{"collection":"folklore-oral-tradition","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_51390/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_51390","id":"gutenberg_51390","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51390","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Archaeology & Anthropology","Category: History - American","Category: Reports & Conference Proceedings","Chiriqu\u00ed (Panama : Province) -- Antiquities","Codex Dresdensis Maya","Decoration and ornament","Eskimos -- Canada","Eskimos -- Music","Indian pottery -- Panama","Indian textile fabrics -- North America","Indians of Central America -- Panama","Maya language","Osage Indians -- Folklore","Osage language -- Texts","Textile fabrics","Textile industry"],"text":"LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS.\n\n\n Series Title.\n\n =Smithsonian institution.= _Bureau of ethnology._\n\n Sixth annual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the\n | secretary of the Smithsonian institution | 1884-'85 | by\n | J. W. Powell | director | [Vignette] |\n\n Washington | government printing office | 1888\n\n 8\u00b0. lviii, 675 pp. incl. 15 pl. & 4 pp. of music. 8 pl. 2\n maps.\n\n Author title.\n\n =Powell= (John Wesley).\n\n Sixth annual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the\n | secretary of the Smithsonian institution | 1884-'85 | by\n | J. W. Powell | director | [Vignette] |\n\n Washington | government printing office | 1888\n\n 8\u00b0. lviii, 675 pp. incl. 15 pl. & 4 pp. of music. 8 pl. 2\n maps.\n\n [SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. _Bureau of ethnology._]\n\n Title for subject entry.\n\n Sixth annual report | of the | Bureau of ethnology | to the\n | secretary of the Smithsonian institution | 1884-'85 | by\n | J. W. Powell | director | [Vignette] |\n\n Washington | government printing office | 1888\n\n 8\u00b0. lviii, 675 pp. incl. 15 pl. & 4 pp. of music. 8 pl. 2\n maps.\n\n [SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. _Bureau of ethnology._]\n\n\n\n\n SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT\n OF THE\n BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY\n TO THE\n SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION\n 1884-'85\n\n\n BY\n\n J.W. POWELL\n\n DIRECTOR\n\n[Illustration]\n\n WASHINGTON\n GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE\n 1888\n\n\n\n\n CONTENTS.\n\n\n REPORT OF THE DIRECTOR.\n\n Page.\n\n Letter of transmittal XXI\n\n Introduction XXIII\n\n Publication XXIV\n\n Field work XXVI\n\n Mound explorations XXVI\n\n Work of Prof. Cyrus Thomas XXVI\n\n Explorations in the Southwest XXVIII\n\n Work of Mr. James Stevenson XXVIII\n\n Work of Mr. Victor Mindeleff XXIX\n\n Linguistic field work XXX\n\n Work of Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith XXX\n\n Work of Mr. H. W. Henshaw XXXI\n\n Work of Mr. A. S. Gatschet XXXIII\n\n Work of Rev. J. Owen Dorsey XXXVI\n\n Work of Mr. Jeremiah Curtin XXXVII\n\n General field work XXXVIII\n\n Work of Dr. Washington Matthews XXXVIII\n\n Work of Dr. H. C. Yarrow XL\n\n Work of Dr. W. J. Hoffman XLI\n\n Office work XLIII\n\n Work of Mr. H. W. Henshaw XLV\n\n Work of Mrs. Erminnie A. Smith XLV\n\n Work of Col. Garrick Mallery XLV\n\n Work of Dr. W. J. Hoffman XLV\n\n Work of Mr. James C. Pilling XLV\n\n Work of Mr. Frank H. Cushing XLVI\n\n Work of Prof. Cyrus Thomas XLVII\n\n Work of Mr. Victor Mindeleff XLVII\n\n Work of Rev. J. Owen Dorsey XLVIII\n\n Work of Mr. Albert S. Gatschet XLVIII\n\n Work of Mr. W. H. Holmes XLVIII\n\n Work of Dr. H. C. Yarrow L\n\n Work of Mr. Charles C. Royce L\n\n Accompanying papers LI\n\n Ancient art of the province of Chiriqui, Colombia, by LI\n William H. Holmes\n\n A study of the textile art in its relation to the LIV\n development of form and ornament, by William H. Holmes\n\n Aids to the study of the Maya Codices, by Cyrus Thomas LV\n\n Osage traditions, by Rev. J. Owen Dorsey LVI\n\n The Central Eskimo, by Dr. Franz Boas LVI\n\n Financial statement LVIII\n\n\n ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.\n\n ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI, BY WILLIAM H. HOLMES.\n\n Page.\n\n Introduction 13\n\n Geography 13\n\n Literature 14\n\n People 15\n\n The cemeteries 16\n\n The graves 17\n\n Human remains 20\n\n Placing of relics 21\n\n Objects of art 21\n\n Stone 21\n\n Pictured rocks 21\n\n Columns 22\n\n Images 23\n\n Mealing stones 25\n\n Stools 27\n\n Celts etc. 29\n\n Spearheads 34\n\n Arrowpoints 34\n\n Ornaments 34\n\n Metal 35\n\n Gold and copper 35\n\n Bronze 49\n\n Clay: Pottery 53\n\n Preliminary 53\n\n How found 55\n\n Material 55\n\n Manufacture 56\n\n Color 57\n\n Use 57\n\n Forms of vessels 58\n\n Decoration 62\n\n Unpainted ware 66\n\n Terra cotta group 67\n\n Black incised group 80\n\n Painted ware 84\n\n Scarified group 87\n\n Handled group 90\n\n Tripod group 97\n\n Maroon group 107\n\n Red line group 109\n\n White line group 111\n\n Lost color group 113\n\n Alligator group 130\n\n Polychrome group 140\n\n Unclassified 147\n\n Miscellaneous objects 149\n\n Spindle whorls 149\n\n Needlecases 150\n\n Figurines 151\n\n Stools 154\n\n Musical instruments 156\n\n Rattles 156\n\n Drums 157\n\n Wind instruments 160\n\n Life forms in vase painting 171\n\n R\u00e9sum\u00e9 186\n\n A STUDY OF THE TEXTILE ART IN ITS RELATION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORM\n AND ORNAMENT, BY WILLIAM H. HOLMES.\n\n Introduction 195\n\n Form in textile art 196\n\n Relations of form to ornament 201\n\n Color in textile art 201\n\n Textile ornament 202\n\n Development of a geometric system within the art 202\n\n Introduction 202\n\n Relief phenomena 203\n\n Ordinary features 203\n\n Reticulated work 210\n\n Superconstructive features 211\n\n Color phenomena 215\n\n Ordinary features 215\n\n Non-essential constructive features 226\n\n Superconstructive features 228\n\n Adventitious features 231\n\n Geometricity imposed upon adopted elements of design 232\n\n Extension of textile ornament to other forms of art 244\n\n AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE MAYA CODICES, BY CYRUS THOMAS.\n\n Introduction 259\n\n CHAP. I. The numerals in the Dresden Codex 261\n\n II. Conclusions 339\n\n III. The writing 345\n\n Signification of the characters 347\n\n Symbols of animals etc 348\n\n Symbols of deities 358\n\n Discussion as to phonetic features of the characters 365\n\n OSAGE TRADITIONS, BY REV. J. OWEN DORSEY.\n\n Introduction 377\n\n Traditions of the elders 381\n\n Un\u016d^n u\u00a2\u00e1\u029ee. Ts\u00ed\u0254u wact\u00e1\u029ee it\u00e1de (Tradition of the Ts\u00ed\u0254u 381\n wact\u00e1\u029ee gens)\n\n Translation 388\n\n Un\u016d^n u\u00a2\u00e1\u029ee. Q\u00fc\u00a2\u00e1pasa^n it\u00e1de (Tradition of the Bald Eagle 390\n subgens)\n\n Translation 394\n\n Concluding remarks 396\n\n THE CENTRAL ESKIMO, BY DR. FRANZ BOAS.\n\n Introduction 409\n\n Authorities quoted 410\n\n Orthography 413\n\n Geography of northeastern America 413\n\n\n Distribution of the tribes 419\n\n General observations 419\n\n Baffin Land 421\n\n The Sikosuilarmiut 421\n\n The Akuliarmiut 421\n\n The Qaumauangmiut 421\n\n The Nugumiut 422\n\n The Oqomiut 424\n\n The Padlimiut and the Akudnirmiut 440\n\n The Aggomiut 442\n\n The Iglulirmiut 444\n\n The Pilingmiut 444\n\n The Sagdlirmiut 444\n\n Western shore of Hudson Bay 444\n\n The Aivillirmiut 445\n\n The Kinipetu or Agutit 450\n\n The Sagdlirmiut of Southampton Island 451\n\n The Sinimiut 451\n\n Boothia Felix and Back River 452\n\n The Netchillirmiut 452\n\n The Ugjulirmiut 458\n\n The Ukusiksalirmiut 458\n\n Smith Sound 459\n\n The natives of Ellesmere Land 459\n\n The North Greenlanders 460\n\n Influence of geographical conditions upon the distribution of 460\n the settlements\n\n Trade and intercourse between the tribes 462\n\n List of the Central Eskimo tribes 470\n\n Hunting and fishing 471\n\n Seal, walrus, and whale hunting 471\n\n Deer, musk ox, and bear hunting 501\n\n Hunting of small game 510\n\n Fishing 513\n\n Manufactures 516\n\n Making leather and preparing skins 516\n\n Sundry implements 523\n\n Transportation by boats and sledges 527\n\n The boat 527\n\n The sledge and dogs 529\n\n Habitations and dress 539\n\n The house 539\n\n Clothing, dressing of the hair, and tattooing 554\n\n Social and religious life 561\n\n Domestic occupations and amusements 561\n\n Visiting 574\n\n Social customs in summer 576\n\n Social order and laws 578\n\n Religious ideas and the angakunirn (priesthood) 583\n\n Sedna and the fulmar 583\n\n The tornait and the angakut 591\n\n The flight to the moon 598\n\n Kadlu the thunderer 600\n\n Feasts, religious and secular 600\n\n Customs and regulations concerning birth, sickness, and 609\n death\n\n\n Tales and traditions 615\n\n Ititaujang 615\n\n The emigration of the Sagdlirmiut 618\n\n Kalopaling 20\n\n The Uissuit 621\n\n Kiviung 621\n\n The origin of the narwhal 625\n\n The visitor 627\n\n The fugitive women 628\n\n Qaudjaqdjuq 628\n\n I. Story of the three brothers 628\n\n II. Qaudjaqdjuq 630\n\n Igimarasugdjuqdjuaq the cannibal 633\n\n The Tornit 634\n\n The woman and the spirit of the singing house 636\n\n The constellation Udleqdjun 636\n\n The origin of the Adlet and of the Qadluait 637\n\n The great flood 637\n\n Inugpaqdjuqdjualung 638\n\n The bear story 638\n\n Sundry tales 639\n\n Tables relating to animals 641\n\n The owl and the raven 641\n\n Comparison between Baffin Land traditions and those of 641\n other tribes\n\n Science and the arts 643\n\n Geography and navigation 643\n\n Poetry and music 648\n\n Merry-making among the Tornit 649\n\n The lemming's song 650\n\n Arlum pissinga (the killer's song) 650\n\n I. Summer song 653\n\n II. The returning hunter 653\n\n III. Song of the Tornit 653\n\n IV. Song of the Inuit traveling to Nettilling 653\n\n V. Oxaitoq's song 654\n\n VI. Utitiaq's song 654\n\n VII. Song 654\n\n VIII. Song 654\n\n IX. Song of the Tornit 654\n\n X. The fox and the woman 655\n\n XI. The raven's song 655\n\n XII. Song of a Padlimio 655\n\n XIII. Ititaujang's song 655\n\n XIV. Playing at ball 656\n\n XV. Playing at ball 657\n\n XVI.-XIX. Extracts 657, 658\n\n Glossary 659\n\n Appendix 667\n\n INDEX.\n\n Index 671\n\n\n\n\n ILLUSTRATIONS.\n\n\n Page.\n\n PLATE I. Map of Chiriqui 13\n\n II. Map showing in detail the geographical divisions [1]\n of territory occupied by the Eskimo tribes of\n northeast America\n\n 1. Oqo and Akudnirn.\n\n 2. Frobisher Bay.\n\n 3. Eclipse Sound and Admiralty Inlet.\n\n 4. Repulse Sound and Lyon Inlet.\n\n 5. Boothia Isthmus and King William Land.\n\n III. Map of the territory occupied by the Eskimo tribes [1]\n of North America, showing the boundaries\n\n IV. Cumberland Peninsula, drawn by Aranin, a 643\n Saumingmio\n\n V. Eskimo drawings 648\n\n VI. Eskimo drawings 650\n\n VII. Eskimo drawings 651\n\n VIII. Eskimo carvings 652\n\n IX. Eskimo carvings 653\n\n X. Modern Eskimo implements 654\n\n\n FIG. 1. Section of oval grave 17\n\n 2. Section of a quadrangular grave 18\n\n 3. Grave with pillars 18\n\n 4. Compound cist 19\n\n 5. Southwest face of the pictured stone 22\n\n 6. A goddess of the ancient Chiriquians 23\n\n 7. A god of the ancient Chiriquians 24\n\n 8. Fragmentary human figure in gray basaltic rock 25\n\n 9. Mealing stone with large tablet ornamented with 26\n animal heads\n\n 10. Puma shaped metate 27\n\n 11. Stool shaped object 28\n\n 12. Stool with columnar base 28\n\n 13. Stool with perforated base 29\n\n 14. Large partially polished celt 30\n\n 15. Celt of hexagonal section 31\n\n 16. Small wide bladed celt 31\n\n 17. Celt with heavy shaft 31\n\n 18. Celt or ax with constriction near the top 31\n\n 19. Flaked and partially polished celt 32\n\n 20. Well polished celt 32\n\n 21. Narrow pointed celt 32\n\n 22. Narrow pointed celt 32\n\n 23. Cylindrical celt with narrow point 33\n\n 24. Leaf shaped objects suggesting spearpoints 34\n\n 25. Arrowpoints 34\n\n 26. Human figure formed of copper-gold alloy 41\n\n 27. Grotesque human figure in gold 42\n\n 28. Rudely shaped human figure in gold 42\n\n 29. Grotesque human figure in nearly pure copper 43\n\n 30. Grotesque human figure in nearly pure gold 43\n\n 31. Rudely executed image of a bird in gold 44\n\n 32. Image of a bird in gold 45\n\n 33. Puma shaped figure in gold 45\n\n 34. Puma shaped figure in base metal 45\n\n 35. Quadruped with grotesque face in base metal 46\n\n 36. Figure of a fish in gold 46\n\n 37. Large figure of a frog in base metal plated with 47\n gold\n\n 38. Small figure of a frog in base metal plated with 47\n gold\n\n 39. Figure of an alligator in gold 48\n\n 40. Animal figure in base metal plated with gold 48\n\n 41. Bronze bells plated or washed with gold 50\n\n 42. Bronze bell with human features 50\n\n 43. Triple bell or rattle found on the Rio Grande 51\n\n 44. Ancient Mexican bell 51\n\n 45. Fundamental forms of vases\u2014convex outlines 58\n\n 46. Fundamental forms of vases\u2014angular outlines 59\n\n 47. Vases of complex outlines\u2014exceptional forms 59\n\n 48. Vases of compound forms 59\n\n 49. Square lipped vessel 59\n\n 50. Variations in the forms of necks and rims 60\n\n 51. Arrangement of handles 60\n\n 52. Types of annular bases or feet 61\n\n 53. Forms of legs 61\n\n 54. Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small 63\n vase\n\n 55. Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small 63\n vase\n\n 56. Grotesque figure forming the handle of a small 63\n vase\n\n 57. Monstrous figure with serpent shaped extremities 63\n\n 58. Monstrous figure with serpent shaped extremities 63\n\n 59. Grotesque figure 64\n\n 60. Grotesque figure 64\n\n 61. Grotesque figure 64\n\n 62. Figure of a monkey 64\n\n 63. Figure of a monkey 64\n\n 64. Figure of a monkey 64\n\n 65. Animal forms exhibiting long proboscis 65\n\n 66. Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures 65\n\n 67. Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures 65\n\n 68. Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures 66\n\n 69. Vase illustrating ornamental use of animal figures 66\n\n 70. Series of bowls and cups of unpainted ware 67\n\n 71. Vase of graceful form 68\n\n 72. Vase of graceful form 68\n\n 73. Vase of fine form ornamented with grotesque heads 68\n\n 74. Vase of fine form ornamented with grotesque heads 69\n\n 75. Vase with ornament of applied nodes and fillets 69\n\n 76. Vase with mantle covered with incised figures 70\n\n 77. Vase with frieze of grotesque heads 70\n\n 78. Vases with flaring rims and varied ornament 71\n\n 79. Vases with complex outlines and varied ornament 71\n\n 80. Large vase with two mouths and neatly decorated 72\n necks\n\n 81. Large vase with high handles 72\n\n 82. Top view of high handled vase 73\n\n 83. Handled vase 73\n\n 84. Handled vase 73\n\n 85. Handled vase 73\n\n 86. Small cup with single handle, ornamented with 74\n grotesque figure\n\n 87. Small cup with single handle, ornamented with 74\n grotesque figure\n\n 88. Vase of eccentric form 74\n\n 89. Vessel illustrating forms of legs 75\n\n 90. Vessel illustrating forms of legs 75\n\n 91. Vessel with large legs decorated with stellar 75\n punctures\n\n 92. Vases of varied form with plain and animal shaped 75\n legs\n\n 93. Large vase of striking shape 76\n\n 94. Cup with legs imitating animal forms 76\n\n 95. Cup with legs imitating a grotesque animal form 77\n\n 96. Cup with legs imitating the armadillo 77\n\n 97. Cup with legs imitating the armadillo 77\n\n 98. Cup with frog shaped legs 77\n\n 99. Cup with legs imitating an animal and its young 77\n\n 100. Cups supported by grotesque heads 77\n\n 101. Large cup supported by two grotesque figures 78\n\n 102. Cup with two animal heads attached to the sides 78\n\n 103. Cup with two animal heads attached to the sides 78\n\n 104. Vase imitating an animal form 79\n\n 105. Vase imitating an animal form 79\n\n 106. Vase imitating an animal form 79\n\n 107. Fish shaped vessel 79\n\n 108. Top view of a fish shaped vessel 80\n\n 109. Cup with grotesque head attached to the rim 80\n\n 110. Black cup with incised reptilian figures 81\n\n 111. Black cup with incised reptilian figures 81\n\n 112. Black vase with conventional incised pattern 81\n\n 113. Small cup with conventional incised pattern 82\n\n 114. Small tripod cup with upright walls 82\n\n 115. Vase with flaring rim and legs imitating animal 82\n heads\n\n 116. Vase modeled to represent the head of an animal 83\n\n 117. Pattern upon the back of the vase 83\n\n 118. Tripod bowl of red scarified ware 87\n\n 119. Tripod bowl of red scarified ware 87\n\n 120. Oblong basin with scarified design 88\n\n 121. Large scarified bowl with handles imitating animal 88\n heads\n\n 122. Jar with flat bottom and vertical bands of incised 89\n ornament\n\n 123. Vase with stand and vertical incised bands 89\n\n 124. Vase with handles, legs, and vertical ribs 89\n\n 125. Tripod with owl-like heads at insertion of legs 90\n\n 126. Tripod with legs rudely suggesting animal forms 90\n\n 127. Heavy red vase with four mouths 90\n\n 128. Vase with horizontally placed handles and rude 91\n designs in red\n\n 129. Unpolished vase with heavy handles and coated with 92\n soot\n\n 130. Round bodied vase with unique handles and incised 92\n ornament\n\n 131. Vase with grotesque figures attached to the 93\n handles\n\n 132. Vase with upright handles and winged lip 93\n\n 133. Top view of vase with winged lip 94\n\n 134. Vase with grotesque animal shaped handles 94\n\n 135. Vase with handles representing strange animals 95\n\n 136. Vase with handles representing grotesque figures 95\n\n 137. Vase with handles representing animal heads 96\n\n 138. Vase with arched handles embellished with life 96\n forms in high relief\n\n 139. Vase with arched handles embellished with life 97\n forms in high relief\n\n 140. Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric 99\n handles\n\n 141. Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric 99\n handles\n\n 142. Tripod vase with shallow basin and eccentric 99\n handles\n\n 143. Tripod vase of graceful shape and neat finish 100\n\n 144. Heavy tripod vase with widely spreading feet 100\n\n 145. Neatly modeled vase embellished with life forms 101\n and devices in red\n\n 146. High tripod vase with incised designs and rude 101\n figures in red\n\n 147. Handsome tripod vase with scroll ornament 102\n\n 148. Vase with lizard shaped legs 102\n\n 149. Vase with scroll ornament 103\n\n 150. Large vase with flaring rim and wide spreading 103\n legs\n\n 151. Fragment of a tripod vase embellished with figure 104\n of an alligator\n\n 152. Vase supported by grotesque human figures 105\n\n 153. Round bodied vase embellished with figures of 106\n monsters\n\n 154. Cup with incurved rim and life form ornamentation 107\n\n 155. Cup with widely expanded rim and constricted neck 107\n\n 156. Small tripod cup with animal features in high 108\n relief\n\n 157. Handsome vase supported by three grotesque figures 108\n\n 158. Vase decorated with figures of frogs and devices 110\n in red\n\n 159. Vase of unique shape and life form ornamentation 110\n\n 160. Two-handled vase with life form and linear 110\n decoration\n\n 161. Small tripod vase with animal figures in white 111\n\n 162. Shapely vase with designs in white paint 112\n\n 163. Small red bottle with horizontal bands of ornament 115\n\n 164. Small red bottle with encircling geometric devices 115\n\n 165. Bottle with zone occupied by geometric devices 116\n\n 166. Bottle with broad zone containing geometric 116\n figures\n\n 167. Bottle with decoration of meandered lines 117\n\n 168. Bottle with arched panels and geometric devices 117\n\n 169. Bottle with arched panels and elaborate devices 118\n\n 170. Vase with rosette-like panels 118\n\n 170_a_. Ornament from preceding vase 118\n\n 171. Vase with rosette-like panels 119\n\n 172. Vase with rosette-like panels 119\n\n 173. Theoretical origin of the arched panels 120\n\n 174. Theoretical origin of the arched panels 120\n\n 175. Theoretical origin of the arched panels 120\n\n 176. Vase decorated with conventional figures of 120\n alligators\n\n 177. Portion of decorated zone illustrating treatment 121\n of life forms\n\n 178. Portion of decorated zone illustrating treatment 121\n of life forms\n\n 179. Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms 121\n\n 179_a_. Design from preceding vase 122\n\n 180. Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms 122\n\n 181. Vase decorated with highly conventional life forms 123\n\n 182. Decorated panel with devices resembling vegetal 124\n growths\n\n 183. Vase of unusual shape 124\n\n 184. Vase of unusual shape 124\n\n 185. Vase of unusual shape 124\n\n 186. Double vessel with high arched handle 125\n\n 187. Double vessel with arched handle 125\n\n 188. Vase embellished with life forms in color and in 126\n relief\n\n 189. Vase modeled to represent a peccary 127\n\n 190. Under surface of peccary vase 127\n\n 191. Small vessel with human figures in high relief 127\n\n 192. Tripod cup with figures of the alligator 128\n\n 193. Large shallow tripod vase with geometric 129\n decoration\n\n 194. Large bottle shaped vase with high tripod and 130\n alligator design\n\n 195. Large bottle with narrow zone containing figures 132\n of the alligator\n\n 196. Vase with decorated zone containing four arched 133\n panels\n\n 197. Vase with four round nodes upon which are painted 133\n animal devices\n\n 198. Vases of varied form and decoration 134\n\n 199. Alligator vase with conventional markings 135\n\n 200. Alligator vase with figures of the alligator 135\n painted on the sides\n\n 201. Vase with serpent ornamentation 136\n\n 202. Vase representing a puma with alligator figures 137\n painted on sides\n\n 203. Shallow vase with reptilian features in relief and 137\n in color\n\n 204. Vase with funnel shaped mouth 138\n\n 205. Top view of vase in Fig. 204 139\n\n 206. End view of vase in Fig. 204 139\n\n 207. Large vase with decorations in red and black 140\n\n 208. Devices of the decorated zone of vase in Fig. 207, 141\n viewed from above\n\n 209. Handsome vase with four handles and decorations in 142\n black, red, and purple\n\n 210. Painted design of vase in Fig. 209, viewed from 143\n above\n\n 211. Vase of unusual shape, with decoration in black, 144\n red, and purple\n\n 212. Ornament occupying the interior surface of the 144\n basin of vase in Fig. 211\n\n 213. Large vase of fine shape and simple decorations 145\n\n 214. Vase with extraordinary decorative designs 146\n\n 215. Painted design of vase in Fig. 214, viewed from 147\n above\n\n 216. Vase of unique form and decoration 148\n\n 217. Painted design of vase in Fig. 216 148\n\n 218. Spindle whorl with annular nodes 149\n\n 219. Spindle whorl decorated with animal figures 149\n\n 220. Spindle whorl with perforations and incised 149\n ornament\n\n 221. Needlecase 150\n\n 222. Needlecase 150\n\n 223. Needlecase with painted geometric ornament 151\n\n 224. Needlecase with incised geometric ornament 151\n\n 225. Needlecase with incised geometric ornament 151\n\n 226. Statuette 152\n\n 227. Statuette 152\n\n 228. Statuette 152\n\n 229. Statuette 152\n\n 230. Stool of plain terra cotta 154\n\n 231. Stool of plain clay, with grotesque figures 155\n\n 232. Stool of plain terra cotta 155\n\n 233. Rattle 157\n\n 234. Section of rattle 157\n\n 235. Rattle with grotesque figures 157\n\n 236. Drum of gray unpainted clay 158\n\n 237. Drum with painted ornament 159\n\n 238. Painted design of drum in Fig. 237 159\n\n 239. Double whistle 161\n\n 240. Section of double whistle 161\n\n 241. Tubular instrument with two finger holes 162\n\n 242. Section of whistle 162\n\n 243. Small animal shaped whistle 162\n\n 244. Small animal shaped whistle 162\n\n 245. Top shaped whistle 163\n\n 246. Section, top, and bottom views of whistle 164\n\n 247. Drum shaped whistle 165\n\n 248. Vase shaped whistle 165\n\n 249. Crab shaped whistle 166\n\n 250. Alligator shaped whistle 166\n\n 251. Cat shaped whistle 167\n\n 252. Whistle with four ocelot-like heads 168\n\n 253. Bird shaped whistle 169\n\n 254. Bird shaped whistle 169\n\n 255. Bird shaped whistle 170\n\n 256. Whistle in grotesque life form 170\n\n 257. Conventional figure of the alligator 173\n\n 258. Conventional figure of the alligator 173\n\n 259. Conventional figure of the alligator 174\n\n 260. Conventional figure of the alligator 174\n\n 261. Conventional figure of the alligator 174\n\n 262. Two-headed form of the alligator 175\n\n 263. Figure of the alligator much simplified 175\n\n 264. The alligator much modified by ceramic influences 176\n\n 265. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 176\n\n 266. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 176\n\n 267. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 176\n\n 268. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 177\n\n 269. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 177\n\n 270. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 177\n\n 271. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 178\n\n 272. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 178\n\n 273. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 178\n\n 274. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 179\n\n 275. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 179\n\n 276. Conventional figure derived from the alligator 180\n\n 277. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 180\n\n 278. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 181\n\n 279. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 182\n\n 280. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 182\n\n 281. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 182\n\n 282. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 182\n\n 283. Conventional figures derived from the alligator 183\n\n 284. Vase with decorated zone containing remarkable 185\n devices\n\n 285. Series of devices 185\n\n 286. Mat or tray with esthetic attributes of form 197\n\n 287. Tray having decided esthetic attributes of form 198\n\n 288. Pyriform water vessel 198\n\n 289. Basket with esthetic characters of form 199\n\n 290. Basket of eccentric form 200\n\n 291. Character of surface in the simplest form of 204\n weaving\n\n 292. Surface produced by impacting 204\n\n 293. Surface produced by use of wide fillets 204\n\n 294. Basket with ribbed surface 205\n\n 295. Bottle showing obliquely ribbed surface 205\n\n 296. Tray showing radial ribs 205\n\n 297. Combination giving herring bone effect 206\n\n 298. Combination giving triangular figures 206\n\n 299. Peruvian work basket 206\n\n 300. Basket of Seminole workmanship 207\n\n 301. Surface effect produced in open twined combination 207\n\n 302. Surface effect produced in open twined combination 207\n\n 303. Surface effect produced by impacting in twined 208\n combination\n\n 304. Surface effect produced by impacting the web 208\n strands in twined combination\n\n 305. Surface effect produced by crossing the web series 208\n in open twined work\n\n 306. Tray with open mesh, twined combination 208\n\n 307. Conical basket, twined combination 209\n\n 308. Example of primitive reticulated weaving 210\n\n 309. Simple form of reticulation 211\n\n 310. Reticulated pattern in cotton cloth 211\n\n 311. Peruvian embroidery 212\n\n 312. Basket with pendent ornaments 213\n\n 313. Basket with pendent ornaments 213\n\n 314. Tasseled Peruvian mantle 214\n\n 315. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of 216\n different colors\n\n 316. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of 216\n different colors\n\n 317. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of 216\n different colors\n\n 318. Pattern produced by interlacing strands of 217\n different colors\n\n 319. Base of coiled basket 218\n\n 320. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 218\n\n 321. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 219\n\n 322. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 220\n\n 323. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 220\n\n 324. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 221\n\n 325. Coiled basket with geometric ornament 223\n\n 326. Coiled tray with geometric ornament 224\n\n 327. Coiled tray with geometric ornament 225\n\n 328. Tray with geometric ornament 225\n\n 329. Tray with geometric ornament 226\n\n 330. Ornament produced by wrapping the strands 227\n\n 331. Ornament produced by fixing strands to the surface 227\n of the fabric\n\n 332. Basket with feather ornamentation 227\n\n 333. Basket with feather ornamentation 227\n\n 334. Piece of cloth showing use of supplementary warp 228\n and woof\n\n 335. Piece of cloth showing use of supplementary warp 228\n and woof\n\n 336. Example of grass embroidery 230\n\n 337. Example of feather embroidery 231\n\n 338. Figures from the Penn wampum belt 233\n\n 339. Figures from a California Indian basket 234\n\n 340. California Indian basket 234\n\n 341. Figures from a Peruvian basket 235\n\n 342. Figure from a piece of Peruvian gobelins 236\n\n 343. Figures from a Peruvian vase 237\n\n 344. Figure from a circular basket 238\n\n 345. Figure of a bird from a Zu\u00f1i shield 239\n\n 346. Figure of a bird woven in a tray 240\n\n 347. Figure of a bird woven in a basket 241\n\n 348. Figures embroidered on a cotton net by the ancient 242\n Peruvians\n\n 349. Figures of birds embroidered by the ancient 243\n Peruvians\n\n 350. Conventional design painted upon cotton cloth 243\n\n 351. Herring bone and checker patterns produced in 246\n weaving\n\n 352. Herring bone and checker patterns engraved in clay 246\n\n 353. Earthen vase with textile ornament 247\n\n 354. Example of textile ornament painted upon pottery 248\n\n 355. Textile pattern transferred to pottery through 248\n costume\n\n 356. Ceremonial adz with carved ornament of textile 250\n character\n\n 357. Figures upon a tapa stamp 251\n\n 358. Design in stucco exhibiting textile characters 251\n\n 359. Line of day and numeral symbols from Plates 36c 272\n and 37c, Dresden Codex\n\n 360. Line of day and numeral characters from Plates 276\n 33-39, Dresden Codex\n\n 361. Unusual symbol for Akbal from Plate 8 of the 284\n Dresden Codex\n\n 362. Copy of Plate 50, Dresden Codex 297\n\n 363. Copy of Plate 51, Dresden Codex 306\n\n 364. Copy of Plate 52, Dresden Codex 307\n\n 365. Copy of Plate 53, Dresden Codex 308\n\n 366. Copy of Plate 54, Dresden Codex 309\n\n 367. Copy of Plate 55, Dresden Codex 310\n\n 368. Copy of Plate 56, Dresden Codex 311\n\n 369. Copy of Plate 57, Dresden Codex 312\n\n 370. Copy of Plate 58, Dresden Codex 313\n\n 371. Specimens of ornamental loops from page 72, 337\n Dresden Codex\n\n 372. Numeral character from the lower division of Plate 343\n XV, Manuscript Troano\n\n 373. Turtle from the Cortesian Codex, Plate 17 348\n\n 374. Jar from the Cortesian Codex, Plate 27 349\n\n 375. Worm and plant from Manuscript Troano, Plate XXIX 351\n\n 376. Figure of a woman from the Dresden Codex 351\n\n 377. Copy of middle and lower divisions of Plate XIX, 352\n Manuscript Troano\n\n 378. Copy of lower division of Plate 65, Dresden Codex 353\n\n 379. The moo or ara from Plate 16, Dresden Codex 355\n\n 380. The god Ekchuah, after the Troano and Cortesian 358\n Codices\n\n 381. The long nosed god (Kukulcan) or god with the 359\n snake-like tongue\n\n 382. Copy of head from the Borgian Codex 360\n (Quetzalcoatl?)\n\n 383. The supposed god of death from the Dresden Codex 361\n\n 384. The supposed god of death from the Troano Codex 361\n\n 385. The god with the banded face from the Troano Codex 362\n\n 386. The god with the old man's face 363\n\n 387. The god with face crossed by lines 364\n\n 388. Wooden idol in vessel with basket cover 371\n\n 389. Symbolic chart of the Osage 378\n\n 390. Harpoon from Alaska 472\n\n 391. Modern or sealing harpoon 472\n\n 392. Old style naulang or harpoon head 473\n\n 393. Modern naulang or harpoon head 473\n\n 394. Qilertuang or leather strap and clasps for holding 474\n coiled up harpoon lines\n\n 395. Siatko or harpoon head of the Iglulirmiut 475\n\n 396. Siatko found at Exeter Sound 475\n\n 397. Eskimo in the act of striking a seal 476\n\n 398. Tutareang or buckle 477\n\n 399. Eskimo awaiting return of seal to blowhole 478\n\n 400. Tuputang or ivory plugs for closing wounds 479\n\n 401. Wooden case for plugs 480\n\n 402. Another form of plug 480\n\n 403. Qanging, for fastening thong to jaw of seal 480\n\n 404. Qanging in form of a seal 480\n\n 405. Qanging in form of a button 481\n\n 406. Qanging serving for both toggle and handle 481\n\n 407. Qidjarung or whirl for harpoon line 481\n\n 408. Simple form of whirl 481\n\n 409. Old pattern of hook for drawing out captured seal 483\n\n 410. Seal hook of bear's claw 483\n\n 411. Modern form of seal hook 483\n\n 412. Eskimo approaching seal 484\n\n 413. Frame of kayak or hunting boat 486\n\n 414. Kayak with covering of skin 487\n\n 415. Model of a Repulse Bay kayak 487\n\n 416. Sirmijaung or scraper for kayak 488\n\n 417. Large kayak harpoon for seal and walrus 488\n\n 418. Tikagung or support for the hand 488\n\n 419. Qatirn or ivory head of harpoon 489\n\n 420. Manner of attaching the two principal parts of the 489\n harpoon\n\n 421. Tokang or harpoon head in sheath 489\n\n 422. Tokang or harpoon head taken from a whale in 490\n Cumberland Sound\n\n 423. Ancient tokang or harpoon head 491\n\n 424. Teliqbing, which is fastened to harpoon line 492\n\n 425. Qatilik or spear 492\n\n 426. Avautang or sealskin float 492\n\n 427. Different styles of poviutang or pipe for 493\n inflating the float\n\n 428. Agdliaq or spear for small seals 494\n\n 429. Agdliaq points 494\n\n 430. Spearheads 495\n\n 431. Large spear head 495\n\n 432. Anguvigang or lance 496\n\n 433. Nuirn or bird spear 496\n\n 434. Nuqsang or throwing board 496\n\n 435. Sealing at the edge of the ice 498\n\n 436. Model of sakurp\u0101ng or whaling harpoon 500\n\n 437. Niutang with floats 500\n\n 438. Wooden bow from Iglulik 502\n\n 439. Wooden bow from Cumberland Sound 502\n\n 440. Bows of reindeer antlers 503\n\n 441. Bow of antlers with central part cut off straight 503\n\n 442. Arrows with bone heads 504\n\n 443. Arrows with metal heads 504\n\n 444. Arrow head 505\n\n 445. Showing attachment of arrowhead vertically and 505\n parallel to shank\n\n 446. Various forms of arrowhead 506\n\n 447. Socket of spear handle from Alaska 506\n\n 448. Slate arrowhead 506\n\n 449. Flint arrowheads from old graves 507\n\n 450. Various styles of quiver 507\n\n 451. Quiver handles 508\n\n 452. Whalebone nooses for catching waterfowl 511\n\n 453. Kakivang or salmon spear 512\n\n 454. Ivory fish used as bait in spearing salmon 513\n\n 455. Quqartaun for stringing salmon 514\n\n 456. Salmon hook 515\n\n 457. Salmon hook 515\n\n 458. Bait used in fishing with hooks 516\n\n 459. Butcher's knife with bone handle 516\n\n 460. Pana or knife for dissecting game 517\n\n 461. Form of ulo now in use 518\n\n 462. Old ulo handle from Cape Broughton, Davis Strait 518\n\n 463. Fragment of an ulo blade made of slate 518\n\n 464. Ulo handle from recent grave 518\n\n 465. Modern tesirqun or scraper 519\n\n 466. Old style tesirqun or scraper 519\n\n 467. Seligoung or scraper used for softening skins 520\n\n 468. Old stone scrapers found in graves 521\n\n 469. Stretcher for lines 522\n\n 470. Ivory needle 523\n\n 471. Ivory needlecase from Cumberland Sound 523\n\n 472. Common pattern of needlecase 523\n\n 473. Tikiq or thimble 524\n\n 474. Instrument for straightening bone 525\n\n 475. Drill for working in ivory and bone 525\n\n 476. Driftwood used in kindling fire 526\n\n 477. Eskimo graver's tool 526\n\n 478. Framework of Eskimo boat 527\n\n 479. Kiglo or post 527\n\n 480. Umiaq or skin boat 528\n\n 481. Umiaq or skin boat 528\n\n 482. Qamuting or sledge 529\n\n 483. Sledge shoe 530\n\n 484. Form of clasp for fastening traces to sledge 531\n\n 485. Artistic form of clasp for fastening traces to 531\n sledge\n\n 486. Uqsirn for fastening traces to pitu 532\n\n 487. Ano or dog harness 532\n\n 488. Sadniriaq or clasp 532\n\n 489. Tube for drinking 535\n\n 490. Various styles of snow knife 539\n\n 491. Ground plan of snow house of Davis Strait tribes 540\n\n 492. Snow house of Davis Strait, sections 541\n\n 493. Section and interior of snow house 543\n\n 494. Ukusik or soapstone kettle 545\n\n 495. Plan of double snow house 546\n\n 496. Plan of Iglulik house 547\n\n 497. Plan of Hudson Bay house 547\n\n 498. Plan and sections of qarmang or stone house 548\n\n 499. Plan of large qarmang or stone house 549\n\n 500. Plan of stone house in Anarnitung, Cumberland 549\n Sound\n\n 501. Plan of groups of stone houses in Pangnirtung 530\n\n 502. Plan of qarmang or house made of whale ribs 550\n\n 503. Storehouse in Ukiadliving 551\n\n 504. Plan and sections of tupiq or tent of Cumberland 551\n Sound\n\n 505. Plan and section of tupiq or tent of Pond Bay 553\n\n 506. Plan and section of double winter tent, Cumberland 553\n Sound\n\n 507. Qaturang or boot ornament 554\n\n 508. Woman's jacket 555\n\n 509. Ivory beads for women's jackets 555\n\n 510. Girdle buckles 556\n\n 511. Infant's clothing 557\n\n 512. Child's clothing 557\n\n 513. Ivory combs 559\n\n 514. Buckles 560\n\n 515. Manner of tattooing face and wearing hair 561\n\n 516. Manner of tattooing legs and hands 561\n\n 517. Forks 563\n\n 518. Ladle of musk ox horn 563\n\n 519. Skull used in the game ajegaung 565\n\n 520. Ivory carving representing head of fox, used in 565\n the game ajegaung\n\n 521. Ivory carvings representing polar bear, used in 566\n the game ajegaung\n\n 522. Figures used in playing tingmiujang, a game 567\n similar to dice\n\n 523. Game of nuglutang 568\n\n 524. The s\u0101ket\u0101n or roulette 569\n\n 525. Ajarorpoq or cat's cradle 569\n\n 526. Ball 570\n\n 527. Dolls in dress of the Oqomiut 571\n\n 528. Dolls in dress of the Akunirmiut 571\n\n 529. Modern snow goggles of wood 576\n\n 530. Old form of snow goggles of ivory 576\n\n 531. Diagram showing interior of qaggi or singing house 600\n among eastern tribes\n\n 532. Plan of Hudson Bay qaggi or singing house 601\n\n 533. Kilaut or drum 602\n\n 534. Plans of remains of supposed qaggi or singing 603\n houses\n\n 535. Qailert\u00e9tang or masked figure 606\n\n 536. Model of lamp from a grave in Cumberland Sound 613\n\n 537. Qaudjaqdjuq is maltreated by his enemies 631\n\n 538. The man in the moon comes down to help Qaudjaqdjuq 631\n\n 539. The man in the moon whipping Qaudjaqdjuq 632\n\n 540. Qaudjaqdjuq has become Qaudjuqdjuaq 632\n\n 541. Qaudjuqdjuaq killing his enemies 633\n\n 542. Tumiujang or lamp of the Tornit 634\n\n 543. Cumberland Sound and Frobisher Bay, drawn by Itu, 644\n a Nugumio\n\n 544. Cumberland Sound and Frobisher Bay, drawn by 645\n Sunapignang, an Oqomio\n\n 545. Cumberland Sound, drawn by Itu, a Nugumio 646\n\n 546. Peninsula of Qivitung, drawn by Angutuqdjuaq, a 647\n Padlimio\n\nFootnote 1:\n\n In pocket at end of volume.\n\n\n\n\n LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.\n\n\n SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY,\n _Washington, D. C., October 23, 1885_.\n\nSIR: I have the honor to submit my Sixth Annual Report as Director of\nthe Bureau of Ethnology.\n\nThe first part consists of an explanation of the plan and operations of\nthe Bureau; the second part consists of a series of papers on\nanthropologic subjects, mainly prepared by my assistants to illustrate\nthe methods and results of the work of the Bureau.\n\nI desire to express my thanks for your earnest support and your wise\ncounsel relating to the work under my charge.\n\nI am, with respect, your obedient servant,\n\n[Illustration: Signature]\n\n Prof. SPENCER F. BAIRD,\n _Secretary Smithsonian Institution_.\n\n\n\n\n SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT\n OF THE\n BUREAU OF ETHNOLOGY.\n\n\n BY J. W. POWELL, DIRECTOR.\n\n\n\n\n INTRODUCTION.\n\n\nThe prosecution of research among the North American Indians, as\ndirected by act of Congress, was continued during the fiscal year\n1884-'85.\n\nNo change has been made in the general plan upon which the work has been\nprosecuted as set forth in former reports. Certain lines of\ninvestigation have been decided upon, which are confided to persons\ntrained in their pursuit, and the results of these labors are presented\nfrom time to time in the publications of the Bureau provided for by law.\nA brief statement of the work upon which each of the special students\nwas actively engaged during the fiscal year is furnished below; this,\nhowever, does not embrace all the studies undertaken or services\nrendered by them, since particular lines of research have been suspended\nin this, as in former years, in order to prosecute temporarily work\nregarded as of paramount importance. From this cause delays have been\noccasioned in the completion of several treatises and monograph's,\nalready partly in type, which otherwise would have been published.\n\nInvitation is renewed for the assistance of explorers, writers, and\nstudents who are not and may not desire to be officially connected with\nthe Bureau. Their contributions, whether in the shape of suggestions or\nof extended communications, will be gratefully acknowledged, and, if\npublished either in the series of reports or in monographs or bulletins,\nas the liberality of Congress may in future allow, will always receive\nproper credit.\n\nThe items now reported upon are presented in three principal divisions.\nThe first relates to the publication made; the second, to the work\nprosecuted in the field; and the third, to the office work, which\nlargely consists of the preparation for publication of the results of\nfield work, with the corrections and additions obtained from the\nliterature of the subjects and by correspondence.\n\n\n\n\n PUBLICATION.\n\n\nThe only publication actually issued during the year was entitled\nProof-Sheets of a Bibliography of the Languages of the North American\nIndians, by James Constantine Pilling. The volume, a quarto of 1,175\npages, consists of an author catalogue of books, manuscripts, magazine\nand newspaper articles, publications of learned societies, and other\ndocuments relating in any way to the Indian languages of North America.\nOnly one hundred copies were printed, which were distributed to\ncollaborators.\n\nThis work was commenced by Mr. Pilling in 1879 and has been prosecuted\nwith diligence and skill, notwithstanding the engrossing nature of his\nother duties. It began as an author card catalogue, designed merely for\noffice use. In time it became apparent that such a systematic catalogue\nof the literature of Indian languages, if printed and distributed, would\nbe of important service to all the numerous workers on the general\nsubject, besides those directly connected with the Bureau, to whom alone\nit was accessible in manuscript form. By this course the accumulated\nresults of several years' labor would be immediately available for the\nuse of students generally, and the distribution of proof-sheets would in\nturn increase interest in the work, elicit comment and criticism, and\nsecure additional contributions, through all of which the final volume\ncontemplated would become more satisfactory and complete, both in form\nand substance. The thorough conscientiousness and punctilious care shown\nin the present catalogue, and especially the comprehensive bibliographic\nspirit in which the work has been conceived, prove the peculiar fitness\nof the author for the undertaking. He has set before him and has kept\nsteadily in view the following aims:\n\nFirst, to discover every document in existence relating to the subject,\neither printed or in manuscript.\n\nSecondly, to record a description of every document found, so accurate\nand full that each book or article mentioned is clearly identified and\nall its contents relating to Indian languages set forth, with citation\nof the chapters and pages within the work where the linguistic material\nmay be found.\n\nThirdly, to name, when possible, one or more libraries where each work\ncatalogued may be found.\n\nFourthly, to arrange and combine the whole so that the student using it\nmay in the shortest time learn whether any work contains the special\nmatter which he desires to consult, and, if so, precisely where he may\nfind it. In the case of rare books or papers special attention has been\npaid to obtain full information, and in the case of some of the rarest\nbooks fac-similes of the title pages are given. The value of a work so\nbroadly conceived and so carefully executed is very great. The\nliterature of this subject has become so voluminous, so disconnected, so\nscattered in time and place, that progress in the classification of\nIndian languages and the determination of their affinities has been\ngreatly retarded, awaiting the orderly arrangement of accumulated\ninformation. This requisite, with the important addition of the\ncorrection of current errors, is met by the catalogue. It has been found\nindispensable to the Bureau and has already been gratefully acknowledged\nas invaluable by all students of American tribes to whom copies have\nbeen distributed.\n\nSince the printing and distribution of the proof-sheets, and markedly as\na result thereof, the card catalogue has continued to grow; and,\nalthough not complete and, from the nature of the subject, not expected\nto become absolutely exhaustive, the recent additions to it indicate how\nthoroughly the work was originally done. It may be possible, therefore,\nbefore long to substitute for the Proof-Sheets the Bibliography itself\nin standard form.\n\n\n\n\n FIELD WORK.\n\n\nUnder this heading are comprised\u2014\n\nFirst, the systematic operations of the division of mound exploration\ncarried on east of the Rocky Mountains.\n\nSecondly, researches in and collections from the ancient ruins of the\nSouthwest and comparative study of the present inhabitants of that\nregion and the objects found among them.\n\nThirdly, linguistic work or expeditions among the several Indian tribes\nat their homes, with the main purpose of acquiring knowledge of their\nspoken languages.\n\nFourthly, general studies, or those embracing various branches of\ninquiry, conducted among the existing Indian tribes.\n\n\n MOUND EXPLORATIONS.\n\n\n WORK OF PROF. CYRUS THOMAS.\n\nThe work of exploring the mounds and other ancient monuments of that\nportion of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, commenced in\n1882, was carried on during the fiscal year, under the charge of Prof.\nCyrus Thomas.\n\nThe regular assistants during the first half of the year were Messrs.\nP.W. Norris, James D. Middleton, and John P. Rogan. For the latter half\nthey were Messrs. Middleton, Rogan, and John W. Emmert, the last named\nhaving been engaged to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Mr.\nNorris.\n\nMr. Norris was engaged during the fall of 1884 in exploring the\nextensive group of works in the vicinity of Charleston, Kanawha Valley,\nW. Va. He continued at work there until December, when he was compelled\nby cold weather and illness to desist. To the great regret of all his\nassociates in the work, his illness terminated in death on the 14th of\nJanuary, 1885. By his death the division has lost a faithful and\nenthusiastic worker.\n\nDuring the summer and fall of 1884 and until the approach of extremely\ncold weather, Mr. Middleton was engaged in exploring the works of Knox\nCounty, Ohio. Throughout the winter and following spring his field of\noperations was eastern Arkansas. In the latter field he was assisted by\nMr. L. H. Thing, who was employed for three months as temporary\nassistant.\n\nDuring the summer and until the beginning of winter, Mr. Rogan was\nengaged (in conjunction with Rev. J. P. Maclean, who was employed as a\ntemporary assistant) in exploring the ancient monuments of Butler County\nand the adjacent regions of southern Ohio. On the approach of the cold\nseason he went south, his field of operations for the remainder of the\nyear being northern Georgia and the southern counties of East Tennessee.\n\nMr. Emmert, who had been employed on January 1, 1885, to make some\nspecial explorations in East Tennessee, was made permanent assistant\nimmediately after the death of Mr. Norris. His work in that section\nproving successful he continued it until the close of the fiscal year.\n\nMr. Gerard Fowke was engaged during November in examining the ancient\nquarries of Flint Ridge, Ohio, and in making a collection to illustrate\nthe various stages in the aboriginal manufacture of flint implements.\nHis collection is, perhaps, the most complete in this particular line of\nany so far made in this country. In the winter he was employed about two\nmonths in special investigations of some ancient works in Pontotoc and\nUnion Counties, Miss., a locality supposed to have been visited by De\nSoto during his unfortunate expedition. In some of the mounds of this\nsection, which was formerly the home of the Chikasa, he found some\narticles of European manufacture, among them a small silver plate\nbearing the royal arms of Castile and Leon in an old heraldic form.\n\nAlthough the number of specimens obtained does not exceed that of the\ncollection of the preceding year, the general result shows a decided\nadvance in the accuracy of the work done. The measurements and plats\nhave been made with more care and exactness, the descriptions are more\ncomplete, and the details more fully set forth. As an illustration one\ncase is presented. A large mound was opened which was found to contain\nover ninety skeletons, irregularly placed and at different depths. At\nthe outset a plat of the mound was made; each skeleton was located on it\nas discovered, and notes were taken of the depth, position, articles\nfound with it, etc. Thus the exact position of each skeleton in the\nmound is recorded, as well as that of any article accompanying it. The\ncollections made are more varied in character than those of any previous\nyear, including several new types of pottery, some unusually fine stone\nimplements, and from several mounds articles showing contact with\nEuropeans. The pottery obtained by Messrs. Middleton and Thing in\nArkansas is of more than ordinary interest, containing a number of\nspecimens of the rarer forms, also several colored specimens.\n\nThe same care has been taken as heretofore in labeling and numbering the\nspecimens, so that each can be traced by the record to the exact place\nwhere it was found. The illustrations showing the construction,\ncharacter, and form of the various works explored exceed in number,\naccuracy, and importance those of any previous year.\n\n\n EXPLORATIONS IN THE SOUTHWEST.\n\n\n WORK OF MR. JAMES STEVENSON.\n\nMr. James Stevenson was placed in charge of a party, with instructions\nto proceed to Arizona and New Mexico to make researches and collections\namong the Pueblo Indians and the ancient ruins in that region.\n\nMr. Stevenson's party was divided into three sections. The section in\ncharge of Mr. F. T. Bickford visited the remarkable series of ruins in\nChaco ca\u00f1on, in northwestern New Mexico; Ca\u00f1on de Chelly and its branch\nca\u00f1ons; the cliff dwellings in Walnut ca\u00f1on, in Arizona, and a group of\ninteresting cave dwellings, different in structure from any heretofore\nfound, near Flagstaff, in the same Territory. All these were carefully\nexamined. Full and extensive notes, as well as sketches and photographic\nillustrations, were made of these ruins.\n\nAnother section, in charge of Mr. C. A. Garlick, was stationed at the\npueblo of Acoma, in New Mexico. The work at this village resulted in a\ncollection of about thirty-five hundred specimens, consisting of pottery\nand a variety of utensils of other material, such as stone, bone, wood,\nand woven fabrics, illustrating the arts of the people of Acoma. The\ncollections from this pueblo, though not embracing a great variety of\nobjects, will illustrate nearly all the phases of the arts and\nindustrial pursuits of these Indians.\n\nAnother section of Mr. Stevenson's party, under his own supervision and\nwith the important assistance of Mrs. Stevenson, was employed in making\ncollections and studies at Zu\u00f1i. The collection from there is much\nlarger than any heretofore obtained and includes many objects relating\nto the outdoor ceremonies of the Zu\u00f1i. Specimens of these were secured\nfrom their sacred springs, caves, and shrines. All details relating to\ntheir ceremonials were attentively studied, and a series of water color\nsketches was made of altars used and of masks worn on these important\noccasions. A large number of fetiches was also obtained, representing\nmany of the animals held in religious esteem by the Zu\u00f1i. A series of\nphotographs was made of the sacred springs, wells, monuments, picture\nwritings, and shrines of the Zu\u00f1i located at different points over an\narea of about seventy-five miles from Zu\u00f1i, and a collection was secured\nof representative specimens of their fetiches, plume sticks, and other\nobjects connected with their mythology and religious practices. The\ncollection made during the year was unusually large and important. It\ncomprises about eighty-five hundred specimens from the Indian tribes of\nthe Southwest embraced in the research; these consist of woven fabrics\nand pottery, bone, and stone implements, both ancient and modern, and\nrepresent nearly all phases of the life, art, and industries of these\ntribes. These collections have been deposited in the U. S. National\nMuseum for arrangement, classification, and description.\n\n\n WORK OF MR. VICTOR MINDELEFF.\n\nA party in charge of Mr. Victor Mindeleff left Washington on August 5 to\nsurvey the ruined pueblos of the Chaco, in New Mexico. Five of the ruins\nwere accurately measured and platted to scale, and a full series of\nsketches, plans, and photographs was secured. Mr. Mindeleff returned\nfrom the field on the 1st of October. He then made a trip to the great\nEtowah mound, near Cartersville, Ga., under the direction of Prof. Cyrus\nThomas, in order to secure an accurate survey and scale drawing, as a\nbasis for the construction of a model.\n\nAt the close of this work Mr. Mindeleff returned to Washington, on\nOctober 7, and was engaged in office work until the middle of the\nfollowing June, when he took the field in advance of his party for\nfurther studies among the ruins and pueblos of the Cibola and Tusayan\ngroups. He was also instructed to secure similar material at other\navailable points for comparison.\n\n\n LINGUISTIC FIELD WORK.\n\n\n WORK OF MRS. ERMINNIE A. SMITH.\n\nFrom the 1st of July to the 15th of August, 1884, Mrs. Smith, assisted\nby Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, of Tuscarora descent, was engaged among the\nOnondaga living near Syracuse, N. Y., in translating and annotating two\nOnondaga manuscripts; afterward, until the latter part of October, with\nthe same assistance, she was at work on the Grand River reservation in\nCanada, where she filled out the vocabulary in the Introduction to the\nStudy of Indian Languages from the dialect of the Cayuga. She also\nobtained from the Mohawk a translation, with annotations, of a\nmanuscript in their dialect.\n\nThe three manuscripts mentioned are now in the possession of the Bureau\nof Ethnology. Their origin and history are not distinctly known, as they\nare all probably copies of originals which seem to have been lost or\ndestroyed. It was intended in these manuscripts to reproduce, by the\nalphabet and the script used by English writers, the sound of the\ndialects employed.\n\nThese records have their chief interest in the preservation of many\narchaic words, or those of ceremony, law, and custom, which in these\ndialects, as is the general rule, remain unchanged, although the\ncolloquial language may be modified. The subject matter of all these\nrecords is genuinely and exclusively Iroquoian.\n\nThe Mohawk manuscript was copied about the year 1830 by Chief John\n\"Smoke\" Johnson from an earlier original or perhaps copy. The\northography of this copy is quite regular and is that of the early\nEnglish missionaries, being similar in many respects to the well known\nPickering alphabet.\n\nOne of the Onondaga manuscripts was found in the possession of Mr.\nDaniel La Fort and the other in that of Mrs. John A. Jones, both of the\nOnondaga reserve, New York. These two copies differ from each other in\northography and substance, the Jones manuscript being probably a full\ndetail of a part of the other.\n\nThe orthography of the La Fort manuscript is very irregular and\ndifficult to read, but that of the Jones manuscript is regular and\nlegible. The Mohawk manuscript contains a detailed account of the rites\nand ceremonies, speeches and songs, of the condoling and inducting\ncouncil of the Iroquoian League in the form in which that council was\nconducted by the elder brothers or members of the Onondaga, Mohawk, and\nSeneca divisions, which have been generally called tribes, but are more\ncorrectly confederacies, their villages being the tribal unit. The La\nFort Onondaga manuscript comprises a similar ritual of the same council\nas carried out by the younger brothers, viz., the Cayuga, Oneida, and\nTuscarora members or confederacies of the league. The Jones Onondaga\nmanuscript is the charge of the principal shaman to the newly elected or\ninducted chief or chiefs.\n\nDuring the remainder of the year material was collected and work\ncontinued on the Tuscarora-English part of the Tuscarora dictionary.\n\n\n WORK OF MR. H. W. HENSHAW.\n\nMr. H. W. Henshaw visited southern California for the purpose of\npursuing linguistic studies in the group of languages spoken by the\nSanta Barbara Indians. Although these Indians became known at a very\nearly day, being mentioned with particularity in the relation of\nCabrillo's voyage along the California coast in 1542, but little has\nbeen ascertained in respect to their language and its relations to the\nspeech of neighboring tribes.\n\nFew vocabularies were collected by the early Spanish missionaries and\nthose gathered were very imperfect, so that no conclusions can be based\nupon them with confidence.\n\nAs a result of the policy pursued by the various missionaries among\nthese docile tribes, aboriginal habits were soon exchanged for others\nimposed by the priests. Tribal organizations were broken up and the\nIndians were removed from their homes and located about the missions. In\naddition the Spanish language was early introduced and so far as\npossible made to replace the aboriginal tongue. As a consequence Spanish\nbecame familiar to a large number of the proselytes, and all the\nsurviving Santa Barbara Indians speak Spanish fluently, or rather the\nMexican dialect of Spanish. Indeed, the impression prevails generally in\nCalifornia that none of the Indians can speak their own tongue. As a\nmatter of fact, however, in their own families and when away from the\nwhite men they discard Spanish entirely.\n\nThe attempt to preserve the language was begun none too soon, as of the\nlarge population attributed to this part of the California coast Mr.\nHenshaw was able to discover only about fifty survivors, and these were\nwidely scattered over several counties. A number of the dialects of the\nlinguistic family are now extinct, and only a month before Mr. Henshaw's\narrival at San Buenaventura an old woman died who, it is believed, was\nthe last person to speak the dialect belonging to the Island of Santa\nCruz. In Santa Barbara and Ventura counties six dialects of the family\nwere found, which are believed to be all that are now extant.\n\nIn the case of the dialect of Santa Rosa island, but one Indian remained\nto speak it. Two more dialects are spoken by two or three individuals\nonly. The existing dialects, named according to the missions around\nwhich they were spoken, are as follows: San Buenaventura, Santa Barbara,\nSanta Rosa Island, Purissima, Santa Inez, and San Luis Obispo. With the\nexception of the last named the several dialects are very closely\nrelated, and, although each possesses a greater or less number of words\nnot contained in the others, their vocabularies show many words which\nare common to all.\n\nThe dialect formerly spoken at San Luis Obispo differs much from any of\nthe others, and a critical comparison is necessary to reveal a\nsufficient number of words possessing identical roots to render their\ncommon parentage obvious.\n\nExtensive vocabularies of the dialects of San Antonio and San Miguel\nwere obtained, there being about a dozen Indians who speak these\nlanguages around the old San Antonio mission. These languages have been\nsupposed to be of the Santa Barbara family (as it has hitherto been\ntermed, now called Chumashan family), but the material obtained by Mr.\nHenshaw disproves this, and, for the present at least, they are\nconsidered to form a distinct family.\n\nMr. Henshaw visited Los Angeles and San Diego counties for the purpose\nof determining the exact northern and southern limits of the Shoshonian\nfamily, which extends quite to the coast in California.\n\nAt San Diego and San Luis Rey he obtained vocabularies representing four\ndialects of the Yuman family.\n\n\n WORK OF MR. A. S. GATSCHET.\n\nIn August, 1884, Mr. Gatschet proceeded to visit the Tonkaw\u0113 and Lipan\ntribes in Texas.\n\nHe reached Fort Griffin on the 29th of August. The Tonkaw\u0113 tribe was\nencamped about a mile and a half south of Fort Griffin, Shackleford\ncounty, and consisted of 78 individuals, while the Lipan camp, one mile\nnorth-northwest, consisted of 19 persons only. All these Indians were on\nthe point of removing to the Oakland reserve, Indian Territory.\n\nThe Tonkaw\u0113 constitute an aggregate of several tribal remnants formerly\nliving independently of one another in southern Texas and on the Rio\nGrande. Mr. Gatschet devoted five weeks to the study of their language\nand one week to that of the Lipan, which is a dialect of Apache\n(Athapascan). The Tonkaw\u0113 is a sonorous and energetic form of speech.\nThe radix of many of the adjectives becomes reduplicated to form a kind\nof plural, and the same thing is observed in some of the verbs, where\niteration or frequency has to be indicated. Case suffixes are observed\nin the substantive, which can easily be traced to postpositions as their\noriginal forms. Very few of the natives were sufficiently conversant\nwith English or Spanish to serve as interpreters, so that it was\ndifficult to secure trustworthy results. A white man who had lived over\nsix years among them was of material help, and several mythologic and\nother texts were obtained with tolerable correctness through his aid.\n\nOn October 9 Mr. Gatschet left Fort Griffin and reached Fort Sill, in\nthe Indian Territory, on the 15th. Many Kaiow\u0113 and Comanche Indians\nencamped during the warmer months of the year around this fort, which is\nsituated at the southeast base of the Wichita mountains. He engaged the\nbest help he could find for studying the Kaiow\u0113 language, for which\nthere is no Government interpreter. The Comanche is the predominating\nlanguage on the whole Kaiow\u0113, Comanche, and Apache reservation, although\nthe Comanche exceed the Kaiow\u0113 but little in number. The Comanche is\nmore easily acquired, at least to the extent required in conversation,\nand all the traders and shopkeepers on the reservation have a smattering\nof it.\n\nBetter interpreters for Kaiow\u0113 were obtained at Anadarko, the seat of\nthe agency, where Mr. Gatschet remained from October 31 to December 12.\nA few Kaiow\u0113 were found who had passed some months or years among\nAmericans or at the Indian schools at Carlisle, Chilocco, and elsewhere,\nand could express themselves intelligibly in English. A few white\nMexicans were found among the Comanche, who were captured by them in\ninfancy, acquired the Comanche language, and have ever since lived among\nthese Indians. Of the Kaiow\u0113, Mr. Gatschet acquired over two thousand\nterms, phrases, and sentences, several historic texts of value, and of\nthe Comanche, eight hundred or a thousand words. The circumstances\nnecessitated careful and numerous revisions of everything obtained, by\nwhich much of the time was absorbed.\n\nThe Na-ishi Apache, about four hundred in number and formerly roaming\nwith the Kaiow\u0113, furnished also a large amount of terms, exceeding\nfifteen hundred.\n\nThere are a few verbal similarities between the Kaiow\u0113 and the Shoshoni\nlanguages, but apparently not enough to indicate anything more than long\nassociation of these peoples. The Kaiow\u0113 has a dual in the intransitive\nverb and in some nouns. There are more than a dozen different modes of\nforming the plural of nouns. The subject pronoun is incorporated with\nthe verb as a prefix, and every tense has a different subject pronoun,\nas in Otomi and other languages of southern Mexico.\n\nVocabularies were also obtained of Delaware, Ottawa, Yuchi, Caddo,\nWichita, and of the hitherto unstudied Caddo dialects of Anadarko and\nYatassi.\n\nIn spite of persevering search it was not possible to find any of the\nBidai or the Tonica in Texas, although it is probable that some of them\nsurvived in that State as late as 1850.\n\nMr. Gatschet then passed a whole month among the Atakapa at Lake\nCharles, the county seat of Calcasieu parish, Louisiana. Of the two\ndialects traceable, only the western one seems to exist now, being still\nspoken by a few women living at the town. The language is sonorous, but\nstrongly nasal.\n\nReturning to the Indian Territory, after a fruitless search for the\nTonica and Adai, he stopped at Eufaula, Creek Nation, to meet a Na'htchi\nIndian named Lasley, about sixty years old, who had represented his\ntribe in the councils of the Creek Nation. This man explained his\nNa'htchi terms and phrases by Creek equivalents, and these had to be\ntranslated into English to obtain full light concerning the Na'htchi\nterms. One legendary text was also obtained. The language is rather\nconsonantal and has a multiplicity of verbal forms.\n\nAmong the Yuchi tribe on Middle Arkansas river, southwestern bank, and\nover 40 miles from Muscogee Station, Indian Territory, he remained but a\nweek, too short a time to obtain full information respecting this\ninteresting language. There are five or six hundred Yuchi still living\non this tract. Two texts and a few popular songs, with one thousand\nterms of the language, were obtained.\n\nThe last stop was made among the Modoc at Quapaw Agency, at the agency\nbuildings. About ninety are left of those brought there for having taken\npart in the Modoc war of 1872-'73. Five mythic tales were gathered from\nthe natives within the short time of three weeks, one of them being of\nconsiderable length and of importance. It is called \"The birth of\nAishish.\" The birth of this astral deity resembles in most particulars\nthat of Bacchus from the thigh of Jupiter after his mother, Semele, had\nbeen burned to death. The terms, phrases, and sentences gathered,\nbesides the myth mentioned, amount to over fifteen hundred items, which\nwill prove useful for completing the work on the Klamath Indians of\nOregon now in preparation.\n\nOf the Shawnee language several hundred words were gathered from the\nIndians of that tribe settled around the agency.\n\nMr. Gatschet returned to Washington in April, 1885.\n\n\n WORK OF REV. J. OWEN DORSEY.\n\nRev. J. Owen Dorsey visited the Siletz Agency, Oregon, in August, 1884,\nto gain linguistic and other information respecting the tribes in that\nregion. When he returned, in November, he brought back as the result of\nhis work the following vocabularies:\u2014Athapascan family: Applegate Creek,\nGalice Creek, Chast\u0101 Costa, Miko-no-tunne, Chetco, Smith River, Cal.,\nand Upper Coquille.\u2014Yakonan family: Yaquina, Alsea, Siuslaw, and Lower\nUmpqua.\u2014Kusan family: Mulluk or Lower Coquille.\u2014Takilman family: Takilma\nor Upper Rogue River.\u2014Shahaptian family: Klikitat.\u2014Sastean family:\nShasti\u2014total, nineteen vocabularies, ranging from fifty to three\nthousand entries, exclusive of phrases and grammatical notes.\n\nHe also obtained materials for an account of the social organization\ninto villages of some of these Indians, the basis for which appears to\nhave been the clan or gens. Rough maps, showing the localities of the\nvillages, were made. Mr. Dorsey also obtained from several tribes the\ncorresponding Indian names of about sixty vegetal products, specimens of\nwhich were brought to Washington for identification.\n\n\n WORK OF MR. JEREMIAH CURTIN.\n\nMr. Curtin spent the first two weeks of July at the Quapaw agency,\nIndian Territory, in making a collection of Modoc myths, which he had\nbegun in the preceding winter, being part of a general collection of\nIndian myths begun in 1883. The number of Modoc myths obtained was\nnearly one hundred.\n\nAfter finishing work at the Quapaw Agency, he returned to Washington,\nand shortly afterward was directed to proceed to northern California and\nobtain vocabularies of the Nosa and Kombo languages, and thence to\nOregon to obtain vocabularies of the Wasco, Tyigh, and Tenina languages.\n\nWork was begun on the Nosa language (Yanan family) at Redding, Cal., on\nOctober 11. The difficulties were very great, especially at first, owing\nto the fact that the Nosa are few in number, live far from one another,\nand have a very imperfect knowledge of English.\n\nThe Nosa were a prominent and rather numerous people until 1864, when\nall of them who could be found were massacred by white settlers, who\norganized two companies for the purpose of exterminating the tribe.\nOwing to a chance by which a few escaped and to the exertions of Mr.\nBenjamin Oliver, who secreted several in his cellar, about fifteen full\nblood Nosa survived.\n\nWork on Nosa was continued in and around Redding until the end of\nNovember, when Round Mountain was visited to complete the Nosa\nvocabulary and obtain that of the Atsugei (Palaikan family), a very\ninteresting language. Work at Round Mountain was finished on January 8\nand Redding was revisited on January 9, preparatory to departing for\nOregon.\n\nOwing to the excessive severity of the winter and the snow blockades,\nwhich lasted six weeks, communication with Warm Spring was closed, and\nit was impossible to enter the reservation till January 27, when\nSinnashee, a school and center of the Warm Spring Indian population, was\nreached.\n\nAt this place the Tyigh vocabulary (Shahaptian family) was collected.\nThe Wasco (Chinookan family) was obtained at the agency headquarters\nnear the Deschutes river. Tenina, being identical with the Tyigh\nlanguage, was omitted. From April 18, at which date work at the Warm\nSpring agency was finished, until June 30, the time was devoted to\ncollecting myths in the Klamath reservation and at Yreka.\n\nDuring the whole period of work all the myths that could be found among\nthe people whose languages were being investigated were reduced to\nwriting. In this manner a large body of Nosa, Atsugei, Tyigh, and Wasco\nmyths was collected. In the cases of Klamath and Shasti, myths were the\nobjects directly in view.\n\nThe vocabularies were obtained with satisfactory completeness and the\nverbal systems worked out in detail.\n\nThe Nosa is remarkable for a regularity of structure which yields to\nanalysis and has a certain monotonous harmony of sound.\n\nThe Atsugei has a sonorous roll, a strong letter _r_, and a certain\nnumber of words in common with the Shasti, itself one of the _r_\nlanguages.\n\n\n GENERAL FIELD WORK.\n\n\n WORK OF DR. WASHINGTON MATTHEWS.\n\nDr. Washington Matthews, assistant surgeon U. S. Army, continued his\ninvestigations among the Navajo Indians in New Mexico and Arizona. He\nhad been stationed in the Navajo country as post surgeon of Fort\nWingate, N. Mex., from 1880 to 1884, during which time he devoted\nhimself to studying the language, customs, and ceremonies of this tribe\nas much as his official duties would permit. Some of the great\nshamanistic ceremonies of the Navajo, occupying nine days for their\nperformance, he had often seen in part; but he had never had an\nopportunity of witnessing one throughout its entire duration, as he had\nnot sufficient time at his disposal.\n\nBefore leaving New Mexico, however, he secured the friendship and\nconfidence of some of the leading medicine men and obtained their\npromise to admit him to their most secret rites during their entire\nperformance whenever he should be able to avail himself of the\nprivilege. He was also promised complete instruction in the mythology\nand symbolism of these rites.\n\nIn the autumn of 1884 he was given an opportunity, under the auspices of\nthe Bureau of Ethnology, to return to the Navajo country and devote\nhimself for a considerable time entirely to anthropologic studies among\nthe people.\n\nHe first visited the Navajo who dwell in the neighborhood of the San\nMateo mountains, the Tsotsildin\u00e8, or people of the Great Peak, a local\ndivision or subtribe living much farther to the east and having longer\nand more intimate associations with Mexicans and Americans than the main\nbody of the people. While at this place, he ascended the peak of San\nMateo, or Mount Taylor, a mountain held sacred by the Navajo, to observe\nthe various places on the mountain mentioned in the Navajo myths.\n\nLeaving San Mateo he proceeded to Fort Wingate, and learning that one of\nthe most important of the Navajo rites was about to be celebrated at a\nplace called Niqotlizi (Hard Earth), north of Fort Wingate on the Navajo\nreservation, he repaired thither without delay. The ceremony which he\nwent to witness was that of dsily\u00eddje-qa\u00e7\u00e0l, or mountain chant. It is\nalso called Ilnasjingo-qa\u00e7\u00e0l, or chant in the dark circle of branches,\nfrom the great corral of evergreens in which the public rites of the\nlast night are performed. It is known to the white men who live among\nthese Indians as the hoshkawn dance, from one of the public dances of\nthe last night, in which the Indian jugglers pretend to grow and develop\nthe hack\u00e0n, or _Yucca baccata_. This last night's performance is varied\nand interesting and all persons, including whites and Indians of other\ntribes, are permitted to witness it; but previously, for several days,\nmystic rites are celebrated in the medicine lodge, to the most of which\nonly the initiated are admitted. Dr. Matthews remained ten days in the\nIndian camp at Niqotlizi, during which time the shamans admitted him\ninto their medicine lodge and allowed him to observe their rites and\npractices.\n\nHis most interesting discovery on this occasion was that of their system\nof mythic dry paintings, by which they represent various legends or\ntraditions with dry pigments on the sanded floor of the medicine lodge.\nA full account of the ceremonies and of the myth on which they are based\nwas prepared by Dr. Matthews and appeared in the Fifth Annual Report of\nthis Bureau.\n\nWhen the ceremony at Niqotlizi was over he proceeded to a locality in\nArizona called by the whites The Haystacks, from the peculiar appearance\nof the rock formations there. At The Haystacks another great ceremony,\nprobably the second in importance of the Navajo rites, was to take\nplace. Here he again encamped with the Indians and remained until the\nwork of the shamans was done.\n\nThe ceremonial observances witnessed on this occasion are, collectively,\ncalled by the Navajo Kl\u00e8dji-qa\u00e7\u00e0l, or chant of the night. They are\ncalled by the whites the Y\u00e0ybichy dance, from the name of the principal\nmasked character, Y\u00e8bitcai or Gebitcai, the granduncle of the gods. Like\nthe hoshkawn dance, it has several days of secret rites with elaborate\nsymbolic sand pictures and one night of public dances, less varied and\ninteresting than those of the hoshkawn. Dr. Matthews was permitted to\nwitness the whole performance and to take as many notes and sketches as\nwere necessary.\n\nFrom The Haystacks Dr. Matthews went to the Indian agency at Fort\nDefiance, Arizona, where he secured the services of one of the oldest\nand most learned (in their own peculiar lore) of the Navajo priests, and\nfrom him he obtained full explanations of all these rites and of the\nsymbolism of the pictures and masked characters, with a complete recital\nof the long and elaborate myths on which the ceremonies depend, and the\ntexts and translations of the very numerous songs which form the ritual\nof the ceremonies.\n\n\n WORK OF DR. H. C. YARROW.\n\nDr. H. C. Yarrow, acting assistant surgeon U. S. Army, with the\nassistance of military details and supplies, in addition to the\ninstruction and facilities provided by this Bureau, started, August 8,\n1884, on an expedition into the Territory of Utah, with reference mainly\nto the exploration of burial mounds and the study of mortuary customs.\n\nNear Choke Cherry Spring a burial cave was discovered, containing the\nskeletons of three persons, which were secured. Other skeletons, with\ncontents of graves, were obtained near Willow creek; also, an\ninteresting specimen of tree burial.\n\nAt Deep creek an explanation of the curious form of water burial was\ngained from a chief of the Gosiats, to the effect that the bodies of the\nturbulent and disorderly men of the tribe were thus disposed of to\nprevent the spirits of these objectionable persons from joining the rest\nof the tribe after death. Their bodies were sunk in springs and marshy\nplaces and kept down by sticks and stones, so that their spirits could\nnever get out.\n\nIn the neighborhood of Fillmore a mound was excavated which afforded an\nadmirable example of the beforementioned conversion of a dwelling into a\nsepulcher. The probability is that the deceased died in his house, which\nwas made of adobe bricks, and that it was at once abandoned and the body\nleft therein, the roof being first removed. The corpse was placed on the\nfloor and covered with a paste of moist clay, on which were placed the\nmortuary gifts of weapons, utensils, and food. Cottonwood branches were\nthen piled above and set on fire, thus baking the clay crust and\ncharring the several objects. The whole structure had been covered, so\nthat on first examination the hard surface of burnt clay, 18 inches\nbelow the loose earth, appeared to be the floor of a former dwelling.\n\nIn the whole of the expedition, which continued into the last days of\nSeptember, much difficulty was experienced from the suspicion and\nconsequent hostility of the Indians of the localities visited.\n\n\n WORK OF DR. W. J. HOFFMAN.\n\nDr. W. J. Hoffman proceeded early in August to Victoria, B. C., where\nnumerous sketches of Haida totem posts and carvings were obtained, in\nconnection with the myths which they illustrated. At this locality\nattention was paid to the burial customs and osteologic remains of the\nnearly extinct tribe of Songish Indians.\n\nAt Port Townsend sketches were obtained of Thlinkit ivory and wood\ncarvings, clearly indicating the adoption by that tribe of Haida art\ndesigns. Here, too, many Indians of British-American tribes were met on\ntheir way south to work in the Puyallup hop fields, notable among which\nwas a large number of Haida, whose persons were examined for the purpose\nof copying the numerous and varied tattoo designs with which they were\nprofusely decorated. Interpretations of many of these characters were\nobtained from the persons bearing them, as well as from the chief artist\nof the tribe, together with concise descriptions of the methods and\ncustoms in connection with tattooing and the materials used. Drawings\nwere made of a collection of Eskimo pictographs and ivory carvings at\nthe museum of the Alaska Commercial Company and the California Academy\nof Sciences, San Francisco, Cal.\n\nAt Santa Barbara, Cal., Dr. Hoffman discovered some painted pictographs\nand examined a number which have not yet been published. In several\nprivate collections at this place were found interesting relics of the\nIndians formerly inhabiting Santa Cruz island, the most important of\nwhich was a steatite cup containing earthy coloring matter and pricking\ninstruments of bone, which had evidently been used in tattooing. Painted\npictographs were also visited in the Azuza ca\u00f1on, twenty-five miles\nnortheast of Los Angeles.\n\nAt Tule Indian Agency, in the deep valleys on the western slope of the\nSierra Nevada, sketches of pictographs were made in continuation of work\naccomplished there two years before. Vocabularies were also obtained\nfrom the Waitchumni Indians here located, as well as from the few\nremaining Santa Barbara Indians at Cathedral Oaks, Santa Barbara county,\nCal. By far the greatest amount of pictographic material was collected\nin Owen's valley, California, where series of petroglyphs are scattered\nover an arid, sandy desert, the extremes of which are more than twenty\nmiles apart.\n\n\n\n\n OFFICE WORK.\n\n\nThe work upon a synonymy of the Indian tribes of North America, which\nhas been mentioned to some extent in former reports, has been continued\nwith increased energy.\n\nEvery tribe of Indians of any size and importance has been treated of by\nhistorians under a variety of names. The sources of these different\nappellations are manifold. In very many instances the names of tribes or\nother bodies of Indians communicated by themselves have been imperfectly\nunderstood and erroneously recorded; misspelled names and typographical\nerrors have been perpetuated.\n\nTraders, priests, and colonists have called the same tribes by different\nnames and the historian has often added to the confusion by handing down\nthese synonyms as the names of other and different tribes. Not a few\ntribes well known under established names have received new names upon a\nchange of residence, especially when they have removed to a great\ndistance or have coalesced or allied with other tribes. Added to these\nand to other sources of confusion are the loose and dissimilar\napplications of the terms clan, band, tribe, confederacy, and league,\nthe same term having been used with various meanings by different\nauthors.\n\nAs a consequence the student of Indian languages and customs finds\nhimself in a tangle, as regards tribal names, which it is beyond the\npower of the individual worker, unaided, to unravel. The scope of the\nwork in question includes the attempt to trace the several names back to\ntheir sources and to ascertain their original and proper application, to\ndefine their meaning when possible, and to relegate each tribe under its\nproper title to the linguistic family to which it belongs. In the\ncompletion of this work the whole force of the Bureau assists.\n\nThe need of a volume giving the results mentioned has long been felt,\nand it is believed that it will prove to be one of the most important\ncontributions to the accurate study of Indian history ever made. The\nclassification of the languages of the North American Indians is closely\nconnected with the synonymy of tribal names, each work assisting the\nother. During recent years the number of students who have directed\ntheir attention more or less exclusively to the study of Indian\nlanguages has been constantly augmented, and as a result of their labors\nthe number of vocabularies has been correspondingly increased; hence the\ndemand for a more comprehensive and satisfactory classification than now\nexists.\n\nPrior to Gallatin's time little or nothing had been done in the\ndirection of a systematic classification of Indian languages. In 1836\nGallatin issued his treatise in which he classified all the languages\nwhich he was able to study by a direct comparison of vocabularies. His\nclassification was an immense advance over anything previously done and\nhas proved a boon for scholars, having served, indeed, practically as\nthe basis for most of the work in the same line performed since his\ntime. No fixed rules of nomenclature, however, have ever been adopted by\nlinguistic writers, and authors have named and renamed linguistic groups\nwithout regard to the names imposed upon the same or similar groups by\nearlier writers. As a result great confusion has followed not only\nrespecting the status of the various linguistic families, but also\nrespecting the identity of the languages which have served as a basis\nfor the several groups proposed. The remedy for this state of affairs is\nthe adoption, with strict adherence thereto, of a code of nomenclatural\nrules similar in scope to those prevailing among zo\u00f6logists.\n\nThere would appear to be no good reason why the rule of priority of\nname, for instance, should not be followed in linguistic as well as in\nzo\u00f6logic classification, or why the same beneficial result of fixity of\nnomenclature should not be expected to result from the adoption of this\nrule in the one case as in the other. Students who may attempt to\nunravel the many perplexing nomenclatural problems arising from\nunnecessary change of names will certainly agree that such a rule is no\nless desirable in linguistics than in zo\u00f6logy.\n\nAccordingly, the rule of priority of name, within certain limitations,\ntogether with some other rules, has been adopted by the Bureau. These\nlimitations and rules, together with a discussion of the subject, which\nwould still be premature, may be presented by the Director in his next\nannual report.\n\nMr. H. W. HENSHAW, when not in the field, was specially engaged in the\norganization and details of the office work upon tribal synonymy and\nlinguistic classification above described. A careful examination of all\nthe literature pertaining to these correlated subjects was necessary and\nalso the preparation of tentative tables of synonymy. He has prepared\nsuch tables and made in connection with them a brief historical r\u00e9sum\u00e9\nof the literature. Much longer time and the work of the whole official\nforce will, however, be needed for the completion for publication of the\nresults of this vast and complicated undertaking.\n\nMrs. ERMINNIE A. SMITH was occupied, while not engaged in the field as\nreported above, in the revision for publication of her Tuscarora\ndictionary, the material for which had been collected during several\nyears.\n\nCol. GARRICK MALLERY continued the collection and classification of\nmaterial on the two correlated subjects of sign language and\npictographs. His two preliminary papers on those subjects have appeared\nin former annual reports. It is intended, while increasing the data\nobtained from the Indian tribes of North America, bearing upon these\nsubjects, to supplement and illustrate the mass of information collected\nfrom those tribes by comparison with everything of a similar character\nto be found in other parts of the world and to publish the results of\nthe collection and study in the form of monographs.\n\nDr. W. J. Hoffman, when not in the field, continued to assist in the\nwork mentioned.\n\nMr. JAMES C. PILLING'S preparation of the Bibliography of North American\nLanguages continued during the year. In October and November he visited\nseveral libraries in Boston and Providence, for the purpose of clearing\nup a number of doubtful points. During the year pages 839-1135 were\nreceived from the printer, which completed the volume. In the spring a\nlimited number of copies were struck off by the Public Printer, and\nthese have been sent to various libraries, public institutions, and to\nindividuals interested in the subject, for the purpose of obtaining\nadditions and corrections, with the intention, if these should prove to\nbe numerous, of resetting the matter.\n\nMr. FRANK H. CUSHING was stationed at Washington at the commencement of\nthe fiscal year and was engaged in the classification of his field\nmaterial in preparation for its publication. During the fall he\ncompleted a short paper on Zu\u00f1i culture growth as evidenced by studies\nof Pueblo ceramics, which was published in the Fourth Annual Report of\nthe Bureau. In this paper he maintains, with a large amount of\nlinguistic evidence, that the Zu\u00f1i culture is mainly autochthonous, and\nthat its growth, especially the growth of architectural, agricultural,\nceramic, and other arts and industries pertaining to it, has been\nlargely accomplished within the desert areas of America which still form\nthe habitat of the Pueblo Indians, and probably, also, within a period\nmore limited than has usually been supposed essential to such\ndevelopment.\n\nHe prepared also a paper on the \"Ancient province of Cibola and the\nseven lost cities,\" in which he not only identifies the seven cities of\nCibola above referred to with seven ruins near the present Zu\u00f1i village,\nbut also furnishes interesting examples of the permanence of Indian\ntradition and of its value, when properly used, as a factor, in\nethnographic and historic research.\n\nAmong the later and perhaps more important results of his studies during\nthe year are investigations of the myths and folk tales abundantly\nrecorded by him during previous years among the Zu\u00f1i.\n\nBy the extended comparison which he is able to make between these folk\ntales and myths, now first brought together as a whole, and by the\napplication to their study of the linguistic method employed by him in\nthe preparation of the two papers already mentioned, he is able to trace\nthe growth of mere ideas or of primitive conceptions of natural or\nbiotic phenomena and of physical or animal function into the person\u00e6 and\nincidents which go to make up myths, as well as to trace the influence\nof these growths on the worship of the Zu\u00f1i.\n\nEarly in 1885 Mr. Cushing furnished the Director with a schedule of his\nmanuscript, notes, and sketches, and from an examination of this it was\ndeemed advisable that he should continue putting his linguistic material\ninto permanent shape, in order that it might be used as a check on\nensuing studies of the sociology and mythology of the Zu\u00f1i, as well as\nfor its suggestive value towards the explanation of obscure passages in\nthose departments of study. This work had progressed but little,\nhowever, when a severe illness necessitated its temporary abandonment.\n\nProf. CYRUS THOMAS, in addition to his administrative duties in charge\nof the division of mound exploration, was engaged in preparing for\npublication the results of the operations of that division. The constant\narrangement, comparison, and study of the material objects and facts\nascertained required his close application. He also commenced the paper\npresented by him in this volume.\n\nMr. VICTOR MINDELEFF, in the first part of the fiscal year, completed\nmodels of the seven villages of the ancient Province of Tusayan,\ntogether with a relief model illustrating the topographical character of\nthe province. The model of Walpi, of this series, was carried out in\nsuch a manner as to show on a large scale the character of the rocky\nmesa on which the town is built. Several types of cliff ruins were also\nmodeled for this series, among them the White House ruin of Ca\u00f1on de\nChelly and the mummy cave of Ca\u00f1on de la Muerte. After August 1 this\nwork was carried on under the supervision of Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, who\nalso prepared a model of the great Etowah mound from the data of Mr. V.\nMindeleff's survey; he also furnished several other examples of mounds,\nwith sections, under the direction of Prof. Cyrus Thomas. This work was\ncarried on without interruption until December 7, when Mr. Cosmos\nMindeleff was ordered to New Orleans, to take charge of the combined\nexhibits of the U. S. Geological Survey and the Bureau of Ethnology, and\nwas instructed to look after the proper installation of the same in the\nGovernment building. He returned to Washington about February 1. During\nthe ensuing four months the small force in the modeling room was engaged\nin making models of the ancient pueblos of the Chaco, from the plans\nsecured during the preceding summer, as referred to in the report of\nfield work. This work continued until early June, when Mr. C. Mindeleff\nwas again ordered to New Orleans to take charge of the packing and\nshipment of the exhibits of the Geological Survey and Bureau of\nEthnology for their return to Washington and for the installation of a\nportion of the material at the Louisville Exposition. During the\ninterval from February 1 to June 15 Mr. Victor Mindeleff was engaged in\nthe preparation of a report on the architecture of the ancient provinces\nof Cibola and Tusayan, together with the plans and diagrams necessary\nfor its illustration. This study was based on the large amount of data\nthat had been secured during former field seasons for modeling purposes.\n\nRev. J. OWEN DORSEY, when not in the field, made nearly 10,000 entries\nfor the \u023begiha-English dictionary, and prepared Ponka and Omaha native\ntexts, with free and interlinear translations, in addition to those\nfound in part 1 of vol. 6, Contributions to North American Ethnology.\nAfter December 1, 1884, he collated the following vocabularies obtained\nby him in Oregon, viz: Takelma, Shasti, Applegate Creek, Chast\u0101 Costa,\nGalice Creek, Mulluk, Siuslaw, Lower Umpqua, Yaquina, Klikitat, and one\non Smith River, California. He also prepared a list of the villages\nobtained from the tribes at the Siletz Agency, Oregon.\n\nMr. ALBERT S. GATSCHET was engaged at the beginning of the fiscal year\nin revising and perfecting his grammar of the Klamath language of\nsouthern Oregon. The phonology was completed and stereotyped, extending\nfrom page 200 to 245. He was engaged in correcting proofs of the\nsubsequent section on morphology when he proceeded to the Southwest, as\nelsewhere reported, to investigate several languages spoken there, the\naffinities of which had not before been ascertained.\n\nMr. W. H. HOLMES, as in previous years, has supervised the illustrations\nof the Bureau publications. He also continued his arch\u00e6ologic studies,\nchiefly in the department of ceramics, the character of which is shown\nby his papers in this volume. He was in charge of the preparation of\nexhibits for the expositions at New Orleans, Louisville, and Cincinnati;\nbut, owing to the pressure of other duties, much of this work was\nintrusted to Mr. Cosmos Mindeleff, who was assisted materially by Mr.\nVictor Mindeleff. The most important feature of the exhibits consisted\nof models of plaster and papier m\u00e2ch\u00e9 of the pueblo towns and cliff\nhouses of New Mexico and Arizona.\n\nAside from the models, exhibits of ethnologic and arch\u00e6ologic materials\nwere made. A large and important collection of objects of pueblo art was\nobtained by Mr. James Stevenson, but much of it failed to reach\nWashington in time for exhibition purposes, and a series of similar\nobjects, already classified and labeled, was selected from the National\nMuseum and forwarded to New Orleans. A valuable collection of the\nancient fictile products of Tusayan belonging to Mr. Thomas Keam was\nalso utilized in perfecting the exhibits of Pueblo art.\n\nArch\u00e6ologic materials from other sections of the country were placed on\nexhibition, notably a superb collection of prehistoric relics from the\nprovince of Chiriqui, Panama, which was purchased for the purpose.\n\nThe collections of ethnologic and arch\u00e6ologic material made during the\nyear are of unusual importance and magnitude. This is chiefly due to the\nfacilities afforded by the New Orleans Exposition fund, a liberal\nportion of which was devoted to the collection and purchase of objects\nof permanent value to the Government and to science. The collections\nmade by Mr. Stevenson in Zu\u00f1i and Acoma comprise upward of four thousand\npieces, chiefly objects of clay, but including other classes of\nproducts. The collection of prehistoric relics obtained by Mr. J. A.\nMcNiel from the tombs of Chiriqui is one of the most important and\ncomplete series of ancient American products to be found in any country,\nand must prove of great value to students.\n\nMr. Victor Mindeleff secured a small series of relics from the ancient\nruins of northern New Mexico and Arizona, and Dr. H. C. Yarrow added\nsome objects of arch\u00e6ologic and ethnologic interest from central Utah.\nMrs. Erminnie A. Smith procured a number of articles of shell,\nillustrating the modern manufacture of wampum in New Jersey; a small\ncollection of fragmentary pottery from the eastern shore of Maryland was\npresented by Mr. Joseph D. McGuire, of Ellicott City; and Mr. Holmes\nsecured a series of articles, including arrowheads, shell implements,\nand pottery, from the island of Nantucket. Mound explorations, conducted\nby Dr. Cyrus Thomas, yielded a valuable series of objects of stone and\nclay. An unusually interesting series of the earthen vessels of the\nancient pueblo races was secured by Mr. E. W. Nelson in eastern central\nArizona. The greater part of the abovementioned material has already\nbeen catalogued and turned over to the U. S. National Museum.\n\nDr. H. C. YARROW, acting assistant surgeon, U. S. Army, besides his\nfield explorations described, continued to collect information relative\nto the mortuary customs of North American Indians. Of the material\ngathered, a considerable portion has been forwarded by various persons\nthroughout the country in answer to the circular sent out early in the\nlast year, but much has also been derived from the published works on\nanthropologic subjects, including scientific journals and reports.\nNumerous authorities have been consulted and much time has been devoted\nto the consideration of the many theories advanced to account for\ncertain peculiar rites and customs.\n\nMr. CHARLES C. ROYCE continued during the year the preparation of a\nhistorical atlas of Indian cessions. The boundaries of the various\ncessions of land by the different Indian tribes were traced out and\nlocated upon the maps of the States and Territories left uncompleted at\nthe date of the last annual report. All that remains to be done in\ncompleting the atlas for publication is to transcribe, with considerable\nelaboration, the historical and descriptive notes pertaining to the\nvarious cessions, and to make, from the rough working sheets, legible\ncopies of the maps showing the boundaries of the cessions within the\nStates of California, Oregon, Nevada, and Texas and the Territories of\nWashington, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, and\nDakota. Most of these States and Territories will each require two maps,\nshowing respectively the primary and secondary cessions. The work will\nbe finished as rapidly as possible.\n\n\n\n\n ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.\n\n\nThe present volume contains papers the subject matter of which may be\nclassified under the grand divisions of Technology, Philosophy,\nSociology, and Ethnography.\n\nThey are all prepared by experts of recognized authority in their\nseveral lines of research and are illustrated to the degree required by\nthe text for full understanding, the number of figures presented being\n548, besides ten full page plates. Special mention of each of these\npapers follows in their order as printed.\n\n\n ANCIENT ART OF THE PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI, COLOMBIA, BY\n WILLIAM H. HOLMES.\n\nThe arch\u00e6ology of Chiriqui should be studied, not only for comparison\nwith that of the territory comprised in the present political divisions\nof North America, but because geographically the province should be\nconsidered as a part of the North American continent. Until recently\nthis isthmian region was little known, the explorations for railroads\nand canals having furnished the first valuable accounts of its modern\ninhabitants and the relics left by former occupants.\n\nThe National Museum now contains a large and precious collection of\narch\u00e6ologic material from the province, chiefly obtained by Mr. J. A.\nMcNiel during years of enthusiastic labor. The information derived and\nthe lessons to be learned from this collection, together with all\nparticulars relating thereto gathered from other sources, are now\npresented in this paper by Mr. W. H. Holmes. His work in the\nclassification of the immense number of objects and in the elucidation\nof their functions, material, construction, forms, and decorations has\nbeen careful and comprehensive. His manifest success has been owing to\nhis artistic insight and skill as well as to his arch\u00e6ologic training.\nHis ability in both fields can be appreciated by an examination of the\n287 illustrations in his paper, considered not only as to their number,\nbut as to their instructive arrangement in his text.\n\nThe objects of ancient art found in Chiriqui are, as elsewhere in North\nAmerica, derived almost entirely from graves. The cemeteries, apart from\ntheir contents and the mode of sepulture, constitute in themselves\ntopics of interest which are discussed and illustrated in the paper.\nAnother curious feature is that the objects buried generally appear to\nhave been manufactured for mortuary purposes and not for use by the\nliving. A general review of the contents of the graves shows that the\nancient inhabitants were skillful in the manipulation of stone, gold,\ncopper, and clay, and tombs of undoubtedly great antiquity yield\nevidence of long continued culture.\n\nIt also appears that, while the art of the old peoples of the isthmus\ncan in some respects be connected with that of adjacent regions in North\nAmerica, in others it is remarkable for individuality. Ornaments of\nstone were seldom used by them and those of gold and copper were common.\nThe articles of gold which the graves have yielded in large quantities\nto explorers during the last quarter of a century, and for which only\nthey have until recently been searched, have generally been considered\nto be mere ornaments, but they probably had a fetichistic origin.\n\nIt is remarkable that no weapon, tool, or utensil of metal has been\nnoticed. The objects were generally formed by casting in molds, which\nwas done with considerable skill, and gilding, or at least plating, was\npracticed. The art of alloying also appears to have been understood.\n\nThe use of metals does not appear early in the order of technology, and\nan advanced degree of culture is generally attained before the casting\nof any metal is attempted. Without allowing too much weight to any\nargument based upon the surprising skill of these people in plating and\nalloying, the evidence of technical skill in general, together with the\nconceptions embodied in their art, proves conclusively that it was the\nproduct of a long period of experiment and progress.\n\nThe pottery of Chiriqui is to be noted for the perfection of its\ntechnique, its high specialization of form, and its conventional use of\na wide range of decorative motives. Its forms present many striking\nanalogies to the wheel made ware of the Mediterranean, regarded as\nclassic.\n\nThe mythologic stage of the builders of these graves is shown by the\nfact that in their ceramic art there is no attempt to render the human\nface or figure with accuracy. The personages of their religious\nphilosophy were zo\u00f6morphic and some of their forms may be discerned by a\nskillful analyst in or on all the ornaments and vessels. On each of the\nlatter all decorative devices and delineations have some reference to\nthe mythic creature associated with the vessel and its functions.\n\nMr. Holmes has made an important discovery in the evolution of\ndecoration in Chiriqui from which are deduced instructive\ngeneralizations of wide application. All the decorations originate\n(doubtless under the influence of the stage reached in mythologic\nphilosophy) in life forms of animals, none being vegetal. Coming from\nmythologic concepts they are significant and ideographic, and coming\nfrom nature they are primarily imitative and non-geometric. Nevertheless\nthe agencies of modification inherent in the practice of art through its\nmechanical conditions are such that the animal forms early employed have\nchanged into conventional decorative devices, among which are the\nmeander, scroll, fret, chevron, and guilloche.\n\nThat this was the course of evolution of the classic forms of ornaments\nis not asserted; indeed, it is not necessary to form such a hypothesis,\nas by the interacting principles, well classified by Mr. Holmes, the\ncourse by which the same result was accomplished may have been wholly\ndiverse. It is, however, shown that this was in all probability the\nparticular and independent course in one region of America, being in\nthat respect in distinct contrast to other art regions, such as that of\nthe Pueblos, where the rise of geometric figures through technologic\nchannels is equally obvious. It follows that in seeking to divide\npeoples by the criteria of their decorative arts the examination must\nembrace what is far more fundamental than a mere comparison of their\nfinished products: these may be and are markedly similar without any\nevidence of transmission, and when in fact by deeper study the\nascertained separate courses of development preclude such transmission.\n\n\n A STUDY OF THE TEXTILE ART IN ITS RELATION TO THE\n DEVELOPMENT OF FORM AND ORNAMENT, BY W. H. HOLMES.\n\nFor several years Mr. Holmes has been engaged in the study of the\nancient and existing art of the North American Indians, and has\npublished in the annual reports of this Bureau a number of elaborate\nessays upon the art of specified peoples and regions.\n\nIn the present paper he submits the comprehensive results of his studies\nin one great branch, the textile art, and treats chiefly of its esthetic\nrelations as distinct from those of construction and function, so far as\nthey can be separately discussed.\n\nHe has been fortunate in the character of the material studied. In\nAmerica there is yet found a great body of primitive, indigenous, and\nindependent art, almost uncontaminated by the complex phenomena,\nprocesses, and conditions which elsewhere obscure its origin and\ndevelopment. To a knowledge of American art acquired by long study Mr.\nHolmes adds a mental equipment exceptionally qualifying him for its\nphilosophic discussion. His conclusions therefore, presented with ample\nevidence and explained by illustrations, are to be received as those of\na recognized authority, although they may disturb some sentimental and\nmetaphysical fancies concerning abstract beauty in form, color, and\ndesign.\n\nIt is not contended that the earliest concepts of beauty originated with\ntextile art. On the contrary, it is probable that the first esthetic\nattempts were in the line of personal decoration, such as paints on the\nskin and pendants and feathers disposed about the person. But as the\ntextile art appears early and widely in culture it is believed that the\nassociation of esthetic concepts with it very generally preceded their\nassociation with other arts. Having thus the start in the field, its\nnature was full of suggestions of embellishment, while it was fixed in\nits method of expression. The technique therefore shaped and directed\nthe esthetic concept and became the parent of much geometric ornament.\n\nMr. Holmes gives an instructive analysis of the forces and influences\ninherent in the textile art, the first lessons of which are order,\nuniformity, and symmetry; he shows how the necessities of technique\ndetermine ideas of the beautiful in linear geometric forms and how taste\nin selecting certain ornaments as the most beautiful is simply choosing\nthat product which in the evolution of art gave it character and power.\n\nThe influence of textile ornament upon other forms of art, such as\narchitecture and sculpture, is discussed, as also the manner in which\nextrinsic decorative elements are remodeled in accordance with the rules\nof textile combination. The paper, however, does not undertake to cover\nthe whole field of the development of form and ornament, being confined\nto the relation of the textile art thereto, and similar studies in all\nother grand divisions of art must be made before the relative importance\nof all their forces and tendencies can be estimated. But the laws of\nevolution in all art closely correspond, and the present paper is\neminently instructive to all students of the esthetic.\n\n\n AIDS TO THE STUDY OF THE MAYA CODICES, BY CYRUS THOMAS.\n\nThat Prof. Cyrus Thomas has long been engaged in the examination of the\nfew Maya records in existence is known from his former works, \"A study\nof the Manuscript Troano\" and \"Notes on certain Maya and Mexican\nmanuscripts,\" both published by the Bureau of Ethnology.\n\nThe object of the present paper is to give information of some original\ndiscoveries and to present some explanations not brought forward by\nProfessor Thomas in his former papers.\n\nThe records of Maya and Mexico yet challenge students with unsolved\nproblems similar to those which in the writings of Egypt and Assyria\nhave perplexed so many generations. The translation of the paleographic\nliterature of this continent may be expected to throw light on the past\nof America, in some degree reproducing the brilliant result which has\nattended the translation of the hieroglyphs of the eastern hemisphere.\nLong and laborious comparisons, together with the trial of successive\nhypotheses, will be necessary to the decipherment of our aboriginal\nmanuscripts, and but few competent persons are actively engaged in the\nwork. It becomes, therefore, the duty of any one whose discoveries tend\nto clear up even minor points of the great problem to furnish them to\nhis fellow laborers, and thereby limit the remaining field of\ninvestigation. In this paper Professor Thomas supplements his former\nwork.\n\n\n OSAGE TRADITIONS, BY REV. J. OWEN DORSEY.\n\nThis paper contains an account of a secret society of seven degrees,\nstill existing among the Osage, in which the traditions of the people\nhave been preserved. The author, by his skill and personal influence,\nhas obtained and now furnishes two of these traditions in the original\nlanguage, with an interlinear and a free translation of each and with\nexplanatory remarks.\n\nThe traditions are both cosmologic and sociologic, and are admirable\nexamples of Indian philosophy. The existence of secret associations,\nperiodically celebrating religious mysteries, and of shamanistic orders,\nwhich, by ceremonies, pictographs, and chants, have preserved in more or\nless purity the traditions of their ancestors, has been vaguely known\nfor some years, but until lately no accurate or indeed intelligent\naccount of them has been secured.\n\nThe exertions of several of the officers of this Bureau have been\nsuccessful in obtaining full details and clear explanations both of the\ntraditions and the ceremonials of several of the Indian tribes, notably\nthose of the Zu\u00f1i and the Navajo, published in former annual reports.\nThe present paper by Mr. Dorsey takes an important place in this new\ncollection of materials for the study of Indian philosophy, from which\nvaluable results have been already acquired.\n\n\n THE CENTRAL ESKIMO, BY DR. FRANZ BOAS.\n\nFor the express purpose of personal exploration and examination, the\nauthor of this important paper spent a considerable time in the region\nof which he treats. His course of travel was to Cumberland sound and\nDavis strait. The grand division of the Eskimauan linguistic family,\ninhabiting nearly the whole range of the Arctic-American coast, which\nhas been classed as Central Eskimo, occupies the northeastern part of\nthe continent and the eastern islands of the Arctic-American\narchipelago. It inhabits, at Smith sound, the most northern countries in\nwhich man has been known to dwell. Its southern and western boundaries\nare about Fort Churchill, the middle part of Back river, and the coast\nwest of Adelaide peninsula.\n\nDr. Boas gives an admirable account of the topography of the region and\nof the distribution, tribal divisions, and numbers of the inhabitants.\nHis work is replete with valuable statements in minute detail and with\nacute suggestions regarding their habits and customs. Their peculiar and\ningenious weapons, implements, and utensils are fully described and\nillustrated. His account of their religious practices and beliefs,\nsupplemented by translations of their myths and legends, is equally\nentertaining and instructive.\n\nIn connection with his observations made through original research, Dr.\nBoas presents the result of a close study and analysis of the work of\nformer explorers in this field, by which his contribution to the study\nof this interesting hyperborean people will command additional\nattention.\n\n\n\n\n FINANCIAL STATEMENT.\n\n\n _Table showing amounts appropriated and expended for North American\n ethnology for the\n fiscal year ending June 30, 1885._\n\n \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u252c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n Expenses. \u2502 Amounts \u2502 Amount\n \u2502 expended. \u2502appropriated.\n \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n A. Services \u2502 $30,433.55\u2502\n B. Traveling expenses \u2502 3,716.14\u2502\n C. Transportation of property \u2502 354.12\u2502\n D. Field subsistence \u2502 198.42\u2502\n E. Field supplies and expenses \u2502 535.45\u2502\n F. Field material \u2502 197.71\u2502\n G. Instruments \u2502 49.25\u2502\n H. Modeling material \u2502 40.11\u2502\n I. Photographic material \u2502 306.71\u2502\n K. Books and maps \u2502 355.85\u2502\n L. Stationery and drawing material \u2502 15.70\u2502\n M. Illustrations for reports \u2502 668.64\u2502\n N. Articles for distribution to Indians \u2502 23.69\u2502\n O. Office furniture \u2502 59.67\u2502\n P. Office supplies and repairs \u2502 36.61\u2502\n Q. Manuscripts \u2502 395.00\u2502\n R. Correspondence \u2502 15.43\u2502\n S. Specimens \u2502 71.00\u2502\n T. Collection of material for \u2502 1,326.61\u2502\n classification of the Indians in\u2502 \u2502\n the United States \u2502 \u2502\n Balance on hand to meet outstanding \u2502 1,200.34\u2502\n liabilities \u2502 \u2502\n \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u253c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n \u2502 40,000.00\u2502 $40,000.00\n \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2534\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n\n\n\n\n ACCOMPANYING PAPERS.\n\n\n\n\n INDEX.\n\n\n A.\n\n Page.\n\n Acoma, collections of J. Stevenson from XLIX\n\n Adelung, J. C., cited 262\n\n Adlet and Qadlunait, origin of the 637\n\n Adlet or Erqigdlit 640\n\n Aggomiut Eskimo tribe, situation and subdivisions of 442-444\n\n Aglio, Augustina, fac simile of Dresden Codex by 263-266\n\n Agutit Eskimo tribe, situation of 450, 451\n\n Aivillirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 445-450\n\n Akudnirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 440-442\n\n Akuliarmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 421\n\n Alaskan Indians, illustration of ornamentation by 199\n\n Alligator, utilization of, in Chiriquian art 130-140, 166,\n 173-176, 178,\n 80, 183\n\n American Museum of Natural History, acknowledgments to 409\n\n [American Museum of Natural History], figured specimens 472, 517\n from\n\n Ancient art of the province of Chiriqui, paper by W. H. 13-187\n Holmes on\n\n Ancon, Peru, examples of ornamentation from graves at 212, 230, 231,\n 236, 243, 248\n\n Anderson and Stewart, cited 458, 459\n\n Apache, illustrations of ornamentation by 198, 213, 223\n\n Ardnainiq, fabulous tribe in Eskimo tradition 640\n\n Arrowpoints and spearheads of Chiriqui 34\n\n\n B.\n\n Back, cited 485\n\n Baffin Land, description of 415, 416\n\n [Baffin Land], distribution of tribes in 421-444\n\n [Baffin Land], traditions of, with comparisons 641-643\n\n Balboa, ornaments captured by 35\n\n Berliner Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Anthropologie etc., 409, 616\n Verhandlungen der, cited\n\n Bessels, Emil, cited 412, 460, 486\n\n Bibliography of the Languages of the North American XXIV-XXVI\n Indians\n\n Bickford, F. T., field work of XXVIII\n\n Bill Nix (W. P. Matthews), Osage traditions dictated by 377\n\n Black incised group of Chiriquian pottery 80\n\n Boas, F., remarks on paper respecting Central Eskimo by LVI, LVII\n\n [Boas, F.], paper on Central Eskimo by 399-669\n\n Bollaert, W., cited 41, 45\n\n Boothia Felix and Back River, tribes of 452-459\n\n B\u00f6ttiger, C. A., mention of Dresden Codex by 262\n\n [B\u00f6ttiger, C. A.], controversy with Abert concerning 267\n Dresden Codex\n\n Brasseur, copy of the Manuscript Troano by 284, 286, 343\n\n [Brasseur], cited 350\n\n British Guiana Indians, illustrations of ornamentation 217\n by\n\n\n C.\n\n Calendar system, tabular view of 270-274\n\n Castillo del Oro, name given by Columbus to Chiriqui 35\n\n \u023begiha-English dictionary XLVIII\n\n Celts, collection of, from Chiriqui 29-34\n\n Central Eskimo, remarks on paper of F. Boas on LVI, LVII\n\n [Central Eskimo], paper on, by F. Boas 399-669\n\n Charency, H. de, cited 282\n\n Chimu, Peru, ornamentation of \"hall of arabesques\" at 251, 252\n\n Chiriqui, collections from tombs at XLIX\n\n [Chiriqui], ancient art of the province of, by W. H. 13-187\n Holmes\n\n Cibola, identification of ancient cities of XLVI\n\n Clallam Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 207\n\n Codex Cortesianus, similarity of, to Manuscript Troano 286\n and Dresden Codex\n\n Collinson, cited 503\n\n Color in textile art 201, 202\n\n Color phenomena in textile ornament 215-232\n\n Comanche Indians, linguistic work of A. S. Gatschet XXXIV\n among\n\n Costa Rica, origin of name of 35\n\n Cranz, D., cited 412, 586, 590\n\n Cumberland Sound, description of settlements of 428-440\n\n Curtin, J., linguistic field work of XXXVII,\n XXXVIII\n\n Cushing, F. H., office work of XLVI\n\n\n D.\n\n Dakota, organization of the 396\n\n Darien, capture of, by Balboa 35\n\n Davis Strait Indian tribes, snow houses of 541-544\n\n Dease and Simpson, cited 458\n\n De Zeltner, A. See Zeltner, A. de. Diller, J. S., 21, _note_\n acknowledgment to\n\n Dogs and sledges of Eskimo 529-538\n\n\n Dorsey, J. O., linguistic field work of XXXVI\n\n [Dorsey, J. O.], office work of XLVIII\n\n [Dorsey, J. O.], remarks on paper respecting Osage LV, LVI\n traditions by\n\n [Dorsey, J. O.], paper by, on Osage tradition 373-397\n\n Dresden Codex, numerals in 261-338\n\n Drums of ancient Chiriqui 157, 160\n\n\n E.\n\n Ebert, F. A., description of Dresden Codex by 263\n\n [Ebert, F. A.], controversy with B\u00f6ttiger concerning 267\n Dresden Codex\n\n Eenoolooapik, cited 410, 425, 464\n\n Egede, H., cited 412\n\n El Dorado, origin of 35\n\n Ellesmere Land, natives of 459, 460\n\n Emigration of the Sagdlirmiut 616-620\n\n Emmert, J. W., field work of XXVI, XXVII\n\n Erdmann, F., cited 412, 597\n\n Eskimo, the Central, by F. Boas 399-669\n\n\n F.\n\n Falkenstein, K. C., preservation of Dresden Codex by 268\n\n Field work XXVI-XLII\n\n Figurines of Chiriquian art 151-153\n\n Fillmore, exhumation of sepulcher at XLI\n\n Financial statement LVIII\n\n Fishing, Eskimo methods, of 513-516\n\n Fleischer, H. L., mention of Dresden Codex by 263\n\n Flight to the moon 598, 599\n\n Form in textile art and its relation to ornament, with 196-201\n illustrations from Indian work\n\n F\u00f6rstemann, E., citation from Die Mayahandschrift of 261-269\n\n [F\u00f6rstemann, E.], cited 272, 278, 280,\n 281, 283, 290,\n 292, 293, 300,\n 301, 302, 303,\n 304, 305, 320,\n 322, 329, 330,\n 339, 340\n\n Fowke, G., field work of XXVI\n\n Frobisher, M., cited 410, 469, 558\n\n Frobisher Bay, use of, by Eskimo 423\n\n\n G.\n\n Gallatin, A., mention of classification of Indian XLIV\n languages by\n\n Garlic, C. A., field work of XXIX\n\n Gatschet, A. S., linguistic field work of XXXIII-XXXVI\n\n [Gatschet, A. S.], office work of XLVIII\n\n Geography, Eskimo knowledge of 643-647\n\n Geometric design, relations of, to textile ornament 202-244\n\n Gilder, W. H., cited 411, 456, 457,\n 458, 459, 466,\n 498, 522\n\n Glossary of Eskimo terms 663-669\n\n Gordon, A. R., cited 412, 463\n\n Gosiats, water burial among XLI\n\n G\u00f6tze, J. C., preservation of Dresden Codex by 261\n\n [G\u00f6tze, J. C.], biographical sketch of 261, 262\n\n\n H.\n\n Haida Indians, art among XLI, XLII\n\n Hall, C. F., acknowledgments to 409\n\n [Hall, C. F.], cited 411, 422, 432,\n 442, 443, 444,\n 445, 446, 447,\n 448, 449, 450,\n 452, 456, 457,\n 459, 462, 463,\n 464, 486, 499,\n 503, 509, 547,\n 578, 583, 589,\n 594, 595, 596,\n 601, 602, 606,\n 607, 608, 611,\n 614, 615, 639\n\n Hallock, W., on Chiriquian methods of casting 38\n\n Handled group of Chiriquian pottery 90-97\n\n Harpoons of Eskimo, mode of constructing 489-494\n\n Henshaw, H. W., linguistic field work of XXXI-XXXIII\n\n [Henshaw, H. W.], office work of XLV\n\n Herrera, cited 35\n\n Hewett, J. N. B., field work of XXX, XXXI\n\n Hoffman, W. J., field work of XLI, XLII\n\n [Hoffman, W. J.], office work of XLV\n\n Holmes, W. H., office work of XLVIII, XLIX\n\n [Holmes, W. H.], abstract of paper on ancient art of the LI-LIV\n province of Chiriqui by\n\n [Holmes, W. H.], abstract of paper on textile art in its LIV, LV\n relation to the development of form and ornament by\n\n [Holmes, W. H.], paper by, on ancient art of the 13-187\n province of Chiriqui\n\n [Holmes, W. H.], paper by, on textile art in its 189-252\n relation to the development of form and ornament\n\n Huacals, exploration of, in Chiriqui 16, 17\n\n Hudson Bay, tribes of western shore of 444-452\n\n Hudson Bay district, geographic description of 414-418\n\n Hudson Bay Indians, snow houses of 547\n\n Humboldt, A. von, notice of Dresden Codex by 262, 263\n\n Hunting, Eskimo methods of 471-513\n\n\n I.\n\n Igdlumiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 463\n\n Igdlungajung, fabulous tribe in Eskimo tradition 640\n\n Igimarasugdjuqdjuaq the cannibal 633, 634\n\n Iglulik Eskimo tribe, snow houses of 546, 547\n\n Iglulirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 444\n\n Ijirang, fabulous people in Eskimo tradition 640\n\n Indian tribes, synonymy of XLIII-XLV\n\n Inuarudligang, fabulous tribe in Eskimo tradition 640\n\n Inugpaqdjuqdjualung 638\n\n Inuit race, divisions of 420\n\n Iowa, secret society among 396\n\n Ititaujang; 615-618\n\n Itivimiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 463\n\n\n J.\n\n Jones, Mrs. J. A., Onondaga manuscript of XXXI\n\n\n K.\n\n Kadlu the thunderer 600\n\n Kaiow\u0113 language, researches of A. S. Gatschet respecting XXXIV, XXXV\n\n Kalopaling 620, 621\n\n\n Kangivamiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 463\n\n Kansa, secret society among 396\n\n Kayak, construction of 486-489\n\n Keam, T., Tusayan products collected by XLIX\n\n Kingnaitmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 424\n\n Kingsborough, Lord, Dresden Codex copied by order of 262\n\n [Kingsborough, Lord], Mexican Antiquities of, cited 266\n\n Kinipetu or Agutit Eskimo tribe, situation of 450, 451\n\n Kiviung 621\n\n Klamath Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 208, 209, 227\n\n Klamath language, work by A. S. Gatschet on grammar of XLVIII\n\n Kleinschmidt, Eskimo orthography of 413\n\n Klutschak, H. W., cited 411, 448, 449,\n 451, 457, 458,\n 459, 466, 502,\n 509, 510, 516,\n 552, 553, 570,\n 582, 595, 596,\n 614, 615\n\n Kouksoarmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 463\n\n Kumlien, L., acknowledgments to 409\n\n [Kumlien, L.], cited 412, 471, 474,\n 475, 482, 483,\n 524, 549, 550,\n 567, 589, 596,\n 606, 607, 610\n\n Kunz, G. F., on use of insects as models in casting 38\n metals\n\n [Kunz, G. F.], on Chiriquian methods of plating 39\n\n\n L.\n\n La Fort, D., Onondaga manuscript of XXXI\n\n Landa, cited 348\n\n Landa's alphabet, insufficiency of 259, 347\n\n Lepsius, cited 418\n\n Lipan Indians, linguistic work of A. S. Gatschet among XXXIII\n\n \"Lost color\" of Chiriquian art, nature of 86\n\n Lost color group of Chiriquian pottery 113-130\n\n Lyon, G. F., cited 410, 451, 463,\n 487, 497, 511,\n 579, 585, 586,\n 587, 588, 589,\n 590, 592, 593,\n 610, 612, 613,\n 614, 615\n\n\n M.\n\n M'Donald, A., cited 410\n\n McGuire, J. D., collections of L\n\n Maclean, J. P., field work of XXVII\n\n M'Clintock, Captain, cited 411, 455, 456,\n 458\n\n McCloud River Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 221\n\n McNiel, J. A., collection of relics from tombs of XLIX\n Chiriqui by\n\n [McNiel, J. A.], arch\u00e6ologic work of, in Chiriqui 14, 15, 20\n\n [McNiel, J. A.], cited 17, 22, 23,\n 27, 31, 40,\n 41, 43, 46,\n 107\n\n Mallery, G., office work of XLV\n\n Manufactures, Eskimo 516-526\n\n Manuscript Troano, copy of, by Brasseur 285, 286, 343\n\n [Manuscript Troano], study of, by C. Thomas, cited 339, 343, 344,\n 345, 350, 365,\n 366, 367, 370\n\n Maroon group of Chiriquian pottery 107-109\n\n Mason, O. T., acknowledgments to 409\n\n Matthews, W., field work of XXXVIII-XL\n\n Matthews, W. P. (Bill Nix), Osage traditions dictated by 377\n\n Maya and Mexican manuscripts, C. Thomas on, cited 280\n\n Maya Codices, aids to the study of, by C. Thomas 253-371\n\n Mealing stones of Chiriqui 25-27\n\n Merritt, J. K., cited 14, 16, 49\n\n [Merritt, J. K.], exploration of Bugaba cemetery by 17, 18, 20\n\n Metates of Chiriqui, nature and use of 25-27\n\n Mexican Antiquities, by Lord Kingsborough, cited 266, 267\n\n Middleton, J. D., field work of XXVI-XXVIII\n\n Mindeleff, C., office work of XLVII, XLVIII\n\n Mindeleff, V., field work of XXIX, XXX\n\n [Mindeleff, V.], office work of XLVII, XLVIII\n\n [Mindeleff, V.], collections of XLIX\n\n Mintzer, W., acknowledgments to 409\n\n Modoc Indians, linguistic work among XXXVI, XXXVII\n\n Moki, illustrations of ornamentation by 197, 205, 224,\n 225, 226, 238,\n 240\n\n Moravian missionaries, cited 463\n\n Mound explorations, field work on XXVI-XXVIII\n\n Mountain chant of Navajo Indians XXXIX, XL\n\n Museum f\u00fcr V\u00f6lkerkunde, Berlin, acknowledgments to 409\n\n [Museum f\u00fcr V\u00f6lkerkunde, Berlin], figured specimens from 472, 473, 474,\n 477, 479, 480,\n 481, 483, 486,\n 487, 488, 496,\n 508, 513, 514,\n 515, 518, 519,\n 520, 523, 531,\n 532, 554, 555,\n 556, 557, 565,\n 566, 567, 568,\n 569, 570, 571,\n 576, 613, 634,\n 644\n\n Music and poetry of the Eskimo 648-658\n\n\n N.\n\n Nadaillac, Marquis, cited 14, 38\n\n [Nadaillac, Marquis], on Chiriquian methods of casting 38\n\n Na-ishi Apache Indians, linguistic work among XXXV\n\n Narwhal, origin of the 625-627\n\n National Museum, acknowledgments to 409\n\n [National Museum], figured specimens from 474, 479, 480,\n 481, 487, 488,\n 489, 490, 492,\n 493, 494, 495,\n 496, 502, 503,\n 504, 505, 506,\n 507, 512, 513,\n 515, 516, 518,\n 521, 522, 523,\n 524, 525, 526,\n 530, 531, 532,\n 535, 539, 555,\n 556, 559, 560,\n 563, 565, 566,\n 576\n\n Navajo Indians, field work of W. Matthews among XXXVIII-XL\n\n Navigation, Eskimo proficiency in 643\n\n Needlecases (?) of Chiriqui 150\n\n Nelson, E. W., collection of earthen vessels from L\n eastern central Arizona by\n\n Netchillirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 452-458\n\n New Granada, burial customs in 19, 20\n\n Niqotlizi, ceremonies at XXXIX, XL\n\n Norris, P. W., field work and death of XXVI\n\n Northeastern America, geography of 414-418\n\n North Greenlanders 460\n\n Northwest Coast Indians, illustrations of ornamentation 213, 218, 227,\n by 230\n\n Nourse, cited 452\n\n Nugumiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 424\n\n\n O.\n\n Omaha, reticence of, as to secret societies 396\n\n Onondaga, work of J. N. B. Hewitt among XXX, XXX\n\n Oqomiut Eskimo tribe, situation and subdivisions of 424-440\n\n\n Origin of the Adlet and the Qadlunait 637\n\n Origin of the narwhal 625-627\n\n Osage Indians, traditions among LVI\n\n Osage traditions, paper on, by J.O. Dorsey 373-397\n\n Otis, F. M., paper on Panama ornaments by, mentioned 46\n\n Owen's Valley, California, pictographic material from XLII\n\n\n P.\n\n Padlimiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 440-442\n\n Parry, W. E., cited 410, 443, 444,\n 447, 451, 458,\n 464, 474, 475,\n 478, 487, 492,\n 494, 502, 509,\n 510, 517, 523,\n 533, 544, 545,\n 547, 552, 556,\n 557, 558, 559,\n 572, 574, 603,\n 614\n\n Penn wampum belt 233\n\n Penny, cited 425\n\n Peruvians, ancient, illustrations of ornamentation by 211, 212, 214,\n 228, 230, 231,\n 235, 236, 237,\n 242, 243, 248\n\n Petermanns Mitteilungen, cited 409, _note_\n\n Petitot, \u00c9., cited 412, 516\n\n Piedra pintal, description of, by Seemann 21, 22\n\n Pilingmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 444\n\n Pilling, J. C., Bibliography of the Languages of the XXIV-XXVI\n North American Indians by\n\n [Pilling, J. C.], office work of XLV, XLVI\n\n Pima Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 220\n\n Pinart, A. L., cited 14, 15, 20, 22\n\n Piute Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 198, 205\n\n Poetry and music of the Eskimo 648-658\n\n Polychrome group of Chiriquian pottery 140-147\n\n Polynesian ornamentation, illustrations of 249, 250\n\n Ponka, secret society among 396\n\n Pottery of Chiriqui 53-186\n\n Powell, J.W., report of operations of Bureau of XXIII-LVIII\n Ethnology by\n\n Pueblo Indians, researches among XXVIII, XXIX\n\n\n Q.\n\n Qailert\u00e9tang, fabulous people in Eskimo tradition 640\n\n Qaudjaqdjuq 628-633\n\n Qaumauangmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 421, 422\n\n Qinguamiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 424\n\n Quapaw Indians, linguistic work among XXXVII\n\n\n R.\n\n Rae, John, cited 411, 445, 446,\n 448, 450, 451,\n 452, 455, 459,\n 478, 485, 510,\n 597\n\n Rattles of ancient Chiriqui 156, 157\n\n Red line group of Chiriquian pottery 109-111\n\n Religious ideas of the Eskimo 583-609\n\n Riggs, R. B., analyses by 49\n\n Rink, H., cited 411, 420, 580,\n 586, 587, 590,\n 591, 598, 599\n\n [Rink, H.], acknowledgments to 412\n\n Rogan, J. P., field work of XXVI, XXVII\n\n Rosny, L. de, cited 267, 347, 355,\n 357\n\n Ross, J., cited 410, 451, 453,\n 454, 455, 456,\n 458, 469, 471,\n 478, 485, 508,\n 552, 553, 579\n\n Royce, C. C., office work of L, LI\n\n\n S.\n\n Sagdlirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 444\n\n Sagdlirmiut of Southampton Island 451\n\n San Mateo Mountains, Indians near XXXIX\n\n Santa Barbara, Cal., pictographs at XLII\n\n Santa Barbara Indians, linguistic work of H. W. Henshaw XXXI-XXXIII\n among\n\n Saumingmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 424\n\n Scarified group of Chiriquian pottery 87-90\n\n Schellhas, P., cited 345, 359, 360,\n 361, 362, 364\n\n Schultz-Sellack, K., cited 278\n\n Schwatka, F., cited 445, 457, 458,\n 459, 464, 465,\n 470\n\n Science and the arts among the Eskimo 643-658\n\n Seal hunting, Eskimo method of 471-501\n\n Sedna and the fulmar 583-587\n\n Sedna feast 594\n\n Seemann, description of piedra pintal by 21, 22\n\n Seminole Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 207\n\n Sikosuilarmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 421, 463\n\n Siletz Agency, linguistic work of J. O. Dorsey at XXXVI\n\n Silvestre, \u00c9., Pal\u00e9ographie universelle of, cited 267\n\n Simpson, J., cited 411, 597\n\n Simpson, T., cited 410, 458\n\n Singing house of Eskimo 600-602\n\n Sinimiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 451\n\n Sledges and boats, description of Eskimo 527-538\n\n Smith, Mrs. E. A., field work of XXX, XXXI\n\n [Smith, Mrs. E. A.], office work of XLV\n\n [Smith, Mrs. E. A.], collections of XLIX, L\n\n Smith Sound, Eskimo tribes of 459, 460\n\n Snow houses, of Davis Strait Eskimo 541-544\n\n [Snow houses], of Iglulik Eskimo tribe 544\n\n [Snow houses], of Hudson Bay Indians 547\n\n Social life and customs of Eskimo 574-578\n\n Songish Indians, burial customs and remains of XLII\n\n Spicer, J. O., acknowledgments to 409\n\n [Spicer, J. O.], cited 489, 511, 587,\n 588, 611\n\n Spindle whorls of Chiriqui 149, 150\n\n Stearns, J. B., specimens in arch\u00e6ological collections 24, 41, 43,\n of 45, 48, 49\n\n Stevenson, J., field work of XXVIII, XXIX\n\n [Stevenson, J.], collection of objects of Pueblo art by XLIX\n\n Stevenson, Mrs. J., researches among the Zu\u00f1i by XXIX\n\n Stools of ancient Chiriqui 154-156\n\n Sturgis, A., acknowledgments to 409\n\n [Sturgis, A.], cited 491\n\n\n T.\n\n Talirpingmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 424\n\n Tents of Eskimo, mode of construction of 551-553\n\n Terra cotta group of Chiriquian pottery 67\n\n Textile art in its relation to the development of form 189-252\n and ornament, paper by W. H. Holmes on\n\n\n Thing, L. H., field work of XXVII, XXVIII\n\n Thlinkit ivory and wood carvings XLII\n\n Thomas, C., field work of XXVI-XXVIII,\n XXX\n\n [Thomas, C.], office work of XLVII\n\n [Thomas, C.], collection from mounds by L\n\n [Thomas, C.], abstract of paper on aids to the study of LV-LVI\n the Maya codices by\n\n [Thomas, C.], paper on aids to the study of the Maya 253-371\n codices by\n\n Tonkaw\u0113 Indians, linguistic work of A. S. Gatschet among XXXIII, XXXIV\n\n Tornait and angakut 591-598\n\n Tornit, the 634-636, 640\n\n Trade and intercourse between Eskimo tribes 462-470\n\n Tripod group of Chiriquian pottery 97-107\n\n Troano Manuscript, copy of, by Brasseur 285, 286, 343\n\n Tule River Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 219\n\n Tununirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 442-444\n\n Tununirusirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 442-444\n\n Turner, L. M., cited 420, 462, 520,\n 565, 567, 608,\n _note_\n\n Tusayan, model of the seven villages of XLVII\n\n [Tusayan], collection of fictile products of XLIX\n\n Tusayan ornament, illustrations of 247, 248\n\n\n U.\n\n Udleqdjun 636, 637\n\n Ugjulirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 458\n\n Uissuit 621\n\n [Uissuit], fabulous people in Eskimo tradition 640\n\n Ukusiksalirmiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 458\n\n Ungavimiut Eskimo tribe, situation of 463\n\n\n V.\n\n Vater, J. S., cited 262\n\n\n W.\n\n Walpi, model of XLVII\n\n Warmow, cited 425, 583\n\n Whistles of ancient Chiriqui 164-171\n\n White, B. B., description of cemetery in New Granada by 19\n\n White line group of Chiriquian pottery 111-113\n\n Wiener, cited 242\n\n Wind instruments of ancient Chiriqui 160-171\n\n Winnebago, sacred songs of the Iowa in 396\n\n\n Y.\n\n Yarrow, H. C., collections of XLIX\n\n [Yarrow, H. C.], field work of XL-XLI\n\n [Yarrow, H. C.], office work of L\n\n Yokut Indians, illustrations of ornamentation by 233, 234\n\n Yuchi Indians, linguistic work among XXV\n\n\n Z.\n\n Zeltner, A. de, observations on graves in Chiriqui by 14, 18, 19,\n 41, 42\n\n [Zeltner, A. de], cited 20, 22, 27,\n 43, 45, 140\n\n [Zeltner, A. de], description of Chiriquian vases by 145-147\n\n Zu\u00f1i, studies of Mrs. J. Stevenson among XXIX\n\n [Zu\u00f1i], culture growth of XLVI, XLVII\n\n [Zu\u00f1i], collection made at XLIX\n\n [Zu\u00f1i], illustrations of ornamentation by 239\n\n\n\n\n TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES\n\n\n 1. Silently corrected simple spelling, grammar, and typographical\n errors.\n 2. Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed.\n 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.\n 4. Enclosed bold font in =equals=.","title":"Sixth annual report of the Bureau of ethnology. (1888 N 06 / 1884-1885)","tradition":"folklore-oral-tradition","translated_text":null,"word_count":20826}