{"collection":"scripture-revelation","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_55008/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_55008","id":"gutenberg_55008","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55008","summary":null,"tags":["Category: History - American","Category: History - Religious","Category: Religion/Spirituality","Category: Reports & Conference Proceedings","Category: Teaching & Education","Congregational churches -- Missions -- Periodicals","Home missions -- Periodicals","The American Missionary"],"text":"VOL. XXXIV.                                            NO. 11.\n\n                                THE\n                       AMERICAN MISSIONARY.\n\n\n                 *       *       *       *       *\n\n               \u201cTo the Poor the Gospel is Preached.\u201d\n\n                 *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n                          NOVEMBER, 1880.\n\n                          ANNUAL MEETING.\n\n\n\n\n                            _CONTENTS_:\n\n\n  EDITORIAL.\n\n    PARAGRAPHS                                                 321\n    FINANCIAL\u2014PROCEEDINGS AT ANNUAL MEETING                    322\n    HEROISM AND STATESMANSHIP: Rev. Alex. Hannay, D. D.        325\n    GENERAL SURVEY                                             326\n    SUMMARY OF TREASURER\u2019S REPORT                              334\n    REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FINANCE AND ENLARGEMENT             335\n    WHY WE SHOULD ENLARGE: Rev. L. T. Chamberlain, D.D.        336\n    SACRIFICIAL LIVING AND GIVING: Rev. A. F. Beard, D.D.      340\n    WORKING OUT THE EQUATION: District Secretary Powell        342\n\n\n  THE FREEDMEN.\n\n    REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON EDUCATIONAL WORK                    344\n    CHRISTIAN EDUCATION: Rev. Addison P. Foster                345\n    A SAMPLE STATE: Pres. H. S. Deforest                       347\n    REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CHURCH WORK                         350\n    OUR DISADVANTAGES AND ADVANTAGES: Field Sup\u2019t\n      J. E. Roy, D.D.                                          351\n    THE NEED AND THE OPPORTUNITY: Prof. Wm. J.\n      Tucker, D.D.                                             354\n\n\n  AFRICA.\n\n    REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE                                    357\n    THE MENDI MISSION: Prof. T. N. Chase                       359\n    THE CALL TO THE ASSOCIATION: Rev. H. M. Ladd               363\n\n\n  THE INDIANS.\n\n    REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE                                    364\n    CAUSES OF THE MISMANAGEMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS:\n      Rev. A. H. Bradford.                                     365\n    LETTER FROM GENERAL FISK                                   370\n\n\n  THE CHINESE.\n\n    REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE                                    372\n    THE TWO METHODS: Rev. Lyman Abbott, D.D.                   372\n    OUR GROUNDS OF ENCOURAGEMENT: Rev. Samuel Scoville         375\n\n\n  RECEIPTS                                                     379\n\n\n  CONSTITUTION                                                 383\n\n\n  AIM, STATISTICS, WANTS                                       384\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nThis number of the AMERICAN MISSIONARY is sent to some persons\nwhose names are not among our subscribers, with the hope that they\nwill read it, become interested in the work it represents, and\nsubscribe for it. Terms, 50 cents per annum. Subscriptions may be\nsent to H. W. Hubbard, Esq., Treasurer, 56 Reade Street, New York.\n\n\nEntered at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., as second-class\nmatter.\n\n\n\n\n                 American Missionary Association,\n\n                      56 READE STREET, N. Y.\n\n                 *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n  PRESIDENT.\n\n    HON. E. S. TOBEY, Boston.\n\n\n  VICE-PRESIDENTS.\n\n    Hon. F. D. PARISH, Ohio.\n    Hon. E. D. HOLTON, Wis.\n    Hon. WILLIAM CLAFLIN, Mass.\n    Rev. STEPHEN THURSTON, D. D., Me.\n    Rev. SAMUEL HARRIS, D. D., Ct.\n    WM. C. CHAPIN, Esq., R. I.\n    Rev. W. T. EUSTIS, D. D., Mass.\n    Hon. A. C. BARSTOW, R. I.\n    Rev. THATCHER THAYER, D. D., R. I.\n    Rev. RAY PALMER, D. D., N. J.\n    Rev. EDWARD BEECHER, D. D., N. Y.\n    Rev. J. M. STURTEVANT, D. D., Ill.\n    Rev. W. W. PATTON, D. D., D. C.\n    Hon. SEYMOUR STRAIGHT, La.\n    Rev. CYRUS W. WALLACE, D. D., N. H.\n    Rev. EDWARD HAWES, D. D., Ct.\n    DOUGLAS PUTNAM, Esq., Ohio.\n    Hon. THADDEUS FAIRBANKS, Vt.\n    Rev. M. M. G. DANA, D. D., Minn.\n    Rev. H. W. BEECHER, N. Y.\n    Gen. O. O. HOWARD, Washington Ter.\n    Rev. G. F. MAGOUN, D. D., Iowa.\n    Col. C. G. HAMMOND, Ill.\n    EDWARD SPAULDING, M. D., N. H.\n    Rev. WM. M. BARBOUR, D. D., Ct.\n    Rev. W. L. GAGE, D. D., Ct.\n    A. S. HATCH, Esq., N. Y.\n    Rev. J. H. FAIRCHILD, D. D., Ohio.\n    Rev. H. A. STIMSON, Mass.\n    Rev. A. L. STONE, D. D., California.\n    Rev. G. H. ATKINSON, D. D., Oregon.\n    Rev. J. E. RANKIN, D. D., D. C.\n    Rev. A. L. CHAPIN, D. D., Wis.\n    S. D. SMITH, Esq., Mass.\n    Dea. JOHN C. WHITIN, Mass.\n    Hon. J. B. GRINNELL, Iowa.\n    Rev. HORACE WINSLOW, Ct.\n    Sir PETER COATS, Scotland.\n    Rev. HENRY ALLON, D. D., London, Eng.\n    WM. E. WHITING, Esq., N. Y.\n    J. M. PINKERTON, Esq., Mass.\n    E. A. GRAVES, Esq., N. J.\n    Rev. F. A. NOBLE, D. D., Ill.\n    DANIEL HAND, Esq., Ct.\n    A. L. WILLISTON, Esq., Mass.\n    Rev. A. F. BEARD, D. D., N. Y.\n    FREDERICK BILLINGS, Esq., Vt.\n    JOSEPH CARPENTER, Esq., R. I.\n    Rev. E. P. GOODWIN, D. D., Ill.\n    Rev. C. L. GOODELL, D. D., Mo.\n    J. W. SCOVILLE, Esq., Ill.\n    E. W. BLATCHFORD, Esq., Ill.\n    C. D. TALCOTT, Esq., Ct.\n    Rev. JOHN K. MCLEAN, D. D., Cal.\n    Rev. RICHARD CORDLEY, D. D., Kansas.\n    Rev. W. H. WILLCOX, D. D., Mass.\n    Rev. G. B. WILLCOX, D. D., Ill.\n    Rev. WM. M. TAYLOR, D. D., N. Y.\n    Rev. GEO. M. BOYNTON, Mass.\n    Rev. E. B. WEBB, D. D., Mass.\n    Hon. C. J. WALKER, Mich.\n    Rev. A. H. ROSS, Mich.\n\n\n  CORRESPONDING SECRETARY.\n\n    REV. M. E. STRIEBY, D. D., _56 Reade Street, N. Y._\n\n\n  DISTRICT SECRETARIES.\n\n    REV. C. L. WOODWORTH, _Boston_.\n    REV. G. D. PIKE, D. D., _New York_.\n    REV. JAS. POWELL, _Chicago_.\n\n    H. W. HUBBARD, ESQ., _Treasurer, N. Y._\n    REV. M. E. STRIEBY, _Recording Secretary_.\n\n\n  EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.\n\n    ALONZO S. BALL,\n    A. S. BARNES,\n    C. T. CHRISTENSEN,\n    H. L. CLAPP,\n    CLINTON B. FISK,\n    ADDISON P. FOSTER,\n    S. B. HALLIDAY,\n    A. J. HAMILTON,\n    SAMUEL HOLMES,\n    CHARLES A. HULL,\n    EDGAR KETCHUM,\n    CHAS. L. MEAD,\n    SAMUEL S. MARPLES,\n    WM. T. PRATT,\n    J. A. SHOUDY,\n    JOHN H. WASHBURN.\n\n\nCOMMUNICATIONS\n\nrelating to the work of the Association may be addressed to the\nCorresponding Secretary; those relating to the collecting fields to\nthe District Secretaries; letters for the Editor of the \u201cAmerican\nMissionary,\u201d to Rev. C. C. PAINTER, at the New York Office.\n\n\nDONATIONS AND SUBSCRIPTIONS\n\nmay be sent to H. W. Hubbard, Treasurer, 56 Reade Street, New\nYork, or when more convenient, to either of the Branch Offices, 21\nCongregational House, Boston, Mass., or 112 West Washington Street,\nChicago, Ill. A payment of thirty dollars at one time constitutes a\nLife Member.\n\n\n\n\n                                THE\n\n                       AMERICAN MISSIONARY.\n\n                 *       *       *       *       *\n\n           VOL. XXXIV.      NOVEMBER, 1880.      NO. 11.\n\n                 *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\nAmerican Missionary Association.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nThis MISSIONARY, as will be seen, is an Annual Meeting number. We\nhave endeavored to give a glimpse at the things which were said\nand done at Norwich. We have been able to give almost nothing\nentire, except the briefer of the reports of the Committees. For\nDr. McKenzie\u2019s sermon we must refer to the _Advance_ of Oct. 28;\nfor Dr. Taylor\u2019s paper, to the _Congregationalist_ Supplement of\nOct. 20; for Mr. Carroll\u2019s review of missions, to the _Independent_\nof Oct. 28. For the rest, we have crowded what we could into this\ndouble number of the MISSIONARY.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nWe are under renewed obligations to our denominational newspapers\nfor their editorial representation at our anniversary, and their\nfull and discriminating reports of our proceedings.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nOur Annual Meeting in the Broadway Church, Norwich, awakened, in\nthe minds of many, encouraging comparison with the Anniversary of\nthis Association held in the same place 19 years ago. It was in\nthe fall of 1861. Our country was just settling into the heavy\ntug of war. And yet one of the headings of the Annual Report\nwas: \u201cEnlargement demanded.\u201d See how God has fulfilled that\naspiration in the enlargement of our finances, of our constituency,\nof our field, of our work. The $51,819 of that year, upon the\nrecommendation of the Boston Council in 1865, came up to $250,000\nand $3,000 more, and the average of these fifteen years has been\nthat same sum, $253,000. All the work we then had at the South,\nthe very first of the kind that was done, was that of the one\nmissionary and one teacher among the 1,800 \u201ccontrabands,\u201d who\nat that point had pressed through our lines. But the men of\nthat meeting, believing that the day of freedom was at hand,\nand praying,\u2014in the words of one of Governor Buckingham\u2019s State\npapers\u2014that \u201cthe country might be carried through the crisis in\nsuch a manner as should forever check the spirit of anarchy,\nbring peace to a distracted people, and preserve, strengthen\nand perpetuate our National Union,\u201d did solemnly and grandly\nresolve \u201cto follow the armies of the United States with faithful\nmissionaries and teachers\u201d. You know how this Association did\nfollow those armies across the sunny South, and how it turned its\nown forces into an army of occupation, until its field became\nidentical with the realm of our national flag.\n\nNow this marvelous enlargement, attained within less than two\ndecades, has brought us to \u201cthe cross of our success.\u201d Shall we\ntake up that cross? Shall we consecrate ourselves to bear the\nburden of obligation which this extension of our work lays upon us?\nMay we discern this call of God for enlargement, even as did the\ngood men of that day?\n\nThe chief officers of this Association, the President, Rev. David\nThurston, the Treasurer, Lewis Tappan, with his brother Arthur, the\nSecretaries, George Whipple and S. S. Jocelyn, now on high, were\nall here on this platform, bearing up against the discouragements\nof the way, and by their great faith inciting the people to \u201cgo\nforward.\u201d \u201cThe workers die, but God carries on the work.\u201d\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nA SUGGESTION\u2014FINANCIAL.\n\nWe have passed another milestone in our work. The reports and\nextracts from addresses made at the recent annual meeting, and\nplaced before our constituents in this double number of the\nMISSIONARY, tell how far we have progressed, and indicate something\nof the demands that the journey beyond is already making upon us.\n\nA perusal of these papers will show that the enthusiasm of earnest\nconviction characterized the Norwich meeting. The success of\nthe past, no less than the present exigent needs of the field\nin every department, focused the thought of the meeting on one\nthing\u2014enlargement of the work.\n\nBut the spirit that pervaded the annual meeting must in some way\nor other be carried over to the churches. Enlargement of the work\nmeans necessarily enlargement of resources. There must be at least\nan increase of twenty-five per cent. over the contributions of last\nyear. It is a good time now to lay plans to secure this. We would\nsuggest to pastors and others having charge of missionary meetings,\nthat, as far as possible, the next monthly concert be made the\noccasion of bringing before the churches the interesting facts\nregarding the work of the American Missionary Association presented\nat the Norwich meeting. By possessing the minds of the people with\nintelligence, and their hearts with interest regarding the work,\nthe needed increase in contributions, we believe, will be easily\nsecured.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nPROCEEDINGS AT THE ANNUAL MEETING.\n\nThe thirty-fourth Annual Meeting of the Association had for its\nmeeting place the commodious Broadway Church in the beautiful\ncity of Norwich, Conn. It was favored with perfect autumnal days,\nbountiful and beautiful hospitality, and a large and sustained\nattendance at all its sessions.\n\nPresident Tobey being detained from attendance, the chair was\noccupied by Vice-Presidents Dr. Wm. L. Gage, of Hartford, and Dr.\nWm. W. Patton, of Howard University, and at the closing session by\nDr. L. T. Chamberlain, pastor of the church in which the meetings\nwere held. Rev. Geo. M. Boynton was elected Secretary, and Revs.\nC. P. Osborne and J. H. Isham, Assistant Secretaries of the\nmeeting. Dr. Langworthy, of Massachusetts, conducted the opening\ndevotional services. The Treasurer read his report. The report of\nthe Executive Committee was read by Secretary Strieby, after which\nan hour was spent in prayer, reminiscence and thanksgiving.\n\nDr. Alex. McKenzie, of Cambridge, Mass., preached the Annual\nSermon, his text being Ex. ii.:9\u2014\u201cTake this child away and nurse it\nfor me.\u201d The thought elaborated with great force and beauty was the\nclaim of the child, the African race, upon the King\u2019s daughter, the\nChurch of God.\n\nWednesday morning the prayer meeting was led by Rev. R. B.\nHoward, of Massachusetts. Part of the morning was devoted to\npresentations of missionary work outside of the special limits\nof the Association. A paper, valuable for its clearness and\ncomprehensiveness, on \u201cRecent Progress of Protestant Missions,\u201d was\nread by Mr. H. K. Carroll, one of the editors of the _Independent_,\nin whose care is their excellent missionary column. Mr. Eugene\nReveillaud then addressed the Association, through Rev. Mr. Dodds,\nwho acted as his interpreter, on the recent remarkable religious\nmovements in France. Mr. Dodds and Rev. L. W. Bacon spoke briefly\non the same subject.\n\nThe Committees to which had been assigned the various departments\nof the work as represented in the official papers, then in order\nreported, and addresses were made on the subjects of which they\ntreated.\n\n1. The church work. The report was presented by Prof. Wm. J.\nTucker, D. D., of Andover Theological Seminary, and was sustained\nby him in an able and suggestive address, showing the kind of\nreligion needed by the negro and the progress already made. Dr. Roy\nfollowed with a statement of the disadvantages under which this\ndepartment of our work was compelled to labor, and, on the other\nhand, of the favorable circumstances by which it was assisted.\n\n2. The Indian report was read by Rev. A. H. Bradford, of New\nJersey, after which General Armstrong spoke of the educational\nexperiment at Hampton, its success and its needs. A company of the\nIndian pupils on their way from their summer homes in Berkshire\nCounty, Mass., added, by their presence on the platform and by\nsimple exercises, to the impressiveness of the plea. Mr. Bradford\nsustained the report made by him in a forcible address, showing the\nevils of the treaty and reservation systems, and the need of still\nfurther reform in our civil service.\n\n3. The educational work (South) was reported on Wednesday\nevening by Rev. Addison P. Foster, of New Jersey, Chairman of\nthe Committee. Dr. Wm. M. Taylor, of New York, followed with a\nstrong plea. Its leading illustration was drawn from the feeding\nof the five thousand; when the disciples came to the Master and\nsaid, \u201cSend the multitudes away;\u201d to whom he replied, \u201cThey need\nnot depart, give ye them to eat.\u201d Mr. Foster also sustained the\nreport read by him. He demonstrated the greatness of the need and\nthe religious character of the education demanded and sought to be\nsupplied by our schools.\n\nThursday morning, after the prayer meeting, which was led by Rev.\nF. Williams of Connecticut, Rev. H. S. De Forest, President of\nTalladega College, spoke in continuation of the discussion of the\nreport on education, setting forth the wants of Alabama and the\ncondition and needs of Talladega. Rev. Wm. E. Brooks, just elected\nto the Presidency of Tillotson Institute, in Texas, gave his creed\nin regard to the work before him, in a brief address full of\nanimation and hopefulness. He was followed by Professor Fairchild,\nof Berea College, who spoke of the influence of that Institution in\ndoing away the prejudices of the whole community in which it was\nlocated. Dr. I. P. Warren, of Maine, also spoke briefly. District\nSecretary Powell, of Chicago, closed the discussion of this largest\ndepartment of the work of the Association.\n\n4. The African Missions were reported on by Rev H. M. Ladd, of\nWalton, New York, who followed the report with a brief address.\nProfessor T. N. Chase, of Atlanta, Georgia, who recently has\nreturned from a visit of inspection to the Mendi Mission, gave an\naccount of the field, of the location of the mission, with its\ndrawbacks and hopeful signs frankly and fully contrasted. Rev.\nLewis Grant followed briefly. Dr. Patton also spoke on this topic.\n\n5. The Finance Committee reported through its Chairman, Rev.\nWm. H. Willcox, D.D., commending the business management of the\nAssociation, and making it clear that the $150,000 recently\nreceived for buildings in no wise lessened the demands upon the\ntreasury or the dependence of the treasury upon the churches.\nSecretary Strieby followed, urging the need of the enlargement of\nthe work. Dr. A. F. Beard, of New York, read a most suggestive\npaper on Giving as an important part of the sacrificial life to\nwhich the Christian is called. He was followed by Dr. Chamberlain\nin an earnest plea for justice and restitution to the races which\nour race has so deeply wronged, and briefly by President Magoun of\nIowa College.\n\n6. The Chinese report was read on Thursday evening by Dr. Lyman\nAbbott, of New York, and supported by him. In his address he\nstated fully and frankly the possible dangers arising from\nChinese immigration, and the two methods by which they might be\naverted. Rev. Samuel Scoville, of Stamford, Connecticut, followed\nin a fervid plea based on the importance of the work, and the\nencouragements to its prosecution. Rev. R. B. Howard briefly\nfollowed.\n\nIt would not do to omit the witty and eloquent address of Rev. Dr.\nHannay, Secretary of the Congregational Union of England and Wales,\nin which he spoke of the heroism of modern missionary effort and\nthe statesmanship needed and shown in the discussions of the work\nof the Association.\n\nThe Lord\u2019s Supper was celebrated on Wednesday afternoon, Rev. J.\nO. Barrows of Turkey, and Rev. Jonathan Edwards of Massachusetts\nofficiating.\n\nAt the close, resolutions of thanks to the churches and citizens\nof Norwich, to the choir, the Committee and the railroads, were\nadopted, and responded to by Rev. Wm. S. Palmer, D.D., of Norwich,\nchairman of the Committee of Arrangements. The benediction\nwas pronounced by Rev. Dr. Chamberlain. Thus ended one of the\nbest attended and best sustained anniversaries of the American\nMissionary Association. For changes in the list of Vice-Presidents\nand Executive Committee we refer to the first inside page of the\ncover.\n\nOn Wednesday afternoon, the Second Church was filled below and\nabove with a congregation of nearly a thousand women. Mrs. Dr. John\nA. Rockwell, of Stamford, Conn., presided, and, after the opening\nprayer by Mrs. Phipps, read a brief paper on woman\u2019s responsibility\nin the nineteenth century.\n\nMiss Stevenson, Miss Sawyer, Mrs. Hickok and Miss Emery, all\nfamiliar with the condition and needs of the colored women of the\nSouth, addressed the meeting, the interest of which was so great\nand so well sustained that it re-assembled the next morning. At\nthat time Miss Douglass, who had labored in Georgia among the\nnegroes, and Miss Ludlow, of Hampton Institute, Miss Lord and\nothers spoke, keeping up the interest which had attended the\nprevious session.\n\nResolutions expressing hearty sympathy with the work of the A.\nM. A., and urging an organization for home mission work in every\nchurch in New England, were adopted at the close of this full and\nearnest woman\u2019s meeting.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nHEROISM AND STATESMANSHIP.\n\nFROM THE ADDRESS OF REV. ALEXANDER HANNAY, D.D., SECRETARY OF THE\nCONGREGATIONAL UNION OF ENGLAND AND WALES.\n\nWe sometimes talk\u2014and I think in a very superficial and wild\nway\u2014about heroic ages of certain nationalities, heroic ages of\nthe church; and there are men who will say it was a heroic age\nin which foreign missions were projected, whether in England or\nhere; that then the men were of great stature, and that they rose\nto the opportunities the great living Head of the Church offered\nthem, and went out and did a giant\u2019s work; and they look down on\nthis time, and perhaps complain that it is not a heroic age, and\nthat we cannot have a giant\u2019s test put to us. Now that is all very\nflimsy and superficial talk in my judgment. There are epochs in\nthe history of nations and of churches when great opportunities\noccur, the record of which becomes historical, and it seems that\nthe men who take the prominent part then are men of Alpine bulk\nand grandeur of nature\u2014true heroes; and then there comes a time\nof equable, dogged, plodding, unhistorical work, and it is said\n\u201cThe age of heroism and the age of heroes has passed away.\u201d\nBrethren, the work of these quiet and plodding ages cannot be done\nwell, except in the very spirit of the heroic age; and I take\nit there is a test of individual character, there is a test of\nstrength and firmness in men, a strength of heroism demanded for\nthe quiet, ordinary, fruitful work of times like these, equal, at\nleast, to that which was needed to originate the new epoch. And I\ncongratulate the representatives of the American churches assembled\nat the meetings of these great societies on the evidence which\nhas appeared to me, (and I would use no words of mere courtesy in\nthis, but a simple and unaffected expression of the feeling which\nhas taken possession of me while I have attended these meetings),\nthat here they are in the very spirit of their fathers, now gone to\ntheir rest, who said, \u201cWe must redeem the pagan nations and bring\nthem to Christ.\u201d\n\nAnother thing that has struck me is this: in listening to what\nwe have heard here to-day, I have seemed to find not merely a\nfulness and vitality of the missionary sentiment, but associated\nwith that, a keen, political outlook, the statesman\u2019s thought\nabout the demand of the hour and the special adaptations that are\nnecessary in service for the carrying out of the great work that\nthese societies have in view. It is especially encouraging in view\nof this, to which no one can be blind, that God is calling America\nto a singularly honorable, because singularly difficult, vocation,\nin dealing with the races with which her life of intelligence and\nfaith is here being brought into contact.\n\nIt is quite true, sir, that the Head of the Church, as has been\nproclaimed from this platform, and from that at Lowell, again and\nagain, is imposing on you the discipleship of the world, the duty\nof carrying the Gospel to all the nations of the earth. It thus\nlies upon the Christian nations so honored to stretch out their\nhands to lift the other nations up to the plane on which they are\nthemselves living. But there has been brought to America, it seems\nto me, a specially difficult task. She has had thrust within her\nnational boundary at least three separate races, that are on a\ndifferent stage of intellectual development and civilization from\nthat which she has reached; or if it be too much to say that these\nraces have been thrust within her boundaries, then that the high\nand laudable ambition, which has moved you as a people to keep this\ngreat continent to yourselves, and to take as much more as you\ncan get, has brought upon you this obligation in connection with\nthe great races which are to be found on your soil. We are aware\nthat the spirit and the policy of the world is hounded on, perhaps\nnow more than ever, by that proud and insolent dictum of science,\nfalsely so called, ready to be applied to the affairs of races as\nto other things\u2014\u201cthe survival of the fittest.\u201d No doubt there are\nmen among you who are ready to take up the spirit of this maxim and\nto apply it all around, and to feel, as has been said here about\nthe dead Indian, that it is the province of the stronger people\nsimply to overrun, and press out, and hustle over the frontiers, or\nover the shores of your continent, the weaker races. Now, sir, as\nI understand it, you have been called to this vocation of bringing\nup these weaker races, of incorporating them into your own national\nlife, of clothing them with all the honors and responsibilities\nof citizenship, of giving them a full status in the Church and in\nthe township, of making them what you are yourselves, gradually\nscattering their darkness by the light of your intelligence, and\nvitalizing their enfeebled and degraded manhood by the overflow of\nthe surplus energy of your own manhood. There has been given to\nyou this great task to perform, to show the nations a better way\nof dealing with the weaker races than any nation has yet reached;\nand if the spirit of the American Missionary Association can but be\nbreathed into the American people as a whole; if you can control\nyour political action, if you can determine the issues in your\nCongress by that spirit, and control all your dealings with those\npeoples by it, one of the very brightest of the many crowns which\nwill sit on the brow of the American nation will be the crown which\nyou will win in that service. This is the work to which you are\ncalled.\n\nI have been asked since I came here how I could explain the fact\nthat the citizens of America seem to meddle so much in politics. I\ndo not think we of England meddle enough with them. The existence\nof a political church among us forces a certain political\ncontention upon us with which you here have nothing to do. But I\ntake it that it is one of the highest, most urgent vocations of the\nChurch of Christ, in this and in all lands, to see to it, that,\nso far as her influence shall go, by teaching and by testimony,\nby debate, by criticism, by all kinds of fair mental conflict to\npenetrate the political life of the nation with the spirit of\nChrist. It will not be well with you in America, any more than\nwith us in England, whether with regard to your work for the black\nman and the Indian and the Chinese, or with regard to your own\nnational stability and progress, until this work has been gone\nearnestly about. We can afford to rise above party politics, but we\nare bound to preach that righteousness, that truth, that spirit of\nself sacrifice, without which neither church nor nation can be made\ngreat and stable.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nGENERAL SURVEY.\n\nThe battle cry of the American Missionary Association now is\nENLARGEMENT. We are called to this by recent encouragements, and by\nthe demands of the future.\n\n\nTHE ENCOURAGEMENTS OF THE PRESENT.\n\nFINANCES.\n\nWe present our _financial_ situation as one of these\nencouragements, and first in order, as being special, we mention\nthe receipt of $150,000, the donation of Mrs. Valeria G. Stone,\nof Malden, Mass. This munificent gift has been so confidently\nanticipated, that Prof. T. N. Chase has for some time been occupied\nin maturing plans for the buildings to be erected by it, so that\nthe work at all points will be pushed forward with rapidity and\neconomy. We hope, therefore, at our next Annual Meeting, to\nannounce that buildings have been erected at several points in\nthe South that shall afford much needed facilities to overcrowded\nschools, and that shall serve as monuments to the liberality and\nwisdom of the donor, more fitting, because more useful, than the\nmost costly shaft or obelisk.\n\nNext in order, but not least in significance, we refer to the\n_financial exhibit_ of our Treasurer, with its favorable balance\nsheet. The receipts for the year, aside from Mrs. Stone\u2019s donation,\nhave been $187,480.02, which together with the amount on hand\nSept. 30, 1879 ($1,475.90), makes a total of $188,955.92; and the\nexpenditures, $188,172.19; thus giving a credit balance of $783.73.\n\nAs a part of the gratifying results of the year\u2019s expenditures,\nas we had no debt to pay, we can point to _four_ school buildings\nnewly erected or greatly improved; to _six_ church edifices\ncompleted; to _two_ in the process of erection; to _five_ repaired\nand improved; and to _three_ parsonages repaired, one in process\nof erection, and one built by the people. Among these new school\nbuildings we are glad to number the large and commodious edifice\nfor Tillotson Institute, Austin, Texas, a permanent outpost, we\nhope, in the rapidly increasing population of the great South-west.\n\nSuch a balance sheet, carrying on the one side our regular work\nand these new and greatly needed buildings, yet held in even\npoise by the generous donations of our friends, is an argument\nfor enlargement at other points calling for it with increased\nimportunity. We dare not be presumptuous, but may we not trust\nstill further to the God of the poor, and will not his people\nsustain us in the trust?\n\n\nFREEDMEN.\n\nOur _Educational_ work among the Freedmen furnishes the next source\nof encouragement.\n\nThe _increasing appreciation_ of our schools by both the white\nand colored people of the South, is manifest. Georgia continues\nto give the substantial assistance of her annual appropriation\nof $8,000 to the Atlanta University. A large majority of the\nState Board of Examiners attended the anniversary exercises this\nyear. Their examinations were close, their report to the Governor\nwholly favorable, and their recommendation of the continuance of\nthe appropriation unhesitating, the closing words of their report\nbeing: \u201cWho can doubt the wisdom of continuing the appropriation?\u201d\n\nThe State of Mississippi was represented at the Commencement\nexercises at Tougaloo by her Superintendent of Education and other\ninfluential citizens, who, after careful inspection, gave public\nassurance of State aid. The first instalment, we are confident,\nwill reach us this fall. Soon after the war, when this State was\nunder Republican rule, it granted aid to Tougaloo. Under changed\npolitical control, this grant was for a time withheld, but now\nwhile overwhelming Democratic majorities are regularly reported,\nthe proffer of aid is renewed. The significance of the fact is that\nboth political parties, much as they may differ on other points,\nare agreed in sustaining the Tougaloo University.\n\nAnother evidence of such appreciation is found in the attendance\nat our school anniversaries, of persons who represent public\nsentiment. At Hampton, President Hayes, Secretary Schurz, the\nGovernor and an ex-Governor of Massachusetts were present; at\nBerea, the audience numbered probably 1,800 or 2,000 persons,\ntwo-thirds being of the white race; at Fisk, there was reported \u201ca\ncrowded house;\u201d at Atlanta, the audience was packed; at Straight\nUniversity, New Orleans, it is reported that \u201cthe audience, both\nin numbers and intelligent appreciation, was one of the best ever\ngathered for the purpose in the city.\u201d Our work is not now done in\na corner, nor under the ban of good people, North or South.\n\nThe colored people show their appreciation of the schools by an\nincreased attendance. The roll is larger than last year in the\naggregate, and in nearly all the departments. The total number of\npupils reported this year is 8,052 against 7,207 last year. The\nlargest proportionate increase is in the theological, grammar and\nnormal grades.\n\nOur schools are meant to be _religious_. If not, they are as\nnothing to us. We watch, therefore, with great jealousy, the\ndevelopments in this direction, and we are gratified to be able\nto report interesting revivals at Fisk, Tougaloo and Woodbridge,\nwith conversions and a quiet spiritual work at other schools. The\nusefulness and activity of our students as they go out in vacation\nor at graduation may be illustrated by facts like these: \u201cOne\npupil who is a minister reports over forty hopeful conversions in\nconnection with his labors during the summer vacation.\u201d Another\nwrites: \u201cI was assigned to a place where there was no school-house\nor church. The people had their meeting under an arbor. I worked\nwith the patrons until they built me a school-house.\u201d From\nMemphis the report is: \u201cSixteen of our young people have, during\nthe summer, taught 1,035 day pupils, and very nearly as many\nSunday-school scholars.\u201d The returning pupils at Tougaloo reported\nthat \u201cthe Sunday-school and Temperance work had been vigorously\npushed with excellent results, one of which was over 1,300 signers\nto the Temperance pledge.\u201d\n\nOur _Theological Departments_ are the flower of our schools, and\nthe germinating seed for our church work. They have this year, as\nwe have seen, increased in the number of their students and in\ntheir efficiency. Talladega reports that \u201ceight young men will\ngraduate from the Theological Department, all of whom will enter\nthe Congregational ministry in the South. They are now warmly\nwelcomed to the pulpits of all denominations.\u201d From New Orleans:\n\u201cThe Theological Department is larger than in any previous year.\nFour of the class are ordained ministers, of whom two are pastors\nof churches in New Orleans.\u201d The Theological Department of Howard\nUniversity reports that \u201csixteen students were sent forth to\npreach, all of whom go to the South to the Freedmen.\u201d\n\nWith such a record before us, a work so useful and that needs\nalmost indefinite expansion, invites to that expansion by its very\nsuccess.\n\nOur _Church Work_ shows a steady and healthful growth. The number\nof churches in the South is 73 as against 67 last year; of church\nmembers, 4,961\u2014last year, 4,600.\n\nIn the four new churches organized, and in the six new edifices\nerected, and two in the process, five repaired, and in the\nparsonages improved and built, we see the additions to the outward\nscaffolding, within which is going forward the spiritual work\nof preparing the polished stones of the sanctuary; and we see\nthe added force of workmen ascending this scaffolding, in the\nordination of four young men to the Gospel ministry, and in the\nreports from our Theological Departments of well trained young men\ngraduating and entering the service.\n\nThat spiritual work is indicated in part by the reports of\nprecious revivals and ingatherings into the churches. The pastor\nat New Orleans writes: \u201cIt is my happiness to record one of the\nmost precious revivals in the history of the Central Church.\u201d\nFrom Shelby Iron Works, Ala: \u201cThe meetings closed with twenty-one\nconversions reported. Last Sunday fifteen came forward, entered\ninto covenant with the church, and were baptized on profession\nof their faith. Some eight or ten are to unite by letter the\nfirst opportunity, who were not ready to join last Sunday.\u201d From\nSavannah, Ga,: \u201cThere has been an unusual work of grace among this\npeople, and the meetings have been quiet and orderly as with a New\nEngland congregation.\u201d\n\nWe have been impressed this year with the unusual mention in the\nreports from the churches of the attendance and interest _in the\nprayer meetings_. If the prayer meeting is the pulse of the church,\nwe should infer that the life blood flows warmly from the heart in\nour churches in the South.\n\nThe disposition for _self help_ is a plant of slow growth among\na people marvelous for their faith and passive endurance, but\nlittle used to forethought and activity. We have felt the need of\ndeveloping \u201cthis grace also,\u201d and have, therefore, taken unusual\npains to induce the churches to aid more fully in the support of\ntheir pastors. The responses have exceeded our expectations; in\nalmost every instance the additional sum we have named has been\ngiven, and in some instances more.\n\nOther facts of the same purport are seen in such extracts as\nthese, culled from the \u201cDetailed Report.\u201d The pastor of the church\nin Atlanta proposed that the _church debt_ should be paid off.\nWith a little help from the North, and from the professors of the\nUniversity, it was done, making about $563 raised by the church,\naside from current expenses, in six months. They have also aided in\nsecuring a fine bell of 800 lbs. The young church at Marietta, Ga.,\nraised $300 for their new church edifice. In a church collection\nfor the American Missionary Association in Marion, one man put in\n$5, being one-tenth of his crop\u2014a bale of cotton. A man and his\nwife are sustaining their daughter in the school at Tougaloo with\nthe money saved on snuff and tobacco since they signed the pledge.\nThe church at Wilmington, N. C., claims to be the banner church\namong the constituents of the American Board, having given more\nthan any other, according to number and means, as judged by the\nreport of Dr. Alden.\n\nThe _Sunday-Schools_, as reported, show a slight increase in\nnumbers, but the reports are not full, and hence the figures do\nnot properly represent the strength of this arm of the service.\nRevivals have occurred in some of the schools. The _Temperance\ncause_ holds its place in the hearts and efforts of our workers in\nthe South. In the churches, schools, mission schools, and by the\nteachers who go out in vacation, is the good work pushed forward.\n\nThe _Conferences_ in the South have held their meetings, and Dr.\nRoy, who was enabled to attend several of them, was delighted with\nthe excellence of the sermons and papers and the ability of the\ndiscussions, as well as with the fervor of spiritual life. Some\nof the Conferences appointed delegates to the National Council.\nA marked feature at one of these meetings\u2014that of the Alabama\nConference at Selma\u2014was the social and religious welcome it\nreceived from the white families and churches. Dr. Roy thus reports\nit:\n\n\u201cYou have been told of the new era in our work, marked by the\nopening of half a dozen of the homes of the first families in\nSelma, Alabama, for the entertainment of the white members of the\nConference. It was not merely the offer of their houses as eating\nand sleeping places, but it was a delicate and attentive Christian\nhospitality, which invited the guests around from home to home in\norder to the extension of acquaintance. When grateful words were\nsaid to Major Joseph Hardie for having led the way, he answered\nthat that gave him too much credit; that the places had all been\nopened cheerfully, and that, after the sessions were over, other\nfamilies had said: \u2018Why didn\u2019t you give us a chance? We would\nlike to have had some of those folks.\u2019 Another host, referring\nto the mutual satisfaction, said: \u2018It is just because we are\ngetting better acquainted.\u2019 In the same line was the opening of\nthe Presbyterian pulpit, morning and night. The exercises of the\nConference were of a high order and well sustained throughout. It\nwas much like one of the Western General Associations.\u201d\n\n\nTHE INDIANS.\n\nThe experiment of educating Indian youth at Hampton and Carlisle\nis a confirmed success. We have in the office two pictures\u2014one\nrepresenting a company of these young Indians as they came to\nHampton, in their blankets and with their stolid countenances, and\nthe other taken after they had spent a year in the school. The\nchange in dress is less significant than the bright and intelligent\nlook of the faces in the last picture. A visit among them, as\nthey are engaged in the school-room and at various mechanical\nemployments, accounts for the change. The joint education of the\ntwo races, the black and the red, seems helpful to both.\n\nFour agencies, the same number as last year, are under our\nnomination, and we have favorable reports from each. At the Lake\nSuperior Agency some years ago, the Indians wanted blankets, beads\nand trinkets; now they want a boarding school. At Fort Berthold,\n40 new houses were built this season; at the Sisseton Agency,\nthe Indians dress entirely in citizen\u2019s clothing, live in log\nhouses and cultivate 4,025 acres of land, and the scholars in the\nboarding and day schools show marked improvement; at the S\u2019Kokomish\nAgency, the morals, manners, health and homes of the Indians are\nimproving\u2014most of the houses have been ceiled and furnished with\ngood, tight floors. More land has been cleared, and 1,000 fruit\ntrees have been set out.\n\n\nCHINESE IN AMERICA.\n\nOf our mission on the Pacific coast, the efficient Superintendent,\nRev. W. C. Pond, says that not only more, but better work has been\ndone this year than ever before. The total enrolment of pupils is\n67 greater than last year, but the most marked gains are in those\nreported as having ceased from idol-worship, and as giving evidence\nof conversion; in the former, 180 against 137 last year, and in the\nlatter, 127 against 84.\n\n\nAFRICA.\n\nThe aspect of our _Mendi Mission_, in a surface survey, seems\ndiscouraging. A deeper view discloses one great element of success,\nand moreover reveals lessons of wisdom that will be of much more\nvalue than any transient success.\n\nAfter maintaining this mission for 30 years with white\nmissionaries, with a rapid death-rate and meagre results,\nProvidence seemed to open to us a plan for using the Freedmen of\nAmerica, trained in our schools, as missionaries to Africa. Three\nyears since a company was sent out, with Rev. Floyd Snelson as\na leader. His age and experience guided the mission well, and\nthe next year new recruits were added. But the failure of Mrs.\nSnelson\u2019s health compelled him to return with her to this country.\nThe management fell into younger and less experienced hands, and\ndissensions and complaints ensued. Prof. T. N. Chase, of Atlanta\nUniversity, accepted our invitation to visit and inspect the\nmission. Accompanied by Rev. Jos. E. Smith, the pastor of our\nchurch in Chattanooga, he spent two months at the mission, making\nmost careful examinations, the result of which he embodies in an\nextended report. It may suffice here to say that Mr. Chase found\nmany things in an unsatisfactory condition, chargeable in some\ndegree to moral delinquency, but more largely to immaturity of\nexperience and of judgment.\n\nFrom Mr. Chase\u2019s report and our own knowledge of the affairs of the\nmission, we reach these results:\n\n1. The colored man of America _can_ endure the climate of western\ntropical Africa. We have sent to the Mendi Mission 17 persons of\nthat race\u2014seven men, five women and five children. Of this number\n_not one man has died_, and _but one_ has been compelled to leave\non account of ill-health; nor have any of these, with this one\nexception, suffered from the African fever so as to hinder their\nwork, except temporarily. The children were not sick; of the women,\none died, the wife of Dr. James. Mrs. Miller has been compelled\nto return as far as England for the recovery of health. In the\nsingle case of death and in the three of failure in health, the\ncause can be traced to the germs of disease in the constitution,\nexisting there prior to leaving America; but in every case of a\nsound constitution, good health has been maintained. In this we see\nhopeful evidence that, with careful previous medical examination,\nthe _colored people of America can furnish missionaries for\ntropical Africa capable of enduring the climate and of rendering\nactive service as missionaries_\u2014a result full of encouragement.\n\n2. Due allowance must be made for the inadequate training of the\nyoung colored missionary. The Anglo-Saxon race has behind it 17\ncenturies of culture; the negro race in America, 17 years. This\nshould make a difference as to the races. The white candidate for\nthe post of missionary was born in a Christian home, reared in a\nChristian community, educated in early days with the best culture\nof school and church, enjoyed afterwards the training of the best\ncollege and seminary, with their full corps of highly educated\nprofessors, with all the advantages of large libraries, apparatus\nand lectures; and above all, that unconscious education that comes\nfrom constant contact with practical men and cultured society. The\ncolored candidate was born a slave, lived in the slave quarters\nwith no refinements of home or surroundings; his education was in\nour young and imperfectly equipped schools and colleges, and his\nknowledge of the world is bounded by this limited horizon. This\nshould make much difference with the individual. Perhaps these\nfacts on both sides have not been duly considered. They will\nhereafter be fully recognized by us, and will lead us to place the\nmanagement of our African mission for a time in charge of a white\nsuperintendent. They will also dictate a great deal of caution in\nselecting candidates for that field. We may send fewer at first; we\nwill try to send those that are best prepared.\n\n3. Our experiment with colored missionaries in West Africa has\nnot been discouraging when compared with our former efforts there\nwith white missionaries, or with those of other societies in other\nparts of Africa. A new impulse has been given to African Missions\nby the startling discoveries of Stanley and others, and if the\nChristian world expects these new missions to be crowned with\nimmediate success, it will soon be undeceived. There, as elsewhere,\nmissions must furnish heroes and martyrs, must fight battles,\nsuffer defeats, win victories and endure hardness. Leviathan in the\nAfrican jungle is not easily tamed, and the efforts which would\novercome the barbarism which has for ages defied civilization, and\neven discovery, will test the \u201cperseverance of the saints.\u201d\n\nIn the missions growing out of the new impulse for Tropical Africa\ndiscouragement and trial have been nearly everywhere encountered.\nOf the sixteen missionaries sent so promptly by the Church\nMissionary Society to establish the mission in Mtesa\u2019s kingdom,\nsome have died, some have returned on account of sickness, and the\nwhole work is now in abeyance. The mission of the London Missionary\nSociety at Ujiji is still pushed forward, yet with much sickness\nand several deaths, among which is numbered that of the lamented\nSecretary Mullens. The Livingstonia Mission on Lake Nyassa is\ncompelled to abandon its first station on account of the tsetse\nfly. The Scotch Blantyre Mission has had the sad experience of\nwrongs practiced by the missionaries upon the natives, attracting\nthe attention and stirring the sorrow of Great Britain.\n\nWe are not alone, then, in the trials of our African Mission,\nnor must we, more than others, be discouraged. Africa was not\nforgotten in the Redeemer\u2019s plan. His people must meet and overcome\ndifficulties. The assurance that the colored American can endure\nthe African climate is worth all the effort we have made.\n\n\nTHE DEMANDS OF THE FUTURE.\n\n1. Enlargement in the work already in hand among the _Freedmen_.\n\nThe noble gift of Mrs. Stone, while supplying some of the great\nand most pressing wants in certain directions, creates new ones\nin others. It gives additional buildings, but these mean more\nstudents, more teachers, more student aid, more libraries, and more\napparatus.\n\nBuildings are needed where the gift of Mrs. Stone, great as it\nis, does not reach\u2014needed as imperiously as where it does. At\nTalladega, the original building erected before the war at a cost\nof $30,000, bought by us after the war, used and oft repaired,\nis thus described by President DeForest: \u201cThe walls are staunch,\nbut the roof leaks, and within and without, from foundation to\nbell-tower, it needs repair. It is estimated that $3,000 are\nrequired for this purpose.\u201d A house is also needed as a home for\nthe President, to save room for teachers and pupils in the main\nbuildings. In addition to the $15,000 from the Stone donation,\nTalladega needs for these buildings and repairs, $10,000. The\nwants of Tougaloo are even more pressing. The crowd of students\ndefies all means of accommodation. Temporary barracks have been\nerected, out-buildings and garrets have been used as lodging\nplaces, and yet students have been turned away for want of room.\nThe buildings now on the ground need extensive repairs to save them\nfrom decay, and additions should be made to the farm buildings to\ngive adequate shelter to the stock and products of the 500 acres of\nland connected with the school. But what shall we more say? for the\ntime would fail us to tell of the needs of Wilmington, N. C., of\nGreenwood and Orangeburg, S. C., Mobile, Montgomery and Athens, Ala.\n\nBesides all this we ought to establish, at some eligible point\nin North Carolina, a chartered institution of higher grade, with\na boarding department. We have for a long while felt the need of\nthis, and have only been deterred by the lack of means. We ought\nalso to found an institution in Arkansas, similar to that in\nAustin, Texas. We are just beginning efforts among the Refugees\nin Kansas, and these should be greatly increased, and include\nchurches, schools and lady missionaries.\n\n_Endowments_ are an absolute necessity for our institutions at the\nSouth. Here are eight institutions, carefully managed, efficient in\nwork, and furnished with buildings equal in number and size with\nsome at the West of much greater age. These Western schools have\nin most instances the nucleus of an endowment, if not a complete\none. Those in the South need endowments much more, and have almost\nnothing of the sort.\n\n2. But enlargement should far transcend the limits of the work\nalready in hand among the Freedmen. We take it for granted that\nevery portion of the population of this country must have equal\nfacilities open to it for education and advancement. No part of\nthat population is so inadequately supplied as the four and a half\nmillions of colored people in the South. There were in 1875, in\nthis country, 1,932 schools of grades above the primary. Of this\nwhole number, the four and a half millions of colored people have\naccess to but 91! It must be borne in mind that in this number\nof schools (1,932) Harvard, Yale and Oberlin are but units, with\ntheir ample endowments, teachers of finest culture, libraries and\napparatus of the best and largest; and to balance them the colored\npeople can only point to a few new and inadequately furnished\nschools, of which those of this Association are among the best.\n\nThere were in 1875 in this country, 3,647 libraries, numbering 300\nvolumes and upwards in each. Of that number, the colored people of\nthe South have access to 25! The same disparity is found here in\nregard to the size and quality of the libraries open to them as in\nregard to the schools and colleges.\n\nIt will not do to say that these people need only primary schools.\nNo race can rise unless it has leaders who can teach and encourage\nthe masses; nor will it suffice to say that the few seeking\nspecial advantages can go to colleges at the North. The people of\nthe West cannot send their sons to Eastern colleges in adequate\nnumbers. The West has, and must have, its own colleges. How can the\npoor ex-slaves of the South send their children to the North for\neducation, when most of them have a life struggle with the wolf at\nthe door?\n\nHere, then, are glimpses at the great duty that this nation owes\nto the Freedmen for its own sake as well as theirs. But that duty\ninvolves enlargement, fifty-fold, of what is now done for them.\n\n3. The work of the A.M.A. _beyond the South_ needs enlarging.\n\nThe Chinese schools in California need the permanency of having\nbuildings under their own control, and Bro. Pond earnestly desires\nthe means to reach the \u201cChinese in the mines.\u201d\n\nThe work of educating Indians at the East should be extended.\nIt is not a substitute for schooling among the tribes; it helps\nit. Capt. Pratt, who inaugurated this movement in Hampton, and\nwho now conducts the large Government school for Indian youth at\nCarlisle, is very earnest that more\u2014much more\u2014should be done in\nthis direction. The power of the movement, in his opinion, will\nbe measured by its extent. He is anxious that every school of the\nAmerican Missionary Association in the South should be prepared to\nreceive Indians. This broad plan deserves the careful thought of\nthe Association, but if adopted, it will necessitate not a little\nenlargement of accommodations and of the teaching force.\n\nBut Africa! what does the future ask at our hands in her behalf?\nWhen we recall the struggles of the past for her enslaved children\nin this country, when we think of the graves of our missionaries\nin the Mendi country, and when we hear her children in our schools\nasking to be sent thither, we feel called to a new and strong\neffort to equip completely the mission on the West coast. The East\ncoast calls to us also. The Arthington Mission, though we have\nmoved cautiously, is neither forgotten nor abandoned. The generous\noffer of Mr. Arthington still remains; considerable sums have been\ncollected in this country and in Great Britain, and as soon as the\nadequate amount ($50,000) can be secured, we shall feel called to\ngo forward.\n\nFrom all these considerations, we ask for a new and wide\nenlargement of our work. The duty to America and to Africa demands\nit. Especially do we urge that America owes it to its own safety\nand honor that it shall adequately care for the Freedmen. But who\nwill take the lead in the movement to enlarge? The Pilgrims and\nPuritans of New England were the first to plant liberty, education\nand religion on these shores; they were on the crest of the wave\nthat carried these blessings across the continent to the Pacific\nslope; they were foremost in the great anti-slavery struggle; they\nwere in the van of the armies that fought for the unity of the\nnation and the freedom of the slave; they were the first, through\nthis Association, to take the school and the Gospel to the Freedmen\nat Fortress Monroe; and who but they should see the great need of\nthe hour, and step forth to meet it?\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nSUMMARY OF THE TREASURER\u2019S REPORT FOR THE YEAR ENDING SEPT. 30TH,\n1880.\n\n\n                               RECEIPTS.\n\n  From Churches, Sabbath Schools and\n    Individuals for General Fund           $99,860.26\n  Churches, S. Schs. and Ind\u2019v\u2019ls,\n    for Institutions and Missions           27,790.30\n  Estates for General Fund       24,599.44\n  Estates for Institutions          862.50\u2014\u201425,461.94\n  Income of Sundry Funds                     9,070.26\n  Tuition and Public School Fund            15,119.59\n  Rent                                         664.08\n  Sales                                        378.18\n                                           \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014$178,344.61\n  Donations for Tillotson C. and N. Institute\n    Building                                            7,594.65\n  Donations for Athens School Building, Ala.            1,096.01\n  Donations for Colored Refugees, Kansas                  444.75\n                                                      \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n                                                      187,480.02\n      Balance on hand. Sept. 30th, 1879                 1,475.90\n                                                      \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014$188,955.92\n                                                                \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n\n                               EXPENSES.\n\n  THE FREEDMEN.\u2014For Church and Educational Work      $130,929.82\n  THE CHINESE.\u2014Supt., Teachers and School Expenses      8,020.35\n  THE INDIANS.\u2014Missionaries and Teachers and\n    Student Aid                                         1,953.32\n  FOREIGN MISSIONS.\u2014Mendi Mission           11,802.78\n                    Jamaica Mission            450.00\n                                            \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014  12,252.78\n  PUBLICATIONS.\u2014American Missionary, Annual\n    Report, &c.                                         9,063.30\n  COST OF COLLECTING FUNDS.\u2014Boston Office    5,586.66\n                            Chicago Office   3,612.47\n                            Other Agencies   4,193.56\n                                           \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014  13,392.69\n  COST OF ADMINISTRATION.\u2014\n             Department of Correspondence    6,401.54\n             Department of Treasury          4,127.73\n                                           \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014  10,529.27\n  MISCELLANEOUS.\u2014Estates and Legacies           99.11\n             Annual Meeting                  1,023.96\n             Amounts paid Annuitants\u2014balance   852.67\n             Donations returned                 54.92\n                                           \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014   2,030.66\n                                                      \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n                                                      188,172.19\n            Balance on hand, Sept. 30, 1880               783.73\n                                                      \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n                                                      188,955.92\n                                                      ==========\n  STONE FUND.\u2014Amount received from Mrs. Valeria\n    G. Stone at the hands of Trustees     $150,000.00\n  ARTHINGTON MISSION.\u2014Donations received\n    from Oct. 1st to Sept. 30th,             6,576.48\n  AVERY FUND.\u2014Amount received from Executor    408.92\n\n         *       *       *       *       *\n\nThe receipts of Berea College, Hampton N. and A. Institute, and\nAtlanta University, are added below, as presenting at one view the\ncontributions of the same constituency for the general work in\nwhich the Association is engaged.\n\n  Receipts of the A. M. A.                           $187,480.02\n  Hampton N. & A. Inst.                                57,014.73\n  Atlanta University, State Appropriation               8,000.00\n  Berea College                                        37,607.06\n                                                   \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014$290,101.81\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nREPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FINANCE AND ENLARGEMENT.\n\nYour Committee on Finance and Enlargement, to whom was referred the\nfinancial exhibit of the Association for the fiscal year ending\nSept. 30, 1880, as presented by the Treasurer, beg leave to report\nthat they have examined the accounts and found them duly audited.\nThese accounts include a minute and detailed statement of receipts\nand expenditures, a list of the endowments, and also a full account\nof the property owned by the Association, and were accompanied by\nthe account books of the Treasurer.\n\nWe are unanimous in vouching for the faithfulness and economy which\ncharacterize all branches of the financial administration. Nor\ncan we refrain from a word of most emphatic commendation of the\nthorough explicitness of the Association\u2019s financial statement.\n\nBut passing from this to the substance of the Report, we notice\nthree points suggested by it which seem to call for special mention.\n\nIn the first place, it is ground for gratitude and thanksgiving\nthat the year closes without leaving us burdened with a debt. On\nthe contrary, there is a balance in the treasury of nearly eight\nhundred dollars. Not a very large surplus, surely, but the fact\nthat the year\u2019s work has been done and left us anything besides a\ndisheartening deficiency, is itself occasion for thankfulness and\ncheer.\n\nIn the second place, there is ground for anxiety, lest the\nfinancial condition of the Association should be misunderstood. It\nis well known that a gift of $150,000 has recently come into its\ntreasury. This fact, it is to be feared, has given, or may give,\nthe impression that the Association is, for the present at least,\nin no further need of funds. We have already heard of one generous\nfriend who has withheld an intended gift through such an entire\nmisapprehension. And lest others should be similarly misled, it\nseems to us important not only to state, but to emphasize the fact,\nthat this large gift _brings no relief whatever to the usual wants\nof the Association_. It is not designed to do the work which the\nAssociation is doing. This money is wholly appropriated to the\nerection of new buildings for the increasing numbers of colored\nstudents. It is to do nothing whatever towards meeting the ordinary\nexpenses of the Association\u2019s work; nothing whatever towards\ndiminishing the necessity of aid which the Association is compelled\nto seek from the Christian and the philanthropist. It cannot be\ntoo clearly seen or too widely known, that so far as any augmented\npower for doing its proper work is concerned, the Association is\nnot one whit better off for this gift of $150,000 than it would be\nif not a dollar of it had been given. But,\n\nIn the third place, this gift is itself a trumpet call for the\nenlargement of the Association\u2019s resources and work. It is simply\nto erect new buildings for Fisk and Atlanta, at Talladega, New\nOrleans and Tougaloo. These buildings will soon be filled with\nstudents. That means the necessity for more teachers and more\npecuniary aid to those who need it. It means increased work for\nthe Association, and the necessity of increased funds with which\nto do the work. In one word, it means _expansion_, _enlargement_.\nGod, Himself, is opening before us new furrows in hitherto untilled\nfields. That is His own call upon us for more seed-corn, and more\nlabor for the enlarging harvest. He is building for us new homes\nfor the development of mental culture and Christian character among\nthe colored people of the South. Each one of these is a Divine\nsummons for such co-operation on our part as is necessary for the\nbest accomplishment of His designs.\n\nIn conclusion, therefore, your Committee respectfully suggest the\nadoption of the following resolution:\n\n\u201c_Resolved_, While most gratefully acknowledging the prosperity\nthat has crowned our work through another year, we recognize and\naccept that prosperity as itself a call from God for still larger\nand more earnest work.\u201d\n\n                                      W. H. WILLCOX, _Chairman_.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nWHY WE SHOULD ENLARGE.\n\nREV. L. T. CHAMBERLAIN, D.D., NORWICH, CONN.\n\nI have been invited to the privilege of additionally sustaining\nthe report of your Committee in their recommendation of an\nenlargement of the work of this Association; and, as a member of\nthat Committee, I may say that we could not possibly have reported\notherwise than we did. I could not have read the record of this\nlast year, and have seen its events as our honored Secretary has\npresented them, without feeling that the movement must be toward an\nincrease in every department.\n\nSir, you were entirely right in drawing your inspiration in part\nfrom the wonderful past. I, too, have recalled the years gone by,\nand they seem to say, as with one voice, that the time has come for\nthe yet greater effort. My brethren, what a history sweeps back\nfrom this thirty-fourth anniversary, to the day when, in this same\nCommonwealth, the Amistad captives were bravely released, and an\nadditional impulse was given to the anti-slavery sentiment of the\nparticipants! At that hour, the men who afterwards founded this\nAssociation, looked out on a tumultuous sea of discouragements.\nThemselves only a handful; the press absolutely unfriendly; the\nmarket-place contemptuous; the State frowning; the Church in\ngeneral incredulous and silent; scarcely anything anywhere that\ndid not wear a hostile front. And then, at last, one missionary\ncommissioned and one teacher sent out; one paper persuaded into\npartial support; a few dollars given into the treasury; and a few\nsteadfast souls pledging themselves to maintain the cause. But,\nto-day, what a different record! A great, honored organization,\nwith an annual income approaching the fifth of a million;\nthree hundred and thirty ministers, missionaries and teachers;\nseventy-six mission, and yet, for the most part, self-sustaining\nchurches; more than five thousand intelligent church members, and\nnearly ten thousand pupils in the Sunday-schools; seventy-one\ncommon schools, normal schools, colleges and theological\nseminaries, with more than ten thousand eager and advancing\nstudents. An organization that takes effective hold on four\nmillions of Freedmen, and then enlarges its bounds to take in the\nresident and emigrant Chinese, and the tribes of original Indians.\nAn organization able to inspire the churches with missionary zeal,\nand making even our national Government respect its requests and\nits advice.\n\nWhat a review is that, and almost within the space of a single\ngeneration. The success that has already been accomplished is\nreason why, at the very outset, we may call you to a hopeful and an\nenlarged interest in this work; for history is telling us to-day,\nif she tells us anything, that it is not a hopeless thing to\nattempt to provide efficiently for all the despised of our land.\nAnd, let me say, I should not hesitate to make that hopeful appeal,\nif there were no such glowing record to present. I would not change\nthe tone of it, though the years rolled back, and you and I stood\nto-day where those men stood thirty and four years ago; for Christ\nhas said, \u201cThou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself,\u201d and has said\ndistinctly that our neighbors are pre-eminently those who have\nfallen among thieves and are lying wounded by the way. That simple\ncommand is enough to assure us that our labor shall not be in vain.\nYou and I know whom we have believed, and we know that whatever He\ncommands is commanded in infinite wisdom and infinite love. We know\nthat what He says we are to do, it is possible to do, and that in\nsome way it shall be done. The stars in their courses, and earth,\nand hell, may fight against Christ, but sooner or later He is to\nreign.\n\nTherefore, when the Master calls us, his requirement is enough to\nwarrant us in our advance. On that simple requirement, backed by,\nand reflected in, the impulse of every regenerate soul, you may\nground your missionary motive. That is the corner-stone on which,\nwith abiding cheer and infinite courage, the missionary, and every\nfriend of missions, may build forever. Therefore, while we have\nthis firm foundation, and all the more that we have it, it is for\nus to note the actual progress that has been made. While we recur\nto these absolute considerations, let us not, through any attempt\nat unnecessary heroism, forget the fulfillment that has already\nbeen vouchsafed to the promise and to the command of Christ.\n\nAnd now that I am speaking of motives, let me say that I cannot\nconceal my feeling that, with special and peculiarly appealing\nconsiderations, God is binding upon us the work for the so-called\nalien races of this country. Let me illustrate. Here, for\nexample, are four millions of _Freedmen_\u2014strange designation for\nthe inhabitants of a Republic that has already celebrated its\ncentennial! Suppose that a stranger to our history should ask us\nthe meaning of it, what must be our confession? Why this, and\nnothing else: that the ancestors of those Freedmen, by fraud, and\nviolence were wrested from their distant and native land; that\nfor two centuries they were held in sheer and open bondage; that\nthey were denied the commonest rights of humanity; bought and\nsold like beasts of the field; debarred from the privileges of\neducation and true Christian instruction; that, while their toil\nwent to build the colleges and schools and churches of the dominant\nrace, they were left without any reward but the desolation of\ntheir bondage; that, when they piteously plead, their appeal was\nmet with derision; that, when they respectfully protested, the\nprotest was crushed back with blows and curses; that when they\nventured to resist, the resistance was answered unto death, with\nlashes and bullets and the fangs of pursuing hounds; that manhood\nwas deliberately degraded among them; womanhood was well-nigh\nobliterated; truthfulness was made dangerous for them, and chastity\nabsolutely impossible; and then at last, that to keep them in such\na bondage, the whole power of the National Government was pledged\nand put forth; that, by Constitution interpreted and special laws\nenacted, by military might and civic decree, by private volition\nand public compulsion, it came to pass that there was not one\nspot of safety for them in all the land over which floated the\nflag of their country; that, in their effort to escape from their\nbondage, not a single door might lawfully be opened to them, nor\nany hearth-stone give them shelter; but, taking the pole-star for\ntheir guide, they must flee from the Republic to the land of a king\nor queen.\n\nPardon me that I have opened the record. I confess it makes me\nsick at heart. With you I wish it had never been enacted; with you\nI wish it might be buried to-day in the deepest depths of oblivion.\nBut I tell you, when we stand, as we do practically to-day, in the\nface of those men, and in the face of God who made us and them\nof one image and of one blood, we have no right to forget that\nguilty past. It is one of the mighty motives that are still to be\ninvoked in their behalf. Like the blood of Abel, it cries to us\nfor atonement. It says to us to-day, \u201cIn your nation, aided and\nabetted by you or your fathers, under your flag, that wrong was\ninflicted; and until that wrong is thoroughly righted, neither the\nremembrance nor the cry can be allowed to pass.\u201d It says that you\nowe them every reparation in your power; that they have a valid\nlien on every dollar of your property, and on every possible degree\nof your culture. It is not enough that you have made them free\u2014to\nhave denied that would have been to perpetuate the wrong itself.\nIt is not enough that you have given them the franchise\u2014that in\nitself were a barren gift. Give them the rather that manhood that\nwas their birth-right withheld. Lift them up, if you can, into\ntruthfulness and purity, intelligence and industry; make them free\nwith the freedom of the Gospel of Christ, and then that past may be\nforgotten.\n\nAnd brethren, I make an appeal of that same sort to-day for the\nIndian and the Chinese;\u2014the Indian, abused, deceived, made a fool\nof; a nominally Christian civilization degrading him beyond even\nhis original degradation. And the Chinese, in that part of the land\nwhere they have chosen to dwell, despised, defrauded, spit upon.\nMy claim is that whatever appeal you propose to disregard, it is\nnot becoming for you to turn a deaf ear to those whom you have so\nfoully wronged.\n\nMoreover,\u2014and I beg you to ponder this also,\u2014you owe a debt of\ngratitude, in the case of the Freedmen at least,\u2014with whom this\nAssociation is chiefly concerned,\u2014that has not yet been discharged.\nAnd now, is it imagined that I am speaking of something far-fetched\nand fanciful? Does any body suppose that I am about to summon you\nby a visionary and distant appeal? Or, if anyone guess wherein\nit is claimed that that debt consists, is it supposed that time\nhas made that claim no longer valid? Some may so reflect; I\ncannot share the feeling, for I cannot so easily forget the days\nand the months when the scales of our national destiny hung in\nequipoise, or seemed to vibrate towards the nation\u2019s overthrow. It\nseems incredible, I know, but such was the fact. We had put forth\nwhat appeared to us well-nigh the last resource for the national\ndefense; on every side the prospect was dark; it seemed sometimes\nas if we should be driven to question whether we were not doomed\nto overthrow\u2014the heavens black above us, the billows rolling, and\nthe very earth beneath our feet trembling and being moved. For the\nenemy smote us in the field and the traitor betrayed us at home.\nAnd you remember with what unspeakable thankfulness we then saw\nthose who had suffered so much at the nation\u2019s hands coming to our\nrescue, forgetting their personal wrongs, and fighting for the flag\nthat had hitherto been to them an object of dread. You remember\nwith what eagerness we offered them at last their freedom, lest\nthe enemy should offer it to them before us. Why, what were we\nnot willing to pledge, and to do, for the Freedmen in those days?\nWe felt that they were helping us to save this Republic, and that\nthe balance of power was in their hands; and did we mistake? Does\nhistory say that in the excitement we misread the facts? No, the\nafter events proved the correctness of our thought; and it stands\nwritten in simple, imperishable lines to-day, that among the\nsaviors of the country, there were none more deserving than those\nof darker skin, who forgot their wrongs and stood in the breach for\nyou and me.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nAnd so it comes to pass that, not only in obedience to the command\nof Christ but by _the threefold consideration_ of _repairing a\nwrong_, and _paying a debt_, and _averting a danger_, we are\ncalled to the continuance and the enlargement of the work of this\nAssociation.\n\nI have suggested two lines of action, parallel and coincident; the\none educational, and the other strictly religious. I want to say\nto you now, that the inspiration for those movements must come\nin large measure from the Christian North; for, if you ask the\nSouth to be wholly responsible for her own improvement, then you\nask reformation to precede itself, and a disordered and perverse\nsentiment to be its own awakener and its own corrective. Should\nyou suppose that a nation of Freedmen, after two centuries of\nbondage, would have the sufficient desire for improvement, not to\nsay the means adequate for its accomplishment? I deem it to be\nperfectly clear that this Association is right in thinking that one\ngreat part of its work is in laying the foundations, and affording\nthe facilities, for increased instruction among the Freedmen.\nIt is undoubted good sense, I take it, to establish here and\nthere a common school, and here and there a normal school, and a\nmoderate number of colleges, to the end that in them, during this\nformative period of the Freedman\u2019s life, you may train his future\nteachers,\u2014not attempting to make the way of mental improvement\nover-easy; not attempting any pampering plan of encouragement;\nbut simply affording opportunity to those who will struggle and\npractice self-denial. God bless the institutions at Hampton, and\nCarlisle, and Berea, and Nashville, and Atlanta, and Talladega,\nand New Orleans, and Tougaloo, and that institution that has the\ngood fortune, sir, to have you for its presiding officer (Howard\nUniversity). For, do you know it? the former students of those very\ninstitutions are to-day teaching one hundred thousand of their own\ncountrymen.\n\nAnd then the religious work, the saving of souls\u2014what a call for\nenlargement in that work! for that underlies even the educational\nwork. Every teacher I know is an ardent and an earnest worker for\nChrist, and all your attempt is to make the way to education,\nthe way to the cross of Christ; but, besides that, there is the\npreaching of the Gospel, and the gathering of churches, and the\nopening of Sunday-schools. I used to wonder why you asked us to\npreach to the Freedmen. Were they not already religious? Were they\nnot gathered in churches? But I came to know the terrible fact\nthat religion among the Freedmen, was not the religion of the\nunderstanding mind and the consecrated heart, but, rather, in the\nolden time, of uninstructed impulse and uncontrollable passion; and\nto-day the prevailing testimony concerning those old-time churches\nis, that in them religion is not founded on a regenerate, or even a\nmoral, life.\n\nWhat a task then, to lift up those millions\u2014more difficult, I\nsometimes think, than the conversion of the original heathen! And\nyet it must be done\u2014done for the sake of the souls who else will\nperish in their sins; done for the sake of this country that we\nlove; done, first and last and always, by thoroughly Christian\ninstrumentalities; and yet done under motives that take hold on the\nconcerns of our national welfare. Therefore, my friends, count all\nthe past progress in this direction only the signal and the token\nof your future success and triumph. If to-day the doors are opened\nwide, let us, in the Master\u2019s name, go up and possess this land for\nHim, and for the future of our united and Christian Republic.\n\nSo much for this land. And what shall I say of Africa, that dark\ncontinent beyond the seas? I think of Africa, and the longing burns\nin my soul, that out of the uplifted negroes there may speedily be\ntrained those who shall carry Divine light into the very depths\nof her darkness. Is not Africa actually reaching out her hands to\nthis Association, and to us who have in our care so many of her\nchildren? You say, \u2018the last to be enlightened.\u2019 I grant it; but,\nI assure you, God has a great future for that continent. Who shall\nsay that there, there will not yet be developed a civilization\nand a manifestation of Christianity, the most bountiful, the most\nbeautiful, of them all?\n\nAh, my friends, the cry comes to us not merely from Africa! This\ncall for enlargement is wider still; it is from the four quarters\nof the globe. For the work is all one; and you will find, if you\nthink of it, that the solidarity of the race, the oneness of the\nkingdom of Christ, is in the appeal that is made through this\nAssociation. The considerations of an illimitable future join with\nthose of the present. The new heavens and the new earth await our\npreparation for their advent. Christ, in His kingly glory, is\nsummoning us to the conflict and the conquest. Let us advance in\nHis name. With unlimited devotion let us give, let us pray, let us\nwork. For once hath God spoken, yea, twice have I heard it, to God\nbelongs the power, even as to Him shall be the glory forever.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nSACRIFICIAL LIVING AND GIVING.\n\nREV. AUGUSTUS F. BEARD, D.D., SYRACUSE, N. Y.\n\nThe kingdom of Heaven, in its ways, has many similitudes in the\nkingdom of nature. The law of the universe is, the giving of the\nlower for the sake of the higher. The worlds are built on the\nprinciple of sacrifice. At the bottom of the scale, we have, for\nexample, lifeless matter. But this is put under contribution to\nforce, and simple matter is organized into systems. And this giving\ncomes under a law; we call it gravitation. Then this in turn comes\nunder contribution to what is called a law of chemical affinity,\nand matter is diversified, and enters into many combinations\nin advance of what was. The forces, of which light and heat,\nelectricity and magnetism, are different forms, also expend\nthemselves. Then there is a step up by the contribution of what\nwas, to this end, and we have the first organic process, vegetable\nlife and its forces. The soil under these influences gives\nvegetable life, giving up a part of itself for a higher end. The\nvegetable, in turn, gives itself for the animal, and the human soul\nfinds these all in sacrificial contribution to itself, every one\ngiving for that which is higher, to lead up to the highest. Nature\nis packed through and through with illustrations of this. Thus\nthe worlds are built upon this law. By the law of sacrifice, the\nlower rises into that which is higher. So Christ taught us it is,\nand is to be, in the realm of the soul. He taught us by word, by\ndeed, by example, that sacrifice is not only the highest, the most\nsatisfying, the most exhaustive expression of love, but is God\u2019s\nway for man to reach up to God. It was the climax of this law that\nfound expression in the gift of Christ, and we but follow God\u2019s\nlaw in Christ\u2019s way, when we are ready to sacrifice lower good for\nhigher good, to bring into contribution lesser things for greater\nthings. And life rises to its highest when it is sacrificial in its\nself-abnegations; in its renunciations, when souls are uplifted\ninto heroic sufferings and self denials. In wives for husbands, in\nhusbands for wives, in parents for children, in patriotic soldiers,\nin Christian philanthropists. Men who incarnate their love in\nsacrifice rise by their giving. They reach to nobleness upon the\n\u201cstepping-stone of their dead selves.\u201d They put off earthiness and\nput on heavenliness. It is God\u2019s law from lowest to highest. That\nwhich thou sowest is not quickened except it _die_. To give is to\nlive.\n\nSo we come to the Christian\u2019s highest doctrine. It is that of the\ncross. We sing \u201cIn the cross of Christ we glory.\u201d We accept it as\nthe chief doctrine of our religion. We see the grandest exhibition\nof it when Christ gave himself for the sake of a greater good than\ncould be if he did not give himself; and we teach that it is the\npersonal reception of this which is _the_ mark of one who has a\nright to wear the name of Christ. To this doctrine the churches\nhold. Christians subscribe to it. We stoutly contend for it.\n\nBut now for our interpretations of this doctrine. When the\nexigencies of the world and the demands of a spreading Gospel\ncall for willing hearts, to what degree do we find the principle\nin cordial and worthy practice? How many are the reasons for self\nindulgence! How ready to hide out of sight the great central\ndoctrine when appeals come for its practical application! How\narrangements are made in churches to cajole out of Christians\nwhat they will not give on principle! Who does not know many a\nchurch that squeezes out its charities,\u2014if not a good part of\nits miserable support,\u2014by fairs and festivals, by some wretched\nsubterfuge in which one shall seem to get value received and make\nno sacrifice, to replenish its exchequer by tricks which appeal\nto no Christian principle. And how often churches come before the\nworld, which they should be dying to save, as objects themselves of\nthe world\u2019s charities, dying to be saved. That which is ordained to\nbe a dispenser of Christ-like benevolence and to develop the spirit\nof sacrifice, cannot rise into anything higher if it ignores the\n_only law by which it can rise_. The call for enlargement is the\ncall for sacrifice. It is a call that religion shall not alone be a\ntheory to be preached, but a life to be manifested.\n\n* * * * * The call for enlargement of Christian work from every\nportion of the world, is a call to _all_. There appears to be\nno great lack of Christian men and women to go anywhere, to do\nanything for Christ. But how shall they go except they be sent? And\nhere comes with emphatic intensiveness the appeal of Providence\n(and I hope with it may be heard the appeal of the Holy Spirit),\nthat those who are engaged in other departments of life shall not\nforget _their_ service. Let me say it plainly, what is needed\nnow more than men, is _money_, the consecration of property, the\nsacrificial life in men who accumulate property. I do not think\nthat there is a more universally unpopular theme to discourse about\nthan money. If we preach about the giving of men, the church weeps\nand prays, and says \u201cAmen.\u201d But when we preach about the giving\nof money, how many meet this at least with a mental shrug, and do\nnot love to have the Lord\u2019s days made common and unclean with the\nmoney question? That which they have been seeking for all the week\nshould not be dragged in too often on the day set apart for _rest_.\nBut if we pause a moment, we shall remember how full the Bible is\nof directions about giving, and how much of the Lord\u2019s teaching\nhad reference to a right use of money. The unprofitable servant\n\u201cdug in the earth and hid his Lord\u2019s money.\u201d Ruskin, I think,\nsomewhere says that we, in the spiritual application of this, say\nthat, of course, this doesn\u2019t mean _money_. It means wit, it means\nintellect, it means influence in high quarters, it means everything\nin the world except itself. And a very pleasant come-off there is\nfor the most of us in this spiritual application. Of course, if we\nhad wit, we would use it for the benefit of our fellow creatures.\nBut we haven\u2019t wit. If we had influence, we would use _that_. But\nwe are without political power. It is true we have a little money;\nbut the parable can\u2019t possibly mean anything so vulgar as money.\n\nAnd yet it does mean what it says, plain money, good, hard, honest\nmoney. We are not to \u201chide the Lord\u2019s money.\u201d So also the parable\nof the talents means money, and we are to accept the meaning on its\nown terms, and not to dodge away under a metaphor.\n\nIf one man is richer than others, he has more \u201ctalents\u201d to\naccount for; and to use another\u2019s words, \u201cwhat he has acquired\nis the measure of what he owes.\u201d Why is one man richer than\nanother; that he may higher arch his own gates, pave better his\nown threshold, enrich more gorgeously his own chambers with all\nmanner of costliness? No doubt, as a steward he may rejoice in his\nstewardship, but do we remember in just what catalogue inspiration\nplaces covetousness? Has any Christian a right to live for self, to\ncling to riches for self-aggrandizement, to consume riches upon his\nown lusts or set at naught the infinite urgency _of the world\u2019s_\nwants? No, friends. There is a kind of justice in a certain\nthought of communism. God\u2019s law of life is a law of service. No\nman has a right under Christ\u2019s law of life to heap up riches in\norder to lord it over men, only to serve them. Ye have heard, said\nChrist, how, among the Gentiles, they that will be great exercise\nauthority; they use their strength to exact from others, but it\nshall not be so among you. He that will be great among you, let him\nserve others, and be ye ministers even as Christ came not to be\nministered unto, but to minister. And no one has a right to hoard\nfor self-aggrandizement, or to use wealth to exact from others,\nand communism with all its wrongs has a truth here, but when those\nwho have, use to bless those who have not, then that is the way\nof Christ. When causes like this before us call for enlargement,\nthere is money enough which should be in the Lord\u2019s treasury. It is\nthere. It is the Lord\u2019s. He gave the quickness of apprehension, the\nclearness of judgment, the strength of will which secures it.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nWORKING OUT THE EQUATION.\n\nDISTRICT SECRETARY POWELL.\n\nIt is the dictate of economy that we push the Southern work of\nthis Association. It is cheaper to fight ignorance and crime with\nChristian education, than to fight their certain outcome with\nmilitary and police force. It is vastly cheaper to settle the\nbills for the services of the Christian teacher now, than to meet\nthe settlement of accumulated wrongs in the outbreak of a war or\nrebellion by and by. And this is a kind of settlement that must\nbe met. There is in the universe a law of recompense; God in the\ngovernment of the world is always working out equations. He may\nrequire centuries to bring about the result; if so, he takes them.\nMen are not far-sighted enough to see the outcome. The wicked grow\nbold and defiant and boastful because of punishment delayed, while\nthe righteous for the same reason are led to cry out, \u201cHow long, oh\nLord! how long shall wickedness be allowed to go unrebuked?\u201d but\nall the while the law of recompense is filling out the equation.\nThe eye for an eye and tooth for a tooth principle is rolling up\nthe answer. Only give it time, and right shall have triumphant,\nthough it may be terrible, vindication. In the case of individuals,\nthe working of this law is not so evident, because retribution\nfollows them beyond the grave, but in the case of nations, since\nthey have no other life than in this world, settlement must take\nplace here; and it never fails. The sins of the fathers are visited\nupon the children even to the third and fourth generations, and\nthere is no escaping the visitations.\n\nI might appeal to the history of nations, the record of whose\ncareer has been completed, in illustration of this, but a pertinent\nillustration can be found nearer home, even in our own country.\nThis nation cherished and protected by law the institution\nof slavery. With an open Bible in the land, with Protestant\nChristianity in the ascendancy, with the light of a free Gospel\nshining upon all questions of morals, with the sentiment of\nenlightened Christendom smiting heavily the iniquity of the sin;\nnay, with a constitution for its government, a preamble which\ndeclared that all men were created free and equal; right in the\nface of all this, and despite all this, the giant iniquity and\nmonstrous contradiction was fostered and protected by the law of\nthe land. But the equation was working out. The day of reckoning at\nlength came, and, in the settlement, justice exacted full payment.\n\nIn his second inaugural address, President Lincoln expressed the\nsentiment, that, if it were God\u2019s will for the war to continue\n\u201ctill the wealth piled up by two hundred and fifty years of\nunrequited toil of the bondmen be sunk, and every drop of blood\ndrawn by the lash be repaid by another drawn by the sword, as it\nwas said three thousand years ago, so must it still be said, \u2018The\njudgments of the Lord are true and righteous altogether.\u2019\u201d This\nsentiment was prophetic, and ere the war ended the prophecy had\nbeen more than realized by literal fulfillment. Just see how it\nwas fulfilled. Henry Clay once said that taking the slaves as they\nwere\u2014old and young, sick and disabled\u2014the average value was about\nfive hundred dollars per slave. The money value, at this estimate,\nof the four and a half million emancipated, would be two billion,\ntwo hundred and fifty million dollars. This amount, at ten per\ncent. interest for thirty years, or one generation, would yield,\nas value created by slave labor, six billion seven hundred and\nfifty million dollars, which amount, added to the market value of\nthe slaves, makes the enormous sum of nine billion dollars, as\nrepresenting the wealth \u201cpiled up by the unrequited toil of the\nbondmen,\u201d and held by the oppressors in utter defiance of justice\nand right.\n\nNine billion dollars! Can it be that amount was sunk in the war?\nThe answer is yes, and at least six hundred and fifty million\ndollars more! I take the figures from a responsible source, and\nthey are these: To put down the rebellion it cost the North four\nbillion seven hundred million dollars. To sustain the rebellion it\ncost the South two billion seven hundred million dollars; add now\nto this the market value of the slaves emancipated, two billion two\nhundred and fifty million dollars, and we have, as the total, nine\nbillion six hundred and fifty million dollars, which this nation\nspent in order to rid itself of the curse of slavery. That was the\nequation in dollars. As to the equation in blood, justice was even\nmore severe in the exaction. Every drop of blood drawn by the lash,\nit is no exaggeration to say, exacted for its canceling, not a drop\nmerely, but a stream. A million graves moistened by the blood of\nthose who fell on the field of battle, to say nothing of the blood\nthat ran from the bodies of the wounded millions who survived, gave\nfearful emphasis to the divine equation. The wealth piled up by the\nbondmen\u2019s unrequited toil was sunk, and much more in addition; the\nblood drawn by the lash was more than canceled by the blood drawn\nby the sword, and still, even in the presence of these awful facts,\nwe are compelled to say, \u201cThe judgments of the Lord are true and\nrighteous altogether.\u201d\n\nIt would have been vastly cheaper, we can now see, for this nation\nto have paid every dollar of the money valuation of the slaves,\nand set them free before the war; it would have been better still\nhad the iniquity been stamped out at the very formation of the\nGovernment, and this because right demanded it. But unfortunately,\nthe standard of our national legislation has been expediency, not\nright, and under this cover slavery unwisely admitted within the\ndefenses of our constitution, has proved to be the Trojan horse\nwhence has issued so large a part of our national woes. And now,\nshall we heed the lesson this dearly bought experience teaches?\nThe negro problem is by no means yet solved. There are questions\npertaining to his social and political rights not yet answered.\nLet this nation try to answer them on any other ground than a full\nrecognition of the negro\u2019s rights as a man, and it will again come\ninto controversy with Jehovah, and again be called sooner or later\nto pay the penalty of disobedience, dollar for dollar, blood for\nblood, over and over and over again. It pays for the nation to\ndo right every time, and it does not pay for it to do anything\nelse. Having made these people free, justice and self-interest say\n\u201ceducate them,\u201d and it will prove as a matter of mere economy, far\ncheaper to do this now than to meet the bills that by and by must\nbe paid in blood and money when God shall take the matter in hand\nto fill out the equation.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\nTHE FREEDMEN.\n\nREV. JOS. E. ROY, D.D.,\n\nFIELD SUPERINTENDENT, ATLANTA, GA.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nREPORT OF COMMITTEE ON EDUCATIONAL WORK.\n\n* * * * We note with pleasure the growing interest in our schools,\nand approval of them, by the best people of the South and the\npublic men of the North; the recent erection of a fine building\nfor Tillotson Institute, at Austin, Texas; the munificent gift of\n$150,000 by Mrs. Valeria G. Stone, to be expended in putting up\nadditional buildings, greatly needed for institutions which have\noutgrown their present accommodations; the recent acceptance by\nChristian workers of high standing and rare fitness, of positions\nin our Southern field; the successful development of industrial\nmethods in many of our best schools, notably at Hampton, Tougaloo,\nand Memphis; the influence of our institutions on the colored\npeople, as seen in their interest in education, their willingness\nto endure self-denial as teachers, their hopeful, dispassionate\nand sensible utterances on their prospects and duties, and their\ncourageous self-support; and once again, and most of all, do we\nnote rejoicingly the prevailing religious sentiment that fills our\nschools and the colored communities which they reach, with its\ndeep, quiet, but melodious undertone. Surely there is reason, in\nall these considerations, for profound thankfulness to God.\n\nWe are impressed with the call in the Secretary\u2019s Annual Report for\nenlargement. With the added facilities now providentially given and\nsoon to be enjoyed, in the shape of new buildings at Austin, New\nOrleans, Nashville, Tougaloo, and Atlanta, there is a necessity for\nlarger contributions for the education of the increased numbers\nto be accommodated. Similar facilities are loudly called for by\nthe growth of schools at other points, and the Report suggests\nthe need of new schools in Kansas and Arkansas. We cannot forget\nthat the second grade of education will not be complete till these\ninstitutions are properly endowed, and the students, coming out of\npoverty-stricken homes, receive annually, either from scholarships\nor personal gifts, the small sums necessary to supplement their own\nearnings, and so to make their education possible.\n\nEspecially do we recognize the need at this juncture, of more\nefficient theological training. Our church work cannot prosper\nunless educated colored men are raised up to act as missionaries\nand pastors. The theological training now given, is, from the want\nof proper facilities,\u2014with the exception, perhaps, of the work at\nHoward University, where the Presbyterians share in the support of\nthe department,\u2014of the most meagre and unsatisfactory character. We\ngreatly wish that some large-hearted Christian givers might find it\ntheir privilege suitably to endow the theological schools already\nexisting, that they might become, in all respects, for the colored\nstudents of the South, what Andover, Chicago and other similar\nschools are for the white students of the North.\n\nRespectfully submitted by your Committee.\n\n                                     ADDISON P. FOSTER, _Chairman_.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nCHRISTIAN EDUCATION.\n\nREV. ADDISON P. FOSTER, JERSEY CITY, N. J.\n\nWe have all noticed that of late public attention has been much\ndrawn to the need of universal education in this land as a means of\nnational safety. That book to which reference has been made several\ntimes in this meeting, and which every thoughtful man must read if\nhe would inform himself in regard to the trend of popular thought\nto-day, \u201cA Fool\u2019s Errand,\u201d by Judge Tourgee, concludes with an\nargument for the need of national education in these words:\n\n\u201cThe remedy for darkness is light; for ignorance, knowledge; for\nwrong, righteousness. * * * Make the spelling-book the sceptre of\nnational power. Let the nation educate the colored man and the\npoor white man, because the nation held them in bondage and is\nresponsible for their education. Educate the voter because the\nnation cannot afford that he should be ignorant. * * * Honest\nignorance in the masses is more to be dreaded than malevolent\nintelligence in the few.\u201d\n\nTo the same effect are the words of our honored President Hayes, in\nhis speech at Canton, Ohio, on the 1st of September last: \u201cIgnorant\nvoters are powder and balls for the demagogues. In the present\ncondition of our country, universal education requires the aid of\nthe General Government.\u201d * * * * * *\n\nEducation, then, is called for. But the danger that specially\nattacks us is in the South. * * * There is more than twenty per\ncent. of illiteracy all through the Southern portion of our land.\n* * * But this illiteracy is largest, unquestionably, among those\nwho are black. It has been stated that in one of our Southern\nStates ninety per cent. of the colored people are illiterate; in\nanother, ninety-one per cent.; in another, ninety-three per cent.;\nin another, ninety-five per cent.; and in Mississippi and Texas\nninety-six per cent. Eighty-eight per cent. of the entire colored\npeople in the South are illiterate\u2014or were in 1870; undoubtedly it\nhas changed somewhat since.\n\nWe are to labor, then, in our desire to secure popular education,\nespecially among the blacks, and through the blacks we are to reach\nthe whites. * * * But, as we educate the blacks, we ask ourselves,\nWhat sort of education shall it be? And I would say, it must be a\nChristian education. It can be nothing else if it is to accomplish\nits work. Public men, speaking on political subjects, refer only\nto a secular education. It is well that they should enforce that\nand insist upon it; but were we to content ourselves with secular\neducation alone, we should make the most grievous mistake of the\ncentury. It is impossible to rely upon secular education for the\nsaving of the nation; we must make it a Christian education as well.\n\nLook at the influences of a merely secular education as seen in\nbiography and history. What has the highest secular education done\nfor men? It has made them simply one-sided, imperfect specimens\nof manhood, deformed and dwarfed in some of those most essential\ncharacteristics that give a man influence here, and happiness\nhereafter. A man like Hume could defend suicide. Highly-trained\nintellects like those of Voltaire and Rousseau could advocate\nlicentiousness, both by word and by life. Men and women like J.\nS. Mill, George H. Lewes, George Eliot, and that gifted but vile\nwoman, Sara Bernhardt, have traduced the idea of marriage, and\nput a stigma upon the purest relationship that God has given to\nearth. Education, mere intellectual training, has done nothing\nfor the morals of these people. There was a prisoner executed\na few years since in the State of New York, whose great grief\nbefore his execution for the terrible crime of murder, was that he\ncould not live long enough to complete a very learned work which\nhe was preparing on some science. And even the honored State of\nMassachusetts has on its criminal record the name of a professor in\none of its highest institutions of learning who committed murder in\na moment of passion.\n\nLook at history, if you will, and is not the record the same? Take\nsuch nations as Greece, for example,\u2014that wonderful land that\nreached the highest perfection in culture, in history, in song and\nin eloquence. Yet that land was sunk in the depths of impurity,\nand some of the crimes that were prevalent in those days I would\nnot dare to mention in your presence. Take Rome,\u2014that wonderful\ncity, that ennobled the idea of law, that produced such marvelous\nintellects in the Augustan age. Yet in the very triumph of its\nintellect, as the capstone of intellectual pride went on to that\nmagnificent temple of literature, the foundations of national\nvirtue were rotten to the core and began to tremble, and presently\nthe whole structure fell in ruins.\n\nI tell you, my friends, there is no safety in mere secular\neducation; it must be Christian as well. We need to put education\ninto the control of principle; otherwise our education may simply\ngive us a certain evil power over other men, and eventually bring\nruin upon us. We need to put principle in control in order that\nwhatever we may know shall be turned in the direction of purity, of\nuprightness and of helpfulness to our fellow-men. And so here, if\nwe are to have an education for the blacks, or an education for the\nland, we must not content ourselves with what has been called for\nby these public men.\n\nI say, then, that just here the work of this Association comes\nin. However much may be done by others, however much a secular\neducation may attempt to accomplish, it can never cover the ground\nthat is absolutely necessary. We have a secular education in the\nNorth, and it is doing much, but it has never done a religious\nwork; nor will it ever do such in the future. We cannot expect\nthat it should; and we feel a peculiar sensitiveness in this\nmatter,\u2014perhaps a sensitiveness that is not too great. We cannot\ntrust the State to educate our young religiously. I, for one,\nconfess a profound distrust of all State universities. I too often\nhave seen those universities, in their attempt to be non-sectarian,\nministering to the interests of that intensest of sectaries\u2014the\ninfidel. I will go even further than this, although I may carry but\nfew of you with me in this conviction. I fear the methods of higher\neducation in our high schools are not always what they should be.\nI have too often seen those who were the disciples of Huxley and\nTyndall in science, and of Spencer and of Taine in sociology,\nliterature and history, teaching their pupils doctrines that were\ninsidious in their religious influence. I should be glad for one to\nsee a return to the old-time academy system of New England, under\nwhich students who valued education enough to pay for it, were\ntaught all branches of a higher learning on a Christian foundation,\nand trained first of all and most of all in character building.\n\nBut whatever you may say in regard to this matter, I am sure that\nI shall carry you with me in this conviction, that in the South,\nin our labor among the blacks, our institutions must be of this\ncharacter and can be of no other. We must have institutions that\nshall furnish Christian homes. Those who come to our institutions,\ncome from places where they have no such Christian training as\nhave most of those who are in public schools in this more favored\nportion of the land; and those in the South, if they are to have\na Christian training at all, must have it in schools that are\nunder the management of Christian men, in chartered and endowed\ninstitutions, cared for by Christian boards of trustees. It is this\nAssociation that is doing precisely this kind of work; and this\nAssociation and others like it will, I firmly believe, be called on\nby God for years to come to labor with the same devotedness as they\nhave in the past for the salvation of the land.\n\nMy friends, our land is in danger. I am profoundly moved with an\nanxiety for a land which should be dearer to us than life. It has\nseemed to me, as I have looked over this broad extent of country,\nthat there were flames of fraud and violence springing up here and\nthere, that were working disaster to our republic, and that would\nin time\u2014if we may judge by the history of other republics that have\nbeen similarly controlled by evil influences, as France in the last\ncentury and Spain in this, and Greece and Rome in the centuries\ngone by\u2014bring this our beloved land to wreck and ruin. And yet\nwe have a God above, and He has given us methods of fighting the\nflames.\n\nThis summer the woods of New Jersey were all ablaze, and the\nfarmers went out into the forests to fight the fire that they might\nsave their homes and their property from desolation; and the method\nthey pursued was this: to build against those fires a back fire\nthat should rage more furiously and destroy the other flame as it\nadvanced. It is your business and mine to\n\n    \u201cTake up the torch of truth\n    And wave it wide,\u201d\n\nto take up this blessed Gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ and carry\nit all through the South, and touch points here and there until at\nlength we have the fires blazing all over the land, and ignorance\nis dispersed in the light of the Gospel. Already, in almost\nevery Southern State, these fires are lighted and the work goes\ngloriously on. Let us not lose heart, but thank God that He has\ngiven us the privilege of joining in this grand work.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nA SAMPLE STATE.\n\nPRES. H. S. DE FOREST, TALLADEGA, ALA.\n\nOur Southern States are so much alike, our work, its difficulties,\nits successes, its necessities are so similar, that a view of one\npart of the Southern Field will stand for all. Burke\u2019s study motto,\n\u201cFrom one learn all,\u201d I think is applicable to the question before\nus. If, therefore, for the few minutes I am before you, I shall\nspeak of one State only, and of the work of the Association in that\nState, it is not because it is more important than in neighboring\nStates, nor because the work is more hopeful, but because for a few\nmonths I have been learning something there of our need and of our\nopportunities.\n\nOn that map, you see Georgia facing east to the sunrise, and\nnorthward toward New England. Behind Georgia, with its back close\nto Mississippi, where flows the Yazoo river, is the State of\nAlabama, in which about half of the population is colored. Ten\nyears ago there were 475,510 colored men there, when our entire\npopulation was not quite one million. If we now look at the field,\nits condition is, perhaps, what you might expect. Bear in mind that\nthere were no free schools there until after the reconstruction;\nthat our New England ideas are exotics and grow there with\ndifficulty; that twenty years ago, these colored men were all\nslaves and it was a crime to teach them; and you are prepared to\nbelieve such facts as these. Of our black population of nearly\n500,000 there are 168,000 of school age; and now you ask how many\nafter seventeen years of freedom are cared for. Recent statistics\nshow that of this number there were 54,000 enrolled as pupils and\n40,000 in actual attendance. You see a company of black youth on\nthe street, and there is about one in three of them on the road\nto school, and about one in four who will enter the school-house.\nSchool-houses with us are not as numerous as at the West. On\nthat grand and growing frontier, the white painted school-house\nanticipates the coming of the settler, and often the first building\nput up is a hall for learning. You may go through that dark\nState of Alabama, and travel far and wide, and not see a public\nschool-house. Alphabetically Alabama leads the van of the States.\nShe does not, however, in letters. The entire school year is about\neighty-two days, and the teachers are paid upon an average $22.65 a\nmonth. We have never come to the taxing of property for education.\nNothing but the poll tax of our State goes for our free schools,\nand the black man\u2019s head-tax goes for the colored schools, and the\nwhite man\u2019s head-tax for the white schools. You are prepared to\nbelieve, then, that our appropriation for each pupil is only $1.06.\nThat is about two cents a week per pupil.\n\nIt is evident, then, that education is at a low ebb in that dark\nState of Alabama; and such as we have, bear in mind, is the growth\nof the last twenty years. It is an infusion of Northern ideas and\nNorthern civilization; and these first friends of learning must\nbe its friends still. Just now I remember calling but a few weeks\nsince at an important point where two railroads cross each other,\nwhere iron and coal lie side by side, where different forms of\nindustry,\u2014blast furnaces and machine shops\u2014are going up, and it is\na place of great prospective importance that we ought at once to\noccupy. I called upon the county superintendent of education, a\nrebel colonel, I think six feet and more in height. He seemed to\nlook down upon me. I am sure he did when I announced myself from\nTalladega. He at once branded me with \u201cN.T.\u201d\u2014that means a Negro\nTeacher, with two g\u2019s in the word Negro. I asked him concerning the\neducation of the black man in that growing town. He said he knew\nvery little of it; he paid out ninety dollars of public money for\na teacher, but he knew nothing more. Said he, \u201cWe don\u2019t think much\nof nigger education here.\u201d It almost took my breath away. I said\nto him there might be others in the town who had different views\nof negro education, and asked him if there was not some friend of\nliberty with whom I might speak; and he replied, \u201cWe have not much\nof the nigger about us;\u201d and I went out. Now it is very evident, my\nfriends, that the work of education, so imperative, must be carried\nforward by Northern consecration still.\n\nWell, if you now turn from our intellectual need to our industrial\nwants, I can show you a State whose mines and hills are full of\ntreasure, where forest trees grow in rank luxuriance, where our\ncotton fields are sufficient to wrap half America in their folds.\nAnd yet our homes are mean and miserable, and dark and dirty, and\nthere is physical want and physical poverty and physical distress.\nYou tell me the black man is indolent. I say yes, but he is among\na lazy generation. You tell me the black man is thriftless, and\nI say yes, but he is among a shiftless race. It is true that the\nindustrial idea of those Southern States must be carried forward,\nand we must do it.\n\nBut the wants that I have referred to thus far are not our most\nserious need. We come to manhood, to morality, to Christian virtue,\nand there, brethren, we are just where you might suspect. Bear\nin mind, it is but a few years since slavery, the sum and the\nmother of villainies, was sustained by the law and defended by the\npulpit. The piety and the morality of the colored people have been\nstrangely divorced. As was said here yesterday, we are not opposed\nby skepticism. I grant it; we can subscribe to the whole catechism\nand take it in bodily, with one exception, and that exception is\nthe Ten Commandments.\n\nNow, \u201cfrom one,\u201d as Burke said, \u201clearn all.\u201d Let me tell you\ntwo or three facts that in my mind stand for a great deal.\nRecently a Doctor of Divinity, a foremost man in the Southern\nPresbyterian church, told me that near the city where he lives he\nhas a plantation where he often spends a few days at a time, and\npreaches. That minister, like others, wants his Aaron and Hur about\nhim. There is a church established there, and on his right hand was\na colored minister, and on the left a deacon. That minister had\nthree living wives. That deacon was a butcher, and lately there\nwere dug up out of his barnyard the skins of fifteen cattle that he\nhad stolen.\n\nThe facts concerning Southern churches are not well recognized, I\nsuspect, at the North. A recent letter from one of our most trusted\nyoung men, told me that where he was working this summer as a\nteacher there are two colored churches, and that a woman, excluded\nfrom one of them on the Lord\u2019s day because of her gross immorality,\nwas on the next Sabbath received into the other church without a\nletter; and this represents the type of Southern black piety.\n\nBrethren, I have come to believe that the seventy-three\nCongregational churches that you have planted there stand like\nlight-houses in the midst of surrounding darkness. And another fact\nmeans much to my mind. When the census agents were with us, and our\nyoung men were arranged in the parlor for convenience, the officers\nasked them their fathers\u2019 names. Some of the young men blushed as\nthey gave them, and others handed them in on bits of paper. Young\nmen of high character, students in our theological seminary, were\nborn out of wedlock. They blushed at the infamy, and their blushing\nwas because of Anglo-Saxon blood that was wickedly in their veins.\nI tell you, brethren, if you should reverse the course of the\nQueen of the South, and instead of going to the North you should\ngo to the South, you would say with her, though in a different\nsense, that the half had not been told. It is fair to believe,\nthen, that the Christian work of the South is most imperative, and\nI am glad to turn from the wants of the field to something of our\nundertakings. * * * * * *\n\nIs it strange, then, that those of us who are allowed once more\nto face the front, and go personally into the conflict hand to\nhand, are looking Northward for supplies? I can remember, when\nwe stood there in hours of need, how the Northern people did not\nwithhold munitions of war or what was necessary for our comfort.\nWe are engaged in the same warfare, and we need a large supply of\nmunitions.\n\nIt is not seven days since, at New Haven, under the elms that\nshade Yale College, I saw light-bearers in martial array passing\nthrough the streets, and, when the band struck up the music that I\nheard once on the tented field at the South, my heart grew large.\nWhen I saw the marshaling of soldiers as in battle array, I thought\nof what I had seen at Cold Harbor, at Drury\u2019s Bluff, at Richmond,\nand at Petersburg. They went on in the mimicry of war with mounted\nmen, and my heart was full. But soon came a noble battalion of\nblack men, side by side, step by step with their brethren, looking\nas grand as any of them, with their lighted torches going on\ntowards the front. I saw there a parable. There is Alabama and the\nSouth, there is the Dark Continent with a sixth of the population\nof the globe, 186,000,000 waiting for the Gospel. Now, then, shall\nwe fill those torches with oil and light them? We have men ready to\nbe trained to go there, and, believe me, they will not only bless\nAfrica, but do a large part in saving America.\n\nDo you remember, my friends, that the oldest monuments we have,\nthe most ancient coins that come down to us, represent the negro\nkneeling before his captor, with his hands clasped in petition, yet\nwearing shackles, and there kneeling in prayer to an enemy? That is\nthe old picture of Africa that has come down through the sun-burnt\nages. How is it to-day? Thank God, in our country the scene has\nchanged. The black man is not kneeling before his captor. He stands\nerect with us, and with us he stands close to the ballot box. Those\nshackles are broken\u2014do I say broken? No, they were cut asunder by\nthe red sword of war, but still they lie at his feet. Those hands\nare not clasped now, but open, and they are extended, not to his\ncaptor, but to his old-time friends and liberators, to Christian\nmen and women of the North. He holds in one hand a spelling-book\nand a Bible, and he stretches it out to us and says, \u201cCome and\nteach me.\u201d Brethren, it is blessed to hear that call. It is blessed\nto have a share in that work.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nREPORT OF COMMITTEE ON CHURCH WORK.\n\nThe Committee upon Church Work would emphasize the fact that\nthe religious work among the Freedmen is essentially that of\nreformation. The churches of this Association are the Reformed\nChurches of the South. Incidentally, they are Congregational. The\nreason which called them into existence, and which justifies their\nseparate organization, is the demand for a pure, intelligent,\nprogressive Christianity. The Association steadily refuses to\nmultiply churches, or to increase their membership, except as the\ntrue type of personal piety can be established and maintained.\nAnd, acting upon this principle, the growth of the church is made\nto depend upon the material which can be prepared for it; in other\nwords, the church is essentially the product of the school. There\nonly can the foundations be laid for an intelligent faith and a\npure morality.\n\nYour Committee desire to commend the patient adherence, not only of\nthe Association, but of the churches themselves, to this principle.\nThey would also acknowledge with gratitude the prosperous condition\nof the churches, as set forth in the more detailed reports\nsubmitted. With hardly an exception, they are provided with houses\nof worship, they are substantially free from debt, discipline has\nbeen thoroughly maintained, mission work has been earnestly carried\non, benevolence has been largely increased, the pulpit has been\nwell supplied, and in many cases there have been most gracious\nproofs of the special work of the Spirit of God.\n\nThe present number of churches is 73, an increase the last year of\n5, with a present membership of nearly 5,000, an increase of 635.\n\nThe question of greatest urgency connected with the department of\nChurch Work, is that of education for the ministry.\n\nThree of the schools have a theological department\u2014Fisk,\nTalladega, and Straight. There is also a theological department\nconnected with Howard University, partly under the care of the\nAssociation. But no one of these has any endowment. No permanent\nprovision whatever has been made for the instruction or support\nof those studying for the ministry. The work is carried on under\nevery possible disadvantage. Meanwhile, the demand for an educated\nministry is steadily and rapidly increasing. The work of education\nhas now reached the point where the ratio of increase will soon be\nenormous. Over 150,000 children have been under instruction the\npast year. The material for churches will soon be abundant. The\nonly question will be, can it be used?\n\nOther denominations, too, are looking largely to the schools of the\nAssociation for ministers. And England, in her missions for Africa,\nnaturally turns to the Freedmen of America for missionaries.\n\nYour Committee would call the attention of the churches to the\ngrowing prominence of the religious question at the South, and\nwould most earnestly advise the patrons of this Association to make\nfit provision and endowment for the permanent work of educating men\nfor the ministry.\n\n                                         WM. J. TUCKER, _Chairman_.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nOUR DISADVANTAGES AND ADVANTAGES.\n\nFIELD SUP\u2019T J. E. ROY, D.D.\n\nOur church work at the South has its disadvantages, its advantages,\nits obligations, its encouragements.\n\n\nI.\u2014ITS DISADVANTAGES.\n\n1. One is that our church system is entirely unknown among the\nFreedmen. It is a singular fact that they should know absolutely\nnothing of the churches which had led in the anti-slavery reform,\nand which, through this Association, are now, as is confessed on\nall hands, doing more for the lifting up of these lowly poor than\nany other. The occasion of this ignorance is at hand. The doctrine\nof equality in Christ\u2019s house, as based on his own words\u2014\u201cAll ye\nare brethren\u201d\u2014precluded the setting up of this order of church\nlife among a people, where master and slave should vote, side by\nside, upon all church business. I know that it will be said at once\nthat the Baptists, with their congregational polity, did prevail\nall over the South. But theirs was, after all, not a Christian\ndemocracy, but an aristocracy of the white members. All right of\nvoting was denied the colored. Even those two much-praised ancient\nCongregational churches at the South, the Circular in Charleston,\nand the Dorchester in Liberty County, Georgia, which took root in\nthat soil, did so only by denying suffrage to the colored members.\nWhen one of the pastors of the latter, with the Bible in one hand\nand a whip in the other, drove his brethren as his slaves to their\ntasks, if that had been a genuine Congregational church, an appeal\nwould have been taken to the brotherhood for an application of\nthat Scripture: \u201cMasters, give unto your servants that which is\njust and equal.\u201d One of the colored members of that church, now\na worthy deacon, told me this bit of experience. His master, a\nfellow church member, had found him with a Webster\u2019s spelling book\nin hand, trying to learn to read. For this crime he was tied down,\nwith his face to the ground, his hands and feet made fast to four\nstakes, and then upon his bare back he received such a flagellation\nthat, under the torture, he cried out: \u201cOh, massa, do stop, and\nI\u2019ll never again look into a book as long as I live.\u201d With a fine\nturn he said to me, \u201cI GRADULATED THEN.\u201d Now, if that brother had\nhad the right of telling that trespass to the church, and if all\nthe members had had the privilege of voting upon the case, that\nwould have been a piece of pure Congregationalism. Evidently such\na church system could not obtain in a slaveholding community. So\nit is entirely unknown in that region; and this fact becomes a\ndisadvantage in introducing it now.\n\n2. Another disadvantage is that the Freedmen are so largely wedded\nto other denominations. It is popular to belong to the church. The\nmass, although they may not be members, will call themselves either\nBaptists or Methodists. One of them on being asked, \u201cAre you a\nChristian?\u201d responded: \u201cNo, Sah, I\u2019se a Baptist.\u201d The spectacular\nelement of immersion afforded by this church order, and the scope\ngiven by the other to the emotional nature, have proven a great\nattraction to these rude and simple souls. Then it is easy for\ntheir zeal to rise into sectarianism and superstition, bitter and\nhostile, such as leads them to denounce the new church as having\nno religion, because it has no dreams and visions, no physical\ncontortions\u2014such as lead them to sneer at our members as only\n\u201cBible Christians,\u201d while they have, instead, direct manifestations\nof the Spirit. It is a surprising revelation to our teachers and\npreachers who go to the South with nothing but love in their\nhearts, and their hands full of the best things they could take, to\nfind such heat of sectarian opposition as soon as it is proposed\nto set up the church life, which represents the educational effort\nthat is so highly prized.\n\n3. Another disadvantage for the time in setting up our churches,\nis the standard of intelligence and of morality to which we seek\nto bring them. The colored man who confessed that he had broken\nevery one of the commandments, but blessed God that he had kept his\nreligion, stood in part, at least, for a good many of his people.\nIt is hard for us who come in contact with that state of things\nto accept the facts. Even then we would not wish to take the risk\nof making them public, only so far as is sustained by their own\nnewspapers and official reports. The saddest part of it is the\nimpropriety of the leaders, ministers, and official members. If\nthe blind lead the blind, both will fall into the ditch. Each,\nin self-protection, condones the other\u2019s guilt. We know that the\nsystem of slaveholding is largely responsible for this divorce of\nreligion from morality. But the fact, as we have to confront it,\nis all the same. If you propose to set up a church that shall be\nclean and be kept clean, in pulpit and pew, you have undertaken a\ndifficult task. The gravity of depravity is against you.\n\n\nII. ITS ADVANTAGES.\n\n1. One is that our church system had not previously prevailed at\nthe South, to become modified by the influences of slaveholding,\nand identified with it in the associations of the colored people.\nAs individuals become intelligent enough to rise above the\nprevailing sectarianism; as they learn the anti-slavery history\nof our churches; and as they learn that the nature of our polity\nprevented it from coming South in the days of slavery, they turn\nto the Puritan way with avidity. It is to them a new discovery\nof friends, who had stood by them when they knew it not. Indeed,\nthese people, whose ancestors were landed upon these shores the\nsame year the Pilgrims came, appear to be the Yankees of the South.\nThey fall naturally into the observance of Thanksgiving, and on\nthat day they love to hear over and over the story of the Pilgrims\nand Puritans, their exile, their hardships, their poverty, their\nsimplicity of life, their struggle for liberty. They soon learn\nthat the Puritan ideas have taken possession of the North, are\nnow penetrating the South, and are rising to a supremacy over the\nnation. As they advance in understanding they take in these ideas;\nand, more and more, will they be disposed to seek the church form\nwhich represents them.\n\n2. Another advantage is the adaptation of this church system as an\neducating process for the colored people. Any one who considers the\nuntutored quality of the communities in which the Apostles planted\ntheir self-governing churches, must give up the notion that they\nwere New England people. Indeed, as one becomes acquainted with\nthe qualities of mind and elements of character in these sable\nChristians, he can see that the Epistles of the New Testament\nwere addressed to much the same sort of people. These can govern\nthemselves as well as those. And, coming forth from the house of\nbondage, much more do they desire their largest liberty in Christ\nJesus. The working of this autonomy of the churches is to them an\neducating process. It puts responsibility upon them. They must\nstudy its principles in order to exercise its function. Even such\nmen as Senators Lamar, and Hampton, and Hendricks, in the _North\nAmerican_, have argued that the elective franchise is not only the\nmeans of defense, but of education, among these new-made citizens.\nPrecisely so does it work in church relations. Some of us, who\nhave observed the process, have been surprised and delighted to\nsee with what decorum and parliamentary skill they will handle a\ndeliberative assembly. As, in the days of bondage, the only outlet\nfor their native talent was the pulpit; and as their church was\nabout their only arena for organic efficiency, so now they love\nmost of all to handle their church affairs. And so does their\nself-governing fellowship become a means of education.\n\n3. Another advantage comes from our preliminary educational work.\nAt the first, it was thought by some that the Association was too\ntardy in advancing the church process. Soon it was learned that\nthe right policy had been pursued in developing the educational\ninterest, which was itself really missionary work, and which\nwas the necessary preparation for a more organic way of Gospel\npropagandism. In connection with all our high schools and colleges,\nchurches have been organized. These have been immediate sources of\npower and influence. They have also served as models and stimulus\nfor others that have grown up around them. In almost every case our\nchurches have been an outgrowth from these educational centres, or\nhave been developed by the teachers and preachers who have been\ntrained in them. Thus far, in the main, we have been preparing our\nmachinery. I remember that our Elgin Watch Company spent its first\ntwo and a half years in erecting the factory and in manufacturing\nits own machinery. Now it is in competition even with London and\nSwitzerland for the trade of Europe. We have been building up our\nElgins\u2014the Fisk, the Howard, the Straight, Atlanta, Talladega,\nTougaloo, and Berea. They are furnishing us their approved\nmechanism. This correlation of the school work to the church work\nis after the wisdom of all successful missionary enterprise in\nforeign lands. In India the American Board tried the experiment of\ndispensing with the school process, only to put the mission back\nfor years.\n\n4. Another advantage is that by their slower growth, we can the\nmore completely assimilate and mold the material of our churches.\nDrawn together by affinities of character, the more readily do they\nreceive instruction and take over the ideas and the style of our\nsystem; the more certainly can discipline be maintained, purity and\nsobriety secured. Heterogeneous masses would swamp church order.\nAt one of our Conferences, some of the brethren were bemoaning the\nslow growth of our churches. A Baptist minister being present,\nturned the tide by asserting that, for the present, there were\nadvantages in that state of things, and that his denomination had\nsuffered somewhat from the embarrassment of numbers. He said that\nwhen as a farmer\u2019s boy he stood at the tail end of a steam thresher\nfor shoving away the straw, if left alone, he found himself unable\nto keep up, and was soon covered down with the accumulation. So\nthey were sometimes bothered in handling their great numbers in the\nway of discipline, and of effort at moral elevation.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nTHE NEED AND THE OPPORTUNITY.\n\nPROF. WM. J. TUCKER, D. D., ANDOVER, MASS.\n\nIn the midst of the struggle and the difficulties attending work\namong the Freedmen, there has been one point about which we have\nallowed our minds to be at rest. As we have been vexed with the\nproblems of education and with the problems of citizenship, we\nhave said to ourselves, one thing is sure: the colored race is\nreligious. And so we have allowed the religious question to remain\ncomparatively in abeyance; we have said, this can wait; we have\nwork in hand which we must attend to; by and by we will look after\nthis.\n\nBut in that strange haste with which God has been forcing questions\nupon the American people as touching the Freedmen, we have come,\nsooner than we thought, upon the religious question at the South.\nI think we have made a mistake in that we have not given it more\nprominence heretofore. I think we shall make a grievous mistake if\nwe do not carefully look this subject in the face now.\n\nIn what sense is it true that the colored race is religious? How\nfar does the religion of the negro of the South fit him for the\nessential work which his race has now before it? His religion, it\nseems to me, has been peculiarly, by God\u2019s providence, the religion\nof the slave, and now the religion demanded is the religion of the\nman. The most beautiful illustration in all history has been given\nus by the negro, of the words of Scripture touching God\u2019s gift to\nhis people: \u201cHe giveth songs in the night.\u201d The great, happy heart\nof that people has been singing through all these dark years, while\nthe great heart of the North has been heavy in its shame. The negro\nof the South has been living for half the century in another world\nthan this. It his been literally true\u2014\u201chis citizenship was in\nHeaven.\u201d He had no citizenship anywhere else. Now he is a citizen\nof this world, and the religion that fits a citizen of this world\nmust be his, or he will fail religiously in the problem which is\nnow working out in this country.\n\nI think the question is very much, to-day, with reference to the\nFreedmen of the South, as it would be if the Christian of the\nsecond century could have been taken out from his persecution,\nfrom his sense of that other world, from his prayer for the speedy\ncoming of Christ, and plunged into the hard, practical uses of\nthis nineteenth century. We have taken the Freedman out of his\nHeaven where he was living with something of joy; we have brought\nhim before the great duties of this world and this century. How\nis his religion fitting him for the change? I have said that\nhis religion has been a religion of joy, fitting him to bear,\nfitting him to endure; but life has become something more serious\nthan suffering\u2014life has become to him a practical work. What De\nTocqueville said to Charles Sumner in his youth, may be said to\nthe young Freedman to-day: \u201cLife is neither a pain nor a pleasure,\nbut a most serious business, to be taken up with courage, to be\nlaid down, if need be, in self-sacrifice.\u201d The nation has made a\nchange necessary in the type of his religion. He must be refitted\nreligiously to the work which attends citizenship, its rights and\nits duties. How is he fitted for it? If we do not answer this\nquestion practically, ten years will show us how he is unfitted for\nit.\n\nMeanwhile, too, we, as an Association, through our educational\nwork, have been robbing him of his past religion. We have been\nletting in the light upon his superstitions; we have dissolved his\ndreams; we have put his Heaven a little farther off\u2014he cannot fly\ninto it so quickly as before; we have let in the strong, hard light\nof this world. We must give him something. If we simply give him\neducation, even though it be so much of religious education as may\nbe given in the schools, we are doing no more than sowing the seeds\nof scepticism\u2014as when the Romanists of the old country lose their\nfaith, it were better for them to stay in their faith with its\ntinge of superstition, than simply to be sceptics. We cannot afford\nto have this pure, tender, loving, spiritual life, developed during\nthese last years, caught up by the scepticism of this century and\nhurried on into ruin. We have sceptics enough at the North; we\nhave sceptics enough through the South; the nation is drifting\nfast enough into that way. Let us keep what religious sense there\nis in this race trained of God, pure, by making it strong, hard,\nsubstantial enough to stand the difficulties and the trials of\ntheir present condition.\n\nThe question then comes up, Can the Freedman be made a pure,\nhonest, reasoning, intelligent Christian man? Can the type of piety\nbe changed? Still his music if you will; take away something of\nthe glow of his faith; push his Heaven a little further off\u2014can\nhe be made a man fit to live, and act, and do his work, in this\nour century, and assume the great duties of Christian discipleship\nhere and now? Can he be made sufficiently moral, can he be made\nsufficiently intelligent, to do practically the work which all\nChristians must do, with clean hands and with pure hearts?\n\nWell, Mr. President, there have been a great many theories on the\nmatter, and very many men are ready to say, \u201cYou can do nothing\nwith the Freedmen at this point.\u201d I think it is the simple office\nof this Association to fly in the face of the theories of men\nin this century, to take one race after another, treat it for\nten years, and then say to men, \u201cThere are your theories; here\nis the _fact_.\u201d Men have said of the Indian, \u201cHe won\u2019t work.\u201d\nThis Association takes men who say that, and quietly shows them\nthe Indian at work. Men have said of the Chinaman, \u201cYou cannot\nchange the type of his religion and give him any sense of faith in\nChrist,\u201d and this Association is quietly showing souls won to the\nRedeemer. Men used to say, \u201cThe negro won\u2019t fight; put him before\nthe eye of his master and he will quail.\u201d The negro saw his master\nin battle, he never quailed, he fell at his feet only in death.\n\nA friend told me yesterday coming on the cars, that when the\nquestion was agitated as to whether a steamship could carry coal\nenough to cross the Atlantic, one of the scientific men of the\nday addressing a large audience in New York, made this statement,\n\u201cIf you load a steamship when it shall leave Liverpool with coal\nsufficient to last over the voyage, as you withdraw the coal,\ngradually the ship will lighten and lift, and by the time the ship\nis half over the sea the wheels will be out of the water.\u201d Six\ndays after he made that statement, the first steamer came plowing\nsteadily up the Narrows into New York harbor. Men say of the negro,\n\u201cHe can\u2019t do this, he won\u2019t do that.\u201d Meanwhile, the American\nMissionary Association is doing its strong work with him, and he\nis just plowing his way steadily into public notice and disproving\neverything flung in his face.\n\nThere are signs\u2014and some of them very manifest\u2014of the capacity\nof the Freedmen for great moral strength. Have you read Judge\nTourgee\u2019s reference to the fact that when the opportunity was\ngiven, after the war, for the negroes to register themselves for\nmarriage\u2014to be married by the laws of the State in wholesale\u2014how\neagerly they availed themselves of that opportunity, that they\nmight have the form and reality of marriage, and the stamp of\nlegitimacy upon their children? The negro knows what a home means;\nhe has been wanting it; now he will have in time as clean a home as\nyou or I may have. What do you think I discovered a few days ago\nin one of the historic towns of New England? A friend looking over\nthe records of that old town, came upon the list of baptisms, and\nthis fact came out: in early Puritan days in a town not twenty-five\nmiles from Boston more children were born out of wedlock than in\nwedlock; and the Puritan says to the negro, \u201cYou don\u2019t know what a\nhome is.\u201d Wait;\u2014give him a chance.\n\nYou see how it is with regard to his industries. Men say he is\nlazy: why does he go to work as soon as he leaves the land which\ninduces laziness? The reports come from Kansas that he is thrifty,\nthat he is putting his hand to the plow, that he is doing the work\nhe is given there to do. Individuals taken as types of the race are\ndeclaring their capacity for strong industrial development. You\nknow his record in matters of education; you know he is beginning\nto make himself, so far as he has the chance anywhere, a power in\ncitizenship. I believe that this question of morality will settle\nitself, that the negro can at least show, under right training, an\naverage development in the morals of religion.\n\nOne question then remains: What is the true way of approach to\nthis religious question of the South? Something has already been\ndone through the strong, patient work, known as the _church work_\nof this Association\u2014taking the products of the school, young men\nand women as trained in the schools, and organizing them into\nchurches, for the churches are merely the outgrowth of the schools.\nThe old churches of the South are not fit to be transferred into\nthe churches of this Association. We are all the weaker for any\nchurch that might be allowed to come in in that way. The greater\napproach\u2014and that which I believe the Association, so soon as it\nhas the means, will endeavor to carry out\u2014is in the larger training\nof leaders, to meet what will be within ten or twenty years the\nenormous demand for Christian leadership through the South. In\nother words, give to the millions of the colored race at the South\na sufficient number of trained, educated, common-sense ministers,\nand they will make that people in half a century the joy and the\npride of our land.\n\nWe need to do this to save the bright, strong men among the\nnegroes from going elsewhere. A young man of good parts came to\nhis church five years ago, and said to them, \u201cTake my name off the\nchurch-roll; I am going into politics.\u201d His brethren said to him,\n\u201cWait a little; you do not want your name off the church-roll if\nyou are going into politics. But must you go there?\u201d They showed\nhim the more excellent way, and to-day he is one of the most\neffective ministers in the South. We want to lay our hands, while\nwe can, while we have the material, on the very pride of the youth\nof the colored race, and secure them to the ministry. We want\nhundreds of men\u2014the best men, who have the instinct of leadership\nabout them\u2014men who have that strong, organizing, executive force,\nas well as the sympathetic power, by which they can build up\nchurches in the name of the Redeemer throughout that country.\n\nWhat is the furnishing for this at present? Here are four schools:\nHoward commands the north-eastern section, situated at Washington;\nFisk, in Tennessee; Talladega, in Alabama; and Straight in New\nOrleans; and nearly a hundred men from these departments are in the\nprocess of studying for the Christian ministry. We want to enlarge,\nand that speedily; for, as I have suggested, the ratio of increase\nthrough the educational work within ten years will be enormous. We\nwant to enlarge greatly this productive power for the ministry;\nand to that end I believe, as the report has stated, we need\nsubstantial endowment for permanent work of this nature. It has\nbeen suggested in the report that we need men for more than home\naffairs. England, with generous look, is ready to enter into Africa\nand do large work there for Christ. What she wants is men. Fisk\nUniversity has consecrated itself largely to the work of supplying\nAfrica with missionaries. We want to respond to England, with her\ngenerous means, by the gift of men, sending out worthy men, by\nwhich the two nations shall go hand in hand in bringing light into\nthe dark continent.\n\nMeanwhile, I say as I sit down, that, with regard to this whole\nquestion touching the South, there seems to me to be two aspects of\nit; the one of which will give us at present only discouragement,\nthe other giving us the largest hope and joy.\n\nWhen Henry J. Raymond was editor of the _New York Times_, some of\nyou may remember, after one of his stirring editorials, some one\nat the South sent him this laconic letter: \u201cHenry J. Raymond. Sir:\nCome down South, and we will tar and feather you.\u201d To which Mr.\nRaymond replied in equally laconic fashion: \u201cSir: I think I will\nwait; the inducements are not sufficient.\u201d Capital, looking South,\nsays, \u201cThe inducements are not yet sufficient.\u201d Society, looking\nSouth, says, seeing the ostracism there, \u201cI think I will wait; the\ninducements are not sufficient.\u201d The North, ready to pour in its\nown civilization there so far as it might be accepted, has come\nto say to itself, \u201cI will wait; time on this continent is on the\nside of the Puritan.\u201d But the American Missionary Association,\ntouching the conscience and the heart of many strong souls at the\nNorth, said, long ago, \u201cI wait no longer; the inducements _are_\nsufficient.\u201d Knowing the ostracism, knowing the persecution,\nknowing the difficulties, the inducements for Christian work,\nfor education, prevailed upon that heart; and to-day we have the\nresult of what that spirit has been that has looked the South\nin the face, that has taken the Freedman by the hand, that is\npushing the glorious work of reformation and reconstruction; not\nin the name of a party, hardly in the name of the country, but in\nthat ever-blessed name above party\u2014even greater than country\u2014the\nCrucified.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\nAFRICA.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nREPORT OF THE COMMITTEE.\n\nThe Committee, to whom was referred those portions of the Report of\nthe Executive Committee relating to the work of the Association in\nAfrica, beg leave to submit the following report:\n\nWe stand at the opening of a new era in the history of African\nmissions. No real cause for discouragement in the present aspect\nof affairs presents itself. There is, on the contrary, abundant\nreason for gratitude to God, that through the darker experiences\nof the past, in which He has revealed to us more clearly what are\nHis plans, He is leading us to the brighter issues of the future.\nThe logic of events is irresistible. We, of this Association, are\ndriven to certain hopeful conclusions.\n\n1st. Africans for Africa. This is the evident teaching of God\u2019s\nprovidence. It is the great lesson of the Mendi mission. The\nlong list of the heroic dead, martyrs for the Gospel in Africa;\nthe vast expenditure of resources necessary in supporting white\nmissionaries; the peculiar dealings of God\u2019s providence with the\nnegro in this country, especially fitting him for this work\u2014all\npoint in this direction. This is the fact which gives peculiar\nsignificance to the work of this Association, both in this land\nand in Africa, and we hail it with encouragement and hope as one\nelement of the new and happier era of lasting success, which we\nbelieve will, in the future, attend, under God, the missionary work\nof that waiting continent.\n\n2d. Need of careful supervision. In view of the facts laid before\nus, and in view, also, of the important enlargement of the work\ncontemplated, we most heartily commend the determination of the\nExecutive Committee to appoint a general superintendent of the\nwork of this Association in Africa. Such a superintendent appears\nto us to be a necessity. We believe that he would have more than\nhe could conveniently do in devoting himself to systematizing the\nwork in its various phases, providing a suitable literature for the\npeople, supervising educational and industrial enterprises, keeping\naccount of the financial matters of the missions, giving character\nand direction to the counsels of the missionaries, studying new\nregions for advance movements, reporting needs and plans, and thus\nenlisting interest at home and abroad. We urgently hope, therefore,\nthat the appointment of such a superintendent, residing at some\nhealthful point, easily accessible to the missions, will be made at\nthe earliest practicable moment.\n\n3d. The subject of the Arthington Mission is no longer an open\nquestion. You have already determined, upon conditions believed\nto be practicable, that you will occupy that land for Christ. The\nmoney, we have some reason to hope, is coming, the men are coming,\nthe Association is only waiting to begin wisely. In an enterprise\nof such vast moment to all concerned, care is better than cure.\nYour Committee believe that they only give voice to the earnest\ndesire of the churches, when they express the hope that, as soon\nas the necessary funds are received, you will go forward with the\nsame judicious care as in the past, and take the proper steps to\nascertain more fully the best ways of entering this open door for\nenlarged work and greater results.\n\n4th. In view of the events of the year, so full of sadness in the\nhistory of many African missions, your Committee recognize the fact\nmore clearly than ever before, that the call of God rests, in an\nespecial manner, upon this Association, to maintain and enlarge\nthis African work in the way of His own appointment. The great\nresults it is achieving for the negro of the South have received a\nnew meaning and impetus in the light of African missions. The whole\nproblem of the negro in America is finding its solution slowly but\nsurely. In the providence of God this Association, in the two-fold\nrelation which it holds to the Freedmen of America on the one hand,\nand to the pagans of their fatherland on the other, more truly\nthan any other, we believe, holds the key to the evangelization of\nAfrica.\n\nYour Committee, therefore, feel warranted in suggesting that\nthe true attitude of this Association, in view of the report of\nits missions in Africa, should be one of thankfulness for the\nexperience of the past, encouragement in the work of the present,\nand earnest expectation for the future.\n\n                                        HENRY M. LADD, _Chairman_.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nTHE MENDI MISSION.\n\nPROF. T. N. CHASE, ATLANTA, GA.\n\nIn November last, I received a letter from Secretary Strieby,\nasking me to visit the Mendi Mission in West Africa, which\ninvitation, after consultation with my family, from whom I was\nseparated, was accepted, and on the 6th of December I sailed for\nthat land.\n\nMy instructions required me to make such changes in the force of\nmissionaries and their respective duties as seemed best, and to\nobtain information, and report, upon the following topics, viz.:\nThe health of the missionaries; the church, school, and industrial\nwork; finances and accounts; the removal or retention of Good Hope\nstation; extension of the work into the interior, and the use of\nthe Mendi language.\n\nUpon all these topics, and some others, I reported as well as I\ncould to the Executive Committee of the A. M. A., and some extracts\nhave been embodied in their Annual Report of the work of the\nAssociation. Most of the information and reflections in this paper\nwill be supplementary to that report.\n\nBetween Liverpool and Freetown, Sierra Leone, is a weekly line of\nsteamers, one of which we took; and, after touching at Madeira,\nTeneriffe, Grand Canary, Goree, and Bathurst, we landed, on the\ntwenty-second day of our voyage, at Freetown. Thence a small\nsteamer conveyed us to Bonthe, where is the Good Hope station of\nthe Mendi mission. The Sherbro river runs between the main land\nand Sherbro Island, being quite like Long Island Sound; and into\nit flow several branches that penetrate the Mendi country. On the\ninside of Sherbro Island, about fifty miles from its northern\nextremity, where is the mouth of the river, and ten miles from its\nsouthern point, is Good Hope, with its church, school and home. The\nbuildings are on the bank of the stream, and the peaceful river,\nseveral miles in width, studded with green islands, presents a\nbeautiful view. On the Sherbro Island a few miles south of Good\nHope, is Debia, and thirty or forty miles up the Small Boom, a\nbranch of the Sherbro, is Kaw Mendi, which has been described in a\nrecent number of the _Missionary_.\n\nStarting from Good Hope, and sailing north, down the Sherbro twenty\nmiles, and then east up the Bahgroo twenty miles more, we come to\nAvery. For most of the way the banks of the river are lined with\nmangrove trees\u2014appearing at high tide to stand in the water\u2014whose\ntrunks rest, at several feet above the ground, upon pyramids of\nstems or roots, and whose outspread branches send down to the earth\nnumberless rope-like twigs of various sizes, altogether forming an\nalmost impenetrable jungle. But about a mile below Avery the scene\nchanges. The mangroves disappear, the low banks give way to quite\nhigh bluffs, and for a long distance stretches a rolling surface,\nwith a soil of partially decomposed iron-stone. In a bend of the\nriver, on a conspicuous bluff, stand the buildings of Avery, the\ncomponent parts of the station being a home, a church, a school, a\nsaw-mill, a garden, a coffee-farm, and a fakir.\n\nThe home is beautiful for situation, being so nicely located as to\ncommand a view of both banks of the river for half a mile in each\ndirection; water, rocks and foliage being blended most charmingly.\nIn this home dwell the pastor of the church with his wife, the\nsuperintendent of industrial work, and ten little native boys and\ngirls, whose voices cheer the heart of one who loves children, as\nthe little fellows nearly exhaust their stock of English words in\nsaying \u201camen,\u201d and the end of grace at meals, repeating the Lord\u2019s\nPrayer, and saying, \u201cGood night, sir,\u201d at their hour for retiring.\nSome of these buds of promise have such illustrious names as Robt.\nArthington, Wm. E. Gladstone, A. K. Spence, Jennie Pike and M. E.\nStrieby.\n\nIt was our privilege to attend church twice, and prayer meeting\nseveral times. The dress of the congregation, so far as it went,\nwas novel, these people having never submitted to the cruel tyranny\nof fashion, but in most cases the amount of apparel met the\nrequirements of decency. Milliners, however, would have a dry time\nin this region, for I noticed but one hat or bonnet, and I could\nnot tell which. In other cases the head was bare, or surmounted\nby a turban made from a handkerchief ingeniously twisted and\ntied. Some of the men had full suits, others only a country cloth\nwrapped about them, and a few seemed satisfied with simply a large\nhandkerchief about their loins. But, notwithstanding their lack\nin style and quantity of clothing, they were good listeners, and\ndoubtless carried away much that was said; at least, the writer\nof this paper found great pleasure in preaching a lay sermon\nfrom the text, \u201cGod so loved the world,\u201d &c. The tithing master,\nwho paces up and down the aisles, has as little to do in keeping\ndrowsy persons awake as he would in many New England churches. Some\nentries in the agent\u2019s ledger seem to indicate that attendance upon\nchurch and other religious services is not altogether voluntary.\nOne entry reads, \u201cCut (docked) for staying away from church,\none shilling;\u201d and another, \u201cBeing late to morning prayers, one\nshilling.\u201d And in estimating the rigor of this discipline, one need\nto know that a shilling pays the wages of a common hand a day and a\nhalf. They have no trade-unions there.\n\nThe school at Avery is taught by Mr. Jowett, a native, who speaks\nEnglish correctly and fluently. The pupils appeared very much like\nother children. Some read and spelled well, and some had to \u201cget\ntheir lessons over.\u201d Little John Bull showed that he had some\nsurplus energy by thrusting his fist into the mouth of his drowsy\nneighbor.\n\nThe sawmill is said to have been erected by Mr. D. W. Burton,\nwith the assistance of natives alone, and is a monument to his\ningenuity, energy and perseverance. Small logs are sawed by a\ncircular, but most of the work is done by an up-and-down, which\nallows the logs to drag their slow length along sufficiently\nfast to make the mill pay its way under careful management, with\nsawyers at fifteen dollars a month, and lumber at forty-five\ndollars a thousand. Other entries in the ledger show a high state\nof discipline in _this_ department of mission work. \u201cNeglecting to\ntie a canoe, one shilling.\u201d \u201cSmoking in the mill, four shillings.\u201d\n\u201cNeglect of duty, one shilling.\u201d \u201cNot obeying, two shillings.\u201d\n\nThe chief productions of the garden are cassada, sweet-potatoes\nand pineapples. The cassada is a root of milk-white color, and is\nthe leading article of food. It is usually boiled, but sometimes\nbaked, or eaten raw. The sweet-potato flourishes well and is\nvery palatable. The pineapple grows on bushes or shrubs two or\nthree feet high, the fruit standing up in the midst of long,\nnarrow, serrated leaves. The yard has cocoanut, banana, orange and\ncinnamon trees. In reading lists and descriptions of the African\nproductions, one might conclude that this is the land for an\nepicure; but the fact is that none of these things take the place\nof the beef, wheat, vegetables and fruit of the United States, and\na person who has lived in the tropics for a little while, longs for\na Fulton or Quincy market.\n\nThe coffee farm consists of 1,500 trees from two to six feet high,\nset in rows eight feet apart and just beginning to bear. The coffee\ngrows in pods about the size of a robin\u2019s egg, in each of which are\ntwo kernels enveloped in a skin or husk. To keep down the rapid and\nrank growth of grass with the hoe alone, requires a vast amount\nof labor. I find that these industries are highly appreciated by\ntravelers and traders, and have made the name of Mr. Burton well\nknown on the coast. The natives have felt their influence already,\nand will be more and more inspired by them to habits of industry\nand enterprise.\n\nThe remaining element of the station is the fakir, or native\nvillage. Most of the houses have mud walls, with bamboo or thatched\nroofs. They are built without much system, and are huddled\ntogether, because, probably, where wars prevail, it is necessary\nto wall in the towns and villages for defence, and so the houses\nmust not occupy too much ground. Such is Avery, with its material,\nmental, and religious machinery, all tending to produce an\nintelligent and stable Christianity.\n\nAnd now those who have become interested in the experiment of\nmanning the Mendi mission with graduates of A. M. A. schools, are\nasking whether the plan is successful, and I am supposed to have\nsome information upon this point. It is not quite three years since\nthe first party of these colored missionaries sailed for Africa,\ntwo of whom have returned, and the others have had a shorter term\nof service. So it is too soon to say whether the experiment has\nbeen a success or a failure. If the work had been carried on by\nthem in the most approved manner, it would be premature to say that\nthe problem of African evangelization had been successfully solved.\nAnd, on the other hand, if the experiment thus far had been an\nutter failure, it would be unjust to the colored race to conclude,\nfrom this one brief trial, that they are incapable of carrying on\nmission work by themselves in Africa. Those who are most ready\nto embark in an enterprise of this kind are not always the best\nqualified. Zeal is needed, and in no leas degree, sound judgment\nalso.\n\nFisk University graduated its first college class in 1875, and\nAtlanta hers in 1876, so that from these Institutions have come\nonly five or six small classes that have completed a collegiate\neducation, and the first one of these students to graduate from a\nfull theological course has just received his diploma. And then\nthe officers of the Association have not had their pick from the\ngraduates of their schools. Some of those best qualified for\nmission work abroad are fully persuaded in their own minds that\ntheir field of labor is at home.\n\nSo the experiment at the Mendi mission has not been tried under the\nmost favorable circumstances. The officers of the Association have\nnot had, like those of the American Board for _its_ work, a large\nnumber of fully educated, mature and consecrated men and women from\nwhich to select candidates for their African mission.\n\nBut what is the actual outcome of this brief experiment? The\ncolored missionaries have kept alive the churches and schools, have\nwell cared for the buildings and grounds of the stations, have\ncultivated the coffee-farm, have bought logs, manufactured and sold\nlumber, have organized a new church of considerable promise, and\nall but one of them have kept unbroken the brittle thread of life.\n\n[After granting that the mission has as a whole met with serious\ndrawbacks, and suffered from the lack of character and wisdom on\nthe part of some of those to whom it was entrusted, Mr. Chase\nrefers at some length to the following as reasons why mission work\nin Africa is, and must be, slow: 1. Polygamy; 2. Mohammedanism;\n3. The superstitions of the people; 4. The rum trade; 5. The\nunhealthfulness of the climate; 6. The pernicious influence of\ntraders; 7. The inability of the natives to procure the equipments\nof Christian civilization. The paper concludes as follows]:\n\nNow, in view of this rather gloomy presentation, does any one say,\n\u201cLet us abandon the Mendi Mission; money enough has been spent,\nlives enough have been sacrificed\u201d? I have not written with any\nsuch object in view. My purpose has been to state plain facts as\nthey exist, for the consideration of wise men, believing that if\nthere is any lack of tangible results, it is not all the fault\nof management or workers, and that great things ought not to be\nexpected in the immediate future.\n\nBut there are grounds for hope as well as for despondency. The\nmission has a good name. The labors of Raymond, Thompson and\nothers, are fragrant in the memories of natives and foreigners, so\nthat even the British colonists in Sierra Leone are loud in their\npraise. The industrial work, instituted and carried on by the\nwonderful ingenuity and energy of Mr. Burton, has secured the good\nwill of traders and foreign residents. I heard many encomiums upon\nthe mission, especially upon its early history.\n\nThe Mendians are a numerous people, occupying a belt of territory\nof some hundred miles upon the sea, and reaching far back into the\ninterior, all of which region is drained by the Sherbro river,\nnear the mouth of which is located our Good Hope station. Our\nmission was established among them many years before those of other\nsocieties, and its work is far ahead of that of the Wesleyans and\nChurch of England, and if these should greatly increase their\nefforts there would still be room for us.\n\nBy the assiduous labor of Mr. Claflin, the language of the Mendi\npeople has been reduced to writing, an elementary grammar and small\nvocabulary have been published, and portions of the New Testament\ntranslated, so that the acquisition of the native tongue is\ncomparatively easy.\n\nThe land and buildings of the mission constitute a valuable\nproperty; the Good Hope station, with its regular steamboat\ncommunication with Freetown, furnishes a needed base of operations,\nand the sawmill at Avery will provide lumber for future buildings.\n\nThe fact that this mission is right in the heart of the old slave\ngrounds, ought to furnish inspiration for its support. Between\nit and Freetown on the Bomana Islands were the old slave pens of\nthe infamous and afterward illustrious John Newton. Kaw Mendi is\nsupposed to be the centre of the region from which the Amistad\ncaptives were dragged from their homes to be sold into slavery,\nand is the point at which they settled after their return from\nthese Connecticut shores, through what might be called a series of\nspecial providences. At Kaw Mendi it was my privilege to see and\nconverse with two surviving members of that slave cargo. Special\ninterest in such a field as this is something more than mere\nsentiment. It is the breath of the God of Love sweeping across the\nchords of the soul.\n\nThen too, in addition to the name and history of the mission, its\nvaluable property, its large field, its written language, and its\nprovidential beginning, it has living material that can be utilized\nin its future extension. The station at Debia, where the lamented\nBarnabas Root labored for a time, is well carried on by a native\neducated at the mission; and another efficient helper of the same\ntraining is employed at Good Hope. And there are several traders\nand carpenters, mission-educated, who could render good service in\npenetrating the interior.\n\nThe great call at present is for two or three men of ability\nand culture, of broad views, of practical sense, of considerable\nbusiness experience, and of deep consecration, who are ready to\nenlist for a long term of service, and take the lead in this\nenterprise.\n\nThe foundations have been laid, the material for the structure is\nat hand and the work is waiting for a wise master-builder.\n\nLet a disciple of the Lord see those people there in their\ndegradation, superstition, and poverty, and then let him visit some\nof our communities in the South, and see those of the same color,\nfeatures, and form, living in comfortable houses, clad in decent\ngarments, cultivating large fields of their own, and supporting\nthe school and the church, and let him realize that these pictures\npresent the same race and perhaps the same tribe of people, and\nthat he can be instrumental under Providence, even in an ordinary\nlife-time, in bringing about a repetition of this wonderful\ntransformation, and he ought to need no stronger inspiration.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nTHE CALL TO THE ASSOCIATION.\n\nREV. H. M. LADD, WALTON, N. Y.\n\nOne need not be a prophet, nor the son of a prophet, to be able\nto predict that the world\u2019s great enterprises of the next century\nwill take hold upon Africa. Already the earnest gaze of the\ncivilized world is fixed upon that opening continent. The spirit\nof discovery and of commerce have pushed their way into the very\nheart of its mysterious jungles. Its borders are all alive with\nthe enterprise of nations. Vast preparations are making to open up\nits wonderful resources, and to find a mart for the products of\ncivilized industry. Truly, as the great French poet has said, \u201cIn\nthe nineteenth century the white has made a man out of the black.\nIn the twentieth century Europe will make a world out of Africa.\u201d\n\nThe great question is, Shall Christianity keep abreast of this\nadvancing host? Shall the seeds of the Gospel of light be sown\nbroadcast through this dark continent, before the tramping feet of\ncommerce have trodden down its soil into the hardened footpaths\nof sin? The call of God is emphatic. He has opened a door which\nno man can shut. That call rests in a peculiar manner upon this\nAssociation. It has not been optional with you whether you\nshould enter Africa. The hand of God, manifested in the peculiar\ncircumstances attending the Amistad capture, sent you to Africa.\nThat hand has kept you there; and to-day you are not seeking for\nyourselves a way up the Nile and into the heart of Central Africa;\nyou are invited there, you are urged there, you are sent there. It\nwill be a great undertaking to go, but it will be a greater mistake\nnot to go. The generous offer of Mr. Arthington, the importance\nof the field, its unoccupied condition, its easy accessibility,\nthe pledge of needed funds, the fact that it lies right in the\nvery heart of that region cursed by the slave-trade not yet\nabolished, make it obligatory upon this Association to accept the\nresponsibility and speed forward the work.\n\nBut this is not all. Not only do we hear the call of God resting\nin a peculiar manner upon this Association, heard especially in\nits earlier and later history, but this Association is peculiarly\nfitted for the work. It holds in its hands, as the gift of God,\na peculiar power. We in this country are just beginning to spell\nout the true lessons, the real meaning of slavery on our soil.\nThis Association, more than any other under God, has been our\nteacher. It has shown us what the educated black man, with even\nhis limited facilities, can do; and now it has grasped, and\nproposes to carry out, a distinctive idea\u2014negroes for negro land.\nMr. President, is it too much to say, that, in this distinctive\nidea, so satisfactorily demonstrated already in the history of\nAfrican missions, we recognize the star of hope for Africa? Is\nit not the solution of many a difficulty? We need not refer here\nto the stimulating reflex influence of this new policy upon the\nChristian colored people of the South. That it will be great, no\none can doubt. But what is to be the future of Africa, as it is\ndotted over here and there where no white man can live, with these\nabiding centres of a Christian civilization? What is to prevent the\nestablishment of these points of light throughout that benighted\nregion, until, like the stars of Heaven, they shall flood the dark\ncontinent with a galaxy of light, growing brighter and brighter\nuntil the day dawn and the Sun of Righteousness arise with healing\nin his wings?\n\nTo this end we are called of God to sacrifice, to labor and to\npray. The wise plans which this Association have devised give every\nassurance of success. Not at once, perhaps. We must not expect too\nmuch at once, but in the fullness of time. To say that there are\nnot great obstacles in the way, would be to close our eyes to the\ntruth. There are obstacles; but what are obstacles when God is with\nus? He has not forgotten Africa. That continent, which holds nearly\none-sixth of the human race and is equal in area to all Europe\nand North America combined, was surely included in that great\ncommand, \u201cGo ye into all the world and disciple all nations.\u201d The\npromises\u2014are they not ours? Will He not be with us alway, yes, even\nunto the end of the world? Is not the final victory assured, even\nthat victory that overcometh the world\u2014our faith? Are we not taught\nto pray, \u201cThy kingdom come\u201d? Surely God\u2019s will is yet to be done\non earth as it is in Heaven, and these nations are yet to become\nthe nations whose God is the Lord. The day shall come. It may be\nages from this time\u2014but to the thought of God, and to the life of\nhumanity, ages are but days\u2014when Ethiopia shall not stretch out her\nhands in vain.\n\nLet us, then, go confidently forward in the line which God has\nmarked out for us. Let us help the Freedman of the South to fulfil\nhis destiny. His bondage over, having safely passed through the Red\nSea of blood, and been brought forward by the pillars of cloud and\nof fire, let us now open to him the land of his fathers, and bid\nhim enter it to drive out the strange gods, and to proclaim the\nunsearchable love of our God.\n\nOh, then, speak unto this children of Israel that they go forward,\nand songs of thanksgiving shall arise from the groaning heart of\nAfrica.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\nTHE INDIANS.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nREPORT OF THE COMMITTEE.\n\nYour Committee, to whom has been referred that part of the Report\nof the Executive Committee which concerns the American Indians, beg\nleave to report as follows:\n\nWe recognize with gratitude the work which has been accomplished by\nthe American Missionary Association, in behalf of the Indians, in\nits missionary and educational departments.\n\nWe especially recognize and commend the success of the experiment\nof bringing youth from the tribes, and educating them at Hampton\nNormal and Agricultural Institute and at Carlisle Barracks; and,\nat the same time, we record our decided opinion that the schools\non the reservations, while the reservations are continued, must be\nrelied upon as among the most efficient agencies for improving the\ncondition of the Indians.\n\nWe believe that the possibility of civilizing the Indians is no\nlonger an open question, as is proven by what has already been\nrealized at the Fort Berthold, Lake Superior, S\u2019Kokomish, and all\nthe agencies.\n\nBut your Committee desire emphatically to express the opinion\nthat all attempts to civilize and Christianize the Indians must\nbe slow and unsatisfactory until there is a radical change in the\nrelation between the Indians and the United States Government. The\nCommittee, therefore, desire to reaffirm two resolutions adopted at\nthe last Annual Meeting of the American Missionary Association, as\nfollows:\n\nRes. 1. That the aim of this Association shall be, as far as\npossible, and as rapidly as possible, to secure for the Indians\u2014\n\n(1.) A legalized standing in the courts of the United States.\n\n(2.) Ownership of land in severalty.\n\n(3.) The full rights of American citizenship.\n\nThese three things, we believe, are essential, if the Indian is to\nbe either civilized or made a Christian.\n\nRes. 2. That to this end the members of this Association will do\nall in their power to make the Indian question a pressing question,\nuntil the attention of Congress is so secured, and held to it, that\nthe legislative enactment necessary to bring about these changes be\ncompletely accomplished.\n\n                                     AMORY H. BRADFORD, _Chairman_.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nCAUSES OF THE MISMANAGEMENT OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.\n\nREV. A. H. BRADFORD, MONTCLAIR, N. J.\n\nIn the management of Indian affairs there has been little, if any,\nprogress since colonial days.\n\nI. The New World was supposed to belong to its discoverers, and\nthe Indians also, because they belonged to the land. When England\ntransferred her colonies to the new Republic, it was without any\nmention of the aboriginal inhabitants, or their rights. Trees and\nstones could not have been more completely ignored. With the single\nexception of the Treaty of 1803, by which Louisiana was obtained,\nall the Indian population was unconditionally transferred with\nthe land. \u201cIn our first treaty of peace with Great Britain, by\nwhich the latter yielded all claims to the country as far as the\nMississippi River, not a single stipulation appears in regard to\nthe aboriginal inhabitants, and when they were received they were\nconsidered to be in the same situation,\u2014as far as their legal\nstatus was concerned,\u2014as the nation by which they were surrendered\nhad placed them.\u201d (The Indian Question, Otis, p. 51.) What was\nthat status? The Indians were many; the colonists were weak. The\nstronger compelled the weaker to treat with them as sovereign\ntribes. The weaker became stronger. The same method was pursued\nthen because of jealousy of the French. Treaties were made, and\nwhat the colonists could not compel by force they accomplished\nby intrigue. In the wars between England, Spain and France, the\naborigines held the balance of power, and thus compelled their own\nrecognition. When the war for independence came, the same was true.\nBoth British and colonists sought their friendship, and paid for\nit. Thus, in a word, grew up the recognition of the sovereignty\nof the tribal and national organizations. Thus commenced the\natrocious policy of quietly, by treaty and gifts, removing the\nIndians westward, as lands were required for settlement. Since the\nrevolution, until 1871, when the treaty system was abolished, the\nsame general plan has been followed.\n\nIn everything else, there has been progress. In the management\nof our Indian affairs, we are hardly a step in advance of those\nwho, in 1753, in forming a unity of action against the savages,\norganized the germ of our Union of States.\n\nII. The Reservation system seems to have had its birth in the\nadministration of Jefferson. The object was to make conflict\nimpossible until the natives could be civilized by isolating\nthem. Education was to be provided, missionaries sent, protection\nguaranteed until they should become new men. Did the plan succeed?\nIt had hardly been commenced before its failure was recognized. It\nhas been continued, and the longer it has lasted the worse it has\nfailed.\n\nThe removal to reservations was commenced in earnest under\nPresident Jackson, who advised Congress to set apart an ample\ndistrict west of the Mississippi, and without the limits of any\nstate or territory, to be guaranteed to the Indian tribes as long\nas they should occupy it; each tribe having the management of its\nown portion of the district, and being \u201csubject to no other control\nfrom the United States than such as may be necessary to preserve\npeace on the frontier, and between the several tribes. There the\nbenevolent may teach, and an interesting commonwealth may be raised\nup, destined to perpetuate the race and attest the humanity and\njustice of this Government.\u201d (Otis, p. 96.) President Van Buren was\nnot less sanguine than President Jackson. Never were golden dreams\nmore ruthlessly shattered. As well might our representatives have\nattempted to tame a herd of buffaloes by corraling them at the base\nof Mt. Hood, as to attempt to civilize the Indians by separating\nthem from all civilizing influences. As well might you plant a\nkeg of nails and expect it to come up a piano, as to seclude such\nwild natures on the prairies, or between mountains, and expect\npeace and harmony to result. The policy of removal did not benefit\nthe Indian, and has brought but temporary relief to the country,\nby \u201cthe elimination of a troublesome element in society.\u201d It has\nnot been pursued to any great extent during the last twenty-five\nyears, but still the massing of the Indians in two or three great\nreservations seems to be the ideal of our legislators, an ideal\nwhich has not a single support either in reason or experience.\n\nThen the reservations have been such only in name. The Black\nHills territory belonged to the Dakotas only a few years ago. You\nremember the story. Reports of mineral wealth reached the outside\nworld. Emigration commenced. But that country had been set apart\nby treaty to the Dakotas. \u201cYet,\u201d say Felix R. Brunot, \u201cevery\nstep from the moment of making that peace with the Indians, has\nbeen in the direction of depriving them of the very land which\nthe Peace Commission gave them.\u201d Though there were wealth in\nthe Black Hills, our nation should have said, and stood by the\ndeclaration\u2014\u201cGentlemen, that Black Hills country belongs to the\nIndians. If those mountains were built of solid gold, and those\nriver beds were paved with diamonds, not one of you should be\nallowed there, unless in honorable trade you had purchased the\nright.\u201d But adventurers crowded in, and, because they had white\nskins, the sacred covenants of the nation were broken. What wonder\nthat when the land was assigned them they eagerly asked, \u201cHow long\nwill it be that the President will keep his promise?\u201d Why should\nthey be loyal to the Government? The Rev. Mr. Sherrill, of Omaha,\nwriting in the _Advance_, says, \u201cThe commonly accepted report is,\nthat when Commissioner Hayt visited Spotted Tail on the Upper\nMissouri, and attempted to misinterpret his promise to the tribe,\nSpot shook the written document with Mr. Hayt\u2019s name at the foot of\nit in the Commissioner\u2019s face, called him a \u2018bald-headed liar,\u2019 and\nwalked out of the tent indignantly refusing to have anything more\nto do with such a forked tongue.\u201d\n\nThe reservation system has not secured to the Indians permanent\nhomes; it has not preserved them from molestation; it has not\nimproved them either morally or physically; it has not relieved the\nGovernment of care or expense; from beginning to end, it has been a\nstupendous fraud and failure.\n\nIII. I turn now to the Indian treaty system of the United States,\none of the most fearfully and wonderfully concocted systems that\nhuman stupidity ever devised. It was in operation until 1871.\nMore than three hundred and sixty-six treaties with native tribes\nare recorded in the statute books since the adoption of the\nConstitution. If it is remembered that in many of these covenants\nseveral tribes were united, the actual number of treaties is\nmultiplied to nearly one thousand. It would puzzle a philosopher\nto get at the true inwardness of this system. The fact is, that in\ncolonial days, and almost ever since, the Indians have been treated\nwith as if they were independent and sovereign States. As such,\nthey were distinct from United States subjects, and could only be\nreached under the forms of international law. In the language of\nJustice McLean of the Supreme Bench, \u201cThe President and Senate,\nexcept under the treaty-making power, cannot enter into compacts\nwith the Indians or with foreign nations.\u201d That is plain; and if\nthe Indians had always been treated according to that decision,\nthere would have been less trouble. But Congress has claimed\njurisdiction over them, and while the President and Senate were\nmaking treaties, has held each member of the tribes individually\namenable to such laws as it might choose to enact. The Court\ndecides that they are to be treated with as independent tribes,\nand Congress proceeds to manage them as a portion of our dependent\npopulation.\n\nTwo illustrations. The Wyandotte Treaty of 1855 declared the\nIndians of that band to be citizens of the United States. The\ntreaty with the Pottawatomies in 1862 placed it in the power of the\nPresident to confer citizenship upon the members of that tribe.\nNow, if the Indians were foreigners, they could become citizens\nonly by naturalization, according to rules prescribed by Congress.\nThe treaties with them imply that they are foreigners; but the\ncourts have decided that naturalization laws do not apply to them;\ntherefore it is evident that it is competent for Congress, and no\nother power, to confer upon them political rights. Yet, in the\ninstances cited, the treaty-making power assumed these rights.\nThe Executive and Senate abandoned, at length, the process of\nmaking citizens by simple declaration. In 1866, they compelled\nthe Delawares who wished to become citizens, to appear in the\nUnited States District Court, and take out naturalization papers\nthe same as aliens. They first made them foreigners in order to\nmake them citizens. But that was of doubtful legal validity.\nThen, to crown this wonderful achievement, it was decided that\nthe children of those thus naturalized were still foreigners, and\nmust choose for themselves whether they would enter the tribal\nrelation, or seek citizenship by naturalization. A white man who\ncould unravel this snarl would be a genius; to an Indian, it must\nhave been transparent as the waters of the Missouri. I give this\ninstance to illustrate the utter confusion which has characterized\nthe administration of our Indian affairs, and the absolute\nimpossibility for any one to be elevated by such stupidity.\n\nMy second illustration is the Indian Territory itself. A civil\ngovernment exists there, subject to Congressional dictation. Yet\nCongress never had anything to do with it, and never authorized it.\nIts powers have never been defined or controlled by statute. It\nwas a scheme of the treaty-making power of government alone. It is\nan organization devised between tribes, recognized as independent,\nand is to take cognizance of matters \u201crelating to the intercourse\nand relations of the Indian tribes and nations resident in said\nterritory and represented, but can pass no act inconsistent with\nthe Constitution of the United States, the laws of Congress, or\nexisting treaties; or any act affecting the tribal organizations,\nlaws, or usages.\u201d Each tribe is independent of this so-called\nlegislature in all its own affairs. Each tribe has its own laws;\nand its own courts, both civil and criminal, are the last resort;\nand by treaty, Congress is denied the right to interfere with, or\nannul, their present tribal organizations, rights, laws, privileges\nand customs. Thus, if an Indian commits murder in his own tribe, he\ncan be brought to justice only by his own tribe. \u201cThe non-treaty\nIndians can freely rob, murder, trade with each other, without\nincurring responsibility to United States authority.\u201d (Otis, page\n115.) If a white man joins an Indian tribe and commits murder, who\ntries him, the United States courts or the tribal? Exactly that\nissue has arisen. A United States marshal was condemned because he\nattempted to take forcible possession of a United States citizen,\nwho was also a citizen of the Cherokee nation, and who was accused\nof the murder of a Cherokee squaw. Other inconsistencies might be\nenumerated. Treaties have guaranteed privileges that only Congress\nhad the right to grant. When the United States court comes in\nconflict with the treaty, then confusion and bloodshed follow, and\nthe absurd clumsiness of official action is hidden beneath the cry\nof shocking cruelties by Indians, when they are only defending\nrights guaranteed by solemn covenant.\n\nTwo other facts may be barely mentioned. Treaties have been\nrepeatedly solemnized which both parties knew perfectly well could\nnot be kept; as in the case of the covenant with the Mississippi\nand other bands of Chippewas in 1855, when the treaty included a\nthousand little details of moral conduct; or the treaties of 1855\nand 1865 with the Indians of Oregon and Washington Territory, where\nall sacredly promised to take a temperance pledge.\n\nThe other fact is that, when Congress has ratified Indian treaties,\nthe prerogative has been repeatedly asserted of changing the treaty\nwithout consultation with the Indians. In the Cheyenne Treaty\nof 1861, the Senate struck out article eleven, one of the most\nimportant articles, and then held the tribe to the treaty as it\nchose to amend it.\n\nIV. Two changes must be wrought in our Government before these\nwrongs can be permanently righted.\n\n1. The people must be aroused. In 1862, Secretary Stanton said to\na committee who went to him demanding justice for the Indians: \u201cIf\nyou come to Washington to tell us that our Indian system is a sink\nof iniquity, and a disgrace to the nation, we all know it. This\nGovernment never reforms an evil until the people demand it. When\nthe hearts of the people are touched, these evils will be reformed,\nand the Indians will be saved.\u201d When the people demand justice to\nthe Indian, and officers know that swift retribution will be meted\nto those who longer trifle with his interests, Indian Commissioners\nwill no longer dare to condone corruption, and Interior Secretaries\nwill cease to stand in the way of righteousness.\n\n2. There must be a reform in our system of civil service. In\nBritish Columbia, for the last hundred years, there has been spent\nnot one dollar for Indian wars, and not one life has been lost. In\nthe United States, thousands of lives have been lost, and more than\n$500,000,000 expended. What do these facts signify? That in British\nColumbia they have had able and honest men in the civil service;\nand in this Republic, imbecile and corrupt men. Contrast parts of\nthe two systems. With us the Indians are under the control of the\nSecretary of the Interior, and the Indian Department is but one of\nnumerous important and complex departments under the supervision\nof that officer\u2014each one enough to tax to the full the ability\nof a trained statesman. With us, the Indian Department must take\nits chances with others, and he who ought to give it his entire\nattention is \u201cJack-of-all-trades and master of none.\u201d In British\nColumbia, the Minister of the Interior is the actual superintendent\nof Indian affairs, and directly responsible for them as the most\nimportant part of his official duties. With us, in our Indian, as\nin our civil, service, which is as vicious as any system can be,\nofficers are continued only during party supremacy.\n\nIn the Dominion, officers are continued for life or good behavior,\nwith the obvious benefit, in matters requiring special skill and\nexperience, produced by a civil service well established, on a\ncorrect system of selection, which with us has only recently been\nattempted.\n\nThe trouble with us has been, we have not chosen our best men to do\nour most difficult work. We have had two vast problems to solve in\nour history\u2014the problem of Reconstruction and this Indian problem.\n\u201cIn both cases, where France, England, Russia, would have used the\nflower of their educated youth, their most honored soldiers, their\nwisest lawyers and scientific men, we collected a large horde of\nbroken-down men of all trades and callings, and men of none, the\nriff-raff of caucuses and nominating conventions, in fact, the very\nrefuse of our busy and prosperous society,\u201d and gave to them to\nsolve, the most difficult and delicate questions of public policy\nwhich statesmen have ever faced on this continent. The failure was\ninevitable in the one case as in the other.\n\nV. In the light of the experience of the last century, I think we\nmay safely make the following affirmations.\n\nAll tribal distinctions ought, as soon as possible, to be abolished\nby the Government, and the Indian treated the same as any other man.\n\nThe Reservation system should be given up, and Indians be allowed\nto go and come whenever and wherever they may choose. Land should\nbe allotted in severalty. If the Indian has a hard time, the\ndiscipline will probably educate him.\n\nEducation should be compulsory, and for a reasonable time, under\npatronage of the Government.\n\nAll the rights and penalties of citizenship should be accorded to\nthe Indian, as to the Italian, Irishman, and Negro.\n\nThe Indian should understand that this is a final settlement of\nhis case, and that now he must shift for himself as other citizens\nhave to do. With justice, and the protection and penalties of law\nawarded to him, let the Indian take his chances in the struggle of\nlife. The germ of civilization is obedience to law. Put him under\nstate and national law. The fittest will probably survive, Darwin\nor no Darwin.\n\nSo much for the Government. Then let Christianity, through its\nvoluntary agencies, do the rest, as it well knows how to do, and is\nso grandly doing through the American Missionary Association. There\nare difficulties attending the execution of these suggestions. This\nconsideration would require time that I have not at my disposal.\nThey are not insuperable to a wise statesmanship.\n\nWhen Dr. Riggs was visiting and preaching in the Indian Territory,\none day there sat before him an old chief, nearly a hundred years\nof age, listening attentively. It was the missionary\u2019s last sermon\nbefore leaving. When the service was over, the old man went up to\nDr. Riggs, and reaching out his scrawny hand to the missionary\u2019s\nsnow-white beard, grasped it firmly, and turning him to the full\nsun-light gazed intently into his face for a long time. \u201cWhat\ndo you do that for?\u201d at length said the Doctor. \u201cBecause I want\nto know you in the resurrection,\u201d the old chief slowly replied.\nHis people had been scattered, his children killed, his horses\nstolen, he had been driven from the home of his childhood to a\nstrange land. While he waited to die, this noble old apostle, in\nwhom Christ dwelt, crossed his pathway. The speech and tenderness\nwere so strange, coming from a white man, that he wanted to be\nsure of recognizing him after death. \u201cI want to know you in the\nresurrection.\u201d How many white men will the Indians want to meet in\nthe resurrection? It is time these awful wrongs were righted. It\nis time we learned with the wise fool in _A Fool\u2019s Errand_, \u201cThe\nremedy for darkness is light; for ignorance, knowledge; for wrong,\nrighteousness.\u201d It is time the people were roused. It is time a\ntide of public opinion, demanding justice for the Indian, was\nrolled in upon our rulers, too strong to be longer resisted. If the\nGovernment never reforms until the people demand it, let us be sure\nthat we voice our part of that demand, loud and clear, at once and\nunmistakably.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nLETTER FROM GENERAL FISK.\n\n[It was anticipated up to a late day by the committee of\narrangements that General Fisk would be present at the meeting and\nwould make an address upon the Indian Report. In his unexpected and\ncompelled absence he kindly sent the following letter:]\n\nIt is almost two hundred and fifty years since Captain John Mason,\nat the head of ninety men, more than half of the fighting force of\nthe Connecticut Colony, marched against Sassacus, and almost within\nbow-shot of where your Annual Meeting is to be held, fought the\nPequods. It was the first Indian war in New England. Thomas Hooker,\n\u201cthe light of the Western Churches,\u201d famed as \u201ca son of thunder,\u201d\ndelivered to Mason the staff of command. The very learned and\ngodly Stone spent nearly the whole night in importunate prayer for\nsuccess to crown the expedition, which on the morrow sailed past\nthe Thames, hoping by strategy to reach the Pequod fort unobserved.\nUnder cover of night, the soldiers of Connecticut made the attack\nupon the Indians. \u201cWe must burn them,\u201d shouted Mason, who himself\ncast a firebrand to the windward among the light mats of their\ncabins. The helpless natives climbed the palisades as their blazing\nencampment assisted the English marksmen in taking good aim. Six\nhundred Indians, men, women and children, perished, most of them in\nthe hideous conflagration. Capt. Miles Standish had twenty years\nearlier slaughtered Witawamo and others of the Massachusetts tribe,\nthe knowledge of which, as it reached the gentle spirited Robinson\nin Leyden, caused the pastor to write to Bradford, \u201cconcerning the\nkilling of those poor Indians, of which we heard at first by report\nand since by more certain relation. Oh, how happy a thing had it\nbeen if you had converted some before you killed any.\u201d\n\n\u201cThe principle and foundation of the charter of Massachusetts,\u201d\nwrote Charles II. at a time when he had Clarendon for his adviser,\n\u201cwas the freedom of liberty and conscience, not only for the\nPuritan but for the natives, whom the ministers might win to the\nChristian faith.\u201d The instructions to Endicott as to the rights\nof the Indians on the far-away Atlantic coast, and their duty to\nthem, were clear and emphatic. \u201cIf any of the savages pretend right\nof inheritance to all or any part of the lands granted in our\npatent, endeavor to purchase their title, that we may avoid the\nleast scruple of intrusion. Particularly publish that no wrong or\ninjury be offered to the natives.\u201d The colony seal was a wandering\nIndian with arrows in his right hand, with the motto, \u201cCome and\nhelp me.\u201d For more than two hundred and fifty years, from our\nIndian tribes, as they have been steadily driven before the surging\ntide of civilization from the Atlantic to the Pacific, has there\nbeen the constant cry of the weaker to the stronger forces of the\ncontinent, \u201ccome and help me.\u201d Many who will be in attendance upon\nyour Annual Meeting have seen \u201cStanding Bear\u201d of the Poncas, who\nwas wantonly and wickedly driven from his home on the banks of the\nMissouri by the Government, and heard him tell his simple story\nof wrong endured, and heard his appeal, \u201cCome and help me.\u201d With\nsublime faith that God intended all men to be free and equal, all\nmen without restriction, without qualification, without limit, let\nus listen to their appeal, and respond with the best help in our\npower to contribute.\n\nNever before in the history of this country has there been such\nan awakening in behalf of the Indian. Never before such healthy\nsentiment for justice and fair play for the original owners of the\nsoil over which our fifty millions of prosperous people unfurl the\nflag of the free. The Indian question, like the Ghost of Banquo,\nis at every banquet. It will not down until \u201cBirnam wood do come\nto Dunsinane.\u201d Hundreds of years of broken faith, during which\nambuscades, massacres, fired Indian camps, blazing wigwams and\nsmouldering embers of burned villages, have strewn the pathway of\nour march of empire, until now upon every lip is the interrogatory,\nWhat shall be done with the Indian? All the Indian asks, all his\nfriends ask for him, is a _fair chance_.\n\nIt has been well said that in good faith and good feeling we must\ntake up this work of Indian civilization, and at whatever cost\ndo our whole duty in the premises. We owe them protection of the\nproperty they own, endowments of money, forbearance, patience,\ncare, education, _citizenship_.\n\nLet not another Indian be removed from his home, except as he\nremoves himself by his own volition.\n\nLet every acre of land now occupied under treaty, or by any other\ndocument by which the United States have \u201cceded and relinquished\u201d\nthe same, be held sacredly theirs forever, unless the citizen\nIndian chooses to sell it.\n\nLet there be no more the policy of seclusion, but rather that of\nabsorption.\n\nLet all covenants between the Government and the Indian be executed\nas promptly and faithfully as with any other person.\n\nLet the Indian citizen have his own home with all the protection of\nNational and State Governments.\n\nLet the Indian citizen have the same protection of law, and require\nfrom him the same obedience to law as governs in the case of the\nwhite man and the black man, and then the Indian will work out his\nown destiny.\n\nLet us say with that quaint philosopher, Hosea Bigelow, that\n\n    \u201cThis is the one great American idee,\n    To make a man _a man_, and then to let him be.\u201d\n\nTrusting that the American Missionary Association will keep its\nstandard on the Indian question \u201cfull high and advancing,\u201d I remain,\n\n  With very great respect,\n  Your obedient servant,\n\n                                                   CLINTON B. FISK.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\nTHE CHINESE.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\u201cCALIFORNIA CHINESE MISSION.\u201d\n\nAuxiliary to the American Missionary Association.\n\n  PRESIDENT: Rev. J. K. McLean, D.D. VICE-PRESIDENTS: Rev. A. L.\n  Stone, D.D., Thomas C. Wedderspoon, Esq., Rev. T. K. Noble, Hon.\n  F. F. Low, Rev. J. E. Dwinell, D.D., Hon. Samuel Cross, Rev. S.\n  H. Willey, D.D., Edward P. Flint, Esq., Rev. J. W. Hough, D.D.,\n  Jacob S. Tabor, Esq.\n\n  DIRECTORS: Rev. George Mooar, D.D., Hon. E. D. Sawyer, Rev. E.\n  P. Baker, James M. Haven, Esq., Rev. Joseph Rowell, Rev. John\n  Kimball.\n\n  SECRETARY: Rev. W. C. Pond. TREASURER: E. Palache, Esq.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nREPORT OF THE COMMITTEE.\n\nYour Committee, to whom was referred that part of the Report of the\nExecutive Committee which concerns the Chinese, beg leave to report\nas follows:\n\n1. That in estimating the success of their work, the difficulties\nunder which it has been prosecuted must be borne in mind; the fact\nthat it has been carried on in the face of an intense hostility\nto the presence of Chinese upon our shores, extending not only to\nthe lower classes, but also, in not a few localities, including\ninfluential clergymen and laymen, and became so far a dominant\nsentiment, that both the great political parties have yielded to it\nby inserting anti-Chinese planks in their platforms.\n\n2. That this work ought to be not only generously supported and\nvigorously maintained, but, so far as practicable, extended,\nespecially by the establishment of schools and mission work among\nthe Chinese in the mines.\n\n3. That while your Committee recognize the difficulties in the way\nof establishing a mission in China, they also see that there would\nbe great advantage, both direct and indirect, in thus connecting\na foreign with the home work, and they recommend the Board to\ngive serious consideration to the proposition, and to carry it\ninto execution, if, on a more thorough inquiry, it shall be found\npracticable to do so without interfering with the other work of the\nsociety, or with the work of other Evangelical missions in China.\n\n                                         LYMAN ABBOTT, _Chairman_.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nTHE TWO METHODS.\n\nREV. LYMAN ABBOTT, D.D., NEW YORK.\n\n* * * Let us recognize, then, that there is a possibility of\ndanger to us, religious danger from the influx of a godless and\natheistic people, political danger from the influx of a vast amount\nof cheap labor, danger from a deluge coming from an ocean almost\nunfathomable and immeasurable. How shall we meet that danger?\nLooking down the vista of the years, how shall we prepare ourselves\nfor it and protect ourselves from it?\n\nThere are two methods; and I wish simply to set these two methods\nbefore you as clearly and as distinctly as I can.\n\nThe one method is that of self-protection by force; the method of\nbuilding a Chinese wall and saying, \u201cYou shall not come upon our\nshores;\u201d the method of the brick-bat; the method of the mob; the\nmethod which has been succinctly put in Dennis Kearney\u2019s platform,\n\u201cThe Chinese must go,\u201d and more genteelly and courteously put in\nthe Democratic and Republican platforms, which mean the same thing;\nthe method which declares, \u201cWe will not allow this people upon our\nshores to live among us, to work with us, to share our benefits;\u201d\nthe method of a prohibitory legislation.\n\nIn respect to that method, _first, we have no right to adopt it_.\n\u201cThe earth is the Lord\u2019s and the fullness thereof.\u201d Go through\nthe first five books of the Bible and find how it is iterated and\nreiterated again and again, that the soil of this earth belongs to\nGod. No people have a right to set themselves down upon a territory\nand say to their brother people, \u201cYou shall not come.\u201d We have a\nright to say that if they come they shall come subordinate to the\nlaws and the institutions that have been established here; that\nthey shall behave themselves; that they shall obey the system of\nlaws which we have found good for ourselves and for our children;\nbut we have no right to build a wall of adamant around the land and\nsay, \u201cKeep out.\u201d By what right do the children of the immigrants of\n1620 say to the immigrants of 1880, \u201cYou shall not set foot upon\nthis soil\u201d? By what right do the sons of the Pilgrim Fathers say\nto the pilgrims of this generation, \u201cYou shall keep off\u201d? When did\nthat right come to us? Could we have said it in 1700, in 1750, in\n1800? At what epoch in our national history accrued to us the right\nof drawing the line, building the wall, closing the gates, and\nsaying, \u201cThou shalt come no more?\u201d\n\nI shall not enter in detail into the argument on this subject. I\nknow what is the reply: \u201cIf I have a farm of a hundred acres, may I\nnot keep tramps off?\u201d No nation has found itself without difficulty\nand threatened danger, that has attempted to keep the laborer off\nof land which was not being worked. To-day Ireland is wrestling\nwith the labor problem, and England is wrestling with the labor\nproblem, because there are vast tracts of unoccupied, untilled,\nuncultivated land from which the laborer is excluded. So long as\nour mines lie undug; so long as our prairies lie uncultivated; so\nlong as our streams run their course and no music of the mills\nsings along their lines, so long industry has a right to its home\nunder our flag and within our borders.\n\nAnd _we have not the power_ if we had the right. Congress does not\nmake laws; Congress only declares and interprets them. There is but\none law-giver\u2014God Almighty; and all that judges and governors and\nlaw-makers and Congresses and Parliaments can do, is to ascertain\nwhat are God\u2019s laws and interpret them. And God\u2019s law is the law\nof liberty, and all His laws are to conserve liberty. Never in\nthe history of the world has a nation succeeded in stopping one\nof these great migratory movements. Out of four hundred million\npeople, in one year almost as many corpses lie upon the ground in\nChina as were strewed on all our battle-fields, and over every\none a grave-stone might be erected with the inscription, \u201cDied\nof hunger!\u201d Why, you might better expect to stop the charge of a\nherd of buffaloes rushing madly along with the prairie on fire\nbehind them, by means of a Virginia rail fence, than to stop the\nimmigration of a great nation, driven from its home by pursuing\nfamine, with an act of Congress. You could easier dam up the waters\nof the Gulf Stream with bulrushes.\n\nIn the year 250 the Goths and Vandals won their first victory\nover Roman arms on the Roman boundary. The Roman empire adopted\nDennis Kearney\u2019s platform; it said, \u201cWe will not have the Goths\nand Vandals on our territory.\u201d The Roman empire was clad in mail\nfrom its head to its foot; it was an army of soldiers; it put forth\nthe greatest military power the world has seen to stop the great\nmigration. For a hundred and fifty years the conflict went on,\nbut year by year the valiant warrior was beaten back, and it was\nended at last with the sack of Rome. But 250 years before these\nimmigrants made their first appearance on the border line, a little\ndecrepit Jew made his appearance in Rome as a prisoner. He lived\nthere two years, bound, chained to the soldier that guarded him,\nand he brought there the story that God had shown himself in Jesus\nChrist, His Son, who had lived, suffered, died, risen, and ever\nlived for them. In those 250 years, Christianity under various\npersecutions, had grown little by little, until, when the Goths and\nVandals made their appearance, it comprised one-twentieth of the\npopulation of Rome\u2014fifty thousand out of a million. It sent Bishop\nUlfilas with his Gothic Bible, to the north; it sent Augustine\ninto England; it sent St. Patrick\u2014Protestant before the time of\nProtestantism\u2014to preach a pure gospel in Ireland. One and another\nand another went forth, bearing the cross; and when at last the\nGoths and Vandals had conquered the armed Romans, so thoroughly\nhad that Christian church done its work, that, says Lecky, the\nChristian church conquered the barbarian world almost in the same\nhour in which the barbarian world conquered Rome.\n\nWe are told that we cannot convert the Chinese. Why, Christianity,\nwhile it was yet in its cradle, without churches, without schools,\nwithout a printing press, without literature, Christianity\ninfantile vanquished the serpents that had strangled the military\nHercules. If we cannot, with the Christianity that we possess\nto-day, vanquish the semi-civilized paganism of China, we had\nbetter get a new Christianity, for we sorely need it.\n\nLet us look, then, at the other method of protecting our nation\nfrom the incursion of the Chinese. The one is the barbaric method,\nthe method of military Rome; the other is the Christian method,\nthe method of the successors and followers of the Apostles and of\nthe Lord Jesus Christ. What is this method? What does it involve?\nIt involves welcoming the Chinese to our shores; throwing open\nthe gates; recognizing the truth that the earth is the Lord\u2019s,\nand that all peoples are entitled to make their home here if they\nwill; welcoming them to all the protection\u2014I do not say to all\nthe powers\u2014of citizenship; holding over them the shield of the\nDeclaration of Independence, and declaring for them the right to\n\u201clife, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.\u201d It involves bringing\nthem into our schools and into our churches; teaching them that\nwhich we teach ourselves and our children; teaching them those\nthings upon which our own intelligence and prosperity and our own\nnational life are based. Above all, it involves teaching them those\ngreat principles of Christianity which are the very conservation of\nnational force and the saviours of the nation. It involves teaching\nthem that there is one God; that we are all one family, brethren in\nthe Lord Jesus Christ, doubly brethren\u2014born of God and redeemed by\nChrist; it involves teaching them immortality, and all the glorious\nhopes and liberations that come from the faith of immortality; it\ninvolves all the assimilating and unifying force and power that\ncome from teaching the Fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of the\nhuman race.\n\nAnd, observe, you cannot carry on these two methods\nsimultaneously. You cannot say, \u201cWe will exclude the Chinese, but\nif they do come here we will convert them.\u201d You cannot ask the\nChinaman to kneel down with you and say, \u201cOur Father which art in\nHeaven,\u201d and then, when he has finished, take him by the throat\nand toss him into the Pacific. You cannot say to a Chinaman, \u201cYou\nare my brother, get out of here!\u201d You cannot be both Christian and\nPagan; you must take your choice.\n\nIt is said that the Chinese cannot be converted, that they are\nimpervious to Christian influences, and that they repudiate and\nreject all such. What have been the Christian influences that have\nbeen showered upon them? They have been impervious to the guns of\nEngland when they flamed out, \u201cYou shall take opium!\u201d they have\nbeen impervious to the influence of Dennis Kearney\u2019s brick-bats\nwhen they have been flung at them in the street. I do not wonder\nthat they were impervious to that kind of Christianity. Cannot be\nconverted? Men call this an age of scepticism; but the unbelief\nthat doubts the first chapter of Genesis, that thinks the story\nof the Fall is a parable, that is uncertain whether the whale did\nreally swallow Jonah or not, that doubts whether those three men\nwent into the fiery furnace unconsumed, is as nothing compared with\nthe unbelief that lurks sometimes in our pulpits and oftener in\nour pews, that doubts the declaration that the Gospel of the Lord\nJesus Christ is the power of God unto salvation to every man that\nbelieveth\u2014not to every Anglo-Saxon man, not to every white man,\nnot to every cultured man, but to every black man, and red-skinned\nman, and copper-colored man, and Indian man, and Chinaman,\u2014to\n_humanity_. It is as nothing compared with the infidelity that puts\nunder its foot the obligation: \u201cI am debtor to the Jew, and to the\nGreek, to the bond and to the free, to the white, to the black, to\nthe Indian, to _every_ man, because for every man my Christ died.\u201d\n\nWe cannot convert the Chinese? Really it does not lie in us to say\nthey are beyond hope. Let me read you the features of a portrait:\n\n\u201cHuge, white bodies, cool-blooded, with fierce blue eyes and\nreddish flaxen hair; ravenous stomachs, filled with meat and\ncheese, heated by strong drinks; of a cold temperament, slow\nto love, home stayers, prone to drunkenness! * * pirates at\nfirst; * * sea-faring, war, and pillage, their only idea of a\nfreeman\u2019s work; * * of all barbarians the strongest of body\nand heart, the most formidable, the most cruelly ferocious;\n* * torture and carnage, greed of danger, fury of destruction,\nobstinate and frenzied bravery of an over-strong temperament, the\nunchaining of the butcherly instincts; * * with a great and coarse\nappetite.\u201d\u2014[Compiled from Taine\u2019s English Literature, vol. I pp.\n30\u201333.] Do you recognize it? It is the portrait of your ancestors\nand mine; and if Christianity can make out of that picture such an\naudience as I see before me to-night, what may it not make out of\nChina?\n\nTo-night again we see in the heavens, brighter and clearer by\nfar than ever Constantine saw in his fabled vision, that flaming\ncross, and under it the motto, \u201cBy this sign I will conquer.\u201d That\nmotto, enforced by the history of eighteen centuries of triumph,\nI set before you; the Roman spear on the one hand and the flaming\ncross on the other: choose you by which sign you will vanquish the\nChinese.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nOUR GROUNDS OF ENCOURAGEMENT.\n\nREV. SAMUEL SCOVILLE, STAMFORD, CONN.\n\n[Mr. Scoville compared the work of the Association to the\nriver which went out of Eden and became into four heads, the\nPishon, flowing to the land of gold and the Havilah of the East,\nrepresenting its Chinese work. After forcibly depicting the\nimportance of the work as involving the regeneration of China, the\ngood name of the Christian Church, the honor of Christ, and the\nperpetuity of our political institutions, the address closed with a\nstatement of the grounds for encouragement that this work can and\nshall be done. It is this latter part only for which we have room,\nas follows]:\u2014\n\nI turn now to the grounds we have for encouragement that this work\ncan and shall be done.\n\n1. The first is found in God\u2019s word. We ask ourselves, Is it His\npurpose that this work shall be done, that those heathen on our\nWestern coast and in China shall be converted, or must they be\ngiven over to destruction? And we read the promise of God to His\ndear Son: \u201cI will give Thee the heathen for Thine inheritance,\u201d and\nthat means the people of California, a large part of them, \u201cand the\nuttermost parts of the earth for Thy possession,\u201d and that means\nChina.\n\nIs there anything special about the Chinese nature that puts them\noutside the recuperating, renewing forces that exist in Jesus\nChrist? And I read: \u201cThe Word was made flesh and dwelt among us,\u201d\nand again, \u201cthat He by the grace of God should taste death for\nevery man.\u201d And I know that in that humanity and in that provision\nthe Chinese are included. I hear Him say, \u201cCome unto me all ye that\nlabor and are heavy laden,\u201d and I know that the wretched millions\nof China are meant.\n\nBut may it not be true that the Chinese are so lost to spirituality\nthat this whole power of renewing forces will be lost upon them? I\nread: \u201cAnd I, if I be lifted up, will draw all men unto me.\u201d And I\nknow there is a sweet attractiveness in the Saviour of men dying\nfor them, that is able to break up the dull apathy of Chinamen as\nwell as others.\n\nBut is there power enough to wake up the Christian churches as\nwell as the Chinese from their apathy? And I read that prayer for\nus, \u201cthat ye may know what is the exceeding greatness of His power\ntoward us who believe according to the working of His mighty power\nwhich He wrought in Christ when he raised Him from the dead, and\nset Him at His own right hand in the Heavenly places,\u201d and I know\nthat individuals and churches, even the whole Christian land, can\nbe breathed upon and quickened by that resurrection life. And then\nthe Divine Commission breaks in upon all our delay, saying, \u201cGo ye\ninto all the world and preach the Gospel to every creature,\u201d and I\nknow that that means us, and that the time is now. I am confident\nthat we have God\u2019s word for it that this work can be done, and that\nwe are to set about it without delay; and having this foundation I\ncare for little else. But we have more if we require it.\n\n2. We have God\u2019s providence. His providence that has pushed the\ncolumn of progress forward from the moment the Life came forth from\nthe tomb in the garden, and began to be preached to the nations,\nuntil now its head occupies the slopes of the mountains that\noverhang that distant continent, and looks upon it inevitably as\nits next field of conquest. That providence that has pushed this\nadvance forward upon two parallel lines, that of spiritual and of\npolitical liberty, and has made them converge and come together for\nthe first time in history upon this broad domain; that has brought\nalong in the slow conflict and march, institutions and rights, the\nspoil of nineteen centuries of conflict, and planted them upon this\ncontinent, and opened the door of invitation to the East through\na sea-coast line of twelve thousand miles, and another to the\nfar West of four thousand. These providences of God, making our\nduty clear, are endorsed by those others that have broken up the\nseclusive habits of that people, and have turned the thoughts of\nher educated men, and the hopes of her commerce, and the needs of\nher industrious poor, toward our shores.\n\nThis writing of God\u2019s providence seen in the majestic progress\nof events from the East and West meeting here, seen in the\nconfiguration of the continent, seen in the harsh language of war\nbreaking open closed doors, and in the voice of peace, endorses\nthat other word which God has given us, and proves that our\ninterpretation was correct, and that we have an especial duty to\nthis people, both at home and abroad.\n\n3. Another ground for encouragement is the character of the Chinese\nthat are now in California. They have the mind and disposition of\nthe mother country; nothing less, not much more. And what kind\nis that? We answer, it is that which created and still keeps the\nmost ancient literature in existence. It is that which worked out\nfor itself most of the inventions that made the fifteenth century\nremarkable in Europe, but more than a thousand years before. It is\na mind and spirit that has obeyed, and does now obey, the fifth\ncommandment more thoroughly than any nation upon the earth; that\neducates formally but more widely than any other people. It has\nhad the tenacity and recuperative power to hold on to its ancient\nseats while Babylon was rising and falling; while Greece was coming\nto the zenith and sinking behind the Western horizon; while Rome\nwas growing and dying; while medi\u00e6val Europe was going through\nits changes, and modern nations were being born and attaining\ntheir growth. All this time it has held on. What think you of\nthe natural capacity of a soil that has produced such results,\nthat has such staying power? It has lain long fallow, but let the\nprocess of breaking up their exclusiveness go forward; let the\nGospel, not as a destructive force, illustrated by brick-bats and\ncannon-balls, but as a quickening power made beautiful to their\neyes by the kindness and sympathy of those who profess its truths,\nbe brought to bear upon them like the sun-light; and what harvests\nof righteousness shall not that great field bear for enriching the\nRedeemer\u2019s kingdom!\n\nThe soil here or at home has not lost its native force nor its\nreceptive power. Yung Wing, picked up by a missionary in the\nstreets of Canton, converted by the faithfulness of one of the\nmothers of New England, sent to Yale College, where he stood\namong the first in his class, especially in English composition,\nreturning to his own land to reach one of the highest places in\nthe government, and now leading one of the greatest educational\nenterprises in the world, and Jee Gam as a disciple and a preacher,\nare but illustrations of what this soil, found among the common\nranks of the Chinese, is capable of producing.\n\nThe twelve thousand dollars saved by the Chinese of California out\nof their hard-earned wages, and sent to the sufferers from the\nyellow fever in the South, proves that the common sentiments of our\nhumanity are still surpassingly strong in them. The numbers and\nfaithfulness of those who have joined the churches prove that they\nare susceptible to the influences of the Gospel, while the very\ntenacity with which they cling to their old faith but proves the\ntoughness of the fibre that may some day be employed to conserve\nthe interests of the Redeemer\u2019s Kingdom.\n\n4. Again, we may gather courage from the experience we have\nalready had in conquering difficulties. If this was the first\ndifficult matter the American Christian people had ever faced, we\nmight expect them to be puzzled by its intricacy or appalled by its\nmagnitude; but it is not, for from the moment our fathers planted\ntheir feet upon these shores, we as a people have had to face\nobstacles and to overcome them. A color-line, black as night, lay\nin the way of citizenship, education, and Christian labor, but we\nhave crossed it, and we can cross the yellow line as well.\n\n5. Again we may take courage from the very strait and necessity to\nwhich we are brought. When God brings His people down to the sea,\nand all ways are shut up, and still His voice and command are to\ngo forward, we know that the waters of the sea will be divided,\nand we shall go over dry-shod and singing songs of victory beyond.\nWe cannot shut out the one hundred thousand Chinamen now here,\nnor prevent others coming. We cannot go back to the old Chinese\npolicy of exclusiveness, neither can we permit them to remain as\na foreign element, unsubdued by our institutions or our religion.\nOnly one thing remains, and that is to subdue them by the power of\nthe living Saviour brought to them by patient, loving, faithful\nChristian hearts and bands. Brethren all, _shall this be done_?\n\n6. And last of all, I mention the moving forward of Christian\nthought and Christian feeling in this direction.\n\nWhen the plan was devised to exclude the Chinese, and the President\nvetoed the bill, the Christian public upon the Atlantic coast waked\nup to the importance of the matter. They opposed his action, they\nbegan to look at this immigration in its true light, to see in it\na grand opportunity, and to lay their plans to avail themselves of\nits advantages for the cause of Christ. The greatness of the work\nis touching the imagination; its difficulty is awaking a spirit\nof heroism, and it is believed by many that we stand upon the\nthreshold of one of the grandest missionary movements, one of the\ngrandest crusades that the world has ever seen. Asia, that once\nresponded to the call from the West, \u201cCome over and help us,\u201d is\nnow herself uttering the cry, and the Christian world will not long\nbe insensible to her voice.\n\nIn view of the importance of this work in California among the\nChinese, involving the interests of that great nation beyond the\nPacific, involving the good name of Church and Redeemer, involving\nas we believe the perpetuity of our institutions: in view of the\nencouragements afforded in God\u2019s word, endorsed by His providences,\nby the excellent elements found in the Chinese character, and\nby the trophies already gathered; in view of the very necessity\nthat is laid upon us, and the quickened attention of the churches\ntoward that people, what is your answer, Christian brethren,\nto the practical questions: \u201cCan the Chinese of California be\nconquered for Christ? Can the waters of that wide-spreading river\nflow to them here, and beyond to the continent of Asia, and shall\nthey do it? Can the work be done? Will you do it?\u201d These are the\nquestions for this time, made solemn as the closing hour of your\ndeliberations, councilings, and prayers.\n\nI look along the ages, and all is changed. We no longer sit here\nin the darkness, the dust, and the noise of the conflict, but stand\nupon the Heavenly heights above. The world, in alternate shade and\nsunshine, rolls at our feet, and its song, the song of salvation,\npulses up to our listening ears. Both the question that is here\nasked, \u201cWill you do it?\u201d and the answer, which I see in your looks\nyou are giving, \u201cBy God\u2019s grace we will!\u201d are mingled with the\nsounds of the far past, and in their place rises the word, half\nsong, half benediction, \u201cGlory to God! we have done it.\u201d To those\nhigh seats we are moving; for that good word we are working and\nwaiting.\n\n\n\n\nRECEIPTS\n\nFOR SEPTEMBER, 1880.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n  MAINE, $152.54.\n\n    Augusta. John Dorr, $15; Deacon Joel Spaulding, $5       $20.00\n    Bangor. Hammond St. Cong. Ch.                            100.00\n    Hampden. Cong. Ch.                                         6.86\n    Hallowell. M. E. W. 0.50 North Bridgton. Cong. Ch.\n      and Soc.                                                 7.00\n    Norway. Second Cong. Ch.                                  18.18\n\n\n  NEW HAMPSHIRE, $894.39.\n\n    Acworth. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                               14.85\n    Atkinson. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                               6.00\n    Bristol. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                                3.22\n    Brookline. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                             10.00\n    Concord. \u201cA Friend,\u201d                                       1.00\n    Derry. First Cong. Sab. Sch., $20, _for\n      Student Aid, Talladega C._;\u2014First Cong. Ch.\n      and Soc., $15                                           35.00\n    Durham. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                                 8.00\n    Fitzwilliam. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                           28.50\n    Gilmanton Iron Works. Cent. Charitable Soc. of\n      Cong. Ch.                                                7.50\n    Goffstown. Mrs. Mary A. Stinson                            5.00\n    Haverhill. Eliza Cross                                     2.00\n    Hillsborough Centre. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                    3.00\n    Keene. First Cong. Ch. and Soc.                           79.86\n    Mason. Ladies, _for Wilmington, N. C._                     7.50\n    Meredith Village. Cong. Ch. to const. MRS.\n      IRENE SMITH, L. M.                                      30.00\n    Merrimack. Cong. Ch.                                      17.65\n    Milford. ESTATE of Mrs. Rhoda B. Hutchinson,\n      by Rev. E. H. Greeley                                  400.00\n    Mount Vernon. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                          12.24\n    Nelson. Dea. A. E. W.                                      1.00\n    New Boston. Levi Hooper                                  100.00\n    Pelham. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                                32.37\n    Pittsfield. \u201cA Friend,\u201d                                    3.00\n    Reed\u2019s Ferry. Miss H. McM.                                 0.50\n    Rindge. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                                 1.75\n    Swanzey. Miss M. W.                                        1.00\n    Thornton\u2019s Ferry. Mrs. E. R. and Mrs. H. N.\n      E., 50c. ea.                                             1.00\n    Warner. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                                23.12\n    Westmoreland. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                           7.33\n    Wilton. Second Cong. Ch.                                  52.00\n\n\n  VERMONT, $1,844.55.\n\n    Burlington. Sarah Parker                                   2.00\n    Chester. \u201cA Friend\u201d                                       15.00\n    Cornwall. Mrs. C. Ellsworth                                2.00\n    Bridport. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                              18.00\n    Coventry. Moses C. Pearson                                 5.00\n    Danville. Cong. Sab. Sch.                                 10.00\n    Dummerston. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                             4.06\n    East St. Johnsbury. Cong. Ch. and Soc.,\n      $22.50; Mrs. S. L., 25c.                                22.75\n    Enosburgh. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                             17.00\n    Grafton. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                               12.00\n    Jamaica. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                                5.00\n    Montgomery Centre. Heman Hopkins                           3.00\n    Morrisville. Mrs. Hannah E. Bailey                         2.00\n    North Craftsbury. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                      23.00\n    Pittsfield. Cong. Ch.                                     12.00\n    Ripton. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                                 4.42\n    Royalton. A. W. Kenney                                    10.00\n    Saint Johnsbury. \u201cFriends of Missions\u201d                 1,000.00\n    Saint Johnsbury. North Cong. Ch.                         230.00\n    Saint Johnsbury Centr. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                  2.25\n    Sheldon. Cong. Ch.                                         5.07\n    Springfield. \u201cA Friend,\u201d $200; Mrs. F. Parks,\n      $100; Cong;. Ch. and Soc., $28                         328.00\n    West Dover. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                             5.00\n    Westminster. \u201cA Thank Offering\u201d                            1.00\n    West Salisbury. Mrs. Esther Spencer                        5.00\n    West Wardsborough. Mrs. T. W.                              1.00\n    Woodstock. Hon. Frederick Billings                       100.00\n\n\n  MASSACHUSETTS, $3,469.30.\n\n    Amherst. Mrs. R. A. Lester                                50.00\n    Amesbury. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                              12.00\n    Ayer. Mrs. C. A. Spaulding                                50.00\n    Barre. Cong. Ch. and Soc., $24.07, and Sab.\n      Sch., $29.54; Evan. Cong. Sab. Sch., $21.26             74.87\n    Bernardston. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                            4.50\n    Boston. Miss E. P.                                         0.50\n    Boston Highlands. Highlands Cong. Ch. and Soc.            76.24\n    Brimfield. Ladies\u2019 Charitable Soc. Bbl. of C.\n      and $2 _for freight, for Savannah, Ga._                  2.00\n    Brocton. Porter Evan. Ch. and Soc.                        21.70\n    Brookfield. Evan. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                      60.00\n    Brookline. Harvard Cong. Ch., $84.84; Wm. H.\n      White, $10                                              94.84\n    Cambridge. Geo. F. Wade                                   25.00\n    Cambridgeport. Pilgrim Cong. Ch., Mon. Con.\n      Coll.                                                    8.06\n    Charlton. Cong. Ch. and Soc., $14; Clarissa\n      Case, $5                                                19.00\n    Chelsea. Anna F. Page, $5; Mrs. A. E. P., 50c.             5.50\n    Dorchester. Second Cong. Ch. and Soc.                  1,112.94\n    Douglass. Rev. W. W. Dow                                   5.00\n    East Hawley. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                            7.25\n    East Wareham. M. F. & J. H. Martin                        10.00\n    Enfield. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                               45.00\n    Georgetown. \u201cA Friend\u201d                                    10.00\n    Grantville. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                            69.29\n    Great Barrington. A. C. T.                                 1.00\n    Greenfield. Jeanette Thompson                              5.00\n    Holland. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                                9.00\n    Holliston. H. B.                                           1.00\n    Lancaster. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                             46.32\n    Lexington. Hancock Cong. Ch.                               2.59\n    Malden. First Cong. Ch. and Soc.                          38.02\n    Marlborough. Union Cong. Ch. and Soc.                     56.00\n    Medford. Mrs. E. L. Cummings, Bbl. of C. and\n      $2, _for freight, for Talladega, Ala._                   2.00\n    Melrose. Orth. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                         40.31\n    Middleborough. First Cong. Ch. and Soc.                    8.41\n    Milford. First Cong. Ch. and Soc.                         38.40\n    Monson. E. F. Morris                                      50.00\n    Newbury. First Cong. Sab. Sch.                            10.75\n    North Andover. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                         60.00\n    North Brookfield. First Cong. Ch. and Soc.\n      ad\u2019l to const. REV. S. P. WILDER and MRS.\n      JENNIE WATSON WILDER, L. M\u2019s                            50.00\n    North Chelmsford. Second Cong. Ch. and Soc.               29.00\n    North Hadley. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                           4.56\n    North Reading. Cong. Ch. and Soc., Mon. Con.\n      Coll.                                                    4.00\n    Norton. Trin. Ch., by \u201cE. B. W.,\u201d $100; Cong.\n      Ch. and Soc., $5.50                                    105.50\n    Orange. Mrs. E. W. M.                                      1.00\n    Petersham. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                              3.20\n    Reading. Bethesda Cong. Ch. and Soc., $151.42\n      ($100 of which _for Student Aid, Atlanta,\n      Ga._,) Bethesda Cong. Sab. Sch., $25                   176.42\n    Rockland. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                              75.00\n    Rockport. Cong. Ch. and Sab. Sch., _for\n      Student Aid, Talladega C._                              40.00\n    Salem. Tabernacle Sab. Sch., $20, and Infant\n      Class, $14, _for Student Aid, Talladega C._             34.00\n    Sandwich. Mrs. Joseph French                               5.00\n    Sherborn. \u201cA Friend\u201d                                       3.00\n    South Hadley Falls. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                    20.00\n    South Weymouth. Second Cong. Sab. Sch., Miss\n      Grover\u2019s Class, _for Student Aid, Atlanta U._            7.00\n    Springfield. Mrs. A. C. Hunt                               5.00\n    Sudbury. Ladies Miss. Soc., B. of C. and $2.50\n      _for freight, Atlanta, Ga._                              2.50\n    Taunton. Winslow Ch.                                      29.00\n    Templeton. Trin. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                        8.22\n    Topsfield. Charles Herrick                                20.00\n    Upton. Miss M. E. C.                                       1.00\n    Walpole. Mrs. C. F. M.                                     1.00\n    Waltham. R. C.                                             1.00\n    Wayland. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                                5.00\n    Worcester. David Whitcomb, $600, G. Henry\n      Whitcomb, $100                                         700.00\n    Worcester. Salem St. Cong. Ch.                             6.41\n\n\n  RHODE ISLAND, $45.56.\n\n    East Providence. Cong. Ch.                                20.56\n    Providence. Dea. W. S. King, $20, G. H. Dart,\n      $5, _for Talladega C._                                  25.00\n\n\n  CONNECTICUT, $2,414.86.\n\n    Berlin. Second Cong. Ch.                                  20.95\n    Cheshire. \u201cA Friend,\u201d $20; Cong. Ch., $18.94              38.94\n    Chester. Cong. Ch.                                        50.57\n    Eastford. Cong. Ch.                                       10.00\n    East Hartford. First Ch.                                  20.00\n    East Windsor. First Cong. Ch. and Soc.                     9.00\n    Ellington. Cong. Ch.                                      51.55\n    Farmington. Cong. Ch. Quar. Coll. ($50, of\n      which from H. D. Hawley, and $3 _for Woman\u2019s\n      Work for Woman_)                                       112.04\n    Franklin. Cong. Ch.                                       14.18\n    Griswold. Cong. Ch.                                       40.00\n    Gurleyville. Second Cong. Ch. and Soc.                     5.74\n    Hanover. Cong. Ch.                                        17.98\n    Hartford. Newton Case, $100, _for Talladega,\n      C._;\u2014Dr. John R. Lee, $45                              145.00\n    Lisbon. Cong. Ch.                                          2.81\n    Mansfield Centre. Mrs. S. M. Dewey, $25; Mrs.\n      B. Swift, $10; Mon. Conn. Coll., $4; _for\n      Talladega C._;\u2014H. D. R., $1                             40.00\n    Meriden Centre. Cong. Ch.                                 18.00\n    Monroe. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                                 6.00\n    New Haven. E. Pendleton                                   15.00\n    New London. First Ch.                                     83.94\n    North Woodstock. Rev. F. V. Tenney                         5.00\n    Norwich. ESTATE of Samuel C. Morgan, by Lewis\n      A. Hyde, Ex.                                            73.71\n    Norwich. Park Cong. Ch. and Soc., Weekly\n      Offering (bal.)                                        186.99\n    Plainfield. Cong. Ch. and Soc. to const.\n      MARGARET E. KINNIE, L. M.                               33.75\n    Preston City. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                          31.00\n    Salisbury. Mrs. M. M. B.                                   1.00\n    Saybrook. Cong. Ch.                                       10.11\n    Scotland. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                              10.00\n    South Glastonbury. Cong. Ch.                               5.26\n    Southport. \u201cA Friend\u201d                                     50.00\n    Thomaston. Cong. Soc.                                     19.92\n    Vernon. Mrs. E. P. Hammond                                10.00\n    Wallingford. Cong. Ch.                                    45.35\n    Watertown. ESTATE of Jeremiah Barnes, by A. M.\n      Hungerford, M. D., Ex.                                 100.00\n    Wauregan. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                              13.00\n    West Hartford. Charles Boswell                           250.00\n    West Winsted. Second Cong. Ch. and Soc.                   18.07\n    Winsted. \u201cFriends\u201d                                        50.00\n    \u2014\u2014 \u201cA Friend,\u201d _for Talladega C._                        500.00\n    \u2014\u2014 \u201cA Friend\u201d                                            200.00\n    \u2014\u2014 \u201cA Connecticut Friend,\u201d _for Talladega C._             50.00\n    \u2014\u2014 \u201cA Friend\u201d                                             50.00\n\n\n  NEW YORK, $709.61.\n\n    Amsterdam. S. Louise Bell                                  5.00\n    Brooklyn. Miss M. E. Horton, $5, Rev. S. B.\n      Halliday, bundle of books and newspapers                 5.00\n    Cortland. Mrs. E. B. Dean                                  5.00\n    Ellington. Mrs. H. B. Rice                                10.00\n    Gerry. Mrs. M. A. Sears                                  128.36\n    Gloversville. Mrs. L. H.                                   1.00\n    Granby Centre. J. C. Harrington                           10.00\n    Hamilton. Mrs. S. K. Bardin                                5.00\n    Harlem. \u201cJ. D.\u201d                                          300.00\n    Morrisville. Dea. A. B. DeForest, _for\n      Talladega C._                                           26.00\n    New York. C. T. Christensen, $25, Robbins\n      Battell, $20, _for repairs Talladega\n      C._;\u2014\u201cA. P. D.\u201d $10                                     55.00\n    Orient. Miss H. M. W.                                      1.00\n    Owego. Rev. E. B. Turner, two packages of\n      religious newspapers\n    Seneca Falls. Cong. Ch. \u201cA Friend,\u201d                       50.00\n    Sherburne. Homer C. Newton, $11, Mrs. Fanny\n      Rexford, $10, _for Talladega C._                        21.00\n    South Edmeston. \u201cThree Friends,\u201d _for\n      Talladega C._                                            3.00\n    Syracuse. M. W. Hanchett, $25; Rev. J. C.\n      Holbrook, D. D., $10                                    35.00\n    Union Valley. Wm. C. Angel                                10.00\n    Westmoreland. First Cong. Ch.                              4.25\n    \u2014\u2014. \u201cA Friend\u201d                                            25.00\n    \u2014\u2014. \u201cA Friend\u201d                                            10.00\n\n\n  NEW JERSEY, $35.60.\n\n    Chester. First Cong. Ch.                                  19.60\n    East Orange. G. A. T.                                      1.00\n    Elizabeth. First Cong. Ch.                                 5.00\n    Newark. Mrs. Abby White                                    5.00\n    Paterson. P. Van Houten                                    5.00\n\n\n  PENNSYLVANIA, $176.89.\n\n    Hulton. Coll. U. P. Ch., $20, W. W. Grier,\n      $10.77, _for Student Aid_                               30.77\n    Philadelphia. Central Cong. Ch.                          143.72\n    Sewickly. \u201cE. H. T.\u201d, _for Woman\u2019s Work for\n      Woman_                                                   0.40\n    Worth. John Burgess                                        2.00\n\n\n  OHIO, $458.24.\n\n    Andover. O. B. Case                                       10.00\n    Beloit. J. S. and M. H. 50c. ea.                           1.00\n    Berea. Cong. Ch.                                           4.36\n    Cincinnati. G. W. F.                                       1.00\n    Cleveland. Euclid Ave. Cong. Ch., $15.58,\n      First Cong. Ch., $14                                    29.58\n    Fredericktown. A. H. Royce                                10.00\n    Garretsville. HARVEY PIKE, to const. himself\n      L. M.                                                   30.00\n    Gomer. Welsh Cong. Ch.                                    50.31\n    Jersey. Mrs. Lucinda Sinnett                              12.00\n    Lafayette. Cong. Ch.                                       5.34\n    Lenox. A. J. Holman                                       10.00\n    Mecca. Cong. Ch.                                           6.00\n    Medina. First Cong. Ch., to const. C. J.\n      RYDER, L. M.                                            37.45\n    Newark. Welsh Cong. Ch.                                   12.81\n    New Richland. Elizabeth Johnston                           2.00\n    Norwalk. \u201cA Friend\u201d                                        5.00\n    Oberlin. Ladies of Second Cong. Ch., by Mrs.\n      Dr. Allen, _for Lady Missionary, Atlanta,\n      Ga._, $75;\u2014Second Cong. Ch., $20.48                     95.48\n    Plainsville. C. O. H.                                      0.50\n    Plain. Cong. Ch., $10, Woman\u2019s Miss. Soc. of\n      Cong. Ch., $14.50                                       24.50\n    Saint Clairsville. Wm. Lee, Sr.                            2.00\n    Saybrook. Cong. Ch. (in part), $20, by Rev. A.\n      D. Barber;\u2014District No. 3, $10, _for Student\n      Aid_; \u201cA Friend,\u201d $1.25, _for new building,\n      Tougaloo Inst._, by Miss E. A. Johnson                  31.25\n    Sheffield. By Wm. A. Day                                   8.00\n    Steuben. Mrs. M. M. A.                                     1.00\n    Twinsburgh. L. W. and R. F. Green                          5.00\n    Wellington. Cong. Ch. and Soc.                            50.00\n    York. Cong. Ch.                                           12.66\n    Youngstown. \u201cA Friend\u201d                                     1.00\n\n\n  INDIANA, $25.38.\n\n    Bloomfield. \u201cFriends\u201d _for McLeansville, N. C._            0.30\n    Cincinnati. \u201cFriends\u201d _for McLeansville, N. C._            0.30\n    Solsberry. \u201cFriends\u201d _for McLeansville, N. C._             8.72\n    South Bend. R. Burroughs                                  10.00\n    Stanford. \u201cFriends\u201d _for McLeansville, N. C._              6.06\n\n\n  ILLINOIS, $730.51.\n\n    Amboy. Cong. Ch.                                          23.40\n    Avon. Mrs. Celinda Wood and \u201cFriend,\u201d $2.50 ea.            5.00\n    Bunker Hill. Cong. Ch.                                    27.80\n    Chicago. Dr. Wm. Converse, $10; Lincoln Park\n      Ch. (ad\u2019l) $6; Mrs. Willard Cook, $5; Mrs.\n      M. C. S., $1                                            22.00\n    Collinsville. Mrs. J. S. Peers, $10; J. A.\n      Wadsworth and wife, $10                                 20.00\n    Concord. J. J. T.                                          0.50\n    Danville. Cong. Ch. (ad\u2019l)                                 6.00\n    Deer Park. A. W. Day                                       5.00\n    Elgin. Cong. Ch., $61.17; W. G. Hubbard, $40             101.17\n    Farmington. Phineas Chapman                               60.00\n    Geneseo. Henry Nourse, $50, _for Talladega\n      C._; Mrs. Lucy B. Perry, $5                             55.00\n    Gridley. Cong. Ch.                                        10.00\n    Jacksonville. Thomas W. and Malvina C. Melendy            15.00\n    Joliet. WILLIAM C. STEVENS, bal. to const.\n      himself L. M.                                           10.00\n    Kewanee. Woman\u2019s Miss. Soc., by Mrs. C. C.\n      Cully, _for Lady Missionary, Liberty Co.,\n      Ga._                                                    26.73\n    Lake Forest. Mrs. S. A. Nichols                            5.00\n    Lyndon. Cong. Ch.                                          5.00\n    Oak Park. Cong. Ch. (in part)                             35.85\n    Peoria. Cong. Ch.                                        118.58\n    Plainfield. Cong. Ch.                                     16.75\n    Plymouth. Cong. Ch.                                       10.30\n    Princeton. Mrs. A. R. Clapp                               30.00\n    Prospect Park. Mrs. Emma Lloyd                             5.00\n    Ridgefield. Rev. J. O.                                     1.00\n    Rockton. Cong. Ch.                                         5.20\n    Saint Charles. Ladies\u2019 Miss. Soc.                          5.00\n    Shabbona. Cong. Ch., to const. MRS. ELIZABETH\n      GREENFIELD, L. M.                                       34.45\n    Sheffield. First Cong. Ch. ($20 of which _for\n      Lady Missionary, Liberty Co., Ga._)                     30.00\n    Springfield. First Cong. Ch., to const. WALTER\n      SANDERS, L. M.                                          30.00\n    Stillman Valley. Cong. Ch.                                 9.78\n    Toulon. Miss E. M.                                         1.00\n\n\n  MICHIGAN, $1,359.95.\n\n    Alpena. \u201cS. D. H.\u201d (of which $100, _for ed. of\n      Indian girls and boys, and_ $100 _for\n      Woman\u2019s Work for Woman_)                               500.00\n    Benzonia. First Cong. Ch.                                 27.69\n    Chelsea. Cong. Ch.                                        21.50\n    Detroit. First Cong. Ch., $249.12; Rev. F. T.\n      Bayley, $20                                            269.12\n    Galesburgh. P. H. Whitford                                75.00\n    Hopkins. First Cong. Ch.                                   8.00\n    Kalamazoo. Cong. Ch.                                      11.30\n    Laingsburg. Rev. Fayette Hurd                              5.00\n    Milford. Mrs. E. G.                                        1.00\n    Olivet. Samuel F. Drury, _for Straight U._                10.00\n    Pent Water. Cong. Ch.                                      7.00\n    South Haven. Cong. Ch., $8.75; C. Pierce, $5              13.75\n    Summit. Cong. Ch.                                          6.59\n    Union City. \u201cA Friend\u201d                                   400.00\n    Vassar. Mrs. O. W. Selden                                  2.00\n    Warren. Rev. J. L. Beebe                                   2.00\n\n\n  WISCONSIN, $128.91.\n\n    Alderley. Mrs. E. Hubbard                                  8.50\n    Beloit. Second Cong. Ch.                                  20.00\n    Boscobel. First Cong. Ch.                                 10.00\n    Bristol and Paris. Cong. Ch.                              25.00\n    Fort Howard. Cong. Ch.                                    24.00\n    Geneva Lake. Presb. Ch.                                   30.91\n    Ripon. Mrs. A. E. U.                                       0.50\n    Shopierre. John H. Cooper                                  5.00\n    Union Grove. Rev. James A. Chamberlain                     5.00\n\n\n  IOWA, $336.93.\n\n    Amity. Cong. Ch.                                          10.00\n    Atlantic. Mrs. Milo Whiting, $10, Cong. Sab.\n      Sch., $6                                                16.00\n    Burlington. Mrs. J. B. N. and Mrs. J. W. G.,\n      50c. ea.                                                 1.00\n    Chester. Cong. Ch.                                        21.00\n    Clinton. W. R.                                             1.00\n    Columbus City. Mrs. Sarah E. Evans                         3.56\n    Davenport. Edwards Cong. Ch.                             100.00\n    Des Moines. \u201cFriends,\u201d _for Talladega C._                 32.60\n    De Witt. Cong. Ch., $22.23, Cong. Sab. Sch.,\n      $4.79                                                   27.02\n    Grinnell. \u201cFriends\u201d $55, Collected by Miss\n      Mary Magoun, _for Le Moyne Ind. Sch._\u2014Miss\n      S. Whitcomb\u2019s S. S. Class, $1, _for\n      Talladega C._                                           56.00\n    Iowa City. D. W. C. Clapp, $25.00, J. S.\n      Turner, $5, _for Talladega C._                          30.00\n    Keokuk. F. N. French                                      10.00\n    Postville. Cong. Ch.                                       6.75\n    Red Oak. Cong. Ch.                                        15.00\n    Tabor. \u201cA Friend\u201d                                          1.00\n    Tipton. Cong. Ch.                                          6.00\n\n\n  MISSOURI, $9.10.\n\n    Amity. Cong. Ch. (ad\u2019l)                                    2.60\n    Kahoka. Dea. Moses Allen                                   1.50\n    Laclede. \u201cE. D. S. and S. A. S.\u201d                           5.00\n\n\n  KANSAS, $10.00.\n\n    Osawatomie. Cong. Ch.                                     10.00\n\n\n  MINNESOTA, $69.83.\n\n    Cannon Falls. First Cong. Ch.                              7.88\n    Medford. Cong. Ch.                                         4.00\n    Minneapolis. Plymouth Ch., $42.67; First Cong.\n      Ch., $11.78                                             54.45\n    Rushford. Wm. W. Snell                                     1.50\n    Saint Paul. Anna Baker                                     2.00\n\n\n  NEBRASKA, $19.00.\n\n    Beatrice. Mrs. B. F. Hotchkiss                             5.00\n    Columbus. Cong. Ch., $3.50; Mrs. J. T. C., 50c.            4.00\n    Exeter. Mission Band, \u201cCheerful Givers,\u201d Cong.\n      Ch., by Florence Dean                                    5.00\n    Omaha. Mrs. Nancy M. Tracy                                 5.00\n\n\n  ARKANSAS, 50c.\n\n    Washington. Miss J. R. M.                                  0.50\n\n\n  DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, $38.00.\n\n    Washington. \u201cM. S. C.,\u201d $20; First Cong. Ch.,\n      $18                                                     38.00\n\n\n  MARYLAND, $10.00.\n\n    Federalsburg. Sarah A. Beals                              10.00\n\n\n  TENNESSEE, $2.00.\n\n    Nashville. Individuals, by H. C. Gray                      2.00\n\n\n  ALABAMA, $153.70.\n\n    Montgomery. Cong. Ch.                                    144.00\n    Selma. Cong. Ch.                                           9.70\n\n\n  NORTH CAROLINA, $2.50.\n\n    Raleigh. Tuition                                           2.50\n\n\n  SOUTH CAROLINA, $77.65.\n\n    Charleston. Cong. Ch., $46.65; \u201cFriends,\u201d by\n      Rev. Temple Cutler, $31                                 77.65\n\n\n  TEXAS, $1.00.\n\n    Paris. Sab. Sch., by Rev. J. W. Roberts, _for\n      Mendi M._                                                1.00\n\n\n  INCOME FUND, $4,198.00.\n\n    Avery Fund, _for Mendi M._                             3,138.00\n    Le Moyne Fund                                            660.00\n    C. F. Hammond Fund                                       300.00\n    C. F. Dike Fund, _for Straight U._                        50.00\n    General Fund                                              50.00\n                                                           \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n    \u2014\u2014                                                         0.50\n                                                           \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n    Total for Sept.                                       17,375.00\n    Total from Oct. 1st to Sept. 30th                    $178,344.61\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  FOR TILLOTSON COLLEGIATE AND NORMAL INST., AUSTIN, TEXAS.\n\n    Exeter, N. H. Mrs. A. F. Odlin and Miss E.\n      Bell, Box of Bedding and $2 _for Freight_               $2.00\n    Hampton, N. H. Woman\u2019s Missionary Soc., by\n      Mrs. L. E. Dow, $13 and Box of Bedding,\n      value $19.50                                            13.00\n    Andover, Mass. John Smith                                250.00\n    Florence, Mass. A. L. Williston                          500.00\n    Holliston, Mass. Ladies\u2019 Benev. Society of\n      Cong. Ch., by Mrs. J. A. Johnson, Sec.                  12.00\n    Hopkinton, Mass. Ladies, by Mrs. Sarah B.\n      Crooks, $25; and Bbl. of Bedding, val. $25              25.00\n    Northampton, Mass. Ladies of First Church, by\n      Miss Wright                                             25.00\n    Hartford, Conn. Mrs. L. C. Dewing                         25.00\n    Jewett City, Conn. Ladies\u2019 Sewing Soc., $12.25\n      and Box of Bedding; \u201cFriends,\u201d 80 vols. _for\n      Library_                                                12.25\n    Norwich, Conn. \u201cA Friend\u201d                                400.00\n    Plantsville, Conn. Ladies\u2019 Industrial Soc.,\n      Bundle of Bedding.\n    Putnam, Conn. Ladies of Second Cong. Ch., by\n      Mrs. Geo. Buck, $37.40, and Box of Bedding,\n      with 30 vols. _for Library_                             37.40\n    Round Hill, Conn. Mrs. Charles Knapp                       2.00\n    Wethersfield, Conn. Ladies, by Mrs. E. John,\n      $28 and Box of Bedding, value $17.50; Rev.\n      A. C. Adams, 50 vols. _for Library_                     28.00\n    Sag Harbor, N. Y. \u201cA few Ladies,\u201d by Mrs. A.\n      E. Westfall                                             25.00\n                                                          \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n    Total                                                  1,356.65\n    Previously acknowledged in August receipts             6,238.00\n                                                          \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n    Total                                                 $7,594.65\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  FOR SCHOOL BUILDING, ATHENS, ALA.\n\n    Fredonia, N. Y. \u201cFriends\u201d                                 30.00\n    Jamestown, N. Y. Mrs. Bly\u2019s S. S. Class                   10.00\n    Mansfield, Ohio. Cong. Ch.                                25.00\n    New Albany, Ind. Mrs. Sarah Conner                         5.00\n    Detroit, Mich. Mrs. Z. Eddy, $3; Mrs. Warner,\n      $5                                                       8.00\n    Memphis, Mich. Cong. Sab. Sch.                             5.00\n    Portland, Mich. Rev. J. L. Maile                           6.00\n    Vermontville, Mich. Mrs. H., $1, Mrs. S. C., $1            2.00\n    Selma, Ala. Cong. Sab. Sch.                               25.00\n                                                            \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n    Total                                                    116.00\n    Previously acknowledged in August receipts               980.01\n                                                          \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n    Total                                                 $1,096.01\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  FOR NEGRO REFUGEES.\n\n    Received from Oct. 1st to Sept. 30th                     444.75\n                                                        \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n    Total amount from Oct. 1st to Sept. 30th, 1880      $187,480.02\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  FOR MISSIONS IN AFRICA.\n\n    Received from Oct. 1st to Sept. 30th                   6,576.48\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  STONE FUND.\n\n    Received from Mrs. Valeria G. Stone, Malden,\n      Mass., at the hands of Messrs. P. S. Page,\n      I. M. Cutler, and W. H. Wilcox, Trustees,\n      for the benefit of the Educational\n      Institutions under the care of the\n      Association                                        150,000.00\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n  AVERY FUND.\n\n    Amount received from Executor                            408.92\n                                                            \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n\n                                      H. W. HUBBARD, _Treas._\n                                                 56 Reade St., N. Y.\n\n\n\n\nConstitution of the American Missionary Association.\n\nINCORPORATED JANUARY 30, 1849.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nART. I. This Society shall be called \u201cTHE AMERICAN MISSIONARY\nASSOCIATION.\u201d\n\n\nART. II. The object of this Association shall be to conduct\nChristian missionary and educational operations, and diffuse a\nknowledge of the Holy Scriptures in our own and other countries\nwhich are destitute of them, or which present open and urgent\nfields of effort.\n\n\nART. III. Any person of evangelical sentiments,[A] who professes\nfaith in the Lord Jesus Christ, who is not a slaveholder, or in the\npractice of other immoralities, and who contributes to the funds,\nmay become a member of the Society; and by the payment of thirty\ndollars, a life member; provided that children and others who have\nnot professed their faith may be constituted life members without\nthe privilege of voting.\n\n\nART. IV. This Society shall meet annually, in the month of\nSeptember, October or November, for the election of officers and\nthe transaction of other business, at such time and place as shall\nbe designated by the Executive Committee.\n\n\nART. V. The annual meeting shall be constituted of the regular\nofficers and members of the Society at the time of such meeting,\nand of delegates from churches, local missionary societies,\nand other co-operating bodies, each body being entitled to one\nrepresentative.\n\n\nART. VI. The officers of the Society shall be a President,\nVice-Presidents, a Recording Secretary, Corresponding Secretaries,\nTreasurer, two Auditors, and an Executive Committee of not less\nthan twelve, of which the Corresponding Secretaries shall be\nadvisory, and the Treasurer ex-officio, members.\n\n\nART. VII. To the Executive Committee shall belong the collecting\nand disbursing of funds; the appointing, counselling, sustaining\nand dismissing (for just and sufficient reasons) missionaries and\nagents; the selection of missionary fields; and, in general, the\ntransaction of all such business as usually appertains to the\nexecutive committees of missionary and other benevolent societies;\nthe Committee to exercise no ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the\nmissionaries; and its doings to be subject always to the revision\nof the annual meeting, which shall, by a reference mutually\nchosen, always entertain the complaints of any aggrieved agent or\nmissionary; and the decision of such reference shall be final.\n\nThe Executive Committee shall have authority to fill all vacancies\noccurring among the officers between the regular annual meetings;\nto apply, if they see fit, to any State Legislature for acts of\nincorporation; to fix the compensation, where any is given, of all\nofficers, agents, missionaries, or others in the employment of the\nSociety; to make provision, if any, for disabled missionaries, and\nfor the widows and children of such as are deceased; and to call,\nin all parts of the country, at their discretion, special and\ngeneral conventions of the friends of missions, with a view to the\ndiffusion of the missionary spirit, and the general and vigorous\npromotion of the missionary work.\n\nFive members of the Committee shall constitute a quorum for\ntransacting business.\n\n\nART. VIII. This society, in collecting funds, in appointing\nofficers, agents and missionaries, and in selecting fields\nof labor, and conducting the missionary work, will endeavor\nparticularly to discountenance slavery, by refusing to receive the\nknown fruits of unrequited labor, or to welcome to its employment\nthose who hold their fellow-beings as slaves.\n\n\nART. IX. Missionary bodies, churches or individuals agreeing to\nthe principles of this Society, and wishing to appoint and sustain\nmissionaries of their own, shall be entitled to do so through the\nagency of the Executive Committee, on terms mutually agreed upon.\n\n\nART. X. No amendment shall be made to this Constitution without\nthe concurrence of two-thirds of the members present at a regular\nannual meeting; nor unless the proposed amendment has been\nsubmitted to a previous meeting, or to the Executive Committee in\nseason to be published by them (as it shall be their duty to do, if\nso submitted) in the regular official notifications of the meeting.\n\nFOOTNOTE:\n\n[A] By evangelical sentiments, we understand, among others, a\nbelief in the guilty and lost condition of all men without a\nSaviour; the Supreme Deity, Incarnation and Atoning Sacrifice\nof Jesus Christ, the only Saviour of the world; the necessity\nof regeneration by the Holy Spirit, repentance, faith and holy\nobedience in order to salvation; the immortality of the soul; and\nthe retributions of the judgment in the eternal punishment of the\nwicked, and salvation of the righteous.\n\n\n\n\nThe American Missionary Association.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nAIM AND WORK.\n\nTo preach the Gospel to the poor. It originated in a sympathy with\nthe almost friendless slaves. Since Emancipation it has devoted its\nmain efforts to preparing the FREEDMEN for their duties as citizens\nand Christians in America and as missionaries in Africa. As closely\nrelated to this, it seeks to benefit the caste-persecuted CHINESE\nin America, and to co-operate with the Government in its humane\nand Christian policy towards the INDIANS. It has also a mission in\nAFRICA.\n\n\nSTATISTICS.\n\nCHURCHES: _In the South_\u2014in Va., 1; N. C., 6; S. C., 2; Ga., 13;\nKy., 6; Tenn., 4; Ala., 14; La., 17; Miss., 4; Texas, 6. _Africa_,\n2. _Among the Indians_, 1. Total 76.\n\nINSTITUTIONS FOUNDED, FOSTERED OR SUSTAINED IN THE\nSOUTH.\u2014_Chartered_: Hampton, Va.; Berea, Ky.; Talladega, Ala.,\nAtlanta, Ga.; Nashville, Tenn.; Tougaloo, Miss., New Orleans, La.;\nand Austin, Texas, 8. _Graded or Normal Schools_: at Wilmington,\nRaleigh, N. C.; Charleston, Greenwood, S. C.; Savannah, Macon,\nAtlanta, Ga.; Montgomery, Mobile, Athens, Selma, Ala.; Memphis,\nTenn., 12. _Other Schools_, 24. Total 44.\n\nTEACHERS, MISSIONARIES AND ASSISTANTS.\u2014Among the Freedmen, 284;\namong the Chinese, 22; among the Indians, 11; in Africa, 13. Total,\n330. STUDENTS\u2014In Theology, 102; Law, 23; in College Course, 75;\nin other studies, 7,852. Total, 8,052. Scholars taught by former\npupils of our schools, estimated at 150,000. INDIANS under the care\nof the Association, 13,000.\n\n\nWANTS.\n\n1. A steady INCREASE of regular income to keep pace with the\ngrowing work. This increase can only be reached by _regular_ and\n_larger_ contributions from the churches\u2014the feeble as well as the\nstrong.\n\n2. ADDITIONAL BUILDINGS for our higher educational institutions, to\naccommodate the increasing numbers of students; MEETING HOUSES for\nthe new churches we are organizing; MORE MINISTERS, cultured and\npious, for these churches.\n\n3. HELP FOR YOUNG MEN, to be educated as ministers here and\nmissionaries to Africa\u2014a pressing want.\n\nBefore sending boxes, always correspond with the nearest A. M. A.\noffice, as below:\n\n  NEW YORK      H. W. Hubbard, Esq., 56 Reade Street.\n  BOSTON        Rev. C. L. Woodworth, Room 21 Congregational House.\n  CHICAGO       Rev. Jas. Powell, 112 West Washington Street.\n\n\nMAGAZINE.\n\nThis Magazine will be sent, gratuitously, if desired, to the\nMissionaries of the Association; to Life Members; to all clergymen\nwho take up collections for the Association; to Superintendents of\nSabbath Schools; to College Libraries; to Theological Seminaries;\nto Societies of Inquiry on Missions; and to every donor who does\nnot prefer to take it as a subscriber, and contributes in a year\nnot less than five dollars.\n\nThose who wish to remember the AMERICAN MISSIONARY ASSOCIATION in\ntheir last Will and Testament, are earnestly requested to use the\nfollowing\n\n\nFORM OF A BEQUEST.\n\n\u201cI BEQUEATH to my executor (or executors) the sum of \u2014\u2014 dollars in\ntrust, to pay the same in \u2014\u2014 days after my decease to the person\nwho, when the same is payable, shall act as Treasurer of the\n\u2018American Missionary Association\u2019 of New York City, to be applied,\nunder the direction of the Executive Committee of the Association,\nto its charitable uses and purposes.\u201d\n\nThe will should be attested by three witnesses [in some States\nthree are required\u2014in other States only two], who should write\nagainst their names, their places of residence [if in cities,\ntheir street and number]. The following form of attestation will\nanswer for every State in the Union: \u201cSigned, sealed, published\nand declared by the said [A. B.] as his last Will and Testament,\nin presence of us, who, at the request of the said A. B., and in\nhis presence, and in the presence of each other, have hereunto\nsubscribed our names as witnesses.\u201d In some States it is required\nthat the Will should be made at least two months before the death\nof the testator.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n\n\n                             PAYSON\u2019S\n\n                          Indelible Ink,\n\n                  FOR MARKING ANY FABRIC WITH A\n                      COMMON PEN, WITHOUT A\n                           PREPARATION.\n\n          It still stands unrivaled after 50 years\u2019 test,\n\n                      _THE SIMPLEST & BEST._\n\nSales now greater than ever before.\n\nThis Ink received the Diploma and Medal at Centennial over all\nrivals.\n\nReport of Judges: \u201cFor simplicity of application and indelibility.\u201d\n\n                            INQUIRE FOR\n\n                      PAYSON\u2019S COMBINATION!!!\n\nSold by all Druggists, Stationers and News Agents, and by many\nFancy Goods and Furnishing Houses.\n\n\n                 *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n                     \u201cIMPORTANT TO CLERGYMEN.\u201d\n\n                  Prince\u2019s Improved Fountain Pen.\n\n[Illustration: CAP THE HANDLE CONTAINS THE INK]\n\nAs now improved, saves one-third the time.\n\n\u201cIf I were bereft of it, I should feel myself bereft of my right\nhand.\u201d\u2014REV. LYMAN ABBOTT, _Ed. Ch. Union_\n\nCan be sent by mail in a registered letter. Send for circulars.\nManufactured by\n\n                          JOHN S. PURDY,\n                        212 Broadway, Cor. Fulton St., New York.\n\n\n                 *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n               NEW AND IMPROVED STYLES THIS SEASON.\n\n  MASON\n  AND\n  HAMLIN\n  ORGANS\n\nBEST IN THE WORLD: winners of highest distinction at EVERY GREAT\nWORLD\u2019S FAIR FOR THIRTEEN YEARS. Prices, $51, $57, $66, $84, $108,\nto $508 and upward. For easy payments, $6.30 a quarter and upward.\nCatalogues free. MASON & HAMLIN ORGAN CO., 154 Tremont Street,\nBoston; 46 East 14th Street, NEW YORK; 149 Wabash Ave., CHICAGO.\n\n\n                 *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n                           J. & R. LAMB,\n                      59 Carmine St., N. Y.\n                         CHURCH FURNISHERS\n\n                          [Illustration]\n\n                Memorial Windows, Memorial Tablets,\n                Sterling Silver Communion Services.\n                        SEND FOR CIRCULAR.\n\n\n                 *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n                 CLINTON H. MENEELY BELL COMPANY,\n\n                 Successors to Meneely & Kimberly,\n\n                    BELL FOUNDERS, TROY, N. Y.\n\n  Manufacture a superior quality of BELLS.\n  Special attention given to =CHURCH BELLS=.\n  \u261e Catalogues sent free to parties needing bells.\n\n\n                 *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n                       Brown Brothers & Co.\n\n                          59 WALL STREET,\n\n                             NEW YORK.\n\n=Buy and Sell Bills of Exchange= on Great Britain and Ireland,\nFrance, Germany, Belgium and Holland, =Issue Commercial and\nTravelers\u2019 Credits, in Sterling=, available in any part of the\nworld, and in =Francs= for use in Martinique and Guadeloupe.\n\n                Make Telegraphic Transfers of Money\n\n         Between this and other countries, through London\n                            and Paris.\n\n=Make Collection of Drafts drawn abroad= in all parts of the United\nStates and Canada, and of =Drafts drawn in the United States= on\nForeign Countries.\n\n=Travelers\u2019 Credits= issued either against cash deposited or\nsatisfactory guarantee of repayment: In Dollars for use in the\nUnited States and adjacent countries; or in Pounds Sterling for use\nin any part of the World. Applications for credits may be addressed\nas above direct, or through any first-class Bank or Banker.\n\n                       BROWN, SHIPLEY & CO.,\n                     26 Chapel St., Liverpool.\n\n                       BROWN, SHIPLEY & CO.,\n                Founder\u2019s Court, Lothbury, London.\n\n\n                 *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n                         W. & B. DOUGLAS,\n\n                        Middletown, Conn.,\n\n                         MANUFACTURERS OF\n\n                              PUMPS,\n\nHYDRAULIC RAMS, GARDEN ENGINES, PUMP CHAIN AND FIXTURES, IRON\nCURBS, YARD HYDRANTS, STREET WASHERS, ETC.\n\n[Illustration]\n\nHighest Medal awarded them by the Universal Exposition at Paris,\nFrance, in 1867; Vienna, Austria, in 1873; and Philadelphia, 1876.\n\n                         Founded in 1832.\n\n                        Branch Warehouses:\n                         85 & 87 John St.\n                             NEW YORK,\n                                AND\n                         197 Lake Street,\n                             CHICAGO.\n\n                _For Sale by all Regular Dealers._\n\n\n                 *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n                     THE THIRTY-FOURTH VOLUME\n\n                              OF THE\n\n                       AMERICAN MISSIONARY,\n\n                               1880.\n\n                 *       *       *       *       *\n\n\nWe have been gratified with the constant tokens of the increasing\nappreciation of the MISSIONARY during the past year, and purpose to\nspare no effort to make its pages of still greater value to those\ninterested in the work which it records.\n\nA little effort on the part of our friends, when making their own\nremittances, to induce their neighbors to unite in forming Clubs,\nwill easily double our list, and thus widen the influence of our\nMagazine, and aid in the enlargement of our work.\n\nUnder the editorial supervision of Rev. C. C. PAINTER, aided by the\nsteady contributions of our intelligent Missionaries and teachers\nin all parts of the field, and with occasional communications from\ncareful observers and thinkers elsewhere, the AMERICAN MISSIONARY\nfurnishes a vivid and reliable picture of the work going forward\namong the Indians, the Chinamen on the Pacific Coast, and the\nFreedmen as citizens in the South and as Missionaries in Africa.\n\nIt will be the vehicle of important views on all matters affecting\nthe races among which it labors, and will give a monthly summary of\ncurrent events relating to their welfare and progress.\n\nPatriots and Christians interested in the education and\nChristianizing of these despised races are asked to read it, and\nassist in its circulation.\n\nThe Magazine will be sent gratuitously, if preferred, to the\npersons indicated on page 384.\n\nDonations and subscriptions should be sent to\n\n                               H. W. HUBBARD, Treasurer,\n                                       56 Reade Street, New York.\n\n                 *       *       *       *       *\n\n\n                          TO ADVERTISERS.\n\nSpecial attention is invited to the advertising department of the\nAMERICAN MISSIONARY. Among its regular readers are thousands of\nMinisters of the Gospel, Presidents, Professors and Teachers in\nColleges, Theological Seminaries and Schools; it is, therefore,\na specially valuable medium for advertising Books, Periodicals,\nNewspapers, Maps, Charts, Institutions of Learning, Church\nFurniture, Bells, Household Goods, &c.\n\nAdvertisers are requested to note the moderate price charged for\nspace in its columns, considering the extent and character of its\ncirculation.\n\nAdvertisements must be received by the TENTH of the month, in order\nto secure insertion in the following number. All communications in\nrelation to advertising should be addressed to\n\n          THE AMERICAN MISSIONARY ADVERTISING DEPARTMENT,\n                                        56 Reade Street, New York.\n\n                 *       *       *       *       *\n\n\u261e Our friends who are interested in the Advertising Department of\nthe \u201cAmerican Missionary\u201d can aid us in this respect by mentioning,\nwhen ordering goods, that they saw them advertised in our Magazine.\n\n\nDAVID H. GILDERSLEEVE, PRINTER, 101 CHAMBERS STREET, NEW YORK.\n\n\n\n\nTranscriber\u2019s Notes:\n\nObvious printer\u2019s punctuation errors have been corrected. Letters\nmissing from printing, where an empty space had been left for the\nletter, were inserted. Inconsistent hyphenation retained due to\nmultiple authors.","title":"The American Missionary, Volume 34, No. 11, November 1880","tradition":"scripture-revelation","translated_text":null,"word_count":42353}