00b4ius Androni\u00b4cus= was a dramatic poet who flourished at Rome about 240\nyears before the Christian era.\n\n=Longi\u00b4nus, Dionys\u00b4ius Cas\u00b4sius.= A celebrated Greek philosopher of\nAthens. He was preceptor of the Greek language, and afterwards minister,\nto Zenobia, the famous queen of Palmyra.\n\n=Luca\u00b4nus M. Ann\u00e6\u00b4us.= A native of Corduba in Spain. At an early age he\nwent to Rome, where his rising talents recommended him to the emperor\nNero. He unwisely entered into a poetical contest with Nero, in which he\nobtained an easy victory, which greatly offended the emperor. After this\nLucan was exposed to much annoyance from Nero, and was induced to join\nin a conspiracy against him, on which he was condemned to death, the\nmode of which he had the liberty of choosing. He decided to have his\nveins opened in a warm bath, and died quoting some lines from his\n\"Pharsalia.\" Of all his works none but the \"Pharsalia\" remains.\n\n=Lucia\u00b4nus.= A celebrated writer of Samosata. His works are numerous,\nconsisting chiefly of dialogues written with much force. He died A.D.\n180, being, as some say, torn in pieces by dogs for his impiety.\n\n=Lu\u00b4cifer.= The name of the planet Venus, or morning star. It is called\nLucifer when appearing in the morning before the sun, but when it\nappears after its setting it is called Hesperus.\n\n=Lucil\u00b4ius, C.= A Roman knight, who is regarded as the first satirical\nwriter amongst the Romans. Of thirty satires which he wrote only a few\nverses remain. He died at Naples B.C. 103.\n\n=Lucil\u00b4ius Luci\u00b4nus.= A famous Roman who fled with Brutus from the battle\nof Philippi. He was taken prisoner, but the conquerors spared his life.\n\n=Luci\u00b4na.= Daughter of Jupiter and Juno. She was the goddess who presided\nover the birth of children.\n\n=Lucre\u00b4tia.= A celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucretius and wife of\nTarquinius Collatinus. A number of young noble Romans at Ardea, among\nwhom were Collatinus and the sons of Tarquin the Proud, were discussing\nthe virtues of their wives at home, and it was agreed to go to Rome to\nascertain how their wives employed themselves in their husbands' absence\nin the camp. While the wives of the others were indulging in feasting\nand dissipation, Lucretia was found in her house employing herself with\nher servants in domestic duties. She was brutally treated by Sextus\nTarquin, a relative of Collatinus, and stabbed herself. This was the\nsignal for a rebellion, the result being the expulsion of the Tarquins\nfrom Rome.\n\n=Lucre\u00b4tius, Ca\u00b4rus T.= A celebrated Roman poet and philosopher. The\ntenets of Epicurus were embraced by him, and were explained and\nelucidated in a poem which he wrote, _De rerum natura_. This poem is\ndistinguished by genius and elegance, but the doctrines it inculcates\nhave an atheistical tendency. Lucretius is said to have destroyed\nhimself B.C. 54.\n\n=Lucul\u00b4lus, Lu\u00b4cius Licin\u00b4ius.= A Roman noted for his fondness of luxury\nand for his military abilities. He was born about 115 years before the\nChristian era, and distinguished himself by his proficiency in eloquence\nand philosophy. He was soon advanced to the consulship, and intrusted\nwith the management of the Mithridatic war, in which he displayed his\nmilitary talents.\n\n=Lycur\u00b4gus.= A celebrated lawgiver of Sparta, son of King Eunomus and\nbrother to Polydectes. He succeeded his brother on the Spartan throne.\nIn the laws which he enacted he maintained a just equilibrium between\nthe throne and the people; he banished luxury and encouraged the useful\narts, and adopted a number of measures having for their object the\nwell-being of the people. Lycurgus has been compared with Solon, the\ncelebrated legislator of Athens.\n\n=Lyn\u00b4ceus=, son of Aphareus, was one of the hunters of the Calydonian\nboar, and one of the Argonauts. He was so sharp-sighted that he could\nsee through the earth and distinguish objects at a great distance from\nhim. There was another person of the same name who married Hypermnestra,\ndaughter of Danaus.\n\n=Lysan\u00b4der.= A celebrated general of Sparta in the last years of the\nPeloponnesian war. He drew Ephesus from the interest of Athens, and\ngained the friendship of Cyrus the Younger. He gave battle to the\nAthenian fleet, and destroyed it all except three ships. In this battle,\nwhich was fought 405 years before the Christian era, the Athenians lost\na great number of men, and in consequence of it forfeited their\ninfluence over neighboring states. Lysander was killed in battle 394\nyears B.C.\n\n=Lysim\u00b4achus.= A son of Agathocles, who was one of the generals of\nAlexander. After the death of that monarch Lysimachus made himself\nmaster of Thrace, where he built a town which he called Lysimachia.\n\n=Lysip\u00b4pus.= A famous statuary of Sicyon. He applied himself to painting,\nbut he was born to excel in sculpture. He lived about 325 years before\nthe Christian era, in the age of Alexander the Great.\n\n\n=Macro\u00b4bius.= A Latin writer, who died A.D. 415. He has rendered himself\nfamous for a composition called _Saturnalia_, a miscellaneous collection\nof antiquarian and critical literature.\n\n=M\u00e6an\u00b4der.= A celebrated river of Asia Minor flowing into the \u00c6gean Sea.\nIt is famous amongst the poets for its windings, and from it the\napplication of the word \"meandering\" to a winding stream has become\nproverbial.\n\n=Ma\u00b4ecenas=, or =Meca\u00b4enas, C. Cilnius=, a celebrated Roman knight, has\nrendered himself immortal by his liberal patronage of learned men. To\nthe interference of Maecenas Virgil was indebted for the restitution of\nhis lands. Maecenas, according to the received opinion, wrote a history\nof animals and a journal of the life of Augustus. Virgil dedicated his\nGeorgics to him, as did Horace his Odes.\n\n=Ma\u00b4nes.= A name applied by the ancients to the soul when departed from\nthe body.\n\n=Man\u00b4lius, Mar\u00b4cus.= A celebrated Roman who, at an early age,\ndistinguished himself for valor. When Rome was taken by the Gauls, he,\nwith a body of his countrymen, fled to the Capitol, which he defended\nwhen it was surprised in the night by the enemy. This gained him the\nsurname of _Capitolinus_, and the geese which had awakened him to action\nby their clamor were afterwards held sacred among the Romans.\n\n=Mar\u00b4athon.= A village of Attica, celebrated for the victory which the\nAthenians and Plat\u00e6ans, under the command of Miltiades, gained over the\nPersian army, 490 B.C.\n\n=Marcel\u00b4lus, Mar\u00b4cus Clau\u00b4dius.= A famous Roman general. He was the first\nRoman who obtained some advantage over Hannibal. He conquered Syracuse,\nwith the spoils from which he adorned Rome. He was killed in battle in\nhis fifth consulship.\n\n=Marcel\u00b4lus.= A Roman who distinguished himself in the civil wars of C\u00e6sar\nand Pompey by his firm attachment to the latter. He was banished by\nC\u00e6sar, but was afterwards recalled at the request of the Senate. There\nwere some other Romans of the same name, of minor repute.\n\n=Mardo\u00b4nius.= A general in the army of Xerxes who was defeated in the\nbattle of Plat\u00e6a, where he was slain, B.C. 479.\n\n=Ma\u00b4rius, C.= A celebrated Roman who signalized himself under Scipio at\nthe siege of Numantia. He was appointed to finish the war against\nJugurtha, who was defeated and betrayed into the hands of the Romans.\nAfter this new honors awaited Marius. He was elected consul, and was\nsent against the Teutones. The war was prolonged, and Marius was a third\nand fourth time invested with the consulship. At length two engagements\nwere fought, and the Teutones were defeated, a vast number of them being\nleft dead on the battlefields. After many vicissitudes Marius died, B.C.\n86, directly after he had been honored with the consulship for the\nseventh time. There were a number of others of the same name, but of\nminor note.\n\n=Mars=, the god of war, was the son of Jupiter and Juno, or of Juno alone,\naccording to Ovid. The loves of Mars and Venus are greatly celebrated.\nOn one occasion, while in each other's company, Vulcan spread a net\nround them, from which they could not escape without assistance. They\nwere thus exposed to the ridicule of the gods till Neptune induced\nVulcan to set them at liberty. During the Trojan war Mars interested\nhimself on the side of the Trojans, and defended the favorites of Venus\nwith great determination.\n\n=Mar\u00b4syas.= A celebrated piper of Cel\u00e6ne in Phrygia. He challenged Apollo\nto a trial of skill in music, which challenge was accepted, the Muses\nbeing appointed umpires. The palm of victory was awarded to Apollo, who\ntied his antagonist to a tree and flayed him.\n\n=Martia\u00b4lis, Mar\u00b4cus Vale\u00b4rius.= A native of Spain who came to Rome when\nhe was about twenty years old, where he became noticeable by his\npoetical genius. Martial wrote fourteen books of epigrams, and died in\nthe seventy-fifth year of his age.\n\n=Masinis\u00b4sa.= A king of a small part of Africa, who at first assisted the\nCarthaginians in their wars against Rome, but who subsequently became an\nally of the Romans. After his defeat of Syphax he married Sophonisba,\nthe wife of Syphax, which gave offense to the Roman general, Scipio, on\nwhich Masinissa induced Sophonisba to end her life by poison. In the\nbattle of Zama, Masinissa greatly contributed to the defeat of Hannibal.\nHe died in his ninety-seventh year, 149 years before the Christian era.\n\n=Mauso\u00b4lus.= A king of Caria. His wife Artemisia was very disconsolate at\nhis death, and erected one of the grandest monuments of antiquity to\nperpetuate his memory. This famous building, which was deemed to be one\nof the seven wonders of the world, was called \"Mausoleum,\" which name\nhas been since applied to other grand sepulchral monuments.\n\n=Maximi\u00b4nus, Ca\u00b4ius Ju\u00b4lius Ve\u00b4rus=, was the son of a peasant of Thrace.\nHe entered the Roman armies, where he gradually rose till he was\nproclaimed emperor A.D. 235. He ruled with great cruelty, and was\neventually killed by his own soldiers. He was of immense size and\nstrength, and was able to break the hardest stones between his fingers.\n\n=Mede\u00b4a.= A celebrated magician, daughter of \u00c6tes, king of Colchis, and\nniece of Circe. When Jason came to Colchis in quest of the Golden\nFleece, Medea fell in love with him, and they exchanged oaths of\nfidelity, and when he had overcome all the difficulties which he had to\nencounter, Medea embarked with him for Greece. She lived in Corinth with\nher husband Jason for ten years, with much conjugal happiness, when he\nbecame enamored with Glauce, daughter of Creon, king of Corinth. To\navenge herself on Jason she caused the destruction of Glauce, and killed\nher two children in his presence.\n\n=Medu\u00b4sa.= One of the three Gorgons, daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. She was\nthe only one of the Gorgons subject to mortality. She was celebrated for\nher personal charms and the beauty of her hair, which Minerva changed\ninto serpents. According to Apollodorus and others, the Gorgons were\nborn with snakes on their heads instead of hair, and with yellow wings\nand brazen hands. Perseus rendered himself famous by his conquest of\nMedusa. He cut off her head and placed it on the \u00e6gis of Minerva. The\nhead had the power of changing those who looked at it into stone.\n\n=Melea\u00b4ger.= A celebrated hero of antiquity, who signalized himself in the\nArgonautic expedition, and especially by killing the Calydonian boar, a\nfamous event in mythological history.\n\n=Melpom\u00b4ene.= One of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She\npresided over tragedy. She is generally represented as a young woman\nwearing a buskin and holding a dagger in her hand.\n\n=Mem\u00b4non.= A king of Ethiopia, son of Tithonus and Aurora. He came with\nten thousand men to assist Priam in the Trojan war, where he behaved\nwith great courage, and killed Antilochus, Nestor's son, on which Nestor\nchallenged Memnon to fight, but he refused on account of the great age\nof the challenger; but he fought Achilles, who killed him. A statue was\nerected in his honor, which had the property of uttering a melodious\nsound every day at sunrise.\n\n=Menan\u00b4der.= A celebrated comic poet of Athens, educated under\nTheophrastus. He was universally esteemed by the Greeks. He wrote 108\ncomedies, but of which only a few fragments remain.\n\n=Menela\u00b4us.= A king of Sparta, brother to Agamemnon. He married Helen, the\nmost beautiful woman of her time. Paris, having arrived in Sparta in the\nabsence of Menelaus, persuaded her to elope with him, which was the\ncause of the Trojan war. In the tenth year of the war Helen, it is said,\nobtained the forgiveness of Menelaus, with whom she returned to Sparta,\nwhere, shortly after his return, he died.\n\n=Mene\u00b4nius Agrippa.= A celebrated Roman who appeased the Roman populace in\nthe infancy of the consular government by repeating to them the\nwell-known fable of the belly and limbs. He lived B.C. 495.\n\n=Menip\u00b4pus.= A Cynic philosopher of Phoenicia. He was originally a\nslave, and, obtaining his liberty, became notorious as a usurer. He\nwrote thirteen books of satires.\n\n=Men\u00b4tor.= A faithful friend of Ulysses, and guide and instructor of his\nson Telemachus. The term Mentor has become proverbial as applied to any\none who is an educator of youth.\n\n=Mercu\u00b4rius.= A celebrated god of antiquity, called Hermes by the Greeks.\nHe was the messenger of the gods, and conducted the souls of the dead\ninto the infernal regions. He presided over orators, merchants, and was\nalso the god of thieves. The invention of the lyre is ascribed to him.\nThis he gave to Apollo, and received in exchange the Caduceus, which the\ngod of poetry used to drive the flocks of King Admetus.\n\n=Mer\u00b4ope.= One of the Atlantides. She married Sisyphus, son of \u00c6olus, and\nwas changed into a constellation.\n\n=Me\u00b4rops.= A king of the island of Cos, who married Clymene, one of the\nOceanides. He was changed into an eagle, and placed among the\nconstellations.\n\n=Messali\u00b4na, Vale\u00b4ria=, was notorious for her vices. She married the\nemperor Claudius, who, wearied with her misconduct, cited her to appear\nbefore him and reply to the accusations which were brought against her,\non which she attempted to destroy herself, but failing to do so, was\nslain by one of the tribunes who had been sent to summon her.\n\n=Metel\u00b4li.= The surname of the family of the C\u00e6cilii at Rome, the most\nnoted of whom are--a general who defeated the Ach\u00e6ans, took Thebes, and\ninvaded Macedonia; Quintus C\u00e6cilius, rendered famous by his successes\nagainst Jugurtha, the king of Numidia; Q. C\u00e6cilius Celer, who\ndistinguished himself against Catiline. He died fifty-seven years B.C.,\ngreatly lamented by Cicero, who was one of his warmest friends; L.\nC\u00e6cilius, a tribune in the civil wars of C\u00e6sar and Pompey, who favored\nthe cause of Pompey; Q. Ca\u00e6ilius, a warlike general who conquered Crete\nand Macedonia; Metellus Cimber, one of the conspirators against C\u00e6sar.\nHe gave the signal to attack and murder the dictator.\n\n=Micip\u00b4sa.= A king of Numidia, son of Masinissa, who, at his death, B.C.\n119, left his kingdom between his sons Adherbal and Hiempsal, and his\nnephew Jugurtha.\n\n=Mi\u00b4das.= A king of Phrygia, son of Gordius or Gorgias. According to some\ntraditions, in the early part of his life he found a treasure, to which\nhe owed his greatness and opulence. He showed hospitality to Silenus, in\nreturn for which Bacchus permitted him to choose whatever recompense he\npleased. He demanded of the god that whatever he touched might be turned\ninto gold. His wish was granted, but when the very food which he\nattempted to eat became gold in his mouth he prayed Bacchus to revoke\nthe favor, and he was ordered to wash himself in the river Pactolus, the\nsands of which were turned into gold by the touch of Midas. Afterwards,\nin consequence of maintaining that Pan was superior to Apollo in singing\nand playing the flute, he had his ears changed into those of an ass by\nthe god.\n\n=Mi\u00b4lo.= A celebrated athlete of Crotona in Italy. He is said to have\ncarried on his shoulders a bullock for a considerable distance, and to\nhave killed it with a blow from his fist, and eaten it in one day. In\nhis old age he attempted to pull up a tree by the roots, which, when\nhalf-cleft, reunited, and his hands remaining imprisoned in the tree, he\nwas eaten by wild beasts about 500 years before the Christian era.\n\n=Milti\u00b4ades=, son of Simon, was sent by the Athenians to take possession\nof the Chersonesus. On his arrival he seized some of the principal\ninhabitants of the country, made himself absolute in Chersonese, and\nmarried the daughter of Olorus, king of the Thracians. He was present at\nthe celebrated battle of Marathon, where the command was ceded to him,\nowing to his superior abilities. He obtained the victory, but an olive\ncrown, which he demanded from his fellow-citizens as a reward for his\nvalor, was refused. Afterwards he was intrusted with a fleet of seventy\nships, with which to punish some islands which had revolted to the\nPersians. At first he was successful, but afterwards fortune frowned on\nhim. He was accused of treason and condemned to death, but his sentence\nwas, owing to his great services, commuted. He died in prison of some\nwounds he had received, which became incurable.\n\n=Miner\u00b4va=, the goddess of wisdom, war, and all the liberal arts, sprang,\nfull-grown and armed, from the head of Jupiter, and was immediately\nadmitted to the assembly of the gods, and became one of the most\nfaithful counselors of her father. Her power in heaven was great: she\ncould hurl the thunders of Jupiter, prolong the life of men, and bestow\nthe gift of prophecy. She was known amongst the ancients by many names.\nShe was called Athena, Pallas, Parthenos, Tritonia (because she was\nworshiped near the lake Tritonis) and Hippia (because she first taught\nmankind how to manage the horse), Sais (because she was worshipped at\nSais), and some other names. She is usually represented with a helmet on\nher head with a large plume on it, in one hand holding a spear, and in\nthe other a shield with the head of Medusa on it. Temples were erected\nfor her worship in different places, one of the most renowned of which\nwas the Parthenon at Athens. From this building a large collection of\nancient sculpture was brought to the British Museum by Lord Elgin more\nthan sixty years ago, which is known as the \"Elgin Marbles.\"\n\n=Mi\u00b4nos.= A king of Crete, son of Jupiter and Europa, who gave laws to his\nsubjects, B.C. 1406, which remained in full force in the age of Plato.\n\n=Mi\u00b4nos the Second= was a son of Lycastes, the son of Minos the first, and\nking of Crete. He married Pasiphae, the daughter of Sol and Perseis.\n\n=Minotau\u00b4rus.= A celebrated monster, half a man and half a bull, for which\na number of young Athenian men and maidens were yearly exacted to be\ndevoured. The Minotaur was confined in a famous labyrinth, where at\nlength it was slain by Theseus, who was guided out of the labyrinth by a\nclue of thread given to him by Ariadne, daughter of King Minos.\n\n=Mithrida\u00b4tes First=, king of Pontus. He was tributary to the crown of\nPersia: his attempts to make himself independent of that fealty proved\nfruitless, being defeated in a battle which he had provoked, and having\nto sue for peace.\n\n=Mithrida\u00b4tes=, surnamed \"Eupator\" and \"The Great,\" succeeded to the\nthrone of Pontus when eleven years of age. The beginning of his reign\nwas marked by ambition and cruelty. At an early age he inured himself to\nhardships by devoting himself to manly exercises, and sleeping in the\nopen air on the bare earth. He was constantly engaged in warfare against\nthe Romans, and his contests with them are known as the Mithridatic\nwars. His hatred of the Romans was so great that, to destroy their\npower, he ordered all of them that were in his dominions to be\nmassacred, and in one night 150,000, according to Plutarch, or 80,000,\naccording to another authority, were slaughtered. This cruel act called\nfor revenge, and great armies were sent against him. After varied\nfortunes Mithridates had to succumb to Pompey, and, worn out with\nmisfortune, attempted to poison himself, but unsuccessfully, as the\nnumerous antidotes to poison which in early life he had taken\nstrengthened his constitution to resist the effect. He then ordered one\nof his soldiers to give him the fatal blow with a sword, which was done.\nHe died about sixty-three years before the Christian era, in his\nseventy-second year. He is said to have been the most formidable\nopponent the Romans ever had, and Cicero estimates him as the greatest\nmonarch that ever sat upon a throne. It is recorded of him that he\nconquered twenty-four nations, whose different languages he knew and\nspoke fluently. There were a number of persons of the same name, but of\ninferior note.\n\n=Mnemos\u00b4yne.= A daughter of Coelus and Terra, mother of the nine Muses.\nJupiter assumed the form of a shepherd in order to enjoy her company.\n\n=Mo\u00b4mus=, the god of mirth amongst the ancients, according to Hesiod, was\nthe son of Nox. He amused himself by satirizing the gods by turning into\nridicule whatever they did.\n\n=Mor\u00b4pheus.= A minister of the god Somnus, who imitated very naturally the\ngestures, words, and manners of mankind. He is sometimes called the god\nof sleep. He is generally represented as a sleeping child, of great\ncorpulence, with wings.\n\n=Mos\u00b4chus.= A Greek Bucolic poet in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. His\neclogues are characterized by sweetness and elegance, and are said to be\nequal in merit to the productions of Theocritus.\n\n=Mure\u00b4na.= A celebrated Roman who invaded the dominions of Mithridates, at\nfirst with success, but afterwards he met with defeat. He was honored\nwith a triumph on his return to Rome.\n\n=Mu\u00b4s\u00e6.= The Muses, certain goddesses who presided over poetry, music,\ndancing, and all the liberal arts. They were daughters of Jupiter and\nMnemosyne, and were nine in number, Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene,\nTerpsichore, Erato, Polyhymnia, Calliope, and Urania.\n\n=Myce\u00b4n\u00e6.= A town of Argolis, said to have been built by Perseus. It\nreceived its name from Mycene, a nymph of Laconia. It was taken and\ndestroyed by the Argives.\n\n\n=Nai\u00b4ades.= Inferior deities who presided over rivers, springs, wells, and\nfountains. The Naiads generally inhabited the country, and resorted to\nthe woods and meadows near the stream over which they presided. They are\nrepresented as young and beautiful girls leaning on an urn, from which\nflows a stream of water. \u00c6gle was the fairest of them, according to\nVirgil. The word Naiad has become Anglicized, and is in frequent use,\nespecially by the poets.\n\n=Narcis\u00b4sus=, a beautiful youth, son of Cephisus and the nymph Liriope,\nwas born at Thespis in Boeotia. He saw his image reflected in a\nfountain and became in love with it, thinking it to be the nymph of the\nplace. His fruitless attempts to reach this beautiful object so provoked\nhim, that he killed himself. His blood was changed into a flower which\nstill bears his name.\n\n=Nem\u00e6\u00b4a.= A town of Argolis, with a wood where Hercules in the sixteenth\nyear of his age killed the celebrated Nem\u00e6an lion. It was the first of\nthe labors of Hercules to destroy the monster, and when he found that\nhis arrows and clubs were useless, against an animal whose skin was\nimpenetrable, he seized it in his arms and strangled it.\n\n=Nem\u00b4esis.= One of the infernal deities, daughter of Nox. She was the\ngoddess of vengeance. She is made one of the Parc\u00e6 by some mythologists,\nand is represented with a helm and a wheel. The term is sometimes used\nto signify vengeance itself.\n\n=Neoptol\u00b4emus.= A king of Epirus, son of Achilles and Deidamia, called\nalso Pyrrhus. He greatly signalized himself during the siege of Troy,\nand he was the first who entered the wooden horse. He was inferior to\nnone of the Grecian warriors in valor. Ulysses and Nestor alone were his\nsuperiors in eloquence and wisdom.\n\n=Ne\u00b4pos, Corne\u00b4lius.= A celebrated historian in the reign of Augustus,\nand, like the rest of his literary contemporaries, he enjoyed the\npatronage and obtained the favor of the emperor. He was the intimate\nfriend of Cicero and Atticus, and recommended himself to notice by\ndelicacy of sentiment and a lively disposition. Of all his valuable\nworks the only one extant is his lives of illustrious Greek and Roman\ngenerals.\n\n=Neptu\u00b4nus.= One of the gods, son of Saturn and Ops, and brother to\nJupiter and Pluto. He was devoured by his father as soon as he was born,\nand restored to life again by a potion given to Saturn, by Metis, the\nfirst wife of Jupiter. Neptune shared with his brothers the empire of\nSaturn, and received as his portion the kingdom of the sea. He did not\nthink this equivalent to the empire of heaven and earth, which Jupiter\nhad claimed, therefore he conspired to dethrone him. The conspiracy was\ndiscovered, and Jupiter condemned Neptune to build the walls of Troy.\nHe married Amphitrite, who thus broke a vow she had made of perpetual\ncelibacy.\n\n=Nere\u00b4ides.= Nymphs of the sea, daughters of Nereus and Doris. According\nto most of the mythologists, they were fifty in number. They are\nrepresented as young and handsome girls, sitting on dolphins and armed\nwith tridents.\n\n=Ne\u00b4ro, Clau\u00b4dius Domit\u00b4ius C\u00e6\u00b4sar.= A celebrated Roman emperor, son of\nCaius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina, the daughter of Germanicus.\nHis name is the synonym for cruelty and vice. In the night it was his\nwont to sally out from his palace to visit the meanest taverns and the\ndifferent scenes of depravity that were to be found. He appeared on the\nstage, sometimes representing the meanest characters. He resolved to\nimitate the burning of Troy, and caused Rome to be set on fire in\ndifferent places, the flames being unextinguished for nine days, and he\nenjoyed the terrible scene. During the conflagration he placed himself\non the top of a tower and sang, accompanying himself on a lyre, of the\ndestruction of Troy. Many conspiracies were formed against him, the most\ndangerous of which he was saved from by the confession of a slave. He\nkilled himself A.D. 68, in the thirty-second year of his age, after a\nreign of thirteen years and eight months. Wretch that he was, it is said\nthat he had some few to mourn for him, and Suetonius records that some\nunseen hand had placed flowers on his tomb.\n\n=Ner\u00b4va, M. Cocce\u00b4ius.= A Roman emperor after the death of Domitian A.D.\n96. He rendered himself popular by his mildness and generosity. In his\ncivil character he set an example of good manners and sobriety. He made\nan oath that no senator should suffer death during his reign, which he\ncarried out by pardoning two members of the Senate who had conspired\nagainst his life. He died in his seventy-second year, A.D. 98, and was\nsucceeded by his son Trajan.\n\n=Nes\u00b4sus.= A celebrated Centaur killed by Hercules for insulting Dejanira.\n\n=Nes\u00b4tor.= A son of Neleus and Chloris, nephew to Pelias, and grandson to\nNeptune. He was present at the bloody battle between the Lapith\u00e6 and the\nCentaurs, which took place at the nuptials of Pirithous. As king of\nPylos he led his soldiers to the Trojan war, where he distinguished\nhimself among the Grecian chieftains by eloquence, wisdom, and prudence.\nHomer makes his character as the most perfect of all his heroes. After\nthe Trojan war Nestor retired to Greece, where he lived during his\ndeclining years in peace and tranquillity. The manner and time of his\ndeath are unknown.\n\n=Ni\u00b4nus.= A son of Belus. He built Nineveh and founded the Assyrian\nmonarchy, of which he was the first sovereign, B.C. 2059. He married\nSemiramis, whose husband had destroyed himself through fear of Ninus. He\nreigned fifty-two years.\n\n=Ni\u00b4obe.= A daughter of Tantalus, king of Lydia, and Euryanassa, or Dione.\nShe married Amphion, and, according to Hesiod, they had ten sons and ten\ndaughters. All the sons of Niobe expired by the darts of Apollo, and all\nthe daughters, except Chloris, were destroyed by Diana. Niobe,\noverwhelmed with grief, was changed into a stone.\n\n=Nito\u00b4cris.= A celebrated queen of Babylon, who built a bridge across the\nEuphrates in the middle of that city, and dug a number of reservoirs for\nthe superfluous water of the river.\n\n=Nom\u00b4ades.= A name given to people who had no fixed habitation, and who\ncontinually changed their place of residence in quest of fresh pastures\nfor the cattle they tended. There were Nomades in Scythia, India,\nArabia, etc. The word is in constant use as Anglicized--Nomad--meaning\nany one who leads a wandering and unsettled life.\n\n=Nox.= One of the most ancient deities among the heathens, daughter of\nChaos. She gave birth to the Day and the Light, and was mother of the\nParc\u00e6, Hesperides, Dreams, Death, etc.\n\n=Nu\u00b4ma Pompil\u00b4ius.= A celebrated philosopher of Cures. He married Tatia,\ndaughter of Tatius, king of the Sabines, and at her death he retired\ninto the country to devote himself to literary pursuits. At the death of\nRomulus the Romans fixed on him to be their new king. Numa at first\nrefused the offer of the crown, but at length was prevailed on to accept\nit. He endeavored to inculcate into the minds of his subjects a\nreverence for the deity, and he did all he could to heal their\ndissensions. He encouraged the report of his visits to the nymph Egeria,\nand made use of her name to give sanction to the laws which he had made.\nHe dedicated a temple to Janus, which, during his whole reign, remained\nclosed as a mark of peace and tranquillity at Rome. Numa died after a\nreign of forty-three years (B.C. 672), during which he had given\nencouragement to the useful arts, and had cultivated peace.\n\n=Nym\u00b4ph\u00e6.= Certain female deities among the ancients. They were generally\ndivided into two classes--nymphs of the land and nymphs of the sea. Of\nthe former some presided over woods, and were called Dryades and\nHamadryades. Of the sea nymphs some were called Oceanides, Nereides,\nNaiades, etc.\n\n\n=Ocean\u00b4ides and Oceanit\u00b4ides.= Sea nymphs, daughters of Oceanus, from whom\nthey received their name. According to Apollodorus they were 3000 in\nnumber, whilst Hesiod speaks of them as consisting of forty-one.\n\n=Oce\u00b4anus.= A powerful deity of the sea, son of Coelus and Terra. He\nmarried Tethys, the Oceanides being their children.\n\n=Octa\u00b4via.= A Roman lady, sister to the emperor Augustus, celebrated for\nher beauty and virtues. She married Claudius Marcellus, and, after his\ndeath, Antony, who for some time was attentive to her, but eventually\ndeserted her for Cleopatra.\n\n=Octavia\u00b4nus, or Octa\u00b4vius C\u00e6\u00b4sar.= A famous Roman who, after the battle\nof Actium, had bestowed on him by the senate the surname _Augustus_, as\nexpressing his dignity and greatness.\n\n=Odena\u00b4tus.= A celebrated prince of Palmyra. At an early period of his\nlife he inured himself to bear fatigue by hunting wild beasts. He was a\nfaithful ally of the Romans, and gave great offense to Sapor, king of\nPersia, in consequence. In the warfare which ensued he obtained\nadvantage over the troops of Sapor, and took his wife prisoner, besides\ngaining great booty. He died by the hand of one of his relations whom he\nhad offended. Zenobia succeeded him on the throne.\n\n=OE\u00b4dipus.= A son of Laius, king of Thebes, and Jocasta. Laius was\ninformed by the oracle, as soon as he married Jocasta, that he would\nperish by the hands of his son. On his birth OEdipus was given to a\ndomestic, with orders to expose him to death on the mountains, where he\nwas found by one of the shepherds of Polybus, king of Corinth.\nPeriboea, the wife of Polybus, educated him as her own child, tending\nhim with great care. In after life he met Laius in a narrow lane in a\nchariot, and being haughtily ordered to make way for Laius, a combat\nensued in which Laius was slain. After this OEdipus was attracted to\nThebes by the fame of the Sphinx, who devoured all those who attempted\nto explain without success the enigmas which she propounded. The enigma\nproposed by the Sphinx to OEdipus was:--What animal in the morning\nwalks upon four feet, at noon upon two, and in the evening upon three?\nOEdipus solved the riddle by replying that the animal was man, who in\nchildhood crawls on his hands and feet, on attaining manhood walks on\ntwo feet erect, and in the evening of life supports his tottering steps\nwith a staff. The monster on hearing the correct solution of the riddle,\ndashed her head against a rock and perished.\n\n=OE\u00b4neus.= A king of Calydon, son of Parthaon or Portheus and Euryte. He\nmarried Alth\u00e6a, their children being Clymenus, Meleager, Gorge, and\nDejanira. In a general sacrifice he made to the gods he slighted Diana,\nwho, in revenge, sent a wild boar to waste his country. The animal was\nkilled by Meleager in the celebrated Calydonian boar hunt. After this\nmisfortunes overtook OEneus, and he exiled himself from Calydon, and\ndied on his way to Argolis.\n\n=OEnom\u00b4aus.= King of Pisa, in Elis, and father of Hippodamia. He was\ntold by the oracle that he would perish by his son-in-law. Being\nskillful in driving a chariot, he announced that he would give his\ndaughter in marriage only to some one who could defeat him in a race,\ndeath being the result of those who were defeated. After a number of\naspirants had contended and failed, Pelops, son of Tantalus, entered the\nlists, and by bribing the charioteer of OEnomaus, who provided a\nchariot with a broken axle-tree, Pelops won the race, and married\nHippodamia, becoming king of Pisa. OEnomaus was killed in the race.\n\n=Olym\u00b4pia.= Celebrated games which received their name either from\nOlympia, where they were observed, or from Jupiter Olympius, to whom\nthey were dedicated.\n\n=Olym\u00b4pus.= A mountain in Macedonia and Thessaly. The ancients supposed\nthat it touched the heavens, and thus they have made it the residence of\nthe gods, and the place where Jupiter held his court. On the top of the\nmountain, according to the poets, eternal spring reigned.\n\n=Om\u00b4phale.= A queen of Lydia, daughter of Jardanus. She married Tmolus,\nwho at his death left her mistress of his kingdom. She had heard of the\nexploits of Hercules, and wished to see him. After he had slain Eurytus,\nHercules was ordered to be sold as a slave, and was purchased by\nOmphale, who gave him his liberty. He became in love with Omphale, who\nreciprocated his passion. He is represented by the poets as being so\ninfatuated with her that he sat spinning by her side surrounded by her\nwomen, whilst she garbed herself with his lion's skin, arming herself\nwith his club.\n\n=Oppia\u00b4nus.= A Greek poet of Cilicia. He wrote some poems celebrated for\ntheir sublimity and elegance. Caracalla gave him a piece of gold for\nevery verse in one of his poems. Oppian died of the plague in the\nthirtieth year of his age.\n\n=Ops.= A daughter of Coelus and Terra, the same as the Rhea of the\nGreeks, who married Saturn, and became mother of Jupiter. She was known\namongst the ancients by the different names of Cybele, Bona Dea, Magna\nMater, Thya, Tellus, and Proserpina.\n\n=Ores\u00b4tes.= A son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. His father was slain by\nClytemnestra and \u00c6gisthus, but young Orestes was saved from his mother's\ndagger by his sister Electra, called by Homer Laodicea, and was conveyed\nto the house of Strophius, king of Phocis, who had married a sister of\nAgamemnon. He was indulgently treated by Strophius, who educated him\nwith his son Pylades. The two young princes formed the most inviolable\nfriendship. When Orestes had arrived at years of manhood he avenged his\nfather's death by killing his mother Clytemnestra.\n\n=Or\u00b4igen.= A Greek writer, celebrated for his learning and the sublimity\nof his genius. He suffered martyrdom in his sixty-ninth year. His works\nare numerous, consisting of commentaries on the Scriptures and various\ntreatises.\n\n=Or\u00b4pheus.= A son of OEger and the Muse Calliope. Some suppose him to be\nthe son of Apollo. He received a lyre from Apollo, or, according to\nsome, from Mercury, on which he played in such a masterly manner that\nthe melodious sounds caused rivers to cease to flow, and savage beasts\nto forget their wildness. He married Eurydice, who died from the bite of\na serpent. Orpheus felt her death acutely, and to recover her he visited\nthe infernal regions. Pluto, the king of the infernal regions, was\nenraptured with the strains of music from the lyre of Orpheus, and,\naccording to the poets, the wheel of Ixion stopped, the stone of\nSisyphus stood still, Tantalus forgot his burning thirst, and even the\nFuries relented, so fascinating were the sounds extracted from the lyre.\nPluto was moved by the sorrow of Orpheus, and consented to restore\nEurydice to him, provided he forebore to look behind him till he had\nreached the extremity of his domain. Orpheus agreed to this, but forgot\nhis promise, and turned round to look at Eurydice, who instantly\nvanished from his sight. After this he separated himself from the\nsociety of mankind, and the Thracian women, whom he had offended by his\ncoldness, attacked him whilst they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, and\nafter they had torn his body to pieces they threw his head into the\nHebrus.\n\n=Osi\u00b4ris.= A great deity of the Egyptians, husband of Isis. The ancients\ndiffer in opinion concerning this celebrated god, but they all agree\nthat as ruler of Egypt he took care to civilize his subjects, to improve\ntheir morals, to give them good and salutary laws, and to teach them\nagriculture.\n\n=Ovid\u00b4ius, P. Na\u00b4so.= A celebrated Roman poet born at Sulmo. He was sent\nat an early age to Rome, and afterwards went to Athens in the sixteenth\nyear of his age, where his progress in the study of eloquence was great.\nHis natural inclination, however, was towards poetry, and to this he\ndevoted his chief attention. His lively genius and fertile imagination\nsoon gained him admirers; the learned became his friends; Virgil,\nPropertius, Horace, and Tibullus, honored him with their correspondence,\nand Augustus patronized him with unbounded liberality. These favors,\nhowever, were transitory, and he was banished to a place on the Euxine\nSea by order of the emperor. The true cause of his banishment is not\nknown. His friends ardently entreated the emperor to permit him to\nreturn, but in vain, and he died in the seventh or eighth year of his\nbanishment, in the fifty-ninth year of his age, A.D. 17. A great portion\nof his works remains. These consist of the \"Metamorphoses,\" \"Fasti,\"\n\"Epistol\u00e6,\" etc. Whilst his works are occasionally disfigured by\nindelicacy, they are distinguished by great sweetness and elegance.\n\n\n=Pacto\u00b4lus.= A celebrated river of Lydia. It was in this river that Midas\nwashed himself when he turned into gold whatever he touched.\n\n=P\u00e6\u00b4an.= A surname of Apollo, derived from the word _p\u00e6an_, a hymn which\nwas sung in his honor for killing the serpent Python.\n\n=Pal\u00e6\u00b4mon= or =Pale\u00b4mon=. A sea deity, son of Athamas and Ino. His original\nname was Melicerta. He assumed the name of Pal\u00e6mon after being changed\ninto a sea deity by Neptune.\n\n=Palame\u00b4des.= A Grecian chief, son of Nauplius, king of Euboea, and\nClymene. He was sent by the Greek princes, who were going to the Trojan\nwar, to bring Ulysses to the camp, who, to withdraw himself from the\nexpedition, had pretended to be insane. Palamedes soon penetrated the\ndeception, and Ulysses was obliged to join in the war, but an inveterate\nenmity arose between the two, and by an unworthy artifice Ulysses\nprocured the death of Palamedes. Palamedes is accredited with the\ninvention of dice, backgammon, and other games.\n\n=Palati\u00b4nus, Mons.= A celebrated hill, the largest of the seven hills on\nwhich Rome was built.\n\n=Palinu\u00b4rus.= A skillful pilot of the ship of \u00c6neas. He fell into the sea\nwhilst asleep, and was exposed to the waves for three days, and on\nreaching the shore was murdered by the inhabitants of the place where he\nlanded.\n\n=Palla\u00b4dium.= A celebrated statue of Pallas. It represented the goddess as\nholding a spear in her right hand, and in her left a distaff and\nspindle. It fell down from heaven near the tent of Ilus as he was\nbuilding the citadel of Ilium, whilst, according to others, it fell in\nPhrygia; another account says Dardanus received it as a present from his\nmother Electra; other accounts are given of its origin. It is generally\nagreed, however, that on the preservation of the statue the fate of Troy\ndepended. This was known to the Greeks during the Trojan war, and they\ncontrived to obtain possession of it. But some authors say that the true\nPalladium was not carried away by the Greeks, but only a statue which\nhad been placed near it, and which bore some resemblance to it.\n\n=Pal\u00b4las.= A name of Minerva. She is said to have received the name\nbecause she killed a noted giant bearing that name.\n\n=Palmy\u00b4ra.= The capital of Palmyrene, a country on the eastern boundaries\nof Syria, now called Tadmor. It is famous as being the seat of\ngovernment of the celebrated Queen Zenobia.\n\n=Pan.= The god of shepherds, huntsmen, and the inhabitants of the country.\nHe was in appearance a monster; he had two small horns on his head, and\nhis legs, thighs, tail, and feet were like those of the goat.\n\n=Pan\u00b4darus.= A son of Lycaon, who aided the Trojans in their war with the\nGreeks. He broke the truce which had been agreed on by the contending\narmies, and wounded Menelaus and Diomedes. He was at last killed by\nDiomedes.\n\n=Pandi\u00b4on.= A king of Athens, father of Procne and Philomela. During his\nreign there was such an abundance of corn, wine, and oil in his realm,\nthat it was supposed that Bacchus and Minerva had personally visited the\ncountry.\n\n=Pando\u00b4ra.= A celebrated woman; the first mortal female that ever lived,\naccording to Hesiod. She was made of clay by Vulcan, and having received\nlife, all the gods made presents to her. Venus gave her beauty and the\nart of pleasing; the Graces gave her the power of captivating; Apollo\ntaught her how to sing, and Mercury instructed her in eloquence. Jupiter\ngave her a beautiful box, which she was ordered to present to the man\nwho married her. This was Epithemeus, brother of Prometheus, who opened\nthe box, from which issued a multitude of evils, which became dispersed\nall over the world, and which from that fatal moment have never ceased\nto affect the human race. Hope alone remained at the bottom of the box.\n\n=Pan\u00b4sa, C. Vib\u00b4ius.= A Roman consul, who, with Hirtius, pursued the\nassassins of C\u00e6sar, and was killed in a battle near Mutina.\n\n=Pan\u00b4theon.= A celebrated temple at Rome, built by Agrippa in the reign of\nAugustus, and dedicated to all the gods.\n\n=Par\u00b4c\u00e6.= The Fates, powerful goddesses who presided over the birth and\nlife of mankind. They were three in number, Clotho, Lachesis, and\nAtropos, daughters of Nox and Erebus, according to Hesiod, or, according\nto what he says in another place, of Jupiter and Themis.\n\n=Par\u00b4is.= The son of Priam, king of Troy, and Hecuba; he was also called\nAlexander. He was destined before his birth to cause the ruin of his\ncountry, and before he was born his mother dreamt that he would be a\ntorch which would set fire to her palace. The soothsayers predicted that\nhe would be the cause of the destruction of Troy. In consequence of\nthese foretold calamities Priam ordered a slave to destroy the child\nimmediately after birth, but instead of acting thus the slave exposed\nthe child on Mount Ida, where some shepherds found him and took care of\nhim. Paris gave early proofs of courage, and his graceful countenance\nrecommended him to OEnone, a nymph of Ida, whom he married. At the\nmarriage of Peleus and Thetis, the goddess of discord, who had not been\ninvited, showed her displeasure by throwing into the assembly of the\ngods, who were at the nuptials, a golden apple, on which were the words:\nLet it be given to the fairest. The apple was claimed by Juno, Venus,\nand Minerva. Paris, who had been appointed to award it to the most\nbeautiful of the three goddesses, gave it to Venus. Subsequently Paris\nvisited Sparta, where he persuaded Helen, wife of Menelaus, the most\nbeautiful woman of the age, to elope with him. This caused the Trojan\nwar. Different accounts are given of the death of Paris. By some he is\nsaid to have been killed by one of the arrows of Philoctetes which had\nonce belonged to Hercules.\n\n=Parme\u00b4nio.= A celebrated general in the armies of Alexander the Great, by\nwhom he was regarded with the greatest affection. The firm friendship\nwhich existed between the two generals was broken in a sudden fit of\nanger by Alexander, who ordered his friend to be put to death, B.C. 330.\n\n=Parnas\u00b4sus.= A mountain of Phocis sacred to the Muses, and to Apollo and\nBacchus. It was named thus after a son of Neptune who bore that\ndesignation.\n\n=Parrha\u00b4sius.= A famous painter of Ephesus in the age of Zeuxis, about\nfifteen years before Christ. He contended, on one occasion, with Zeuxis\nfor the palm in painting, and Zeuxis acknowledged that he was excelled\nby Parrhasius.\n\n=Par\u00b4thenon.= A temple of Athens sacred to Minerva. It was destroyed by\nthe Persians, and was rebuilt by Pericles.\n\n=Pasiph\u00b4ae.= A daughter of the Sun and of Perseis, who married Minos, king\nof Crete. She became the mother of the Minotaur, which was killed by\nTheseus.\n\n=Patro\u00b4clus.= One of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war. He\ncontracted an intimate friendship with Achilles, and when the Greeks\nwent to the Trojan war Patroclus accompanied them. He was the constant\ncompanion of Achilles, living in the same tent, and when his friend\nrefused to appear in the field of battle, because of being offended with\nAgamemnon, Patroclus imitated his example. Nestor, however, prevailed on\nhim again to take the field, and Achilles lent him his armor. Hector\nencountered him, and after a desperate fight slew him. The Greeks\nobtained his dead body, which was brought into the Grecian camp, where\nAchilles received it with great lamentation, and again taking the field,\nkilled Hector, thus avenging the death of his friend.\n\n=Pau\u00b4lus \u00c6mil\u00b4ius.= A Roman celebrated for his military achievements,\nsurnamed \"Macedonicus\" from his conquest of Macedonia. In early life he\ndistinguished himself by his application and for his love for military\ndiscipline. In his first consulship he reduced the Ligurians to\nsubjection, and subsequently obtained a great victory over the\nMacedonians, making himself master of the country. In the office of\ncensor, which he filled, he behaved with great moderation, and at his\ndeath, about 168 years before the Christian era, the Romans mourned\ndeeply for him.\n\n=Pausa\u00b4nias.= A Spartan general who greatly signalized himself at the\nbattle of Plat\u00e6a against the Persians. He afterwards, at the head of the\nSpartan armies, extended his conquests in Asia, but the haughtiness of\nhis behavior made him many enemies. He offered, on certain conditions,\nto betray Greece to the Persians, but his perfidy was discovered, on\nwhich he fled for safety to a temple of Minerva, where he was starved to\ndeath, B.C. 471.\n\n=Peg\u00b4asus.= A winged horse sprung from the blood of Medusa. According to\nOvid he fixed his abode on Mount Helicon, where, by striking the earth\nwith his foot, he raised a fountain which has been called Hippocrene.\n\n=Pe\u00b4leus.= A king of Thessaly, son of \u00c6acus and Endeis, the daughter of\nChiron. He married Thetis, one of the Nereids.\n\n=Pe\u00b4lias.= Son of Neptune and Tyro. On his birth he was exposed in the\nwoods, but his life was preserved by some shepherds. Subsequently Tyro\nwas married to Cretheus, king of Iolchos. They had three children, of\nwhom \u00c6son was the eldest. Pelias visited his mother after the death of\nCretheus, and usurped the authority which properly belonged to the\nchildren of the deceased monarch. Jason, the son of \u00c6son, who had been\neducated by Chiron, on attaining manhood demanded the kingdom, the\ngovernment of which Pelias had usurped. Jason was persuaded by Pelias to\nwaive his claim for the present, and start on the Argonautic\nexpedition. On his return, accompanied by the sorceress Medea, she\nundertook to restore Pelias to youth, explaining that it was necessary\nfirst to cut his body to pieces and place the limbs in a caldron of\nboiling water. This was done, when Medea refused to fulfill her promise,\nwhich she had solemnly made to the daughters of Pelias, who were four in\nnumber, and who had received the patronymic of the \"Peliades.\"\n\n=Pe\u00b4lion=, sometimes called Pelios. A celebrated mountain of Thessaly, the\ntop of which is covered with pine-trees.\n\n=Pelop\u00b4idas.= A celebrated general of Thebes, son of Hippoclus. It was\nowing to his valor and prudence, combined with the ability of\nEpaminondas, that the famous victory of Leuctra was won.\n\n=Pe\u00b4lops.= A celebrated prince, son of Tantalus, king of Phrygia. He was\nkilled by his father, and served up as a feast to the gods, who had\nvisited Phrygia. He was restored to life, and married Hippodamia, having\nwon her through defeating her father in a chariot race.\n\n=Pena\u00b4tes.= Certain inferior deities among the Romans, who presided over\nthe domestic affairs of families.\n\n=Penel\u00b4ope.= A celebrated princess of Greece, daughter of Icarius, and\nwife of Ulysses, king of Ithaca. She became the mother of Telemachus,\nand was obliged to part, with great reluctance, from her husband, when\nthe Greeks obliged him to go to the Trojan war. The strife between the\nhostile forces continued for ten years, and when Ulysses did not return\nhome at the conclusion of the war her fears and anxieties became\noverwhelming. She was beset by a number of suitors, who told her that\nher husband would never return, and she ought to give herself to one of\nher admirers. She received their advances with coldness, but as she was\ndevoid of power, and, as it were, almost a prisoner in their hands, she\ntemporized with them. After twenty years' absence Ulysses returned, and\nat once delivered her from the persecutions of her suitors. Penelope is\ndescribed by Homer as a model of female propriety, whilst some more\nmodern writers dispute the correctness of this view. The accounts given\nby different authors respecting her, in fact, differ materially. By some\nshe is said to have been the mother of Pan.\n\n=Penthesile\u00b4a.= A queen of the Amazons, daughter of Mars. She came to\nassist Priam in the last years of the Trojan war, and was slain by\nAchilles.\n\n=Per\u00b4gamus.= The citadel of the city of Troy. The word is often used to\nsignify Troy. From it Xerxes reviewed his troops as he marched to invade\nGreece.\n\n=Per\u00b4icles.= An Athenian of noble family, son of Xanthippus and Agariste.\nHis naturally great mental powers were greatly improved by attending the\nlectures of Zeno and other philosophers. He became a commander, a\nstatesman, and an orator, and gained the esteem of the people by his\naddress and liberality. In his ministerial capacity, Pericles did not\nenrich himself. The prosperity and happiness of Athens was his primary\nobject. He made war against the Laced\u00e6monians, and restored the temple\nof Delphi to the care of the Phocians, who had been improperly deprived\nof that honorable trust. The Peloponnesian war was fomented by his\nambitious views. He at length lost his popularity, but only temporarily,\nand he was restored to all the honors of which he had been deprived. A\npestilence which prevailed proved fatal to him in his seventieth year,\nabout 429 years before Christ.\n\n=Per\u00b4seus.= A son of Jupiter and Danae, the daughter of Acrisius. It had\nbeen predicted by the oracle that Acrisius was to perish by his\ndaughter's offspring, so Perseus, soon after his birth, was, with his\nmother Danae, thrown into the sea. Both were saved and reached the\nisland of Seriphos, where they were treated kindly by Polydectes, the\nking, who, however, soon became jealous of the genius of Perseus.\nPerseus had promised Polydectes to bring him the head of the Gorgon\nMedusa. To enable him to obtain this Pluto lent him a helmet which made\nthe wearer invisible. Minerva gave him her buckler, and Mercury\nfurnished him with wings. Thus equipped he found the Gorgons, and cut\noff Medusa's head, with which he fled through the air, and from the\nblood which dropped from it, sprang the horse Pegasus. During his flight\nPerseus discovered Andromeda chained to a rock to be devoured by a sea\nmonster, which he destroyed, and married Andromeda. He now returned to\nSeriphos, where he turned into stone Polydectes by showing him Medusa's\nhead. By an accident, in throwing a quoit he killed Acrisius, thus\nfulfilling the prediction of the oracle.\n\n=Per\u00b4seus= or =Per\u00b4ses=. A son of Philip, king of Macedonia. He\ndistinguished himself by his enmity to the Romans, and when he had made\nsufficient preparations he declared war against them. He, however,\nwanted courage and resolution, and though he at first obtained some\nadvantages over the Roman armies, his timidity proved destructive to his\ncause. He was defeated at Pydna, and soon after was taken prisoner, and\ndied in prison at Rome.\n\n=Per\u00b4sius, Au\u00b4lus Flac\u00b4cus.= A Latin poet of Volaterr\u00e6. He was of a good\nfamily, and soon became intimate with the most illustrious Romans of his\nday. The early part of his life was spent in his native town, but at\nthe age of sixteen he was removed to Rome, where he studied philosophy.\nHe died in his thirtieth year, A.D. 62. The satires of Persius were read\nwith pleasure and avidity by his contemporaries.\n\n=Per\u00b4tinax, Pub\u00b4lius Hel\u00b4vius.= A Roman emperor after the death of\nCommodus. He was descended from an obscure family, and for some time was\nemployed in drying wood and making charcoal. He entered on a military\nlife and by his valor rose to offices of the highest trust, and was made\nconsul. At the death of Commodus he was selected to succeed to the\nthrone. His patriotism gained him the affection of the worthiest of his\nsubjects, but there were some who plotted against him. He was killed by\nhis soldiers, A.D. 193.\n\n=Petro\u00b4nius Ar\u00b4biter.= A favorite of the emperor Nero, and one of the\nministers and associates of his pleasures and vices. He was made\nproconsul of Bithynia, and afterwards was honored with the consulship.\nEventually he became out of favor with Nero, and resolved to destroy\nhimself, which he did by having his veins opened, A.D. 66. Petronius\ndistinguished himself by his writings as well as by his voluptuousness.\nHe is the author of many elegant compositions, which are, however, often\ncharacterized by impropriety of language.\n\n=Ph\u00e6\u00b4dra.= A daughter of Minos and Pasiph\u00e6, who married Theseus. She\nbecame the mother of Acamas and Demophoon. She brought an unjust\naccusation against Hippolytus (a son of Theseus before she married him),\nwho was killed by the horses in his chariot taking fright, causing him\nto be thrown under the wheels and crushed to death. On hearing this\nPh\u00e6dra acknowledged the falseness of the charge she had brought against\nHippolytus, and hanged herself in despair.\n\n=Ph\u00e6\u00b4drus.= A Thracian who became one of the freed men of the emperor\nAugustus. He translated the fables of \u00c6sop into Iambic verse.\n\n=Pha\u00b4ethon.= A son of the Sun, or of Phoebus and Clymene. According to\nHesiod and Pausanias he was son of Cephalus and Aurora, or of Tithonus\nand Aurora, according to Apollodorus. He is, however, generally\nacknowledged to be son of Phoebus and Clymene. Phoebus allowed him\nto drive the chariot of the sun for one day. Phaethon, on receiving the\nreins, at once showed his incapacity; the horses became unmanageable,\nand heaven and earth were threatened with a conflagration, when Jupiter\nstruck Phaethon with a thunderbolt, and hurled him into the river Po,\nwhere he perished.\n\n=Phal\u00b4aris.= A tyrant of Agrigentum, who treated his subjects with great\ncruelty. Perillus made him a brazen bull, inside of which he proposed to\nplace culprits, and by applying fire burn them to death. The first to be\nthus burnt in this manner was Perillus himself. The cruelties practiced\nby Phalaris were revenged by a revolt of his people, who put him to\ndeath by burning him in the bull.\n\n=Pha\u00b4on.= A boatman of Mitylene, in Lesbos. He received a box of ointment\nfrom Venus, who had presented herself to him in the form of an old\nwoman. When he had rubbed himself with the unguent he became beautiful,\nand Sappho, the celebrated poetess, became enamored with him. For a\nshort time he devoted himself to her, but soon treated her with\ncoldness, upon which she threw herself into the sea and was drowned.\n\n=Pharnaba\u00b4zus.= A satrap of Persia who assisted the Laced\u00e6monians against\nthe Athenians, and gained their esteem by his devotion to their cause.\n\n=Pha\u00b4ros.= A small island in the bay of Alexandria, on which was built a\ntower which was considered one of the seven wonders of the world. It was\nerected in the reigns of Ptolemy Soter and Ptolemy Philadelphus, the\narchitect being Sostratus, the son of Dexiphanes.\n\n=Pharsa\u00b4lia.= A town of Thessaly, famous for the great battle fought there\nbetween Julius C\u00e6sar and Pompey, in which the former obtained the\nvictory.\n\n=Phid\u00b4ias.= A celebrated sculptor of Athens, who died B.C. 432. He\nexecuted a statue of Minerva, which was placed in the Pantheon.\n\n=Philip\u00b4pi.= A town of Macedonia, celebrated for two battles fought there,\nB.C. 42, between Augustus and Antony and the republican forces of Brutus\nand Cassius, in which the former were victorious.\n\n=Philip\u00b4pus=, king of Macedonia, was son of Amyntas, king of Macedonia. He\nlearnt the art of war from Epaminondas. He married Olympias, the\ndaughter of Neoptolemus, king of the Molossi, and became father of\nAlexander the Great. Amongst the most important events of his reign was\nthe battle of Ch\u00e6ronea, which he won from the Greeks. The character of\nPhilip is that of a sagacious, prudent, but artful and intriguing,\nmonarch. He was assassinated by Pausanias at the celebration of the\nnuptials of his daughter, in the forty-seventh year of his age and the\ntwenty-fourth of his reign, about 336 years before the Christian era.\n\n=Philip\u00b4pus.= The last king of Macedonia of that name was son of\nDemetrius. He aspired to become the friend of Hannibal. His intrigues\nwere discovered by the Romans, who invaded his territories, and\nextorted peace from him on terms which were humiliating. He died in the\nforty-second year of his reign, 179 years before the Christian era.\n\n=Phi\u00b4lo.= A Jewish writer of Alexandria, A.D. 40. His works related to the\ncreation of the world, sacred history, and the laws and customs of the\nJewish nation.\n\n=Philocte\u00b4tes= was one of the Argonauts. He received from Hercules the\narrows which had been dipped in the gall of the Hydra. The Greeks, in\nthe tenth year of the Trojan war, were informed by the oracle that Troy\ncould not be taken without these arrows. Philoctetes repaired to the\nGrecian camp, where he destroyed a number of the Trojans, among whom was\nParis, with the arrows. The adventures of Philoctetes are the subject of\none of the best tragedies of Sophocles.\n\n=Philome\u00b4la.= A daughter of Pandion, king of Athens. Her sister Procne had\nmarried Tereus, king of Thrace, and being separated from Philomela spent\nher time in great melancholy. She persuaded her husband to go to Athens\nand bring her sister to Thrace. Tereus, on the journey, treated\nPhilomela with great cruelty, and cut off her tongue, confining her in a\nlonely castle, and reporting to Procne that she was dead. Philomela,\nhowever, found means to inform Procne that she was living. In revenge\nfor the cruelty of Tereus, Procne murdered his son and served him up as\nfood at a banquet. On hearing this Tereus drew his sword to slay the\nsisters, when he was changed into a hoopoe, Philomela into a\nnightingale, and Procne into a swallow.\n\n=Philopoe\u00b4men.= A celebrated general of the Ach\u00e6ans, born at Megalopolis.\nAt an early age he distinguished himself in the field of battle, at the\nsame time appearing fond of agriculture and a country life. He adopted\nEpaminondas as his model, and was not unsuccessful in imitating the\nprudence and other good qualities of the famous Theban. When Megalopolis\nwas attacked by the Spartans, Philopoemen, then in his thirtieth year,\ngave the most decisive proofs of his valor. Raised to the rank of\ncommander, he showed his ability to discharge that important trust, by\nkilling with his own hand Mechanidas, the tyrant of Sparta, and\ndefeating his army. Sparta having become, after its conquest, tributary\nto the Ach\u00e6ans, Philopoemen enjoyed the triumph of having subdued one of\nthe most powerful states of Greece. He was at length made prisoner by\nthe Messenians, and was treated by their general, Dinocrates, with great\nseverity. He was poisoned in his seventieth year, about 183 years before\nthe Christian era.\n\n=Philos\u00b4tratus.= A famous Sophist, born at Lemnos, or, according to some,\nat Athens. He came to Rome, where he was patronized by Julia, the wife\nof the emperor Severus. She intrusted him with some papers referring to\nApollonius, whose life he wrote. This biography is written with\nelegance, but contains many exaggerated descriptions and improbable\nstories.\n\n=Phi\u00b4neus.= A son of Agenor, king of Phoenicia, or, according to some, a\nson of Neptune, who became king of Thrace. He married Cleopatra (called\nby some Cleobula), the daughter of Boreas, their children being\nPlexippus and Pandion. After the death of Cleopatra, he married Id\u00e6a,\nthe daughter of Dardanus, who, jealous of Cleopatra's children, accused\nthem of an attempt on their father's life, and they were condemned by\nPhineus to have their eyes put out. This cruelty was punished by the\ngods, Phineus being made blind, and the Harpies were sent by Jupiter to\nkeep him in continual alarm. He recovered his sight by means of the\nArgonauts, whom he received with great hospitality.\n\n=Phleg\u00b4ethon.= A river in the infernal regions, between the banks of which\nflames of fire flowed instead of water.\n\n=Phle\u00b4gon.= One of the emperor Adrian's freedmen. He wrote a historical\naccount of Sicily, an account of the principal places in Rome, and\ntreatises on different subjects. His style was inelegant, and he evinced\na want of judgment in his writings.\n\n=Pho\u00b4cion.= An Athenian celebrated for his public and private virtues. He\nwas distinguished for his zeal for the general good, and for his\nmilitary abilities. The fickleness of the Athenians, however, caused\nthem to lose sight of his virtues, and being accused of treason, he was\ncondemned to drink poison, which he took with the greatest heroism. His\ndeath occurred about 318 years before the Christian era.\n\n=Phoe\u00b4nix=, son of Amyntor, king of Argos, and Cleobule or Hippodamia,\nwas preceptor to Achilles. He accompanied his pupil to the Trojan war,\nand Achilles was ever grateful for the precepts he had received from\nhim. After the fall of Troy he died in Thrace, and, according to Strabo,\nwas buried near Trachinia, where his name was given to a river.\n\n=Phry\u00b4ne.= A beautiful woman who lived at Athens about 328 years before\nthe Christian era. She was beloved by Praxiteles, who painted her\nportrait. It is said that Apelles painted his Venus Anadyomene after he\nhad seen Phryne on the sea-shore with disheveled hair. There was another\nwoman of the same name, who was accused of impiety. When her judges were\nabout to condemn her she unveiled her bosom, and her beauty so\ncaptivated them that they acquitted her.\n\n=Phryx\u00b4us.= A son of Athamas, king of Thebes, and Nephele. On the plea of\ninsanity, Nephele was repudiated by Athamas, who then married Ino, who\npersecuted Phryxus with inveterate hatred, because he was to succeed to\nthe throne in preference to one of her own children. Being apprised that\nIno had designs on his life, he started with his sister Helle to go to\n\u00c6tes, king of Colchis. According to the poets they mounted on a ram,\nwhose fleece was gold, which soared into the air, directing its course\nto Colchis. Helle became giddy, and falling into the sea (afterwards\ncalled the Hellespont), was drowned. Phryxus arrived at the court of\n\u00c6tes, whose daughter Chalciope he married. Sometime afterwards he was\nkilled by his father-in-law. The murder of Phryxus gave rise to the\nfamous Argonautic expedition under Jason, the object being to recover\nthe Golden Fleece, which Jason succeeded in obtaining.\n\n=Phyl\u00b4lis.= A daughter of Sithon, or, according to other writers, of\nLycurgus, king of Thrace. She received Demophoon, who landed on her\ncoasts on his return from the Trojan war, and fell in love with him, and\nhe reciprocated her affection; but afterwards proving faithless, Phyllis\nhanged herself, and according to an old tradition, was changed into an\nalmond tree.\n\n=Pi\u00b4cus.= King of Latium, son of Saturn, who married Venilia. As he was\nhunting he was met by Circe, who became enamored with him. She changed\nhim into a woodpecker.\n\n=Pier\u00b4ides.= A name given to the Muses, because they were born in Pieria,\nor, as some say, because they were supposed to be the daughters of\nPierus, a king of Macedonia, who settled in Boeotia.\n\n=Pin\u00b4darus.= A celebrated lyric poet of Thebes. When he was young it is\nsaid that a swarm of bees settled on his lips and left on them some\nhoney, which was regarded as a prognostic of his future greatness. After\nhis death great respect was shown to his memory, and a statue was\nerected in his honor in one of the most public places in Thebes. Pindar\nis said to have died at the age of eighty-six, B.C. 435. Of his works,\nthe odes only are extant; they are admired for sublimity of sentiment\nand grandeur of expression.\n\n=Pir\u00e6\u00b4us.= A celebrated harbor at Athens about three miles from the city.\nIt was joined to the town by two walls, one built by Pericles, and the\nother by Themistocles.\n\n=Pirith\u00b4ous.= Son of Ixion and Dia, the daughter of Deioneus. He was king\nof the Lapith\u00e6, and wished to become acquainted with Theseus, king of\nAthens, of whose fame and exploits he had heard. They became cordial\nfriends. Pirithous married Hippodamia, and invited the Centaurs to\nattend his nuptials, where, having become intoxicated, they behaved with\ngreat rudeness, on which they were attacked and overcome by Theseus,\nPirithous, Hercules, and the rest of the Lapith\u00e6. Many of the Centaurs\nwere slain, and the rest saved their lives by flight.\n\n=Pisan\u00b4der.= A commander in the Spartan fleet during the Peloponnesian\nwar. He was greatly opposed to democracy at Athens. He was killed in a\nnaval battle near Cnidus, B.C. 394.\n\n=Pisis\u00b4tratus.= A celebrated Athenian who distinguished himself by valor\nin the field and by eloquence at home. He obtained a bodyguard of fifty\nmen to defend his person, and having thus got a number of armed men on\nwhom he could rely, he seized the citadel of Athens, and soon made\nhimself absolute. After this a conspiracy was formed against him, and he\nwas banished from the city. He soon, however, re-established himself in\npower, and married the daughter of Megacles, one of his greatest\nenemies, whom he afterwards repudiated. On this his popularity waned,\nand he fled from Athens, but after an absence of eleven years he\nreturned, and was received by the people with acclamation. He died about\n527 years before the Christian era.\n\n=Pi\u00b4so.= A celebrated family at Rome, eleven of whom had obtained the\nconsulship, and some of whom had been honored with triumphs for their\nvictories. Of this family the most famous were--LUCIUS CALPURNIUS, who\nwas tribune of the people about 149 years before Christ, and afterwards\nconsul. He gained honor as an orator, a statesman, and a historian.\nCAIUS, another of the family, distinguished himself during his\nconsulship by his firmness in resisting the tumults raised by the\ntribunes and the clamors of the people. CENIUS, who was consul under\nAugustus, rendered himself odious by his cruelty. He was accused of\npoisoning Germanicus, and, being shunned by his friends, destroyed\nhimself. LUCIUS, a governor of Spain, who was assassinated by a peasant.\nLUCIUS, a governor of Rome for twenty years, during which time he\ndischarged his duties with moderation and justice. CAIUS, who was at the\nhead of a conspiracy against Nero. He committed suicide by venesection.\n\n=Pit\u00b4tacus=, a native of Mitylene in Lesbos, was one of the seven wise men\nof Greece. He died in the eighty-second year of his age, about 570 years\nB.C., the latter part of his life being spent in retirement. Many of\nhis maxims were inscribed on the walls of Apollo's temple at Delphi, to\nshow how high an opinion his countrymen entertained of his abilities as\na moralist and philosopher.\n\n=Plau\u00b4cus L. Muna\u00b4tius.= A Roman conspicuous for his follies and\nextravagance. He had been consul, and had presided over a province, but\nhe forgot his dignity, and became one of the most servile flatterers of\nAntony and Cleopatra.\n\n=Plat\u00e6\u00b4a.= A town of Boeotia, near Mount Citheron, celebrated as the\nscene of a battle between Mardonius, the general of Xerxes, king of\nPersia, and Pausanias, who commanded the Athenians. The Persians were\ndefeated with great slaughter.\n\n=Pla\u00b4to.= A celebrated philosopher of Athens. He was educated carefully,\nhis mind being cultivated by the study of poetry and geometry, whilst\nhis body was invigorated by the practice of gymnastics. He began his\nliterary career by writing poetry and tragedies. At the age of twenty he\nwas introduced to Socrates, with whom he was for some time a pupil.\nAfter traveling in various countries, he retired to the neighborhood of\nAthens, where his lectures were attended by a crowd of learned, noble,\nand illustrious pupils. He died on his birthday in the eighty-first year\nof his age, about 348 years before the Christian era. His writings were\nso celebrated, and his opinions so highly regarded, that he was called\nthe Divine.\n\n=Plau\u00b4tus, M. Ac\u00b4cius.= A dramatic poet born in Umbria. He wrote\ntwenty-five comedies, of which only nineteen are extant. He died about\n184 years before the Christian era.\n\n=Plei\u00b4ades.= A name given to seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione. They\nwere placed after death in the heavens, and formed a constellation.\n\n=Plin\u00b4ius, C. Secun\u00b4dus=, called the Elder, was born at Verona, of a noble\nfamily. He distinguished himself in the field, and was appointed\ngovernor of Spain. When at Misenum in command of the Roman fleet, Pliny\nobserved the appearance of a cloud of dust and ashes, which was the\ncommencement of the famous eruption of Mount Vesuvius which overwhelmed\nHerculaneum and Pompeii. He sailed for the scene of the eruption, where\nhe was suffocated by the vapors emitted. This occurred in the\nseventy-ninth year of the Christian era.\n\n=Plin\u00b4ius, C. C\u00e6cil\u00b4ius Secun\u00b4dus=, surnamed the Younger Pliny, was son of\nL. C\u00e6cilius by the sister of Pliny the Elder. At the age of nineteen he\ndistinguished himself at the bar. When Trajan was invested with the\npurple Pliny was created consul. He died in the fifty-second year of his\nage, A.D. 113. Pliny had much to do with the persecutions of the\nChristians in the early promulgation of the Christian religion. The Rev.\nJames Copland, M. A., in an admirable little work entitled \"Reasons why\nwe Believe the Bible,\" gives a very interesting letter from Pliny to the\nemperor Trajan, asking instructions how to deal with the Christians when\nthey were cited to appear before him.\n\n=Plutar\u00b4chus=, the celebrated biographer, was born at Ch\u00e6ronea, his father\nbeing distinguished for his learning and virtues. After traveling in\nquest of knowledge, he retired to Rome, where he opened a school.\nSubsequently he removed to Ch\u00e6ronea, where he died at an advanced age\nabout the 140th year of the Christian era. His most esteemed work is the\nLives of Illustrious Men.\n\n=Plu\u00b4to=, son of Saturn and Ops, inherited his father's kingdom with his\nbrothers, Jupiter and Neptune. He received as his portion the kingdom of\nthe infernal regions, of death, and funerals. He seized Proserpine as\nshe was gathering flowers, and carrying her away on his chariot, she\nbecame his wife and queen of the infernal regions.\n\n=Plu\u00b4tus=, the god of riches, was the son of Jason, or Jasius, and Ceres.\n\n=Pol\u00b4lio, C. Asin\u00b4ius.= A Roman consul in the reign of Augustus, who\ndistinguished himself equally by his eloquence and exploits in war. He\nwrote a history and some tragedies, and died in his eightieth year, A.D.\n4.\n\n=Pol\u00b4lux.= A son of Jupiter and Leda, brother to Castor.\n\n=Polyb\u00b4ius.= A native of Megalopolis. He distinguished himself by his\nvalor against the Romans in Macedonia, He wrote an universal history in\nGreek, and died about 124 years B.C.\n\n=Polydec\u00b4tes.= A son of Magnes, king of Seriphos. He received with\nkindness Danae and her son Perseus, who had been exposed on the sea.\nPolydectes was turned into stone by being shown Medusa's head by\nPerseus.\n\n=Polyhym\u00b4nia.= One of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She\npresided over singing and rhetoric.\n\n=Polyni\u00b4ces.= A son of OEdipus, king of Thebes, and Jocasta. He\ninherited his father's throne with his brother Eteocles, and it was\nagreed that they should reign a year alternately. Eteocles first\nascended the throne, but refused to resign the crown. Polynices upon\nthis fled to Argos, where he married Argia, the daughter of Adrastus,\nthe king of the country, and levied an army with which he marched on\nThebes. The battle was decided by a combat between the brothers, who\nkilled each other.\n\n=Polyphe\u00b4mus.= A celebrated Cyclops, son of Neptune and Thoosa, the\ndaughter of Phorcys. He is represented as a monster with one eye in the\nmiddle of his forehead. Ulysses was his captive, but escaped by putting\na firebrand in the monster's eye.\n\n=Pomo\u00b4na.= A nymph at Rome, who was supposed to preside over gardens and\nto be the goddess of fruit trees.\n\n=Pompe\u00b4ii or Pompei\u00b4um.= A town of Campania. It was partly destroyed by an\nearthquake, A.D. 63, and sixteen years afterwards it was swallowed up by\nanother earthquake. Herculaneum, in its vicinity, shared the same fate.\n\n=Pompe\u00b4ius, Cnei\u00b4us=, surnamed Magnus from his exploits, was son of\nPompeius Strabo and Lucilia. In the contentions which existed between\nMarius and Sylla, Pompey linked himself with the latter. Subsequently he\nunited his interest with that of C\u00e6sar and Crassus, thus forming the\nfirst triumvirate. A breach soon occurred, and at the great battle of\nPharsalia, where the forces of C\u00e6sar and Pompey met, the latter was\ntotally defeated, and fled to Egypt, where he was assassinated in the\nfifty-eighth year of his age, B.C. 48. He left two sons, Cneius and\nSextus, who at their father's death were masters of a powerful army,\nwith which they opposed C\u00e6sar, but were defeated at the battle of Munda,\nwhere Cneius was slain. Sextus escaped, and was put to death by Antony\nabout thirty-five years before the Christian era.\n\n=Por\u00b4cia.= A daughter of Cato of Utica, who married Bibulus, and after his\ndeath Brutus. She was distinguished for her prudence and courage. After\nher husband's death she killed herself by swallowing burning coals. She\nis said to have given herself a severe wound to show that she could bear\npain.\n\n=Porphyr\u00b4ius.= A Platonic philosopher of Tyre. He studied eloquence at\nAthens under Longinus, and afterwards retired to Rome. His most\ncelebrated work was in reference to the Christian religion. Porphyry\ndied A.D. 304, aged seventy-one years.\n\n=Porsen\u00b4na or Por\u00b4sena.= A king of Etruria, who declared war against the\nRomans because they refused to restore Tarquin to the throne; He was\nprevented from entering the gates of Rome by the valor of P. Horatius\nCocles, who at the head of a bridge kept back Porsenna's army, whilst\nthe bridge was being cut down by the Romans to prevent the entry of\ntheir enemies into the city. Eventually Porsenna abandoned the cause of\nTarquin.\n\n=Praxit\u00b4eles.= A famous sculptor of Greece, who lived about 324 years\nbefore the Christian era. The most famous of his works was a Cupid,\nwhich he gave to Phyrne. He executed a statue of Phyrne, and also one of\nVenus.\n\n=Pri\u00b4amus.= The last king of Troy was son of Laomedon, by Strymo, called\nPlacia by some writers. He married Arisba, whom he divorced in order to\nmarry Hecuba, by whom he had a number of children, the most celebrated\nof whom were Hector, Paris, Deiphobus, Helenus, Laodice, and Cassandra.\nAfter he had reigned some time, Priam was anxious to recover his sister\nHesione, who had been carried into Greece by Hercules, and to achieve\nthis, he manned a fleet, the command of which he gave to his son Paris,\nwho, instead of obeying the paternal instructions, carried away Helen,\nthe wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta. This caused the Trojan war, which\nlasted for ten years. At the end of the war Priam was slain by\nNeoptolemus, the son of Achilles.\n\n=Pro\u00b4bus, M. Aure\u00b4lius.= A native of Pannonia. His father was a gardener,\nwho became a military tribune. His son obtained the same office in the\ntwenty-second year of his age, and distinguished himself so much by his\nprobity and valor that he was invested with the imperial purple. He\nencouraged the arts, and by his victories added to the glory of his\ncountry. He was slain by his soldiers in the fiftieth year of his age,\nB.C. 282.\n\n=Proco\u00b4pius=, born of a noble family in Cilicia, was related to the\nemperor Julian. He signalized himself under Julian, and afterwards\nretired to the Thracian Chersonesus, whence he made his appearance at\nConstantinople, and proclaimed himself master of the Eastern Empire. He\nwas defeated in Phrygia, and beheaded A.D. 366. There was a famous Greek\nhistorian of the same name, who wrote the history of the reign of\nJustinian, and who was secretary to Belisarius.\n\n=Prome\u00b4theus.= A son of Iapetus and Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He\nridiculed the gods and deceived Jupiter himself, who, to punish him and\nthe rest of mankind, took fire away from the earth; but Prometheus\nclimbed the heavens by the assistance of Minerva, and stole fire from\nthe chariot of the sun, which he brought down to the earth. This\nprovoked Jupiter, and he ordered Prometheus to be chained to a rock,\nwhere a vulture was to feed on his liver, which was never exhausted. He\nwas delivered from his torture by Hercules, who killed the vulture.\n\n=Proper\u00b4tius, Sex\u00b4tus Aure\u00b4lius.= A Latin poet born in Umbria. He came to\nRome, where his genius greatly recommended him to the great and\npowerful. His works consist of four books of elegies which are marked by\nmuch ability. He died about nineteen years B.C.\n\n=Proser\u00b4pina=, a daughter of Ceres and Jupiter, called by the Greeks\nPersephone. As she was gathering flowers Pluto carried her off to the\ninfernal regions, where he married her. Ceres, having learnt that her\ndaughter had been carried away by Pluto, demanded of Jupiter that Pluto\nshould be punished. As queen of hell, Proserpine presided over the death\nof mankind. She was known by the names of Hecate, Juno Inferna,\nLibitina, and several others.\n\n=Protag\u00b4oras.= A Greek philosopher of Abdera in Thrace. He wrote a book in\nwhich he denied the existence of a Supreme Being, which book was\npublicly burnt at Athens, and its author was banished from the city.\n\n=Pro\u00b4tesila\u00b4us.= A king of part of Thessaly, who married Laodamia, and\nshortly afterwards went to the Trojan war. He was the first of the\nGreeks who entered the Trojan domain, and on that account, in accordance\nwith the prediction of the oracle, was killed by his countrymen.\n\n=Pro\u00b4teus.= A sea deity, son of Oceanus and Tethys, or, according to some\nwriters, of Neptune and Phenice. He had received the gift of prophecy\nfrom Neptune, but when consulted he often refused to give answers, and\npuzzled those who consulted him by assuming different shapes.\n\n=Psy\u00b4che.= A nymph who married Cupid. Venus put her to death because of\nthis, but Jupiter, at the request of Cupid, granted immortality to her.\n\n=Ptolem\u00e6\u00b4us= First, called Ptolemy, surnamed Lagus. A king of Egypt, son\nof Arsinoe and Lagus. He was educated in the court of the king of\nMacedonia, and when Alexander invaded Asia Ptolemy attended him. After\nAlexander's death Ptolemy obtained the government of Egypt, where he\ngained the esteem of the people by acts of kindness. He made himself\nmaster of Phoenicia and Syria, and rendered assistance to the people\nof Rhodes against their enemies, for which he received the name of\n_Soter_. He laid the foundation of a library, which became the most\ncelebrated in the world. He died in his eighty-fourth year, about 284\nyears B.C. He was succeeded by his son, Ptolemy Philadelphus, who showed\nhimself to be a worthy successor of his father. His palace was an asylum\nfor learned men, and he greatly increased the library his father had\nfounded. Ptolemy Third succeeded his father Philadelphus on the Egyptian\nthrone. He conquered Syria and Cilicia, and returned home laden with\nspoils. He was, like his predecessors, a patron of learning and the\narts. Ptolemy Fourth, called Philopater, succeeded to the throne, his\nreign being marked by acts of cruelty and oppression. He died in his\nthirty-seventh year, after a reign of seventeen years, 204 years B.C.\nNumerous members of this celebrated family in succession occupied the\nthrone, not, however, approaching to the greatness of the founders of\nthe family.\n\n=Ptolem\u00e6\u00b4us.= A celebrated geographer and astronomer in the reign of\nAdrian and Antoninus. He was a native of Alexandria, or, as some say, of\nPelusium. In his system of the world, designated the Ptolemaic system,\nhe places the earth in the center of the universe, which was generally\nreceived as correct till it was confuted by Copernicus.\n\n=Pyr\u00b4rhus.= A famous king of Epirus, son of \u00c6acides and Phthia. He is\ncelebrated for his military talents; and not only his friends, but his\nenemies, have been warm in extolling him. He is said to have had no\nsuperior in the art of war. He wrote several books on encampments and\nthe ways of training an army. He fought against the Romans with much\nvalor, and they passed encomiums on his great military skill. He was\nkilled in an attack on Argos, by a tile thrown on his head from a\nhousetop.\n\n=Pyr\u00b4rhus.= See NEOPTOLEMUS.\n\n=Pythag\u00b4oras.= A celebrated philosopher born at Samos. He first made\nhimself known in Greece at the Olympic games, where, when he was\neighteen years old, he obtained the prize for wrestling. He also\ndistinguished himself by his discoveries in geometry, astronomy, and\nmathematics. He was the first who supported the doctrine of\nmetempsychosis, or transmigration of the soul into different bodies. He\nbelieved that the universe was created from a shapeless mass of passive\nmatter by the hands of a powerful Being, who was the mover and soul of\nthe world, and of whose substance the souls of mankind were a portion.\nThe time and place of death of this great philosopher are unknown, but\nsome suppose that he died at Metapontum about 497 years B.C.\n\n=Py\u00b4thon.= A celebrated serpent sprung from the mud and stagnated waters\nwhich remained on the surface of the earth after the deluge of\nDeucalion. Apollo killed the monster.\n\n\n=Quintilia\u00b4nus, Mar\u00b4cus Fa\u00b4bius=, a celebrated rhetorician, born in Spain.\nHe opened a school of rhetoric at Rome, and was the first who obtained a\nsalary from the State as a public teacher. He died A.D. 95.\n\n=Quin\u00b4tus Cur\u00b4tius Ru\u00b4fus.= A Latin historian supposed to have lived in\nthe reign of Vespasian. He wrote a history of the reign of Alexander the\nGreat. This work is admired for the elegance of its diction.\n\n\n=Regil\u00b4lus.= A small lake in Latium, famous as being the scene of a great\nRoman victory, which forms the subject of a fine poem by Lord Macaulay,\ncalled \"The Battle of the Lake Regillus,\" included in his \"Lays of\nAncient Rome.\"\n\n=Reg\u00b4ulus, M. Attil\u00b4ius.= A consul during the first Punic war. He reduced\nBrundusium, and in his second consulship he captured a great portion of\nthe Carthaginian fleet. After further successes he was taken prisoner by\nthe Carthaginians, who put him to death with refined tortures.\n\n=Rhadaman\u00b4thus.= A son of Jupiter and Europa. He reigned in the Cyclades,\nwhere his rule was characterized by marked justice and impartiality.\n\n=Rom\u00b4ulus.= According to tradition the founder of Rome. He was a son of\nMars and Ilia, and was twin brother of Remus. The twins were thrown into\nthe Tiber, but were saved and suckled by a she-wolf till they were found\nby Fautulus, a shepherd, who brought them up. Disputes arising between\nthe brothers in reference to the building of the city, Romulus caused\nRemus to be slain.\n\n=Ros\u00b4cius.= A celebrated Roman actor. He died about 60 years B.C.\n\n=Ru\u00b4bicon.= A small river in Italy. By crossing it, and thus transgressing\nthe boundaries of his province, C\u00e6sar declared war against the senate\nand Pompey. \"Passing the Rubicon\" has become a proverbial expression,\nindicating an irrevocable step taken in any weighty matter.\n\n\n=Sa\u00b4cra, Vi\u00b4a.= An important street in Rome, where a treaty of peace was\nmade between Romulus and Tatius.\n\n=Sal\u00b4amis.= An island of Attica celebrated for a battle fought there\nbetween the fleets of the Greeks and the Persians, in which the latter\nsuffered defeat.\n\n=Sallus\u00b4tius Cris\u00b4pus.= A celebrated Latin historian. He wrote a history\nof the Catalinian conspiracy, and died thirty-five years before the\nChristian era.\n\n=Sanchoni\u00b4athon.= A Phoenician historian born at Berytus, or, as some\nsay, at Tyre. He lived a few years before the Trojan war; and wrote on\nthe antiquities of Phoenicia.\n\n=Sa\u00b4por.= A king of Persia, who succeeded to the throne about the 238th\nyear of the Christian era. He wished to increase his dominions by\nconquest, but was defeated by Odenatus, who defeated his army with great\nslaughter. He was assassinated A.D. 273.\n\n=Sa\u00b4por.= The second king of Persia of that name. He fought against the\nRomans, and obtained several victories over them. Died A.D. 380.\n\n=Sap\u00b4pho=, celebrated for her beauty and poetical talents, was born at\nLesbos about 600 years before Christ. She became enamored with Phaon, a\nyouth of Mitylene, but he not reciprocating her passion, she threw\nherself into the sea from the rock of Leucadia.\n\n=Sardanapa\u00b4lus.= The last king of Assyria, celebrated for his luxury and\nindolence. His effeminacy induced his subjects to conspire against him\nwith success, on which he set fire to his palace and perished in the\nflames, B.C. 820.\n\n=Satur\u00b4nus.= The son of Coelus, or Uranus, by Terra. It was customary to\noffer human victims on his altars till this custom was abolished by\nHercules. He is generally represented as an old man bent with age, and\nholding a scythe in his right hand.\n\n=Sat\u00b4yri.= Demigods whose origin is unknown. They had the feet and legs of\na goat, their body bearing the human form.\n\n=Sc\u00e6vola, Mu\u00b4tius=, surnamed Cordus, was famous for his courage. He\nattempted to assassinate Porsenna, but was seized; and to show his\nfortitude when confronted with Porsenna, he thrust his hand into the\nfire, on which the king pardoned him.\n\n=Scip\u00b4io.= The name of a celebrated family at Rome, the most conspicuous\nof which was Publius Cornelius, afterwards called Africanus. He was the\nson of Publius Scipio, and commanded an army against the Carthaginians.\nAfter obtaining some victories he encountered Hannibal at the famous\nbattle of Zama, in which he obtained a decisive victory. He died about\n184 years before Christ, in his forty-eighth year.\n\n=Scip\u00b4io, Lu\u00b4cius Corne\u00b4lius=, surnamed Asiaticus, accompanied his brother\nAfricanus in his expedition in Africa. He was made consul A.U.C. 562,\nand sent to attack Antiochus, king of Syria, whom he completely routed.\nHe was accused of receiving bribes of Antiochus, and was condemned to\npay large fines which reduced him to poverty.\n\n=Scip\u00b4io, P. \u00c6milia\u00b4nus.= Called Africanus the younger. He finished the\nwar with Carthage, the total submission of which occurred B.C. 147. The\ncaptive city was set on fire, and Scipio was said to have wept bitterly\nover the melancholy scene. On his return to Rome he was appointed to\nconclude the war against Numantia, the fall of which soon occurred, and\nScipio had Numantinus added to his name. He was found dead in his bed,\nand was presumed to have been strangled, B.C. 128.\n\n=Sem\u00b4ele.= A daughter of Cadmus and Hermione, the daughter of Mars and\nVenus. She was the mother of Bacchus. After death she was made immortal\nunder the name of Thyone.\n\n=Semir\u00b4amis.= A celebrated queen of Assyria, who married the governor of\nNineveh, and at his death she became the wife of King Ninus. She caused\nmany improvements to be effected in her kingdom, as well as\ndistinguishing herself as a warrior. She is supposed to have lived 1965\nyears before the Christian era.\n\n=Sen\u00b4eca, L. Ann\u00e6\u00b4us=, at an early period of his life, was distinguished\nby his talents. He became preceptor to Nero, in which capacity he gained\ngeneral approbation. The tyrant, however, determined to put him to\ndeath, and he chose to have his veins opened in a hot bath, but death\nnot ensuing, he swallowed poison, and was eventually suffocated by the\nsoldiers who were in attendance. This occurred in his fifty-third year,\nand in the sixty-fifth of the Christian era. His works, which were\nnumerous, were chiefly on moral subjects.\n\n=Sera\u00b4pis.= One of the Egyptian deities, supposed to be the same as\nOsiris. He had a magnificent temple at Memphis, another at Alexandria,\nand a third at Canopus.\n\n=Sesos\u00b4tris.= A celebrated king of Egypt, who lived long prior to the\nTrojan war. He was ambitious of military fame, and achieved many\nconquests. On his return from his victories he employed himself in\nencouraging the fine arts. He destroyed himself after a reign of\nforty-four years.\n\n=Seve\u00b4rus, Lu\u00b4cius Septim\u00b4ius.= A Roman emperor, born in Africa,\nnoticeable for his ambition. He invaded Britain, and built a wall in the\nnorth as a check to the incursions of the Caledonians. He died at York\nin the 211th year of the Christian era.\n\n=Sile\u00b4nus.= A demigod, who is represented generally as a fat old man\nriding on an ass, with flowers crowning his head.\n\n=Sil\u00b4ius Ital\u00b4icus, C.= A Latin poet who retired from the bar to\nconsecrate his time to study. He imitated Virgil, but with little\nsuccess. His poetry, however, is commended for its purity.\n\n=Simon\u00b4ides.= A celebrated poet of Cos, who lived B.C. 538 years. He wrote\nelegies, epigrams, and dramatic pieces, esteemed for their beauty.\n\n=Sire\u00b4nes.= The Sirens. They lured to destruction those who listened to\ntheir songs. When Ulysses sailed past their island he stopped the ears\nof his companions with wax, and had himself tied to the mast of his\nship. Thus he passed with safety, and the Sirens, disappointed of their\nprey, drowned themselves.\n\n=Sis\u00b4yphus.= Son of \u00c6olus and Enaretta. After death he was condemned, in\nthe infernal regions, to roll a stone to the summit of a hill, which\nalways rolled back, and rendered his punishment eternal.\n\n=Soc\u00b4rates.= The most celebrated philosopher of antiquity, born near\nAthens, whose virtues rendered his name venerated. His independence of\nspirit created for him many enemies, and he was accused of making\ninnovations in the religion of the Greeks. He was condemned to death by\ndrinking hemlock, and expired a few moments after imbibing the poison,\nin his seventieth year, B.C. 400. His wife was Xanthippe, remarkable\nfor her shrewish disposition, for which her name has become proverbial.\n\n=So\u00b4lon=, one of the wise men of Greece, was born at Salamis, and educated\nat Athens. After traveling over Greece he returned, and was elected\narchon and sovereign legislator, in which capacity he effected numerous\nreforms in the state, binding the Athenians by a solemn oath to observe\nthe laws he enacted for one hundred years. After this he visited Egypt,\nand on returning to Athens after ten years' absence, he found most of\nhis regulations disregarded by his countrymen. On this he retired to\nCyprus, where he died in his eightieth year, 558 years before the\nChristian era.\n\n=Som\u00b4nus=, son of Nox and Erebus, was one of the infernal deities and\npresided over sleep.\n\n=Soph\u00b4ocles.= A celebrated tragic poet of Athens. He was distinguished\nalso as a statesman, and exercised the office of archon with credit and\nhonor. He wrote for the stage, and obtained the poetical prize on twenty\ndifferent occasions. He was the rival of Euripides for public applause,\neach having his admirers. He died at the age of ninety-one, 406 years\nbefore Christ.\n\n=Sophonis\u00b4ba.= A daughter of Hasdrubal, the Carthaginian, celebrated for\nher beauty. She married Syphax, prince of Numidia, and when he was\nconquered by the Romans she became a captive to their ally, the Numidian\ngeneral Masinissa, whom she married. This displeased the Romans, and\nScipio ordered Masinissa to separate from Sophonisba, and she, urged to\nthis by Masinissa, took poison, about 203 years before Christ.\n\n=Soz\u00b4omen.= A historian who died 450 A.D. He wrote an important work on\necclesiastical history.\n\n=Sphinx.= A monster, having the head and breasts of a woman, the body of a\ndog, the tail of a serpent, the wings of a bird, and the paws of a lion.\nThe Sphinx was sent into the neighborhood of Thebes by Juno, where she\npropounded enigmas, devouring those who were unable to solve them. One\nof the riddles proposed was--What animal walked on four legs in the\nmorning, two at noon, and three in the evening? OEdipus solved it,\ngiving as the meaning--A man, who when an infant crawled on his hands\nand feet, walking erect in manhood, and in the evening of life\nsupporting himself with a stick. On hearing the solution the Sphinx\ndestroyed herself.\n\n=Stagi\u00b4ra.= A town on the borders of Macedonia, where Aristotle was born;\nhence he is called the Stagirite.\n\n=Sta\u00b4tius, P. Papin\u00b4us.= A poet, born at Naples in the reign of Domitian.\nHe was the author of two epic poems, the Thebais, in twelve books, and\nthe Achilleis, in two books.\n\n=Sten\u00b4tor.= One of the Greeks who went to the Trojan war. He was noted for\nthe loudness of his voice, and from him the term \"stentorian\" has become\nproverbial.\n\n=Sto\u00b4ici.= A celebrated sect of philosophers founded by Zeno. They\npreferred virtue to all other things, and regarded everything opposed to\nit as an evil.\n\n=Stra\u00b4bo.= A celebrated geographer, born at Amasia, on the borders of\nCappadocia. He flourished in the age of Augustus. His work on geography\nconsists of seventeen books, and is admired for its purity of diction.\n\n=Styx.= A celebrated river of the infernal regions. The gods held it in\nsuch veneration that they always swore by it, the oath being\ninviolable.\n\n=Sueto\u00b4nius, C. Tranquil\u00b4lus.= A Latin historian who became secretary to\nAdrian. His best known work is his Lives of the C\u00e6sars.\n\n=Sul\u00b4la.= See SYLLA.\n\n=Syb\u00b4aris.= A town on the bay of Tarentum. Its inhabitants were\ndistinguished by their love of ease and pleasure, hence the term\n\"Sybarite.\"\n\n=Syl\u00b4la= (or =Sulla=), =L. Corne\u00b4lius=. A celebrated Roman, of a noble family,\nwho rendered himself conspicuous in military affairs; and became\nantagonistic to Marius. In the zenith of his power he was guilty of the\ngreatest cruelty. His character is that of an ambitious, tyrannical, and\nresolute commander. He died about seventy years before Christ, aged\nsixty.\n\n=Sy\u00b4phax.= A king of the Mas\u00e6syllii in Numidia, who married Sophonisba,\nthe daughter of Hasdrubal. He joined the Carthaginians against the\nRomans, and was taken by Scipio as a prisoner to Rome, where he died in\nprison.\n\n\n=Tac\u00b4itus, C. Corne\u00b4lius.= A celebrated Latin historian, born in the reign\nof Nero. Of all his works the \"Annals\" is the most extensive and\ncomplete. His style is marked by force, precision, and dignity, and his\nLatin is remarkable for being pure and classical.\n\n=Tac\u00b4itus, M. Clau\u00b4dius.= A Roman, elected emperor by the Senate when he\nwas seventy years of age. He displayed military vigor, and as a ruler\nwas a pattern of economy and moderation. He died in the 276th year of\nthe Christian era.\n\n=Tan\u00b4talus.= A king of Lydia, father of Niobe and Pelops. He is\nrepresented by the poets as being, in the infernal regions, placed in a\npool of water which flowed from him whenever he attempted to drink, thus\ncausing him to suffer perpetual thirst; hence the origin of the term\n\"tantalizing.\"\n\n=Tarquin\u00b4ius Pris\u00b4cus=, the fifth king of Rome, was son of Demaratus, a\nnative of Greece. He exhibited military talents in the victories he\ngained over the Sabines. During peace he devoted attention to the\nimprovement of the capital. He was assassinated in his eightieth year,\n578 years B.C.\n\n=Tarquin\u00b4ius Super\u00b4bus.= He ascended the throne of Rome after Servius\nTullius, whom he murdered, and married his daughter Tullia. His reign\nwas characterized by tyranny, and eventually he was expelled from Rome,\nsurviving his disgrace for fourteen years, and dying in his ninetieth\nyear.\n\n=Tar\u00b4tarus.= One of the regions of hell, where, according to Virgil, the\nsouls of those who were exceptionally depraved were punished.\n\n=Telem\u00b4achus.= Son of Penelope and Ulysses. At the end of the Trojan war\nhe went in search of his father, whom, with the aid of Minerva, he\nfound. Aided by Ulysses he delivered his mother from the suitors that\nbeset her.\n\n=Tem\u00b4pe.= A valley in Thessaly through which the river Peneus flows into\nthe \u00c6gean. It is described by the poets as one of the most delightful\nplaces in the world.\n\n=Teren\u00b4tius Pub\u00b4lius= (=Terence=). A native of Africa, celebrated for the\ncomedies he wrote. He was twenty-five years old when his first play was\nproduced on the Roman stage. Terence is admired for the purity of his\nlanguage and the elegance of his diction. He is supposed to have been\ndrowned in a storm about 159 B.C.\n\n=Te\u00b4reus.= A king of Thrace who married Procne, daughter of Pandion, king\nof Athens. He aided Pandion in a war against Megara.\n\n=Terpsich\u00b4ore.= One of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She\npresided over dancing.\n\n=Tertullia\u00b4nus, J. Septim\u00b4ius Flor\u00b4ens.= A celebrated Christian writer of\nCarthage, who lived A.D. 196. He was originally a Pagan, but embraced\nChristianity, of which faith he became an able advocate.\n\n=Tha\u00b4is.= A celebrated woman of Athens, who accompanied Alexander the\nGreat in his Asiatic conquests.\n\n=Tha\u00b4les.= One of the seven wise men of Greece, born at Miletus in Ionia.\nHis discoveries in astronomy were great, and he was the first who\ncalculated with accuracy a solar eclipse. He died about 548 years before\nthe Christian era.\n\n=Thali\u00b4a.= One of the Muses. She presided over festivals and comic poetry.\n\n=Themis\u00b4tocles.= A celebrated general born at Athens. When Xerxes invaded\nGreece, Themistocles was intrusted with the care of the fleet, and at\nthe famous battle of Salamis, fought B.C. 480, the Greeks, instigated to\nfight by Themistocles, obtained a complete victory over the formidable\nnavy of Xerxes. He died in the sixty-fifth year of his age, having, as\nsome writers affirm, poisoned himself by drinking bull's blood.\n\n=Theoc\u00b4ritus.= A Greek poet who lived at Syracuse in Sicily, 282 B.C. He\ndistinguished himself by his poetical compositions, of which some are\nextant.\n\n=Theodo\u00b4sius, Fla\u00b4vius.= A Roman emperor surnamed _Magnus_ from the\ngreatness of his exploits. The first years of his reign were marked by\nconquests over the Barbarians. In his private character Theodosius was\nan example of temperance. He died in his sixtieth year, A.D. 395, after\na reign of sixteen years.\n\n=Theodo\u00b4sius Second= became emperor of the Western Roman empire at an\nearly age. His territories were invaded by the Persians, but on his\nappearance at the head of a large force they fled, losing a great number\nof their army in the Euphrates. Theodosius was a warm advocate of the\nChristian religion. He died, aged forty-nine, A.D. 450.\n\n=Theophras\u00b4tus.= A native of Lesbos. Diogenes enumerates the titles of\nmore than 200 treatises which he wrote. He died in his 107th year, B.C.\n288.\n\n=Thermop\u00b4yl\u00e6.= A narrow Pass leading from Thessaly into Locris and Phocis,\ncelebrated for a battle fought there, B.C. 480, between Xerxes and the\nGreeks, in which three hundred Spartans, commanded by Leonidas, resisted\nfor three successive days an enormous Persian army.\n\n=Thersi\u00b4tes.= A deformed Greek, in the Trojan war, who indulged in\nridicule against Ulysses and others. Achilles killed him because he\nlaughed at his grief for the death of Penthesilea. Shakspeare, who\nintroduced Thersites in his play of \"Troilus and Cressida,\" describes\nhim as \"a deformed and scurrilous Grecian.\"\n\n=The\u00b4seus=, king of Athens and son of \u00c6geus by \u00c6thra, was one of the most\ncelebrated heroes of antiquity. He caught the bull of Marathon and\nsacrificed it to Minerva. After this he went to Crete amongst the seven\nyouths sent yearly by the Athenians to be devoured by the Minotaur, and\nby the aid of Ariadne he slew the monster. He ascended his father's\nthrone B.C. 1235. Pirithous, king of the Lapith\u00e6, invaded his\nterritories, but the two became firm friends. They descended into the\ninfernal regions to carry off Proserpine, but their intentions were\nfrustrated by Pluto. After remaining for some time in the infernal\nregions, Theseus returned to his kingdom to find the throne filled by an\nusurper, whom he vainly tried to eject. He retired to Scyros, where he\nwas killed by a fall from a precipice.\n\n=Thes\u00b4pis.= A Greek poet of Attica, supposed to be the inventor of\ntragedy, B.C. 536. He went from place to place upon a cart, on which he\ngave performances. Hence the term \"Thespians\" as applied to wandering\nactors.\n\n=The\u00b4tis.= A sea deity, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She married Peleus,\ntheir son being Achilles, whom she plunged into the Styx, thus rendering\nhim invulnerable in every part of his body except the heel by which she\nheld him.\n\n=This\u00b4be.= A beautiful girl of Babylon, beloved by Pyramus.\n\n=Thrasybu\u00b4lus.= A famous general of Athens, who, with the help of a few\nassociates, expelled the Thirty Tyrants, B.C. 401. He was sent with a\npowerful fleet to recover the Athenian power on the coast of Asia, and\nafter gaining many advantages, was killed by the people of Aspendos.\n\n=Thucid\u00b4ydes.= A celebrated Greek historian born at Athens. He wrote a\nhistory of the events connected with the Peloponnesian war. He died at\nAthens in his eightieth year, B.C. 391.\n\n=Tibe\u00b4rius, Clau\u00b4dius Ne\u00b4ro.= A Roman emperor descended from the Claudii.\nIn his early years he entertained the people with magnificent shows and\ngladiatorial exhibitions, which made him popular. At a later period of\nhis life he retired to the island of Capre\u00e6, where he indulged in vice\nand debauchery. He died aged seventy-eight, after a reign of twenty-two\nyears.\n\n=Tibul\u00b4lus, Au\u00b4lus Al\u00b4bius.= A Roman knight celebrated for his poetical\ncompositions. His favorite occupation was writing love poems. Four books\nof elegies are all that remain of his compositions.\n\n=Timo\u00b4leon.= A celebrated Corinthian, son of Timodemus and Demariste. When\nthe Syracusans, oppressed with the tyranny of Dionysius the Younger,\nsolicited aid from the Corinthians, Timoleon sailed for Syracuse with a\nsmall fleet. He was successful in the expedition, and Dionysius gave\nhimself up as a prisoner. Timoleon died at Syracuse, amidst universal\nregret.\n\n=Ti\u00b4mons.= A native of Athens, called the Misanthrope from his aversion to\nmankind. He is the hero of Shakspeare's play of \"Timon of Athens\" in\nwhich his churlish character is powerfully delineated.\n\n=Timo\u00b4theus.= A famous musician in the time of Alexander the Great. Dryden\nnames him in his well-known ode, \"Alexander's Feast.\"\n\n=Tire\u00b4sias.= A celebrated prophet of Thebes. Juno deprived him of sight,\nand, to recompense him for the loss, Jupiter bestowed on him the gift of\nprophecy.\n\n=Tisiph\u00b4one.= One of the Furies, daughter of Nox and Acheron.\n\n=Tita\u00b4nes.= The Titans. A name given to the gigantic sons of Coelus and\nTerra. The most conspicuous of them are Saturn, Hyperion, Oceanus,\nIapetus, Cottus, and Briareus.\n\n=Ti\u00b4tus Vespasia\u00b4nus.= Son of Vespasian and Flavia Domitilla, known by\nhis valor, particularly at the siege of Jerusalem. He had been\ndistinguished for profligacy, but on assuming the purple, he became a\nmodel of virtue. His death, which occasioned great lamentations,\noccurred A.D. 81, in the forty-first year of his age.\n\n=Traja\u00b4nus, M. Ul\u00b4pius Crini\u00b4tus.= A Roman emperor born at Ithaca. His\nservices to the empire recommended him to the notice of the emperor\nNerva, who adopted him as his son, and invested him with the purple. The\nactions of Trajan were those of a benevolent prince. He died in Cilicia,\nin August A.D. 117, in his sixty-fourth year, and his ashes were taken\nto Rome and deposited under a stately column which he had erected.\n\n=Tribu\u00b4ni Ple\u00b4bi.= Magistrates at Rome created in the year, U.C. 261. The\noffice of Tribune to the people was one of the first steps which led to\nmore honorable employments.\n\n=Triptol\u00b4emus.= Son of Oceanus and Terra, or, according to some\nauthorities, son of Celeus, king of Attica, and Ne\u00e6ra. He was in his\nyouth cured of a severe illness by Ceres, with whom he became a great\nfavorite. She taught him agriculture, and gave him her chariot drawn by\ndragons, in which he traveled over the earth, distributing corn to the\ninhabitants.\n\n=Tri\u00b4ton.= A sea deity, son of Neptune and Amphitrite. He was very\npowerful, and could calm the sea and abate storms at his pleasure.\n\n=Trium\u00b4viri.= Three magistrates appointed to govern the Roman state with\nabsolute power.\n\n=Tul\u00b4lus Hostil\u00b4ius= succeeded Numa as king of Rome. He was of a warlike\ndisposition, and distinguished himself by his expedition against the\npeople of Alba, whom he conquered.\n\n=Typhoe\u00b4us=, or =Ty\u00b4phon=. A famous giant, son of Tartarus and Terra, who\nhad a hundred heads. He made war against the gods, and was put to flight\nby the thunderbolts of Jupiter, who crushed him under Mount \u00c6tna.\n\n=Tyrt\u00e6\u00b4us.= A Greek elegiac poet born in Attica. Of his compositions none\nare extant except a few fragments.\n\n=Ulys\u00b4ses.= The famous king of Ithaca, son of Anticlea and Laertes (or,\naccording to some, of Sisyphus). He married Penelope, daughter of\nIcarius, on which his father resigned to him the crown. He went to the\nTrojan war, where he was esteemed for his sagacity. On the conclusion of\nthe war he embarked for Greece, but was exposed to numerous misfortunes\non his journey. In his wanderings, he, with some of his companions, was\nseized by the Cyclops, Polyphemus, from whom he made his escape.\nAfterwards he was thrown on the island of \u00c6ea, where he was exposed to\nthe wiles of the enchantress Circe. Eventually he was restored to his\nown country, after an absence of twenty years. The adventures of Ulysses\non his return from the Trojan war form the subject of Homer's Odyssey.\n\n\n=Ura\u00b4nia.= One of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She\npresided over astronomy.\n\n\n=Valentinia\u00b4nus= the First. Son of Gratian, raised to the throne by his\nmerit and valor. He obtained victories over the Barbarians in Gaul and\nin Africa, and punished the Quadi with severity. He broke a blood-vessel\nand died, A.D. 375. Immediately after his death, his son, Valentinian\nthe Second, was proclaimed emperor. He was robbed of his throne by\nMaximus, but regained it by the aid of Theodosius, emperor of the East.\nHe was strangled by one of his officers. He was remarkable for\nbenevolence and clemency. The third Valentinian was made emperor in his\nyouth, and on coming to maturer age he disgraced himself by violence and\noppression. He was murdered A.D. 454.\n\n=Valeria\u00b4nus, Pub\u00b4lius Licin\u00b4ius.= A celebrated Roman emperor, who, on\nascending the throne, lost the virtues he had previously possessed. He\nmade his son Gallienus his colleague in the empire. He made war against\nthe Goths and Scythians. He was defeated in battle and made prisoner by\nTapor, king of Persia, who put him to death by torture.\n\n=Var\u00b4ro.= A Latin author, celebrated for his great learning. He wrote no\nless than five hundred volumes, but all his works are lost except a\ntreatise De Re Rustic\u00e2, and another De Lingu\u00e2 Latin\u00e2 He died B.C. 28, in\nhis eighty-eighth year.\n\n=Ve\u00b4nus.= One of the most celebrated deities of the ancients; the goddess\nof beauty, and mother of love. She sprang from the foam of the sea, and\nwas carried to heaven, where all the gods admired her beauty. Jupiter\ngave her in marriage to Vulcan, but she intrigued with some of the gods,\nand, notably, with Mars, their offspring being Hermione, Cupid, and\nAnteros. She became enamored of Adonis, which caused her to abandon\nOlympus. Her contest for the golden apple, which she gained against her\nopponents Juno and Minerva, is a prominent episode in mythology. She had\nnumerous names applied to her, conspicuous amongst which may be named\nAnadyomene, under which cognomen she is distinguished by the picture,\nrepresenting her as rising from the ocean, by Apelles. She was known\nunder the Grecian name of Aphrodite.\n\n=Vespasia\u00b4nus Ti\u00b4tus Fla\u00b4vius.= A Roman emperor of obscure descent. He\nbegan the siege of Jerusalem, which was continued by his son Titus. He\ndied A.D. 79, in his seventieth year.\n\n=Ves\u00b4ta.= A goddess, daughter of Rhea and Saturn. The Palladium, a\ncelebrated statue of Pallas, was supposed to be preserved within her\nsanctuary, where a fire was kept continually burning.\n\n=Vesta\u00b4les.= The Vestals, priestesses consecrated to the service of Vesta.\nThey were required to be of good families and free from blemish and\ndeformity. One of their chief duties was to see that the sacred fire of\nVesta was not extinguished.\n\n=Virgil\u00b4ius, Pub\u00b4lius Ma\u00b4ro=, called the prince of the Latin poets, was\nborn at Andes, near Mantua, about seventy years before Christ. He went\nto Rome, where he formed an acquaintance with M\u00e6cenas, and recommended\nhimself to Augustus. His Bucolics were written in about three years, and\nsubsequently he commenced the Georgics, which is considered one of the\nmost perfect of all Latin compositions. The \u00c6neid is supposed to have\nbeen undertaken at the request of Augustus. Virgil died in his\nfifty-first year B.C. 19.\n\n=Virgin\u00b4ia.= Daughter of the centurion L. Virginius. She was slain by her\nfather to save her from the violence of the decemvir, Appius Claudius.\n\n=Virgin\u00b4ius.= A valiant Roman, father of Virginia. (See Virginia.) The\nstory of Virginius and his ill-fated daughter is the subject of the\nwell-known tragedy of \"Virginius,\" one of the early productions of J.\nSheridan Knowles. It is rarely performed in the present day.\n\n=Vulca\u00b4nus.= The god who presided over fire, and who was the patron of\nthose who worked in iron. According to Homer, he was the son of Jupiter\nand Juno, and was so deformed, that at his birth his mother threw him\ninto the sea, where he remained nine years; but other writers differ\nfrom this opinion. He married Venus at the instigation of Jupiter. He is\nknown by the name of Mulciber. The Cyclopes were his attendants, and\nwith them he forged the thunderbolts of Jupiter.\n\n\n=Xanthip\u00b4pe= or =Xantip\u00b4pe=. The wife of Socrates, remarkable for her\nill-humor and fretful disposition. She was a constant torment to her\nhusband, and on one occasion, after bitterly reviling him, she emptied a\nvessel of dirty water on him, on which the philosopher coolly remarked,\n\"After thunder rain generally falls.\"\n\n=Xenoc\u00b4rates.= An ancient philosopher born at Calcedonia, and educated in\nthe school of Plato, whose friendship he gained. Died B.C. 314.\n\n=Xen\u00b4ophon.= A celebrated Athenian, son of Gryllus, famous as a general,\nphilosopher, and historian. He joined Cyrus the Younger in an expedition\nagainst Artaxerxes, king of Persia, and after the decisive battle of\nCunaxa, in which Cyrus was defeated and killed, the skill and bravery of\nXenophon became conspicuous. He had to direct an army of ten thousand\nGreeks, who were now more than six hundred leagues from home, and in a\ncountry surrounded by an active enemy. He rose superior to all\ndifficulties till the celebrated \"Retreat of the Ten Thousand\" was\neffected; the Greeks returning home after a march of two hundred and\nfifteen days. Xenophon employed his pen in describing the expedition of\nCyrus, in his work the \"Anabasis.\" He also wrote the \"Cyrop\u00e6dia,\"\n\"Memorabilia,\" \"Hellenica,\" etc. He died at Corinth in his ninetieth\nyear, about 360 years before the Christian era.\n\n=Xer\u00b4xes= succeeded his father Darius on the throne of Persia. He entered\nGreece with an immense army, which was checked at Thermopyl\u00e6 by the\nvalor of three hundred Spartans under king Leonidas, who, for three\nsuccessive days, successfully opposed the enormous forces of Xerxes, and\nwere at last slaughtered. From this period the fortunes of Xerxes waned.\nHis fleet being defeated at Salamis, and mortified with ill-success, he\nhastened to Persia, where he gave himself up to debauchery, and was\nmurdered in the twenty-first year of his reign, about 464 years before\nthe Christian era.\n\n\n=Za\u00b4ma.= A town of Numidia, celebrated as the scene of the victory of\nScipio over Hannibal, B.C. 202.\n\n=Ze\u00b4no=, a celebrated philosopher, the founder of the sect of Stoics, was\nborn at Citium in Cyprus. He opened a school in Athens, and soon became\nnoticed by the great and learned. His life was devoted to sobriety and\nmoderation. He died at the age of ninety-eight, B.C. 264.\n\n=Ze\u00b4no.= A philosopher of Elea or Velia, in Italy. He was the disciple,\nor, according to some, the adopted son of Parmenides. Being tortured to\ncause him to reveal his confederates in a plot he had engaged in, he bit\noff his tongue that he might not betray his friends.\n\n=Zeno\u00b4bia.= A celebrated princess of Palmyra, the wife of Odenatus. After\nher husband's death, the Roman emperor Aurelian declared war against\nher. She took the field with seven hundred thousand men, and though at\nfirst successful, she was eventually conquered. Aurelian, when she\nbecame his prisoner, treated her with great humanity and consideration.\nShe was admired for her literary talents as well as her military\nabilities.\n\n=Zeux\u00b4is.= A celebrated painter born at Heraclea. He flourished 468 years\nbefore the Christian era. He painted some grapes so naturally that the\nbirds came to peck them on the canvas; but he was disgusted with the\npicture, because the man painted as carrying the grapes was not natural\nenough to frighten the birds.\n\n=Zo\u00b4ilus.= A sophist and grammarian of Amphipolis, B.C. 259. He became\nknown by his severe criticisms on the works of Isocrates and Homer.\n\n=Zoroas\u00b4ter.= A king of Bactria, supposed to have lived in the age of\nNinus, king of Assyria, some time before the Trojan war. He rendered\nhimself known by his deep researches in philosophy. He admitted no\nvisible object of devotion except fire, which he considered the proper\nemblem of a Supreme Being. He was respected by his subjects and\ncontemporaries for his abilities as a monarch, a lawgiver, and a\nphilosopher, and though many of his doctrines may be deemed puerile, he\nhad many disciples. The religion of the Parsees of the present day was\nfounded by Zoroaster.\n\n=Zos\u00b4imus.= A Greek historian who lived about the year 410 of the\nChristian era. He wrote a history of some of the Roman emperors, which\nis characterized by graceful diction, but he indulges in malevolent and\nvituperative attacks on the Christians in his History of Constantine.\n\n\n\n\n                                 A LIST\n\n                                   OF\n\n                          COMMON ABBREVIATIONS\n\n                            OF WORDS USED IN\n\n                         WRITING AND PRINTING.\n\n\n=A 1=, first class.\n\n=a= or =aa= (Gr. _ana_), in _med._, of each the same quantity.\n\n=A.B.=, Bachelor of Arts.\n\n=A.D.= (L. _anno Domini_), in the year of our Lord.\n\n=ad lib.=, or =ad libit.= (L. _ad libitum_), at pleasure.\n\n=\u00c6.=, =\u00c6t.= (L. _\u00e6tatis_), of age; aged.\n\n=A.M.= (L. _artium magister_), Master of Arts.\n\n=A.M.= (L. _ante meridiem_), before noon.\n\n=A.M.= (L. _anno mundi_), in the year of the world.\n\n=anon.=, anonymous.\n\n=A.R.A.=, Associate of the Royal Academy.\n\n=A.R.S.A.=, Associate of the Royal Scottish Academy.\n\n=A.R.S.S.= (L. _antiquariorum regi\u00e6 societatis socius_), Fellow of the\nRoyal Society of Antiquaries.\n\n=AS.=, Anglo-Saxon.\n\n=A.U.C.= (L. _anno urbis condit\u00e6_, or _anno ab urbe condit\u00e2_), in the year\nof, or from the building of the city, viz., Rome.\n\n\n=B.A.=, Bachelor of Arts.\n\n=Bart.= or =Bt.=, Baronet.\n\n=B.C.=, before Christ.\n\n=B.C.L.=, Bachelor of Civil Law.\n\n=B.D.=, Bachelor of Divinity.\n\n=B.LL.=, also =LL.B.=, Bachelor of Laws.\n\n=B.Sc.=, Bachelor of Science.\n\n=B.S.L.=, Botanical Society of London.\n\n\n=C.= (L. _centum_), a hundred.\n\n=Cantab.= (L. _Cantabrigiensis_), of Cambridge.\n\n=Cantuar.=, Canterbury.\n\n=cap.= (L. _caput_, the head), chapter; =cap.=, capital; =cap.=, a capital\nletter; =caps.=, capital letters.\n\n=C.B.=, Companion of the Bath.\n\n=C.E.=, Civil Engineer.\n\n=cent.= (L. _centum_), a hundred.\n\n=cf.= (L. _confer_), compare.\n\n=chap.=, chapter.\n\n=con.= (L. _contra_), against; in opposition.\n\n=cos.=, cosine.\n\n=cres.=, crescendo.\n\n=crim. con.=, criminal conversation; adultery.\n\n=ct.=, cent; also (L. _centum_), a hundred.\n\n=curt.=, current--that is, in this period of time, as month, year, or\ncentury.\n\n=cwt.= (_c._ for L. _centum_, a hundred; _wt._ for Eng. weight), a\nhundred-weight.\n\n\n=D.C.= (It. _da capo_), in _music_, again; from the beginning.\n\n=D.C.L.=, Doctor of Civil or Canon Law.\n\n=D.D.= (L. _divinitatis doctor_), Doctor of Divinity.\n\n=D.G.= (L. _Dei grati\u00e2_), by the grace of God; (L. _Deo gratias_), thanks\nto God.\n\n=do.= or =Do.=, the same.\n\n=doz.=, dozen.\n\n=Dr.=, doctor; debtor.\n\n=D.S.= (It. _dal segno_), from the sign.\n\n=D.Sc.=, Doctor of Science.\n\n=Dunelm.=, Durham.\n\n=D.V.= (L. _Deo volente_), God willing.\n\n=dwt.= (L. _denarius_, a silver coin, a penny; and first and last letters\nof Eng. _weight_), pennyweight.\n\n\n=Ebor.= (L. _Ebor[)a]cum_), York.\n\n=E.C.=, Established Church.\n\n=Ed.=, editor.\n\n=E.E.=, errors excepted.\n\n=e.g.=, (L. _exempli grati\u00e2_, for the sake of example), for example; for\ninstance.\n\n=E.I.=, East Indies; East India.\n\n=E.I.C.=, East India Company; =E.I.C.S.=, East India Company's Service.\n\n=E. long.=, east longitude.\n\n=E.N.E.=, east-north-east.\n\n=E.S.E.=, east-south-east.\n\n=Esq.= or =Esqr.=, Esquire.\n\n=etc.= (L. _et c\u00e6tera_), &c.; and others; and so forth.\n\n=et seq.= (L. _et sequentia_), and the following.\n\n=ex.=, example; exception; =ex=, \"out of,\" as, a cargo _ex_ Maria.\n\n=exch.=, exchequer; exchange.\n\n=Exon.= (L. _Exonia_), Exeter.\n\n\n=f.=, feminine; farthing or farthings; foot or feet.\n\n=Fahr.=, Fahrenheit.\n\n=far.=, farriery; farthing.\n\n=F.A.S.=, Fellow of the Society of Arts.\n\n=F.A.S.E.=, Fellow of the Antiquarian Society, Edinburgh.\n\n=F.B.S.E.=, Fellow of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh.\n\n=F.C.=, Free Church.\n\n=fcp.=, foolscap.\n\n=F.D.= (L. _fidei defensor_), Defender of the Faith.\n\n=F.E.I.S.=, Fellow of the Educational Institute of Scotland.\n\n=F.E.S.=, Fellow of the Entomological Society; Fellow of the Ethnological\nSociety.\n\n=F.G.S.=, Fellow of the Geological Society.\n\n=F.H.S.=, Fellow of the Horticultural Society.\n\n=Fl.=, Flemish; Florida; florin.\n\n=F.L.S.=, Fellow of the Linn\u00e6an Society.\n\n=F.M.=, field-marshal.\n\n=fo.=, =fol.=, folio.\n\n=F.P.=, fire-plug.\n\n=F.P.S.=, Fellow of the Philological Society.\n\n=Fr.=, France; French.\n\n=F.R.A.S.=, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.\n\n=F.R.C.P.=, Fellow of the Royal College of Preceptors, or of Physicians.\n\n=F.R.C.P.E.=, Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, Edinburgh.\n\n=F.R.C.S.=, Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons.\n\n=F.R.C.S.E.=, Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh.\n\n=F.R.C.S.I.=, Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, Ireland.\n\n=F.R.C.S.L.=, Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, London.\n\n=F.R.G.S.=, Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.\n\n=F.R.S.=, Fellow of the Royal Society.\n\n=F.R.S.E.=, Fellow of the Royal Society, Edinburgh.\n\n=F.R.S.L.=, Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.\n\n=F.S.A.=, Fellow of the Society of Arts, or of Antiquaries: =F.S.A., Scot.=,\nan F.S.A. of Scotland.\n\n=ft.=, foot or feet.\n\n=F.T.C.D.=, Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin.\n\n=F.Z.A.=, Fellow of the Zoological Academy.\n\n\n=G.A.=, General Assembly.\n\n=G.C.B.=, Knight Grand Cross of the Bath.\n\n=G.P.O.=, General Post-office.\n\n=gtt.= (L. _gutta_ or _gutt\u00e6_), a drop or drops.\n\n\n=H.B.C.=, Hudson Bay Company.\n\n=H.E.I.C.=, Honorable East India Company.\n\n=H.G.=, Horse Guards.\n\n=hhd.=, hogshead; hogsheads.\n\n=H.I.H.=, His (or Her) Imperial Highness.\n\n=H.M.S.=, Her (or His) Majesty's steamer, ship, or service.\n\n=H.R.H.=, His (or Her) Royal Highness.\n\n=H.S.S.= (L. _histori\u00e6 societatis socius_), Fellow of the Historical\nSociety.\n\n\n=ib.=, =ibid.= (L. _ibidem_), in the same place.\n\n=id.= (L. _idem_), the same.\n\n=i. e.= (L. _id est_), that is.\n\n=I.H.S.= (L. _Iesus Hominum Salvator_), Jesus the Saviour of Men.\n\n=incog.= (L. _incognito_), unknown.\n\n=in lim.= (L. _in limine_), at the outset.\n\n=in loc.= (L. _in loco_), in its place.\n\n=inst.=, instant--that is, the present month.\n\n=in trans.= (L. _in transitu_), on the passage.\n\n=I.O.U.=, three letters being identical in sound with the three words \"I\nowe you,\"--written as a simple acknowledgment for money lent, followed\nby sum and signature.\n\n=Ir.=, Ireland; Irish.\n\n=i.q.= (L. _idem quod_), the same as.\n\n\n=J.P.=, Justice of the Peace.\n\n\n=K.C.B.=, Knight Commander of the Bath (Great Britain).\n\n=K.G.=, Knight of the Garter (Great Britain).\n\n=K.G.C.=, Knight of the Grand Cross (Great Britain).\n\n=K.G.C.B.=, Knight of the Grand Cross of the Bath (Great Britain).\n\n=Knt.=, knight.\n\n=K.P.=, Knight of St. Patrick (Ireland).\n\n=Kt.= or =Knt.=, knight.\n\n=K.T.=, Knight of the Thistle (Scotland).\n\n=K.S.E.=, Knight of the Star of the East.\n\n\n=L.= or =lb.= (L. _libra_), a pound in weight.\n\n=lat.=, latitude, N. or S.\n\n=lb.=--see =L.=\n\n=leg.= (It. _legato_), smoothly.\n\n=L.G.=, Life Guards.\n\n=lib.= (L. _liber_), a book.\n\n=Linn.=, Linn\u00e6us; Linn\u00e6an.\n\n=LL.B.=, (L. _legum_, of laws, and _baccalaureus_, bachelor), Bachelor of\nLaws, an academic title.\n\n=LL.D.=, (L. _legum_, of laws, and _doctor_, doctor), Doctor of Laws, an\nacademic title, higher than LL.B.\n\n=long.=, longitude, E. or W.\n\n=L.S.D.=, or =\u00a3 s. d.= (said to be from L. _libra_, a balance, a pound in\nweight; _solidus_, a coin of the value of 25 denarii, subsequently only\na half of that value; and _denarius_, a silver coin worth about 8-1/2d.\nEng.), pounds, shillings, pence--that is, in any written statement of\nmoney, L. is put over pounds, S. over shillings, and D. over pence; in\n_printing_, \u00a3 for L. is put before the sum, as \u00a315, s. and d. in single\nletter, after, as 4s. 6d.\n\n\n=M.= (L. _mille_), a thousand.\n\n=M.A.= (L. _magister artium_), Master of Arts, an academic title.\n\n=M.C.S.=, Madras Civil Service.\n\n=M.D.=, (L. _medicin\u00e6_, of medicine, _doctor_, doctor), Doctor of\nMedicine.\n\n=M.E.=, Mining Engineer.\n\n=Mdlle.= (F. _Mademoiselle_), Miss.\n\n=Mme.= (F. _Madame_), Madam.\n\n=Mons.= (F. _Monsieur_), Mr.; Sir.\n\n=M.P.=, Member of Parliament.\n\n=M.P.S.=, Member of the Philological Society; Member of the Pharmaceutical\nSociety.\n\n=M.R.A.S.=, Member of the Royal Asiatic Society; Member of the Royal\nAcademy of Science.\n\n=M.R.C.P.=, Member of the Royal College of Preceptors, or of Physicians.\n\n=M.R.C.S.=, Member of the Royal College of Surgeons.\n\n=M.R.G.S.=, Member of the Royal Geographical Society.\n\n=MS.=, manuscript; =MSS.=, manuscripts.\n\n=Mus. B.=, Bachelor of Music; =Mus. D.=, Doctor of Music.\n\n\n=N.B.=, North British; North Britain, that is Scotland; New Brunswick; (L.\n_nota_, note, _bene_, well), note well, or take notice.\n\n=N.E.=, north-east; New England.\n\n=N.N.E.=, north-north-east.\n\n=N.N.W.=, north-north-west.\n\n=non obst.= (L. _non_, not, _obstante_, standing over against,\nwithstanding), notwithstanding.\n\n=non pros.= (L. _non_, not, _prosequitur_, he follows after, he\nprosecutes), he does not prosecute--applied to a judgment entered\nagainst a plaintiff who does not appear.\n\n=non seq.= (L. _non_, not, _sequitur_, it follows), it does not follow.\n\n=N.P.=, notary public.\n\n=N.S.=, new style; Nova Scotia.\n\n=N.T.=, New Testament.\n\n=N.W.=, north-west.\n\n\n=ob.= (L. _obiit_), he died.\n\n=obs.=, obsolete.\n\n=O.S.=, old style.\n\n=Oxon.= (L. _Oxonia_), Oxford.\n\n=oz.=, ounce.\n\n\n=p.=, page; =pp.=, pages.\n\n=P.C.=, Privy Council or Councillor.\n\n=P.D.= or =Ph.D.=, Doctor of Philosophy.\n\n=per an.= (L. _per annum_), by the year.\n\n=per cent.= (L. _per_, by; _centum_, a hundred,) by the hundred.\n\n=pinx., pxt.= (L. _pinxit_), he or she painted it.\n\n=P.M.=, postmaster; (L. _post meridiem_), afternoon.\n\n=P.M.G.=, postmaster-general.\n\n=P.O.=, post-office; =P.O.O.=, Post-Office Order.\n\n=pp.=, pages.\n\n=P.P.=, parish-priest.\n\n=P.P.C.=, (F. _pour prendre cong\u00e9_, to take leave), put on calling cards\nto intimate leave-taking.\n\n=pr.= (L. _per_, by), by the.\n\n=pres.=, also =preses=, _pr[)e]s\u00b4-[)e]s_; president.\n\n=prof.=, professor.\n\n=pro tem.= (L. _pro tempore_), for the time being.\n\n=prox.= (L. _proximo_), next; of the next month.\n\n=P.S.=, (L. _post scriptum_), postscript.\n\n=p.t.=, post-town.\n\n=pxt.= (L. _pinxit_), he or she painted it.\n\n\n=Q.= or =Qu.=, question; query.\n\n=Q.C.=, Queen's Counsel; Queen's College.\n\n=q.e.= (L. _quod est_), which is.\n\n=Q E.D.= (L. _quod erat demonstrandum_), which was to be demonstrated.\n\n=Q.E.F.= (L. _quod erat faciendum_), which was to be done.\n\n=Q.E.I.= (L. _quod erat inveniendum_), which was to be found out.\n\n=q.l.= (L. _quantum libet_), as much as you please.\n\n=Q.M.G.=, quartermaster-general.\n\n=qr.=, quarter; quire: =qrs=., quarters.\n\n=qt.=, quart: =qts.=, quarts.\n\n=q.v.= (L. _quod vide_), which see.\n\n\n=R.=, L. _rex_, king; _regina_, queen.\n\n=R.=, L. _recipe_, take.\n\n=R.A.=, Royal Academy, or Academician; Royal Artillery; Rear-Admiral;\nRight Ascension.\n\n=R.C.=, Roman Catholic.\n\n=Ref. Ch.=, Reformed Church.\n\n=Reg. Prof.=, Regius Professor.\n\n=R.I.P.= (L.), requiescat in pace.\n\n=R.Rev.=, right reverend.\n\n=R.S.A.=, Royal Society of Antiquaries; Royal Scottish Academy.\n\n=R.S.S.= (L. _regi\u00e6 societatis socius_), Fellow of the Royal Society.\n\n=Rt.=, Right.\n\n\n=S.=, south.\n\n=S.A.=, South America; South Africa; South Australia.\n\n=Sarum=, Salisbury.\n\n=S.A.S.= (L. _societatis antiquariorum socius_), Fellow of the Society of\nAntiquaries.\n\n=s. caps.=, small capital letters.\n\n=sc.= or =sculp.= (L. _sculpsit_), he or she engraved it.\n\n=s.= or =scil.= (L. _scilicet_), to wit; namely.\n\n=scr.=, scruple.\n\n=sculp.= or =sculpt.= (L. _sculpsit_), he or she engraved it.\n\n=S.E.=, south-east.\n\n=sec.=, secretary; second.\n\n=Sep.= or =Sept.=, Septuagint; also LXX.\n\n=seq.= (L. _sequentes_ or _sequentia_), the following; the next.\n\n=S.G.=, solicitor-general.\n\n=S.H.S.= (_societatis histori\u00e6 socius_), Fellow of the Historical Society.\n\n=S.J.=, Society of Jesus.\n\n=S.L.=, solicitor-at-law.\n\n=Sol.-Gen.=, solicitor-general.\n\n=S.P.C.K.=, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.\n\n=S.P.G.=, Society for the Propagation of the Gospel.\n\n=sq.=, square: =sq. ft.=, square feet: =sq. in.=, square inches: =sq. m.=,\nsquare miles: =sq. yds.=, square yards.\n\n=S.R.I.= (L. _sacrum Romanum imperium_), the Holy Roman Empire.\n\n=s.s.=, steamship.\n\n=S.S.E.=, south-south-east.\n\n=S.S.W.=, south-south-west.\n\n=S.T.P.= (L. _sacr\u00e6 theologia professor_), Professor of Theology.\n\n=super.=, superfine.\n\n=supp.=, supplement.\n\n=S.W.=, south-west.\n\n=syn.=, synonym; synonymous.\n\n\n=T.O.=, turn over.\n\n=tr.= or =trs=., transpose.\n\n\n=U.C.=, Upper Canada; (L. _urbe condita_, the founding of the city), the\nyear of Rome.\n\n=univ.=, university.\n\n=U.P.=, United Presbyterian.\n\n=U.S.=, United States.\n\n\n=v.g.= (L. _verbi grati\u00e2_), for example.\n\n=vid.= (L. _vide_), see.\n\n=viz.= (a corruption of L. _videlicet_), namely; to wit.\n\n=vol.=, volume: =vols.=, volumes.\n\n=V.P.=, vice-president.\n\n=vul.=, vulgate.\n\n\n=W.=, west; western.\n\n=Winton=, Winchester.\n\n=W. long.=, west longitude.\n\n=W.M.S.=, Wesleyan Missionary Society.\n\n=W.N.W.=, west-north-west.\n\n=W.S.W.=, west-south-west.\n\n=wt.=, weight.\n\n\n=X.= or =Xt.=, Christ: =Xm.= or =Xmas.=, Christmas:\n   =Xn.= or =Xtian.=, Christian.\n\n\n=yd.=, yard: =yds.=, yards.\n\nTHE END.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n                              1883.--1883.\n\n                          G. W. CARLETON & CO.\n\n             NEW BOOKS AND NEW EDITIONS, RECENTLY ISSUED BY\n\n                   G. W. CARLETON & CO., Publishers,\n\n                       Madison Square, New York.\n\nThe Publishers, on receipt of price, send any book on this Catalogue by\n                         mail, _postage free_.\n\n All handsomely bound in cloth, with gilt backs suitable for libraries.\n\n\n  =Mary J. Holmes' Works.=\n\n  Tempest and Sunshine          $1 50\n  English Orphans                1 50\n  Homestead on the Hillside      1 50\n  'Lena Rivers                   1 50\n  Meadow Brook                   1 50\n  Dora Deane                     1 50\n  Cousin Maude                   1 50\n  Marian Grey                    1 50\n  Edith Lyle                     1 50\n  Daisy Thornton                 1 50\n  Chateau D\u00b4Or      (New)        1 50\n  Darkness and Daylight          1 50\n  Hugh Worthington               1 50\n  Cameron Pride                  1 50\n  Rose Mather                    1 50\n  Ethelyn's Mistake              1 50\n  Millbank                       1 50\n  Edna Browning                  1 50\n  West Lawn                      1 50\n  Mildred                        1 50\n  Forrest House                  1 50\n  Madeline      (New)            1 50\n\n\n  =Marion Harland's Works.=\n\n  Alone                         $1 50\n  Hidden Path                    1 50\n  Moss Side                      1 50\n  Nemesis                        1 50\n  Miriam                         1 50\n  At Last                        1 50\n  Helen Gardner                  1 50\n  True as Steel   (New)          1 50\n  Sunnybank                      1 50\n  Husbands and Homes             1 50\n  Ruby's Husband                 1 50\n  Phemie's Temptation            1 50\n  The Empty Heart                1 50\n  Jessamine                      1 50\n  From My Youth Up               1 50\n  My Little Love                 1 50\n\n\n  =Charles Dickens--15 Vols.--\"Carleton's Edition.\"=\n\n  Pickwick and Catalogue         $1 50\n  Dombey and Son                  1 50\n  Bleak House                     1 50\n  Martin Chuzzlewit               1 50\n  Barnaby Rudge--Edwin Drood.     1 50\n  Child's. England--Miscellaneous 1 50\n  Christmas Books--Two Cities     1 50\n  David Copperfield               1 50\n  Nicholas Nickleby               1 50\n  Little Dorrit.                  1 50\n  Our Mutual Friend               1 50\n  Curiosity Shop--Miscellaneous   1 50\n  Sketches by Boz--Hard Times     1 50\n  Great Expectations--Italy       1 50\n  Oliver Twist--Uncommercial      1 50\n  Sets of Dickens' Complete Works, in 15\n   vols.--[elegant half calf bindings]      50 00\n\n\n  =Augusta J. Evans' Novels.=\n\n  Beulah                        $1 75\n  Macaria                        1 75\n  Ines                           1 75\n  St. Elmo                      $2 00\n  Vashti                         2 00\n  Infelice      (New)            2 00\n\n\n  =May Agnes Fleming's Novels.=\n\n  Guy Earlscourt's Wife             $1 50\n  A Wonderful Woman                  1 50\n  A Terrible Secret                  1 50\n  A Mad Marriage                     1 50\n  Norine's Revenge                   1 50\n  One Night's Mystery                1 50\n  Kate Danton                        1 50\n  Silent and True                    1 50\n  Heir of Charlton                   1 50\n  Carried by Storm                   1 50\n  Lost for a Woman                   1 50\n  A Wife's Tragedy                   1 50\n  A Changed Heart                    1 50\n  Pride and Passion                  1 50\n  Sharing Her Crime (New)            1 50\n\n\n  =Allan Pinkerton's Works.=\n\n  Expressmen and Detectives         $1 50\n  Mollie Maguires and Detectives     1 50\n  Somnambulists and Detectives       1 50\n  Claude Melnotte and Detectives     1 50\n  Criminal Reminiscences, etc.       1 50\n  Rail-Road Forger, etc.             1 50\n  Bank Robbers and Detectives        1 50\n  Gypsies and Detectives             1 50\n  Spiritualists and Detectives       1 50\n  Model Town and Detectives          1 50\n  Strikers, Communists, etc.         1 50\n  Mississippi Outlaws, etc.          1 50\n  Bucholz and Detectives             1 50\n\n\n  =Bertha Clay's Novels.=\n\n  Thrown on the World               $1 50\n  A Bitter Atonement                 1 50\n  Love Works Wonders                 1 50\n  Evelyn's Folly                     1 50\n  Under a Shadow (New)               1 50\n  A Woman's Temptation               1 50\n  Repented at Leisure                1 50\n  Between Two Loves                  1 50\n  Lady Damer's Secret                1 50\n  A Struggle for a Ring (New)        1 50\n\n\n  =\"New York Weekly\" Series.=\n\n  Brownie's Triumph--Sheldon        $1 50\n  The Forsaken Bride.   do.          1 50\n  Earle Wayne's Nobility. do.        1 50\n  A New Book.           do.          1 50\n  His Other Wife--Ashleigh           1 50\n  Curse of Everleigh--Pierce         1 50\n  Peerless Cathleen--Agnew           1 50\n  Faithful Margaret--Ashmore         1 50\n  Nick Whiffles--Robinson            1 50\n  Grinder Papers--Dallas             1 50\n  Lady Leonora--Conklin              1 50\n\n\n  =Miriam Coles Harris' Novels.=\n\n  Rutledge                          $1 50\n  Frank Warrington                   1 50\n  Louie's Last Term, St. Mary's      1 50\n  A Perfect Adonis                   1 50\n  Missy (New)                        1 50\n  The Sutherlands                    1 50\n  St. Philips                        1 50\n  Round Hearts for Children          1 50\n  Richard Vandermarck                1 50\n  Happy-Go-Lucky                     1 50\n\n\n  =A. S. Roe's Select Stories.=\n\n  True to the Last                  $1 50\n  The Star and the Cloud             1 50\n  How Could He Help it?              1 50\n  A Long Look Ahead                  1 50\n  I've Been Thinking                 1 50\n  To Love and to be Loved            1 50\n\n\n  =Julie P. Smith's Novels.=\n\n  Widow Goldsmith's Daughter        $1 50\n  Chris and Otho                     1 50\n  Ten Old Maids                      1 50\n  His Young Wife                     1 50\n  Lucy (New)                         1 50\n  The Widower                        1 50\n  The Married Belle                  1 50\n  Courting and Farming               1 50\n  Kiss and be Friends                1 50\n\n\n  =Artemas Ward.=\n\n  Complete Comic Writings--With Biography, Portrait\n   and 50 illustrations       $1 50\n\n\n  =The Game of Whist.=\n\n  Pole on Whist--The English standard work.\n   With the \"Portland Rules\"       $  75\n\n\n  =Victor Hugo's Great Novel.=\n\n  Les Miserables--Translated from the French.\n   The only complete edition       $1 50\n\n\n  =Mrs. Hill's Cook Book.=\n\n  Mrs. A. P. Hill's New Southern Cookery\n   Book, and domestic receipts       $2 00\n\n\n  =Carleton's Popular Quotations.=\n\n  Carleton's New Hand-Book--Familiar Quotations,\n   with their authorship       $1 50\n  Carleton's Classical Dictionary--Condensed\n   Mythology for popular use         75\n\n\n  =Celia E. Gardner's Novels.=\n\n  Stolen Waters. (In verse)       $1 50\n  Broken Dreams.     do.           1 50\n  Compensation.      do.           1 50\n  A Twisted Skein.   do.           1 50\n  Tested                           1 50\n  Rich Medway                      1 50\n  A Woman's Wiles                  1 50\n  Terrace Roses                    1 50\n\n  =\"New York Weekly\" Series.=\n\n  Thrown on the World.    $1 50\n  A Bitter Atonement.      1 50\n  Love Works Wonders.      1 50\n  Evelyn's Folly.          1 50\n  Lady Damer's Secret.     1 50\n  A Woman's Temptation.    1 50\n  Repented at Leisure.     1 50\n  Between Two Loves.       1 50\n  Peerless Cathleen.       1 50\n  Brownie's Triumph.       1 50\n  The Forsaken Bride.      1 50\n  His Other Wife.          1 50\n  Nick Whiffles.           1 50\n  Lady Leonore.            1 50\n  The Grinder Papers.      1 50\n  Faithful Margaret.       1 50\n  Curse of Everleigh.      1 50\n\n\n  =Artemas Ward.=\n\n  Complete Comic Writings--With Biography, Portrait,\n   and 50 illustrations.      $1 50\n\n\n  =Charles Dickens.=\n\n  Dickens' Parlor Table Album of Illustrations--with\n   descriptive text.      $2 50\n\n\n  =M. M. Pomeroy= (\"=Brick=\").\n\n  Sense. A serious book.      $1 50\n  Gold Dust.--Do.              1 50\n  Our Saturday Nights.         1 50\n  Nonsense. (A comic book).    1 50\n  Brick-dust.--Do.             1 50\n  Home Harmonies.              1 50\n\n\n  =Ernest Renan's French Works.=\n\n  The Life of Jesus. Translated.     $1 75\n  Lives of the Apostles.--Do.         1 75\n  The Life of St. Paul. Translated.   1 75\n  The Bible in India--By Jacolliot.   2 00\n\n\n  =G. W. Carleton.=\n\n  Our Artist in Cuba, Peru, Spain, and Algiers--150\n   Caricatures of travel.      $1 00\n\n\n                     =Miscellaneous Publications.=\n\n  The Children's Fairy Geography--With hundreds of beautiful illustrations.\n\n$2 50\n\nHawk-eyes--A comic book by \"The Burlington Hawkeye Man.\" Illustrated.\n\n1 50\n\nAmong the Thorns--A new novel by Mrs. Mary Lowe Dickinson.\n\n1 50\n\nOur Daughters--A talk with mothers, by Marion Harland, author of \"Alone,\"\n\n50\n\nRedbirds Christmas Story--An illustrated Juvenile. By Mary J. Holmes.\n\n50\n\nCarleton's Popular Readings--Edited by Mrs. Anna Randall Diehl.\n\n1 50\n\nThe Culprit Fay--Joseph Rodman Drake's Poem. With 100 illustrations.\n\n2 00\n\nL'Assommoir--English Translation from Zola's famous French novel.\n\n1 00\n\nParlor Amusements--Games, Tricks, and Home Amusements, by F. Bellew.\n\n1 00\n\nLove [L'Amour]--Translation from Michelet's famous French work.\n\n1 50\n\nWoman [La Femme].--Do.--Do.--Do.\n\n1 50\n\nVerdant Green--A racy English college Story. With 200 comic illustrations.\n\n1 00\n\nSolid for Mulhooly--The Sharpest Political Satire of the Day.\n\n1 00\n\nA Northern Governess at the Sunny South--By Professor J. H. Ingraham.\n\n1 50\n\nLaus Veneris, and other Poems--By Algernon Charles Swinburne.\n\n1 50\n\nBirds of a Feather Flock Together--By Edward A. Sothern, the actor.\n\n1 00\n\nBeatrice Cenci--from the Italian novel, with Guido's celebrated portrait.\n\n1 50\n\nMorning Glories--A charming collection of Children's stories. By Louisa Alcot.\n\n1 00\n\nSome Women of To-day--A novel by Mrs. Dr. Wm. H. White.\n\n1 50\n\nFrom New York to San Francisco--By Mrs. Frank Leslie. Illustrated.\n\n1 50\n\nWhy Wife and I Quarreled--A Poem by author \"Betsey and I are out.\"\n\n1 00\n\nWest India Pickles--A yacht Cruise in the Tropics. By W. P. Talboys.\n\n1 00\n\nThreading My Way--The Autobiography of Robert Dale Owen.\n\n1 50\n\nDebatable Land between this World and Next--Robert Dale Owen.\n\n2 00\n\nLights and Shadows of Spiritualism--By D. D. Home, the Medium.\n\n2 00\n\nYachtman's Primer--Instructions for Amateur Sailors.\n\nBy Warren.\n\n50\n\nThe Fall of Man--A Darwinian Satire, by author of \"New Gospel of Peace.\"\n\n50\n\nThe Chronicles of Gotham--A New York Satire.--Do.--Do.\n\n25\n\nTales from the Operas--A collection of stories based upon the Opera plots.\n\n1 00\n\nLadies and Gentlemen's Etiquette Book of the best Fashionable Society.\n\n1 00\n\nSelf Culture in Conversation, Letter-Writing, and Oratory.\n\n1 00\n\nLove and Marriage--A book for young people.\n\nBy Frederick Saunders.\n\n1 00\n\nUnder the Rose--A Capital book, by the author of \"East Lynne,\"\n\n1 00\n\nSo Dear a Dream--A novel by Miss Grant, author of \"The Sun Maid\".\n\n1 00\n\nGive me thine Heart--A Capital new Love Story by Roe.\n\n1 00\n\nMeeting Her Fate--A charming novel by the author of \"Aurora Floyd\".\n\n1 00\n\nThe New York Cook-Book--Book of Domestic Receipts. By Mrs. Astor.\n\n1 00\n\n\n\n  =Miscellaneous Works.=\n\n  Dawn to Noon--By Violet Fane       $1 50\n  Constance's Fate--Do.               1 50\n  French Love Songs--Translated         50\n  A Bad Boy's First Reader              10\n  Lion Jack--By P. T. Barnum          1 50\n  Jack in the Jungle--Do.             1 50\n  Cats, Cooks, Etc--By Edw. T. Ely      50\n  Drumming as a Fine Art                50\n  How to Win in Wall Street             50\n  The Life of Sarah Bernhardt           25\n  Arctic Travels--Isaac I. Hayes      1 50\n  College Tramps--Fred. A. Stokes     1 50\n  Gospels in Poetry--E. H. Kimball    1 50\n  Me--By Mrs. Spencer W. Coe            50\n  N.Y. to San Francisco--Leslie       1 50\n  Don Quixote--Illustrated           $1 00\n  Arabian Nights--Do.                 1 00\n  Robinson Crusoe--Do                  1 00\n  Swiss Family Robinson--Illus.       1 00\n  Debatable Land--R. Dale Owen        2 00\n  Threading My Way.--Do.               1 50\n  Spiritualism--By D. D. Home         2 00\n  Fanny Fern Memorials                2 00\n  Orpheus C. Kerr--4 vols. in one     2 00\n  Northern Ballads--E. L. Anderson    1 00\n  Offenbach's Tour in America         1 50\n  Stories about Doctors--Jeffreson    1 50\n  Stories about Lawyers--Do.           1 50\n  Mrs. Spriggins.--By Widow Bedott    1 50\n  How to Make Money--Davies           1 50\n\n\n  =Miscellaneous Novels.=\n\n  Doctor Antonio--By Ruffini        $1 50\n  Beatrice Cenci--From the Italian   1 50\n  Madame--By Frank Lee Benedict      1 50\n  A Late Remorse--Do.                1 50\n  Hammer and Anvil--Do.              1 50\n  Her Friend Laurence--Do.           1 50\n  Prairie Flower--Emerson Bennett    1 50\n  Among the Thorns--Dickinson        1 50\n  Women of To-day--Mrs. W.H. White   1 50\n  Braxton's Bar--R. M. Daggett       1 50\n  Miss Beck--Tilbury Holt            1 50\n  Sub Rosa--Chas. T. Murray            50\n  Hilda and I--E. Bedell Benjamin    1 50\n  A College Widow--C. H. Seymour     1 50\n  Old M'sieur's Secret--Translation    50\n  Petticoats and Slippers              50\n  Shiftless Folks--Fannie Smith      1 50\n  Peace Pelican.--Do.                1 50\n  Price of a Life--R. Forbes Sturgis 1 50\n  Hidden Power--T. H. Tibbles        1 50\n  Two Brides--Bernard O'Reilly       1 50\n  Sorry Her Lot--Miss Grant          1 00\n  Two of Us--Calista Halsey            75\n  Cupid on Crutches--A. B. Wood        75\n  Parson Thorne--E. M. Buckingham    1 50\n  Marston Hall--L. Ella Byrd         1 50\n  Ange--Florence Marryatt            1 00\n  Errors--Ruth Carter                1 50\n  Unmistakable Flirtation--Garner      75\n  Wild Oats--Florence Marryatt       1 50\n  Widow Cherry--B. L. Farjeon          25\n  Solomon Isaacs.--Do.                 50\n  Edith Murray--Joanna Mathews       1 50\n  Doctor Mortimer--Fannie Bean       1 50\n  Outwitted at Last--S. A. Gardner   1 50\n  Vesta Vane--L. King, R.            1 50\n  Louise and I--C. R. Dodge          1 50\n  My Queen--By Sandette              1 50\n  Fallen among Thieves--Rayne        1 50\n  San Miniato--Mrs. Hamilton         1 00\n  All For Her--A Tale of New York    1 50\n  All for Him--Author \"All for Her\"  1 50\n  For Each Other.--Do.             1 50\n  The Baroness--Joaquin Miller       1 50\n  One Fair Woman.--Do.             1 50\n  Saint Leger--Richard B. Kimball   $1 75\n  Was He Successful?--Do.    1 75\n  Undercurrents of Wall St.--Do.    1 75\n  Romance of Student Life.--Do.    1 75\n  To-day.--Do.    1 75\n  Life in San Domingo.--Do.    1 75\n  Henry Powers, Banker.--Do.    1 75\n  Led Astray--Octave Feuillet        1 50\n  She Loved Him Madly--Borys         1 50\n  Thick and Thin--Mery               1 50\n  So Fair yet False--Chavette        1 50\n  A Fatal Passion--C. Bernard        1 50\n  A Woman's Case--Bessie Turner      1 50\n  Marguerite's Journal--for Girls    1 50\n  Rose of Memphis--W. C. Falkner     1 50\n  Spell-Bound--Alexandre Dumas         75\n  Heart's Delight--Mrs. Alderdice    1 50\n  Another Man's Wife--Mrs. Hartt     1 50\n  Purple and Fine Linen--Fawcett     1 50\n  Pauline's Trial--L. D. Courtney    1 50\n  The Forgiving Kiss--M. Loth        1 75\n  Flirtation--A West Point novel     1 50\n  Loyal unto Death                   1 50\n  That Awful Boy                       50\n  That Bridget of Ours                 50\n  Phemie Frost--Ann S. Stephens      1 50\n  Charette--An American novel        1 50\n  Fairfax--John Esten Cooke          1 50\n  Hilt to Hilt.--Do.         1 50\n  Out of the Foam.--Do.         1 50\n  Hammer and Rapier.--Do.         1 50\n  Warwick--By M. T. Walworth         1 75\n  Lulu.--Do.          1 75\n  Hotspur--Do.          1 75\n  Stormcliff.--Do.          1 75\n  Delaplaine.--Do.          1 75\n  Beverly.--Do.          1 75\n  Kenneth--Sallie A. Brock           1 75\n  Heart Hungry--Westmoreland         1 50\n  Clifford Troupe.--Do.       1 50\n  Silcott Mill--Maria D. Deslonde    1 50\n  John Maribel.--Do.       1 50\n  Conquered--By a New Author         1 50\n  Janet--An English novel            1 50\n  Tales from the Popular Operas      1 50\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n                           POPULAR NEW BOOKS.\n\n                      _\"NEW YORK WEEKLY\" SERIES._\n\n\nMessrs. Street & Smith, publishers of _The New York Weekly_, having been\nrequested by their readers to issue their best and most popular Stories\nin Book Form, have consented, and have now made arrangements for such\npublications with the well-known New York House of\n\nG. W. CARLETON & CO., Publishers.\n\nThe intention is to issue in Book Form such Novels, Stories, Humorous\nWritings, etc., as have run through the _The New York Weekly_, and have\nproved to be the most popular. Thus the millions of _New York Weekly_\nreaders, who have been particularly pleased and delighted with certain\nstories in the Paper, and who would like to have them in Book Form for\npreservation and re-reading, will have an opportunity to buy such works,\nand gradually form a beautiful\n\nLIBRARY OF CHOICE BOOKS,\n\nthe very cream of the contributions to _The New York Weekly_.\n\n\n_The volumes already published are as follows:_\n\n  =Thrown on the World.=--A Novel, by BERTHA M. CLAY.\n  =Peerless Cathleen.=--A Novel, by CORA AGNEW.\n  =Faithful Margaret.=--A Novel, by ANNIE ASHMORE.\n  =Nick Whiffles.=--A Novel, by DR. J. H. ROBINSON.\n  =Lady Leonora.=--A Novel, by CARRIE CONKLIN.\n  =Charity Grinder Papers.=--By MARY KYLE DALLAS.\n  =A Bitter Atonement.=--A Novel, by BERTHA M. CLAY.\n  =Curse of Everleigh.=--By HELEN CORWIN PIERCE.\n  =Love Works Wonders.=--A Novel, by BERTHA M. CLAY.\n  =Evelyn's Folly.=--A Novel, by BERTHA M. CLAY.\n  =Lady Damer's Secret.=--A Novel, by BERTHA M. CLAY.\n  =A Woman's Temptation.=--A Novel, by BERTHA M. CLAY.\n  =Brownie's Triumph.=--A Novel, by Mrs. GEORGIE SHELDON.\n  =Repented at Leisure.=--A Novel, by BERTHA M. CLAY.\n  =Forsaken Bride.=--A Novel, by Mrs. GEORGIE SHELDON.\n  =Between Two Loves.=--A Novel, by BERTHA M. CLAY.\n  =His Other Wife.=--A Novel, by ROSE ASHLEIGH.\n\n\n==>These books are handsomely printed, and elegantly bound in cloth,\nwith gold back stamps, price, $1.50 each.\n\n==>Sold by Booksellers everywhere--and sent by mail, _postage free_, on\nreceipt of price. $1.50, by\n\n=G. W. CARLETON & CO., Publishers, Madison Square, New York.=\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nMRS. MARY J. HOLMES' WORKS.\n\n  TEMPEST AND SUNSHINE.\n  ENGLISH ORPHANS.\n  HOMESTEAD ON HILLSIDE.\n  'LENA RIVERS.\n  MEADOW BROOK.\n  DORA DEANE.\n  COUSIN MAUDE.\n  MARIAN GREY.\n  EDITH LYLE.\n  DAISY THORNTON. (_New_).\n  DARKNESS AND DAYLIGHT.\n  HUGH WORTHINGTON.\n  CAMERON PRIDE\n  ROSE MATHER.\n  ETHELYN'S MISTAKE.\n  MILLBANK.\n  EDNA BROWNING.\n  WEST LAWN.\n  MILDRED.\n  FORREST HOUSE. (_New_).\n\nOPINIONS OF THE PRESS.\n\n\"Mrs. Holmes' stories are universally read. Her admirers are numberless.\nShe is in many respects without a rival in the world of fiction. Her\ncharacters are always life-like, and she makes them talk and act like\nhuman beings, subject to the same emotions, swayed by the same passions,\nand actuated by the same motives which are common among men and women of\nevery day existence. Mrs. Holmes is very happy in portraying domestic\nlife. Old and young peruse her stories with great delight, for she\nwrites in a style that all can comprehend.\"--_New York Weekly._\n\n=The North American Review=, vol. 81, page 557, says of Mrs. Mary J.\nHolmes' novel, \"English Orphans\":--\"With this novel of Mrs. Holmes' we\nhave been charmed, and so have a pretty numerous circle of\ndiscriminating readers to whom we have lent it. The characterization is\nexquisite, especially so far as concerns rural and village life, of\nwhich there are some pictures that deserve to be hung up in perpetual\nmemory of types of humanity fast becoming extinct. The dialogues are\ngenerally brief, pointed, and appropriate. The plot seems simple, so\neasily and naturally is it developed and consummated. Moreover, the\nstory thus gracefully constructed and written, inculcates without\nobtruding, not only pure Christian morality in general, but, with\nespecial point and power, the dependence of true success on character,\nand of true respectability on merit.\"\n\n\"Mrs. Holmes' stories are all of a domestic character, and their\ninterest, therefore, is not so intense as if they were more highly\nseasoned with sensationalism, but it is of a healthy and abiding\ncharacter. Almost any new book which her publisher might choose to\nannounce from her pen would get an immediate and general reading. The\ninterest in her tales begins at once, and is maintained to the close.\nHer sentiments are so sound, her sympathies so warm and ready, and her\nknowledge of manners, character, and the varied incidents of ordinary\nlife is so thorough, that she would find it difficult to write any other\nthan an excellent tale if she were to try it.\"--_Boston Banner._\n\n\n==>The volumes are all handsomely printed and bound in cloth, sold\neverywhere, and sent by mail, _postage free_, on receipt of price [$1.50\neach], by\n\nG. W. CARLETON & CO., Publishers,\n\n_Madison Square, New York._\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n                          A VALUABLE NEW BOOK\n\n               _That should be on every Scholar's Table._\n\n                          CARLETON'S HAND-BOOK\n\n                                   OF\n\n                          POPULAR QUOTATIONS.\n\n\nA book of _Ready Reference_ for such phrases, extracts and Familiar\nQuotations from popular authors, as are oftenest met with in general\nliterature; together with their authorship and position in the original.\nEmbracing, also, the best list of quotations from foreign languages ever\npublished. Elegantly printed and bound. Price, $1.50.\n\n\nIf you want to _find_ any Familiar Quotation, appropriate to any\nparticular Subject or Sentiment--this book will give it to you.\n\nIf you want to know who is the author, and _where_ any particular\nFamiliar Quotation comes from--this book will tell you.\n\nIf you remember _part_ of a Familiar Quotation and want to know the\nwhole of it, and know it _exactly_--this book will tell you.\n\nIf you want to know the exact meaning and correctness of any Latin,\nFrench or Familiar Quotation, in any _Foreign language_--this book will\ntell you.\n\nIf you simply want a delightful book to have lying upon your table,\nconvenient to pick up and entertain you with charming and Familiar\nthoughts and Quotations of all authors--this is the book that will\nexactly suit you. *** There's none more fascinating in the English\nlanguage.\n\n\n*** The demand for this remarkable work is enormous. The publishers can\nhardly print them fast enough. They are for sale by every bookseller,\nand will be sent by mail, _postage free_, on receipt of, the price,\n$1.50, by\n\nG. W. CARLETON & CO., Publishers,\n\n_Madison Square, New York._\n\n\n                        CHARLES DICKENS' WORKS.\n\n                             A NEW EDITION.\n\n\nAmong the many editions of the works of this greatest of English\nNovelists, there has not been until _now_ one that entirely satisfies\nthe public demand.--Without exception, they each have some strong\ndistinctive objection,--either the form and dimensions of the volumes\nare unhandy--or, the type is small and indistinct--or, the illustrations\nare unsatisfactory--or, the binding is poor--or, the price is too high.\n\nAn entirely new edition is _now_, however, published by G. W. Carleton &\nCo., of New York, which, in every respect, completely satisfies the\npopular demand.--It is known as\n\n\"=Carleton's New Illustrated Edition.=\"\n\nCOMPLETE IN 15 VOLUMES.\n\nThe size and form is most convenient for holding,--the type is entirely\nnew, and of a clear and open character that has received the approval of\nthe reading community in other works.\n\nThe illustrations are by the original artists chosen by Charles Dickens\nhimself--and the paper, printing, and binding are of an attractive and\nsubstantial character.\n\nThis beautiful new edition is complete in 15 volumes--at the extremely\nreasonable price of $1.50 per volume, as follows:--\n\n  1.--PICKWICK PAPERS AND CATALOGUE.\n  2.--OLIVER TWIST.--UNCOMMERCIAL TRAVELLER.\n  3.--DAVID COPPERFIELD.\n  4.--GREAT EXPECTATIONS.--ITALY AND AMERICA.\n  5.--DOMBEY AND SON.\n  6.--BARNABY RUDGE AND EDWIN DROOD.\n  7.--NICHOLAS NICKLEBY.\n  8.--CURIOSITY SHOP AND MISCELLANEOUS.\n  9.--BLEAK HOUSE.\n  10.--LITTLE DORRIT.\n  11.--MARTIN CHUZZLEWIT.\n  12.--OUR MUTUAL FRIEND.\n  13.--CHRISTMAS BOOKS.--TALE OF TWO CITIES.\n  14.--SKETCHES BY BOZ AND HARD TIMES.\n  15.--CHILD'S ENGLAND AND MISCELLANEOUS.\n\nThe first volume--Pickwick Papers--contains an alphabetical catalogue of\nall of Charles Dickens' writings, with their exact positions in the\nvolumes.\n\nThis edition is sold by Booksellers, everywhere--and single specimen\ncopies will be forwarded by mail, _postage free_, on receipt of price,\n$1.50, by\n\nG. W. CARLETON & CO., Publishers,\nMadison Square, New York.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nTypographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:\n\nHercules was the son of Jupiter and Almena.=> Hercules was the son of\nJupiter and Alcmena. {pg 11}\n\nPelops and and Hippodamia=> Pelops and Hippodamia {pg 25}\n\nmathemathics=> mathematics {pg 57}\n\nasissted=> assisted {pg 69}\n\nbriqing the charioteer=> bribing the charioteer {pg 106}\n\nane Minerva=> and Minerva {pg 112}","title":"Carleton's Condensed Classical Dictionary","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":47523}