{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_55406/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_55406","id":"gutenberg_55406","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/55406","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Classics of Literature","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Category: Novels","Category: Romance","Romance fiction, Greek -- Translations into English"],"text":"SCRIPTORES EROTICI GR\u00c6CI\n\nTHE GREEK ROMANCES\n\nOF\n\nHELIODORUS, LONGUS,\n\nAND\n\nACHILLES TATIUS,\n\nCOMPRISING\n\nTHE ETHIOPICS; OR, ADVENTURES OF THEAGENES\nAND CHARICLEA;\n\nTHE PASTORAL AMOURS OF DAPHNIS AND CHLOE;\n\nAND\n\nTHE LOVES OF CLITOPHO AND LEUCIPPE.\n\n\nTranslated from the Greek, with notes.\n\nBy the REV. ROWLAND SMITH, M.A.\n\nFORMERLY OF ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD.\n\n\nLONDON: GEORGE BELL AND SONS, YORK STREET\nCOVENT GARDEN.\n\n1901.\n\n\n\n    CONTENTS.\n\n    PREFACE\n    Summaries:\n    HELIODORUS.\n    LONGUS.\n    ACHILLES TATIUS.\n    THE ADVENTURES OF THEAGENES AND CHARICLEA.\n    BOOK II.\n    BOOK III.\n    BOOK IV.\n    BOOK V.\n    BOOK VI.\n    BOOK VII.\n    BOOK VIII.\n    BOOK IX.\n    BOOK X.\n    THE LOVES OF DAPHNIS AND CHLOE, A PASTORAL NOVEL.\n    BOOK II.\n    BOOK III.\n    BOOK IV.\n    THE LOVES OF CLITOPHO AND LEUCIPPE.\n    BOOK I.\n    BOOK II.\n    BOOK III.\n    BOOK IV.\n    BOOK V.\n    BOOK VI.\n    BOOK VII.\n    BOOK VIII.\n\n\n\nPREFACE\n\n\nBy no reader of classical antiquity will any of its remains be regarded\nas entirely devoid of worth. The \"fine gold\" will naturally stand\nfirst in estimation, but the \"silver and brass and iron,\" nay even\nthe \"iron mingled with miry clay,\" will each possess its respective\nvalue. Accordingly, while the foremost place will ever be assigned to\nits Historians, Philosophers, Orators, and Poets, the time will not be\nesteemed thrown away which makes him acquainted with those authors who\nstruck out a new vein of writing, and abandoning the facts of history\nand the inventions of mythology, drew upon their own imagination and\nsought for subjects in the manners and pursuits of domestic life.\n\nThe publication of a revised translation of Heliodorus and Longus, and\nof a new translation of Achilles Tatius, calls for some brief prefatory\nobservations upon the origin of fictitious narrative among the Greeks;\nthat department of literature which, above any other, has been prolific\nin finding followers, more especially in modern times; and which,\naccording to the spirit in which it is handled, is capable of producing\nsome of the best or worst effects upon society.\n\nWorks of fiction may, as we know, administer a poisoned cup, but\nthey may also supply a wholesome and pleasing draught; they may be\nthe ministers of the grossest immorality and absurdity, but they may\nlikewise be the vehicles of sound sense and profitable instruction.\n\n\"As real _History_,\" says Bacon, \"gives us not the success of things\naccording to the deserts of vice and virtue _Fiction_ connects it,\nand presents us with the fates and fortunes of persons, rewarded or\npunished according to merit.\"\n\n\"It is chiefly in the fictions of an age,\" says Dunlop, \"that we can\ndiscover the modes of living, dress, and manners of the period;\" and he\ngoes on to say--\"But even if the utility which is derived from Fiction\nwere less than it is, how much are we indebted to it for pleasure and\nenjoyment! It sweetens solitude and charms sorrow--it occupies the\nattention of the vacant, and unbends the mind of the philosopher. Like\nthe enchanter, Fiction shows us, as it were in a mirror, the most\nagreeable objects; recalls from a distance the forms which are dear to\nus, and soothes our own grief by awakening our sympathy for others. By\nits means the recluse is placed in the midst of society; and he who is\nharassed and agitated in the city is transported to rural tranquillity\nand repose. The rude are refined by an introduction, as it were, to the\nhigher orders of mankind, and even the dissipated and selfish are, in\nsome degree, corrected by those paintings of virtue and simple nature,\nwhich must ever be employed by the novelist, if he wish to awaken\nemotion or delight.\"\n\nHuet, Bishop of Avranches, was the first who wrote a regular and\nsystematic treatise on the origin of fictitious narrative--\"De origine\nFabularum Romanensium.\"\n\nHe gives it as his opinion, that \"not in Provence (Provincia\nRomanorum), nor yet in Spain, are we to look for the fatherland of\nthose amusing compositions called Romances; but that it is among the\npeople of the East, the Arabs, the Egyptians, the Persians, and the\nSyrians, that the germ and origin is to be found, of this species\nof fictitious narrative, for which the peculiar genius and poetical\ntemperament of those nations particularly adapt them, and in which they\ndelight to a degree scarcely to be credited; for even their ordinary\ndiscourse is interspersed with figurative expressions, and their maxims\nof theology and philosophy, and above all of morals and political\nscience, are invariably couched under the guise of allegory or\nparable.\" In confirmation of this opinion he remarks, that \"nearly all\nthose who in early times distinguished themselves as writers of what\nare now called _Romances_, were of Oriental birth or extraction;\"--and\nhe instances \"Clearchus, a pupil of Aristotle, who was a native\nof Soli, in Cilicia,--Iamblicus, a Syrian--Heliodorus and Lucian,\nnatives, the one of Emessa, the other of Samosata--Achilles Tatius, of\nAlexandria.\"\n\nThis statement of Huet's is admitted to hold good, _generally_, by the\nauthor of a very interesting Article on the \"_Early Greek Romances_,\"\nin No. CCCXXXIII. of Blackwood's Magazine; who however differs from the\nlearned Bishop in some particulars.\n\n\"While fully admitting,\" he says, \"that it is to the vivid fancy and\npicturesque imagination of the Orientals that we owe the origin of all\nthose popular legends, which have penetrated under various changes\nof costume, into every corner of Europe, we still hold, that the\ninvention of the Romance of ordinary life, on which the interest of the\nstory depends upon occurrences in some measure within the bounds of\nprobability, and in which the heroes and heroines are neither invested\nwith superhuman qualities, nor extricated from their difficulties by\nsupernatural means, must be ascribed to a more _European_ state of\nsociety than that which produced those tales of wonder, which are\ncommonly considered as characteristic of the climes of the East.\"\n\nThis difference of opinion he fortifies, by remarking that \"the authors\nenumerated by the Bishop of Avranches himself were all denizens of\nGreek cities of Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt, and consequently, in all\nprobability, _Greeks_ by descent; and though the scene of their works\nis frequently laid in Asia, the costumes and characters introduced are\nalmost invariably on the Greek model.\"\n\nHe concludes this part of his subject by saying; \"these writers,\ntherefore, may fairly be considered as constituting a distinct class\nfrom those more strictly Oriental--not only in birth but in language\nand ideas; and as being in fact the legitimate forerunners of modern\nnovelists.\"\n\nThe first to imbibe a love for fictitious narrative from the Eastern\npeople among whom they dwelt, were the Milesians, a colony of Greeks,\nand from them this species of narrative derived the name of \"Sermo\nMilesius.\"[1] A specimen of the Milesian tale may be seen in the\nStories of _Parthenius_, which are chiefly of the amatory kind, and not\nover remarkable for their moral tendency. From the Greek inhabitants\nof Asia Minor, especially from the Milesians, it was natural that a\nfondness for _Fiction_ should extend itself into Greece, and that\npleasure should produce imitation. But it was not until the conquests\nof Alexander, that a greater intercourse between Greece and Asia became\nthe means of conveying the stores of fiction from the one continent to\nthe other.\n\nThe Romance writers, who flourished previous to Heliodorus, are known\nonly from the summary of their compositions preserved to us by Photius,\nPatriarch of Constantinople, in the ninth century. We subjoin their\nnames and the titles of their works:--\n\nAntonius Diogenes wrote \"The incredible things in Thule;\" Iamblicus,\nthe \"Babylonica,\" comprising the formidable number of sixteen books; in\naddition to which there is the \"Ass\" of Lucian, founded chiefly upon\nthe \"Metamorphoses of Lucius.\"\n\nThe palm of merit, in every respect, especially \"in the arrangement\nof his fable,\" has been universally assigned to Heliodorus, Bishop of\nTricca in Thessaly, who flourished A.D. 400; \"whose writing,\" says\nHuet, \"the subsequent novelists of those ages constantly proposed to\nthemselves as a model for imitation; and as truly may they all be said\nto have drunk of the waters of this fountain, as all the Poets did of\nthe Homeric spring.\"\n\nThe writers of Romance, posterior to Heliodorus, who alone are worthy\nof note, are Achilles Tatius, who is allowed to come next to him\nin merit; Longus, who has given the first example of the \"Pastoral\nRomance;\" and Xenophon, of Ephesus.\n\nHaving alluded to the various writers of fictitious narrative, our\nfarther remarks may be confined to Heliodorus, Longus, and Achilles\nTatius. With the work of the author of the \"Ethiopics\" are connected\nsome curious circumstances, which shall be given in the words of an\nEcclesiastical Historian, quoted by the writer of the article in\nBlackwood.\n\nNicephorus, B. xii. c. 34, says--\"This Heliodorus, Bishop of Tricca,\nhad in his youth written certain love stories, called 'Ethiopics,'\nwhich are highly popular, even at the present day, though they are\nnow better known by the title of 'Chariclea;' and it was by reason\nthereof that he lost his see. For inasmuch as many of the youths were\ndrawn into peril of sin by the perusal of these amorous tales, it was\ndetermined by the Provincial Synod, that either these books, which\nkindled the fire of love, should themselves be consumed by fire,\nor that the author should be deposed from his episcopal functions;\nand this choice being propounded to him, he preferred resigning his\nbishoprick to suppressing his writings.--Heliodorus,\" continues the\nreviewer, \"according to the same authority, was the first Thessalian\nBishop who had insisted on the married clergy putting away their wives,\nwhich may probably have tended to make him unpopular; but the story of\nhis deposition, it should be observed, rests solely on the statement of\nNicephorus, and is discredited by Bayle and Huet, who argue that the\nsilence of Socrates, (Eccles. Hist. B. v. c. 22), in the chapter where\nhe expressly assigns the authority of the 'Ethiopics' to the '_Bishop_'\nHeliodorus, more than counterbalances the unsupported assertion of\nNicephorus;--'an author,' says Huet, 'of more credulity than judgment.'\nIf Heliodorus were, indeed, as has been generally supposed, the\nsame to whom several of the Epistles of St. Jerome were addressed,\nthis circumstance would supply an additional argument against the\nprobability of his having incurred the censures of the Church; but\nwhatever the testimony of Nicephorus may be worth on this point, his\nmention of the work affords undeniable proof of its long continued\npopularity, as his Ecclesiastical History was written about A.D. 900,\nand Heliodorus lived under the reign of the sons of Theodosius, fully\n500 years earlier.\"\n\nOf the popularity of his work in more recent times, the following\ninstances may be given. \"Tasso,\" says Ghirardini, \"became acquainted\nwith this Romance when it was introduced at the Court of Charles the\nIXth of Prance, where it was read by the ladies and gentlemen in the\ntranslation made by Amiot. The poet promised the courtiers that they\nshould soon see the work attired in the most splendid vestments of\nItalian poetry, and kept his promise, by transferring to the heroine\nClorinda (in the tenth canto of the 'Gerusalemme') the circumstances\nattending the birth and early life of the Ethiopian maiden Chariclea.\"\n\n\"The proposed sacrifice and subsequent discovery of the birth of\nChariclea have likewise,\" observes Dunlop, \"been imitated in the Pastor\nFido of Guarini, and through it, in the Astrea of D'Urf\u00e9.\n\n\"Racine had at one time intended writing a drama on the subject of\nthis Romance, a plan which has been accomplished by Dorat, in his\nTragedy of Theagenes and Chariclea, acted at Paris in the year 1762. It\nalso suggested the plot of an old English tragi-comedy, by an unknown\nauthor, entitled the 'Strange Discovery.'\"\n\nHardy, the French poet, wrote eight tragedies in verse on the same\nsubject, without materially altering the ground-work of the Romance;\n\"an instance of literary prodigality\"--remarks Dunlop truly--\"which is\nperhaps unexampled.\"\n\nNor have authors only availed themselves of the work of Heliodorus.\nArtists likewise have sought from his pages subjects for their canvass.\n\n\"Two of the most striking incidents have been finely delineated by\nRaphael in separate paintings, in which he was assisted by Julio\nRomano. In one he has seized the moment when Theagenes and Chariclea\nmeet in the temple of Delphi, and Chariclea presents Theagenes with\na torch to kindle the sacrifice. In the other he has chosen for his\nsubject, the capture of the Tyrian ship, in which Calasiris was\nconducting Theagenes and Chariclea to the coast of Sicily. The vessel\nis supposed to have already struck to the Pirates, and Chariclea is\nexhibited, by the light of the moon, in a suppliant posture, imploring\nTrachinus that she might not be separated from her lover and Calasiris.\"\n\nHeliodorus, as has already been remarked, is allowed to be far superior\nto any of his predecessors in \"the disposition of the fable;\" as also,\n\"in the artful manner in which the tale is disclosed;\" and Tasso\npraises him for the skill which he displays in keeping the mind of his\nreader in suspense, and in gradually clearing up what appeared confused\nand perplexed. His style is, in many parts, highly poetical, abounding\nin expressions and turns of thought borrowed from the Greek poets, to\nwhich, indeed, it is quite impossible to do justice when translating\nthem into another language.\n\nThe chief defects in the composition of his work, are the\ndigressions--for instance, the adventures of Cnemon and the siege of\nCyene; together with certain critical and philosophical discussions,\nwhich, while they take up considerable space distract the attention of\nthe reader, without adding to his interest.\n\nHe has also been blamed for making a _third_ person--Calasiris--recount\nthe adventures of the hero and heroine; instead of letting them tell\ntheir own story. As regards the two principal characters, it must be\nallowed that the hero, like many heroes in modern novels, is \"insipid.\"\nUpon certain occasions, it is true that Theagenes \"comes out:\" he does\nbattle boldly with the pirate lieutenant; distances his rival, in good\nstyle, in the running match; effectually cools the courage of the\nEthiopian bully; and gives proof of the skill of reasoning man over the\nstrength of the irrational brute in the scene of the _Taurocathapsia_;\nbut with these exceptions, he is remarkable chiefly for his resistance\nto temptations, and for the constancy of his affections--no slight\nmerits, however, especially in a heathen, and like other \"quiet\nvirtues,\" of greater intrinsic value than more sparkling and showy\nqualities.\n\nOf Chariclea, on the other hand, it has with justice been observed,[2]\nthat \"her character makes ample amends for the defects in that of her\nlover. The masculine firmness and presence of mind which she evinces in\nsituations of peril and difficulty, combined at all times with feminine\ndelicacy; and the warmth and confiding simplicity of her love for\nTheagenes, attach to her a degree of interest which belongs to none of\nthe other personages.\"\n\n\"The course of true love never did run smooth,\" says the Poet; and\nhowever defective may be the work of Heliodorus, in other respects,\nnone of its readers will deny that the author has exemplified the words\nof the Bard in the perils, and escapes, separations, and unexpected\nreunion of the hero and heroine of the \"Ethiopics.\"\n\nNone there are, we trust but will rejoice, when at the conclusion, they\nfind--\n\n    \"How Fate to Virtue paid her debt,\n    And for their troubles, bade them prove\n    A lengthened life of peace and love.\"\n\nThe forte of Heliodorus lies especially in descriptions; his work\nabounds in these, and apart from the general story, the most\ninteresting portions are, the account of the haunts of the Buccaneers;\nthe procession at Delphi, with the respective retinues and dresses of\nTheagenes and Chariclea; the wrestling match, and the bull fight--all\nthese are brought before the reader with picturesque effect, and in\nforcible and vivid language; nor should we omit what is very curious\nand valuable in an antiquarian point of view, his minute description of\nthe panoply worn by man and horse composing the flower of the Persian\narmy, which paints to the life, the iron-clad heroes of the Crusades,\nso many centuries before they appeared upon the scene.\n\nWith reference to the writers of Greek Romance, in general, there is\none particular point which deserves mention; the more prominent manner\nin which they bring forward that sex, whose influence is so powerful\nupon society, but whose seclusion in those early times banished\nthem from a participation in the every day affairs of life. \"The\nGreek Romances,\" says Dunlop, \"may be considered as almost the first\nproductions, in which woman is in any degree represented as assuming\nher proper station of the friend and companion of man. Hitherto she\nhad been considered almost in the light of a slave, ready to bestow\nher affections on whatever master might happen to obtain her; but in\nHeliodorus and his followers, we see her an affectionate guide and\nadviser. We behold an union of hearts painted as a main spring of our\nconduct in life--we are delighted with pictures of fidelity, constancy,\nand chastity.\"\n\nThe same writer sums up his observations upon the Greek Romances, by\nsaying: \"They are less valuable than they might have been, from giving\ntoo much to adventure, and too little to manners and character; but\nthese have not been altogether neglected, and several pleasing pictures\nare delineated of ancient customs and feelings. In short, these early\nfictions are such as might have been expected at the first effort, and\nmust be considered as not merely valuable in themselves, but as highly\nestimable in pointing out the method of awaking the most pleasing\nsympathies of our nature, and affecting most powerfully the fancy\nand heart.\" The popularity of Heliodorus has found translators for\nhis Romance in almost every European language--France, Spain, Italy,\nPoland, Germany, and Holland have contributed their versions.\n\nFour Translations have appeared in English, by Thomas Underdowne,\nLond., 1587; W. Lisle, Lond., 1622; N. Tate and another hand, 1686;\nlastly, the translation upon which the present one is based, 1791.\n\nAmong these, _Lisle_, who favoured the world with a _Poetical_ version\nof the _Prose_ Romance, affords us an example of an adventurous and ill\nfated wight.\n\n    \"Carmina qui scripsit Musis et Apolline nullo.\"\n\n    \"Apollo and the Nine; their heavy curse\n    On him did lay;--they bid him--_go, write verse_.\"\n\nThe Reviewer in Blackwood designates his production, as \"one of the\nmost precious specimens of balderdash in existence; a perfect literary\ncuriosity in its way.\" Of the truth of which any one, who will be at\nthe trouble of turning over his pages, may satisfy himself.\n\nThe worthy man, at starting, prays earnestly for \"A sip of liquor\nCastaline,\" and having done this, he mounts and does his best to get\nPegasus into a canter; but it is all in vain--whip and spurs avail not;\nthe poor jade, spavined and galled, will not budge an inch; however,\nnothing daunted, the rowels and scourge are most unmercifully applied;\nthe wretched brute gets into a kind of hobbling trot, which enables the\nrider to say at the end of his journey--\n\n    \"This have I wrought with day and nightly swinke\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    That after-comers know, when I am dead,\n    I, some good thing in life endeavoured;--\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    To keep my name undrown'd in Lethe pool;\n    In vain (may seem) is wealth or learning lent\n    To man that leaves thereof no monument.\"\n\nThe version upon which the present one is founded, is in many places\nmore of a paraphrase than a translation. Several passages are entirely\nomitted, while of others the sense has been mistaken; it has been the\nendeavour of the translator to remedy these defects, and to give the\nmeaning of his author as literally as is consistent with avoiding\nstiffness and ruggedness of style.\n\n      *       *       *       *       *\n\nWith regard to Longus nothing is known of his birthplace, nor is it\ncertain at what period he flourished; he is generally supposed however\nto have lived during the reign of Theodosius the Great, in the fourth\ncentury. Photius and Suidas, who have preserved the names of various\nGreek Romance writers, and have likewise given us summaries of their\nworks, make no mention of him.\n\nAn extract from the work of Mr. Dunlop, on the \"History of Fiction,\"\nwill form a suitable Introduction to this Pastoral Romance, the first\nof its kind, and one which is considered to have had much influence\nupon the style of subsequent writers of Romance, in ancient times,\nas also among those of the moderns who have chosen for their theme a\nPastoral subject.\n\nAfter reviewing the Ethiopics of Heliodorus, Mr. Dunlop goes on to\nsay:---\n\n\"We now proceed to the analysis of a romance different in its nature\nfrom the works already mentioned; and of a species which may be\ndistinguished by the appellation of Pastoral Romance.\n\n\"It may be conjectured with much probability, that pastoral\ncomposition sometimes expressed the devotion, and sometimes formed\nthe entertainment of the first generations of mankind. The sacred\nwritings sufficiently inform us that it existed among the eastern\nnations during the earliest ages. Rural images are everywhere scattered\nthrough the Old Testament; and the Song of Solomon in particular\nbeautifully delineates the charms of a country life, while it paints\nthe most amiable affections of the mind, and the sweetest scenery of\nnature. A number of passages of Theocritus bear a striking resemblance\nto descriptions in the inspired pastoral; and many critics have\nbelieved that he had studied its beauties and transferred them to his\neclogues. Theocritus was imitated in his own dialect by Moschus and\nBion; and Virgil, taking advantage of a different language copied, yet\nrivalled the Sicilian. The Bucolics of the Roman bard seem to have\nbeen considered as precluding all attempts of the same kind; for,\nif we except the feeble efforts of Calpurnius and his contemporary\nNemesianus, who lived in the third century, no subsequent specimen of\npastoral poetry was, as far as I know, produced till the revival of\nliterature.\n\n\"It was during this interval that Longus, a Greek sophist, who is said\nto have lived soon after the age of Tatius, wrote his pastoral romance\nof Daphnis and Chloe, which is the earliest, and by far the finest\nexample that has appeared of this species of composition. Availing\nhimself of the beauties of the pastoral poets who preceded him, he has\nadded to their simplicity of style, and charming pictures of Nature,\na story which possesses considerable interest. In some respects a\nprose romance is better adapted than the eclogue or drama to pastoral\ncomposition. The eclogue is confined within narrow limits, and must\nterminate before interest can be excited. A series of Bucolics, where\ntwo or more shepherds are introduced contending for the reward of a\ncrook or a kid, and at most descanting for a short time on similar\ntopics, resembles a collection of the first scenes of a number of\ncomedies, of which the commencement can only be listened to as\nunfolding the subsequent action. The drama is, no doubt, a better form\nof pastoral writing than detached eclogues, but at the same time does\nnot well accord with rustic manners and descriptions.\n\n\"In dramatic composition, the representation of strong passions is\nbest calculated to produce interest or emotion, but the feelings of\nrural existence should be painted as tranquil and calm. In choosing a\nprose romance as the vehicle of pastoral writing, Longus has adopted\na form that may include all the beauties arising from the description\nof rustic manners, or the scenery of nature, and which, as far as the\nincidents of rural life admit, may interest by an agreeable fable, and\ndelight by a judicious alternation of narrative and dialogue. Longus\nhas also avoided many of the faults into which his modern imitators\nhave fallen, and which have brought this style of composition into\nso much disrepute; his characters never express the conceits of\naffected gallantry, nor involve themselves in abstract reasoning; he\nhas not loaded his romance with those long and constantly recurring\nepisodes, which fatigue the attention, and render us indifferent to the\nprincipal story. Nor does he paint that chimerical state of society,\ntermed the golden age, in which the characteristic traits of rural life\nare erased, but attempts to please by a genuine imitation of Nature,\nand by descriptions of the manners, the rustic occupations, or rural\nenjoyments of the inhabitants of the country where the scene of the\npastoral is laid.\n\n\"The pastoral is in general very beautifully written;--the style,\nthough it has been censured on account of the reiteration of the same\nforms of expression, and as betraying the sophist in some passages\nby a play on words, and affected antithesis, is considered as the\npurest specimen of the Greek language produced in that late period;\nthe descriptions of rural scenery and rural occupations are extremely\npleasing, and if I may use the expression, there is a sort of amenity\nand calm diffused over the whole romance. This, indeed, may be\nconsidered as the chief excellence in a pastoral; since we are not\nso much allured by the feeding of sheep as by the stillness of the\ncountry. In all our active pursuits, the end proposed is tranquillity,\nand even when we lose the hope of happiness, we are attracted by that\nof repose; hence we are soothed and delighted with its representation,\nand fancy we partake of the pleasure.\n\n\"There can be no doubt that the pastoral of Longus had a considerable\ninfluence on the style and incidents of the subsequent Greek romances,\nparticularly those of Eustathius and Theodorus Prodromus; but its\neffects on modern pastorals, particularly those which appeared in Italy\nduring the sixteenth century, is a subject of more difficulty.--Huet\nis of opinion, that it was not only the model of the Astrea of D'Urf\u00e9,\nand the Diana of Montemayor, but gave rise to the Italian dramatic\npastoral. This opinion is combated by Villoison, on the grounds that\nthe first edition of Longus was not published till 1598, and that Tasso\ndied in the year 1595. It is true that the first Greek edition of\nLongus was not published till 1598, but there was a French translation\nby Amyot, which appeared in 1559, and one in Latin verse by Gambara\nin 1569, either of which might have been seen by Tasso. But although\nthis argument, brought forward by Villoison, be of little avail, he\nis probably right in the general notion he has adopted that Daphnis\nand Chloe was not the origin of the pastoral drama. The Sacrificio of\nAgostino Beccari, which was the earliest specimen of this style of\ncomposition, and was acted at Ferrara in 1554, was written previous to\nthe appearance of any edition or version of Longus. Nor is there any\nsimilarity in the story or incidents of the Aminta to those in Daphnis\nand Chloe, which should lead us to imagine that the Greek romance had\nbeen imitated by Tasso.\n\n\"It bears, however, a stronger likeness to the more recent dramatic\npastorals of Italy. These are frequently founded on the exposure of\nchildren who, after being brought up as shepherds by reputed fathers,\nare discovered by their real parents by means of tokens fastened to\nthem when they were abandoned. There is also a considerable resemblance\nbetween the story of Daphnis and Chloe and that of the Gentle Shepherd:\nthe plot was suggested to Ramsay by one of his friends, who seems to\nhave taken it from the Greek pastoral. Marmontel, too, in his Annette\nand Lubin, has imitated the simplicity and inexperience of the lovers\nof Longus. But of all modern writers the author who has most closely\nfollowed this romance is Gessner. In his Idylls there is the same\npoetical prose, the same beautiful rural descriptions, and the same\ninnocence and simplicity in the rustic characters. In his pastoral of\nDaphnis, the scene of which is laid in Greece, he has painted, like\nLongus, the early and innocent attachment of a shepherdess and swain,\nand has only embellished his picture by the incidents that arise from\nrural occupations and the revolutions of the year.\"\n\nTo these observations we may add, that Longus is supposed by some\nto have furnished to Bernardin de St. Pierre the groundwork for his\nbeautiful tale of Paul and Virginia. Many points of resemblance may\ncertainly be traced between the hero and heroine of the respective\nworks; the description of their innocence--their simple and rustic\nmode of life, and their occupation and diversions. Among the rest may\nbe mentioned the descriptions of the sensations of love when first\narising in Virginia; and the pantomimic dance in which she and Paul\ntake part.\n\nAn anonymous and \"select\" translation of Longus, published at Truro, in\n1803, has been taken as the basis of the present version. The passages\n(and there are many) omitted by the former translator are here given,\ntogether with a considerable fragment, first discovered by M. Paul\nLouis Courier, in 1810, in the Laurentian Library at Florence. It\nhas been the endeavour of the present translator to make his version\nconvey the sense of the original as faithful as possible, except in\nsome few passages (\"egregio inspersos corpore n\u00e6vos\") where it has been\nconsidered advisable to employ the veil of a learned language.\n\nIn reading the work of Longus, we must bear in mind that he was most\nprobably a heathen, or at any rate, that he describes the heathen state\nof morals.\n\nThe following passage from Dr. Nott's Preface to his translation\nof Catullus will illustrate the principle upon which the present\ntranslator has gone, in presenting in an English dress passages\nentirely omitted in the anonymous version, before referred to:--\n\n\"When an ancient classic is translated and explained, the work may be\nconsidered as forming a link in the chain of history.--History should\nnot be falsified, we ought therefore to translate him somewhat fairly,\nand when he gives us the manners of his own day, however disgusting to\nour sensations and repugnant to our natures they may oftentimes prove,\nwe must not, in translation, suppress or even too much gloss them over,\nthrough a fastidious regard to delicacy.\"[3]\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nAchilles Tatius was a native of Alexandria, commonly assigned to the\nsecond or third century of the Christian \u00e6ra, but considered by the\nbest critics to have flourished after Heliodorus, to whom he is looked\nupon as next in point of literary merit, and whom he has more or less\nimitated in various parts of his works, like him frequently introducing\ninto the thread of his narrative the Egyptian buccaneers. According\nto Suidas, he became, towards the end of his life, a Christian and a\nBishop; a statement which is however considered doubtful, as no mention\nis made by that lexicographer of his Episcopal see, and Photius, who\nmentions him in three different places, is silent upon the subject.\n\nIn point of style, Achilles Tatius is considered to excel Heliodorus\nand the other writers of Greek Romance. Photius says of him,--\"With\nregard to diction and composition, Tatius seems to me to excel when he\nemploys figurative language: it is clear and natural; his sentences are\nprecise and limpid, and such as by their sweetness greatly delight the\near.\"\n\nLike Heliodorus, one of his principal excellences lies in descriptions;\nand though these, as Mr. Dunlop observes, \"are too luxuriant, they are\nin general beautiful, the objects being at once well selected, and so\npainted as to form in the mind of the reader a distinct and lively\nimage. As an example of his merit in this way, may be mentioned his\ndescription of a garden, and of a tempest followed by a shipwreck; also\nhis accounts of the pictures of Europa, Andromeda, and Prometheus,\nin which his descriptions and criticisms are executed with very\nconsiderable taste and feeling.\" The same writer, however, justly notes\n\"the absurd and aukward manner in which the author, as if to show his\nvarious acquirements, drags in without the slightest necessity, some\nof those minute descriptions, viz., those of the necklace, and of\ndifferent zoological curiosities, in the Second Book, together with the\ninvention of purple-dying, and the accounts drawn from natural history,\nwhich are interspersed in the Fourth Book.\"\n\nIn his discussions upon the passions of love, and its power over human\nnature, however we may object to the warmth of his description, we\ncannot but allow the ability with which the colours are laid on.\n\n\"The rise and progress of the passion of Clitopho for Leucippe,\"\nobserves Mr. Dunlop, \"is extremely well executed,--of this there is\nnothing in the romance of Heliodorus. Theagenes and Chariclea, are at\nfirst sight violently and mutually enamoured; in Tatius we have more of\nthe restless agitation of love and the arts of courtship. Indeed this\nis by much the best part of the Clitopho and Leucippe, as the author\ndiscloses very considerable acquaintance with the human heart. This\nknowledge also appears in the sentiments scattered through the work,\nthough it must be confessed, that in many of his remarks he is apt to\nsubtilize and refine too much.\"\n\nIn the hero of his work, Achilles Tatius is more unfortunate even\nthan Heliodorus.--\"Clitopho,\" says a reviewer, \"is a human body,\nuninformed with a human soul, but delivered up to all the instincts\nof nature and the senses. He neither commands respect by his courage,\nnor affection by his constancy.\" As in the work of Heliodorus so in\nthat of Achilles Tatius, it is the heroine who excites our sympathy\nand interest:--\"Leucippe, patient, high-minded, resigned and firm,\nendures adversity with grace; preserving throughout the helplessness\nand temptations of captivity, irreproachable purity and constancy\nunchangeable.\"\n\nIn concluding these remarks upon one of the three chief writers of\nGreek Romance, one more observation of Mr. Dunlop will not be out of\nplace.--\"Tatius,\" he says, \"has been much blamed for the immorality\nof his Romance, and it must be acknowledged that there are particular\npassages which are extremely exceptionable; yet, however odious some\nof these may be considered, the general moral tendency of the story is\ngood; a remark which may be extended to all the Greek Romances. Tatius\npunishes his hero and heroine for eloping from their father's house,\nand afterwards rewards them for their long fidelity.\"\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nSeveral French translations of Achilles Tatius have appeared; an\nItalian one by Coccio; also an English one published at Oxford in 1638,\nwhich the present writer, after many inquiries, has been unable to\nprocure a sight of.\n\nR. S.\n\n_October_, 1855.\n\n\n[Footnote 1: In the opening of his celebrated novel, the \"_Golden\nAss_,\" Apuleius says--\"At ego tibi _sermone isto Milesio_ varias\nfabulas conseram,\" &c.]\n\n[Footnote 2: Author of article in Blackwood.]\n\n[Footnote 3: N.B.--There have been two other English versions of the\nwork of Longus, one by George Thornley, in 1657, another by James\nCraggs, in 1764.\n\nThere are translations in Italian by Caro and Gozzi, and a French one\nby Amyot; the first version of the Romance into a modern language,\nwhich gives the sense of the original with fidelity, and at the same\ntime with great spirit and quaintness.]\n\n\n\n\nHELIODORUS.\n\n\nETHIOPICS: OR, ADVENTURES OF THEAGENES AND CHARICLEA.\n\n\nSUMMARY.\n\n\nAs the thread of the story in the Ethiopics is rather entangled,\nthrough the author's method of telling it, the following summary from\nDunlop's \"History of Fiction,\" will be useful.\n\n\"The action of the romance is supposed to take place previous to the\nage of Alexander the Great, while Egypt was tributary to the Persian\nmonarchs. During that period a queen of Ethiopia, called Persina,\nhaving viewed at an amorous crisis a statue of Andromeda, gives birth\nto a daughter of fair complexion. Fearing that her husband might not\nthink the cause proportioned to the effect, she commits the infant\nin charge to Sisimithres, an Ethiopian senator, and deposits in his\nhands a ring and some writings, explaining the circumstances of her\nbirth. The child is named Chariclea, and remains for seven years with\nher reputed father. At the end of this period he becomes doubtful of\nher power to preserve her chastity any longer in her native country;\nhe therefore determines to carry her along with him, on an embassy\nto which he had been appointed, to Oroondates, satrap of Egypt. In\nthat land he accidentally meets Charicles, priest of Delphi, who was\ntravelling on account of domestic afflictions, and to him he transfers\nthe care of Chariclea. Charicles brings her to Delphi, and destines\nher for the wife of his nephew Alcamenes. In order to reconcile\nher mind to this alliance, he delivers her over to Calasiris, an\nEgyptian priest, who at that period resided at Delphi, and undertook\nto prepossess her in favour of the young man. About the same time,\nTheagenes, a Thessalian, and descendant of Achilles, comes to Delphi,\nfor the performance of some sacred rite: Theagenes and Chariclea,\nhaving seen each other in the temple, become mutually enamoured.\n\n\"Calasiris, who had been engaged to influence the mind of Chariclea\nin favour of her intended husband Alcamenes, is warned in a vision by\nApollo that he should return to his own country, and take Theagenes and\nChariclea along with him. Henceforth his whole attention is directed\nto deceive Charicles, and effect his escape from Delphi. Having met\nwith some Ph\u0153nician merchants, and having informed the lovers of his\nintentions, he sets sail along with them for Sicily, to which country\nthe Ph\u0153nician vessel was bound; but soon after, passing Zacynthus, the\nship is attacked by pirates, who carry Calasiris and those under his\nprotection to the coast of Egypt.\n\n\"On the banks of the Nile, Trachinus, the captain of the pirates,\nprepares a feast to solemnize his nuptials with Chariclea; but\nCalasiris, with considerable ingenuity having persuaded Pelorus, the\nsecond in command, that Chariclea is enamoured of him, a contest\nnaturally arises between him and Trachinus during the feast, and the\nother pirates, espousing different sides of the quarrel, are all slain\nexcept Pelorus, who is attacked and put to flight by Theagenes. The\nstratagem of Calasiris, however, is of little avail, except to himself:\nfor immediately after the contest, while Calasiris is sitting on a\nhill at some distance, Theagenes and Chariclea are seized by a band of\nEgyptian robbers, who conduct them to an establishment formed on an\nisland in a remote lake. Thyamis, the captain of the banditti, becomes\nenamoured of Chariclea, and declares an intention of espousing her.\nChariclea pretends that she is the sister of Theagenes, in order that\nthe jealousy of the robber may not be excited, and the safety of her\nlover endangered. Chariclea, however, is not long compelled to assume\nthis character of sister.\n\n\"The colony is speedily destroyed by the forces of the satrap of Egypt,\nwho was excited to this act of authority by a complaint from Nausicles,\na Greek merchant, that the banditti had carried off his mistress.\nThyamis, the captain of the robbers, escapes by flight, and Cnemon,\na young Athenian, who had been detained in the colony, and with whom\nTheagenes had formed a friendship during his confinement, sets out in\nquest of him.\n\n\"Theagenes and Chariclea depart soon after on their way to a certain\nvillage, where they had agreed to meet Cnemon, but are intercepted on\nthe road by the satrap's forces.\n\n\"Theagenes is sent as a present to the King of Persia; and Chariclea,\nbeing falsely claimed by Nausicles as his mistress, is conducted to\nhis house. Here Calasiris had accidentally fixed his abode, since his\nseparation from Theagenes and Chariclea; and was also doing the honours\nof the house to Cnemon in the landlord's absence. Chariclea being\nrecognised by Calasiris, Nausicles abandons the claim to her which he\nhad advanced, and sets sail with Cnemon for Greece, while Calasiris and\nChariclea proceed in search of Theagenes. On arriving at Memphis, they\nfind that with his usual good luck, he had again fallen into the power\nof Thyamis, and was besieging that capital along with the robber. A\ntreaty of peace, however, is speedily concluded. Thyamis is discovered\nto be the son of Calasiris, and is elected high-priest of Memphis.\n\n\"Arsace, who commanded in that city, in the absence of her husband,\nfalls in love with Theagenes; but as he perseveres in resisting all\nher advances, and in maintaining his fidelity to Chariclea, she orders\nhim to be put to the torture: she also commands her nurse, who was\nthe usual confidant of her amours and instrument of her cruelty, to\npoison Chariclea; but the cup-bearer having given the nurse the goblet\nintended for Chariclea, she expires in convulsions. This, however,\nserves as a pretext to condemn Chariclea as a poisoner, and she is\naccordingly appointed to be burnt. After she had ascended the pile, and\nthe fire had been lighted, she is saved for that day by the miraculous\neffects of the stone Pantarb\u00e8, which she wore about her person, and\nwhich warded off the flames. During the ensuing night a messenger\narrives from Oroondates, the husband of Arsace, who was at the time\ncarrying on a war against the Ethiopians: he had been informed of\nthe misconduct of his wife, and had despatched one of his officers to\nMemphis, with orders to bring Theagenes and Chariclea to his camp.\nArsace hangs herself; but the lovers are taken prisoners, on their way\nto Oroondates, by the scouts of the Ethiopian army, and are conducted\nto Hydaspes, who was at that time besieging Oroondates in Syene. This\ncity having been taken, and Oroondates vanquished in a great battle,\nHydaspes returns to his capital, Mer\u00f6e, where, by advice of the\nGymnosophists, he proposes to sacrifice Theagenes and Chariclea to the\nSun and Moon, the deities of Ethiopia.\n\n\"As virgins were alone entitled to the privilege of being accepted as\nvictims, Chariclea is subjected to a trial of chastity. Theagenes,\nwhile on the very brink of sacrifice, performs many feats of strength\nand dexterity. A bull, which was his companion in misfortune, having\nbroken from the altar, Theagenes follows him on horseback and subdues\nhim. At length, when the two lovers are about to be immolated,\nChariclea, by means of the ring and fillet which had been attached to\nher at her birth, and had been carefully preserved, is discovered to be\nthe daughter of Hydaspes, which is further confirmed by the testimony\nof Sisimithres, once her reputed father; and by the opportune arrival\nof Charicles, priest of Delphi, who was wandering through the world in\nsearch of Chariclea. After some demur on the part of the Gymnosophists,\nChariclea obtains her own release and that of Theagenes, is united to\nhim in marriage, and acknowledged as heiress of the Ethiopian empire.\"\n\n\n\n\nLONGUS.\n\n\nROMANCE OF DAPHNIS AND CHLOE.\n\n\nSUMMARY.[1]\n\n\n\"In the neigbourhood of Mytilene, the principal city of Lesbos, Lamon,\na goatherd, as he was one day tending his flock, discovered an infant\nsucking one of his goats with surprising dexterity. He takes home\nthe child, and presents him to his wife Myrtale; at the same time he\ndelivers to her a purple mantle with which the boy was adorned, and a\nlittle sword with an ivory hilt, which was lying by his side. Lamon\nhaving no children of his own, resolves to bring up the foundling, and\nbestows on him the pastoral name of Daphnis.\n\n\"About two years after this occurrence, Dryas, a neighbouring shepherd,\nfinds in the cave of the Nymphs, a female infant, nursed by one of\nhis ewes. The child is brought to the cottage of Dryas, receives the\nname of Chloe, and is cherished by the old man as if she had been his\ndaughter.\n\n\"When Daphnis had reached the age of fifteen and Chloe that of twelve,\nLamon and Dryas, their reputed fathers, had corresponding dreams on the\nsame night. The Nymphs of the cave in which Chloe had been discovered\nappear to each of the old shepherds, delivering Daphnis and Chloe to\na winged boy, with a bow and arrows, who commands that Daphnis should\nbe sent to keep goats, and the girl to tend the sheep. Daphnis and\nChloe have not long entered on their new employments, which they\nexercise with a care of their flocks increased by a knowledge of the\ncircumstances of their infancy, when chance brings them to pasture on\nthe same spot. Daphnis collects the wandering sheep of Chloe, and Chloe\ndrives from the rocks the goats of Daphnis. They make reeds in common,\nand share together their milk and their wine;--their youth, their\nbeauty, the season of the year, everything tends to inspire them with a\nmutual passion: at length Daphnis having one day fallen into a covered\npit which was dug for a wolf, and being considerably hurt, receives\nfrom Chloe a kiss, which serves as the first fuel to the flame of love.\n\n\"Chloe had another admirer, Dorco the cowherd, who having in vain\nrequested her in marriage from Dryas, her reputed father, resolves\nto carry her off by force; for this purpose he disguises himself as\na wolf, and lurks among some bushes near a place where Chloe used to\npasture her sheep. In this garb he is discovered and attacked by the\ndogs, but is preserved from being torn to pieces by the timely arrival\nof Daphnis.\n\n\"In the beginning of autumn some Tyrian pirates, having landed on the\nisland, seize the oxen of Dorco, and carry off Daphnis whom they meet\nsauntering on the shore. Chloe hearing him calling for assistance\nfrom the ship, flies for help to Dorco, and reaches him when he is\njust expiring of the wounds inflicted by the corsairs of Tyre. Before\nhis death he gives her his pipe, on which, after she had closed his\neyes, she plays according to his instructions a certain tune, which\nbeing heard by the oxen in the Tyrian vessel, they all leap overboard\nand overset the ship. The pirates being loaded with heavy armour are\ndrowned, but Daphnis swims safe to shore.\n\n\"Here ends the first book; and in the second the author proceeds to\nrelate, that during autumn Daphnis and Chloe were engaged in the\nlabours, or rather the delights, of the vintage. After the grapes had\nbeen gathered and pressed, and the new wine treasured in casks, having\nreturned to feed their flocks, they are accosted one day by an old\nman, named Philetas, who tells them a long story of seeing Cupid in\na garden, adding, that Daphnis and Chloe were to be dedicated to his\nservice; the lovers naturally enquire who Cupid is, for, although\nthey had felt his influence, they were ignorant of his name. Philetas\ndescribes his power and his attributes, and points out the remedy for\nthe pain he inflicts.\n\n\"The progress of their love was on one occasion interrupted by the\narrival of certain youths of Methymn\u00e6a, who landed near that part\nof the island where Daphnis fed his flocks, in order to enjoy the\npleasures of the chace during vintage. The twigs by which the ship\nof these sportsmen was tied to the shore had been eaten through by\nsome goats, and the vessel had been carried away by the tide and the\nland breeze. Its crew having proceeded up the country in search of\nthe owner of the animals, and not having found him, seized Daphnis\nas a substitute, and lash him severely, till other shepherds come\nto his assistance. Philetas is appointed judge between Daphnis and\nthe Methymn\u00e6ans, but the latter, refusing to abide by his decision,\nwhich was unfavourable to them, are driven from the territory. They\nreturn, however, next day, and carry off Chloe, with a great quantity\nof booty. Having landed at a place of shelter which lay in the course\nof their voyage, they pass the night in festivity, but at dawn of\nday they are terrified by the unlooked-for appearance of Pan, who\nthreatens them with being drowned before they arrive at their intended\nplace of destination, unless they set Chloe at liberty. Through this\ninterposition she is allowed to return home, and is speedily restored\nto the arms of Daphnis. The grateful lovers sing hymns to the Nymphs.\nOn the following day they sacrifice to Pan, and hang a goat's skin on\na pine adjoining his image. The feast which follows this ceremony is\nattended by all the old shepherds in the neighbourhood, who recount the\nadventures of their youth, and their children dance to the sound of the\npipe.\n\n\"The Third Book commences with the approach of winter. The season of\nthe year precludes the interviews of Daphnis and Chloe. They could no\nlonger meet in the fields, and Daphnis was afraid to excite suspicion\nby visiting the object of his passion at the cottage of Dryas. He\nventures, however, to approach its vicinity, under pretext of laying\nsnares for birds. Engaged in this employment, he waits a long time\nwithout any person appearing from the house. At length, when about\nto depart, Dryas himself comes out in pursuit of a dog, who had run\noff with the family dinner. He perceives Daphnis with his game, and\naccordingly, as a profitable speculation, invites him into the cottage.\nThe birds he had caught are prepared for supper, a second cup is\nfilled, a new fire is kindled, and Daphnis is asked to remain next day\nto attend a sacrifice to be performed to Bacchus. By accepting the\ninvitation, he for some time longer enjoys the society of Chloe. The\nlovers part, praying for the revival of spring; but while the winter\nlasted, Daphnis frequently visits the habitation of Dryas. When spring\nreturns, Daphnis and Chloe are the first to lead out their flocks\nto pasture. Their ardour when they meet in the fields is increased\nby long absence and the season of the year, but their hearts remain\ninnocent,--a purity which the author still imputes, not to virtue, but\nto ignorance.\n\n\"Chromis, an old man in the neighbourhood, had married a young woman\ncalled Lyc\u00e6nium, who falls in love with Daphnis; she becomes acquainted\nwith the perplexity in which he is placed with regard to Chloe, and\nresolves at once to gratify her own passion and to free him from his\nembarrassment.\n\n\"Daphnis, however, still hesitates to practise with Chloe the lesson he\nhad received from Lyc\u00e6nium.\n\n\"In the Fourth Book we are told that, towards the close of summer, a\nfellow-servant of Lamon arrives from Mytilene, to announce that the\nlord of the territory on which the reputed fathers of Daphnis and Chloe\npasture their flocks, would be with them at the approach of vintage.\nLamon prepares everything for his reception with much assiduity, but\nbestows particular attention on the embellishment of a spacious garden\nwhich adjoined his cottage, and of which the different parts are\ndescribed as having been arranged in a manner fitted to inspire all\nthe agreeable emotions which the art of gardening can produce. On this\ngarden Daphnis had placed his chief hopes of conciliating the good-will\nof his master; and, through his favour, of being united to Chloe.\nLampis, a cowherd, who had asked Chloe in marriage from Dryas, and had\nbeen refused, resolves on the destruction of this garden. Accordingly,\nwhen it is dark, he tears out the shrubs by the roots and tramples on\nthe flowers. Dreadful is the consternation of Lamon on beholding on\nthe following morning the havoc that had been made. Towards evening\nhis terror is increased by the appearance of Eudromus, one of his\nmaster's servants, who gives notice that he would be with them in three\ndays. Astylus (the son of Dionysophanes, proprietor of the territory)\narrives first, and promises to obtain pardon from his father of the\nmischance that had happened to the garden. Astylus is accompanied by a\nparasite, Gnatho, who is smitten with a friendship _\u00e0 la Grecque_ for\nDaphnis. This having come to the knowledge of Lamon, who overhears the\nparasite ask and obtain Daphnis as a page from Astylus, he conceives\nit incumbent on him to reveal to Dionysophanes, who had by this time\narrived, the mysteries attending the infancy of Daphnis. He at the\nsame time produces the ornaments he had found with the child, on which\nDionysophanes instantly recognizes his son. Having married early in\nyouth, he had a daughter and two sons, but being a prudent man, and\nsatisfied with this stock, he had exposed his fourth child, Daphnis: a\nmeasure which had become somewhat less expedient, as his daughter and\none of his sons died immediately after, on the same day, and Astylus\nalone survived. The change in the situation of Daphnis does not alter\nhis attachment to Chloe. He begs her in marriage of his father, who,\nbeing informed of the circumstances of her infancy, invites all the\ndistinguished persons in the neighbourhood to a festival, at which the\narticles of dress found along with Chloe are exhibited. The success of\nthis device fully answers expectation, Chloe being acknowledged as his\ndaughter by Megacles, one of the guests, who was now in a prosperous\ncondition, but had exposed his child while in difficulties. There\nbeing now no farther obstacle of the union of Daphnis and Chloe, their\nmarriage is solemnized with rustic pomp, and they lead through the rest\nof their days a happy and pastoral life.\"\n\n\n[Footnote 1: From Dunlop's History of Fiction.]\n\n\n\n\nACHILLES TATIUS.\n\n\nTHE LOVES OF CLITOPHO AND LEUCIPPE.\n\n\nSUMMARY.[1]\n\n\n\"Clitopho, engaged in marriage to his half-sister Calligone, resided\nat his father Hippias' house in Tyre, where his cousin Leucippe came\nto seek refuge from a war which was at that time carried on against\nher native country Byzantium. These young relatives became mutually\nenamoured. Callisthenes of Byzantium carries off Calligone by mistake\ninstead of Leucippe, and Leucippe's mother having discovered Clitopho\none night in the chamber of her daughter, the lovers resolved to avoid\nthe effects of her anger by flight.\n\n\"Accompanied by Clinias, a friend of Clitopho, they sailed, in the\nfirst instance, for Berytus. After a short stay there, the fugitives\nset out for Alexandria: the vessel was wrecked on the third day of the\nvoyage, but Clitopho and Leucippe, adhering with great presence of mind\nto the same plank, were driven on shore near Pelusium, in Egypt. At\nthis place they hired a vessel to carry them to Alexandria, but while\nsailing up the Nile they were seized by a band of robbers, who infested\nthe banks of the river. The robbers were soon after attacked by the\nEgyptian forces, commanded by Charmides, to whom Clitopho escaped\nduring the heat of the engagement. Leucippe, however, remained in the\npower of the enemy, who, with much solemnity apparently ripped up our\nheroine close to the army of Charmides, and in the sight of her lover,\nwho was prevented from interfering by a deep fosse which separated the\ntwo armies.\n\n\"The ditch having been filled up, Clitopho in the course of the night\nwent to immolate himself on the spot where Leucippe had been interred.\nHe arrived at her tomb, but was prevented from executing his purpose\nby the sudden appearance of his servant Satyrus, and of Menelaus, a\nyoung man who had sailed with him in the vessel from Berytus. These two\npersons had also escaped from the shipwreck, and had afterwards fallen\ninto the power of the robbers. By them Leucippe had been accommodated\nwith a false uterus, made of sheep's skin, which gave rise to the\n_deceptio visus_ above related.\n\n\"At the command of Menelaus, Leucippe issued from the tomb, and\nproceeded with Clitopho and Menelaus to the quarters of Charmides. In\na short time this commander became enamoured of Leucippe, as did also\nGorgias, one of his officers. Gorgias gave her a potion calculated\nto inspire her with reciprocal passion; but which being too strong,\naffected her with a species of madness of a very indecorous character.\nShe is cured, however, by Ch\u00e6reas, another person who had fallen in\nlove with her, and had discovered the secret of the potion from the\nservant of Gorgias.\n\n\"Taking Ch\u00e6reas along with them, Clitopho and Leucippe sail for\nAlexandria. Soon after their arrival, Leucippe was carried off from the\nneighbourhood of that place, and hurried on board a vessel by a troop\nof banditti employed by Ch\u00e6reas. Clitopho pursued the vessel, but when\njust coming up with it he saw the head of a person whom he mistook for\nLeucippe struck off by the robbers. Disheartened by this incident, he\nrelinquished the pursuit, and returned to Alexandria. There he was\ninformed that Melitta, a rich Ephesian widow, at that time residing at\nAlexandria, had fallen in love with him. This intelligence he received\nfrom his old friend Clinias, who after the wreck of the vessel in which\nhe had embarked with Clitopho, had got on shore by the usual expedient\nof a plank, and now suggested to his friend that he should avail\nhimself of the predilection of Melitta.\n\n\"In compliance with this suggestion, he set sail with her for Ephesus,\nbut persisted in postponing the nuptials till they should reach that\nplace, in spite of the most vehement importunities on the part of the\nwidow. On their arrival at Ephesus the marriage took place; but before\nMelitta's object had been accomplished, Clitopho discovered Leucippe\namong his wife's slaves; and Thersander, Melitta's husband, who was\nsupposed to be drowned, arrived at Ephesus. Clitopho was instantly\nconfined by the enraged husband; but, on condition of putting the last\nseal to the now invalid marriage, he escaped by the intervention of\nMelitta. He had not proceeded far when he was overtaken by Thersander,\nand brought back to confinement. Thersander, of course, fell in\nlove with Leucippe, but not being able to engage her affections, he\nbrought two actions; one declaratory, that Leucippe was his slave,\nand a prosecution against Clitopho for marrying his wife. Clitopho\nescapes being put to the torture by the opportune arrival of Sostratus,\nLeucippe's father, sent on a sacred embassy.\n\n\"Leucippe is at last subjected to a trial of chastity in the cave of\nDiana, from which the sweetest music issued when entered by those who\nresembled its goddess. Never were notes heard so melodious as those by\nwhich Leucippe was vindicated. Thersander was, of course, nonsuited,\nand retired, loaded with infamy. Leucippe then related to her father\nand Clitopho that it was a woman dressed in her clothes whose head\nhad been struck off by the banditti, in order to deter Clitopho from\nfurther pursuit, but that a quarrel having arisen among them on her\naccount, Ch\u00e6reas was slain, and after his death she was sold by\nthe other pirates to Sosthenes. By him she had been purchased for\nThersander, in whose service she remained till discovered by Clitopho.\"\n\nSostratus then relates how Callisthenes, after discovering his mistake,\nbecame enamoured of Calligone, conducted her to Byzantium, treated\nher with all respect, expressing his determination not to marry her\nwithout her own and her father's consent. The party in a few days sail\nto Byzantium, where the nuptials of Clitopho and Leucippe take place.\nShortly afterwards they proceed to Tyre, and are present at the wedding\nof Callisthenes and Calligone, who had arrived in that city before\nthem.\"\n\n[Footnote 1: From Dunlop's History of Fiction.]\n\n\n\n\nTHE ADVENTURES OF THEAGENES AND CHARICLEA.\n\n\nThe day had begun to smile cheerily, and the sun was already gilding\nthe tops of the hills, when a band of men, in arms and appearance\npirates,[1] having ascended the summit of a mountain which stretches\ndown towards the Heracleotic[2] mouth of the Nile, paused and\ncontemplated the sea which was expanded before them. When not a sail\nappeared on the water to give them hopes of a booty, they cast their\neyes upon the neighbouring shore; where the scene was as follows: a\nship was riding at anchor, abandoned by her crew; but to all appearance\nladen with merchandize, as she drew much water.[3] The beach was strewn\nwith bodies newly slaughtered; some quite dead, others dying, yet still\nbreathing, gave signs of a combat recently ended. Yet it appeared not\nto have been a designed engagement; but there were mingled with these\ndreadful spectacles the fragments of an unlucky feast, which seemed to\nhave concluded in this fatal manner. There were tables, some yet spread\nwith eatables; others overturned upon those who had hoped to hide\nthemselves under them; others grasped by hands which had snatched them\nup as weapons. Cups lay in disorder, half fallen out of the hands of\nthose who had been drinking from them, or which had been flung instead\nof missiles; for the suddenness of the affray had converted goblets\ninto weapons.\n\nHere lay one wounded with an axe, another bruised by a shell picked up\non the beach, a third had his limbs broken with a billet, a fourth was\nburnt with a torch, but the greater part were transfixed with arrows;\nin short, the strangest contrast was exhibited within the shortest\ncompass; wine mingled by fate with blood, war with feasting, drinking\nand fighting, libations and slaughters. Such was the scene that\npresented itself to the eyes of the pirates.\n\nThey gazed some time, puzzled and astonished. The vanquished lay dead\nbefore them, but they nowhere saw the conquerors; the victory was plain\nenough, but the spoils were not taken away; the ship rode quietly\nat anchor, though with no one on board, yet unpillaged, as much as\nif it had been defended by a numerous crew, and as if all had been\npeace. They soon, however, gave up conjecturing, and began to think of\nplunder; and constituting themselves victors, advanced to seize the\nprey. But as they came near the ship, and the field of slaughter, a\nspectacle presented itself which perplexed them more than any which\nthey had yet seen. A maiden of uncommon and almost heavenly beauty\nsat upon a rock; she seemed deeply afflicted at the scene before her,\nbut amidst that affliction preserved an air of dignity. Her head was\ncrowned with laurel; she had a quiver at her shoulder; under her left\narm was a bow, the other hung negligently down; she rested her left\nelbow on her right knee, and leaning her cheek on her open hand looked\nearnestly down on a youth who lay upon the ground at some distance.\nHe, wounded all over, seemed to be recovering a little from a deep and\nalmost deadly trance; yet, even in this situation, he appeared of manly\nbeauty, and the whiteness of his cheeks became more conspicuous from\nthe blood which flowed upon them.[4] Pain had depressed his eye-lids,\nyet with difficulty he raised them towards the maiden; and collecting\nhis spirits, in a languid voice thus addressed her (while the pirates\nwere still gazing upon both): \"My love, are you indeed alive? or, has\nthe rage of war involved you also in its miseries?[5] But you cannot\nbear even in death to be entirely separated from me, for your spirit\nstill hovers round me and my fortunes.\"--\"My fate,\" replied the maiden,\n\"depends on thee: dost thou see this (showing him a dagger which lay\non her knee)? it has yet been idle because thou still breathedst;\" and\nsaying this, she sprang from the rock.\n\nThe pirates upon the mountain, struck with wonder and admiration, as\nby a sudden flash of lightning, began to hide themselves among the\nbushes; for at her rising she appeared still greater and more divine.\nHer \"shafts[6] rattled as she moved;\" her gold-embroidered garments\nglittered in the sun; and her hair flowed, from under her laurel\ndiadem, in dishevelled ringlets down her neck.\n\nThe pirates, alarmed and confused, were totally at a loss to account\nfor this appearance, which puzzled them more than the previous\nspectacle; some said it was the goddess Diana, or Isis, the tutelary\ndeity of the country; others, that it was some priestess, who, inspired\nby a divine frenzy from the gods, had caused the slaughter they beheld;\nthis they said at random, still in ignorance and doubt. She, flying\ntowards the youth and embracing him, wept, kissed him, wiped off the\nblood, fetched a deep sigh, and seemed as if she could yet scarcely\nbelieve she had him in her arms.\n\nThe Egyptians, observing this, began to change their opinion. These,\nsaid they, are not the actions of a deity; a goddess would not with\nso much affection kiss a dying body. They encouraged one another\ntherefore to go nearer, and to inquire into the real state of things.\nCollecting themselves together, then, they ran down and reached\nthe maiden, as she was busied about the wounds of the youth; and\nplacing themselves behind her, made a stand, not daring to say or do\nany thing. But she, startled at the noise they made, and the shadow\nthey cast, raised herself up; and just looking at them, again bent\ndown, not in the least terrified at their unusual complexion and\npiratical appearance, but earnestly applied herself to the care of the\nwounded youth: so totally does vehement affection, and sincere love,\noverlook or disregard whatever happens from without, be it pleasing or\nterrifying; and confines and employs every faculty, both of soul and\nbody, to the beloved object. But when the pirates advancing, stood in\nfront, and seemed preparing to seize her, she raised herself again,\nand seeing their dark complexion[7] and rugged looks,--\"If you are the\nshades of the slain,\" said she, \"why do you trouble me? Most of you\nfell by each other's hands; if any died by mine it was in just defence\nof my endangered chastity. But, if you are living men, it appears to\nme that you are pirates; you come very opportunely to free me from my\nmisfortunes, and to finish my unhappy story by my death.\" Thus she\nspake in tragic strain.[8]\n\nThey not understanding what she said, and from the weak condition of\nthe youth, being under no apprehension of their escaping, left them\nas they were; and proceeding to the ship, began to unload it. It was\nfull of various merchandize; but they cared for nothing but the gold,\nsilver, precious stones, and silken garments, of all which articles\nthey carried away as much as they were able. When they thought they\nhad enough, (and they found sufficient even to satisfy the avidity\nof pirates,) placing their booty on the shore, they divided it into\nportions not according to value but to weight; intending to make\nwhat related to the maiden and the youth, matter of their next\nconsideration. At this instant another band of plunderers appeared, led\nby two men on horseback; which as soon as the first party observed,\nthey fled precipitately away, leaving their booty behind them, lest\nthey should be pursued; for they were but ten, whereas those who came\ndown upon them were at least twice as many. The maiden in this manner\nran a second risk of being taken captive.\n\nThe pirates hastening to their prey, yet from surprise and ignorance of\nthe facts stopt a little. They concluded the slaughter they saw to have\nbeen the work of the first robbers; but seeing the maid in a foreign\nand magnificent dress, little affected by the alarming circumstances\nwhich surrounded her, employing her whole attention about the wounded\nyouth, and seeming to feel his pains as if they were her own, they\nwere much struck with her beauty and greatness of mind: they viewed\nwith wonder too the noble form and stature of the young man, who now\nbegan to recover himself a little, and to assume his usual countenance.\nAfter some time, the leader of the band advancing, laid hands upon the\nmaiden, and ordered her to arise and follow him. She, not understanding\nhis language, yet guessing at his meaning, drew the youth after her\n(who still kept hold of her); and pointing to a dagger at her bosom,\nmade signs that she would stab herself, unless they took both away\ntogether.\n\nThe captain, comprehending what she meant, and promising himself a\nvaluable addition to his troop in the youth, if he should recover,\ndismounted from his horse, and making his lieutenant dismount too, put\nthe prisoners upon their horses, and ordered the rest to follow when\nthey had collected the booty; he himself walked by their side, ready to\nsupport them, in case they should be in danger of falling. There was\nsomething noble in this; a commander appearing to serve, and a victor\nwaiting upon his captives; such is the power of native dignity and\nbeauty, that it can even impose upon the mind of a pirate, and subdue\nthe fiercest of men.\n\nThey travelled about two furlongs along the shore; then, leaving the\nsea on their right hand, they turned towards the mountains, and with\nsome difficulty ascending them, they arrived at a kind of morass, which\nextended on the other side. The features of the place were these: the\nwhole tract is called _The Pasturage_ by the Egyptians; in it there is\na valley, which receives certain overflowings of the Nile, and forms a\nlake, the depth of which in the centre is unfathomable. On the sides it\nshoals into a marsh; for, as the shore is to the sea, such are marshes\nto lakes.\n\nHere the Egyptian[9] pirates have their quarters; one builds a sort of\nhut upon a bit of ground which appears above the water; another spends\nhis life on board a vessel, which serves him at once for transport\nand habitation. Here their wives work for them and bring forth their\nchildren, who at first are nourished with their mother's milk, and\nafterwards with fish dried in the sun; when they begin to crawl about\nthey tie a string to their ancles, and suffer them to go the length of\nthe boat. Thus this inhabitant of the Pasturage is born upon the lake,\nis raised in this manner, and considers this morass as his country,\naffording as it does shelter and protection for his piracy. Men of\nthis description therefore are continually flocking thither; the water\nserves them as a citadel, and the quantity of reeds as a fortification.\nHaving cut oblique channels among these, with many windings, easy to\nthemselves, but very difficult for others, they imagined themselves\nsecure from any sudden invasion; such was the situation of the lake and\nits inhabitants.\n\nHere, about sunset, the pirate-chief and his followers arrived; they\nmade their prisoners dismount, and disposed of the booty in their\nboats. A crowd of others, who had remained at home, appearing out of\nthe morass, ran to meet them, and received the chief as if he had been\ntheir king; and seeing the quantity of spoils, and almost divine beauty\nof the maiden, imagined that their companions had been pillaging some\ntemple, and had brought away its priestess, or perhaps the _breathing\nimage_[10] of the deity herself. They praised the valour of their\ncaptain, and conducted him to his quarters; these were in a little\nisland at a distance from the rest, set apart for himself and his few\nattendants. When they arrived he dismissed the greater part, ordering\nthem to assemble there again on the morrow; and then taking a short\nrepast with the few who remained, he delivered his captives to a young\nGreek (whom he had not long before taken to serve as an interpreter),\nassigning them a part of his own hut for their habitation; giving\nstrict orders that the wounded youth should have all possible care\ntaken of him, and the maiden be treated with the utmost respect; and\nthen, fatigued with his expedition, and the weight of cares which lay\nupon him, he betook himself to rest.\n\nSilence now prevailed throughout the morass, and it was the first watch\nof night, when the maiden, being freed from observers, seized this\nopportunity of bewailing her misfortunes; inclined to do so the rather,\nperhaps, by the stillness and solitude of the night, in which there\nwas neither sound nor sight to direct her attention, and call off her\nmind from ruminating on its sorrows. She lay in a separate apartment on\na little couch on the ground; and fetching a deep sigh, and shedding\na flood of tears, \"O Apollo,\" she cried, \"how much more severely\ndost thou punish me than I have deserved! Is not what I have already\nsuffered sufficient? Deprived of my friends, captured by pirates,\nexposed to a thousand dangers at sea, and now again in the power of\nbuccaneers, am I still to expect something worse? Where are my woes to\nend? If in death, free from dishonour, I embrace it with joy; but if\nthat is to be taken from me by force, which I have not yet granted even\nto Theagenes, my own hands shall anticipate my disgrace, shall preserve\nme pure in death, and shall leave behind me at least the praise of\nchastity. \u039f Apollo, no judge will be more severe than thou art!\"\n\nTheagenes, who was lodged near, overheard her complaints, and\ninterrupted them, saying, \"Cease, my dear Chariclea; you have reason,\nI own, to complain, but by so doing you irritate the deity: he is made\npropitious by prayers, more than by expostulations; you must appease\nthe power above by prayers, not by accusations.\" \"You are in the\nright,\" said she; \"but how do you do yourself?\"--\"Better than I was\nyesterday,\" he replied, \"owing to the care of this youth, who has been\napplying medicine to my wounds.\"--\"You will be still better to-morrow,\"\nsaid the youth, \"for I shall then be able to procure an herb which\nafter three applications will cure them. I know this by experience; for\nsince I was brought here a captive, if any of the pirates have returned\nwounded, by the application of this plant they have been healed in\na few days. Wonder not that I pity your misfortunes; you seem to be\nsharing my own ill fate; and, as I am a Greek myself, I naturally\ncompassionate Grecians.\"\n\n\"A Greek! \u039f gods!\" cried out both the strangers in transport, \"a Greek\nindeed, both in language and appearance! Perhaps some relief to our\nmisfortunes is at hand.\" \"But what,\" said Theagenes, \"shall we call\nyou?\"--\"Cnemon.\" \"Of what city?\"--\"An Athenian.\" \"What have been\nyour fortunes?\"--\"Cease,\" he replied; \"why touch upon that subject;\nmy adventures are matter for a tragedy. You seem to have had sorrows\nenough of your own; there is no need to increase them by a recital of\nmine; besides, what remains of the night would not be sufficient for\nthe relation; and the fatigues you have gone through to-day demand\nsleep and rest.\" They would not admit his excuses, but pressed him to\nrelate his story; saying, that to hear of misfortunes something like\ntheir own, would be the greatest consolation to them.\n\nCnemon then began in this manner:--\"My father's name was Aristippus, an\nAthenian, a member of the Upper Council,[11] and possessed of a decent\nfortune. After the death of my mother, as he had no child but me, he\nbegan to think of a second marriage, esteeming it hard that he should\nlive an unsettled life solely on my account; he married therefore a\nwoman of polished manners, but a mischiefmaker, called Dem\u00e6neta.[12]\nFrom the moment of their marriage she brought him entirely under her\nsubjection, enticing him by her beauty and seeming attentions; for\nthere never was a woman who possessed the arts of allurement in a\ngreater degree: she would lament at his going out, run with joy to\nmeet him at his return, blame him for his stay, and mingle kisses and\nembraces with the tenderest expostulations. My father, entangled in\nthese wiles, was entirely wrapped up in her. At first she pretended\nto behave to me as if I had been her own son; this likewise helped\nto influence my father. She would sometimes kiss me, and constantly\nwished to enjoy my society. I readily complied, suspecting nothing, but\nwas agreeably surprised at her behaving to me with so much maternal\naffection. When, however, she approached me with more wantonness; when\nher kisses became warmer than those of a relation ought to be, and her\nglances betrayed marks of passion, I began to entertain suspicions, to\navoid her company, and repress her caresses. I need not enumerate what\nartifices she used, what promises she employed to gain me over, how\nshe called me darling, sweetest, breath of her life; how she mingled\nblandishments with these soft words; how, in serious affairs, she\nbehaved really as a mother, in less grave hours but too plainly as a\nmistress.\n\n\"At length, one evening, after I had been assisting at the solemn\nPanathen\u00e6an festival (when a ship[13] is sent to Minerva by land), and\nhad joined in the hymns and usual procession, I returned home in my\ndress of ceremony, with my robe and crown. She, as soon as she saw me,\nunable to contain herself, no longer dissembled her love, but, her eyes\nsparkling with desire, ran up to me, embraced me, and called me her\ndear Theseus, her young Hippolytus: How do you imagine I then felt, who\nnow blush even at the recital?\n\n\"My father that night was to sup in the Prytan\u00e6um,[14] and, as it was\na grand and stated entertainment, was not expected to return home till\nthe next day. I had not long retired to my apartment, when she followed\nme, and endeavoured to obtain the gratification of her wishes; but when\nshe saw that I resisted with horror, regardless of her allurements,\nher promises, or her threats, fetching a deep-drawn sigh, she retired;\nand the very next day, with uncommon wickedness, began to put her\nmachinations in force against me.\n\n\"She took to her bed; and, when my father returned and inquired the\nreason of it, she said she was indisposed, and at first would say no\nmore. But when he insisted, with great tenderness, on knowing what\nhad so disordered her, with seeming reluctance she thus addressed\nhim:--'This dainty youth, this son of yours, whom I call the gods to\nwitness I loved as much as you could do yourself, suspecting me to be\nwith child (which, till I was certain of it, I have yet concealed from\nyou), taking the opportunity of your absence, while I was advising and\nexhorting him to temperance, and to avoid drunkenness and loose women\n(for I was not ignorant of his inclinations though I avoided dropping\nthe least hint of them to you, lest it should appear the calumny of\na step-mother)--while, I say, I took this opportunity of speaking to\nhim alone, that I might spare his confusion, I am ashamed to tell how\nhe abused both you and me; nor did he confine himself to words; but\nassaulting me both with hands and feet, kicked me at last upon the\nstomach, and left me in a dreadful condition, in which I have continued\never since.'\n\n\"When my father heard this, he made no reply, asked no questions,\nframed no excuse for me; but, believing that she who had appeared so\nfond of me, would not, without great reason, accuse me, the next time\nhe met me in the house he gave me a tremendous blow; and calling his\nslaves, he commanded them to scourge me, without so much as telling me\nthe cause of it. When he had wreaked his resentment, 'Now, at least,'\nsaid I, 'father, tell me the reason of this shameful treatment.'\nThis enraged him the more. 'What hypocrisy!' cried he; 'he wants me\nto repeat the story of his own wickedness.' And, turning from me, he\nhastened to Dem\u00e6neta. But this implacable woman, not yet satisfied,\nlaid another plot against me.\n\n\"She had a young slave called Thisbe, handsome enough, and skilled in\nmusic. She, by her mistress's orders, put herself in my way; and though\nshe had before frequently resisted solicitations, which, I own, I had\nmade to her, she now made advances herself, in gestures, words, and\nbehaviour. I, like a silly fellow as I was, began to be vain of my own\nattractions; and, in short, made an appointment with her to come to my\napartment at night. We continued our commerce for some time, I always\nexhorting her to take the greatest care lest her mistress should detect\nher. When, one day, as I was repeating these cautions, she broke out,\n'\u039f Cnemon! how great is your simplicity, if you think it dangerous for\na slave like me to be discovered with you. What would you think this\nvery mistress deserves, who, calling herself of an honourable family,\nhaving a lawful husband, and knowing death to be the punishment of her\ncrime, yet commits adultery?'--'Be silent,' I replied; 'I cannot give\ncredit to what you say.'--'What if I show you the adulterer in the very\nfact?'--'If you can, do.'--'Most willingly will I,' says she, 'both on\nyour account, who have been so abused by her, and on my own, who am the\ndaily victim of her jealousy. If you are a man, therefore, seize her\nparamour.'--I promised I would, and she then left me.\n\n\"The third night after this she awakened me from sleep, and told me\nthat the adulterer was in the house; that my father, on some sudden\noccasion, was gone into the country, and that the lover had taken this\nopportunity of secretly visiting Dem\u00e6neta. Now was the time for me to\npunish him as he deserved; and that I should go in, sword in hand, lest\nhe should escape.\n\n\"I did as Thisbe exhorted me; and taking my sword, she going before\nme with a torch, went towards my mother's bedchamber. When I arrived\nthere, and perceived there was a light burning within, my passion\nrising, I burst open the door, and, rushing in, cried out, 'Where is\nthe villain, the vile paramour of this paragon of virtue?' and thus\nexclaiming, I advanced, prepared to transfix them both, when my father,\n\u039f ye gods! leaping from the bed, fell at my feet, and besought me, '\u039f\nmy son! stay your hand, pity your father, and these grey hairs which\nhave nourished you. I have used you ill, I confess, but not so as to\ndeserve death from you. Let not passion transport you; do not imbrue\nyour hands in a parent's blood!'\n\n\"He was going on in this supplicatory strain, while I stood\nthunderstruck, without power either to speak or stir. I looked about\nfor Thisbe, but she had withdrawn. I cast my eyes in amaze round the\nchamber, confounded and stupified: the sword fell from my hand.\n\n\"Dem\u00e6neta, running up, immediately took it away; and my father, now\nseeing himself out of danger, laid hands upon me, and ordered me to be\nbound, his wife stimulating him all the time, and exclaiming, 'This is\nwhat I foretold; I bid you guard yourself from the attempts of this\nyouth; I observed his looks, and feared his designs.'--'You did,' he\nreplied; 'but I could not have imagined he would carry his wickedness\nto such a pitch.' He then kept me bound; and though I made several\nattempts to explain the matter, he would not suffer me to speak.\n\n\"When the morning was come, he brought me out before the people, bound\nas I was; and flinging dust upon his head, thus addressed them: 'I\nentertained hopes, \u039f Athenians, when the gods gave me this son, that\nhe would have been the staff of my declining age. I brought him up\ngenteelly; I gave him a first-rate education;[15] I went through every\nstep needful to procure him the full privileges of a citizen of Athens;\nin short, my whole life was a scene of solicitude on his account. But\nhe, forgetting all this, abused me first with words, and assaulted my\nwife with blows; and at last broke in upon me in the night, brandishing\na drawn sword, and was prevented from committing a parricide only by a\nsudden consternation which seized him, and made the weapon drop from\nhis hand. I have recourse, therefore, to this assembly for my own\ndefence and his punishment. I might, I know, lawfully have punished\nhim even with death myself; but I had rather leave the whole matter to\nyour judgment than stain my own hands with his blood:' and, having said\nthis, he began to weep.\n\n\"Dem\u00e6neta too accompanied him with her tears, lamenting the untimely\nbut just death which I must soon suffer, whom my evil genius had armed\nagainst my parent; and thus seeming to confirm by her lamentations the\ntruth of her husband's accusations.\n\n\"At length I desired to be heard in my turn, when the clerk arising put\nthis pointed question to me: Did I attack my father with a sword? When\nI replied, 'I did indeed attack him, but hear how I came so to do'--the\nwhole assembly exclaimed that, after this confession, there was no room\nfor apology or defence. Some cried out I ought to be stoned; others,\nthat I should be delivered to the executioner, and thrown headlong\ninto the Barathrum.[16] During this tumult, while they were disputing\nabout my punishment, I cried out, 'All this I suffer on account of my\nmother-in-law; my step-mother makes me to be condemned unheard.' A few\nof the assembly appeared to take notice of what I said, and to have\nsome suspicions of the truth of the case; yet even then I could not\nobtain an audience, so much were all minds possessed by the disturbance.\n\n\"At length they proceeded to ballot: one thousand seven hundred\ncondemned me to death; some to be stoned, others to be thrown into the\nBarathrum. The remainder, to the number of about a thousand, having\nsome suspicions of the machinations of my mother-in-law, adjudged me\nto perpetual banishment; and this sentence prevailed: for though a\ngreater number had doomed me to death, yet there being a difference in\ntheir opinions as to the kind of death, they were so divided, that the\nnumbers of neither party amounted to a thousand.\n\n\"Thus, therefore, was I driven from my father's house and my country:\nthe wicked Dem\u00e6neta, however, did not remain unpunished; in what manner\nyou shall hear by-and-by.--But you ought now to take a little sleep;\nthe night is far advanced, and some rest is necessary for you.\"\n\n\"It will be very annoying to us,\" replied Theagenes, \"if you leave\nthis wicked woman unpunished.\"--\"Hear, then,\" said Cnemon, \"since you\nwill have it so.\n\n\"I went immediately from the assembly to the Pir\u00e6us, and finding a ship\nready to set sail for \u00c6gina, I embarked in her, hearing there were\nsome relations of my mother's there. I was fortunate enough to find\nthem on my arrival, and passed the first days of my exile agreeably\nenough among them. After I had been there about three weeks, taking\nmy accustomed solitary walk, I came down to the port; a vessel was\nstanding in; I stopped to see from whence she came, and who were on\nboard. The ladder was no sooner let down, when a person leapt on shore,\nran up to me, and embraced me. He proved to be Charias, one of my\nformer companions.--'\u039f Cnemon!' he cried out, 'I bring you good news.\nYou are revenged on your enemy: Dem\u00e6neta is dead.'--'I am heartily\nglad to see you, Charias,' I replied; 'but why do you hurry over\nyour good tidings as if they were bad ones? Tell me how all this has\nhappened; I fear she has died a natural death, and escaped that which\nshe deserved.'--'Justice,' said he, 'has not entirely deserted us (as\nHesiod[17] says); and though she sometimes seems to wink at crime for\na time, protecting her vengeance, such wretches rarely escape at last:\nneither has Dem\u00e6neta. From my connexion with Thisbe, I have been made\nacquainted with the whole affair.\n\n\"'After your unjust exile, your father, repenting of what he had done,\nretired from the sight of the world, into a lonely villa, and there\nlived; \"gnawing his own heart,\" according to the poet.[18] But the\nfuries took possession of his wife, and her passion rose to a higher\npitch in your absence than it had ever done before. She lamented your\nmisfortunes and her own, calling day and night in a frantic manner\nupon Cnemon, her dear boy, her soul; insomuch that the women of her\nacquaintance, who visited her, wondered at and praised her; that,\nthough a step-dame, she felt a mother's affection. They endeavoured to\nconsole and strengthen her; but she replied that her sorrows were past\nconsolation, and that they were ignorant of the wound which rankled at\nher heart.\n\n\"'When she was alone she abused Thisbe for the share she had in the\nbusiness. \"How slow were you in assisting my love! How ready in\nadministering to my revenge! You deprived me of him I loved above all\nthe world, without giving me an instant to repent and be appeased.\" And\nshe gave plain hints that she intended some mischief against her.\n\n\"'Thisbe seeing her disappointed, enraged, almost out of her senses\nwith love and grief, and capable of undertaking anything, determined\nto be beforehand with her; and by laying a snare for her mistress, to\nprovide for her own security. One day, therefore, she thus accosted\nher: \"Why, \u039f my mistress, do you wrongfully accuse your slave? It\nhas always been my study to obey your will in the best manner I\ncould; if anything unlucky has happened, fortune is to blame; I am\nready now, if you command me, to endeavour to find a remedy for your\ndistress.\"--\"What remedy can you find?\" cried she. \"He who alone could\nease my torments is far distant; the unexpected lenity of his judges\nhas been my ruin: had he been stoned or otherwise put to death, my\nhopes and cares would have been buried with him. Impossibility of\ngratification extinguishes desire, and despair makes the heart callous.\nBut now I seem to have him before my eyes: I hear, and blush at hearing\nhim upbraid me with his injuries. Sometimes I flatter my fond heart\nthat he will return again, and that I shall obtain my wishes; at other\ntimes I form schemes of seeking him myself, on whatever shore he\nwanders. These thoughts agitate, inflame, and drive me beside myself.\nYe gods! I am justly served. Why, instead of laying schemes against\nhis life, did I not persist in endeavouring to subdue him by kindness?\nHe refused me at first, and it was but fitting he should do so; I was\na stranger, and he reverenced his father's bed. Time and persuasion\nmight have overcome his coldness; but I, unjust, and inhuman as I was,\nmore like a tyrant, than his mistress, cruelly punished his first\ndisobedience. Yet with how much justice might he slight Dem\u00e6neta, whom\nhe so infinitely surpassed in beauty! But, my dear Thisbe, what remedy\nis it you hint at?\" The artful slave replied: \"\u039f Mistress, Cnemon, as\nmost people think, in obedience to the sentence, has departed both\nfrom the city and from Attica; but I, who inquire anxiously into\neverything that you can have any concern in, have discovered that he\nis lurking somewhere about the town. You have heard perhaps of Arsino\u00eb\nthe singer: he has long been connected with her. After his misfortune,\nshe promised to go into exile with him, and keeps him concealed at her\nhouse till she can prepare herself for setting out.\"--\"Happy Arsino\u00eb!\"\ncried Dem\u00e6neta; \"happy at first in possessing the love of Cnemon, and\nnow in being permitted to accompany him into banishment. But what is\nall this to me?\"--\"Attend, and you shall hear,\" said Thisbe. \"I will\npretend that I am in love with Cnemon. I will beg Arsino\u00eb, with whom I\nam acquainted, to introduce me some night to him in her room; you may,\nif you please, represent Arsino\u00eb, and receive his visit instead of me.\nI will take care that he shall have drunk a little freely when he goes\nto bed. If you obtain your wishes, perhaps you may be cured of your\npassion. The first gratification sometimes extinguishes the flame of\ndesire. Love soon finds its end in satiety: but if yours (which I hope\nwill not be the case) should still continue, we may perhaps find some\nother scheme to satisfy it;[19] at present let us attend to this which\nI have proposed.\"\n\n\"'Dem\u00e6neta eagerly embraced the proposal, and desired her to put it\ninto immediate execution. Thisbe demanded a day only for preparation;\nand going directly to Arsino\u00eb, asked her if she knew Teledemus. Arsino\u00eb\nreplying that she did, \"Receive us then,\" says she, \"this evening\ninto your house; I have promised to sleep with him to-night: he will\ncome first; I shall follow, when I have put my mistress to bed.\" Then\nhastening into the country to Aristippus, she thus addressed him: \"I\ncome, master, to accuse myself; punish me as you think fit. I have\nbeen the cause of your losing your son; not indeed willingly, but yet\nI was instrumental in his destruction: for when I perceived that my\nmistress led a dissolute life, and injured your bed, I began to fear\nfor myself, lest I should suffer if she should be detected by anybody\nelse. I pitied you too, who received such ill returns for all your\naffection; I was afraid, however, of mentioning the matter to you, but\nI discovered it to my young master; and coming to him by night, to\navoid observation, I told him that an adulterer was sleeping with my\nmistress. He, hurried on by resentment, mistook my meaning, and thought\nI said that an adulterer was then with her. His passion rose; he\nsnatched a sword, and ran madly on towards your bedchamber. It was in\nvain I endeavoured to detain him, and to assure him that no adulterer\nwas then with my mistress; he regarded not what I said, either made\ndeaf by rage, or imagining that I changed my purpose. The rest you\nknow. You have it in your power at least to clear up the character of\nyour banished son, and to punish her who has injured both of you; for\nI will shew you to-day Dem\u00e6neta with an adulterer, in a strange house\nwithout the city, and in bed.\"\n\n\"'\"If you can do that,\" said Aristippus, \"your freedom shall be your\nreward. I shall, perhaps, take some comfort in life, when I have got\nrid of this wicked woman. I have for some time been uneasy within\nmyself: I have suspected her; but, having no proofs, I was silent. But\nwhat must we do now?\"--\"You know,\" said she, \"the garden where is the\nmonument of the Epicureans: come there in the evening, and wait for\nme.\" And having so said, away she goes; and coming to Dem\u00e6neta, \"Dress\nyourself,\" she cries, \"immediately; neglect nothing that can set off\nyour person; everything that I have promised you is ready.\"--Dem\u00e6neta\ndid as she was desired, and adorned herself with all her skill; and\nin the evening Thisbe attended her to the place of assignation. When\nthey came near she desired her to stop a little; and going forwards she\nbegged Arsino\u00eb to step into the next house, and leave her at liberty\nin her own; for she wished to spare the young man's blushes, who was\nbut lately initiated into love affairs; and, having persuaded her, she\nreturned, introduced Dem\u00e6neta, put her to bed, took away the light\n(lest, forsooth, you, who were then safe at \u00c6gina, should discover\nher), and entreated her to enjoy the good fortune which awaited her\nin silence. \"I will now go,\" said she, \"and bring the youth to you;\nhe is drinking at a house in the neighborhood.\"--Away she flies where\nAristippus was waiting, and exhorts him to go immediately and bind\nthe adulterer fast. He follows her, rushes into the house, and, by\nhelp of a little moonlight which shone, with difficulty finding the\nbed, exclaims, \"I have caught you now, you abandoned creature!\" Thisbe\nimmediately upon this exclamation bangs to the door on the other side,\nand cries out, \"What untoward fortune! the adulterer has escaped; but\ntake care at least that you secure the adulteress.\"--\"Make yourself\neasy,\" he replied; \"I have secured this wicked woman, whom I was\nthe most desirous of taking:\" and seizing her, he began to drag her\ntowards the city. But she feeling deeply the situation she was in,\nthe disappointment of her hopes, the ignominy which must attend her\noffences, and the punishment which awaited them, vexed and enraged at\nbeing deceived and detected, when she came near the pit which is in the\nAcademy (you know the place where our generals sacrifice to the Manes\nof our heroes), suddenly disengaging herself from the hands of the old\nman, flung herself headlong in: and thus she died[20] a wretched death,\nsuited for a wretch like herself.\n\n\"'Upon this Aristippus cried out, \"You have yourself anticipated the\njustice of the laws,\" and the next day he laid the whole matter before\nthe people; and having with difficulty obtained his pardon, consulted\nhis friends and acquaintance how best he could obtain your recall.\nWhat success he has met with I cannot inform you of; for I have been\nobliged, as you see, to sail here on my own private business. But I\nthink you have the greatest reason to expect that the people will\nconsent to your return, and that your father will himself come to seek\nyou, and conduct you home.'--Here Charias ended his recital. How I came\nto this place, and what have been my fortunes since, would take up more\ntime and words than there is at present opportunity for.\"\n\nHaving said this, he wept; the strangers wept with him, seemingly\nfor his calamities, really, perhaps, in remembrance of their own:\nnor would they have ceased from lamentation, had not sleep coming\nover them through the luxury of grief, at length dried their tears.\nThey then lay in repose, but Thyamis (for that was the name of the\npirate captain) having slept quietly the first part of the night, was\nafterwards disturbed by wandering dreams; and starting from his sleep,\nand pondering what they should mean, was kept awake by his perplexities\nthe remainder of the night. For about the time when the cocks crow\n(whether a natural instinct induces them to salute the returning sun,\nor a feeling of warmth and a desire of food and motion excites them to\nrouse those who are about them with their song) the following vision\nappeared to him.\n\nHe seemed to be in Memphis, his native city; and entering into the\ntemple of Isis, he saw it shining with the splendour of a thousand\nlighted lamps; the altars were filled with bleeding victims of all\nsorts; all the avenues of the temple were crowded with people, and\nresounded with the noise of the passing throngs. When he had penetrated\nto the inmost sanctuary of the edifice, the goddess seemed to meet him,\nto give Chariclea into his hands, and to say, \"\u039f Thyamis, I deliver\nthis maiden to you; but though having you shall not have her, but shall\nbe unjust, and kill your guest; yet she shall not be killed.\"--This\ndream troubled him, and he turned it every way in his mind; at length,\nwearied with conjectures, he wrested its signification to his own\nwishes. You shall have her, and not have her; that is, you shall have\nher as a wife, not as a virgin: and as for the killing, he understood\nit to mean, thou shalt wound her virginity, but the wound shall not be\nmortal. And thus, led by his desires, he interpreted his vision.--When\nthe morning dawned, he called his principal followers about him, and\nordered their booty, which he called by the specious name of spoils,\nto be brought out into the midst; and sending for Cnemon, directed\nhim to bring with him the captives whom he had the care of. When they\nwere being brought, \"What fortune,\" they exclaimed, \"awaits us now?\"\nand besought the protection and assistance of Cnemon. He promised to\ndo all that was in his power for them, and comforted and encouraged\nthem. He told them that the pirate captain had nothing barbarous in\nhis disposition; that his manners were rather gentle; that he belonged\nto an illustrious family, and from necessity alone had embraced this\nkind of life. When all were met together, and they too made their\nappearance, Thyamis, seating himself on an eminence, and ordering\nCnemon, who understood the Egyptian tongue, (whereas he himself could\nnot speak Greek) to interpret what he said to the captives, thus\naddressed the assembly:--\n\n\"You know, comrades, what my sentiments have always been towards\nyou. You are not ignorant, how being the son of the high-priest of\nMemphis, and being frustrated of succeeding to the office[21] after the\ndeparture of my father, my younger brother against all law depriving\nme of it, I fled to you, that I might revenge the injury, and recover\nmy dignity. I have been thought worthy to command you, and yet I have\nnever arrogated any particular privileges to myself: if money was to\nbe distributed, I desired only an equal share of it; if captives were\nto be sold, I brought their price into the common stock; for I have\nalways deemed it to be the part of a valiant leader, to take the larger\nshare of toil, and only an equal share of spoils. As to the captives,\nthose men whose strength of body promised to be serviceable to us, I\nkept for ourselves; the weaker I sold. I never abused the women. Those\nof any rank I suffered to redeem themselves with money; and sometimes,\nout of compassion, dismissed them without ransom: those of inferior\ncondition, who, if they had not been taken, would have passed their\nlives in servile offices, I employed in such services as they had been\naccustomed to. But now I _do_ ask of one part of these spoils for\nmyself, this foreign maiden. I might take her by my own authority,\nbut I would rather receive her by your common consent; for it were\nfoolish in me to do anything with a prisoner against the will of my\nfriends. Neither do I ask this favour of you gratis; I am willing, in\nrecompense for it, to resign my share in all the other booty. For since\nthe priestly caste despises common amours, I am determined to take this\nmaiden to myself, not out of mere lust, but for the sake of offspring.\nAnd I will explain to you the reasons which induce me to do so.\n\n\"In the first place she appears to me to be well born: I form this\nconjecture both from the riches which were found about her, and\nfrom her not being depressed by her calamities, but, seeming to rise\nsuperior to them; I am convinced that her disposition is good and\nvirtuous; for, if in beauty she surpasses all, and by her looks awes\nall beholders into respect, can we do otherwise than think highly of\nher? But what recommends her above every thing to me is, that she\nappears to be a priestess of some god; for, in all her misfortunes,\nshe has with a pious regard refused to lay aside her sacred robe and\nchaplet. Where then can I a priest find a partner more fitting for me,\nthan one who is herself a priestess?\"\n\nThe applause of the whole company testified their approbation. They\nexhorted him to marry, and wished him all possible happiness. He then\npursued his discourse:--\"I thank you, comrades; but it will now be\nproper to inquire how far my proposal is agreeable to this maiden. Were\nI disposed to use the power which fate has put into my hands, my will\nwould be sufficient; they who can compel have no need to entreat. But\nin lawful marriage, the inclination of both parties ought to coincide.\"\nAnd turning to Chariclea, he said, \"How, maiden, do you like my offer?\nWhat is your country, and who were your parents?\" She, keeping her eye\na considerable time on the ground, and moving slowly her head, seemed\nto meditate what she should answer. At length, raising herself gently\ntowards Thyamis, and dazzling him with more than her usual charms (for\nher eyes shone with uncommon lustre, and the circumstances she was in\ngave an additional glow to her cheeks), Cnemon serving as interpreter,\nshe thus addressed him:\n\n\"It might perhaps have been more proper for my brother Theagenes to\nspeak on this occasion; for silence, I think, best becomes women,\nespecially in a company of men. Since, however, you address yourself to\nme, and shew this first mark of humanity, in that you seek to obtain\nwhat you desire, by persuasion rather than force; since the main\nsubject of your discourse relates to me alone; I am compelled to lay\naside the common reserve of my sex, and to explain myself in regard\nto the proposal of marriage which you have made, even before such an\naudience. Hear then what is our state and condition.\n\n\"Our country is Ionia; our family one of the most illustrious in\nEphesus. In early youth, as the laws appointed, we entered into the\npriesthood. I was consecrated to Diana, my brother to Apollo. But as\nthe office is an annual one, and the time was elapsed, we were going\nto Delos to exhibit games[22] according to the custom of our country,\nand to lay down the priesthood. We loaded a ship therefore with gold,\nsilver, costly garments, and other things necessary for the show and\nthe entertainment which we were to give to the people. We set sail; our\nparents being advanced in years, and afraid of the sea, remained at\nhome: but a great number of our fellow citizens attended us, some on\nboard our ships, others in vessels of their own. When we had completed\nthe greatest part of our voyage, a tempest suddenly arose; winds and\nhurricanes, raising the waves, drove the ship out of its course. The\npilot yielded at length to the fury of the storm; and deserting the\ngovernment of the ship, let her drive at the mercy of the winds. We\nscudded before them for seven days and nights; and at length were cast\nupon the shore where you found us, and where you saw the slaughter\nwhich had happened there. Rejoicing at our preservation, we gave an\nentertainment to the ship's company. In the midst of it, a party of the\nsailors, who had conspired to make themselves masters of our riches, by\ntaking away our lives, attacked us; our friends defended us; a dreadful\ncombat ensued, which was continued with such rage and animosity, on\nboth sides, that of the whole number engaged we alone survived (would\nto God we had not!), miserable remains of that unhappy day; in one\nthing alone fortunate, in that some pitying deity has brought us into\nyour hands; and, instead of death which we feared, we are now to\ndeliberate upon a marriage. I do not by any means decline the offer.\nPrisoner as I am, I ought to esteem it an honour and a happiness to be\npermitted to aspire to the bed of my conqueror. It seems too, to be\nby a particular providence of the gods, that I, a priestess, should\nbe united to the son of a high priest. One thing alone I beg of you,\n\u039f Thyamis. Permit me, at the first city I arrive at in which there is\na temple or altar of Apollo, to resign my priesthood, and lay aside\nthese badges of my office: this perhaps would with most propriety be\ndone in Memphis, when you shall have recovered the dignity you are\nentitled to. Thus would our wedlock be celebrated with better auspices,\njoined with victory and prosperous success: but, if you would have it\nsooner, be it as you please; let me only first perform those rites\nwhich the custom of my country demands. This I know you will not refuse\nme, as you have yourself been, as you say, dedicated to holy things\nfrom childhood, and have just and reverend notions of what relates to\nthe gods.\"\n\nHere she ceased, and her tears began to flow. Her speech was followed\nby the approbation and applause of the company, who bid her do thus,\nand promised her their aid. Thyamis could not help joining with them,\nthough he was not entirely satisfied, for his eager desire to possess\nChariclea made him think even the present hour an unreasonable delay.\nHer words, however, like the siren's song, soothed him, and compelled\nhis assent; he thought, too, he saw in this some relation to his dream,\nand brought himself to agree that the wedding should be celebrated\nat Memphis. He then dismissed the company, having first divided the\nspoils, a great part of the choicest of which were forced upon him by\nhis people.\n\nHe gave orders that, in ten days, they should all be ready to march\nto Memphis; and sent the Greeks to the habitation in which he had\nbefore placed them. Cnemon, too, by his command, attended them no\nlonger now as a guard, but as a companion: their entertainment was\nthe best which Thyamis could afford; and Theagenes, for his sister's\nsake, partook of the same handsome treament. He determined within\nhimself to see Chariclea as seldom as possible, lest the sight of\nher should inflame the desire which tormented him, and urge him on\nto do anything inconsistent with what he had agreed to and promised.\nHe deprived himself, therefore, of that company in which he most\ndelighted, fearing that to converse with her, and to restrain himself\nwithin proper bounds, would be more than he could answer for. When the\ncrew had dispersed, each to his habitation in the lake, Cnemon went\nto some distance from it, in search of the herb which he had promised\nto procure for Theagenes; and Theagenes, taking the opportunity of\nhis absence, began to weep and lament, not addressing himself to\nChariclea, but calling earnestly upon the gods: and she with tender\nsolicitude inquiring whether he was only lamenting their common\nmisfortunes, or suffering any new addition to them?--\"What can be\nnewer or more unworthy,\" he replied, \"than the breaking of vows and\npromises? than that Chariclea, entirely forgetting me, should give her\nconsent to another marriage?\"--\"God forbid!\" replied the maiden; \"let\nnot your reproaches increase the load of my calamities; nor, after so\nlong an experience of my fidelity, lightly suspect a measure which\nthe immediate necessity of the moment compelled me to adopt: sooner\nwill you change than find me changed in regard to you. I can bear\nill fortune; nor shall any force compel me to do anything unworthy\nof the modesty and virtue of my sex. In one thing alone, I own, I\nam immoderate, my love for you; but then it is a lawful one; and,\nhowever great, it did not throw me inconsiderately into your power;\nI resigned myself to you on the most honourable conditions; I have\nhither to lived with you in the most inviolate purity, resisting all\nyour solicitations, and looking forward to a lawful opportunity of\ncompleting that marriage to which we are solemnly pledged. Can you\nthen be so unreasonable as to think it possible that I should prefer\na barbarian to a Greek? a pirate, to one to whom I am bound by so\nmany ties?\"--\"What, then,\" said Theagenes, \"was the meaning of that\nfine speech of yours? To call me your brother, indeed, was prudent\nenough, to keep Thyamis from suspecting the real nature of our love,\nand to induce him to let us continue together. I understood, too, the\nmeaning of your veiling the true circumstances of our voyage under the\nfictions of Ionia and Delos. But so readily to accept his proposals,\nto promise to marry him, nay, to fix a time for the ceremony--this, I\nown, disturbs me, and passes my comprehension; but I had rather sink\ninto the earth than see such an end of all my hopes and labours on your\naccount.\"\n\nChariclea flung her arms round Theagenes, gave him a thousand kisses,\nand bedewing him with tears, cried out, \"How delightful to me are these\napprehensions of yours! They prove that all the troubles you have\nundergone have in no degree weakened your love; but know, \u039f my dear\nTheagenes, that unless I had promised as I did, we should not now be\ntalking together. You must be sensible that contradiction only adds\nforce to violent passion; seeming compliance allays the impulse in its\nbirth, and the allurement of promises lulls the violence of desire.\nYour rough lovers think they have got something when they have obtained\na promise: and, relying upon the faith of it, become quieter, feeding\nthemselves with hope. I, being aware of this, in words resigned myself\nup to him, committing what shall follow to the gods, and to that genius\nwho presides over our loves.\n\n\"A short interval of time has frequently afforded means of safety,\nwhich the wisest counsels of men could not have foreseen. I saw nothing\nbetter to be done than to endeavour to ward off a certain and imminent\ndanger, by a present, though uncertain, remedy. We must, therefore, my\ndearest Theagenes, use this fiction as our best ally, and carefully\nconceal the truth even from Cnemon; for though he seems friendly to\nus, and is a Greek, yet he is a captive, and likely, perhaps, to do\nanything which may ingratiate him with his master. Our friendship\nwith him is as yet too new, neither is there any relation between us\nsufficiently strong to give us a certain assurance of his fidelity. If\nhe suspects, therefore, and inquires into our real situation, we must\ndeny it: for even a falsehood is commendable when it is of service to\nthose who use it, and does no injury to the hearers of it.\"\n\nWhile Chariclea was thus suggesting this course, Cnemon comes running\nin, with an altered countenance, and seemingly in much agitation. \"\u039f\nTheagenes,\" he cried, \"I have brought you the herb I mentioned; apply\nit, and it will heal your wounds; but you must now, I fear, prepare\nyourself for others, and a slaughter equal to that which you have\nlately been an actor in.\" Theagenes desiring him to explain himself,\n\"There is no time at present;\" he replied, \"for explanation; action\nwill probably anticipate words; but do you and Chariclea follow me as\nfast as you can;\" and taking them with him, he brought them to Thyamis.\nThey found him employed in burnishing his helmet and sharpening his\nspear. \"Very seasonably,\" he exclaimed, \"are you employed about your\narms; put them on as fast as you can, and command all your men to\ndo the same, for a hostile force is approaching greater than ever\nthreatened us before, and they must now be very near. I saw them\nadvancing over the top of the neighbouring hill, and have made all\npossible haste to bring you information, giving the alarm to every one\nI met with in my passage.\"\n\nThyamis, at these tidings, started up and cried out, \"Where is\nChariclea?\" as if he were more apprehensive for her than for himself.\nWhen Cnemon showed her standing near the door. \"Lead this maiden\nprivately,\" says he, \"into the cave where I keep my treasures, and\nforget not to replace as usual the covering of it; having done this,\nreturn to me as fast as you can: meanwhile, I will prepare for the\nstorm of battle which awaits us.\" Having said this, he ordered his\nlieutenant to bring forth a victim, that he might begin the engagement\nafter a due sacrifice to his country's gods. Cnemon proceeded to\nexecute his commission, and leading off Chariclea, who turned earnestly\ntowards Theagenes, and lamented her hard fate, he let her down into\nthe cave. This was not, as many are, the work of nature, an accidental\nexcavation, but the contrivance of the pirates, who, imitating her\noperations, had hollowed out an artificial cavern for the reception\nof their treasures. It was formed in this manner: its entrance,[23]\nnarrow and dark, was under the doors of a hidden chamber, the threshold\nbecame, in case of need, a second door, for farther descent; it fitted\nexactly, and could be lifted up with great facility; the rest of the\ncave was cut into various winding passages, which, now diverging,\nnow returning, with a multitude of ramifications, converged at last\ninto an open space at the bottom, which received an uncertain light\nfrom an aperture at the extremity of the lake. Here Cnemon introduced\nChariclea, and led her to the farthest recess, encouraging and\npromising her that he and Theagenes would come to her in the evening;\nand that he would not suffer him to engage in the battle which\nimpended. Chariclea was unable to answer him; and he went out of the\ncave, leaving her half dead, silent, and stupified, as if her soul\nhad been separated from her with Theagenes. He shut down the door,\ndropping a tear for her as he did it, and for the necessity he was\nunder of burying her in a manner alive, and consigning the brightest of\nhuman forms to darkness and obscurity. He made what haste he could to\nThyamis. He found him burning with ardour for the fight, and Theagenes\nby his side splendidly armed; he was even to frenzy rousing the spirits\nof his followers who surrounded him, and thus began to address them:\n\n\"There is no need, comrades, to address you in a long exhortation;\nyou want no encouragement, to whom war is the breath of life; and the\nsudden approach of the enemy cuts off all space for words; it becomes\nus to prepare to resist force by force; not to do so would betray an\nabsence of all energy. I do not put you in mind of your wives and\nchildren as is usual on these occasions, though nothing but victory can\npreserve them from destruction and violation. This contest is for our\nvery being and existence; no quarter, no truce, ever takes place in\npiratic warfare; we must either conquer or die. Let us exert, then, our\nforce to the utmost, and with determined minds fall upon the enemy.\"\n\nHaving said this, he looked round for his lieutenant, Thermuthis,\nand called him several times by his name. When he nowhere appeared,\nthrowing out hasty threats against him, he rushed on towards the ferry.\nThe battle was already begun, and he could see at a distance those who\ninhabited the extremities and approaches of the lake in the fact of\nbeing routed by the enemy, who set on fire the boats and huts of those\nwho fell or fled. The flames spread to the neighbouring morass, caught\nhold of the reeds which grew there in great abundance, dazzled every\neye with an almost intolerable blaze, and, crackling and roaring,\nstunned their ears.\n\nWar[24] now appeared in all its horrid forms: the inhabitants for some\ntime, with readiness and energy, supported and repelled the attack; but\nbeing astonished by the sudden incursion, and pressed by the superior\nnumbers of the enemy, those on the land gave way, and many of those on\nthe lake, together with their boats and habitations, were overwhelmed\nin the waters! every dreadful sound now struck the air, as the conflict\nraged both by land and water; groans and shouts were mingled, the\nlake was discoloured with blood, all were involved in fire or water.\nThyamis, at this sight, called to mind his dream, and the temple of\nIsis shining with lamps, and flowing with the blood of victims; he saw\na resemblance in it to the scene before him, and began to fear that\nhe must give up his former favourable interpretation; that Chariclea\nwas destined to fall in this tumult, and that so having had her in\nhis possession, he should now have her no longer; that she would be\nslain, not merely be wounded in her virginity; exclaiming, therefore\nagainst the goddess, for having deceived him, and unable to bear the\nthought that any one else should possess Chariclea, he ordered the men\nwho were about him to halt, and if they were obliged to engage, to\ndefend themselves as well as they could, by retiring behind, and making\nsallies from, the numerous little islands: as by so doing they might,\nfor some time, be able to resist the attack of the enemy. He then,\nunder pretence of going to seek Thermuthis, and sacrificing to his\nhousehold gods, returned in great agitation to his tent, suffering no\none to follow him.\n\nThe disposition of the barbarians is obstinate and determined;[25]\nwhen they despair of their own safety, they are accustomed to destroy\nthose who are most dear to them; either wildly imagining that they\nshall enjoy their company after death; or thinking that by so doing\nthey shall deliver them from the injuries and insults of the enemy.\nStimulated by some of these motives, Thyamis, forgetting the urgent\ndanger which pressed upon him, and the enemies by whom he was\nsurrounded as by a net; burning with anger, love, and jealousy, rushed\nheadlong to the cave: he poured out his Egyptian exclamations with a\nloud voice, and soon after his entrance, being addressed by some one\nin the Greek tongue, the voice guided him to the person; he seized her\nhair with his left hand, and with his right plunged his sword into her\nbosom: the unfortunate creature sank down, uttering a last and piteous\ngroan. Issuing forth and closing the trap-door, he threw a little\ndust over her, and dropping a tear he exclaimed, \"Are these then the\nnuptial presents you were to expect from me!\" When he arrived at the\nboats, he saw his people ready to fly as the enemy approached near,\nand Thermuthis having now made his appearance, preparing to begin the\nsacrifice: having abused him for his unseasonable absence, and told\nhim that he had already offered up the most beauteous of victims, he,\nThermuthis and the rower got into a boat: their small vessels would\nnot hold more, being made out of the trunk of a tree rudely hollowed.\nTheagenes and Cnemon got into another, and in the same manner all the\nrest embarked.\n\nWhen they had proceeded a little from the shore, rowing round the side\nrather than launching out into the deep, they lay upon their oars,\nand drew up in a line, to receive the enemy; but at their approach, a\nsudden panic seized the pirates, and not sustaining the first hostile\nshout of their opponents, they fled in disorder: Cnemon and Theagenes\ngradually retired, but not from fear: Thyamis alone disdained to fly;\nand perhaps not wishing to survive Chariclea, rushed into the midst\nof his foes. A cry was instantly heard among them, \"This is Thyamis,\nlet all have an eye to him:\" immediately they turned their boats and\nsurrounded him; he, vigorously fighting, wounded some and killed\nothers, and yet strange was that which ensued: out of so great a\nmultitude no one lifted up a sword, or cast a dart at him, but every\none did their utmost to capture him alive. He continued manfully to\nresist, till at length his spear was wrested from him, and he had lost\nhis lieutenant, who had nobly seconded him; and who, having received,\nas he thought, a mortal wound, leaped into the lake, and with great\ndifficulty reached the shore, no one offering to pursue him; for now\nthey had laid hold on Thyamis, and esteemed the capture of one man a\nvictory; and though he had destroyed so many of their men, their joy\nat having taken him alive far exceeded their grief for the loss of\ntheir comrades; for gain is dearer to robbers than their lives; and\nfriendship and relationship are only so far considered among them as\nthey conduce to this main end.\n\nThe leaders of this attack were the men who had fled from Thyamis and\nhis followers at the Heracleotic mouth of the Nile: they, enraged\nat the loss of a booty, which through plunder, they considered as\ntheir own, gathered their friends together, and many others from the\nneighbouring towns, by proposing to them an equal division of the\nspoils; and became their guides in the expedition.\n\nThe reason why they were so desirous of taking Thyamis alive was\nthis: Petosiris, who resided at Memphis, was his younger brother; by\nhis artifices he had unlawfully deprived Thyamis of the priesthood,\nand hearing that he was now at the head of the pirates, he feared\nthat he might take some opportunity to attack him, or that in time\nhis treachery might be discovered; he was besides suspected of\nhaving made away with his brother, who nowhere appeared. For these\nreasons he proclaimed great rewards among all the nests of pirates\nin his neighbourhood, to any one who should capture him alive: they,\nstimulated by these offers, and in the heat of battle, not losing sight\nof gain, took him prisoner at the price of many of their lives. They\nsent him, under a strong guard, to the main land, he reproaching them\nall the while for their seeming lenity, and bearing bonds much more\nindignantly than he would have borne death. The rest proceeded towards\nthe island in quest of treasures and spoil; but when, after a long and\nstrict search, they found nothing of any consequence, some few things\nexcepted, which out of hurry or forgetfulness were left out of the\ncavern, they set fire to the tents; and the evening coming on, fearing\nto remain there any longer, lest they should be surprised by the enemy\nwhom they had driven thence, they returned to their companions upon the\ncontinent.\n\n\n\n[Footnote 1: Piracy was not in those times considered dishonorable; but\nthe contrary.--Thucyd. B. i. 4.]\n\n[Footnote 2: Called by Herodotus, B. ii. 17, the Bucolic mouth. \"It\nseems clear that the phrase was derived from the inhabitants of\nthe region, a horde of piratical herdsmen, apparently of different\nrace from the agricultural Egyptians. They haunted the most marshy\npart of the Delta, where the papyrus reeds effectually masked their\nretreats.\"--Blakesley's Herodotus.]\n\n[Footnote 3: \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b6\u03c9\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c1\u03b1--to the third wale. The wales are\nstrong planks extending along a ship's side through the whole length at\ndifferent heights, serving to strengthen the decks and form the curves.\nA passage in the Cyclops of Euripides may illustrate the above--\n\n    \u03b3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f24\u03b2\u03b7\u03c2,\n    \u03c3\u03ba\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41\u03bb\u03ba\u1f70\u03c2 \u1f65\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u1f76\u03c2\n    \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c3\u03ad\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f02\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2.--Cyclops. 503.\n]\n\n[Footnote 4:\n\n    Indum sanguineo veluti violaverat ostro\n    Si quis ebur.--\u00c6n. xii. 67.\n]\n\n[Footnote 5: \u1f24 \u03b3\u03ad\u03b3o\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd. The expression \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\n\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd means a by-work; something done by the by.--Thucyd. B. i. 112.]\n\n[Footnote 6: Iliad, B. i. 45.]\n\n[Footnote 7: A full description of the personal appearance of the\nbuccaneers will be found in Achilles Tatius.--B. iii. c. 9.]\n\n[Footnote 8: \u0389 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u1ff4\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9.]\n\n[Footnote 9: For a further description of the buccaneer stronghold, see\nAchilles Tatius, B. iv. c. 14.\n\nPerhaps Heliodorus (afterwards a bishop) had derived the materials\nfor his graphic description of their haunts and manners from personal\nresidence among them, as was the case (so Horace Walpole informs us)\nwith Archbishop Blackburne (_temp._ Geo. II,) who in his younger days\nis said to have been a buccaneer. In Herod. v. 16, is a curious account\nof a fishing-town built in the lake Prasias, exactly corresponding with\nthe description of _The Pasturage_ in Heliodorus.]\n\n[Footnote 10: \u1f1c\u03bc\u03c0\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1.\n\n    \"And there she stood, so calm and pale\n    That, but her breathing did not fail,\n    And motion slight of eye and head,\n    And of her bosom, warranted\n    That neither sense nor pulse she lacks,\n    You might have thought a form of wax,\n    Wrought to the very life, was there;\n    But still she was, so pale, so fair.\"--Marmion, c. xxi\n]\n\n[Footnote 11: \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f05\u03bd\u03c9. The Council of the 500, who were\na kind of Committee of the \u1f18\u03ba\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 to prepare measures for that\nassembly.]\n\n[Footnote 12: Cnemon and his stepmother will recall to the reader's\nmemory Ph\u00e6dra and Hippolytus.]\n\n[Footnote 13: In the Ceramicus, without the city, was an engine, built\nin the form of a ship, upon which the \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, or robe of Minerva, was\nhung, in the manner of a sail, and which was put in motion by concealed\nmachinery. It was conveyed to the temple of Ceres Eleusinia, and from\nthence to the citadel, where it was put upon Minerva's statue, which\nwas laid upon a bed strewed with flowers, and called \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u1f76\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 14: The public hall at Athens, in which the Prytanes for\nthe time being, and some other magistrates, had their meals, and\nentertained foreign ambassadors.]\n\n[Footnote 15: Literally, \"I had him enrolled in his proper ward\n(\u03c6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1), in his proper house (\u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2), and among those arrived at\npuberty (\u1f15\u03c6\u03b7\u03b2\u03bf\u03b9),\" the successive steps to Athenian citizenship.]\n\n[Footnote 16: The Barathrum was a yawning cleft behind the Acropolis,\ninto which criminals were cast.]\n\n[Footnote 17: Hesiod, \"Works and Days,\" 221.\n\n    \"Justice....\n    When mortals violate her sacred laws,\n    When judges hear the bribe and not the cause,\n    Close by her parent god behold her stand,\n    And urge the punishment their sins demand.\"--Lee.\n\nAmmianus Marcellinus says, B. xxix., \"_Inconnivens_ justiti\u00e6 oculus;\narbiter et vindex perpetuus rerum.\"\n\n    Rar\u00f2 antecedentem scelestum\n    Descruit pede P\u0153na claudo.--Hor. Od. iii. II. 31.\n]\n\n[Footnote 18: \u1f4c\u03bd \u03b8\u03c5\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd. Il. vi. 202.]\n\n[Footnote 19: \u0394\u03b5\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2, we will go on a fresh tack.]\n\n[Footnote 20: \u039a\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1ff6\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 21: The succession to the Egyptian priesthood was\nhereditary.--Vide Herod., ii. 37.]\n\n[Footnote 22: \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f24\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd. The Athenians made a solemn voyage\nto Delos every year; the deputation was called \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1; the persons\nemployed in it, \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u1f76; the ship, \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2. See Robinson's Antiquities of\nGreece.]\n\n\n[Footnote 23: This description is very obscure in the original; the\nmeaning seems to be, that the descent to the cavern was effected by\nlifting up an oblong stone, bearing the appearance of a threshold,\nbut serving as a door. The following is the version of the Italian\ntranslator: \"L'entrata era stretta e oscura, sottoposta all' entrata\nd'uno occulto edificio, in guisa che la soglia della prima entrata\nfaceva un' altra porta ad uso di scendere,\" &c. The poet, Walter Lisle,\ngives the passage thus:--\n\n    \"A cave there was, it opened well and shut\n    With narrow door of stone, that threshold was\n    T'an upper room. Within, a maze it has\n    Of sundrie wayes, entangled (like the roots\n    Of thicke-set trees, amids and all abouts),\n    That meet in plaine.\"\n\nAnd wishing to embellish the picture, he adds--\n\n                    \"With scales of crocodile\n    The roofe is pav'd, brought hither from the Nile.\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 24: See a passage, already referred to, in Achilles Tatius\n(B. iv. c. 14), containing a spirited picture of pirate warfare.]\n\n[Footnote 25: There is a curious example of this disposition of the\nbarbarians in the conduct of Mithridates, after his defeat by Lucullus.\nSee Ferguson's Rom. Hist. vol. ii. p. 24. He ordered his wives and\nsisters to destroy themselves, fearful of their falling into the\nenemy's hands.]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK II.\n\n\nIn this manner, as we have related, were the flames spread over the\nlake; the conflagration escaped the notice of Theagenes and Cnemon\nwhile the sun was above the horizon, the superior lustre of that planet\novercoming the blaze; but when it set, when night came on, and the fire\nhad no longer any rival to contend with, it appeared at a distance to\ntheir great consternation, as they began to raise themselves out of\nthe morass. Theagenes tearing his hair, thus broke out into passionate\nexclamations; \"May this day be the last of my life; may my fears,\ncares, and dangers now have an end, and my hopes and love conclude\ntogether. Chariclea is no more, and I am undone; in vain, wretch, that\nI am, have I become a coward, and submitted to an unmanly flight, that\nI might preserve myself for you, the delight of my life. For you,\nalas! I live no longer; you have fallen by an untimely death, nor\nwas he on whom you doated present to receive your latest breath; but\nyou are become the prey of flames, and these are the nuptial torches\nwhich cruel fate has lighted up for you. All is consumed, and there\nnow remains no trace of the most perfect of human forms: O! most cruel\nand envious deities! a last embrace is denied me:\" and thus lamenting,\nhe felt about for his sword--Cnemon arrested his hand, and cried out,\n\"Why, Theagenes, do you lament her who is safe? Chariclea is alive;\nbe comforted.\" \"Away!\" he replied, \"this is a tale for children; why\ndo you keep me from the death I long for?\" Cnemon swore to the truth\nof what he had said, told him the orders of Thyamis, described the\ncave where he had placed Chariclea; and assured him there was not the\nsmallest danger of the flames (cut off as they would be) penetrating\nthrough the deep and winding avenues by which she was protected.\n\nTheagenes at these assurances began to recover his spirits, and\nhastened towards the island, having Chariclea, and a joyful meeting in\nthe cave before his eyes, ignorant, alas! of the woes which awaited\nhim there. They proceeded forwards with great ardour, plying the oars\nthemselves, for their rower had fallen overboard in the confusion\nof the first flight; they went on with an unsteady course from\ninexperience in rowing, not able to keep stroke, and the wind being\nagainst them; but their ardour overcame their unskilfulness, and with\ngreat difficulty at last, and bathed in sweat, they reached the shore,\nand ran eagerly towards the tents. Of these they saw only the ashes,\nthey having been totally consumed; the stone, however, which formed\nthe threshold and entrance of the cavern, was conspicuous enough; for\nthe huts being built of reeds and such slender materials, were soon\nconsumed and turned into a light ash, which the wind scattering away,\nleft the earth bare in many places for a passage, cooling it at the\nsame time with the blast.\n\nFinding some torches half burnt, and lighting some reeds which\nremained, they opened the cave's mouth, and under the guidance of\nCnemon, descended into it. When they had gone a little way, Cnemon\nsuddenly exclaimed, \"\u039f God! what is this? we are undone, Chariclea is\nslain;\" and flinging his torch on the ground, extinguished it, and\nfalling on his knees, and covering his face with his hands, began to\nweep. Theagenes threw himself upon the body, and held it a long time\nin his arms, closely embraced; Cnemon seeing him overwhelmed with this\nstroke, and fearing when he recovered his senses he would make some\nattempt upon himself, took away unobserved the sword which hung by his\nside, and leaving him for a moment, ran out to light his torch. While\nhe was gone, the unhappy lover broke out into mournful and tragic\nexclamations, \"\u039f intolerable calamity, and never-to-be-appeased wrath\nof the gods! what insatiable demon thus rages to my destruction? who,\nafter having driven me from my country through a thousand dangers of\nseas and pirates, having delivered me up to marauders, and stript me\nof all I had, when one only comfort was left me, has now deprived me\nof that! Chariclea is no more, she lies slain by a violent death;\ndoubtless, she has fallen in defence of her chastity, determined to\npreserve herself unspotted for my sake. In vain has her beauty bloomed\nboth for herself and me; but, \u039f my love! have not you one last word\nleft to speak to me? Are life and breath for ever gone? Alas! you\nare silent; that mouth, formerly the interpreter of the will of\nheaven, is dumb, and darkness and destruction have overwhelmed the\npriestess of the gods. Those eyes glance no more whose lustre dazzled\nall beholders, whose brightness, if your murderer had met, he could\nnot have executed his purpose; what shall I call you, my wife? but we\nwere not married; my contracted spouse? but the contract has been a\nfruitless one; let me call you by the sweetest of all appellations,\nChariclea. \u039f Chariclea! if, where you are, you are capable of receiving\ncomfort, be comforted; you have a faithful lover; we shall soon meet\nagain; behold, I sacrifice myself to your Manes, to you I pour out my\nown blood in libations;[1] this cavern, a rude sepulchre, shall retain\nboth our bodies; we shall be united in our deaths, though fate forbade\nit in our lives.\" Saying this, he felt for his sword, and not finding\nit, \"\u039f Cnemon,\" he exclaimed, \"you have undone me, and Chariclea too,\nfor the second time depriving her shade of the company it desires.\"\nWhile he was thus speaking, a voice from the windings of the cave was\nheard, calling Theagenes; he, not in the least alarmed, replied, \"I\ncome, my dearest life; your soul, I see, still hovers above the earth,\npartly, perhaps, because unwilling to leave that body, from which it\nhas by violence been expelled; and partly, because[2] wanting the rites\nof sepulture, you may be refused admittance in the shades below.\"\nCnemon now approached with the torch; again the voice was heard,\ncalling Theagenes; Cnemon instantly exclaimed, \"Ye gods! is not this\nthe voice of Chariclea? Theagenes, I think she is safe, for the sound\nseems to me to proceed from that very part of the cavern where I know\nI left her.\"--\"Will you never cease attempting to deceive me,\" replied\nTheagenes?--\"I am much deceived myself,\" replied the other, \"if we find\nthis corpse which lies before us to be that of Chariclea;\" and stooping\ndown to examine the countenance, \"O heavens!\" he cried out, \"what do\nI see? the face of Thisbe!\" and starting back, he stood petrified\nwith astonishment. Theagenes, on the contrary, now began to recover\nhis spirits, and in his turn supported and encouraged Cnemon, who was\nready to faint; and besought him that he would lead him instantly to\nChariclea; Cnemon, by degrees coming to himself, again examined the\nbody, which really was that of Thisbe; he knew, too, by its hilt, the\nsword which Thyamis from rage and haste had left sticking in the wound.\nHe perceived also a tablet appearing out of her bosom; he took it, and\nwas beginning to read what was written upon it; but Theagenes would\nnot suffer him, and earnestly entreated him, if all he saw was not the\nillusion of some demon, that he would take him to Chariclea; you may\nafterwards, said he, read this tablet. Cnemon obeyed; and, taking up\nthe tablet and the sword, hastened towards Chariclea. She, creeping\non hands and knees towards the sound of their voices as well as she\ncould, at length saw the light, flew to Theagenes, and hung upon his\nneck. And mutually exclaiming, \"And are you restored to me, my dear\nTheagenes?\"--\"Do you live,[3] sweetest Chariclea?\" they fell in each\nothers' arms upon the ground; their voices murmuring and themselves\ndying away. So much does a sudden rush of joy overpower the human\nfaculties, and excess of pleasure passes into pain. Thus these lovers,\nunexpectedly preserved, seemed again in danger, till Cnemon, observing\na little water in a cleft of the rock, took it up in the hollow of his\nhand, and sprinkling it over their faces and nostrils, they came by\ndegrees to themselves. But when they discovered their situation, lying\non the ground in each other's arms, they rose immediately, and blushing\na little, especially Chariclea, began to make excuses to Cnemon. He,\nsmiling, turned the matter into pleasantry.\n\n\"You will not find a severe censor in me,\" said he; \"whoever is but\nmoderately acquainted with the passion of love, will easily forgive\nits excesses. But there is one part of your conduct, Theagenes, which\nI cannot approve of--indeed I was ashamed to see it--when you fell\ndown, and bewailed in so lamentable a manner a foreign woman, and\none of no good character, while I was all the time assuring you, that\nshe, whom you professed to love best, was alive and near you.\"--\"Have\ndone, Cnemon,\" he replied; \"do not traduce me to Chariclea. You know\nI lamented her, under the person of another; but since the kind gods\nhave shewn me that I was in an error, pray call to mind a little your\nown fortitude. You joined your tears, at first, with mine; but when you\nrecognized the body which lay before you, you started as from a demon\non the stage, you in armour, and with a sword, from a woman; you, a\nGrecian warrior, from a corpse!\"\n\nThis raillery drew a short and forced smile from them, mingled with\ntears; for such was their calamitous situation, that grief and thought\nsoon overpowered this gleam of cheerfulness. A short silence ensued;\nwhen Chariclea[4] gently moving her finger upon her cheek under the\near, exclaimed, \"I shall always esteem her blest, whoever she be, for\nwhom Theagenes is concerned; but, if you do not think that love makes\nme too inquisitive, I should be glad to know who is this happy damsel\nwho has been thought worthy of his tears; and by what error he could\ntake a stranger for me.\"--\"You will wonder when you hear,\" replied\nTheagenes. \"Cnemon affirms, that these are the remains of Thisbe, the\nAthenian singer, the plotter against him and Dem\u00e6neta.\"--\"How,\" said\nthe astonished Chariclea, \"could she be brought here, from the middle\nof Greece to the extremity of Egypt, like a deity in a tragedy?[5] and\nhow could she be concealed from us at our entrance?\"--\"As to that, I am\nas much at a loss about it as you can be,\" said Cnemon; \"all I know of\nher adventures is this: After the tragical end of Dem\u00e6neta, my father\nlaid before the people what had happened. They pitied and pardoned him;\nand he was earnestly employed in soliciting my recall. Thisbe made use\nof the leisure she had upon her hands; and at different entertainments\nset her musical skill and her person to sale.\n\n\"She[6] now received more favour from the public than Arsino\u00eb, who\ngrew careless in practising her talents; while Thisbe shewed greater\nperfection, both in voice and execution. But she was not aware that\nby this she had excited the inextinguishable envy of a courtezan.\nThis was increased by her having seduced Nausicles, a rich merchant\nof Naucratium, formerly a lover of Arsino\u00eb; but who had left her on\npretence of being disgusted with the distortions of her eyes and\ncountenance, while she was playing on the flute. Anger and jealousy\nraging in her bosom, she went to the relations of Dem\u00e6neta, and\ndiscovered to them the snare which Thisbe had laid for their kinswoman;\npartly from her own conjectures, and partly from what Thisbe had told\nher. Their anger, however, fell first upon my father; and they engaged\nthe most skilful counsel to accuse him to the people, as if he had put\nDem\u00e6neta to death without trial or conviction; and had made use of\nthe adultery only as a pretext for her murder; and loudly called upon\nhim to produce the adulterer, or at least to name him; they concluded\nby insisting that Thisbe should be put to the torture. My father\nreadily agreed to this, but she was not to be found; for, upon the\nfirst stirring of the matter, she had taken flight with her merchant.\nThe people, angry at her escape, were in an ill humour to hear the\ndefence of the accused. They did not indeed convict him of the murder,\nbut found him guilty of being concerned in the contrivance against\nDem\u00e6neta, and of my unjust banishment. They exiled him from the city,\nand fined him to the amount of the greatest part of his fortune. Such\nwere the fruits of his second marriage.\n\n\"The wretched Thisbe, whose punishment I now see before me, sailed safe\nfrom Athens: this is all I know about her, and this I had from Anticles\nat \u00c6gina. I sailed with him to Egypt in hopes of finding Thisbe at\nNaucratium, that I might bring her back to Athens, and clear my father\nfrom the suspicions and accusations he laboured under, and procure her\nto be justly punished for her crimes against us. What I have since\nundergone you shall hear at a more convenient season; let us now\nexamine into the cause of the tragedy which is here presented to us.\nBut how Thisbe came into this cavern, and how she has been murdered in\nit, must be explained to us, I believe, by some deity, for it passes\nhuman comprehension; let us examine, however, the tablet that was found\nin her bosom; perhaps that will give us some information.\" With this he\ntook it, and began to read as follows:\n\n \"Thisbe, formerly his enemy, but now his avenger, to her master,\n Cnemon:\n\n \"In the first place I inform you of the death of Dem\u00e6neta, brought\n about on your account by my means; how it happened, if you will\n admit me to your presence, I will relate to you in person. I have\n been ten days on this island, having been made captive by one of the\n robbers, who boasts that he is lieutenant to the chief, and keeps\n me closely confined--as he says, out of love; as I suppose, lest I\n should be taken from him. By the kindness of the gods, I have seen and\n recognized you, and send this tablet to you privately by an old woman\n who waits upon me, commanding her to deliver it to a handsome Greek,\n a favourite of the chief. Deliver me from the power of these pirates,\n and receive to yourself your handmaid; and, if you can prevail upon\n yourself, preserve her; knowing that in what I acted against you I was\n compelled, but the revenging you of your enemy was my own voluntary\n act. But, if you still feel an inextinguishable resentment against\n me, satiate it as you please; only let me be in your hands, even if I\n am to die by them; I prefer death from you, and to have the rites of\n my country performed over my remains, to a life that is more dreadful\n than death; and to the love of a barbarian, more odious to me than the\n hatred of a Greek.\"--This was the contents of the tablet.\n\n\"O Thisbe,\" said Cnemon, \"the gods have wisely ordained your death;\nand that you should become, even after your slaughter, the relater of\nyour calamities; the Fury[7] who has driven you through the world,\nhas not ceased her avenging pursuit, till she has made me, whom you\nhave injured, even in Egypt, a spectator of your punishment. But what\naccident is it which has stopped your career, while perhaps this\nletter of yours was only the forerunner of some new practice against\nme? for I cannot help suspecting you even now that you are dead. I fear\nlest the account of Dem\u00e6neta's death should be a fiction; lest those\nwho have informed me of it should have deceived me; lest you should\nhave crossed the seas with a design to renew in Egypt the tragedies you\nhave acted against me in Attica.\"--\"\u039f you courageous fellow!\" cries out\nTheagenes, \"will you never cease to terrify yourself with shades and\nfancies? You cannot pretend that she has bewitched me, at any rate,\nfor I have had no part in the drama; assure yourself that no harm can\narise to you from this dead corpse, and pluck up your spirits: but who\nhas been so far your benefactor as to slay your enemy, and how and when\nshe descended here, I am utterly at a loss to imagine.\"--\"As to the\nmatter in general I am so too,\" replied Cnemon; \"but he who slew her\nwas certainly Thyamis, as I conjecture from the sword which was found\nnear the body; I know it to be his, by the ivory hilt carved into the\nform of an eagle.\"--\"But can you conjecture,\" said the other, \"how,\nand when, and for what cause, he committed this murder?\"--\"How should\nI know that?\" he answered. \"This cavern has not had the virtue of\ninspiring me, like that of Delphi or Trophonius.\"\n\nThe mention of Delphi seemed to agitate Theagenes, and drew tears\nfrom Chariclea; they repeated the name with great emotion. Cnemon was\nsurprised, and could not conceive why they were so affected by it. In\nthis manner they were engaged in the cave. Meanwhile Thermuthis, the\nlieutenant of Thyamis, after he had been wounded and had got to land in\nthe manner we have related, when night came on, hastened towards the\ncavern in search of Thisbe; for he it was who had placed her there. He\nhad some days before taken her by force from the merchant Nausicles\nin a narrow mountain pass. On the tumult and attack which soon after\nensued, when he was sent by Thyamis in search of a victim, he let her\ndown into this cavern, that she might be out of the reach of danger,\nand in his hurry and confusion left her near the entrance of it. Here\nshe remained out of fear, and ignorance of the winding passages which\nled to the bottom; and here Thyamis found and killed her by mistake for\nChariclea. Thermuthis proceeded on his way to Thisbe. Upon reaching\nthe island he hastened to the tents; these he found in ashes: and\nhaving with some difficulty discovered the entrance of the cavern, by\nmeans of the stone covering, he lighted a handful of reeds which yet\nremained there, and hastened to descend into it.\n\nHe called Thisbe by her name, in Greek; but when he saw her lying dead\nat his feet, he stood motionless with horror and surprise. At length\nhe heard a murmur and distant sound of voices issuing from the hollow\nrecesses of the cave; for Theagenes and Cnemon were still conversing\ntogether.\n\nThese he concluded to be the murderers of Thisbe, and was in doubt\nwhat he should do; for as was natural in a ferocious pirate, his rage,\nraised to the highest pitch by this disappointment of his desires,\nurged him to rush at once upon the supposed authors of it; but his want\nof arms made him unwillingly more cautious. He concluded therefore that\nit was best at first not to present himself as an enemy, but if by\nany means he could possess himself of arms, then to attack them on a\nsudden. With this design he advanced towards Theagenes, throwing wild\nand fierce glances around him, and discovering in his looks the purpose\nof his heart.\n\nThey were surprised at the sudden appearance of a stranger, almost\nnaked, wounded, and with his face bloody. Chariclea, startled and\nashamed, retired into the inmost part of the cave. Cnemon too drew\na little back, knowing Thermuthis, seeing him unexpectedly, and\nfearing that he came there on no good account. But Theagenes was more\nirritated than terrified, and presenting the point of his sword, called\nout, \"Stand where you are, or you shall receive another wound; thus\nfar I spare you, because I know your face, and am not sure of your\ndesigns.\"--Thermuthis stretched out his unarmed hands, and besought\nhis compassion; forced, notwithstanding his rugged temper, from the\ncircumstance he was in, to become a supplicant. He called on Cnemon\nfor assistance, and said he deserved help from him, having never\ninjured him; having lived with him as a comrade, and coming now as\na friend. Cnemon was moved by his entreaties; raised him from the\nknees of Theagenes which he had embraced, and eagerly inquired where\nwas Thyamis. The latter related all he knew--how his leader had\nattacked the enemy; how he had rushed into the midst of the battle,\nsparing neither his foes nor himself; the slaughter he made of them;\nand the protection which the proclamation to take him alive afforded\nhim. He mentioned his own wound and escape, but knew nothing of his\ncaptain's fate; and was come here in search of Thisbe. They inquired\nhow he became so interested about Thisbe; and how she came into his\npossession. He told them everything: how he had taken her from a\nmerchant; how he fell violently in love with her, and had concealed\nher some time in his tent, and at the approach of the attacking party\nhad placed her in the cave where he now saw her slain; that he was\nperfectly ignorant of the authors of her death, but would most gladly\nfind them out if he could, and ascertain their motive.\n\nCnemon, eager to free himself from suspicion, told him it was certainly\nThyamis who slew her; and shewed him the sword which was found beside\nher; which, when Thermuthis saw, still reeking with blood, and warm\nfrom the wound, and knew it to have belonged to Thyamis, he uttered a\ndeep groan, still more perplexed how to account for the accident, and\nin dumb gloomy astonishment moved towards the mouth of the cave. Here\nthrowing himself upon the bosom of the deceased, he embraced the body,\nand repeating nothing but the name of Thisbe, fainter by degrees and\nfainter, oppressed with grief and fatigue, sunk at last into a sleep.\n\nThe remainder of the company in the cave began now to consult what\nsteps it was proper for them to pursue. But the multitude of their\npast calamities, the pressure of the present misfortunes, and the\nuncertainty of what might happen to them, obscured the light, and\nweakened the force, of their reason. Each looked at the other,\nexpecting him to say something; and being disappointed, turned his eyes\nto the ground; and raising them again, sighed, lightening a little\nhis grief by this expression of it. At length Cnemon sat down on the\nground; Theagenes threw himself on a rock, and Chariclea reclined upon\nhim. In this posture they a long time resisted the attacks of sleep,\ndesirous, if they could, to devise some scheme of action; but, overcome\nat last with grief and fatigue, they unwillingly yielded to the law of\nnature, and fell into a sweet slumber from the very excess of sorrow.\nThus is the intelligent soul obliged sometimes to sympathise with the\naffections of the body.\n\nWhen sleep had for a little while just weighed their eye-lids down,\nthe following vision appeared to Chariclea. A man with his hair in\ndisorder, a downcast look, and bloody hands, seemed to come and thrust\nout her right eye with a sword. She instantly cried out, and called\nupon Theagenes. He was soon awakened, and felt for her uneasiness,\nthough it was only in a dream. She lifted her hand to her face, as\nif in search of the part she had lost, and then exclaimed, \"It was a\ndream; my eye is safe!\"--\"I am glad,\" replied Theagenes, \"that those\nbright sunbeams are uninjured. But what has ailed you? how came you so\nterrified?\"--\"A savage and violent man,\" says she, \"not fearing even\nyour valour, attacked me with a sword as I lay at your feet; and, as\nI thought, deprived me of my right eye; and would that it had been a\nreality and not a vision!\"--\"Now Heaven forefend! why do you make so\nshocking a wish?\"--\"Because I would much rather lose one of my eyes\nthan be under apprehensions for you; for I greatly fear that the dream\nregards you, whom I esteem as my eyes, my soul, my all.\"--\"Cease,\"\ncalled out Cnemon (who had heard all that had passed, having been\nawakened by the first exclamation of Chariclea), \"for I think the\nvision has another interpretation. Had you any parents living when\nyou left Greece?\"--\"I had,\" she replied.--\"Believe then now that your\nfather is dead. I form my conjecture from hence: Our parents are the\nauthors of our being; therefore they may properly enough in a dream be\nshadowed out under the similitude of eyes, the organs of light, which\nconvey to us things visible.\"\n\n\"The loss of my father,\" replied Chariclea, \"would be a heavy blow; but\nlet even your interpretation be the true one, rather mine. I consent\nto pass for a false prophet!\"--\"Be it so,\" replied Cnemon; \"but we are\nindeed dreaming, while we are examining fancies and visions, and forget\nto apply ourselves to our real business, especially while the absence\nof the Egyptian (meaning Thermuthis), who is employed in lamenting his\ndeceased love, gives us an opportunity.\"--\"\u039f Cnemon,\" said Theagenes,\n\"since some god has joined you to us, and made you a partaker in our\ncalamities, do you advise us what to do, for you are acquainted with\nthe country and language; and we, oppressed with a greater weight of\nmisfortunes, are less fit for counsel.\"\n\n\"Which of us has the greater load of misfortunes to struggle with, is\nby no means clear,\" said Cnemon. \"I have my full share of them; but,\nhowever, as I am the elder, and you command me to speak, I will obey\nyou. The island where we are, you see, is desolate, and contains none\nbut ourselves. Of gold, silver, and precious garments, plundered from\nyou and others, and heaped together by the pirates, there is plenty;\nbut of food and other necessaries, it is totally destitute. If we stay\nhere, we are in danger of perishing by famine, or of being destroyed\nby some of the invaders, or by the buccaneers, if, knowing of the\ntreasures which are left here, they return again in search of them.\nThere will then be no escape; either we shall perish, or be exposed\nto their violence and insults. They are always a faithless race, and\nwill now be more disorderly and dreadful, having lost their chief. We\nmust fly, therefore, from this place, as from a snare and a prison,\nsending Thermuthis away first, if we can, under pretext of inquiring\nafter Thyamis, for we shall be more at liberty to consult and act by\nourselves. It is prudent, too, to remove from us a man of an unconstant\ntemper, of savage manners, and who, besides, suspects us on account\nof the death of Thisbe, and probably only waits for an opportunity to\ncommit some violence against us.\"\n\nThe advice of Cnemon was approved of; and they determined to follow\nit; and moving towards the mouth of the cave, the day now beginning to\ndawn, they roused Thermuthis, who was still sunk in sleep; and telling\nhim as much as they thought proper of their design, easily persuaded a\nfickle-minded man. They then took the body of Thisbe, drew it into a\nhollow of the rock, covered it as well as they could with ashes from\nthe tents, and performed what funeral rites the time and place would\nadmit of, supplying what was deficient by tears and lamentations.\n\nThey next proceeded to send out Thermuthis on the expedition they had\nprojected for him. He set out, but soon returned, declaring he would\nnot go alone, nor expose himself to the danger of so perilous a search,\nunless Cnemon would bear him company. Theagenes, observing that this\nproposal was by no means agreeable to Cnemon, who betrayed evident\nmarks of fear and apprehension when informed of it, said to him, \"You\nare valiant in council, Cnemon, but a laggard in action; you have\nshown this more than once; pluck up your spirits, and prove yourself\na man. It is necessary that this fellow should have no suspicion, at\npresent, of our design to leave him. Seem to agree, therefore, to what\nhe proposes, and go with him at first; for there is no danger to be\napprehended from an unarmed man, especially by you who are armed. You\nmay take your opportunity, and leave him privately, and come to us at\nsome place which we shall fix upon; and we will, if you please, mention\nsome neighbouring town, if you know any, where the inhabitants are a\nlittle civilized.\"\n\nCnemon agreed to this, and named Chemmis, a rich and populous place,\nsituated on a rising ground on the banks of the Nile, by way of defence\nagainst the incursions of the pirates, about one hundred furlongs\ndistant from the lake directly south. \"I fear,\" said Theagenes, \"that\nChariclea will find some difficulty in getting thither, as she is\nunused to walking; however, we will attempt it, and pretend that we are\nbeggars who seek our living by showing juggling tricks.\"\n\n\"Truly,\" said Cnemon, \"your faces are sufficiently disfigured for such\na business, particularly Chariclea's, who has just lost an eye; after\nall, though, I fear you will rather appear guests for the table than\npetitioners for scraps at the door.\"[8]--This sally was received with\na forced and languid smile, which played only on the lips. They then\nprepared to depart, swearing never to desert each other, and calling\nthe gods to witness it.\n\nCnemon and Thermuthis set out early in the morning; and, crossing the\nlake, took their way through a thick and difficult wood. Thermuthis\nwent first, at the persuasion of Cnemon, on the pretext that, as he\nwas acquainted with the country, he was better qualified to lead;\nin reality, that the other might more easily find an opportunity\nof deserting him. They met with some flocks in their way; and the\nshepherds fled, at their approach, into the thickest of the wood. They\nseized a ram, roasted him at a fire the shepherds had lighted, and\nhardly staying till it was sufficiently dressed, devoured the flesh\nwith eagerness. Hunger pressed them; they fell upon it like wolves;\nswallowed whole pieces, just warmed through, and still dropping with\nblood. When they had satisfied their hunger, and allayed their thirst\nwith milk, they pursued their way. Evening now approached, and they\nwere ascending a hill under which was situated a town, where Thermuthis\nsaid it was very probable that Thyamis was either detained a captive\nor had been slain. Here Cnemon pretended that he felt great pain; that\nhis stomach was exceedingly disordered by his inordinate repast of meat\nand drink, and that he must retire to ease it. This he did two or three\ntimes, that his companion might suspect nothing, and complained that it\nwas with great difficulty he could follow him. When he had accustomed\nthe Egyptian to his staying behind, he took an opportunity at last to\nlet him go on forwards farther than usual; and then, turning suddenly\nback, he ran down the hill as fast as he could into the thickest part\nof the bushes. Thermuthis, when he had arrived at the summit, sat\nhimself down on a rock, expecting the approach of night, which they had\nagreed to wait for before they entered into the town to inquire after\nThyamis. He looked about for his companion, having no good designs\nagainst him, for he was still persuaded that he had slain Thisbe, and\nwas considering how he might serve him in the same manner; proposing\nafterwards to attack Theagenes. But when Cnemon appeared nowhere, and\nnight advanced, he fell asleep--a deadly[9] and last sleep it proved to\nhim, for an asp, which had lain concealed in a thicket, bit him, and\nput a fitting end to his life.\n\nBut Cnemon, after he had left Thermuthis, stopped not in his flight\ntill the darkness of the night obliged him to make a halt. He then\nendeavoured to conceal himself by lying down and covering himself as\nwell as he could with leaves. Here he passed a restless and almost\nsleepless night, taking every noise, every gust of wind, and motion of\na leaf, for Thermuthis. If at any time he dropped into a slumber, he\nthought he was fleeing;[10] and looking behind, imagined he saw him\npursuing, who was now unable to follow him; till at last he resisted\nall approaches of sleep, his dreams becoming more dreadful to him than\neven his waking apprehensions.\n\nHe was uneasy at the duration of the night, which appeared to him the\nlongest he had ever spent. At length, to his great joy, day appeared.\nHe[11] then proceeded to cut his hair short, which he had suffered\nto grow, in imitation of, and to recommend himself to, his piratical\ncompanions, for the pirates, willing to render themselves as formidable\nas they can, among other things, cherish long hair, which they suffer\nto grow down their foreheads, and play over their shoulders, well\nknowing that flowing locks, as they make the lover more amiable, so\nthey render the warrior more terrible. When Cnemon, therefore, had\nshaped his hair into the common form, he proceeded to Chemmis, where\nhe had appointed to meet Theagenes. As he drew near the Nile, and was\npreparing to pass over it to Chemmis, he perceived an old man wandering\nupon its banks, walking several times up and down the stream, as if\nhe were communicating his cares to the river. His locks were as white\nas snow, and shaped like those of a priest; his beard flowing and\nvenerable; his habit Grecian. Cnemon stopped a little; but when the\nold man passed by many times, seemingly unconscious that any one was\nnear (so entirely was he immersed in care and meditation), he placed\nhimself before him, and, in the Grecian manner of salutation, bid him\nbe of good cheer.[12] The other replied, his fortunes were such that\ngood cheer was out of the question. Cnemon, surprised, asked: \"Are you\na stranger from Greece, or from whence?\"--\"I am neither a Grecian nor\na stranger,\" said he, \"but an Egyptian of this country.\"--\"Why, then,\nhave you a Grecian dress?\"--\"My misfortunes,\" says he, \"have put me\ninto this splendid habit.\" The other, wondering how misfortunes could\nimprove a man's appearance, and seeming desirous to be informed--\"You\ncarry me into a 'tale of Troy divine,'\"[13] replied the old man; \"and\na swarm of evils, the recital of which would oppress you. But whence\ndo you come, \u039f young man, and whither are you going? and how come I\nto hear the Greek tongue in Egypt?\"--\"It is a little unreasonable in\nyou,\" replied Cnemon, \"to ask these questions of me, you who will\ntell nothing about yourself, though I made the first inquiries.\"--\"I\nadmit it,\" said the other; \"but do not be offended. You seem to be a\nGreek, and to have yourself undergone some transformation from the\nhand of fortune. You are desirous to hear my adventures; I am no less\nso to relate them. Probably I had told them to these reeds, as the\nfable[14] goes, if I had not met with you. But let us leave the Nile\nand its banks; for a situation exposed to the meridian sun is not a\nproper place for a long narration. If you have no urgent business which\nhinders you, let us go to the town which you see opposite to us. I\nwill entertain you, not in my own house, but in that of a good man who\nreceived me when I implored his protection. There you may listen to my\nstory, and in your turn relate your own.\"--\"With all my heart,\" said\nCnemon, \"for I myself was going to this town to wait for some friends\nof mine, whom I had appointed to meet there.\" Getting, therefore, into\na boat, many of which were lying by the river's side, to transport\npassengers, they crossed over into the town, and arrived at the house\nwhere the stranger was lodged. The master of the house was not at home;\nbut his daughter, a marriageable maiden, received them with great\ncheerfulness, and the servants waited upon the old man as if he had\nbeen their father, most probably by their master's orders. One washed\nhis feet, and wiped off the dust from under his knees; another got\nready his bed, and strewed it with soft coverings; a third brought an\nurn, and filled it with fire; a fourth prepared the table, and spread\nit with bread and various kinds of fruit.\n\nCnemon, wondering at their alacrity, exclaimed, \"We have certainly got\ninto the house of Jove the Hospitable,[15] such is the attention and\nsingular benevolence with which we are received.\"--\"You have not got\ninto the habitation of Jove,\" replied the other, \"but into that of\na man who exactly imitates his hospitable and charitable qualities:\nfor his life[16] has been a mercantile and wandering one; he has seen\nmany cities, and observed the manners of many nations; he is naturally\ntherefore inclined to compassionate the stranger, and receive the\nwanderer, as he did me not many days ago.\"--\"And how came you to be\na wanderer, father?\"--\"Being deprived,\" said he, \"of my children by\nrobbers; knowing those who had injured me, but unable to contend with\nthem; I roam about this spot, mourning and sorrowing; not unlike a\nbird whose nest a serpent[17] has made desolate, and is devouring\nher young before her eyes. She is afraid to approach, yet cannot\nbear to desert them; terror and affection struggle within her; she\nflies mournfully round the scene of her calamities, pouring in vain\nher maternal complaints into ears deaf to her waitings and strangers\nto mercy.\"--\"Will you then relate,\" said Cnemon, \"when and how you\nencountered this grievous war of woe?\"--\"By-and-bye,\" he replied; \"but\nlet us now attend to our craving stomach; which, because it considers\nitself of more consequence than any other organ, is called by Homer\n_destructive_.[18] And first, as is the custom of the Egyptian sages,\nlet us make a libation to the gods. Nothing shall make me omit this;\nnor shall grief ever so entirely possess my mind, as to render me\nforgetful of what I owe to heaven.\" With this he poured pure water\nout of the vase, and said, \"I make this libation to the gods of this\ncountry, and those of Greece; to the Pythian Apollo, and also to\nTheagenes and Chariclea, the good and beautiful, since I reckon them\nalso among the gods:\" and then he wept, as if he were making another\nlibation to them with his tears. Cnemon, greatly struck at what he\nheard, viewed the old man from head to foot, and exclaimed, \"What do\nyou say? Are Theagenes and Chariclea really your children?\"--\"They are\nmy children,\" replied the stranger, \"but born to me without a mother.\nFortune, by the permission of the gods, gave them to me; I brought\nthem forth with the travail of my soul. My great inclination towards\nthem supplied the place of nature; and I have been esteemed by them,\nand called their father. But tell me, how came you acquainted with\nthem?\"--\"I am not only acquainted with them,\" said Cnemon, \"but can\nassure you that they are alive and well.\"--\"\u039f Apollo, and all the\ngods!\" he exclaimed, \"where are they? Tell me, I beseech you; and you\nwill be my preserver and equal to the gods!\"--\"But what shall be my\nreward?\" replied the other.--\"At present that of obliging me; no mean\nreward to a wise man: I know many who have laid up this as a treasure\nin their hearts. But if we arrive in my country, which, if I may\nbelieve the tokens of the gods, will ere long be, your utmost desires\nshall be satisfied with wealth.\"\n\n\"You promise me,\" said Cnemon, \"things uncertain and future, when you\nhave it in your power to reward me immediately.\"--\"Show me anything\nI can now do for you,\" said the old man, \"for I would willingly part\neven with a limb to satisfy you.\"--\"Your limbs need be in no danger,\"\nreplied the Grecian; \"I shall be satisfied if you will relate to me\nfrom whence these strangers come, who were their parents, how they were\nbrought here, and what have been their adventures.\"--\"You shall have a\ntreat,\" replied the old man; \"so great as to be second to none other,\nnot even if you should obtain all earthly treasures. But let us now\ntake a little food; for my narration and your listening will take up a\nconsiderable time.\"\n\nWhen they had eaten, therefore, some nuts and figs, and fresh-gathered\ndates, and such other things as the old man was used to feed upon (for\nhe never deprived any animal of life for his own nourishment), he drank\na little water, and Cnemon some wine; and, after a short pause, the\nlatter said: \"You know, \u039f father, that Bacchus delights in convivial\nconversations and stories; and as I am now under his influence, I\nam very desirous of hearing some, and I claim from you my promised\nreward: it is time to bring your piece upon the stage, as the saying\ngoes.\"--\"You shall be satisfied,\" replied the stranger: \"but I wish the\ngood Nausicles were here, who has often earnestly desired to hear this\ndetail from me, and as often, on some pretext or other, has been put\noff.\"--At the name of Nausicles, Cnemon asked where he was. \"He is gone\na hunting,\" replied the other.--\"And after what kind of game?\"--\"Why,\nnot indeed of wild beasts, but of men as savage as they, who are called\nbuccaneers, who live by robbery, who are very difficult to be taken,\nand lurk in marshes, caverns, and lakes.\"--\"What offence have they\ngiven him?\"--\"They have taken his mistress from him, an Athenian girl,\nwhom he called Thisbe.\"--\"Ah!\" said Cnemon, in a tone of surprise, and\nimmediately stopped, as if checking himself.--\"What ails you?\" said\nthe old man.--The other, evading the question, proceeded, \"I wonder\nwith what forces he means to attack them?\"--\"Oroondates, viceroy of\nEgypt, under the Great King, has appointed Mithranes commandant of this\ntown; Nausicles, by means of a large sum of money, has prevailed upon\nhim to march with a body of horse and foot against them; for he is\nexceedingly annoyed at the loss of this Grecian girl; not only because\nhe liked her himself, and because she was well skilled in music; but\nbecause he was going to take her with him to the king of Ethiopia, by\nway of attendant upon the queen, as he said, and to amuse her after\nthe Grecian fashion. Being deprived, therefore, as he supposes, by her\nloss, of a great reward which he expected for her, he is using his\nutmost efforts to recover her. I encouraged him too to this expedition,\nthinking it possible he might find and recover my children also.\"\n\"Enough of buccaneers, and viceroys, and kings,\" cried out Cnemon,\nimpatiently; \"your discourse is wandering from the point I aim at. This\nepisode[19] has nothing to do with the main plot; come back to the\nperformance of your promise; you are like the Pharian Proteus;[20] not\nturning indeed into false and fleeting shapes, but trying to slip away\nfrom me.\"--\"Be satisfied,\" said the old man, \"you shall know all. I\nwill explain to you first what relates to myself, shortly, and without\nreserve; which will be a proper introduction to that which is to follow.\n\n\"I am a citizen of Memphis. The name of my father was Calasiris, as\nis likewise mine. Though now a wanderer, I was not long ago a high\npriest. I had a wife, but have now lost her; after her death I lived\nfor some time quietly, delighting myself with two sons whom she had\nleft me. But in a few years, the fated revolution of the heavenly\nbodies altered every thing; the eye of Saturn scowled upon my family,\nand portended a change in my fortunes for the worse. I had skill enough\nto foresee the ills which threatened me, but not to avoid them; for no\nforesight can enable us to escape the immutable decrees of fate: it\nis, however, an advantage, to have some foreknowledge of them, as it\nblunts the violence of the stroke. Unexpected misfortunes, my son, are\nintolerable; those which are foreseen are more easily borne: the mind\nis confused and disarmed by sudden fear; custom and reason strengthen\nit. My calamities began in this manner:\n\n\"A Thracian woman, in the bloom of youth and in beauty second only to\nChariclea, whose name was Rhodope, unfortunately for those who became\nacquainted with her, travelled through Egypt. In her progress[21]\nshe came in 'revel-rout' to Memphis, with great luxury and pomp of\nattendance, and adorned with every grace, and exercising all the\narts of love. It was almost impossible to see her, and not fall into\nher snares; such irresistible witchery accompanied the eyes of this\nfair[22] harlot. She frequently came into the temple of Isis, where I\nofficiated as high priest. She worshipped the goddess with sacrifices\nand costly offerings. I am ashamed to proceed; yet I will not conceal\nthe truth. The frequent sight of her overcame me at last, in spite of\nthe command I had long been accustomed to maintain over my passions.\nI struggled long against my bodily eyes and the eyes of my fancy,\nbut in vain; I yielded at last, and sank under the dominion of love.\nI perceived that the arrival of this woman was to be the beginning\nof those misfortunes which the heavens foretold to me; and that my\nevil genius was to make her one of the principal instruments of them.\nI determined, however, to do nothing to disgrace that office of\npriesthood which had descended to me from my ancestors, nor to profane\nthe altars and temples of the gods: and as to the transgression which\nmy evil stars had determined I should fall into, not in act, indeed\n(heaven forbid!) but in desire; I constituted reason my judge, and\nmade her impose the penalty of exile from my native land, yielding\nto the necessity of fate, submitting to its decrees, and flying\nfrom the ill-omened Rhodope. For I will own to you, \u039f stranger!\nthat I was afraid, lest, under the present baleful influence of the\nconstellations, I might be tempted to do something unbecoming my\ncharacter. Another, and a principal reason for my absenting myself,\nwas, on account of my children; for my skill in divination shewed me\nthat they were in a short time to contend with each other in arms.\n\n\"Snatching myself away, therefore, from a spectacle so dreadful to a\nfather's eyes (sufficient to turn aside the aspect of the sun, and make\nhim hide his beams), I departed from my country, from my house, and\nfamily, making no one acquainted with the course I intended to take,\nbut pretending that I was going to Egyptian Thebes, to see my eldest\nson Thyamis, who was there on a visit to his grandfather.\"--Cnemon\nstarted again at the name of Thyamis; but restrained himself, and was\nsilent, desirous to hear the sequel. The old man, after observing--\n\n\"I pass over the intermediate part of my journey, for it has no\nrelation to what you desire to know,\" thus proceeded: \"But having\nheard that there was a famous city in Greece, called Delphi, sacred\nto Apollo, abounding in temples, the resort of wise men, retired, and\nfree from popular tumults; thither I bent my steps, thinking that a\ncity destined for sacred rites was a proper retreat for one of my\nprofession. I sailed through the Criss\u00e6an gulf, and landing at Cirrha,\nproceeded to the city: when I entered it, a voice, no doubt divine,\nsounded in my ears; and as in other respects this place seemed a fit\nhabitation for a superior race, so particularly on account of its\nsituation. The mountain Parnassus hangs over it, as a kind of natural\nfortification and citadel, stretching out its sides, and receiving\nthe city into its bosom.\" \"Your description is most graphic, cried\nout Cnemon, \"and seems really made under the influence of the Pythic\ninspiration; for in this manner I remember well my father described\nDelphi, when he returned from the council of the Amphictyons, to which\nthe city of Athens had deputed him as sacred secretary.\"[23]--\"You are\nan Athenian then, my son?\"--\"Yes.\"--\"Your name?\"--Cnemon.\"--\"What have\nbeen your fortunes?\"--\"You shall hear by-and-bye. Now however continue\nyour own narration.\"--\"I will,\" replied the old man.\n\n\"I ascended into the place, I admired the city of race-courses, of\nmarket-places, and of fountains, especially the famed one of Castalia,\nwith the water of which I sprinkled myself, and hastened to the temple;\nfor the thronging of the multitude, which pressed towards it, seemed to\nannounce the time when the priestess was about to be under the sacred\nimpulse;[24] and having worshipped and uttered a petition for myself, I\nreceived the following oracle:\n\n    Thou from the fertile Nile, thy course dost bend,[25]\n    Pause here awhile, and sojourn as my friend:\n    Stern fate thou fly'st, her strokes with courage bear;\n    Ere long of Egypt thou shalt have a share.\n\n\"As soon as the priestess had pronounced this, I fell upon my face, and\nbesought the deity to be propitious to me in everything. The crowd who\nsurrounded the shrine, joined in praising the deity for having deigned\nto answer me on my first entreaty; they congratulated me, and paid me\ngreat respect, saying, that I seemed to be the greatest favourite with\nthe deity who had appeared there since Lycurgus,[26] a Spartan. They\npermitted me at my request to inhabit the precincts of the temple, and\npassed a decree that I should be maintained at the public expense. My\nsituation, in short, was a very agreeable one; I either assisted at the\nceremonies and sacrifices which were every day performed and offered\nby strangers as well as natives, or conversed with the philosophers,\nfor many of this description flocked to Delphi. The city[27] is in\ntruth a university, inspired by the deity who presides over inspiration\nand the muses. Various subjects were discussed; sometimes the manner\nof our religious rites in Egypt, and why certain animals were counted\nsacred more than others; and the different histories which belonged to\neach. Another inquired about the construction of the Pyramids and the\nCatacombs.[28] In short, there was nothing relative to Egypt which they\ndid not scrutinize into; for it is wonderful how the Greeks listen to,\nand are delighted with, accounts of that country. At length one among\nthe more accomplished of them touched upon the Nile, its fountains,\nand inundations, wondering why it alone, of all rivers, should in\nthe summer time swell and overflow. I told them what I knew on that\nsubject, which I had gathered from the sacred books which the priests\nalone are permitted to consult. I related how it had its rise on the\nsouth-east confines of Libya and Ethiopia; that it increased in the\nsummer, not because its waters, as some supposed, were driven back by\nthe Etesian[29] winds, but because these winds, about the time of the\nsummer solstice, drive the clouds before them from the northern into\nthe southern parts, which are by this means collected in the torrid\nzone, where their farther motion is stopped by the extreme vehemence of\nthe heat. They are then condensed, and pressed by degrees, till they\ndissolve, and fall in copious showers. These swell the river till it\ndisdains its banks, and, bursting over Egypt like a sea, fertilizes the\nplains it overflows. Its waters are very sweet to drink, as they are\nfurnished by the rains from heaven; they are not hot to the touch as\nthey are higher up, but nevertheless are tepid; they exhale no vapours\nlike other rivers, which they certainly would do, if (as some learned\nGrecians suppose) their rise was owing to the melting of the snows.\n\n\"While I was discoursing in this manner, one of the priests of Apollo,\nwhose name was Charicles, with whom I had contracted some intimacy,\nsaid, 'I am pleased with what you say, and agree with you entirely,\nfor I have heard the same account of this matter from the priests at\nthe cataracts of the Nile.'--'And have you been as far as there,' said\nI?--'I have,' he replied.--'On what account?'--'On occasion of some\nfamily misfortunes, which, however, at last became the course of my\nhappiness.' When I expressed some surprize at this, 'You would not\nwonder,' said he, 'if you were to hear the whole matter as it happened;\nand you may hear it whenever you please.'--'I should be very glad to\nhear it at once,' said I.--'Attend then,' said Charicles; 'for I have\nlong, and from an interested motive, wished for an opportunity of\nrelating my story to you:'--and, dismissing the general company, he\nbegan as follows:\n\n\"'I had been married a considerable time without having children;[30]\nI wearied the gods with supplications; and at last, in an advanced\nstage of life, I became the father of a little daughter, but who was\nborn, as the gods foretold, not under auspicious destiny. She became\nmarriageable, and had many suitors. I married her to him whom I thought\nmost worthy of her; and on the very wedding night she was burnt in\nher bed, her apartment having been set on fire either by accident or\nlightning. The hymeneal song, which was still resounding, was turned\ninto a dirge: she was carried from the marriage apartment to her grave;\nand the torches, which had illuminated the nuptial procession, now\nlighted the funeral pile.\n\n\"'My evil genius added yet another calamity to this tragedy, and took\nfrom me the mother of my child, who sank under her sorrows.\n\n\"'Such a series of misfortunes was almost too much for me. It was with\ndifficulty I abstained from laying violent hands upon myself; I had\nhowever strength of mind sufficient to refrain from an action which\nthe teachers of religion pronounce unlawful. But being unable to bear\nthe solitude and silence of my house, I left my country, for to deaden\nmemory by turning the eyes upon new objects is a great palliative to\ngrief. I wandered into various parts, and came at last into your Egypt,\nand to Caladupa,[31] in order to visit the cataracts of the Nile: this,\nmy friend, was the occasion of my coming into your country, which you\ninquired after. I must now proceed to a digression, though it more\nproperly forms the principal reason of my entering at all into this\nnarration.\n\n\"'While I was wandering at leisure through the city, and buying some\nthings of the Greeks (for time having now considerably alleviated my\ngrief, I thought of returning into my country), I was accosted by a\nmiddle-aged man, with the complexion of an Ethiopian, but of a grave\ndeportment, and bearing marks of prudence in his aspect: he saluted\nme, and in broken Greek said he wished to speak to me. I readily\nconsenting, he took me into a neighbouring temple, and said: \"I saw\nyou cheapening some Indian, Ethiopian, and Egyptian roots and herbs;\nif you really have a desire to buy some, I can furnish you.\"--\"I shall\nbe very glad to see them,\" I replied.--\"You must not beat me down too\nmuch,\" said he.--\"Do not then be too exorbitant on your part,\" was my\nanswer.--With that he pulled a small pouch from a pocket under his arm,\nand showed me some jewels of inestimable value: there were pearls as\nbig as nuts, perfectly round, and of the purest white; emeralds and\namethysts--the former as green as the vernal corn, and shining with a\nkind of oily lustre; the latter resembling the colour of the sea-beach,\nwhen played upon by the shadows of an overhanging rock, which impart to\nit a purple tinge.[32] The mingled brilliancy of the whole collection\nastonished and delighted my eyes.\n\n\"'After having contemplated them for some time, I said, \"You must seek\nsome other purchaser; my whole fortune would scarcely be sufficient to\nprocure one of these gems.\"--\"But if you cannot buy them,\" he replied,\n\"you may receive them as a present.\"--\"Certainly! but why are you\njesting with me?\"--\"I am not jesting with you, I am serious in what I\nsay; and I swear to you by the deity whose shrine we are before, that\nI will give you everything which I have shown you, if, in addition to\nthese, you will receive from my hands a present far more precious than\nall which you behold.\"--I could not help smiling: he asked the cause\nof it.--\"Because it seems to me ridiculous,\" said I, \"that when you\npromise me gifts of such price, you should besides make me expect a\npresent still more valuable.\"--\"Nevertheless, believe me,\" he replied,\n\"and swear to me that you will use my gift well, and in the manner\nwhich I shall exact from you.\"--I wondered and doubted, but at last\nswore to him, allured by the hopes of such treasures. When I had taken\nsuch an oath as he required, he conducted me to his house, and showed\nme a girl of wonderful and more than mortal beauty: He affirmed she\nwas but seven years old; but she appeared to me to be almost of a\nmarriageable age, so much did her uncommon beauty seem to add even to\nher stature. I stood for some time motionless, ignorant of what was to\nfollow, and ravished with the sight before me; when my conductor thus\naddressed me:\n\n\"'\"The child whom you behold, \u039f stranger, was exposed, when an infant,\nby her mother, and left at the mercy of fortune, for a reason which you\nshall hear by-and-bye. It happened luckily that I found, and took her\nup; for I could not allow myself to desert in its danger a soul which\nhad once entered a human body: in so doing I should have transgressed\nthe precepts of our Gymnosophists,[33] of whom I had been privileged\nto be a disciple. Something, too, uncommon and divine, seemed to beam\nfrom the eyes of the infant, which were cast upon me with sparkling\nyet engaging lustre. There was exposed with her this profusion of\njewels which I have shown you. There was a silken fillet, on which was\nwritten some account of the child, in letters of her native country;\nher mother, I suppose, taking care to place these explanations with\nher. When I had read it, and knew from whence and whose the infant\nwas, I took her to a farm at a distance from the city, and placed her\nin the hands of shepherds to be nourished, enjoining them to keep her\nas private as possible. I myself kept the jewels which were exposed\nwith her, lest they might tempt any one to destroy the child. The\nwhole transaction remained for a while a secret; but, in process of\ntime, as she grew up and increased more than commonly in stature and\nin beauty (so much so, indeed, that her charms would not have been\nconcealed even in the bowels of the earth), fearing some discovery to\nher prejudice, and that I, too, might come into some trouble about\nher: I procured myself to be sent ambassador into Egypt. I came here:\nI brought the girl with me, being very desirous of placing her in some\nsecure situation. The viceroy of this country has appointed to give me\naudience to-day: meanwhile I deliver up to you, and to the gods, the\ndisposers of all events, this child; trusting that you will observe\nthe conditions you have sworn to; that you will preserve her free, as\nyou have received her, and marry her to a free man. I confide in your\nperforming all you have promised; not depending alone on your oaths,\nbut on your disposition and general conduct, which I have observed for\nthe many days which you have spent in this city, and which I see to be\ntruly worthy of Greece, that renowned country to which you owe your\nbirth. This is all I can say to you at present, as the business of\nmy embassy calls me; but, if you will meet me at the temple of Isis\nto-morrow, you shall have a more particular and exact account of your\ncharge.\"\n\n\"'I did as I was desired. I took the girl home with me to my house:\nI treated her with respect and tenderness, giving thanks to the gods\nfor the event; and from that time calling and esteeming her as my\ndaughter. The next morning I hastened to the temple of Isis, where the\nstranger had appointed me; and after I had walked about and waited a\nconsiderable time, and saw nothing of him, I went to the palace of the\nviceroy, and inquired if any one had seen the Ethiopian ambassador. I\nwas there told that he had left the city, or rather had been driven\nout of it, the evening before,--the viceroy threatening him with death\nif he did not immediately quit the province. When I inquired into the\ncause of so sudden a proceeding, I learned that he had, with some\nhaughtiness, forbidden the governor to meddle with the emerald mines,\nwhich he claimed as belonging exclusively to Ethiopia. I returned\nhome vexed and disappointed, as I was by this accident prevented from\nknowing the condition, the country, and parents of the child.'\"\n\n\"I am vexed, too, as much as he was,\" said Cnemon, \"for my curiosity on\nthese subjects is nearly as great; but, perhaps, it may be satisfied in\nthe progress of your narration.\" \"Possibly it may,\" replied Calasiris;\n\"but now, if you please, let Charicles proceed with his own story,\"\nwhich he thus continued:--\n\n\"'When I arrived at my house, the child came out to meet me. She could\nnot speak to me, knowing nothing of Greek; but she saluted me with her\nhand, and the sight of her began to console me for my disappointment.\nI saw, with admiration, that, as a generous race of hounds fawn upon\nthose who notice them; so she seemed to have a strong sense of my\nkindness for her, and to consider me in the light of a father. I\ndetermined to stay no longer at Caladupa, lest some envious deity\nshould deprive me of my second daughter. Embarking, therefore, on the\nNile, I reached the sea, got on board a ship, and arrived in Greece.\nThis child is now with me: I have given her my name, and all my cares\nare centred in her. Her improvements exceed my warmest wishes. She\nhas learned my language with surprising quickness: she has grown up to\nperfection like a nourishing plant. Her beauty is so transcendent as\nto attract every eye upon her, both Grecian and foreign.[34] Wherever\nshe appears--in the temple, in the course, or in the market-place--she\ndraws to her the looks and thoughts of all, like the model statue of\nsome goddess. Yet, with all this, she is the cause of great uneasiness\nto me: she[35] obstinately refuses to marry, determines to lead a\nlife of celibacy, consecrates herself to Diana, and spends most of\nher leisure hours in the chase, and with her bow. This is a severe\ndisappointment to me, for I wished to give her to my sister's son, an\naccomplished and graceful young man; but my wishes are frustrated by\nthis preposterous fancy of hers. Neither entreaties, nor promises, nor\nreasoning, can work upon her; and, what is most vexatious, she wounds\nme, as they say, with a shaft drawn from my own bow, and employs the\neloquence which I have taught her in magnifying the way of life she\nhas chosen. She is inexhaustible in the praises of virginity; places\nit next the life of the gods--pure, unmixed, uncorrupt. She is equally\nskilful in depreciating love, and Venus, and marriage. I implore your\nassistance in this matter; for which reason I was glad to seize the\nopportunity you gave me, and have troubled you with a long story. Do\nnot desert me on this occasion, my good Calasiris, but employ the\nwisdom you are master of, or even any charm you may know; persuade her\nby words, or work upon her by incantations, to leave this unnatural\ncourse, and to feel that she is born a woman: you can, I know, do this\nif you will. She is not averse to the conversation of men; she has been\nused to their company from her childhood. She lives, too, very near\nyou, here within the precincts of the temple. Condescend, I beseech, to\nhear me, and grant what I desire. Suffer me not to spend a melancholy\nand lonely old age, without hopes of having my family continued; I\nentreat you by Apollo, and your country's gods.'\"\n\n\"I was moved by his supplications, Cnemon. I could scarcely refrain\nfrom tears: his own flowed in great abundance. I promised, in short,\nto use my utmost skill in attempting what he desired. We were still\ntalking, when a messenger arrived in haste, and told us that the head\nof the \u00c6nianian embassy was at the door, and extremely impatient for\nthe priest to appear, and begin the sacred rites. When I inquired\nwho the \u00c6nianians were, what was the nature of the embassy which\nthey had sent, and what sacrifice he was going to perform; he told\nme that the \u00c6nianians were a principal nation of Thessaly, entirely\nGrecian, being descended from Deucalion--that their country extended\nalong the Malian bay--that they called their metropolis Hypata;[36] as\nthey would insinuate, because it was fit to rule over all the cities\nof the province; as others pretended, because it was situated under\nMount \u0152ta--that the embassy was sent by the \u00c6nianians every fourth\nyear, at the time of the Pythian games--and the sacrifice offered to\nNeoptolemus, the son of Achilles, who was here surprised and slain,[37]\nat the very altar of Apollo, by Orestes the son of Agamemnon. But the\nembassy of the present year will be yet more magnificent than any of\nthe former ones; for the head of it prides himself in being descended\nfrom Achilles.\n\n\"I met the young man the other day, and indeed he seems worthy of the\nfamily of Peleus: such is the nobleness of his stature and deportment,\nthat you will easily believe him sprung from a goddess.\n\n\"When I wondered how it came to pass, that he, being an \u00c6nianian,\nshould pretend that he was of the race of Achilles (for Homer, our\ngreat Egyptian poet makes Achilles a Phthiotian), 'the young man,' said\nCharicles, 'claims him entirely as their own: for Thetis, he says,\ncertainly married Peleus out of the Malian bay; and the country which\nextended along that bay was anciently called Phthia: but the glory of\nthe hero has induced others to claim him falsely as their countryman.\nHe is, besides, in another way, related to the \u00c6acid\u00e6: Mnestheus is his\nancestor, the son of Sperchius and Polydora, the daughter of Peleus,\nwho went with Achilles to the siege of Troy; and, being so nearly\nconnected with him, was among the chief leaders of the Myrmidons.\n\n\"'The ambassador abounds in arguments to support the claim of his\ncountry to Achilles. He insists much upon this present embassy and\nsacrifice to Neoptolemus; the honour of performing which, all the\nThessalians have, by common consent, yielded up to the \u00c6nianians,\nwhereby they admit that they are most nearly related to him.'\n\n\"'Whether this be truth or vain assumption,' said I, 'be so good\nnow, if you please, as to call in the ambassador, for I am extremely\ndesirous to see him.'\n\n\"Charicles immediately sent to him, and the young man entered with an\nair and aspect truly worthy of Achilles. His neck straight and erect,\nhis hair thrown back off his forehead; his nose and open nostrils\ngiving signs of an impetuous temper; his eyes of a deep blue, inclining\nto black, imparting an animated but amiable look to his countenance,\nlike the sea smoothing itself from a storm into a calm.\n\n\"After he had received and returned our salutations, he said it was\ntime to proceed to the sacrifice, that there might be sufficient space\nfor the ceremonies which were to be performed to the Manes of the hero,\nand for the procession which was to follow them.--'I am ready,' replied\nCharicles, and rising, said to me, 'If you have not yet seen Chariclea,\nyou will see her to-day; for, as a priestess of Diana, she will be\npresent at these rites and the procession.'\n\n\"But I, Cnemon, had often seen the young woman before; I had sacrificed\nand conversed with her upon sacred subjects. However, I said nothing of\nit; and, waiting for what might happen, we went together to the temple.\nThe Thessalians had prepared everything ready for the sacrifice. We\napproached the altar; the youth began the sacred rites; the priest\nhaving uttered a prayer, and from her shrine the Pythoness pronounced\nthis oracle:[38]\n\n    Delphians, regard with reverential care,\n    Both him the goddess-born, and her the fair;\n    \"_Grace_\" is the sound which ushers in her name,\n    The syllable wherewith it ends, is \"_Fame_.\"\n\n    They both my fane shall leave, and oceans past,\n    In regions torrid shall arrive at last;\n    There shall the gods reward their pious vows,\n    And snowy chaplets bind their dusky brows.[39]\n\n\"When they who surrounded the shrine heard this oracle, they were\nperplexed, and doubted what it should signify. Each interpreted it\ndifferently, as his inclinations and understanding led him: none,\nhowever, laid hold of its true meaning. Oracles indeed, and dreams, are\ngenerally to be explained only by the event. And beside, the Delphians,\nstruck with the preparations which were making for the procession,\nhastened to behold it, neglecting or deferring any farther scrutiny\ninto the oracular response.\"\n\n\n[Footnote 1:\n\n    \"Te....\n    ... cohibent\n    Pulveris exigui....\n    Munera....\"--Hor. I. Od. i. 28.\n]\n\n[Footnote 2:\n\n    \"May one kind grave unite each hapless name,\n    And graft my love immortal on thy fame.\"--Pope.\n]\n\n[Footnote 3:\n\n    .... \"O my soul's joy!\n    .... If I were now to die,\n    'Twere now to be most happy; for I fear\n    My soul hath her content so absolute,\n    That not another comfort like to this\n    Succeeds in unknown fate.\"--Othello.\n]\n\n[Footnote 4: This motion is supposed to be a sign of jealousy and\nanger. Thus Apuleius, lib. vi., Quam ubi primum inductam oblatamque\nsibi conspexit Venus, latissimum cachinnum extollit; et qualem solent\nfurenter irati, caputque quatiens, _et adscalpens aurem dextram_.]\n\n[Footnote 5: \u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03ba \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 6: On the \u03b1\u1f50\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 and \u1f40\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c2 who exhibited their talents\nat private parties among the Greeks, see a Note at p. 114 of Mitchell's\nTranslation of Aristophanes; and another on line 481 of his edition of\nThe Frogs.]\n\n[Footnote 7:\n\n    .... \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2\n    \u039a\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03cd\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf, \u1f01 \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03ca\u03c2\n    \u039a\u03c1\u03c5\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bb\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2,\n    \u03a7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f18\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u03cd\u03c2.--Soph. El. 490.\n]\n\n[Footnote 8: Literally, persons who make request for valuable gifts,\nsuch as swords and tripods, rather than mendicants who beg for broken\nvictuals. Cnemon must mean to say that nature had written \"gentleman\nand gentlewoman\" too plainly upon their faces for them to pass current\nas genuine vagrants. The line quoted is in the Odyssey, B. xvii. l. 222.\n\n    ... \"he seeks\n    Not sword nor tripod, but the scoundrel meed\n    Of mammocks, such as others cast away.\"--Cowper.\n]\n\n[Footnote 9: \u03a7\u03ac\u03bb\u03ba\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f55\u03c0\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd.--Homer, Il. xi. 241.]\n\n[Footnote 10:\n\n    \"Like one, who on a lonesome road\n      Doth walk in fear and dread,\n    And having once turn'd round, walks on\n      And turns no more his head;\n    Because he knows a frightful fiend\n      Doth close behind him tread.\"--Coleridge.\n]\n\n[Footnote 11: The Italian bravoes used to encourage the growth of\na lock of hair, which might be thrown over the face as a disguise,\nand which they shaved off when giving up their evil ways. \"Il ciuffo\nera quasi una parte dell' armatura, et un distintivo de' bravacci e\ndegli scapestrati, i quai poi da ci\u00f2 vennero comunemente chiamati\n_ciuffi_.\"--Manzoni, I Promessi Sposi, vol. i., p. 62.]\n\n[Footnote 12: X\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5.]\n\n[Footnote 13: \u038a\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c8\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.\n\n    \"Infandum ... jubes renovare dolorem.\"--Virgil.\n]\n\n[Footnote 14: Alluding to the barber of King Midas, who, being a bad\nkeeper of secrets, revealed to the reeds the fact of his lord and\nmaster having ass's ears.\n\n    \"Creber arundinibus tremulis ibi surgere lucus\n    C\u0153pit; et ut primum pleno maturuit anno,\n    Prodidit agricolam; leni nam motus ab Austro\n    Obruta verba refert; dominique coarguit aures.\"\n                                Ovid. Met. xi. 190.\n]\n\n[Footnote 15: \u0398\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b9\u1f78\u03c2]\n\n[Footnote 16:\n\n    .... \"Who far and wide\n    A wand'rer....\n    Discover'd various cities, and the mind\n    And manners learn'd of men in lands remote.\"--Od. i. 1. Cowper.\n]\n\n[Footnote 17:\n\n    A dreadful serpent....\n    ... glided to the tree.\n    Eight youngling sparrows with the parent bird\n    Sat screen'd with foliage on the topmost bough.\n    The screaming little ones with ease he gorg'd,\n    And while the mother, circling o'er his head,\n    With shrillest agony bewail'd her loss,\n    He seiz'd her by the wing, first drew her down\n    Within his spiry folds, and then devoured.\"--Il. ii. 308. Cowper.\n]\n\n[Footnote 18:\n\n    .... \"Hunger hath a cry which never man\n    Might silence. Many an evil he endures\n    For hunger's sake. It is a _craving gulf_.\"--Od. xvii. 287. Cowper.\n]\n\n[Footnote 19:\n\n    \u0388\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03cc\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4o, \u1f40\u03c5\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u0394\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\n    \u0388\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2.\n]\n\n[Footnote 20: Virg. G. iv. 387.]\n\n[Footnote 21: \u0388\u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03b5. Did Heliodorus take his idea of Rhodope from\nthe celebrated personage of that name mentioned by Herod. ii. 135, and\nequally famed for her beauty and her profligacy?]\n\n\n\n[Footnote 22: \"The well-favoured harlot, the mistress of witchcrafts,\nthat selleth nations through her whoredoms, and families through her\nwitchcrafts.\"--Nahum, iii. 4.]\n\n[Footnote 23: \u038a\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1.--The sacred secretary or recorder sent by\neach Amphictyonic state to their Council, along with the \u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, the\nactual deputy or minister.]\n\n[Footnote 24: \u039a\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9.]\n\n[Footnote 25:\n\n    \u1f3d\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ac\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c0' \u03af\u03cb\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c7\u03c5\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac \u039d\u03af\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5,\n    \u03a6\u03b5\u03cd\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03ac\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4' \u1f10\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd.\n    \u03a4\u03ad\u03c4\u03bb\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9, \u03c3\u03bf\u1f76 y\u1f70p \u1f10\u03b3\u1f62 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u0391\u1f30\u03b3\u03cd\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\n    \u0386\u1f37\u03c8\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03ce\u03c3\u03c9\u00b7 \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u03b4'\u03b5\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f15\u03c3\u03c3\u03bf \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2.\n]\n\n[Footnote 26: The address of the Pythia to Lycurgus was as follows:--\n\n    Thou com'st, Lycurgus, to this honour'd shrine\n    Favour'd by Jove, and ev'ry power divine,\n    Or God or mortal! how shall I decide?\n    Doubtless to heav'n most dear and most allied.\n                        Herod. i. 65.--Beloe's Tr.\n]\n\n[Footnote 27: \u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u1f50\u03c0\u1f78 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03ad\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03b8\u03b5\u1ff7 \u03c6o\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7.]\n\n[Footnote 28: \u03a3\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2. Ammianus Marcellinus, \u0392. xxii, thus describes\nthe \u03a3\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9 or subterraneous burying places of the Egyptian kings.\n\"Sunt et syringes subterranei quidam et flexuosi secessus, quos\n(ut fertur) periti rituum vetusterum adventare diluvium pr\u00e6scii,\nmetuentesque ne ceremoniarum obliteraretur memoria, penitus operosis\ndigestos fodinis, per loca diversa struxerunt; et excisis parietibus,\nvolucrum ferarumque genera multa sculpserunt, et animalium species\ninnumeras multas, quas hieroglyphicas literas appellarunt, Latinis\nignorabiles.\"]\n\n\n[Footnote 29: See Herod. ii. 19-25; and a note in Blakesley's edit. on\nii. 17.]\n\n[Footnote 30: The reader will keep in mind that it is Charicles who\nspeaks now to Calasiris; otherwise, between the double narration going\non at the same time, of Calasiris to Cnemon, and of Charicles to\nCalasiris, he may be a little confused.]\n\n[Footnote 31: \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9--the cataracts of the Nile, also the parts in\nEthiopia in which they are.--Herod. ii. 17. Cicero calls them Catadupa.]\n\n[Footnote 32: \u039f\u1f34\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03b1 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd.--Il. i. 350.]\n\n[Footnote 33: See Anthon's Lempri\u00e8re's Classical Dict.]\n\n[Footnote 34:\n\n    \"Where, perhaps, some beauty lies,\n    The cynosure of neighbouring eyes.\"--Milton.\n]\n\n[Footnote 35:\n\n               \"Sol\u00e2 contenta Dian\u00e2,\n    \u00c6ternum telorum et virginitatis amorem\n    Intemerata colit.\"--Virg. \u00c6n. xi. 583.\n]\n\n[Footnote 36: \u038e\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2--either from '\u03c5\u03c0\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, eminent, or \u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9, to be\nsubjected.]\n\n[Footnote 37:\n\n    \"Ast illum, erept\u00e6 magno inflammatus amore\n    Conjugis, et scelerum Furiis agitatus, Orestes\n    Excipit incautum, patriasque obtruncat ad aras.\"--Virg. \u00c6n. iii. 330.\n]\n\n[Footnote 38:\n\n    '\u03a4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f00\u03c5\u03c4\u1f70\u03c1 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f52\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4' \u1f13\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd\n      \u03a6\u03c1\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8' \u1f67 \u0394\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03bf\u1f76, \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd.\n    \u039f\u1f31 \u03bd\u03b7\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2,\n\n      \u1f29\u03be\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4' \u1f20\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1 \u03ba\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd\u1f10\u03b7\u03bd,\n    T\u1fc6\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u1f10\u03b3' '\u1f00\u03ad\u03b8\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03be\u03ac\u03c8\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9,\n      \u039b\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f30 \u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u1f00\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f10\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd.\n]\n\n[Footnote 39: _Why sable brows?_--\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u1f10\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd?--_I am not obliged to\nexplain oracles._ Such is the remark of a former translator. I venture\nto suggest that the young lovers were rather sun-burnt with travelling,\nupon their arrival in Ethiopia; and Lisle is of my opinion, for he\ntranslates--\"their _tanned_ temples.\" The first line seems intended to\nbe a play upon the name of Chariclea, \u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2. I have accordingly\nendeavoured to convey this in the translation.]\n\n\n\nBOOK III.\n\n\n\"When the ceremony was over, and the procession had passed by,\"\ncontinued Calasiris----\"But,\" said Cnemon, interrupting him, \"the\nceremony is not over, Father; you have not made me a spectator of the\nprocession, whereas I am very desirous both of hearing and seeing; you\ntreat me like a guest who, as they say, is come a day after the feast:\nwhy should you just open the theatre, only to close it again?\"--\"I\nwas unwilling,\" said Calasiris, \"to detain you from what you are most\ndesirous to know, by a detail which has little or nothing to do with\nthe principal end of my narration; but since you must be a passing\nspectator, and by your fondness for shows declare yourself to be an\nAthenian, I will endeavour briefly to describe the exhibition to you;\nand I shall do so the more willingly, on account of the consequences\nwhich followed it.\n\n\"The procession began with an hecatomb of victims, led by some of the\ninferior ministers of the temple, rough-looking men, in white and\ngirt-up garments. Their right hands and breasts were naked, and they\nbore a two-edged axe. The oxen were black, with moderately arched and\nbrawny necks--their horns equal, and very little bent; some were gilt,\nothers adorned with flowers--their legs bent inwards[1]--and their deep\ndewlaps flowing down to their knees--their number, in accordance with\nthe name, exactly a hundred. A variety of other different victims came\nafterwards, each species separate and in order, attended with pipes and\nflutes, sending forth a strain prelusive of the sacrifice: these were\nfollowed by a troop of fair and long-waisted Thessalian maidens, with\ndishevelled locks--they were distributed into two companies; the first\ndivision bore baskets full of fruits and flowers; the second, vases of\nconserves and spices, which filled the air with fragrance: they carried\nthese on their heads; thus, their hands being at liberty, they joined\nthem together, so that they could move along and lead the dance. The\nkey-note to the melody was sounded by the next division, who were to\nsing the whole of the hymn appointed for this festival, which contained\nthe praises of Thetis, of Peleus, and their son, and of Neoptolemus.\nAfter this, \u039f Cnemon----\" \"But _Cnemon_ me no _Cnemons_,\" said the\nlatter; \"why not recite the hymn to me instead of depriving me of so\nmuch pleasure? Make me, I beseech you, an auditor at this festival\nas well as a spectator.\"--\"You shall be so if you desire it,\" said\nCalasiris; \"the hymn, as nearly as I can recollect, ran as follows:[2]\n\n    \"'Thetis, the golden-haired, we sing.\n    She who from Nereus erst did spring,\n    The Venus of our fatherland.\n    To Peleus wed, at Jove's command,\n    Her--of the thunderbolt of war, }\n    Famed for his beamy spear afar, }\n    Achilles--Greece the mother saw }\n    Wedded to whom did Pyrrha bear,\n    Great Neoptolemus his heir,\n    Of Grecian land the boast and joy,\n    The destined scourge of lofty Troy.\n    Thou who in Delphic land dost rest,\n    Hero, by thee may we be blest;\n    Accept our strains, and oh, by thee,\n    May every ill averted be!\n    Thetis the golden-haired we sing,\n    She who from Peleus erst did spring.\n\n\"The dance[3] which accompanied this song was so well adapted to it,\nand the cadence of their steps agreed so exactly with the melody of\nthe strain, that for a while, in spite of the magnificence of the\nspectacle, the sense of seeing was overpowered and suspended by that of\nhearing; and all who were present, attracted by the sounds, followed\nthe advancing dancers. At length a band of youths on horseback, with\ntheir splendidly dressed commander, opening upon them, afforded a\nspectacle far preferable to any sounds. Their number was exactly fifty;\nthey divided themselves into five-and-twenty on each side guarding\ntheir leader, chief of the sacred embassy, who rode in the midst: their\nbuskins, laced with a purple thong, were tied above their ancles; their\nwhite garments, bordered with blue, were fastened by a golden clasp\nover their breasts. Their horses were Thessalian, and by their spirit\ngave token of the open plains they came from; they seemed to champ\nwith disdain the foaming bit, yet obeyed the regulating hand of their\nriders, who appeared to vie with each other in the splendour of their\nfrontlets and other trappings, which glittered with gold and silver.\nBut all these, Cnemon, splendid as they were, were utterly overlooked,\nand seemed to vanish, like other objects before a flash of lightning,\nat the appearance of their leader, my dear Theagenes, so gallant a show\ndid he make.[4] He too was on horseback, and in armour, with an ashen\nspear in his hand; his head was uncovered; he wore a purple robe, on\nwhich was worked in gold the story of the Centaurs and the Lapith\u00e6; the\nclasp of it was of electrum, and represented Pallas with the Gorgon's\nhead on her shield. A light breath of wind added to the grace of his\nappearance; it played upon his hair, dispersed it on his neck, and\ndivided it from his forehead, throwing back the extremities of his\ncloak in easy folds on the back and sides of his horse. You would say,\ntoo, that the horse himself was conscious both of his own beauty and\nof the beauty of his rider; so stately did he arch his neck and carry\nhis head, with ears erect and fiery eyes, proudly bearing a master\nwho was proud to be thus borne. He moved along under a loose rein,\nbalancing himself equally on each side, and, touching the ground with\nthe extremity of his hoofs, tempered his pace into almost an insensible\nmotion.\n\n\"Every one, astonished at the appearance of this young man, joined\nin confessing, that beauty and strength were never before so\ngracefully mingled. The women in the streets, unable to disguise their\nfeelings, flung handfuls of fruit and flowers over him, in token of\ntheir admiration and affection: in short, there was but one opinion\nconcerning him--that it was impossible for mortal form to excel that of\nTheagenes. But now, when\n\n    Rosy-finger'd morn appeared,\n\nas Homer says, and the beautiful and accomplished Chariclea proceeded\nfrom the temple of Diana, we then perceived that even Theagenes might\nbe outshone; but only so far as female beauty is naturally more\nengaging and alluring than that of men. She was borne in a chariot\ndrawn by two white oxen--she was dressed in a purple robe embroidered\nwith gold, which flowed down to her feet--she had a girdle round her\nwaist, on which the artist had exerted all his skill: it represented\ntwo serpents, whose tails were interlaced behind her shoulders; their\nnecks knotted beneath her bosom; and their heads, disentangled from\nthe knot, hung down on either side as an appendage: so well were they\nimitated, that you would say they really glided onward. Their aspect\nwas not at all terrible; their eyes swam in a kind of languid lustre,\nas if being lulled to sleep by the charms of the maiden's breast.\nThey were wrought in darkened gold, tinged with blue, the better to\nrepresent, by this mixture of dark and yellow, the roughness and\nglancing colour of the scales. Such was the maiden's girdle. Her hair\nwas not entirely tied up, nor quite dishevelled, but the greater part\nof it flowed down her neck, and wantoned on her shoulders--a crown of\nlaurel confined the bright and ruddy locks which adorned her forehead,\nand prevented the wind from disturbing them too roughly--she bore a\ngilded bow in her left hand; her quiver hung at her right shoulder--in\nher other hand she had a lighted torch; yet the lustre of her eyes\npaled the brightness of the torch.\"\n\n\"Here are, indeed, Theagenes and Chariclea,\" cried out Cnemon. \"Where,\nwhere are they?\" exclaimed Calasiris; who thought that Cnemon saw\nthem.--\"I think I see them now,\" he replied, \"but it is in your lively\ndescription.\"--\"I do not know,\" said Calasiris, \"whether you ever\nsaw them such as all Greece and the sun beheld them on that day--so\nconspicuous, so illustrious; she the object of wish to all the men, and\nhe to all the women; all thought them equal to the immortals in beauty.\nBut the Delphians more admired the youth, and the Thessalians the maid;\neach most struck with that form which they then saw for the first time.\nSuch is the charm of novelty.\n\n\"But, Cnemon! what a sweet expectation did you raise in me when\nyou promised to show me these whom I so fondly loved! and how have\nyou deceived me! You winged me with hope to expect that they would\npresently be here, and exacted a reward for these good tidings;\nbut, lo! evening and night have overtaken us, and they nowhere\nappear.\"--\"Raise up your spirits,\" said Cnemon, \"and have a good heart;\nI assure you they will soon arrive. Perhaps they have met with some\nimpediment by the way, for they intended to arrive much earlier. But\nI would not shew them to you, if they were here, till you had paid\nme the whole of my reward; if, therefore, you are in haste to see\nthem, perform your promise, and finish your story.\"--\"It is now,\"\nreplied Calasiris, \"become a little irksome to me, as it will call up\ndisagreeable remembrances; and I thought, besides, that you must by\nthis time be tired with listening to so tedious a tale; but, since you\nseem a good listener, and fond of hearing stories worth the telling,\nI will resume my narration where I left it off. But let us first\nlight a torch, and make our libations to the gods who preside over\nthe night;[5] so that, having performed our devotions, we may spend,\nwithout interruption, as much as we please of it in such discourses\nas we like.\" A maid, at the old man's command, brought in a lighted\ntaper; and he poured out a libation, calling upon all the gods, and\nparticularly upon Mercury; beseeching them to grant him pleasant\ndreams, and that those whom he most loved might appear to him in his\nsleep. Calasiris then proceeded in this manner:\n\n\"After, Cnemon, that the procession had thrice compassed the sepulchre\nof Neoptolemus, and that both men and women had raised over it their\nappropriate shout and cry;[6] on a signal being given, the oxen, the\nsheep, the goats, were slaughtered at once, as if the sacrifice had\nbeen performed by a single hand. Heaps of wood were piled on an immense\naltar; and the victims being placed thereon, the priest of Apollo was\ndesired to light the pile, and begin the libation.\n\n\"'It belongs, indeed, to me,' said Charicles, 'to make the libation;\nbut let the chief of the sacred embassy receive the torch from the\nhands of Diana's priestess, and light the pile; for such has always\nbeen our custom.' Having said this, he performed his part of the\nceremony, and Theagenes received the torch from Chariclea. From what\nnow happened, my dear Cnemon, we may infer that there is something\ndivine in the soul, and allied to a superior nature; for their first\nglance at each other was such, as if each of their souls acknowledged\nits partner, and hastened to mingle with one which was worthy of it.[7]\n\n\"They stood awhile, as if astonished;[8] she slowly offering and he\nslowly receiving the torch; and fixing their eyes on one another, for\nsome space, they seemed rather to have been formerly acquainted, than\nto have now met for the first time, and to be returning gradually into\neach other's memory. Then softly, and almost imperceptibly smiling,\nwhich the eyes, rather than the lips, betrayed, they both blushed, as\nif ashamed of what they had done; and again turned pale, the passion\nreaching their hearts. In short, a thousand shades of feeling wandered\nin a few moments over their countenances; their complexion and looks\nbetraying in various ways the movements of their souls.\n\n\"These emotions escaped the observation of the crowd, whose attention\nwas engaged on other things. They escaped Charicles too, who was\nemployed in reciting the solemn prayers and invocations, but they did\nnot escape me, for I had particularly observed these young people,\nfrom the time that the oracle was given to Theagenes in the temple;\nI had formed conjectures as to the future from the allusion to their\nnames, though I could not entirely comprehend the latter part of the\nprediction.\n\n\"At length Theagenes slowly and unwillingly turning from the maiden,\nlighted the pile, and the solemn ceremony ended. The Thessalians betook\nthemselves to an entertainment, and the rest of the people dispersed\nto their own habitations. Chariclea putting on a white robe, retired\nwith a few of her companions to her apartment, which was within the\nprecincts of the temple; for she did not live with her supposed father,\nbut dwelt apart for the better performance of the temple services.\n\n\"Rendered curious by what I had heard and seen, I sought an opportunity\nof meeting Charicles. As soon as he saw me, he cried out, 'Well, have\nyou seen Chariclea, the light of my eyes, and of Delphi?'--'I have,'\nI replied, 'but not now for the first time; I have frequently before\nseen her in the temple, and that not in a cursory manner. I have often\nsacrificed with her, and conversed with and instructed her, on various\nsubjects, divine and human.'--'But what did you think of her to-day, my\ngood friend? Did she not add some ornament to the procession?'--'Some\nornament, do you say? you might as well ask me whether the moon[9]\noutshines the stars.'--'But some praise the Thracian youth, and give\nhim at least the second place to her.'--'The second, if you will, and\nthe third; but all allow that your daughter was the crown and sun of\nthe ceremonial.' Charicles was delighted with this, and smiling said,\n'I am just going to see her.' I, too, was pleased, for my view was to\ninspire him with content and confidence. 'If you will,' he added, 'we\nwill go together, and see whether she is the worse for the fatigues she\nhas undergone.' I gladly consented, but pretended I went to oblige him;\nand that I gave up other business of my own.\n\n\"When we arrived at her apartment, we found her lying uneasily upon\nher couch, her eyes melting with languor and passion.[10] Having as\nusual saluted her father, he asked what was the matter with her? She\ncomplained that her head ached; and said that she wished to take a\nlittle rest. Charicles, alarmed, went out of the chamber, ordering\nher maids to keep every thing quiet about her; and, turning to me,\n'What languor,' said he, 'my good Calasiris, can this be, which seems\nto oppress my daughter?'--'Wonder not,' I replied, 'if, in such an\nassembly of people, some envious[11] eye has looked upon her.' 'And do\nyou, too,' he returned, smiling ironically, 'think, with the vulgar,\nthat there is any thing in fascination?'--'Indeed I do,' said I; 'and\nthus I account for its effects: this air which surrounds us, which we\ntake in with our breath, receive at our eyes and nostrils, and which\npenetrates into all our pores, brings with it those qualities with\nwhich it is impregnated; and, according to their different natures, we\nare differently affected. When any one looks at what is excellent, with\nan envious eye, he fills the surrounding atmosphere with a pernicious\nquality, and transmits his own envenomed exhalations into whatever is\nnearest to him. They, as they are thin and subtle, penetrate even into\nthe bones and marrow; and thus envy has become the cause of a disorder\nto many, which has obtained the name of fascination.\n\n\"'Consider besides, O Charicles, how many have been infected with\ninflammation of the eyes, and with other contagious distempers, without\never touching, either at bed or board, those who laboured under them,\nbut solely by breathing the same air with them.[12] The birth of love\naffords another proof of what I am explaining, which, by the eyes\nalone, finds a passage to the soul; and it is not difficult to assign\nthe reason; for as, of all the inlets to our senses, the sight is the\nmost quick and fiery, and most various in its motions; this animated\nfaculty most easily receives the influences which surround it, and\nattracts to itself the emanations of love.\n\n\"'If you wish for an example from natural history, here is one taken\nout of our sacred books. The bird Charadrius[13] cures those who are\nafflicted with the jaundice. If it perceives, at a distance, any one\ncoming towards it, who labours under this distemper, it immediately\nruns away, and shuts its eyes; not out of an envious refusal of its\nassistance, as some suppose, but because it knows, by instinct, that,\non the view of the afflicted person, the disorder will pass from him\nto itself, and therefore it is solicitous to avoid encountering his\neyes. You have heard, perhaps, of the basilisk, which, with its breath\nand aspect alone, parches up and infects everything around it. Nor is\nit to be wondered at, if some fascinate those whom they love and wish\nwell to; for they who are naturally envious do not always act as they\nwould wish, but as their nature compels them to do.' Here Charicles,\nafter a pause, said, 'You seem to have given a very reasonable account\nof this matter; and as you appear to admit that there are various kinds\nof fascination, I wish hers may be that of love; I should then think\nthat she was restored to health, rather than that she was disordered.\nYou know I have often besought your assistance in this matter. I should\nrejoice rather than grieve, if this were the affection she labours\nunder, she who has so long set at nought Venus and all her charms. But,\nI doubt, it is the more common sort of fascination, that of an evil\neye, which afflicts her. This your wisdom will certainly enable you\nto cure, and your friendship to us will incline you to attempt it.'\nI promised to do all in my power to relieve her, should this be the\ncase; and we were still talking, when a man arrives in haste, and calls\nout--'One would imagine, my good friends, that you were invited to a\nfray instead of a feast, you are so tardy in coming up; and yet it is\nthe excellent Theagenes who prepares it for you; and Neoptolemus, the\nfirst of heroes, who presides at it. Come away, for shame, and do not\nmake us wait for you until evening. Nobody is absent but yourselves.'\n\n\"'This,' whispers Charicles, 'is but a rough inviter;[14] the gifts\nof Bacchus have not mended his manners. But let us go, lest he come\nfrom words to blows.' I smiled at his pleasantry, and said I was ready\nto attend him. When we entered, Theagenes placed Charicles next to\nhimself; and paid some attention to me, out of respect to him. But why\nshould I fatigue you with a detail of the entertainments; the dancing\nand singing girls, the youths in armour, who moved in Pyrrhic measures;\nthe variety of dishes with which Theagenes had decked his table, in\norder to make the feast more jovial? But what follows is necessary for\nyou to hear, and pleasant for me to relate. Our entertainer endeavoured\nto preserve a cheerful countenance, and forced himself to behave with\nease and politeness to his company, but I perceived plainly what he\nsuffered within; his eyes wandered, and he sighed involuntarily. Now\nhe would be melancholy and thoughtful; then on a sudden, recollecting\nhimself, his looks brightened, and he put on a forced cheerfulness.\nIn short, it is not easy to describe the changes he underwent; for\nthe mind of a lover, like that of one overcome with wine, cannot long\nremain in the same situation, both their souls fluctuating with weak\nand unsteady passion. For which reason a lover is disposed to drink;\nand he who has drunk is inclined to love.\n\n\"At length, from his yawning, his sighs, and his anxiety, the rest of\nthe company begun to perceive that he was indisposed; so that even\nCharicles, who had not hitherto observed his uneasiness, whispered\nme, 'I fancy an envious eye has looked upon him also; he seems to be\naffected much in the same manner as Chariclea.' 'Indeed, I think so,\ntoo,' I replied; 'and it is probable enough, for next after her in the\nprocession, as being most conspicuous, he was most exposed to envy.'\n\n\"But now the cups were carried round; and Theagenes, out of\ncomplaisance rather than inclination, drank to every body. When it came\nto me, I said I was obliged to him for the compliment, but must beg\nto be excused tasting of the cup. He looked displeased and angry, as\nif he thought himself affronted; when Charicles explained the matter,\nand told him I was an Egyptian, an inhabitant of Memphis, and a priest\nof Isis, and consequently abstained from wine and all animal food.\nTheagenes seemed filled with a sudden pleasure when he heard that I was\nan Egyptian and a priest; and raising himself up, as if he had suddenly\nfound a treasure, he called for water, and drinking to me, said, '\u039f\nsage, receive from me this mark of good-will, in the beverage which\nis most agreeable to you; and let this table[15] conclude a solemn\ntreaty of friendship between us.'--'With all my heart,\" I replied,'\nmost excellent Theagenes; I have already conceived a friendship for\nyou;' and taking the cup, I drank--and with this the company broke up,\nand dispersed to their several habitations; Theagenes embracing me at\nparting with the warmth and affection of an old friend.\n\n\"When I retired to my chamber, I could not sleep the first part of the\nnight. My thoughts continually ran upon these young people, and upon\nthe conclusion of the oracle, and I endeavoured to penetrate into its\nmeaning. But, towards the middle of the night, methought I saw Apollo\nand Diana advancing towards me (if it were indeed only imagination, and\nnot a reality): one led Theagenes, the other Chariclea. They seemed to\ndeliver them into my hands; and the goddess calling me by my name, thus\naddressed me:\n\n\"'It is time for you now to return to your country, for such is the\ndecree of fate. Depart therefore yourself, and take these under your\nprotection; make them the companions of your journey; treat them as\nyour children; and carry them from Egypt, where and howsoever it shall\nplease the gods to ordain.'--Having said this, they disappeared,\nsignifying first that this was a vision, and not a common dream.[16]\n\n\"I understood plainly the commands they gave me; except that I\ndoubted what land it was, to which I was at last to conduct these\npersons.\"--\"If you found this out afterwards, Father,\" said Cnemon,\n\"you will inform me at a proper season; in the mean time tell me in\nwhat manner they signified, as you said, that this was not a common\ndream, but a real appearance.\"--\"In the same manner, my son, as the\nwise Homer intimates; though many do not perceive the hidden sense that\nis contained in these lines:\n\n    \u1f3c\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f20\u03b4\u03ad \u03ba\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03ac\u03c9\u03bd\n    \u1fec\u03b5\u1fd6', \u1f13\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2, \u1f00\u03c1\u03af\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03af \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1.[17]\n    \"As they departed, I their legs and feet\n    To glide did see; the gods are known with ease.\"\n\n\"I must confess,\" said Cnemon, \"that I am one of the many, and perhaps\nyou imagined so when you quoted these verses. I have understood the\ncommon sense of the words, ever since I first read them, but cannot\npenetrate any hidden theological meaning that may be couched under\nthem.\"--Calasiris considering a little, and applying his mind to the\nexplanation of this mystery, replied:\n\n\"The gods, O Cnemon, when they appear to, or disappear from us,\ngenerally do it under a human shape--seldom under that of any other\nanimal; perhaps, in order that their appearance may have more the\nsemblance of reality. They may not be manifest to the profane,\nbut cannot be concealed from the sage. You may know them by their\neyes; they look on you with a fixed gaze, never winking with their\neye-lids--still more by their motion,[18] which is a kind of gliding,\nan aerial impulse, without movement of the feet, cleaving rather than\ntraversing the air: for which reason the images of the Egyptian gods\nhave their feet joined together, and in a manner united. Wherefore\nHomer, being an Egyptian, and instructed in their sacred doctrines,\ncovertly insinuated this matter in his verses, leaving it to be\nunderstood by the intelligent. He mentions Pallas in this manner:\n\n    .... \u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u1f7c \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f43\u03c3\u03c3\u03b5 \u03c6\u03ac\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd.\n    'Fierce glared her eyes.'\n\nand Neptune in the lines quoted before--'\u1fe5\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f14\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd,'--as if gliding in\nhis gait; for so is the verse to be construed--'\u1fe5\u03b5\u1fd1\u03bd \u03b1\u03c0\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2,' gliding\naway; not, as some erroneously think, '\u1fe5\u03b5\u1fd1' \u03b5\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd,' I easily knew him.\"\n\n\"You have initiated me into this mystery,\" replied Cnemon; \"but how\ncome you to call Homer an Egyptian? It is the first time I ever heard\nhim called so. I will not insist that he is not your countryman; but\nI should be exceedingly glad to hear your reasons for claiming him\nas such.\"--\"This is not exactly the time,\" said Calasiris, \"for such\na discussion; however, as you desire it, I will shortly mention the\ngrounds upon which I go.\n\n\"Different authors have ascribed to Homer different countries--indeed\nthe country of a wise man[19] is in every land; but he was, in fact,\nan Egyptian, of the city of Thebes, as you may learn from himself.\nHis supposed father was a priest there; his real one, Mercury. For\nthe wife of the priest whose son he was taken to be, while she was\ncelebrating some sacred mysteries, slept in the temple. Mercury\nenjoyed her company; and impregnated her with Homer; and he bore to\nhis dying day a mark of his spurious origin. From Thebes he wandered\ninto various countries, and particularly into Greece; singing his\nverses, and obtaining the name he bore. He never told his real one,\nnor his country, nor family; but those who knew of this mark upon his\nbody, took occasion from it to give him the name of Homer;[20] for,\nimmediately from his birth, a profusion of hair appeared upon both his\nthighs.\"\n\n\"On what account, my father, did he conceal the place of his\nbirth?\"--\"Possibly he was unwilling to appear a fugitive; for he was\ndriven out by his father, and not admitted among the sacred youths,\non account of the peculiar mark he bore on his body, indicating his\nspurious origin. Or, perhaps, he had a wise design in keeping the real\nspot of his nativity a secret, as by so doing he might claim every land\nhe passed through as his fatherland.\"--\"I cannot help,\" said Cnemon,\n\"being half persuaded of the truth of this account you give of Homer.\nHis poems breathe all the softness and luxuriance of Egypt; and from\ntheir excellency, bespeak something of a divine original in their\nauthor.\n\n\"But after that, by Homer's assistance, you had discovered the true\nnature of these deities, what happened?\"--\"Much the same as before:\nwatchings, thoughts, and cares, which night and darkness nourish. I was\nglad that I had discovered something, which I had in vain attempted to\nexplain before; and rejoiced at the near prospect of my return to my\ncountry. But I was grieved to think that Charicles was to be deprived\nof his daughter. I was in great doubt in what manner the young people\nwere to be taken away together; how to prepare for their flight; how to\ndo it privately, whither to direct it; and whether by land or by sea.\nIn short, I was overwhelmed with a sea of troubles[21] and spent the\nremainder of the night restless, and without sleep. But the day scarce\nbegan to dawn, when I heard a knocking at the gate of my court, and\nsomebody calling my servant.\n\n\"The boy asked who it was that knocked, and what he wanted. The person\nreplied, that he was Theagenes the Thessalian.--I was very glad to hear\nthis, and ordered him to be introduced; thinking this an excellent\nopportunity to lay some foundation for the design I meditated. I\nsupposed that, having discovered at the entertainment that I was an\nEgyptian, and a priest, he came to ask my advice and assistance in\nthe attachment which now influenced him. He thought, perhaps, as many\nwrongly do, that the science of the Egyptians was only of one sort.\nBut there is one branch in the hands of the common mass, as I may\nsay, crawling on the ground; busied in the service of idols, and the\ncare of dead bodies; poring over herbs, and murmuring incantations;\nneither itself aiming, nor leading those who apply to it to aim, at any\ngood end; and most frequently failing in what it professes to effect.\nSometimes succeeding in matters of a gloomy and despicable nature;\nshowing imaginary visions as though real; encouraging wickedness; and\nministering to lawless pleasures. But the other branch of Egyptian\nscience, my son, is the true wisdom; of which that which I have just\nmentioned is the base-born offspring. This is that in which our\npriests and seers are from their youth initiated. This is of a far\nmore excellent nature; looks to heavenly things, and converses with\nthe gods; inquires into the motions of the stars, and gains an insight\ninto futurity; far removed from evil and earthly matters, and turning\nall its views to what is honourable and beneficial to mankind. It was\nthis which prompted me to retire a while from my country--to avoid,\nif possible, the ills which it enabled me to foresee, and the discord\nwhich was to arise between my children. But these events must be left\nto the gods, and the fates, who have power either to accomplish or to\nhinder them; and who, perhaps, ordained my flight, in order that I\nmight meet with Chariclea. I will now proceed with my narration.\n\n\"Theagenes entered my apartment; and, after I had received and returned\nhis salute, I placed him near me on the bed, and asked what was the\noccasion of so early a visit.--He stroked his face, and, after a\nlong pause, said: 'I am in the greatest perplexity, and yet blush to\ndisclose the cause of it:'--and here he stopped. I saw that this was\nthe time for dissimulation, and for pretending to discover what I\nalready knew. Looking therefore archly upon him, I said, 'Though you\nseem unwilling to speak out, yet nothing escapes my knowledge, with\nthe assistance of the gods.'--With this I raised myself a little,\ncounting over certain numbers upon my fingers, (which in reality meant\nnothing); shaking my locks, like one moreover under a sudden influence\nof the divinity, I cried out, 'My son, you are in love.'--He started at\nthis; but, when I added--'and with Chariclea,' he thought I was really\ndivinely inspired; and was ready to fall at my feet, and worship me.\nWhen I prevented this, he[22] kissed my head, and gave thanks to the\ngods that he had really found my knowledge as great as he expected.\nHe besought me to be his preserver; for, unless preserved by my\nassistance, and that quickly, he was undone, so violent a passion had\nseized upon him; desire so consumed him--him, who now first knew what\nit was to love.\n\n\"He swore to me, with many protestations, that he never had enjoyed\nthe company of women--that he had always rejected them--and professed\nhimself an enemy to marriage, and a rebel to Venus, until subdued\nby the charms of Chariclea--that this did not arise from any forced\ntemperance, or natural coldness of constitution; but he had never\nbefore seen a woman whom he thought worthy of his love--and having\nsaid this, he wept, as if indignant at being subdued by a weak girl. I\nraised him, comforted, and bade him be of good cheer; for, since he had\napplied to me, he should find that her coyness would yield to my art. I\nknew that she was haughty, protesting against love, so as not to bear\neven the name of Venus or wedlock; but I would leave no stone unturned\nto serve him. 'Art,' said I, 'can not outdo even nature: only be not\ncast down, but act as I shall direct you.'\n\n\"He promised that he would obey me in every thing; even if I should\norder him to go through fire and sword. While he was thus eager in\nprotestations, and profuse in his promises of laying at my feet all\nhe was worth, a messenger came from Charicles, saying that his master\ndesired me to come to him--that he was near, in the temple of Apollo,\nwhere he was chanting a hymn to appease the deity; having been much\ndisturbed in the night by a dream.\n\n\"I arose immediately, and dismissing Theagenes, hastened to the temple;\nwhere I found Charicles reclining sorrowfully upon a seat, and sighing\ndeeply. I approached him, and inquired why he was so melancholy and\ncast down.--'How can I be otherwise,' he replied, 'when I have been\nterrified by dreams? and hear too, this morning, that my daughter\nstill continues indisposed, and has passed a sleepless night. I am the\nmore concerned at this, not only on her own account, but also because\nto-morrow is the day appointed for the display of those who[23] run in\narmour; at which ceremony the priestess of Diana is to preside, and\nhold up a torch. Either, therefore, the festival will lose much of its\naccustomed splendour by her absence; or if she comes against her will,\nshe may increase her illness. Wherefore let me now beseech you, by\nour friendship, and by the god at whose altar we are, to come to her\nassistance, and think of some remedy. I know you can easily, if you\nplease, cure this fascination, if such it be--the priests of Egypt can\ndo far greater things than these.'\n\n\"I confessed that I had been negligent (the better to carry on the\ndeception); and requested a day's time to prepare some medicines,\nwhich I thought necessary for her cure. 'Let us now, however,' I\ncontinued, 'make her a visit; consider more accurately the nature of\nher complaint; and, if possible, administer to her some consolation.\nAt the same time, Charicles, I beg you will say a few words to her\nconcerning me; inspire her with regard for my person, and confidence in\nmy skill, that so the cure may proceed the better.' He promised that he\nwould do so; and we went together. But why say much of the situation\nin which we found the luckless Chariclea? She was entirely prostrated\nby her passion; the bloom was flown from her cheeks; and tears flowing\nlike water had extinguished the lustre of her eyes. She endeavoured,\nhowever to compose herself, when she saw us; and to resume her usual\nvoice and countenance. Charicles embraced, kissed and soothed her. 'My\ndear daughter,' he cried, 'why will you hide your sufferings from your\nfather? and while you labour under a fascination, you are silent as if\nyou were the injurer, instead of being the injured party: an evil eye\nhas certainly looked upon you. But be of good cheer; here is the wise\nCalasiris, who has promised to attempt your cure; and he, if any one\nis able, can effect it; for he has been bred up from his youth in the\nstudy of things divine, and is himself a priest; and what is more than\nall, he is my dearest friend. Resign yourself up, therefore, entirely\nto his management; suffer him to treat you as he pleases, either by\nincantations or any other method--you have, I know, no aversion to the\ncompany and conversation of the wise.'\n\n\"Chariclea motioned her consent, as though not displeased at the\nproposal--and we then took our leave; Charicles putting me in mind of\nwhat he had first recommended to my anxious care; beseeching me, if\npossible, to inspire his daughter with an inclination for love and\nmarriage. I sent him away in good spirits: assuring him that I would\nshortly bring about what he seemed to have so much at heart.\"\n\n\n[Footnote 1: \u03a3\u03b9\u03bc\u03bf\u1f76.]\n\n[Footnote 2:\n\n    T\u1f70\u03bd \u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03c9, \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u1f10\u03b8\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b9,\n    \u039d\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30va\u03bb\u03afo\u03b9o \u039a\u03cc\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd,\n    \u03a4\u1f70\u03bd \u0394\u03b9\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03af\u03b7 \u03a0\u03ae\u03bb\u03b5\u03ca \u03b3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd;\n    \u03a4\u1f70\u03bd \u1f01\u03bb\u03cc\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b3\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd, \u1f00\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u1f72\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03a0\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b7\u03bd\u00b7\n    \u0389 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae \u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u03c4'\"\u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd,\n    \u0388\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1o\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03b6\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\n    \u0394\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd \u0386\u03c7\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u1fc6\u03b1, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\n    \u03a4\u1ff7 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03a0\u03cd\u1fe4\u1fe5\u03b1 \u03c4\u03ad\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u1fb6\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1 \u039d\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\n    \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03ad\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u03a4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c9\u03bd, \u1fe5\u03c5\u03c3\u03af\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u0394\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u1ff6\u03bd\u00b7\n    \u0399\u03bb\u03ae\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f24\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9 N\u03b5\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5,\n    \u1f4d\u03bb\u03b6\u03af\u03b5 \u03a0\u03bd\u03b8\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9 \u03bd\u1fe6\u03bd \u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u03cc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5.\n    \u0391\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf \u03b4'\u03b5\u1f50\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5 \u03b8\u03c5\u03b7\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b7\u03bd'\n    \u03a0\u1fb6\u03bd \u03b4' \u1f00\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03c5\u03ba\u03b5 \u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03c2.\n    T\u1f70\u03bd \u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03b5\u03af\u03b4\u03c9, \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03ad\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1 \u03b8\u03ad\u03c4\u03b9.\n]\n\n[Footnote 3:\n\n    \"To brisk notes in cadence beating,\n    Glance their many-twinkling feet.\"--Gray.\n]\n\n[Footnote 4:\n\n    \"Armed he rode, all save the head;\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    He ruled his eager courser's gait;\n    Forced him with chastened fire to prance,\n    And, high curvetting, slow advance.\"\n                      Lay of the Last Minstrel, iv. 18.\n]\n\n[Footnote 5: The ancients were very exact in performing their devotions\nto the gods of the night, before they went to bed, or when they broke\nup an entertainment. Mercury was one of the principal of these deities.\nHomer takes notice of this custom:\n\n    \"The chiefs he found and senators within\n    Libation pouring to the vigilant spy\n    Mercurius, whom with wine they worshipp'd last\n    Of all the gods, and at the hour of rest.\"\n                            Od. vii. 136.--Cowper.\n]\n\n[Footnote 6: \u038c\u03bb\u03cc\u03bb\u03c5\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd a\u1f31 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u1fb6\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2, \u1f20\u03bb\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bf\u1f31 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 7:\n\n    \"It is the secret sympathy,\n    The silver link, the silken tie,\n    Which heart to heart and mind to mind\n    In body and in soul can bind.\"\n         Lay of the Last Minstrel, v. 14.\n]\n\n[Footnote 8: This incident forms the subject of a painting by Raphael.]\n\n[Footnote 9:\n\n    \"... micat inter omnea\n    ... velut inter ignes----\n                     Luna minorea.\"--Hor. I. Od. xii. 47.\n]\n\n[Footnote 10: \u03a4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f1b\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03c1\u03cc\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.\n\n   \"Et dulcis pueri _ebrios_ ocellos\n   Illo purpureo ore suaviata.\"--Catullus, c. 42.\n]\n\n[Footnote 11: \"Nescio quis teneros oculus mihi fascinat agnos.\"--Virg.\nEc. iii. Theocritus (Id. v. 39,) alludes to the method of averting\nfascination:\n\n    \"\u038f\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u1ff6 \u03b4\u1f72, \u03c4\u03c1\u1f76\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u1f13\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd.\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 12: A passage illustrative of this occurs in Achilles Tatius,\nB. i. 4: \u039a\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f40\u03be\u03cd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03c1\u03ce\u03c3\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b2\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd\n\u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u1fe4\u1fe5\u03b5\u1fd6 \u1f40\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 y\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f10\u03b4o\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff7 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b9.]\n\n[Footnote 13: Supposed to be the lapwing or curlew.]\n\n[Footnote 14: T\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u1f78 \u03be\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f25\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 15: \u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f25\u03b4\u03b5 \u1f21\u03bc\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f21 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03ad\u03b8\u03c9.]\n\n[Footnote 16: M\u03b7 \u1f44\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1 \u03b1\u03bb\u03bb' \u1f54\u03b1\u03c1.]\n\n[Footnote 17: Iliad, xiii. 71. Heliodorus, says the Bipont editor,\nevidently intended the line in Homer to be read--\u1fec\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f15\u03b3\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\n\u1f00\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2--instead of \u1fec\u03b5\u1fd6....]\n\n[Footnote 18: \"Vera incessu patuit Dea.\"--Virg. \u00c6n. i. 405.]\n\n[Footnote 19: \"Ogni stanza al valent' uomo \u00e8 patria.\"--Guarini, Pastor\nFido.]\n\n[Footnote 20: \u039f\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2--\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 in Greek signifies a thigh. For the various\naccounts respecting Homer, and the origin of his name, see p. 59 of\nColeridge's Introd. to the Classic Poets.]\n\n[Footnote 21: \u039a\u03bb\u03cd\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1. \"Or to take arms against _a sea of\ntroubles_.\"--Shakspeare.]\n\n[Footnote 22: \"\u03a6\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4', \u03b5\u03af \u03b8\u1f10\u03bc\u03b9\u03c2, \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u1f78\u03bd \u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1.\"--Soph. \u0152d. Col. 1131.]\n\n[Footnote 23: Of one of whom Pindar says--\n\n    '\u0395\u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03c9 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1 \u03a0\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9o\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\n    .... \u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd.--Pyth. xi. 1.\n]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK IV.\n\n\n\"The ensuing day ended the Pythian games; but not the conflict of\nthe youthful pair; Love was the arbiter, and in the persons of these\nhis combatants, determined to exhibit his mightiest contest. Towards\nthe end of the ceremony, when all Greece was looking on, and the\nAmphictyons sat as judges; when the races, the wrestlings, and the\nboxing matches were over; a herald came forward, and made proclamation\nfor the men in armour to appear. At that instant the priestess\nChariclea shone out like some fair star at the end of the course; for\nshe had prevailed with herself, however unfit, to come forth, that she\nmight comply with the custom of her country: and perhaps not without\na secret hope of seeing Theagenes. She bore a torch in her left hand,\nand a branch of palm in her right. At her appearance every eye in the\nassembly was turned upon her, but none sooner than that of Theagenes;\nfor what is so quick as the glance of a lover? He, who perhaps had\nheard that it was probable she might come, had his whole mind intent\nupon that expectation; and, when she appeared, was not able to contain\nhimself; but said softly to me, who sat next to him, ''Tis she herself;\n'tis Chariclea!' I bid him be silent, and compose himself. And now,\nat the summons of the herald, a warrior stood forth; splendidly armed,\nof noble air, and distinguished appearance; who had formerly been\nvictor in many contests, but at this meeting had not engaged in any,\nprobably because he could not find a competitor; and none now appearing\nto oppose him, the Amphyctyons ordered him to retire, the law not\npermitting any one to be crowned who had not contended. He begged the\nherald might be suffered again to make proclamation, which he did,\ncalling upon some one to enter the lists.\n\n\"Theagenes said to me, 'This man calls upon me.'--'How so?' said\nI,--'He does indeed,' he replied; 'for no other, while I am present and\nbehold it, shall receive a crown from the hands of Chariclea.'--'But do\nyou not consider the disgrace, if you should fail of success?'--'Will\nany one outrun me in speed and in desire to see and be near\nChariclea?[1] To whom will the sight of her add swifter wings and\nmore impetuous speed? You know that the painters make Love winged,\nsignifying thereby how rapid are the motions of his captives; and, were\nI inclined to boast, I could say that no one hitherto has been able to\nexcel me in swiftness.'--And immediately he sprang up, came forward,\ngave in his name and family, and took his allotted place.\n\n\"He stood there in complete armour, expecting with trembling eagerness\nthe signal of the trumpet, and scarce able to wait for it. It was a\nnoble and all-engrossing spectacle, as when Homer[2] describes Achilles\ncontending on the banks of Scamander. The whole assembly was moved\nat his unexpected appearance, and felt as much interested in his\nsuccess as they would have done for their own; such power has beauty\nto conciliate the minds of men. But Chariclea was affected more than\nall: I watched her countenance, and saw the changes of it. And when\nthe herald proclaimed the names of the racers--Ormenus the Arcadian,\nand Theagenes the Thessalian--when they sprang forward from the goal,\nand ran together with a swiftness almost too rapid for the eye to\nfollow--then the maiden was unable to contain herself; her limbs\ntrembled, and her feet quivered, as if they could assist the course of\nher lover, on whom her whole soul was intent. The spectators were on\nthe very tiptoe of expectation, and full of solicitude for the issue;\nand I more than all, who had now determined to regard Theagenes as my\nown son.\"\n\n\"No wonder,\" said Cnemon, \"that those present were in an agony of\nexpectation; when I, even now, am trembling for Theagenes. Deliver me,\ntherefore, I beseech you, as soon as you can, out of my suspense.\"\n\n\"When they had not finished more than half their course,\" continued\nCalasiris, \"Theagenes turning a little, and casting a stern glance at\nOrmenus, lifted up his shield on high, and stretching out his neck, and\nfixing his eyes intently on Chariclea, flew like an arrow to the goal,\nleaving the Arcadian far behind him. When he reached the maiden, he\nfell upon her bosom; not, I imagine, without design, but in appearance\nas if unable to check on a sudden the rapidity of his pace. When he\ntook the palm from her hand, I observed he kissed it.\"\n\n\"You have relieved my mind,\" said Cnemon; \"I rejoice that he has both\nobtained the victory, and kissed his mistress. But what happened\nafterwards?\"--\"You are not only insatiable of hearing, Cnemon, but\ninvincible by sleep; a great part of the night is now spent, and you\nare still wakeful, still attentive to my tedious story.\"--\"I am at feud\nwith Homer,[3] father, for saying that love, as well as everything\nelse, brings satiety in the end; for my part I am never tired either\nof feeling it myself, or hearing of its influence on others; and\nlives there the man of so iron and adamantine an heart, as not to be\nenchanted with listening to the loves of Theagenes and Chariclea,\nthough the story were to last a year? Go on, therefore, I beseech you.\"\n\n\"Theagenes,\" continued Calasiris, \"was crowned, proclaimed victor,\nand conducted home with universal applause. But Chariclea was utterly\nvanquished; the second sight of Theagenes fixed deep that love which\nthe first had inspired; for the mutual looks of lovers revive and\nredouble their passion; sight inflames the imagination, as fuel\nincreases fire. She went home, and spent a night as bad or worse than\nthe former one. I, too, was sleepless as before, ruminating how I\nshould conceal our flight, and into what country it was the intention\nof the gods that I should conduct my young companions. I conjectured,\nfrom the words of the oracle, that it was to be by sea:\n\n                    ----'and oceans past,\n    In regions torrid shall arrive at last;'\n\nbut I could think only of one method to obtain some information whither\nI ought to take them; and that was, if I could gain a sight of the\nfillet which was exposed with Chariclea; on which, as Charicles said,\nsome particulars relating to her were written. It was probable that I\nmight learn from thence the names of her parents, and of her country,\nwhich I already guessed at; and it was thither, most likely, that the\nfates would direct her course. I went, therefore, in the morning, to\nthe apartment of Chariclea; I found all her servants in tears, and\nCharicles in the deepest distress. I inquired into the cause of this\nagitation.\n\n\"'My daughter's malady,' he replied, 'increases visibly; she has\npassed a wretched night, worse than the preceding one.'--Upon this\nI desired that he, and all who were present, would leave the room;\nand that some one would procure for me a tripod, laurel, fire, and\nfrankincense; and that no one would disturb me till I should call for\nthem. Charicles ordered everything to be disposed as I desired. When I\nwas left at liberty, I began a kind of scenical representation; I burnt\nmy incense, I muttered a few prayers, and with the branch of laurel\nstroked Chariclea several times from head to foot. At last, after\nhaving played a hundred fooleries with myself and the maiden, I began\nyawning, grew tired of the mummery, and ceased. She smiled, shook her\nhead, and signified that I was in an error, and had entirely mistaken\nthe nature of her disorder. I approached nearer to her, and bid her be\nof good cheer, for her malady was by no means, uncommon or difficult\nof cure--that she was undoubtedly fascinated, perhaps when she was\npresent at the procession, but most probably when she presided at the\nrace--that I suspected who had fascinated her--that my suspicions fell\nupon Theagenes, who ran the armour race; for I had observed with what\nan intent and ardent eye he gazed upon her.\n\n\"'Whether he looked at me or not,' she replied, 'say no more of him;\nyet tell me who is he, and whence does he come? I saw many admiring\nhim.'--I told her that she had already heard from the herald that\nhe was a Thessalian--that he himself claimed to be of the family of\nAchilles; and, I thought, not without great appearance of truth: for\nhis beauty and stature bespoke him a descendant from that hero. Yet he\nwas not, like[4] him, insolent or arrogant, but possessed an elevated\nmind, tempered with sweetness; 'and though he has an evil eye, and has\nfascinated you, he suffers worse torments than he has inflicted.'\n\n\"'Father,' said she, 'I am obliged to you for the compassion you\nexpress for me; but do not wish ill to one who perhaps has not\ncommitted any wrong. My malady is not fascination, but, I think, of\nanother kind.'--'Why do you conceal it then, my daughter, and not\ntell it freely, that you may meet with some relief? Consider me as a\nfather to you, in age at least, and more in good-will. Am not I well\nknown to, and the intimate friend of, Charicles? Tell me the cause of\nyour disorder: put confidence in me; I swear I will not betray it.\nSpeak freely, and do not increase your sufferings by concealing them:\nthere is no disease, which when easily known, is not easily cured; but\nthat which is become inveterate by time is almost incurable--silence\nnourishes anguish; what is disclosed admits of consolation and\nrelief.'--After a pause, in which her countenance betrayed the various\nagitations of her mind, she said, 'Suffer me to continue silent to-day,\nI will be more explicit hereafter; if the art of divination, in which\nyou are skilled, has not already discovered to you all I have to tell\nyou.'\n\n\"Upon this I arose and took my leave, hinting to the maiden the\nnecessity of overcoming her modesty and reserve. Charicles met me.\n'What have you to tell me?' said he. 'All good news,' I replied.\n'To-morrow your daughter shall be cured of her complaint, and\nsomething else shall happen which you greatly desire; in the meantime,\nhowever, it may not be amiss to send for a physician:' and having said\nthis, I retired, that he might ask me no more questions.\n\n\"I had not gone far, when I saw Theagenes wandering about the precincts\nof the temple, talking to himself, and seeming satisfied if he could\nonly see the place where Chariclea dwelt. Turning aside, I passed by\nas if I had not observed him; but he cried out, 'Calasiris, I rejoice\nto see you! listen to me; I have been long waiting for you.' I turned\nsuddenly. 'My handsome Theagenes,' said I, 'I did not observe you.'\n'How can he be handsome,' he replied, 'who cannot please Chariclea?'\nI pretended to be angry. 'Will you not cease,' I said, 'to dishonour\nme and my art, which has already worked upon her, and compelled her to\nlove you? and she now desires, above all things, to see you.' 'To see\nme!' he exclaimed; 'what is it you tell me? why do not you instantly\nlead me to her:' and immediately he began advancing. I caught hold of\nhis robe: 'Hold,' I cried, 'however famous you are for speed, this is\nnot a business to be ventured upon in haste; it requires consideration\nand management, and many preparations, in order to ensure success and\nsafety. You must not think to bear off by force so rich a prize. Do\nnot you know that her father is one of the principal men of Delphi;\nand that such an attempt would here incur a capital punishment?' 'I\nregard not death,' he replied, 'if I can possess Chariclea; however,\nif you think it better, let us ask her in marriage of her father. I am\nnot unworthy of his alliance.' 'We should not obtain her,' I answered;\n'not that there can be any objection to you, but Charicles has long ago\npromised her to his sister's son.' 'He shall have no reason to rejoice\nin his good fortune,' said Theagenes. 'No one, while I am alive,\nshall make Chariclea his bride; my hand and sword have not yet so far\nforgot their office.' 'Moderate your passion,' I replied; 'there is no\noccasion for your sword; only be guided by me, and do as I shall direct\nyou. At present retire, and avoid being seen often in public with me;\nbut visit me sometimes, quietly and in private.' He went away quite\ncast down.\n\n\"On the morrow Charicles met me: as soon as he saw me he ran up to\nme, and repeatedly kissed my head, crying out, 'How great is the force\nof wisdom and friendship! You have accomplished the great work. The\nimpregnable is taken. The invincible is vanquished. Chariclea is in\nlove!'\n\n\"At this I began to arch my eyebrows: I put on a consequential air, and\nproudly paced the room. 'No marvel,' said I, 'that she has not been\nable to resist even the first application of my spells, and yet I have\nhitherto employed only some of the weakest of them. But how came you\nacquainted with what you are rejoicing at?' 'According to your advice,'\nsaid he, 'I sent for some physicians of whom I had a high opinion.\nI took them to visit my daughter, promising them large fees if they\ncould afford her any relief. As soon as they entered her apartment they\ninquired into the cause of her complaint. She turned from them, made no\nreply to their inquiries, and kept repeating a verse from Homer,[5] the\nsense of which is,--\n\n    \"Achilles, Peleus' son, thou flower of Greeks.\"\n\nAt length the sagacious Acestinus (perhaps you know him) seized her\nunwilling hand, hoping to discover by her pulse the movements of her\nheart. He felt it, and, after some consideration, said, \"\u039f Charicles,\nit is in vain you call upon us for assistance; the leech's art can here\nbe of no use.\" \"My God,\" cried I, \"what is it you say? My daughter is\ndying, and you give me no hope.\" \"Compose yourself,\" he replied, \"and\nattend to me;\" and taking me aside he thus addressed me:---\n\n\"'\"Our art professes to heal only the disorders of the body, not those\nof the mind, except only when the mind suffers with the afflicted\nbody; when one is cured the other is relieved. Your daughter certainly\nlabours under a malady, but it is not a corporeal one. She has no\nredundant humours, no head-ache, no fever, no distemper which has its\norigin in the body--this I can venture to pronounce.\" I besought him,\nif he knew what really ailed her, that he would tell me. At last he\nsaid, \"Does she not know herself that the malady is a mental one--that\nit is, in one word, love? Do you not see how her swelled eyes, her\nunsettled look, her pale countenance, betray the wounded heart? Her\nthoughts wander, her discourse is unconnected, she gets no sleep, and\nvisibly falls away; some relief must be sought for, but he alone for\nwhom she pines can, I think, afford it.\" Having so said, he took his\nleave. I hastened to you, as to a god and preserver, who alone have\nit in your power, as both I and my daughter acknowledge, to do us\ngood. For when I was pressing her, in the most affectionate manner, to\ndiscover to me the cause of her complaint, she answered that she knew\nnot what was the matter with her; this only she knew, that Calasiris\nalone could heal her, and besought me to call you to her; from which I\nperceive that she has the greatest opinion of, and confidence in, your\nwisdom.'\n\n\"'Since you have found out that she is in love,' I replied, 'can you\nconjecture with whom?' 'No, by Apollo,' said he; 'how should I discover\nthat? I wish with all my heart it may be with Alcamenes, my sister's\nson. I have long destined him for her spouse, if my wishes can have\nweight with her.' I told him it was easy to make the experiment, by\nbringing the young man into her presence. He seemed to approve of this\nand went away.\n\n\"Soon after I met him in the market-place. 'I have very disagreeable\nnews,' said he, 'my daughter is certainly possessed, she behaves in\nso strange a manner. I introduced Alcamenes to her, as you desired;\nand he had taken care about his personal appearance, but she, as if\nshe had seen the Gorgon's head, or anything more frightful, gave a\npiercing shriek, turned her face aside, and, grasping her neck with\nboth her hands, protested that she would strangle herself, if we did\nnot instantly leave the room. This, you may imagine, we hastened to do\nupon seeing such monstrously strange conduct. And we again entreat you\nto save her life, and to fulfil, if possible, our wishes.'\n\n\"'O Charicles,' I replied, 'you were not mistaken in saying your\ndaughter was possessed. She is, indeed, beset by those powers which\nI was obliged to employ against her. They are very potent, and are\ncompelling her to that from which her nature and constitution is\naverse. But it seems to me that some opposing deity counteracts my\nmeasures, and is fighting against my ministers; wherefore it is\nnecessary that I should see the fillet which you told me was exposed\nwith your daughter, and which you had preserved with the other tokens:\nI fear it may contain some witcheries and magic which work upon her\nmind, the contrivance of an enemy, who wishes her to continue all her\nlife single, childless, and averse to love.' Charicles assented to what\n\u03aa said, and presently brought me the fillet. I begged and obtained\ntime to consider it. I took it eagerly with me to my apartment, and\nbegan immediately to read what was written on it. The characters\nwere Ethiopian;[6] not the common ones, but such as those of royal\nbirth make use of, which are the same as the sacred writings of the\nEgyptians; and this was the tenor of the inscription:--\n\n \"'Persina, Queen of Ethiopia, inscribes this, her lament, as a last\n gift to an unfortunate daughter, who has not yet obtained a name, and\n is known to her only by the pangs she cost.'\n\n\"I shuddered, Cnemon, when I read the name of Persina; however, I read\non as follows:---\n\n \"'I call the Sun to witness, the author of my race, that I do not\n expose you, my child, and withdraw you from the sight of your father\n Hydaspes, on account of any crime of mine. Yet I would willingly\n excuse myself to you, if you should happen to survive, and to him who\n shall take you up, if propitious providence vouchsafes to send you a\n preserver, and relate to the world the cause of my exposing you.\n\n \"'Of the gods we count the Sun and Bacchus among our ancestors; of\n the heroes, Perseus, Andromeda, and Memnon. Our kings, at various\n times, have adorned the royal apartments with pictures of them and\n their exploits; some ornamented the porticoes and men's apartments:\n our bed-chamber was painted with the story of Perseus and Andromeda.\n There, in the tenth year after our marriage, when as yet we had no\n child, I retired to repose myself during the scorching heat of noon;\n and here your father, Hydaspes, visited me, being warned to do so by\n a dream. In consequence of this visit I became pregnant. The whole\n time of my pregnancy was a continual feast, a course of sacrifices and\n thanksgivings to the gods, for the near prospect, long wished for, of\n a successor to the kingdom.[7] But when at last I brought you forth,\n a white infant, so different from the Ethiopian hue, I was at no loss\n to explain the cause, since, in the embraces of your father,[8] I\n had kept my eyes fixed on the picture of Andromeda, whom the painter\n had represented just unchained from the rock, and my imagination had\n communicated her complexion to my unhappy offspring. But this, though\n satisfactory to me, might not have been so to any one else. I dreaded\n the being accused of adultery, and the punishment which awaits that\n crime: I committed you, therefore, to the wide world and to fortune.\n I thought this better even for you than death, or the disgrace of\n being called a bastard, one of which fates must have awaited you had\n I preserved you at home. I told my husband that my child was dead,\n and exposed you privately, placing as many valuables with you as I\n could collect, by way of reward for whoever should find and bring you\n up. Among other ornaments I put this fillet upon you, stained with my\n own blood and containing this melancholy account, which I have traced\n out in the midst of tears and sorrows, when I first brought you into\n the world, and was overwhelmed with grief and consternation. And, oh\n my sweet, yet soon lost daughter, if you should survive, remember\n the noble race from which you spring; honour and cultivate virtue\n and modesty, the chief recommendations of a woman, and ornaments of\n a queen. But, among the jewels which are exposed with you, remember\n to inquire after, and claim for yourself a ring which your father\n gave me when he sought me in marriage. The circle of it is inscribed\n with royal characters, and in its bezil[9] the stone Pantarb\u00e8, which\n possesses occult and powerful virtue. I have given you this account\n in writing, since cruel fortune denies me the happiness of doing it\n in person; my pains may have been taken to no purpose, but they may\n be of use to you; the designs of fate are inscrutable by mortals.\n These words (oh vainly beautiful, and bringing, by your beauty, an\n imputation on her who bore you), if you should be preserved, may serve\n as a token to discover your race; if otherwise (which may I never\n hear!) they will be the funeral lament of an afflicted mother.'\n\n\"When I read this, Cnemon, I acknowledged and wondered at the\ndispensations of the deities. I felt both pleasure and pain by a new\nkind of sensation; I rejoiced and wept at the same time. I was glad\nto have discovered what I was before ignorant of, together with the\nmeaning of the oracle: but I was apprehensive for the event of the\ndesign I was engaged in; and lamented the instability and uncertainty,\nthe changes and the chances of human life, of which the fortunes of\nChariclea afforded so remarkable an instance. I recollected that, with\nher high birth, heiress of the royal family of Ethiopia, she was now\nbanished to a vast distance from her native country, and reputed as\na bastard. I continued a considerable time in these contemplations,\ndeploring her present situation, and hardly daring to flatter myself\nwith better hopes for the future. At length I collected my scattered\nspirits, and determined that something must be done, and that quickly.\nI went, therefore, to Chariclea; I found her alone, almost overcome by\nwhat she suffered: her mind willing to bear up against her malady; but\nher body labouring, yielding, and unable to resist its attacks. When\nI had sent out her attendants, and given orders that no one should\ndisturb us, on pretence that I had some prayers and invocations to make\nuse of over her, I thus addressed her:\n\n\"'It is now time, my dear Chariclea, to disclose to me (as you promised\nyesterday) the cause of your sufferings. Hide nothing, I beseech you,\nfrom a man who has the greatest regard for you; and whose art is\nbesides able to discover whatever you may obstinately endeavour to\nconceal.'--She took my hand, kissed it and wept. 'Sage Calasiris,'\nsaid she, 'permit me, I beg of you, to suffer in silence; and do\nyou, as you have it in your power, discover of yourself the cause\nof my disease. Spare me the ignominy of confessing that which it is\nshameful to feel, and still more shameful to avow. Whatever I undergo\nfrom my disorder, I suffer more from the thought of my own weakness,\nin permitting myself to be overcome by it, and not resisting it at\nthe beginning. It was always odious to me; the very mention of it\ncontaminates the chaste ears of a virgin.'\n\n\"'I acquiesce, my daughter,' I replied, 'in your silence. I do not\nblame your reserve, and that for two reasons. In the first place, I\nhave no need to be told that which I have before discovered by my art;\nand then an unwillingness to speak of a matter of this nature, becomes\nwell the modesty of your sex. But since you have at last felt love, and\nare manifestly smitten by Theagenes (for this the gods have disclosed\nto me), know that you are not the first, or the only one, who has\nsuccumbed under this passion. It is common to you with many celebrated\nwomen, and many maidens in other respects most irreproachable; for\nlove is a very powerful deity, and is said to subdue even the gods[10]\nthemselves. Consider then what is best to be done in your present\ncircumstances. If it be the greatest happiness to be free from love,\nthe next is, when one is taken captive, to regulate it properly: this\nyou have in your power to do; you can repel the imputation of mere\nsensual love, and sanctify it with the honourable and sacred name of\nwedlock.'\n\n\"When I said this, Cnemon, she showed much agitation, and great drops\nof sweat stood on her forehead. It was plain that she rejoiced at what\nshe heard, but was anxious about the success of her hopes; and ashamed\nand blushing at the discovery of her weakness. After a considerable\npause she said,\n\n\"'You talk of wedlock, and recommend that, as if it were evident that\nmy father would agree to it, or the author of my sufferings desire\nit.'--'As to the young man, I have not the least doubt; he is more\ndeeply smitten than yourself, and suffers full as much on your account\nas you can do on his. For, as it seems, your souls at their first\nencountering knew that they were worthy of each other, and felt a\nmutual passion; this passion, out of regard to you, I have heightened\nby my art in Theagenes. But he whom you suppose your father, proposes\nto give you another husband, Alcamenes, whom you well know.'--'He shall\nsooner find Alcamenes a grave, than find him a wife in me,' said she;\n'either Theagenes shall be my husband, or I will yield to the fate\nwhich presses upon me. But why do you hint that Charicles is not really\nmy father?'\n\n\"'It is from this that I have my information,' I replied, shewing\nher the fillet.--'Where did you get this?' said she, 'or how? for\nsince I was brought, I hardly know how, from Egypt, Charicles has\nkept it safely locked up in a chest lest any accident should happen\nto it.'--'How I got it,' I returned, 'you shall hear another time; at\npresent tell me if you know what is written on it.'--She owned that she\nwas entirely ignorant of its contents.--'It discovers,' said I, 'your\nfamily, your country, and your fortunes.'--She besought me to disclose\nthe purport of it; and I interpreted the whole writing to her, word for\nword. When she came to know who she was, her spirit seemed to rise, in\nconformity to her noble race. She asked me what was to be done at this\nconjuncture. I then became more unreserved and explicit in my advice to\nher.\n\n\"'I have been, my daughter,' said I, 'in Ethiopia; led by the desire\nof making myself acquainted with their wisdom. I was known to your\nmother Persina, for the royal palace was always open to the learned. I\nacquired some reputation there, as I increased my own stock of Egyptian\nknowledge by joining it to that of Ethiopia: and when I was preparing\nto return home, the queen unbosomed herself to me, and disclosed\neverything she knew relative to you, and your birth, exacting from me\nfirst an oath of secrecy. She said she was afraid to confide in any\nof the Ethiopian sages; and she earnestly besought me to consult the\ngods as to whether you had been fortunately preserved; and if so, into\nwhat part of the world you were: for she could hear no tidings of you\nin Ethiopia, after a most diligent inquiry. The goodness of the gods\ndiscovered by their oracles everything to me: and when I told her you\nwere still alive, and where you were, she was very earnest with me to\nseek you out, and induce you to return to your native land; for she\nhad continued sorrowful and childless ever since you were exposed; and\nwas ready, if you should appear, to confess to her husband everything\nwhich had happened. And she was inclined to hope that he would now\nacknowledge you; having had so long experience of her virtue and good\nconduct, and seeing an unexpected prospect arise of a successor to\nhis family. This she said, and besought me earnestly by the Sun, an\nadjuration which no sage dare violate, to do what she desired of me. I\nam now here, desirous to execute what I have been so strongly conjured\nto do: and though another cause brought me into this country, I esteem\nthe pains of my wandering well repaid; and give thanks to the gods\nthat I have found you here, whom I have long been desirous of meeting\nwith. You know with what care I have cultivated your friendship--that\nI concealed whatever I knew concerning you, till I could obtain\npossession of this fillet, as a pledge of the truth of my relation. You\nmay now, if you will be persuaded, leave this country with me, before\nyou are obliged, by force, to do anything against your inclinations;\nfor I know that Charicles is taking every measure to bring about your\nmarriage with Alcamenes. You may return to your country, revisit your\nfamily, and be restored to your parents accompanied by Theagenes,\nyour intended husband; and you may change your life of exile and\nuncertainty for that of a princess, who shall hereafter reign with him\nwhom she most loves, if we may place confidence in the predictions of\nthe gods.' I then put her in mind of the oracle of Apollo, and gave\nher my explanation of it. She had heard of it before, for it was much\ntalked of, and its meaning inquired into. She paused at this: at last\nshe said, 'Since such, you think, is the will of the gods, and I am\ninclined to believe your interpretation, what, Father, will be best\nfor me to do?'--'You must pretend,' said I, 'that you are willing to\nmarry Alcamenes.'--'But this is odious to me,' she replied; 'it is\ndisgraceful to give even a feigned promise to any but Theagenes: but\nsince I have given myself up to your direction, and that of the gods,\nhow far will this dissimulation lead me, so that I be not entangled in\nany disagreeable circumstances by it?'--'The event will show you,'\nsaid I; 'to tell you beforehand might cause some hesitation upon your\npart, whereas suddenness in action will bring with it confidence and\nboldness. Only follow my advice: seem, for the present, to agree to the\nmarriage which Charicles has so much at heart; he will not proceed in\nit without my knowledge and direction.' She wept, yet promised to be\nguided by me, and I took my leave of her.\n\n\"I had scarcely got out of the chamber when I met Charicles, with a\nvery downcast and sorrowful air.--'You are a strange man,' said I:\n'when you ought to rejoice, sacrifice, and give thanks to the gods,\nfor having obtained what you so long have wished for; when Chariclea\nat last, with great difficulty, and the utmost exertions of my art and\nwisdom, has been brought to yield to love, and to desire marriage;\nyou go about sad and drooping, and are ready to shed tears. What can\nbe the matter with you?'--'I have but too much reason for sorrow,' he\nreplied, 'when the delight of my eyes, before she can be married, as\nyou say she is inclined to be, is threatened to be hurried away from\nme, if any faith is to be given to dreams, which on several nights,\nand particularly on the last, have tormented me. Methought I saw an\neagle take his flight from the hand of Apollo, and stooping down\nsuddenly upon me, snatch my daughter, alas! out of my very bosom, and\nbear her away to some extreme corner of the earth, full of dusky and\nshadowy forms. I could not discover what became of them; for soon\nthe vast intermediate interval hid them from my sight.' I instantly\nconjectured what this dream portended; but I endeavoured to comfort\nhim, and to prevent his having the smallest suspicion of the real\ntruth. 'Considering that you are a priest,' I said, 'and are dedicated\nto that deity who is most famous for oracles, you seem to me not to\nhave much skill in the interpretation of dreams. This darkly signifies\nthe approaching marriage of your child, and the eagle represents her\nintended spouse: and when Apollo intimates this to you, and that it\nis from his hands that your daughter is to receive a husband, you\nseem displeased, and wrest the dream to an ominous interpretation.\nWherefore, my dear Charicles, let us be cautious what we say; let us\naccommodate ourselves to the will of the gods, and use our utmost\nendeavours to persuade the maiden.'\n\n\"'But how shall we manage,' he replied, 'to render her more\ncompliant?'--'Have you,' said I, 'any valuables laid up in store,\ngarments, or gold, or necklace? if you have, produce them, give them\nto her as a marriage present, and propitiate her by gifts. Precious\nstones and ornaments have a magic[11] influence upon a female mind.\nYou must proceed too, as fast as you can, in all your preparations\nfor the nuptials; there must be no delay in hastening them forward,\nwhile that inclination, forced upon her mind by art, remains yet\nundiminished.'--'Nothing shall be wanting which depends upon me,'\nreplied Charicles; and immediately he ran out, with alacrity and joy,\nto put his words in execution. I soon found that he lost no time in\ndoing what I had suggested; and that he had offered to Chariclea\ndresses of great price, and the Ethiopian necklace which had been\nexposed with her as tokens by Persina, as if they were marriage\npresents from Alcamenes.--Soon after I met Theagenes, and asked\nhim what was become of all those who had composed his train in the\nprocession.--He said the maidens had already set forward on their\njourney, as they travelled slowly; and that the youths, impatient of\ndelay, were becoming clamorous, and pressing him to return home. When\nI heard this, I instructed him what to say to them, and what he should\ndo himself; and bidding him observe the signals that I should give him,\nboth of time and opportunity, I left him.\n\n\"I bent my course towards the temple of Apollo, intending to implore\nhim to instruct me, by some oracle, in what manner I was to direct my\nflight with my young friends. But the divinity was quicker than any\nthought of mine--he assists those who act in conformity to his will,\nand with unasked benevolence anticipates their prayers; as he here\nanticipated my question by a voluntary oracle, and in a very evident\nmanner manifested his superintendence over us. For as I was hastening,\nfull of anxiety, to his shrine, a sudden voice stopped me--'Make what\nspeed you can,' it said; 'the strangers call upon you.'--A company\nof people were at that time celebrating, to the sound of flutes, a\nfestival in honour of Hercules. I obeyed, and turned towards them,\nas soon as I heard this warning, careful not to neglect the divine\ncall. I joined the assembly, I threw incense on the altar, and made my\nlibations of water. They ironically expressed their admiration at the\ncost and profusion of my offerings, and invited me to partake of the\nfeast with them. I accepted the invitation, and having reclined on a\ncouch adorned with myrtle and laurel, and tasted something of what was\nset before me, I said to them, 'My friends, I have partaken of a very\npleasant entertainment with you, but I am ignorant whom I am among;\nwherefore it is time now for you to tell me who you are, and from\nwhence: for it is rude and unbecoming for those who have begun a kind\nof friendship, by being partakers of the same table and sacrifice, and\nof the same sacred salt, to separate without knowing at least something\nof each other.'--They readily replied that they were Ph\u0153nician\nmerchants from Tyre--that they were sailing to Carthage with a cargo of\nEthiopian, Indian, and Ph\u0153nician merchandize--that they were at that\ninstant celebrating a sacrifice to the Tyrian Hercules, on account of a\nvictory which that young man (showing one of their company) had gained\nat the Pythian games; esteeming it a great honour that a Ph\u0153necian\nshould be declared a conqueror in Greece. 'This youth,' said they,\n'after we had passed the Malian promontory, and were driven by contrary\nwinds to Cephallene, affirmed to us, swearing by this our country's\ngod, that it was revealed to him in a dream that he should obtain a\nprize at the Pythian games; and persuaded us to turn out of our course,\nand touch here. In effect, his presages have been fulfilled; and the\nhead of a merchant is now encircled with a victor's crown. He offers\ntherefore this sacrifice to the god who foretold his success, both as\na thanksgiving for the victory, and to implore his protection in the\nvoyage which we are about to undertake; for we propose to set sail\nearly to-morrow morning, if the winds favour our wishes.'\n\n\"'Is that really your intention?' I said.--'It is indeed,' they\nanswered.--'You may then,' I replied, 'have me as a companion in\nyour voyage, if you will permit it; for I have occasion to go into\nSicily, and in your course to Africa you must necessarily sail by that\nisland.'--'You shall be heartily welcome,' they replied; 'for nothing\nbut good can happen to us from the society of a sage, a Grecian, and,\nas we conjecture, a favourite of the gods.'--'I shall be very happy\nto accept your offer,' I said, 'if you will allow me one day for\npreparation.'--'Well,' said they, 'we will give you to-morrow; but\ndo not fail in the evening to be by the water-side; for the night is\nfavourable to our navigation; gentle breezes at that season blow from\nthe land, and propel the ship quietly on her way.'\n\n\"I promised them to be there without fail at the time appointed, and\nexacted an oath from them that they would not sail before. And with\nthis I left them, still employed in their pipes and dances, which\nthey performed to the brisk notes of their music, something after the\nAssyrian fashion; now bounding lightly on high,[12] and now sinking\nto the ground on bended knees, and again whirling themselves round\nwith rapidity, as if hurried on by the influence of the divinity. I\nfound Chariclea admiring as they lay in her lap the presents which\nCharicles had made her; from her I went to Theagenes: I gave each of\nthem instructions what they were to do, and returned to my apartment,\nsolicitous and intent upon the prosecution of my design; which I did\nnot long delay to put in execution. When it was midnight, and all\nthe city was buried in sleep, a band of armed youths surrounded the\nhabitation of Chariclea. Theagenes led on this amatory assault: his\ntroop consisted of those who composed his train. With shouts, and\nclamour, and clashing their shields, to terrify any who might be\nwithin hearing, they broke into the house with lighted torches;[13]\nthe door, which had on purpose been left slightly fastened, easily\ngiving way to them. They seized and hurried away Chariclea, who was\napprized of their design, and easily submitted to the seeming violence.\nThey took with her a quantity of valuable stuff, which she indicated\nto them; and the moment they had left the house, they raised again\ntheir warlike shouts, clashed their shields, and with an awful noise\nmarched through the city, to the unspeakable terror of the affrighted\ninhabitants; whose alarm was the greater, as they had chosen a still\nnight for their purpose, and Parnassus resounded to the clang of their\nbrazen bucklers. In this manner they passed through Delphi, frequently\nrepeating to each other the name of Chariclea. As soon as they were\nout of the city, they galloped as fast as they could towards Mount\n\u0152ta. Here the lovers, as had been agreed upon, withdrew themselves\nprivately from the Thessalians, and fled to me. They fell at my feet,\nembraced my knees in great agitation, and called upon me to save them;\nChariclea blushing, with downcast eyes, at the bold step she had\ntaken. 'Preserve and protect,' said Theagenes, 'strangers, fugitives,\nand suppliants, who have given up everything that they may gain each\nother; slaves of chaste love; playthings of fortune; voluntary exiles,\nyet not despairing, but placing all their hopes of safety in you.' I\nwas confused and affected with this address: tears would have been a\nrelief to me; but I restrained myself, that I might not increase their\napprehensions. I raised and comforted them; and bidding them hope\neverything which was fortunate, from a design undertaken under the\ndirection of the gods, I told them I must go and look after what yet\nremained to be done for the execution of our project; and desiring them\nto stay where they were, and to take great care that they were not seen\nby any body, I prepared to leave them; but Chariclea caught hold of my\ngarment, and detained me.\n\n\"'Father,' she cried, 'it will be treacherous and unjust in you to\nleave me already, and alone, under the care of Theagenes only. You do\nnot consider how faithless a guardian a lover is, when his mistress is\nin his power, and no one present to impose respect upon him. He will\nwith difficulty restrain himself, when he sees the object of his ardent\ndesires defenceless before him; wherefore I insist upon your not\nleaving me, till I have exacted an oath from Theagenes, that he will\nnot attempt to obtain any favours which I am not disposed to grant,\ntill I arrive in my country, and am restored to my family; or, at\nleast, if the gods should envy me that happiness, till I am by my own\nconsent become his wife.'\n\n\"I was surprised yet pleased with what she said, and agreed entirely\nwith her in her sentiments. I raised a flame upon the hearth in place\nof an altar, threw on a few grains of frankincense, and Theagenes\ntook the oath, indignant at its being required of him, and that such\nan obligation should deprive him of showing voluntarily that respect\nto Chariclea, which he was already determined to show without any\nsuch compulsion. He should now, he said, have no merit in it; all\nthe restraint he put upon himself would be imputed to the fear of\nperjury.[14] He swore, however, by the Pythian Apollo, by Diana, by\nVenus herself, and the Loves, that he would conform himself in every\ninstance to the will of Chariclea. These and other solemn vows having\nbeen mutually taken under the auspices of the gods, I made what haste I\ncould to Charicles.\n\n\"I found his house full of tumult and grief, his servants having\nalready informed him of the rape of his daughter; his friends flocking\nround him with useless consolation, and equally useless advice; himself\nin tears, and totally at a loss what to do. I called out with a loud\nvoice, 'Knaves that you are, how long will you stand here stupid and\nundetermined, as if your misfortunes had taken away your senses? Why\ndo you not arm instantly, pursue and take the ravishers, and revenge\nthe injuries you have received?' 'It will be to no purpose,' replied\nCharicles, in a languid tone; 'I see that all this is come upon me by\nthe wrath of heaven; the gods foretold to me that I should be deprived\nof what I held most dear, since the time that I entered unseasonably\ninto the temple, and saw what it was not lawful for me to behold.[15]\nYet there is no reason why we should not contend, in this instance,\neven against a calamity, though sent by the deities, if we knew whom\nwe have to pursue, and who have brought this misfortune upon us.' 'We\ndo know them,' said I; 'it is Theagenes, whom you made so much of and\nintroduced to me, and his companions. Perhaps you may find some of them\nstill about the city, who may have loitered here this evening. Arise,\ntherefore, and call the people to council.'\n\n\"What I desired was done: the magistrates sent the herald about, to\nconvoke an assembly by the sound of trumpet. The people presently came\ntogether, and a night meeting was held in the theatre. Charicles drew\ntears of compassion from all, when he appeared in the midst in mourning\ngarments, with dust upon his face and head, and thus began:\n\n\"'Delphians, you may perhaps imagine that I have called together this\nmeeting, and am now addressing it solely on account of my own great\ncalamities; but that is not entirely the case. I suffer indeed what is\nworse than death. I am left deserted, afflicted by the gods, my house\ndesolate, and deprived of that sweet conversation which I preferred to\nall the pleasures in the world; yet hope, and the self-conceit common\nto us, still sustains me, and promises me that I shall again recover my\ndaughter. But I am moved with indignation at the affront which has been\noffered to the city, which I hope to see punished even before my own\nwrongs are redressed, unless the Thessalian striplings have taken away\nfrom us our free spirit, and just regard for our country and its gods;\nfor what can be more shameful than that a few youths, dancers forsooth,\nand followers of an embassy, should trample under their feet the laws\nand authority of the first city in Greece, and should ravish from: the\ntemple of Apollo its chiefest ornament, Chariclea, alas! the delight\nof my eyes; How obstinate and implacable towards me has been the anger\nof the gods! The life of my own daughter, as you know, was extinguished\nwith the light of her nuptial torches. Grief for her death brought\nher mother soon to the grave, and drove me from my country; but, when\nI found Chariclea, I felt myself consoled; she became my life, the\nhope of succession in my family, my sweet anchor, I may say, my only\ncomfort. Of all these this sudden storm has bereft me, and that at the\nmost unlucky time possible, as if I were to be the scorn and sport of\nfate, just when preparations were making for her marriage, and you were\nall informed of it.'\n\n\"While he was speaking, and indulging himself in lamentations, the\nchief magistrate Hegesias interrupted and stopped him. 'Let Charicles,\nfellow-citizens,' said he, 'lament hereafter at his leisure; but let\nnot us be so hurried away, and affected by concern for his misfortunes,\nas to neglect opportunity, which in all things is of great moment, and\nparticularly in military affairs.[16] There is some hope that we may\novertake the ravishers if we follow them instantly, for the delay which\nmust take place on our part will naturally make them less speedy in\ntheir march: but if we spend our time in womanish bewailings, and by\nour delays give them an opportunity to escape, what remains but that\nwe shall become a common laughing-stock, the laughing-stock of youths,\nwhom the moment we have taken we should nail to so many crosses, and\nrender their names, and even their families, infamous? This we may\neasily effect, if we endeavour to rouse the indignation of their\ncountrymen against them, and interdict their descendants, and as many\nof themselves as may happen to escape, from ever being present at this\nannual ceremonial and sacrifice to the Manes of their hero; the expense\nof which we defray out of our public treasury.' The people approved\nwhat he advised, and ratified it by their decree. 'Enact, also,' said\nhe, 'if you please, that the priestess shall never in future appear to\nthe armed runners; for, as I conjecture, it was the sight of her at\nthat time which inflamed Theagenes, and excited in him the impious\ndesign of carrying her off; it is desirable, therefore, to guard\nagainst anything which may give occasion to such an attempt for the\ntime to come.'\n\n\"When this also was unanimously agreed to, Hegesias gave the signal\nto march, the trumpet sounded, the theatre was abandoned for war, and\nthere was a general rush from the assembly for the fight. Not only\nthe robust and mature followed him, but children and youths likewise,\nsupplying with their zeal the place of age; women, also, with a spirit\nsuperior to their strength, snatching what arms they could meet with,\ntried in vain to keep up with them, and, by the fruitless attempt,\nwere obliged to confess the weakness of their sex. You might see old\nmen struggling with their age, their mind dragging on their body, and\nindignant at their physical weakness, because of the vigour of their\nminds. The whole city, in short, felt so deeply the loss of Chariclea,\nthat, without waiting for day, and moved by a common impulse, it poured\nforth in pursuit of her ravishers.\"\n\n\n[Footnote 1: It would seem that Chariclea stood with her palm and torch\nat the end of the course the contenders were to take.]\n\n[Footnote 2: Iliad, B. xxi.]\n\n[Footnote 3: Il. xiii. 636.\n\n    \"All pleasures breed satiety, sweet sleep,\n    Soft dalliance, music, and the grateful dance.\"--Cowper.\n]\n\n[Footnote 4:\n\n    ----\"Honoratum si forte reponis Achillem,\n    Impiger, iracundus, inexorabilis, acer,\n    Jura neget sibi nata, nihil non arroget armis.\"--Hor. A. P. 121.\n]\n\n[Footnote 5: Il. xvi. 21.]\n\n[Footnote 6: \u0393\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u0391\u1f30\u03b8\u03b9\u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03bao\u1fd6\u03c2 o\u1f50 \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03b9\u03bao\u1fd6\u03c2 '\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ac \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2.\n\"This distinction,\" observes a reviewer, \"between the royal and popular\nsystem of hieroglyphics, as well as the etiquette of inscribing the\ntitle of the king within a circle or oval, is borrowed from the\nmonuments of Egypt.\"]\n\n[Footnote 7: Tasso, c. xii. 21-40, as is well known, has introduced the\nstory of Chariclea under the name of Clorinda:--\n\n    \"D'una pietosa istoria e di devote\n    Figure la sua stanza era dipinta,\n    Vergine bianca il bel volto, e le gote\n    Vermiglia, \u00e8 quivi presso un drago avvinta.\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    Ingravida frattanto, ed espon fuori\n    (E tu fosti colei) candida figlia.\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 8: The effect of Jacob's rods will suggest itself to the\nrecollection of the reader. Gen. xxx. 37-41.]\n\n[Footnote 9: \u0394\u03af\u03b8\u03c8 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b2\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 10:\n\n    \"His hands are tiny, but afar they throw,\n    E'en down to Dis and Acheron below.\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    Small is his bow, his arrow small to sight,\n    But to Jove's court it wings its ready flight.\"\n                         Chapman's Trs. of Moschus.\n]\n\n[Footnote 11: \u1f32\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03b1. Properly the bird called the \"wryneck.\" It was\nsacred to Venus, and much used in love incantations, especially to\nrecall the alienated affections of a beloved object. It was employed\nfastened to a wheel, by turning which, the effect was supposed to be\nproduced. It also means the magical wheel itself.--Hickie's Theocritus,\nsee Theoc. Idyll. 11.]\n\n[Footnote 12: Mr. Hobhouse's description of the dance of the Albanians\naffords an illustration of the above. \"They danced round the blaze to\ntheir own songs with astonishing energy--one of them which detained\nthem more than an hour, had for the burden--'Robbers all at Parga!\nRobbers all at Parga!' and as they roared out this stave, they whirled\nround the fire, dropped and rebounded from their knees, and again\nwhirled round as the chorus was again repeated.\"--Notes to Childe\nHarold, c. xi. 71.]\n\n[Footnote 13:\n\n    ----Hic, hic ponite lucida\n    Funalia, et vectes et arcus\n    Oppositis foribus minaces.--Hor. Od. iii. xxvi. 6.\n]\n\n[Footnote 14:\n\n    \"I swear to thee, by Cupid's strongest bow,\n    By his best arrow with the golden head,\n    By the simplicity of Venus' doves,\n    By that which knitteth souls and prospers loves,\n    By all the vows that ever men have broke,\n    In number more than ever woman spoke.\"\n                       Midsummer Night's Dream.\n]\n\n[Footnote 15: Charicles does not farther explain the nature of his\noffence but the ancient thought that even an accidental, involuntary\nintrusion into any ceremonies or mysteries at which it was not lawful\nfor the intruder to be present, was always followed by some punishment.\nQuartilla in Petronius says, \"Neque enim quisquam impun\u00e8 quod non\nlicuit aspexit.\"\n\n    \"Inscia quod crimen viderunt lumina, plector,\n    Peccatumque oculos est habuisse, meum!\"--Ovid.\n]\n\n[Footnote 16: See the fine Chorus in the \u0152dipus Coloneus,--the subject\nbeing the pursuit after the daughters of \u0152dipus, carried off by Creon,\n1045-1100.]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK V.\n\n\n\"How the city of Delphos succeeded in their pursuit, I had no\nopportunity of learning; their being thus engaged, however, gave me\nan excellent opportunity for the flight which I meditated. Taking,\ntherefore, my young companions, I led them down to the sea, and put\nthem aboard the Ph\u0153nician vessel, which was just ready to set sail,\nfor day now beginning to break, the merchants thought they had kept\nthe promise they had made, of waiting for me a day and a night. Seeing\nus however appear, they received us with great joy, and immediately\nproceeded out of the harbour, at first using their oars, then a\nmoderate breeze rising from the land, and a gentle swell of the\nsea[1]caressing as it were the stern of our ship, they hoisted sail,\nand committed the vessel to the wind.\n\n\"We passed with rapidity the Cirrh\u00e6an gulf, the promontory of\nParnassus, the \u00c6tolian and Calydonian rocks, and the Oxian isles,\n_sharp_[2] both in name and figure, and the sea of Zacynthus began to\nappear as the sun sank towards the west. But why am I thus tedious? Why\ndo I forget you and myself, and, by extending my narration, embark you\nupon a boundless ocean? Let us stop here a while, and both of us take\na little rest; for though I know you are a very patient hearer, and\nstrive excellently against sleep, yet I have prosecuted the account of\nmy troubles to so unseasonable an hour, that I think you at last begin\nto give in. My age, too, and the remembrance of my sufferings, weigh\ndown my spirits, and require repose.\"\n\n\"Stop then, Father,\" replied Cnemon, \"not on my account, for I could\nattend untired to your story many days and nights; it is to me as the\nsiren's strains; but I have for some time heard a tumult and noise in\nthe house; I was rather alarmed at it, but my great desire to hear the\nremainder of your discourse prevented me from interrupting you.\"\n\n\"I was not sensible of it,\" said Calasiris, \"owing, I suppose, partly\nto the dulness of my hearing, the common malady of age, and partly to\nmy being intent on what I was saying. But I fancy the stir you hear is\noccasioned by the return of Nausicles, the master of the house; I am\nimpatient to know how he has succeeded.\"--\"In every thing as I could\nwish, my dear Calasiris,\" said Nausicles, who entered at that moment.\n\"I know how solicitous you were for my success, and how your best\nwishes accompanied me. I have many proofs of your good will towards\nme, and among others the words which I have just heard you uttering.\nBut who is this stranger?\"--\"A Greek,\" said Calasiris; \"what farther\nregards him you shall hear another time; but pray relate to us your\nsuccess, that we may be partakers in your joy.\" \"You shall hear all\nin the morning,\" replied Nausicles: \"at present let it suffice you\nto know, that I have obtained a fairer Thisbe than ever; for myself,\nwearied with cares and fatigues, I must now take a little repose.\"\nHaving said this, he retired to rest.\n\nCnemon was struct at hearing the name of Thisbe; racking his mind\nwith anxiety, he passed a sleepless night, nor could he at intervals\nrestrain his sighs and groans, which at last awakened Calasiris, who\nlay near, from a sound sleep. The old man, raising himself upon his\nelbow, asked him what was the matter with him, and why he vented his\ncomplaints in that almost frantic manner. \"Is it not enough to drive me\nmad,\" replied Cnemon, \"when I hear that Thisbe is alive?\"--\"And who is\nthis Thisbe?\" said Calasiris, \"and how came you acquainted with her?\nand why are you disturbed at supposing her to be alive?\"--\"You shall\nhear at large,\" returned the other, \"when I relate to you my story; at\npresent I will only tell you that I saw her dead with these eyes, and\nburied her with my own hands among the buccaneers.\" \"Take some rest\nnow,\" said the old man; \"this mystery will soon be cleared up.\"--\"I\ncannot sleep,\" he said; \"do you repose yourself if you will; I shall\ndie if I do not find out, and that immediately, under what mistake\nNausicles is labouring; or whether among the Egyptians alone the dead\ncome to life again.\" Calasiris smiled at his impatience, and betook\nhimself again to sleep.\n\nBut Cnemon arose, and, going out of his chamber, encountered all\nthose difficulties which it was probable a stranger would meet with,\nwho wanders at night, and in the dark, in an unknown house; but he\nstruggled with them all, such was his horror of Thisbe, and his anxiety\nto clear away the apprehensions which were raised in his mind by what\nfell from Nausicles. After passing and repassing many times, without\nknowing it, the same passages, at last he heard the soft voice of a\nwoman lamenting, like a vernal nightingale pouring out her melancholy\nnotes at eventide.[3] Led by the sound, he advanced towards the\napartment; and putting his ear to the division of the folding doors, he\nlistened, and heard her thus lamenting:--\n\n\"What an unhappy fate is mine! I thought I had escaped from the hands\nof the robbers, and avoided a cruel death. I flattered myself that I\nshould pass the remainder of my life with my beloved; wandering indeed,\nand in foreign lands, but with him it would have been sweet; and every\ndifficulty would have been supportable. But my evil genius is not yet\nsatisfied; he gave me a glance of hope, and has plunged me afresh in\ndespair. I hoped I had escaped servitude, and am again a slave; a\nprison, and am still confined. I was kept in an island, and surrounded\nwith darkness; my situation is not now very different, indeed,\nperhaps rather worse, for he who was able and willing to console me\nis separated from me. The Pirates' cave which I yesterday inhabited,\nseemed indeed an avenue to the shades below; more like a charnel\nhouse than a dwelling; but his presence in whom I delighted made it\npleasant; for he lamented my fate living, and shed tears over me when\nhe thought me dead. Now I am deprived of every comfort; he who partook\nof and lessened the burden of my misfortunes is ravished from me; and\nI, deserted and a captive, am exposed alone to the assaults of cruel\nfortune; and endure to live only because I have a glimmering of hope\nthat my beloved still survives. But where, \u039f delight of my soul, are\nyou? What fate has awaited you? Are you also forced to be a slave--you,\nwhose spirit is so free, and impatient of all slavery except that of\nlove? Oh, may your life be safe, at least; and may you, though late,\nsee again your Thisbe! for so, however unwilling, you must call me.\"\n\nWhen Cnemon heard this, he could no longer restrain himself, or have\npatience to listen to what was to follow; but guessing from what he had\nalready heard, and particularly from what was last uttered, that the\ncomplainer could be no other than Thisbe, he was ready to fall into\na swoon at the very doors; he composed himself, however, as well as\nhe was able, and fearing lest he should be discovered by any one (for\nmorning now approached, and the cock had twice crowed), he hurried back\nwith a tottering pace.\n\nNow his foot stumbled; now he fell against the wall, and now against\nthe lintels of the door; sometimes he struck his head against utensils\nhanging from the ceiling; at last, with much difficulty, and after\nmany wanderings, he reached his own apartment, and threw himself upon\nthe bed. His body trembled, and his teeth chattered, and it might have\nbecome a very serious matter had not Calasiris, alarmed at the disorder\nin which he returned, come to his assistance, and soothed and comforted\nhim. When he came a little to himself, he inquired into the cause of it.\n\n\"I am undone,\" exclaimed Cnemon; \"that wretch Thisbe is really alive;\"\nand having said this, he sank down again and fainted away.\n\nCalasiris having with much ado recovered him, attempted to cheer his\nmind. Some envious demon, who makes human affairs his sport, was no\ndoubt practising his illusions upon Cnemon, not suffering him to enjoy\nhis good fortune unalloyed with trouble; but making that which was\nafterwards to be the cause of his greatest pleasure wear at first the\nappearance of calamity: either because such is the perverse disposition\nof those beings, or because human nature cannot admit pure and unmixed\njoy. Cnemon, at this very time, was flying from her whom he above all\nthings desired to meet, and frightened at that which would have been to\nhim the most pleasing of sights; for the lady who was thus lamenting\nwas not Thisbe but Chariclea. The train of accidents which brought her\ninto the house of Nausicles was as follows:--\n\nAfter Thyamis was taken prisoner, the island set on fire, and its\npirate inhabitants expelled, Thermuthis, his lieutenant, and Cnemon\ncrossed over the lake in the morning to make inquiries after Thyamis.\nWhat happened on their expedition, has been before related. Theagenes\nand Chariclea were left alone in the cave, and esteemed what was to\nprove only an excess of calamity, a great present blessing; since now\nfor the first time, being left alone, and freed from every intruding\neye, they indulged themselves in unrestrained embraces and endearments;\nand forgetting all the world, and clinging together as though forming\nbut one body, they enjoyed the first fruits of pure and virgin love;\nwarm tears were mingled with their chaste kisses; chaste I say, for\nif at any time human nature was about to prevail on Theagenes he was\nchecked by Chariclea, and put in mind of his oath; nor was it difficult\nto bring him back within due bounds, for though not proof against pure\nlove, he was superior to mere sensual desire. But when at length they\ncalled to mind that this was a time for consultation they ceased their\ndalliance, and Theagenes began as follows:--\n\n\"That we may spend our lives together, my dearest Chariclea, and obtain\nat last that union which we prefer to every earthly blessing, and for\nthe sake of which we have undergone so much, is my fervent prayer,\nand may the gods of Greece grant it! But since every thing human is\nfluctuating, and subject to change, since we have suffered much, and\nhave yet much to hope, as we have appointed to meet Cnemon at Chemmis,\nand are uncertain what fortunes may await us there, and, in fine, as\nthe country to which all our wishes tend is at a great distance, let\nus agree upon some token by which we may secretly hold communication\nwhen present; and, if at any time separated, may trace out each other\nin absence; for a token between friends is an excellent companion in a\nwanderer's journey, and may often be the means of again bringing them\ntogether.\"\n\nChariclea was pleased with the proposal; and they agreed, if they were\ndivided, to write upon any temple, noted statue, bust of Mercury,[4]\nor boundary-stone, Theagenes the word Pythicus, and Chariclea Pythias;\nwhether they were gone to the right or the left; to what city, town,\nor people; and the day and hour of their writing. If they met in any\ncircumstances, or under any disguise, they depended upon their mutual\naffection to discover one another, which they were certain no time\ncould efface, or even lessen. Chariclea, however, showed him the\nring which had been exposed with her, and Theagenes exhibited a scar\nmade upon his knee by a wild boar. They agreed on a watch-word: she,\n_lampas_ (a lamp), he, _phoinix_ (a palm-tree). Having made these\narrangements, they again embraced each other, and again wept, pouring\nout their tears as libations, and using kisses as oaths.\n\nAt last they went out of the cave, touching none of the treasures it\ncontained, thinking riches obtained by plunder an abomination. They\nselected, however, some of the richest jewels which they themselves had\nbrought from Delphi, and which the pirates had taken from them, and\nprepared for their journey. Chariclea changed her dress, packing up in\na bundle her necklace, her crown, and sacred garments; and, the better\nto conceal them, put over them things of less value. She gave the bow\nand quiver (the emblems of the god under whom he served) to Theagenes\nto bear: to him a pleasant burden.\n\nThey now approached the lake, and were preparing to get into a boat,\nwhen they saw a company of armed men passing over toward the island.\nRendered dizzy by the sight, they stood for some time astounded, as\nif deprived of all feeling by the continued assaults of unwearied\nevil fortune. At last, however, and just as the men were landing,\nChariclea proposed to retire again into the cave, and endeavour to\nconceal themselves there; and was running towards it, when Theagenes\nstopped her, and exclaimed, \"Why should we vainly endeavour to fly from\nthat fate which pursues us every where? Let us yield to our fortune,\nand meet it with fortitude: what besides should we gain but unending\ntroubles, a wandering life, and still renewed assaults of the evil\ngenius who mocks and persecutes us? Have you not experienced how he has\nadded, with savage eagerness, the assaults of pirates to exile, and\nworse perils by land to those we suffered by sea; how he terrified us\nfirst with fightings, afterwards threw us into the hands of buccaneers,\ndetained us some time in captivity, then left us solitary and deserted,\njust gave us a prospect of flight and freedom, and now sends ruffians\nto destroy us; plays off his warfare against us and our fortunes, and\ngives them the appearance of a continually shifting scene, and sadly\nvaried drama? Let us put an end then to the tragedy, and give ourselves\nup to those who are prepared for our destruction, lest the continued\npressure and increase of our misfortunes oblige us, at last, to lay\nviolent hands upon ourselves.\"\n\nChariclea did not entirely agree with all which her lover in his\npassion said. She admitted the justice of his expostulations with\nfortune, but could not see the propriety of giving themselves up into\nthe hands of the armed men. It was not certain that they meant to\ndestroy them; the evil genius who pursued them would not, perhaps,\nbe kind enough to put so quick an end to their miseries; he probably\nreserved them to experience the hardships of servitude; and was it not\nworse than death to be exposed to the insults and indignities of the\nbarbarians? \"Let us endeavour, therefore,\" said she, \"by all means in\nour power to avoid this fate. We may, from past experience, have some\nhopes of success: we have frequently, already, escaped from dangers\nwhich appeared inevitable.\"\n\n\"Let us do as you please,\" said Theagenes; and followed her,\nunwillingly, as she led the way. They could not, however, escape in\nsafety to the cave; for while they were looking only at the enemy in\nfront, they were not aware of another troop which had landed on a\ndifferent part of the island, and which was taking them from behind,\nas in a net.[5] They were now utterly confounded, and stood still,\nChariclea keeping close by Theagenes, so that if they were to die they\nmight die together. Some of the men who approached were just preparing\nto strike; but when the youthful pair, looking up, flashed upon them\nthe full splendour of their beauty, their hearts failed them, and\ntheir hands grew slack; for the arm even of a barbarian reverences\nthe beautiful, and the fiercest eye grows milder before a lovely\ncountenance. They took them prisoners, therefore, and conducted them\nto their leader, anxious to lay before him the first and fairest of\nthe spoils. It was the only booty, however, which they were likely\nto obtain, for they could find nothing else, after the strictest\nsearch throughout the island. Everything on the surface of it had been\ndestroyed by the late conflagration. They were ignorant of the cave\nand its contents. They proceeded then towards their commander: he was\nMithranes, commandant to Oroondates, viceroy of Egypt, under the Great\nKing, whom Nausicles (as has been said) had induced, by a great sum of\nmoney, to make this expedition into the island in search of Thisbe.\nUpon the approach of Theagenes and Chariclea, Nausicles, with the\nquick-sighted craft of a merchant, started forward, and running up,\nexclaimed, \"This is indeed Thisbe, the very Thisbe ravished from me by\nthose villain pirates, but restored by your kindness, Mithranes, and by\nthe gods.\" He then caught hold of Chariclea, and seemed in an ecstacy\nof joy; at the same time he spoke to her privately in Greek, in a low\nvoice, and bid her, if she valued her life, pretend that her name was\nThisbe.\n\nThis scheme succeeded. Chariclea, pleased at hearing her native\nlanguage, and flattering herself with the hopes of comfort and\nassistance from the man who spoke it, did as he bid her; and when\nMithranes asked her her name, said it was Thisbe. Nausicles then ran\nup to Mithranes, kissed his head, flattered the barbarian's vanity,\nextolled his good fortune, and congratulated him that, besides his\nmany other exploits, this expedition had had such good success. He,\ncajoled by these praises, and really believing the truth of what was\nsaid (being deceived by the name), though smitten with the beauty\nof the maiden, which shone out under a sorry garb, like the moon[6]\nfrom beneath a cloud; yet, confounded by the quickness of Nausicles's\nman\u0153uvres, and having no time given to his fickle mind for change of\npurpose, said, \"Take, then, this maiden, whom my arms have recovered\nfor you;\" and so saying, he delivered her into his hands, unwillingly\nand frequently looking back upon her, as if he would not have parted\nwith her had he not thought himself pledged, by the reward he had\nreceived, to give her up. \"But as for her companion,\" he added,\npointing to Theagenes, \"he shall be my prize. Let him follow me under\na guard; he shall be sent to Babylon: with such a figure as his, he\nwill become the service of the great king.\" And having thus signified\nhis pleasure, they passed over the lake, and were separated from each\nother. Nausicles took the road to Chemmis, with Chariclea; Mithranes\nvisited some other towns which were under his command, and very soon\nsent Theagenes to Oroondates, who was then at Memphis, accompanied with\nthe following letter:--\n\n \"Mithranes, Commandant, to the Viceroy Oroondates.\n\n \"I have taken prisoner a Grecian youth of too noble an appearance to\n continue in my service, and worthy to appear before, and serve only,\n the Great King. I send him to you, that you may offer him to our\n common master, as a great and inestimable present, such a one as the\n royal court has never yet beheld, and probably never will again.\"\n\nScarcely had the day dawned when eager curiosity carried Calasiris\nand Cnemon to the apartment of Nausicles, to inquire farther into\nhis adventures. He told them all that I have related: how he arrived\nat the island; how he found it deserted; the deceit he had put upon\nMithranes, in passing off another maiden upon him for Thisbe; he was\nbetter pleased, he said, with his present prize than if he had really\nfound Thisbe; there was no more comparison between their several\nbeauties than between a mortal and a goddess; hers was unrivalled, it\nwas impossible for him to express how beautiful she was; but, as she\nwas under his roof, they might satisfy themselves with their own eyes.\nWhen they heard this, they began to suspect a little of the truth, and\nbesought him to send for her immediately, as knowing that words could\nnot do justice to her personal appearance.\n\nWhen she was introduced (with downcast eyes, and her face veiled to\nher forehead), and Nausicles had besought her to be of good cheer,\nshe looked up a little, and saw (beyond her hopes), and was seen by,\nher unexpected friends. Immediately a sudden cry was heard from all.\nThese exclamations burst out at once, \"My father!\"--\"My daughter!\nChariclea herself! and not Cnemon's Thisbe.\" Nausicles stood mute with\nastonishment when he saw Calasiris embracing Chariclea, and weeping for\njoy. He wondered what this could be which had the air of a recognition\non the stage, when Calasiris ran to him, and embracing him, cried out,\n\"\u039f best of men, may the gods shower on you every blessing you desire,\nas you have been the preserver of my daughter, and have restored to\nmy longing eyes the delight of my life. But, my child, my Chariclea!\nwhere have you left Theagenes?\" She wept at the question, and, pausing\na little, said, \"He who delivered me to this gentleman, whoever he may\nbe, has led him away captive.\" Calasiris besought Nausicles to discover\nto him all he knew about Theagenes; under whose power he now was; and\nwhither they had taken him.\n\nThe merchant gave him all the information he was able, conceiving this\nto be the pair about whom he had frequently heard the old man speak,\nand whom he knew he was seeking in sorrow. He added, that he feared his\nintelligence would not be of much service to persons in their humble\ncircumstances; he doubted, indeed, whether any sum of money would\ninduce Mithranes to part with the youth. \"We are rich enough,\" said\nChariclea softly to Calasiris; \"promise him as much as you please; I\nhave preserved the necklace which you know of, and have it with me.\"\nCalasiris recovered his spirits at hearing this; but not choosing\nto let Nausicles into the secret of their wealth, replied, \"My good\nNausicles, the wise man is never poor; he measures his desires by his\npossessions, and receives from those who abound what it is honourable\nfor him to ask. Tell us then where the person is who has Theagenes in\nhis power; the divine goodness will not be wanting to us, but will\nsupply us with as much as is sufficient to satisfy the avarice of this\nPersian.\"\n\nNausicles smiled incredulously. \"I shall,\" said he, \"be persuaded that\nyou can suddenly grow rich, as by a miracle, when you have first paid\ndown to me a ransom for this maiden; you know that riches have as many\ncharms for a merchant as for a Persian.\"--\"I know it,\" replied the\nold man, \"and you shall have a ransom. But why do you not anticipate\nmy wishes, and, with your customary benevolence, offer, of your own\naccord, to restore my daughter? Must I be forced to entreat it of\nyou?\"--\"You shall have her on proper terms,\" said the merchant. \"I do\nnot grudge you her; but now (as I am going to sacrifice) let us join in\nsupplication to the gods, and pray that they would increase my wealth,\nand bestow some on you.\"--\"Spare your ridicule,\" replied Calasiris,\n\"and be not incredulous; make preparations for the sacrifice, and we\nwill attend you when everything is ready.\"\n\nNausicles agreed to this, and soon after sent a message to his guests\nto desire their presence. They obeyed cheerfully, having before\nconcerted what they were to do. The men accompanied Nausicles to\nthe altar, with many others who were invited, for it was a public\nsacrifice. Chariclea went with the merchant's daughter and some other\nfemales, whose encouragements and entreaties had prevailed upon her to\nbe present at the ceremony; and they would hardly have persuaded her\nhad she not secretly pleased herself with the thought of taking this\nopportunity to pour out her vows and prayers for Theagenes.\n\nThey came to the temple of Mercury (for him, as the god of gain and\nmerchants, Nausicles particularly worshipped); and when the sacred\nrites were performed, Calasiris inspected the entrails of a victim,\nand changing his countenance according as they portended joyful or\nadverse events, at last stretched out his hand, (murmuring certain\nwords) and pretending to take something from among the ashes, presented\na ring of great value to Nausicles, which he had brought with him for\nthat purpose: \"And here,\" said he, \"the gods, by my hands, offer you\nthis as a ransom for Chariclea.\"\n\nThe ring[7] was a perfect marvel, both for material and workmanship.\nThe circle was of electrum, within the bezil[8] was an Ethiopian\namethyst, of the size of a maiden's eye, finer much than those of Spain\nor Britain; for these latter have a dullish tinge of purple, like a\nrose just bursting from its bud, and beginning to redden under the\nsun's beams; whereas the Ethiopian amethyst shines with a deeper and\nmore sparkling lustre; if you turn it about it scatters its rays on all\nsides, not dulling but lighting up the sight.\n\nThey are besides of much greater virtue than the western ones; they\ndo not belie their name,[9] but will really keep those who wear them\nsober amid great excesses. This property is common to all the Indian\nand Ethiopian stones: but that which Calasiris now gave Nausicles far\nsurpassed them. It was carved with wonderful art, and represented\na shepherd tending his sheep. He sat upon a rock, gently elevated\nfrom the ground, surveying his flock, and distributing them[10] into\ndifferent pastures by the various notes of his pipe; they seemed to\nobey, and to feed as the sound directed them. You would say that they\nhad golden fleeces, the natural blush of the amethyst, without the\naid of art, casting a glow upon their backs. Here you might observe\nthe frolics of the little lambs; some climbing up the ascent, others\ngambolling around the shepherd, converted the rock into a pastoral\ntheatre. Some wantoning in the flame of the gem as in the sun, just\ntouched in bounding the rocky surface; others, older and more bold,\nseemed as if they would overleap the circle; but here art had hindered\nthem, and surrounded the jewel in the rock with the golden bezil. The\nrock was not counterfeit, but real; the artist, to represent it, had\ninclosed the edges of the stone, and was not put to the trouble of\nfeigning what in reality existed. Such then was the ring.\n\nNausicles was struck at the seeming miracle, and delighted with the\nbeauty of the gem, which he esteemed to be of more value than all he\nwas worth.--\"I was but jesting,\" said he, \"my dear Calasiris, when I\ntalked of a ransom for your daughter; my design was to restore her\nto you freely; and without price; but since, as they say, the gifts\nof the gods are not to be refused, I accept this jewel which is sent\nfrom heaven; persuaded that it is a present from Mercury, the best of\ndeities, who has furnished you with it through the fire, and indeed\nyou see how it sparkles itself with flames: besides, I think that the\npleasantest and most lawful gain is that which, without impoverishing\nthe giver, enriches the receiver.\"\n\nHaving said this, he took the ring, and proceeded with the rest of the\ncompany to an entertainment; the women by themselves, in the interior\nof the temple; the men in the vestibule. When they had satisfied their\nappetite, and the board was crowned with cups, they sang a suitable[11]\nhymn to Bacchus, and poured out libations to him; the women sang a\nhymn of thanksgiving to Ceres. Chariclea, retiring from the rest,\noccupied with her own thoughts, prayed for the health and safe return\nof Theagenes.\n\nAnd now, the company being warmed with wine, and rife with mirth,\nNausicles, holding out a goblet of pure water, said, \"Good Calasiris,\nlet us offer this to the nymphs, the sober nymphs your deities, who\nhave no sympathy with Bacchus, and are nymphs in very deed; but if you\nwill entertain us with such a relation as we wish to hear, it will be\nmore pleasant to us than even our flowing bowls. You see the women\nhave already risen from the table, and are amusing themselves with\ndancing; but neither dancing nor music will be so pleasant to us as\nthe narrative of your wanderings, if you will favour us with it. You\nhave often excused yourself from the task on account of the troubles\nwith which you were overwhelmed, and the lowness of your spirits;\nbut there cannot be a more proper time for it than the present, when\neverything contributes to remove the one and to raise the other. You\nhave recovered your daughter, and have hopes of recovering your son;\nespecially if you do not affront me, by deferring your story any\nlonger.\"\n\n\"Now may all good attend you, Nausicles,\" said Cnemon, putting in\nhis word; \"who, although you have provided all manner of music for\nour recreation, are willing to forego such delights (leaving them\nto ordinary minds), and to listen to higher and mysterious matters,\nseasoned with a divine interest. You show judgment in coupling together\nthe deities, Mercury and Bacchus, thus mingling the pleasures of\ndiscourse with those of wine. Though I admire the whole order of this\nsplendid sacrifice, yet I know nothing which will render the god of\neloquence more propitious, than if this good old man will contribute\nhis narrative[12] to the rest of the entertainment.\"\n\nCalasiris obeyed, as well to oblige Cnemon, as to conciliate the favour\nof Nausicles, whose[13] services he foresaw he should have occasion\nfor, and entered upon his story. He began with what he had already\nrelated to Cnemon; he was now, however, less minute, and entirely\npassed over some matters which he did not choose Nausicles to know; and\nwhen he had proceeded to the point where he had before left off,[14] he\nwent on as follows:\n\n\"As the wind was at first very favourable to us, the fugitives from\nDelphi began to flatter themselves with the hopes of a prosperous\nvoyage; but when we got into the straits of Calydon,[15] the swell\nand rolling of the waves alarmed them not a little;\" here Cnemon,\ninterrupting, begged him to explain, if he could, the cause of that\nagitation. \"The Ionian sea,\" continued Calasiris, \"from being wide\nbeyond, is there contracted, and pours itself, by a narrow channel,\ninto the Criss\u00e6an gulf; whence, hastening to mingle its waters with\nthe \u00c6gean, it is stopped and thrown back again by the Isthmus of\nPeloponnesus; which is opposed, probably, as a rampart by divine\nprovidence, lest it should overflow the opposite land: and a greater\nreflux being occasioned in the strait than in the rest of the gulf,\nfrom the encounter of the advancing and retreating tides the waves,\nowing to this repercussion, boil, swell, and break in tumult one\nover the other.\" This explanation was received with the applause and\napprobation of all; and the old man continued his narration.\n\n\"Having passed the strait, and lost sight of the Oxian[16] Isles, we\nthought we discovered the promontory of Zacynthus, which rose on our\nsight like an obscure cloud, and the pilot gave orders to furl the\nsails. We inquired why he slackened the vessel's speed, when we had a\nprosperous wind: 'Because,' said he, 'if we continue to sail at the\nrate we do at present, we shall arrive off the island about the first\nwatch of the night; and I fear lest, in the darkness, we may strike\nupon some of the rocks which abound under the sea on that coast: it is\nbetter therefore for us to keep out at sea all night, carrying only so\nmuch sail as may suffice to bring us under the island in the morning.'\nThis was the opinion of the pilot: however we made land sooner than he\nexpected, and cast anchor at Zacynthus just as the sun rose.\n\n\"The inhabitants of the port, which was not far distant from the city,\nflocked together at our arrival, as to an unusual spectacle. They\nadmired the construction of our vessel, framed with regard both to size\nand beauty; and from thence formed an idea of the skill and industry of\nthe Ph\u0153nicians. Still more did they wonder at our uncommon good fortune\nin having had so prosperous a passage, in the midst of winter, and at\nthe setting of the Pleiades.\n\n\"Almost all the ship's company, while the vessel was being moored,\nhurried off to the city to buy what things they wanted. I strolled\nabout in search of a lodging, somewhere on the shore, for the pilot had\ntold me that we should probably winter at Zacynthus: to remain on board\nthe ship would have been very inconvenient, because of the noisy crew,\nand our fugitives could not be so well concealed in the city as their\nsituation required.\n\n\"When I had walked a little way, I saw an old fisherman sitting\nbefore his door, and mending his nets. I approached and addressed\nhim--'Can you inform me, my good friend,' said I, 'where I can hire a\nlodging?'--'It was broken,' said he, 'near yonder promontory, having\ncaught upon a rock.'--'This was not what I inquired,' said I; 'but you\nwould do me a kind office if you will either receive me into your own\nhouse, or show me another where I may be taken in.'--'It was not I who\ndid it, I warrant you,' said he; 'I was not in the boat; old age has\nnot yet so dulled the faculties of Tyrrhenus. It was the fault of the\nlubberly boys which occasioned this mishap, who, from ignorance of the\nreefs, spread their nets in the wrong place.'\n\n\"Perceiving now that he was hard of hearing, I bawled out at the top\nof my voice, 'Good day to you! Can you show us, who are strangers, a\nplace where we may find lodging?'--'The same to you,' answered he.\n'You may, if you please, lodge with me; unless, perhaps, you are one\nof those who require a great many beds and chambers, and have a large\nnumber of servants with you.' Upon my saying: 'I have only two children\nwith myself,'--'A very good number,' he replied, 'for you will find\nmy family consist of only one more. I have two sons who live with me;\ntheir elder brothers are married and settled by themselves; I have,\nbesides, the nurse of my children, for their mother has been some time\ndead; wherefore, good sir, do not hesitate, nor doubt that we shall\nreceive gladly one whose first aspect is venerable and prepossessing.'\nI accepted his offer: and when I returned afterwards with Theagenes and\nChariclea, the old fisherman received us with great cordiality, and\nassigned us the warmest and most convenient part of his habitation.\n\n\"The beginning of the winter passed here not unpleasantly. We lived\ntogether in the day time: at night we separated. Chariclea slept in one\napartment, with the nurse, I in another, with Theagenes, and Tyrrhenus\nin a third, with his children. Our table was in common, and well\nsupplied; the old man furnished it abundantly with provision from the\nsea. We frequently amused our leisure by assisting him in fishing,\nin which art he was very skilful, and had tackle for it in abundance,\nand suited for every season.[17] The coast was convenient for placing\nhis nets, and abounded with fish, so that most people attributed his\nsuccess in his occupation to his good fortune alone, which was in\npart, however, owing to his skill. Thus, for some time, we lived in\npeace; but it is not permitted to the unhappy to be long at ease; nor\ncould the charms of Chariclea, even in this solitude, be exempt from\ndisturbance.\n\n\"The Tyrian merchant, that victor in the Pythian games, with whom we\nsailed, was very annoying to me; he took every opportunity of pressing\nme with earnestness, as a father, to grant him Chariclea in marriage.\nHe vaunted his family and his fortune. He said that the vessel in which\nwe sailed was entirely his property; and the greatest part of her\ncargo, which consisted of gold, precious stones, and silk. He crowned\nall these, and many other recommendations of himself, with his victory\nin Greece, which he thought reflected no small lustre upon him. I\nobjected my present poverty, and that I could never bring myself to\ndispose of my daughter in a foreign country, and at such a distance\nfrom Egypt. 'Talk not of poverty,' he would reply; 'I shall esteem the\ngift of Chariclea's hand more than a portion of a thousand talents.\nWherever she is, I shall look upon that place as my country; I am ready\nto change my destined course to Carthage, and sail with you wherever\nyou please.'\n\n\"When, after some time, I saw the Ph\u0153nician relax nothing of\nhis importunity, but that he grew more urgent every day in his\nsolicitations, I determined to flatter him with fallacious hopes, lest\nhe should offer some violence to us in the island, and promised I would\ndo everything which he wished when we arrived in Egypt. But I had no\nsooner thus quieted him a little, than a new wave of trouble came\nrolling in upon me.[18]\n\n\"Old Tyrrhenus accosted me one day as I was wandering in a retired part\nof the coast. 'My good Calasiris,' said he, 'Neptune is my witness,\nand all the gods, that I regard you as my brother, and your children\nas my own. I am come to discover to you a gathering danger which will\noccasion you great uneasiness, but which I cannot, with any regard\nto the laws of hospitality, conceal from one who lodges under my\nroof, and which it concerns you much to be acquainted with. A nest of\npirates, concealed under the side of yonder promontory, are lying in\nwait for your Ph\u0153nician vessel. They are continually on the watch for\nyour sailing out of port. I caution you, therefore, to beware, and to\nconsider what you have to do; for it is on your account, or rather, as\nI suspect, on account of your daughter, that they have conceived this\naudacious design, which they are but too well prepared for.'\n\n\"'May the gods reward you,' said I, 'for your kind information; but, my\ndear Tyrrhenus, how did you obtain, your intelligence?'--'My trade,' he\nanswered, 'makes me acquainted with these men; I take fish to them, for\nwhich they pay me a better price than others; and yesterday, as I was\ntaking up my nets on the shore, Trachinus, the captain of the pirates,\ncame and asked me if I knew when the Ph\u0153nicians intended to set sail.\nI, suspecting his intent, replied, that indeed I did not exactly know,\nbut I supposed that it would be early in the spring. \"Does the fair\nmaiden, who lodges at your house, sail with them?\"--\"I really don't\nknow,\" said I. \"But why are you so curious?\"--\"Because I love her to\ndistraction,\" he returned. \"I did so at first sight. I never saw a form\ncomparable to hers; and yet my eyes have been used to beauty, and I\nhave had in my power some of the most charming captives of all nations.\"\n\n\"'I wished to draw him on a little, that I might get acquainted with\nhis design. \"Why,\" said I, \"should you attack the Ph\u0153nicians; cannot\nyou take her away from my house without bloodshed, and before they\nembark?\"--\"The regard I have for you,\" he returned, \"prevents me from\ndoing this. There is a sense of honour even among pirates towards\nfriends and acquaintances. If I were to carry off the strangers from\nyour house, it might bring you into some trouble; they would probably\nbe required at your hands. Besides, by waiting for them at sea, I\nobtain two ends: I may make myself master of a rich vessel, as well as\nof the maid I love. One of these I must necessarily give up, if I make\nthe attempt by land; neither would it be without danger so near the\ncity: the inhabitants would soon become acquainted with my enterprize,\nand pursuit would be immediate.\" I praised his prudence, and left him.\nI now discover to you the design of these villains, and beseech you to\nadopt means for the preservation of yourself and your children.'\n\n\"Having heard this, I went away in great trouble, and revolving various\nthoughts in my mind, when I met, by accident, with my Tyrian merchant.\nHe talked to me on the old subject, and gave me occasion to try him on\na scheme which just then struck me. I related to him just as much of\nthe fisherman's discovery as I thought proper. I told him that one of\nthe inhabitants of Zacynthus, who was too powerful for him to resist,\nhad a design to carry off Chariclea. 'For my part,' I added, 'I had\nmuch rather give her to you, as well on account of our acquaintance as\nof your opulent condition; and, above all, because you have promised to\nsettle in our country after your marriage; if, therefore, you have this\nalliance much at heart, we must sail from hence in all haste, before\nwe are prevented, and violence is offered.' He was much pleased at\nhearing me talk in this manner. 'You are much in the right, my father,'\nhe said; and, approaching, kissed my head, and asked me when I would\nhave him to set sail, for though the sea was at this season hardly\nnavigable, yet we might make some other port, and so, escaping from\nthe snares laid for us here, might wait with patience the approach of\nspring.--'If,' I replied, 'my wishes have weight with you, I would sail\nthis very night.'--'Be it so,' said he, and went away.\n\n\"I returned home. I said nothing to Tyrrhenus; but I told my children\nthat, at the close of the day, they must embark again on board the\nvessel. They wondered at this sudden order, and asked the reason of it.\nI excused myself from explaining it then; but said, it was absolutely\nnecessary that it should be obeyed.\n\n\"After a moderate supper I retired to rest; but I had no sooner\nfallen asleep, than an old man[19] seemed to appear to me, in a dream:\nwithered and lean, in other respects, but showing, from the muscular\nappearance of his knees, the marks of former strength. He had a helmet\non his head; his countenance was intelligent and shrewd, and he seemed\nto drag one thigh after him, as if it had been wounded. He approached\nme, and said with a sarcastic smile,--'Do you alone treat me with\ncontempt? All those who have sailed by Cephalene, have been desirous\nto visit my habitation, and to contemplate my glory; you only seem\nto despise me, and have not given me so much as a common salutation,\nthough you dwell in my neighbourhood. But you shall soon suffer\nfor this negligence; and shall experience the same calamities, and\nencounter the same enemies, both by sea and land, which I have done.\nBut address the maiden you have with you in the name of my consort; she\nsalutes her, as she is a great patroness of chastity, and foretells\nher, at last, a fortunate issue to all her troubles.'\n\n\"I started up, trembling, at the vision. Theagenes asked what ailed me.\n'We shall be too late,' said I, 'for the ship is sailing out of port;\nit is this thought which has disturbed and awakened me; but do you get\nup and collect our baggage, and I will go and see for Chariclea.' She\nappeared at my first summons: Tyrrhenus, too, got up, and inquired what\nwe were about. 'What we are doing,' said I, 'is by your advice; we are\nendeavouring to escape from those who are lying in wait for us; and\nmay the gods preserve and reward you for all your goodness to us: but\ndo you add this to all the favours you have already bestowed upon us;\npass, I pray you, into Ithaca, and sacrifice for us to Ulysses, and\nbeseech him to moderate the anger which he has conceived against us,\nand signified to me this night in a dream.' He promised he would do so,\nand accompanied us to the ship, shedding tears abundantly, and wishing\nus a prosperous voyage, and all sorts of happiness. In short, as soon\nas the morning star appeared, we set sail, much against the will of the\ncrew, who were with difficulty persuaded by the Tyrian merchant, when\nthey were told, that it was in order to escape from a pirate, who lay\nin wait for them. He knew that what they thought a fiction, was the\nsober truth.\n\n\"We encountered adverse winds, a swelling sea, and almost continual\ntempests; we lost one[20] of our rudders; had our yard-arms much\ninjured, and were in imminent danger of perishing, when we reached a\npromontory of Crete: here we determined to stay a few days, to repair\nour vessel and refresh ourselves. We did so, and fixed for putting\nagain to sea the first day of the new moon, after her conjunction with\nthe sun.\n\n\"We set sail, with a gentle south-west wind, directing our course\ntowards Africa, which our pilot used all his endeavours to reach as\nsoon as he could; for he said he had for some time observed a vessel\nhovering at a distance, which he took for a pirate. 'Ever since we left\nCrete,' says he, 'she has followed us; she steers the same course,\nand without doubt it is by design, not accident; for I have often\nchanged my track, on purpose to see if she would do the same, and she\nhas always invariably done so.' A great part of the crew were alarmed\nat this intelligence, and began to exhort each other to prepare for\ndefence; others neglected it, and said it was a very common thing for\nsmall ships to follow in the wake of larger ones, for the sake of being\ndirected in their way.\n\n\"While they were thus disputing, evening[21] approached; the wind\nslackened gradually, breathed gently on the sails and now made them\nflutter a little, but hardly swelled them at all. At length it subsided\ninto a dead calm, setting with the sun, or retiring, as I may say, to\ngive advantage to our pursuers; for while there was a fresh gale our\nship, spreading more canvas, far out-sailed them; but when the wind\ndropped, when the sea was smooth, and we were driven to make use of our\noars, this light and small vessel soon came up with our large and heavy\none. When they came near, one of the crew, an inhabitant of Zacynthus,\ncried out: 'We are undone, this is a pirate crew: I am well acquainted\nwith the ship of Trachinus.'\n\n\"We were thunderstruck at this intelligence, and, in the midst of a\nsea calm, our vessel shook with a tempest of confusion; it was full of\ntumult, lamentation, and hurrying up and down. Some ran into the hold;\nothers encouraged one another to resist and fight; a third party were\nfor getting into the boat, and so attempting an escape. While they were\nthus in confusion, and mutually hindering each other, the approach of\ndanger put an end to their disputes, and every one seized upon the\nweapon which was nearest to him.\n\n\"Chariclea and myself, embracing Theagenes, were hardly able to\nrestrain his ardent spirit which was boiling for the fight; she\nassuring him that death should not separate them; but that the same\nsword which wounded him, should put an end to her life. I, as soon as\nI knew that it was Trachinus who pursued us, began to consider how\nbest to promote our future safety. The pirates coming close up with\nus, crossed our course, and being very desirous of taking us, did not\nuse their arms; but rowing round us, prevented our farther progress,\nlike besiegers wishing to make us surrender upon terms. 'Fools,' they\ncried out, 'why are you so mad as to make a show of defence against so\nsuperior a force? drawing upon yourselves certain destruction! We are\nas yet disposed to treat you kindly; you may even now, if you please,\nget into your boats, and save your lives.'\n\n\"So long as a bloodless war was waged, the Ph\u0153nicians were bold enough\nand refused to quit the vessel. But when one of the pirates, more\ndaring than his fellows, leapt into the ship, and began to cut at\nthem right and left with his sword, and they became sensible that the\nmatter was now serious, and that wounds and blood must settle it, they\nrepented of their boldness, fell at their enemies' feet, begged for\nquarter, and promised to do whatever they were ordered.\n\n\"The pirates, although they had already begun the fight, and though the\nsight of blood commonly whets the angry passions, yet, at the command\nof Trachinus, unexpectedly spared the supplicants. A truce ensued, but\na truce more dreadful, perhaps, than battle: it had the name of peace,\nbut war would have been scarcely less grievous. The conditions of it\nwere, that every man should quit the ship, with a single garment, and\ndeath was denounced against any one who should violate these terms. But\nlife, it seems, is preferred by mankind before all other things; and\nthe Tyrians (robbed as they were of their ship and wealth), as if they\nhad gained rather than lost, contended with each other who should be\nthe first to leap into the boat and so preserve their lives.\n\n\"When we came into his presence, according to command, Trachinus,\ntaking Chariclea by the hand said; 'We wage not war against you, my\ncharmer; although the hostilities are undertaken on your account. I\nhave all along been following you, ever since you left Zacynthus,\ndespising for your sake the sea and danger; be of good cheer, then, I\nwill make you mistress, with myself, of all these riches.' It is the\npart of prudence to seize upon the opportunity. So she, remembering\nsome of my instructions, smoothed her brow, which this sudden storm had\nruffled, and composed her countenance to winning smiles.--'I give the\ngods thanks,' says she, 'for inspiring you with merciful sentiments\ntowards us; but if you would win, and keep my confidence, give me this\nfirst mark of your goodwill--preserve to me my brother and my father,\nand do not order them to quit the ship, for I cannot live without\nthem;' and with this she fell at his feet, and embraced his knees.[22]\n\n\"Trachinus, thrilling with pleasure at her touch, that he might enjoy\nit the longer, purposely delayed granting her request. At last, melted\nby her tears, and subdued by her looks, he raised her up, and said--'I\ngrant your prayer, as to your brother with pleasure, he seems a youth\nof spirit and may help us in our trade; but as for the old man, who is\nbut useless lumber, if I preserve him, it is only out of great regard\nto your entreaties.'\n\n\"While this was passing the sun set, and the dusk of twilight\nsurrounded us; the sea began to swell on a sudden, whether on account\nof the change of season, or the will of fortune, I know not; the\nsound of rising wind was heard. In a moment it swept down upon the\nsea, in stormy gusts, and filled the hearts of the pirates with\ntumult and apprehension; for they were overtaken with it after they\nhad left their own bark, and had got on board our ship for the sake\nof plunder; this, from its size, they were unused to, and unable to\nmanage: their[23] seamanship was all extemporised and self-taught,\neach for himself, boldly exercised some department of his art. Some\nfurled the sails, others clumsily pulled the ropes; one bungler ran\nto the prow,[24] another attempted to manage the tiller at the stern;\nso that we were in imminent danger, not so much from the fury of the\nstorm, which was not yet very violent, as from the ignorance and\nunskilfulness of the sailors and pilot, who as long as there was any\nglimmering of light, made a show of resisting the tempest; but, when\ndarkness overshadowed us, totally gave the matter up. The waves now\nburst over us, and we were in peril of going to the bottom, when some\nof the pirates made an attempt to get again on board of their own bark,\nbut were hindered and stopped by the rage of the increasing tempest,\nand by the exhortations of Trachinus; who told them, that if they\nwould preserve the ship on board of which they were, together with its\nwealth, they might buy a thousand such boats as their own. At length\nthey cut the cable by which it was kept in tow, maintaining that it\nmight be the cause of a fresh storm to them, and that by so doing he\nprovided for their future security; for if they should touch at any\nport, bringing an empty bark with them, an inquiry would naturally\nbe made as to its crew. His comrades approved of what he had done,\nand found him to have shown his sense in two respects; for they felt\nthe ship a good deal eased after the bark was turned adrift, but the\ntempest was by no means appeased; they were still tossed by wave[25]\nfollowing upon wave, the vessel suffered much injury, and was in great\ndanger. Having with difficulty weathered the night, we drove all the\nnext day, and towards the end of it made land, near the Heracleotic\nmouth of the Nile, and, against our wills, disembarked on the coast\nof Egypt. Our companions were full of joy; we were overcome with\ngrief, and we felt ill-will to Neptune for our preservation--we should\nhave preferred a death free from insult at sea, to a more dreadful\nexpectation on land, and a continual exposure to the lawless wills\nof the pirates. They began to act in accordance with their nature\non landing; for, proposing to offer a sacrifice of thanksgiving to\nNeptune, they brought Tyrian wine, and other requisites for the\nceremony, out of the ship; and sent some of their comrades with store\nof money into the country, to buy up cattle, bidding them pay whatever\nprice was asked. As soon as these returned with a whole herd of sheep\nand swine, the pirates who had stayed behind immediately set fire to a\npile, sacrificed the victims, and prepared the feast.\n\n\"Trachinus took an opportunity of leading me aside, and thus addressed\nme;--'Father, I have betrothed your daughter to myself; and am\npreparing to celebrate the marriage this very day, combining the most\ndelightsome festival with this sacrifice to the gods. That you may\npartake cheerfully of the approaching entertainment, and that you may\ninform your daughter, who, I hope, will receive the intimation with\njoy, I give you this previous notice of my intentions; not that I want\nyour consent to put them in execution; my power is a pledge for the\nperformance of my will: but I have thought it fitting and auspicious\nto receive a willing bride from the hands of a parent, who shall have\nbefore apprised and persuaded her.'\n\n\"I pretended approval of what he said, and gave thanks to the gods who\nhad destined my daughter to the honour of being his spouse; and then\nretiring, I began to consider what I could do in this conjuncture. I\nsoon returned, and besought him that the nuptials might be celebrated\nwith greater pomp and circumstance than he seemed to hint at--that he\nwould assign the vessel as a bridal chamber for Chariclea; that he\nwould give orders that none might enter or disturb her there, that she\nmight have time to get ready her wedding dress, and make other needful\npreparations for the ceremony; for it would be most unseemly, that she,\nwhose family was illustrious, and wealth considerable; and above all,\nshe who was about to be the bride of Trachinus, should not have what\npreparation and ornament the present occasion would permit; although\nthe shortness of the notice, and inconvenience of the place, would not\nallow the celebration of the nuptials with that splendour which was\nbefitting their station.\n\n\"Trachinus was overjoyed at hearing me talk in this manner; and\nsaid he would, with the greatest pleasure, order everything as I\ndesired. In consequence of this, he gave strict directions that no one\nshould approach the ship after they had taken everything out of it\nthey wanted. They conveyed out tables, cups, carpets, canopies--the\nworks[26] of Tyrian and Sidonian hands, and every requisite for\nministering to and adorning a feast. They carried in disorder upon\ntheir shoulders, heaps of rich furniture and utensils, collected\nwith great care and parsimony, but now destined to be defiled by the\nlicentiousness of a tumultuous entertainment. I took Theagenes, and\nwent to Chariclea; we found her weeping. 'You are accustomed, my\ndaughter,' said I, 'to these reverses, and yet you lament as if they\nwere new to you. Has any fresh misfortune happened?'\n\n\"'Everything is unfortunate,' she replied; 'above all, the fatal\npassion of Trachinus, which there is now but too much reason to\nfear, both from his circumstances and opportunities, that he will\nsoon attempt to gratify. Unexpected success inflames the desires\nof a licentious mind; but he shall have reason to rue his detested\nlove. Death, certain death, shall withdraw me from his pursuit: yet\nthe thought of being divided from you, and from Theagenes, if such a\nseparation should become necessary, dissolves me into tears.'--'Your\nconjectures are but too true,' I replied: 'Trachinus is resolved to\nturn the entertainment, which usually follows a sacrifice, into a\nnuptial ceremony, and there you are to be the victim. He discovered his\ndesign to me, as to your father; but I was long ago acquainted with\nhis violent passion for you, even ever since the conversation which I\nhad with Tyrrhenus, at Zacynthus. But I concealed what I knew, that I\nmight not prematurely afflict you with the dread of impending calamity,\nespecially as I had hopes of escaping it. But since, my children, fate\nhas ordered otherwise, and we are now in such hazardous circumstances;\nlet us dare some noble and sudden deed; let us meet this extremity\nof danger courageously, and either preserve our lives with bravery\nand freedom, or resign them with fortitude and honour.' When they\nhad promised to act as I should order, and I had directed them what\nthey were to do, I left them to prepare themselves, and sought the\npirate next in command to Trachinus. His name, I think, was Pelorus: I\naccosted him and told him that I had something agreeable to disclose to\nhim. He followed me readily to a retired place, and I went on:\n\n\"'Son,' said I, 'hear in few words, what I have to say to you; the\nopportunity admits not of delay, or long discourse--to be brief, my\ndaughter is in love with you. No wonder; you have fascinated her with\nyour appearance, but she suspects that your captain will seize this\nopportunity of the sacrifice to marry her himself: for he has ordered\nher to be dressed and adorned as elegantly as her present time admits\nof. Consider then how you may best frustrate his intention, and obtain\nthe damsel for yourself, who says she will rather die than become the\nspouse of Trachinus.' Pelorus listened eagerly to me: and then replied,\n'Be of good cheer, father; I have long felt an equal affection for\nyour daughter, and was seeking an opportunity of getting into her\ngood graces. Trachinus therefore shall either voluntarily resign this\nmaiden to me (to whom besides, I have a just claim, as having been the\nfirst to board your vessel), or he shall feel the weight of my hand,\nand his nuptials shall bear bitter fruits.' After this conversation\nI retired, that I might raise no suspicion. I went to my children--I\ncomforted them--I told them that our scheme was in a very good train.\nI supped afterwards with our captors. When I observed them warm with\nwine, and ready to be quarrelsome, I said softly to Pelorus (for I had\ndesignedly placed myself near him), 'Have you seen how the maiden is\nadorned?'--'No,' said he.--'You may then, if you please,' I returned,\n'if you will go aboard the vessel; privately though, for Trachinus has\nforbidden all access to it. You may there see her sitting, like the\ngoddess Diana; but moderate your transports; take no freedoms, lest you\ndraw down death both on yourself and her.'\n\n\"After this he took the first opportunity of withdrawing secretly, and\nentered with all speed into the ship. He there beheld Chariclea, with\na crown of laurel on her head, and refulgent in a gold-embroidered\nrobe, (for she had dressed herself in her sacred Delphic garments,\nwhich might, as the event should turn out, be either funereal or\ntriumphant); everything about her was splendid, and bore the semblance\nof a bridal chamber. Pelorus was all on fire at the sight. Desire and\njealousy raged in his bosom. He returned to the company, with a look\nwhich indicated some furious design. Scarcely had he sat down, when he\nbroke out--'Why have I not received the reward which is justly due to\nme for having first boarded our prize?'--'Because you have not demanded\nit,' replied Trachinus. 'Besides, there has yet been no division of\nthe booty.'--'I demand then,' said Pelorus, 'the maiden whom we have\ntaken,'--'Ask any thing but her,' said the captain, 'and you shall\nhave it.'--'Then,' returned the other, 'you break cutter's law, which\nassigns to the first who boards an enemy's ship, and meets the danger,\nthe free and unrestricted choice of taking what he will.'--'I do not\nmean to break our private law,' said Trachinus; 'but I rest upon\nanother law, which commands you all to be obedient to your captain.\nI have a violent affection for this maiden--I propose to marry her;\nand think I have a right, in this instance, to a preference: if you\noppose my will, this cup which I hold in my hand, shall make you rue\nyour opposition.' Pelorus, glancing his eyes on his companions--'See,'\nsays he, 'the guerdon of our toils; just so may each of you be deprived\nof your rewards!' How, Nausicles, shall I describe the scene which\nfollowed? You might compare the company to the sea agitated by a\nsudden squall of wind: rage and wine hurried them headlong into the\nwildest excesses of tumult. Some took part with their captain, others\nwith his opponent; some called out to obey their captain, others to\nvindicate the violated law. At length Trachinus raised his arm in act\nto hurl a goblet at Pelorus; but at that instant the other plunged a\ndagger into his side, and he fell dead on the spot. The fray now became\ngeneral: dreadful blows were dealt on all sides; some in revenge of\ntheir captain, others in support of Pelorus; wounds were inflicted and\nreceived by sticks and stones, by cups and tables--shouts of victory\nand groans of defeat resounded everywhere. I retired as far as I could\nfrom the tumult, and gaining a rising ground, became, from a secure\nspot, a spectator of the dreadful scene. Theagenes and Chariclea did\nnot escape a share in it; for he, as had been before agreed upon,\njoined himself sword in hand, to one of the parties, and fought with\nthe utmost fury; she, when she saw the fight began, shot her arrows\nfrom the ship, sparing only Theagenes. She herself did not join either\nside, but aimed at the first fair mark she saw, herself being all the\nwhile concealed, but sufficiently discovering her enemies by the light\nof their fires and torches: they, ignorant of the hand which smote\nthem, thought it a prodigy, and a stroke from heaven.\n\n\"All the crew besides being now stretched on the ground, Theagenes\nwas left closely engaged in fight with Pelorus, an antagonist of\ntried courage, exercised in many a scene of bloodshed. Chariclea\ncould now no longer assist him with her shafts, she dreaded lest in\nthis hand-to-hand engagement, she might wound her lover instead of\nhis antagonist. The event of the fight was for some time doubtful; at\nlength Pelorus began to give way. Chariclea, deprived of all other\nmeans of assisting him, encouraged him with her voice. 'Be strong,' she\ncried out, 'be of good cheer, take courage, my life!'\n\n\"Her words inspired her lover with fresh spirit and resolution: they\nreminded him, that she, the prize of victory, still lived. Regardless\nof several wounds which he had received, he now made a desperate\neffort, rushed upon Pelorus, and aimed a fearful sword-cut at his\nhead; a sudden swerve occasioned him to miss his blow, but his blade\ndescended on his enemy's shoulder, and lopped off his arm above the\nelbow. The barbarian now had recourse to flight; Theagenes pursued\nhim. What followed I am not able to relate--he came back without my\nperceiving it. I still remained on the eminence to which I had retired,\nnot daring, in the night time, to proceed any farther in a hostile\ncountry. But he had not escaped the eye of Chariclea. I saw him at\nbreak of day lying, in a manner, dead; she sitting by, lamenting, and\nready to kill herself upon him, but restrained by a glimmering of hope\nthat he might still survive. I, thunderstruck at the suddenness with\nwhich our misfortunes by land had succeeded those by sea, was not able\nto speak. I could neither inquire into the particulars of the situation\nin which he had returned, nor attempt to comfort her, nor relieve him.\n\n\"At break of day, after I had descended from my eminence, I saw a band\nof Egyptian pirates coming down from a mountain which overlooked the\nsea.[27] In a twinkling they had seized, and were carrying off, the\nyouthful pair, together with what plunder they could take with them\nfrom the ship. I followed them at a distance, lamenting my own, and my\nchildren's misfortunes, unable to succour them, and thinking it best\nnot to join them; cherishing some faint hope of future assistance. But\nI soon felt my own unfitness for the task, being left far behind by the\nEgyptians, and unable to follow them through steep and rugged roads.\nSince that time, until the recovery of my daughter, by the favour of\nthe gods, and your goodness, \u039f Nausicles, my days have passed in sorrow\nand tears.\"\n\nHaving said this, he wept. All who heard him wept with him; and a\nlamentation, not wholly unmixed with pleasure, pervaded the whole\ncompany. Tears readily flow when the head is warm with wine. At length\nNausicles applied himself to comfort Calasiris.\n\n\"Father,\" said he, \"be of good cheer, you have already recovered your\ndaughter, and this night alone divides you from the presence of your\nson. To-morrow we will wait upon Mithranes, and do all in our power to\nransom and free Theagenes.\"--\"No wish is nearer to my heart,\" replied\nCalasiris, \"but it is now time to break up our entertainment: let us\nremember the gods, and join with our libations, thanksgiving for my\nchild's deliverance.\" Upon this the vases for libation were carried\nround, and the company dispersed.\n\nCalasiris looked about for Chariclea; and having long watched the crowd\nas they came out, and not seeing her, at length he inquired for her of\none of the women, and by her information went into the temple, where he\nfound her fallen into a deep sleep, embracing the feet of the image of\nthe deity, wearied by long prayer, and exhausted by grief. He dropped a\ntear over her, breathed out a petition for her happiness, and, gently\nwaking her, conducted her to his lodging, blushing at her imprudence,\nin having suffered herself to be surprised by sleep in such a place.\nHere, in her chamber, with the daughter of Nausicles, she laid herself\ndown to rest, but wakefulness compelled her to ruminate upon her\nsorrows.\n\n\n[Footnote 1: \u03bf\u1f37\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b5\u03b3\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u1fc6 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7.\n\n    \"There, mildly dimpling, ocean's cheek\n    Reflects the tints of many a peak\n    Caught by the _laughing tides_ that lave\n    These Edens of the eastern wave.\"--Byron.\n\n    \".... \u03c0\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\n    \u1f00\u03bd\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b8\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1.\"--\u00c6sch. P.V. 90.\n\n    \"... of ocean's waves\n    The multitudinous smile.\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 2: \u03a9\u03be\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b1\u03b9.]\n\n[Footnote 3:\n\n    \"Qualis popule\u00e2 m\u0153rens Philomela sub umbr\u00e2\n    Amissos queritur f\u0153tus; quos durus arator\n    Observans nido implumes detraxit; at illa\n    Flet noctem, ramoque sedens miserabile carmen\n    Integrat, et m\u0153stus late loca questibus implet.\"\n                               Virg. G. iv. 511.\n]\n\n[Footnote 4: \u0388\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u1fd6--four-cornered stone pillars ending with a bust of\nMercury, and set up in public places.]\n\n[Footnote 5: \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03c5\u03b8\u1f10\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. For an account of the Persian mode\nof clearing a conquered country by joining hands and so sweeping the\nwhole face of it, see Herod. vi. 31.]\n\n[Footnote 6:\n\n    \".... Simul ac vaga luna decorum\n    Protulit os.\"--Hor. I S. viii. 21.\n]\n\n[Footnote 7:\n\n    \"A precious ring that lightens all the hole;\n    Which like a taper in some monument\n    Doth shine upon the dead man's earthy cheeks\n    And shows the ragged entrails of this pit.\"\n                             Titus Andronicus.\n]\n\n[Footnote 8: \u03a3\u03c6\u03b5\u03bd\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7.]\n\n[Footnote 9: A\u03bc\u1f10\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4o\u03c2 is compounded of the private particle \u03b1, and\n\u03bc\u03ad\u03b8\u03c5, wine, or \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03cd\u03c9, to be drunk.]\n\n[Footnote 10: In Longus, B. iv., there is a curious description of the\neffect produced upon Daphnis's goats, by the different notes which he\nplays upon his pipe.]\n\n[Footnote 11: \u1f10\u03bc\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1.--Literally, airs suitable for a march or an\nembarkation.]\n\n[Footnote 12: \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 e\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f50\u03c9\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2. \u1f15\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2--a meal to which\neach contributed his share either in victuals or money.]\n\n[Footnote 13: Nausicles was to assist him in the recovery of Theagenes,\nwhom he regarded in the light of a son.]\n\n[Footnote 14: See beginning of Book V.]\n\n[Footnote 15: South of \u00c6tolia, the modern Gulf of Patras.]\n\n[Footnote 16: These islands, mentioned before, lie south-west of\nAcarnania.]\n\n[Footnote 17: In Idyll. xxi. of Theocritus, the fisherman's tackle is\ndescribed--\n\n    \"The basket, rush trap, line, and reedy shaft,\n    Weed-tangled baits, a drag-net with its drops,\n    Hooks, cord\"....--Chapman's Tr.\n]\n\n[Footnote 18:\n\n    \"\u039a\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03af\u03c0'\u03b9 \u03ba\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03af\u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03bd \u1f41 \u03b4\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd,\n    \u039f\u1f37\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u1f7c\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1,\n    \u1f1d\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3' \u1f03\u03c6\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.\"--\u00c6sch. P. V. 1015.\n]\n\n[Footnote 19: Ulysses.]\n\n[Footnote 20: A ship had one, but more commonly two rudders. (See Acts\nxxvii. 40.) In the Caspian Sea, where the old practice not long ago\nremained in force, a modern traveller was nearly shipwrecked, because\nthe rudders were in the hands of two pilots _who spoke different\nlanguages_. To obviate such disasters among the ancients, the same\nsteersman held both tillers, if the boat was small. In larger ships\nthe extremities of the helms were joined by a pole, which was moved by\none man and kept the rudders always parallel.--Smith's Greek and Rom.\nAntiq.]\n\n[Footnote 21: \u1f27\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f25\u03b4\u03b5 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f45\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f00\u03c1\u03cc\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bbe\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1o\u1fd6 \u03b3\u03b7\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2.\nAdverbially in Homer, \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5, at eventide.--Il. xvi. 779.]\n\n[Footnote 22: Raphael has chosen this incident for the subject of a\npainting.]\n\n[Footnote 23: \u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03ac\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03b9\u03ac\u03b6\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf.]\n\n[Footnote 24: On the duties of the \u03c0\u03c1\u1ff3\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2 and the amount of nautical\nskill required in the pilot, see Potter's Antiq. ii. 144-146.]\n\n[Footnote 25: \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03c5\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 26: See Il. vi. 289.\n\n    .... \"Mantles of all hues, accomplish'd works\n    Of fair Sidonians wafted o'er the deep.\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 27: See Book I.]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK VI.\n\n\nCalasiris and Cnemon betook themselves to their apartments on the\nmen's side of the house, and composed themselves to rest. The night\nwas quickly past, great part of it having been consumed in the\npreceding feast, and subsequent narration; but it passed too slowly for\ntheir impatience; and almost before day they were up, and presented\nthemselves to Nausicles, urging him to inform them where he thought\nTheagenes was, and to lead them to him as soon as possible. He was\nnot slow in complying with their request, and they set out under his\ndirection. Chariclea was very earnest to accompany them, but they\npressed, and at last obliged, her to remain where she was; Nausicles\nassuring her that they were not going far, and that they would soon\nreturn, and bring Theagenes with them. Here then they left her,\nstruggling between sorrow for their departure, and joy for the promised\nhope of seeing her lover.\n\nThey had scarcely got out of the village, and were proceeding along\nthe banks of the Nile, when they saw a crocodile creeping from the\nright side of the river to the left, and making his way swiftly down\nthe stream. The rest of the party being used to the sight, regarded\nit with indifference, although Calasiris secretly thought that it\nportended some impediment in their expedition. But Cnemon was very much\nfrightened at its appearance, though he could hardly be said to have\nseen the animal itself, but had rather had a glimpse of the shadow: he\nwas so terrified as almost to run away. Nausicles burst into a laugh.\n\"Cnemon,\" said Calasiris, \"I thought you were apt to be terrified only\nin the darkness and obscurity of the night; but I see your courage\nshows itself even in the day-time. It is not only names that affright\nyou,[1] but the commonest and most every-day appearance puts you quite\ninto a trepidation.\"--\"Prithee tell me what god, or what demon is it,\"\nsaid Nausicles, \"whose name this valiant Grecian cannot bear?\"\n\n\"If it were the name of a deity,\" replied the old man, \"there might be\nsomething in it; but it is the appellation of a mortal, and that not\nof a celebrated hero, nor even of a man; but of a weak woman, and, as\nhe says, of a dead one too, at the mention of which he is disordered\nand trembles. That night in which you returned from the buccaneers,\nbringing with you my dearest Chariclea, this said name was, somehow or\nother, mentioned in his hearing: it put him into such an agitation,\nthat he had no sleep all night, nor suffered me to enjoy any; he was\nhalf dead with fear, and I had the greatest difficulty in the world to\nbring him to himself; and were I not afraid of terrifying, or giving\nhim pain, I would now mention the name, that you might laugh the\nmore:\"--and immediately he uttered the word _Thisbe_. But Nausicles did\nnot laugh, as he expected; he became grave and pensive, doubting and\npondering why and by reason of what intimacy Cnemon felt so much at the\nmention of Thisbe.\n\nCnemon upon this burst out into an immoderate fit of laughter in\nhis turn. \"See,\" said he, \"my dear Calasiris, the mighty magic of\nthis name; it is not only a bugbear which disturbs, as you say, all\nmy faculties, but it has the same effect upon Nausicles; with this\ndifference, however, that the certainty of her death inclines me to\nlaughter, when the same news seems to make him sorrowful, who was\nbefore so disposed to be merry at the expense of others.\"--\"Spare\nme,\" said Nausicles; \"you have sufficiently revenged yourself: but I\nconjure you by the gods of hospitality and friendship--by the kind and\nsincere reception which you have met with at my house and table--that\nyou will tell me how you became so well acquainted with the name of\nThisbe--whether you really have known her, or only pretend to have done\nso, out of sport, and to vex me?\"--\"It is now your turn, Cnemon,\" said\nCalasiris, \"to turn narrator. You have frequently promised to make me\nacquainted with your condition and adventures, and as often, on some\npretext or other, have put it off: you cannot have a better opportunity\nof doing so than the present: you will oblige both Nausicles and me;\nand lighten, by your story, the fatigues of our journey.\"\n\nCnemon suffered himself to be persuaded, and entered upon his history,\nrelating briefly, what he had before told more at length to Theagenes\nand Chariclea--That he was an Athenian--that his father was Aristippus,\nand his stepmother Dem\u00e6neta--her execrable love, and the snares she\nlaid for him on its disappointment, by the ministry of Thisbe--the\nparticulars of these--his flight from his country, and condemnation as\na patricide--his exile at \u00c6gina--his hearing from Charias of the death\nof Dem\u00e6neta, betrayed by her own wicked assistant Thisbe--what Anticles\nrelated to him of the distress his father fell into; the family of\nDem\u00e6neta combining against him, and persuading the people that he had\nmurdered her--the flight of Thisbe from Athens, with a Naucratian\nmerchant, who was in love with her--his sailing with Anticles to\nEgypt, in search of Thisbe; in order, if he could find her, to bring\nher back to Athens, to clear his father, and punish her--the various\ndifficulties and dangers he went through, both by sea and pirates--how,\nhaving escaped these, and arrived in Egypt, he was again taken by the\npirates--his meeting and connection with Theagenes and Chariclea--the\ndeath of Thisbe--and every thing in order, till he came to his meeting\nwith Calasiris and Nausicles, and to those facts and events with which\nthey were acquainted.\n\nNausicles meanwhile revolved a thousand thoughts in his mind--now\nhe was about to disclose all his transactions with Thisbe, and now\ninclined to defer it to another opportunity; but his eagerness for\nspeaking had almost got the better of him, when some remains of\nreserve, and an accident which happened by the way, prevented his\nunbosoming himself for the present. They had travelled about eight\nmiles, and were near to the village where Mithranes dwelt, when\nNausicles meeting an acquaintance, inquired whither he was going in so\nmuch haste.\n\n\"Do you not know,\" he replied, \"that all my exertions have now but\none aim, that of executing the behests of Isias of Chemmis? I labour\nfor her, I supply her with every thing she wants. I wake day and\nnight in her service. I refuse no commission, small or great, which\nthe dear Isias imposes on me, though toil and loss are all I have\nhitherto gotten for my pains. I am now making what haste I can with\nthis bird which you see, a flamingo[2] of the Nile, carrying it to my\nmistress, according to her commands.\"--\"What an amiable mistress you\nhave got,\" said Nausicles, \"how light are her commands! how fortunate\nyou are that she has not ordered you to bring her a ph\u0153nix, instead of\na ph\u0153nicopter!\"--\"She does all these things,\" said the other, \"out of\nwanton sport to make a jest of me--but may I ask where you are bending\nyour course?\"\n\nWhen he had learned that they were going to Mithranes--\"You are on a\nsleeveless errand,\" said he, \"for Mithranes is not now here; he has\nthis evening led out his troops on an expedition against the buccaneers\nof Bessus; for Thyamis, their leader, has made an incursion into his\nterritories, and taken from him one of his captives, a Grecian youth,\nwhom he was preparing to send to Oroondates, at Memphis; and from\nthence, as I suppose, as a present to the Great King. But I must be\ngone to Isias, (who is now, perhaps, looking for me with eager eyes),\nlest my delay offend my charmer; she is but too ready to seize a\npretence, however slight, to flout and quarrel with me.\" While these\nwords were yet in his mouth, he hurried off, leaving his hearers\nconfused and stupified at his tidings.\n\nNausicles was the first who broke silence. He tried to encourage his\ncompanions; and told them, that they ought not to lose heart, and\nentirely lay aside their undertaking, on account of this short and\ntemporary disappointment. That now, indeed, it was necessary to return\nto Chemmis, as well to consult upon what they had farther to do, as to\nmake preparations for a longer expedition, which must be undertaken in\nsearch of Theagenes, whether he was with the buccaneers or anywhere\nelse; but that he had good hopes of finding and recovering him:\nfor he conceived that it was not without some kind interposition of\nProvidence, that they had so fortunately met with an acquaintance whose\nintelligence put them into the right track, and plainly pointed out to\nthem the pirate-settlement, as the first place where they were to seek\ntheir friend.\n\nThey assented, without difficulty, to his proposal; what they had heard\ngiving them a glimmering hope, and Cnemon privately assuring Calasiris\nthat he was sure that Thyamis would watch over the safety of Theagenes.\nThey determined therefore to return to Chemmis, where, being arrived,\nthey found Chariclea at the house door, with outstretched neck and\neager eyes, looking on every side for their appearance. As soon as she\nsaw them, and no Theagenes with them, fetching a deep and melancholy\nsigh--\"Are you alone!\" she cried, \"Father? Do you return even as you\nset out?--Theagenes then is no more! Tell me, by the gods I beseech\nyou, if you have any tidings for me! and whatever they may be, do not\nincrease my misery by delaying them. There is a degree of humanity in\ndiscovering quickly unfortunate intelligence: the soul collects at once\nall its powers of resistance, and the shock is sooner over.\"\n\nCnemon hastening to repress her rising anguish--\"How ready are you,\"\nsaid he, \"to foretell calamities! You generally, however, prove a false\nprophetess, and so far you do well--Theagenes is not only living,\nbut, I trust in the gods, safe;\"--and he told her, briefly, in what\ncondition, and where he was. \"Ah, Cnemon!\" said Calasiris, \"one would\nthink, from what you say, that you had never been in love! Do not\nyou know that they who really love are apprehensive of the slightest\ntrifles, and believe only their own eyes, when the situation of their\nlovers is concerned? Absence always fills their languishing souls with\nfear and torment; they imagine that nothing but the most invincible\nnecessity can ever make them separate from each other. Forgive\nChariclea, therefore, who labours under the extremity of this passion,\nand let us enter the house, and consider what we have to do;\"--and\ntaking Chariclea's hand, and soothing her with paternal tenderness, he\nled her in.\n\nNausicles, willing to solace his friends after their fatigues, and\nhaving, besides, a farther private end of his own, prepared a more\nthan usually choice entertainment for them alone and his daughter,\nwhom he commanded to dress and adorn herself with uncommon bravery and\nsplendour. Towards the end of the feast he thus addressed them:\n\n\"I call the gods to witness, my friends, that your company is so\nagreeable to me, that I should be happy if you would spend the\nremainder of your lives here, and enjoy, in common with me, my wealth\nand pleasures. I wish to consider you so much more in the light of\nfriends than guests, that I shall think nothing too much which I can\nbestow upon, or partake with you. I am ready also to give you every\nadvice and assistance in my power, towards the recovery of your lost\nrelation, as long as I can stay with you; but you know that I am a\nmerchant, and that it is by this profession that I procure and increase\nmy substance. And now, as the west winds have set in favourably, have\nopened the sea for navigation, and promise a prosperous season, my\naffairs call loudly upon me to sail into Greece. I am very desirous,\ntherefore, of hearing what you propose to do, that I may endeavour, as\nmuch as possible, to accommodate my schemes to yours.\" Here he paused;\nand Calasiris, after a short pause, answered him:--\"\u039f Nausicles!\nmay your voyage be fortunate!--may Hermes, the patron of gain, and\nNeptune the preserver, protect and accompany your expedition--may they\nlead you through smooth seas, may they make every haven safe--every\ncity easy of access to you, and every inhabitant favourable to your\nundertakings--these are the sincere and grateful wishes of those\nwhom you have received, and now, at their own request, dismiss after\nobserving the exact law of friendship and hospitality. Though it is\ngrievous and painful to us to leave you, and to depart from your\nhouse, which with so much generosity you have taught us in a manner to\nconsider as our own; yet it is incumbent upon, and unavoidable for us,\nto apply ourselves immediately to the search and recovery of our lost\nfriend. This is the fixed purpose of myself and Chariclea: let Cnemon\nspeak for himself--whether he had rather gratify us, by accompanying\nus in our wanderings, or has any other project in his mind.\" Cnemon\nseemed now desirous of answering in his turn; and, preparing to speak,\nfetched, on a sudden, a deep sigh, and tears for some time stopped his\nutterance: at length collecting and composing himself as well as he\ncould, he said--\n\n\"\u039f fortune, fickle and uncertain goddess! how dost thou shower\ndown misfortunes upon us miserable mortals! but upon none have thy\npersecutions been exerted with more unremitting severity than upon\nme. You deprived me of my family and father's house; banished me from\nmy country and friends--after a long interval of calamities which I\npass over, shipwrecked me upon the coast of Egypt; delivered me over\nto pirates; shewed me, at last, a glimmering of comfort, by making\nme acquainted with men, unfortunate, indeed, like myself, but at the\nsame time Greeks, and such as I hoped to spend the remainder of my\nlife with; but now you deprive me of this consolation, where shall I\nturn myself? What ought I to do? Shall I desert Chariclea, who has not\nyet recovered Theagenes? That would be infamous and abominable? Or\nshall I follow and attend her in her search? If there were a probable\nprospect of finding him, the hope of success would sweeten, and\nauthorize my toils; but if that expectation is distant and uncertain,\nand the undertaking discouraging and difficult, who can tell where my\nwanderings will end? May I not, then, hope that you, and the deities\nof friendship, will forgive me, if I venture to mention a return to my\nfamily and country? especially since the gods offer me so unlooked-for\nan opportunity, in the voyage which Nausicles proposes making into\nGreece. Ought I to let slip so favourable an occasion? since, should\nany thing have happened to my father, his house will be left desolate,\nand his name and estate without a successor: and though I may be\ndestined to spend the remainder of my days in poverty, yet it will be\ndesirable and right in me, to preserve in my own person the remnant of\nmy race. But, \u039f Chariclea! I am most anxious to excuse myself to you,\nand to beg your forgiveness, which I beseech you to grant me. I will\nfollow you as far as the quarters of the buccaneers; and will beg the\nfavour of Nausicles, however pressed he may be in time, to wait for\nme so long. If perchance I should be so fortunate as to deliver you\nthere into the hands of Theagenes, I shall then appear to have been a\nfaithful guardian of the precious deposit which has fallen under my\ncare, and shall set out on my own expedition with lucky omens, and a\nquiet conscience. But if (which the gods forbid!) I should be deceived\nin this hope, I shall still, I trust, appear excusable, in that I have\ngone so far, and have not left you alone, but in the hands of the\nexcellent Calasiris, your father, and best preserver.\"\n\nChariclea meanwhile conjecturing, from many circumstances, that Cnemon\nwas in love with the daughter of Nausicles (for one who is herself\nenamoured most easily detects the like affections in another), and\nseeing, from the behaviour and expressions of Nausicles, that he was\nvery desirous for the alliance, that he had long been working at it,\nand endeavouring to allure Cnemon into it; and thinking it, besides,\nnot perfectly proper, or free from suspicion, that he should any longer\nbe the companion of her journey--\"My friend,\" said she, \"let us entreat\nyou to act as is most agreeable to yourself: receive our best and most\ngrateful thanks for all the favours you have bestowed upon us, and the\ngood offices you have performed. For the future we have not so much\nneed of your cares and attention, nor is there now any necessity that\nyou should endanger your own fortunes, by waiting any longer upon ours.\nGo, then, under happy auspices, to Athens; may you there again find\nyour family, and recover your estate. It would be blameable on you to\nneglect the opportunity which Nausicles offers you: I and Calasiris\nwill struggle with the cross accidents which pursue us, till we may\nperhaps, at last, find some end to our wanderings. If we meet with no\nassistance from men, the gods, we trust, will not forsake us.\"\n\n\"May the immortals,\" said Nausicles, \"accompany Chariclea, according to\nher prayers, and assist her in every thing! and may she soon recover\nher friend and parents: her generous spirit and excellent understanding\nwell deserve success. Do you, Cnemon, regret no longer that you do not\nbring Thisbe back again with you to Athens, especially when you may\naccuse me of having carried her off clandestinely from thence; for\nthe merchant of Naucratium, the lover of Thisbe, was no other than\nmyself; nor have you any reason to apprehend distress or poverty. If\nyour inclinations coincide with mine, you may not only recover your\ncountry and family, under my guidance, but enrich yourself to the\nextent of any reasonable desires. If you are willing to marry, I offer\nyou my daughter, Nausiclea, with an ample portion, judging that I have\nreceived enough in that I have learned your family and nation.\"\n\nCnemon, seeing what had long been the object of his wishes and prayers,\nnow unexpectedly offered him beyond his hopes, eagerly replied, \"I take\nyour offer with great joy, and gratitude;\" and Nausicles immediately\ndelivered his daughter into his outstretched hand, and betrothed her\nto him; and ordering those who were present to raise the nuptial song,\nhe himself opened the dance, making the entertainment furnish forth a\nsudden wedding.\n\nAll the company were engaged in this joyous ceremony, the more\npleasant, because unlooked for: the song resounded through the\napartments, and during the whole night, the house shone with the\nmarriage torches. But Chariclea, retiring from the rest, betook herself\nto her solitary chamber; where, having secured the door, and risking\nas she thought no intrusion, she surrendered herself to all the stings\nof frenzy. She let her dishevelled tresses fall upon her shoulders,\ntore and discomposed her garments, and thus broke out:--\"Aye! let me\ntoo, in the manner he likes best, lead the dance before the overruling\nevil genius; let lamentations be my songs, and tears my libations: let\ndarkness surround me, and obscure night preside over what I am about;\"\nand with this she extinguished her torch against the ground. \"What a\ndainty nuptial chamber has he provided me! He claims me for himself,\nand keeps me solitary. Cnemon marries and joins in the dance; Theagenes\nwanders a captive, perhaps, and in bonds; and provided he lives even\nthat were well. Nausiclea is betrothed and separated from me, who,\ntill this night, partook of my bed; and I am left alone and destitute.\nHeaven knows that I grudge them not their good fortune; I wish them\nall felicity; but I repine that I have no share of it myself. The\ntragedy of my misfortunes has been prolonged beyond example. But what\navails it to spend my time in womanish lamentations! let the measure\nof my calamities be filled up, since such is the will of heaven. But,\n\u039f Theagenes, my sweet and only care, if you are dead, and the dreadful\ntidings (which may the gods forbid!) should ever wound my ear, I swear\ninstantly to join you in the shades below. Meanwhile let me offer to\nyour spirit (if it has left the lovely body) these funeral rites\"\n(and immediately she plucked off handfuls of her hair and laid them\non the bed): \"Let me pour a libation to you out of those eyes which\nyou hold so dear;\" and with this she bedewed her couch with her tears.\n\"But, if you are alive and safe, appear to me, my life, in a dream; and\nrepose with me, but preserve, even then, the respect you have sworn\nto your betrothed.\" So saying, she flung herself on the bed, embraced\nand kissed it; till sobs and groans, fatigue and grief, gradually\noverwhelmed with a cloud all her reasoning faculties; and she sunk,\nat last, into a deep sleep, which continued till late the following\nmorning.\n\nCalasiris, wondering that she did not appear as usual, went up to her\nchamber to inquire after her; where, knocking loudly at the door,\nand calling her repeatedly by her name, he at length awakened her.\nShe, alarmed at this sudden call, and confused at the disorder both\nof her person and apartment; yet, went to the door, unbolted it,\nand let him in. He, when he saw her hair dishevelled, her garments\ntorn, her eyes restless, and breathing still too much of that passion\nwith which they had been inflamed before she dropped asleep, began\nto suspect something of the cause of this agitation. Leading her,\ntherefore, again to the bed, placing her upon it, and helping her to\ncompose her dress a little--\"Why, Chariclea,\" says he, \"do you indulge\nthese transports? Why do you grieve thus beyond measure, and abjectly\nsink under the calamities which oppress you? I am now at a loss to\ndiscover that nobleness of mind, and chastened spirit, with which\nyou have hitherto borne your ills. Have done with these unbecoming\nextravagancies--consider that you are a mortal creature;[3] a thing\nunstable, subject to the blasts of good and evil fortune. Why abandon\nyourself to despair, perhaps, on the eve of a change of fortune?\nPreserve yourself, my child; if not for your own sake, at least for\nTheagenes, who lives only in and for you.\"\n\nChariclea blushed at his chiding, and at the circumstances in which he\nhad surprised her. She was for some time silent. At last she said--\"You\nhave reason, I own, to blame me, Father: but, perhaps, you will not\nthink me without excuse. My love for Theagenes is no new or vulgar\npassion, but pure and chaste; it is directed towards one who, though\nnot my wedded husband, is my betrothed: I am grieved and disappointed\nat not seeing him return with you; and am in a thousand doubts and\nfears about his life and safety.\"\n\n\"Be comforted then,\" replied Calasiris, \"trust in the oracles of the\ngods, and believe, that under their guidance and protection, he is both\nsafe and well. You should remember what we heard yesterday--that he\nwas taken by Thyamis, as he was being carried to Memphis; and, if he\nis in his power, you may be satisfied that he is safe; for there was\na friendship between them even before. It is our business now to make\nwhat haste we can to the town of Bessa, in order to seek, you for your\nlover, and I for my son; for you have already heard that Thyamis stands\nin that relation to me.\"\n\nChariclea appeared very pensive at this.--\"If indeed,\" said she, \"this\nis your son, and not some other Thyamis, our affairs are in great\njeopardy.\" Calasiris wondering at, and inquiring the cause of, her\napprehensions,--\"You know,\" she continued, \"that I was for some time in\nthe power of the pirates: there these unhappy features of mine inspired\nThyamis with love. I fear lest, if in our inquiry we should meet with\nhim, he should immediately recognize me, and compel me to a marriage\nwhich, on various pretences, I before with difficulty eluded.\"--\"I\ntrust,\" said the old man, \"that the sight of me will inspire him\nwith reverence and respect, and that a father's eye will repress and\nrestrain his intemperate desires: however, there is no reason why we\nshould not endeavour, by some artifice, to guard against what you fear;\nand you seem expert at finding out excuses and delays, against those\nwho show themselves too pressing.\"\n\nChariclea, recovering her spirits a little at this pleasantry--\"I\ndo not know whether you are in jest or earnest:\" said she, \"but I\ncan relate to you the contrivance of Theagenes and myself, when we\nattempted to make our escape from the pirates' island; and, if you\napprove of it, we may make use now of the same stratagem; and may it be\nmore fortunate than it was then! We determined to change our garments,\nto metamorphose ourselves into beggars, and in this squalid garb to\npass through the towns and villages. Let us now then, if you please,\nput on the appearance of wretchedness: we shall be less subject to\ninquiry and observation. The greatest security is found in the lowest\nestate. Poverty is an object of pity, not of envy; and we shall more\neasily procure our daily bread: for, in a foreign land, every thing is\nsold dear to strangers; but is cheaply given to the wretched.\"\n\nCalasiris approved of the project, and besought her to be ready as\nsoon as possible to set out. They acquainted Nausicles and Cnemon\nwith their intentions, and in three days were prepared to enter on\ntheir expedition. They took no beast of burden with them, though they\nmight have had one, nor suffered any one to attend them. Nausicles and\nCnemon, and all their family, accompanied them as far as they would\npermit it. Nausiclea, too, having by earnest entreaties obtained her\nfather's permission, set out with her friend; her love for Chariclea\nmaking her break through that reserve and retirement which young women\nare expected to preserve during the first days of their nuptials. They\naccompanied them about half a mile; and then, saluting each other,\nand mingling tears and every good wish with their embraces, they took\ntheir leave. Cnemon repeatedly besought them to pardon those nuptial\nengagements which prevented his going with them; and promised that,\nwhenever he had an opportunity, he would endeavour to find them out.\n\nAt length they separated. Nausicles, and his train, took the road to\nChemmis. Chariclea and Calasiris began the transformation which they\nhad meditated, and clothed themselves in tattered garments, which\nthey had got ready. She stained her cheeks with a compound of soot\nand dust,[4] and threw an old torn veil negligently over her face.\nShe carried a bag under her arm, which had the appearance of being a\nreceptacle for scraps and broken victuals, but contained, in reality,\nthe sacred vestments she had brought from Delphi--her garlands, and the\nprecious tokens which her mother had exposed with her.\n\nCalasiris carried her quiver, wrapt up in a piece of old leather, as\na burden, across his shoulders; and, loosening the string of her bow,\nmade use of it as a walking-stick. If any one approached, he leant\nheavily upon it, stooping more than his years actually obliged him to\ndo; and, limping with one leg, suffered himself frequently to be led by\nChariclea.\n\nWhen the metamorphosis was completed they could not help smiling at\neach other's appearance, and, in the midst of their grief, a few jokes\nupon it escaped them; and beseeching the deities who persecuted them to\ncease at length from their anger, they made what haste they could to\nthe town of Bessa, where they hoped to find Theagenes and Thyamis. But\nin this they were disappointed; for arriving near Bessa at sun-setting,\nthey saw the ground strewed with a considerable number of dead bodies,\nnewly slain; most of them were Persians, whom they knew by their\nhabits, but some were the natives of the place. They conjectured this\nto have been the work of war, but were at a loss to know who had been\nthe combatants. At length, while they were searching and examining the\ncorpses, dreading lest they might find a friend among them (for strong\naffection is unreasonably apprehensive on the slightest grounds), they\nsaw an old woman, hanging over the body of one of the natives, and\nloud in her lamentations. They resolved therefore to endeavour to get\nwhat intelligence they could from her; and, accosting her, they first\ntried to soothe her vehement affliction; and then, when she became a\nlittle calmer, Calasiris, in the Egyptian tongue, ventured to ask her\nwhat was the cause of the slaughter they saw before them, and who it\nwas whom she so lamented. She answered, briefly, that she was mourning\nfor her son; that she came on purpose to the field of battle that\nsome one of the combatants, if any should return, might deprive her\nof life, now become a burden to her; that meanwhile, amid tears and\nlamentations, she was endeavouring, as well as she could, to perform\nfuneral rites for her child. The cause of the engagement, says she, was\nas follows:--\"A foreign youth, of remarkable beauty and stature, was\nproceeding under the direction of Mithranes, the Persian Commandant,\nin his way to Memphis, where he was to be presented to Oroondates,\nthe Viceroy of the Great King. Mithranes had taken him captive, and\nthought he could not offer a more agreeable gift. The inhabitants of\nour town pretending, whether truly or not I cannot say, that they had\nsome knowledge of this young man, came suddenly upon the soldiers\nof Mithranes, and rescued him. Mithranes, when he heard of it, was\nviolently enraged, and two days ago led his troops against the town.\nMy countrymen are used to war; they lead a piratical life, and despise\ndeath when gain or revenge are in view. Many are the widows and orphans\nthey have made, and many mothers have they deprived of their children,\nas I, unhappy woman, am at this day. As soon, therefore, as they had\ncertain intelligence of the Persians' expedition, they left the city,\nchose a proper place for an ambuscade, and posting, in concealment,\na select body of troops where they knew the enemy must pass, as soon\nas they appeared, attacked them resolutely in front, while the rest\nof their companions rushed suddenly, with a great shout, from their\nambush, fell upon their flank, and soon put them to the rout. Mithranes\nfell among the first, and most of his troops with him; for they were so\nsurrounded, that there was little opportunity for flight. A few of our\npeople were slain, and among those few my son, transfixed, as you see,\nwith a Persian dart; and now I, unhappy that I am, am bewailing his\nloss; and, perhaps, am still reserved to lament that of the only son I\nhave now left, who marched yesterday with the army against the city of\nMemphis.\"\n\nCalasiris inquired into the cause of this expedition. The old woman\ntold him what she had heard from her son: That the inhabitants of\nBessa, after they had slaughtered the officer and soldiers of the\nGreat King, saw plainly that there was no room for excuse or pardon;\nthat Oroondates, as soon as the intelligence reached Memphis, would\nimmediately set out with his army,[5] surround, besiege, and utterly\ndestroy their town; that therefore they had resolved to follow up one\nbold deed by a bolder; to anticipate the preparations of the Viceroy;\nto march, in short, without delay to Memphis, where, if they could\narrive unexpectedly, they might possibly surprise and seize his person,\nif he were in the city; or if he were gone, as was reported, upon\nan expedition into Ethiopia, they might more easily make themselves\nmasters of a place which was drained of its troops, and so might\nfor some time ward off their danger; and could also reinstate their\ncaptain, Thyamis, in the priesthood, of which he had been unjustly\ndeprived by his younger brother. But if they should fail in the bold\nattempt, they would have the advantage of dying in the field, like men,\nand escape falling into the hands of the Persians, and being exposed\nto their insults and tortures. \"But, as for you,\" continued the old\nwoman, \"where are you going?\"--\"Into the town,\" said Calasiris.--\"It\nis not safe for you,\" returned she, \"at this late hour, and unknown as\nyou are, to go among strangers.\"--\"But if you will receive us into your\nhouse,\" replied the other, \"we shall think ourselves safe.\"--\"I cannot\nreceive you just at this time,\" said she, \"for I must now perform\nsome nocturnal sacrifices. But if you can endure it--and indeed you\nmust do so, retire to some distance from the slain, and endeavour to\npass the night as well as you can in the plain; in the morning I will\ngladly receive and entertain you as my guests.\" When she had said this,\nCalasiris took Chariclea, and shortly explained to her what had passed\nbetween them; and going to a rising ground, not very far from the field\nof battle, he there reclined himself, putting the quiver under his head.\n\nChariclea sat down on her wallet--the moon just rising, and beginning\nto illuminate all around with her silver light; for it was the third\nday from the full. Calasiris, old, and fatigued with his journey,\ndropped asleep; but Chariclea's cares kept her waking, and made her\nspectatress of an impious and accursed scene, but not an unusual one,\namong the Egyptians. For[6] now the old woman, supposing herself at\nliberty, and unobserved, dug a sort of pit, and lighted a fire of\nsticks which she had collected together, on each side of it. Between\nthe two fires she placed the dead body of her son, and taking an\nearthen cup from a neighbouring tripod, she poured first honey into the\ntrench, then milk, and then wine. She next worked up a kind of paste\nof dough into something of the similitude of a man, and crowning it\nwith laurel and fennel, cast that too into the ditch. Then snatching up\na sword, with many frantic gestures and barbarous invocations to the\nmoon, in an unknown tongue, she wounded herself in the arm, and dipping\na branch of laurel in her blood, sprinkled it over the fire. And after\nmany other wild and mystic ceremonies, she stooped down at length to\nthe corpse of her son, whispered something in its ear, and, by the\npower of her spells, raised and forced it to stand upright.\n\nChariclea, who had observed the former part of this ceremony, not\nwithout apprehension, was now seized with affright and horror, and\nawakened Calasiris, that he too might be a spectator of what was being\ndone. They, being themselves shrouded in darkness, observed in security\nwhat passed by the light of the fires, and were near enough too to hear\nwhat was said; the old woman now questioning the dead body in a loud\nvoice,--\"Whether its brother, her son, would return in safety?\"--it\nanswered nothing; but nodding its head by a doubtful signal, gave its\nmother room to hope, and then, on a sudden, fell down again upon its\nface. She turned the body on its back, repeated her question, and\nwhispered, as it should seem, still stronger charms in its ear; and\nbrandishing her sword now over the fire, and now over the trench,\nraised the corpse again, and putting the same interrogation to it,\nurged it to answer her, not by nods and signs only, but in actual and\ndistinct words.\n\nHere Chariclea addressed Calasiris, and besought him to approach, and\nask something about Theagenes; but he refused altogether; declaring,\nthat it was much against his inclination that he became a compulsory\nspectator of so impious a scene; for it did not become a priest\nto be present at, much less to take a part in, such a deed.--\"Our\ndivinations,\" said he, \"are made by means of lawful sacrifices, and\npure prayers; not by profane ceremonies, and unhallowed conjurations\nof dead carcases, such as our wayward fate has now obliged us to be\nwitnesses of.\" But while he was proceeding, the body, with a deep and\nhollow voice, began to speak, as if its words were uttered from the\ninmost recesses of a winding cave. \"I spared you at first, \u039f mother,\nalthough you were transgressing the laws of nature, disregarding the\ndecrees of the fates, and disturbing by your enchantments, what ought\nto remain at rest. There is, even among the departed, a reverence for\nparents; but since, as far as in you lies, you destroy that reverence,\nand persist in pushing your wicked incantations to the utmost--since\nyou are not content with raising up a dead body, and forcing it to make\nsigns, but will proceed to compel it to speak; regardless of the care\nyou owe to your son's remains, preventing his shade from mixing with\nthose who are gone before him, and mindful only of your own private\nconvenience and curiosity--hear what I piously avoided disclosing to\nyou before:\n\n\"Your son shall return no more; and you yourself shall perish by the\nsword, and shortly conclude your course by a violent death, worthy of\nthe execrable practices in which you have spent your life; you who are\nnot now alone, as you suppose yourself; but are performing your horrid\nrites, worthy of being buried in the deepest silence and darkness,\nin the sight of others, and betraying the secrets of the dead in the\nhearing of witnesses. One of them is a priest; and his wisdom indeed\nis such, that he may perhaps see the propriety of concealing what he\nhas seen. He is dear to the gods; and if he hastens his journey, he may\nprevent his sons from engaging singly with each other in a bloody and\ndeadly fight, and compose their differences. But what is infinitely\nworse, a maiden has heard and seen everything which has taken place.\nShe is deeply in love, and is wandering through the world in search\nof her lover, whom, after many toils and dangers, she shall at last\nobtain, and, in a remote corner of the earth, pass with him a splendid\nand royal life.\"\n\nHaving said this, the body fell again prone on the ground. The old\nwoman concluding that the strangers were the spectators meant, ran\nfuriously, in all the disorder of her dress, and sword in hand, to\nseek for them among the dead, where she imagined they had concealed\nthemselves; determined to destroy, if she could find them, the\nwitnesses of her abominable incantations. But while searching\nincautiously among the carcases, and blinded by her fury, she stumbled,\nand fell headlong upon a fragment of a spear stuck upright in the\nearth, which, piercing through her body, soon put an end to her wicked\nlife, and quickly fulfilled the fatal prophecy of her son.\n\n\n[Footnote 1: See Book V.]\n\n[Footnote 2: A bird, the brains and tongue of which were highly\nesteemed by Roman epicures. Rich men's slaves used to take lessons in\ncarving this, and other choice dishes, practising upon wooden models.\n\n    \"Sumine cum magno lepus, atque aper et pygargus,\n    Et Scythic\u00e6 volucres, et _ph\u0153nicopterus_ ingens,\n    Et G\u00e6tulus oryx, hebeti lautissima ferro,\n    C\u00e6ditur, et tot\u00e2 sonat ulmea c\u0153na Suburr\u00e2.\"\n                                   Juv. XI. 138.\n\nThose who are curious in the matter of good eating among the ancients,\nmay read with advantage the Feast of Trimalcio, in Petronius Arbiter,\nand the concluding chorus in the Ecclesiazus\u00e6 of Aristophanes.]\n\n[Footnote 3:\n\n    \"... ye men, ye brittle things, mere images of clay,\n    Ye flitting leaves, ye shadowy shapes, ye creatures of a day,\n    Poor, wingless wretched mortals ye, like nothing but a dream.\"\n                                   Aristoph. Birds, 676. Cary's Tr.\n]\n\n[Footnote 4:\n\n    \".... Whiles I may 'scape\n    I will preserve myself, and am bethought\n    To take the basest and the poorest shape\n    That ever penury, in contempt of man,\n    Brought near to beast. My face I'll grime with filth;\n    Blanket my loins; elfe all my hair in knots;\n    And with presented nakedness, out-face\n    The winds, and persecutions of the sky.\"--King Lear.\n]\n\n[Footnote 5: \u03a3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd. See Book I.]\n\n[Footnote 6: See Lucan, Book vi., 667-761, where Erichtho brings the\ndead to life in order to obtain a response as to the future success of\nPompey.]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK VII.\n\n\nOn the other hand, Calasiris and his fair companion, having been in\nsuch danger, in order to be free from their present terrors, and\nhastening, on account of the prophecy they had heard, continued, with\ndiligence, their journey to Memphis. They arrived at the city at\nthe very time when those events were being fulfilled which had been\nforetold in the incantation scene.[1] The citizens of Memphis had just\ntime to shut their gates, before the arrival of Thyamis and his robber\nband; a soldier from the army of Mithranes, who had escaped from the\nbattle of Bessa having foreseen, and foretold, the attempt.\n\nThyamis having ordered his men to encamp under the walls, rested them\nafter the fatigues of their march; and determined forthwith to besiege\nthe city. They in the town who, surprised at first, expected the attack\nof a numerous army, when they saw from their walls the small number\nof their assailants, put themselves in motion, and collecting the\nfew troops, archers and cavalry, left for the defence of the place,\nand arming the citizens as best they could, were preparing to issue\nout of the gates, and attack their enemy in the field. But they were\nrestrained by a man of some years and authority among them, who said,\nthat although the Viceroy Oroondates was absent in the Ethiopian war,\nit would be improper for them to take any step without the knowledge\nand direction of his wife, Arsace; and that the soldiers who were left,\nwould engage much more heartily in the cause, if fighting under her\norders.\n\nThe multitude joined with him in opinion, and followed him to the\npalace which the viceroy inhabited in the absence of the sovereign.\nArsace[2] was beautiful, and tall; expert in business; haughty because\nof her birth, as being the sister of the Great King; extremely\nblameable, however, in her conduct, and given up to dissolute\npleasure. She had, in a great measure, been the cause of the exile of\nThyamis: for when Calasiris, on account of the oracle which he had\nreceived relative to his children, had withdrawn himself privately\nfrom Memphis,[3] and on his disappearing, was thought to have\nperished; Thyamis, as his eldest son, was called to the dignity of the\npriesthood, and performed his initiatory sacrifice in public. Arsace,\nas she entered the temple of Isis, encountered this blooming and\ngraceful youth, dressed on the occasion with more than usual splendour.\nShe cast wanton glances at him, and by her gestures gave plain\nintimation of her passion.[4] He, naturally modest, and virtuously\nbrought up, did not notice this, and had no suspicion of her meaning,\nnay, intent on the duties of his office, probably attributed her\nconduct to some quite different cause. But his brother Petosiris, who\nhad viewed with jealous eyes his exaltation to the priesthood, and had\nobserved the behaviour of Arsace towards him, considered how he might\nmake use of her irregular desires, as a means of laying a snare for him\nwhom he envied.\n\nHe went privately to Oroondates, discovered to him his wife's\ninclinations, and basely and falsely affirmed that Thyamis complied\nwith them. Oroondates was easily persuaded of the truth of this\nintelligence, from his previous suspicions; but took no notice of\nit to her, being unable clearly to convict her; and dreading and\nrespecting the royal race she sprang from, thought it best to conceal\nhis real opinion. He did not, however, cease uttering threats of death\nagainst Thyamis, until he drove him into banishment; when Petosiris was\nappointed to the priesthood in his room.\n\nThese events happened some years before the time of which I am at\npresent speaking. But now the multitude surrounded the palace of\nArsace, informed her of the approach of a hostile army (of which\nhowever she was aware) and besought her to give orders to the soldiers\nto march out with them to attack the enemy.\n\nShe told them that she thought she ought not to comply with their\nrequest, till she had made herself a little acquainted with the number\nof the enemy--who they were--from whence they came--and what was the\ncause of their expedition. That for that purpose she thought it would\nbe proper for her first to ascend the walls, to take a survey from\nthence; and then having collected more troops, to determine, upon\nconsideration, what was possible and expedient to be done.\n\nThe people acquiesced in what she said, and advanced at once towards\nthe wall; where, by her command, they erected upon the ramparts a tent,\nadorned with purple and gold-embroidered tapestry; and she, royally\nattired, placed herself under it, on a lofty throne, having around her,\nher guards in arms, glittering with gold; and holding up a herald's\nwand,[5] the symbol of peace, invited the chiefs of the enemy to a\nconference under the walls.\n\nThyamis and Theagenes advanced before the rest, and presented\nthemselves under the ramparts, in complete armour, their heads only\nuncovered: and the herald made proclamation:--\n\n\"Arsace, wife of the chief viceroy, and sister of the Great King,\ndesires to know who you are--what are your demands--and why you presume\nto make incursions into the territory of Memphis?\"--They replied, that\ntheir followers were men of Bessa.--Thyamis, moreover, explained who\nhe was: how being unjustly deprived of the priesthood of Memphis by\nthe suspicions of Oroondates, and the arts of his brother Petosiris,\nhe was come to claim it again at the head of these bands--that if they\nwould restore him to his office, he asked no more; and his followers\nwould withdraw in peace, without injuring any one; but if they refused\nthis just demand, he must endeavour to do himself justice by force and\narms--that it became Arsace to revenge herself upon Petosiris for his\nwicked calumnies against her; by which he had infused into the mind\nof her husband suspicions against her honour; and had driven him, his\nbrother, into exile.\n\nThese words made a great impression upon the citizens: they well\nrecollected Thyamis again; and now knowing the cause of his unexpected\nflight, of which they were ignorant before, they were very much\ndisposed to believe that what he now alleged was truth. But Arsace was\nmore disturbed than any one, and distracted by a tempest of different\ncares and thoughts. She was inflamed with anger against Petosiris,\nand calling to mind the past, resolved how she might best revenge\nherself upon him. She looked sometimes at Thyamis, and then again at\nTheagenes: and was alternately drawn by her desires towards both. Her\nold inclination to the former revived; towards the latter a new and\nstronger flame, hurried her away: so that her emotion was very visible\nto all the by-standers. After some struggle, however, recovering\nherself, as if from convulsive seizure, she said, \"What madness has\nengaged the inhabitants of Bessa in this expedition? and you, beautiful\nand graceful youths of noble birth, why should you expose yourselves\nto manifest destruction for a band of marauders, who, if they were to\ncome to a battle, would not be able to sustain the first shock? for\nthe troops of the Great King are not so reduced as not to have left\na sufficient force in the city to surround and overwhelm all of you,\nalthough the viceroy be absent in a foreign war. But since the pretext\nof this expedition is of a private nature, why should the people at\nlarge be sufferers in a quarrel in which they have no concern? Rather\nlet the parties determine their dispute between themselves, and commit\ntheir cause to the justice and judgment of the gods. Let, then, the\ninhabitants both of Memphis and the men of Bessa remain at peace; nor\ncauselessly wage war against each other. Let those who contend for the\npriesthood engage in single combat, and be the holy dignity the prize\nof the conqueror.\"\n\nArsace was heard by the inhabitants of Memphis with pleasure, and her\nproposal was received with their unanimous applause. They suspected\nthe wickedness and treachery of Petosiris, and were pleased with the\nprospect of transferring to his single person the sudden danger which\nthreatened the whole community. But the bands of Bessa did not so\nreadily agree; they were at first very averse to expose their leader\nto peril on their behalf, until Thyamis at length persuaded them\nto consent; representing to them the weakness and unskilfulness of\nPetosoris, whereas he should engage in the combat with every possible\nadvantage on his side. This reflection probably influenced Arsace in\nproposing the single combat. She hoped to obtain by it her real aim,\nrevenge upon Petosiris, exposing him to fight with one so much his\nsuperior in skill and courage.\n\nThe preparations for the encounter were now made with all celerity;\nThyamis, with the utmost alacrity, hastening to put on what still he\nwanted to complete his armour. Theagenes encouraging him, securely\nbuckled on his arms, and placed, lastly, a helmet on his head, flashing\nwith gold, and with a lofty crest.\n\nOn the other hand, Petosiris protested against the combat. He was\nobliged by violence to put on his arms; and, by the command of Arsace,\nwas thrust out of the gates. Thyamis seeing him--\"Do you observe,\nTheagenes,\" said he, \"how Petosiris shakes with fear?\"--\"Yes,\" replied\nthe other; \"but how (resumed he) will you use the victory which seems\nready to your hands; for it is no common foe whom you are going to\nencounter, but a brother?\"--\"You say well;\" he returned, \"and have\ntouched the very subject of my thoughts. I intend to conquer him with\nthe assistance of the gods, but not to kill him. Far be it from me\nto suffer myself to be so far transported by anger, resentment, or\nambition, as to pursue revenge for past injuries, or purchase future\nhonours at the expense of a brother's blood!\"\n\n\"You speak nobly,\" said Theagenes; \"and as one who feels the force\nof natural ties; but have you any commands for me?\"--\"The combat I\nam going to engage in,\" said Thyamis, \"is a mere trifle, fit to be\ndespised; but since Fortune sometimes sports with mortals, and strange\naccidents happen, I will just say, that if I prove victor, you shall\naccompany me into the city, live with me, and partake equally with\nmyself, of everything which my fortune and station can afford. But if,\ncontrary to my expectation, I should be vanquished, you shall command\nthe bands of Bessa, with whom you are in great favour, and shall lead\nfor a time the life of a freebooter, till the Deity shall place you in\nmore prosperous circumstances.\" Having said this, they embraced each\nother with great affection; and Theagenes sat down to observe the issue\nof the fight.\n\nIn this situation he unconsciously afforded Arsace an opportunity\nof feeding herself upon his presence, as she surveyed his person,\nand gratified at least her eyes.[6] And now Thyamis advanced towards\nPetosiris; but Petosiris could not sustain his approach, and on\nhis first movement turned about towards the gate, and attempted to\nre-enter the city, but in vain; for those who were stationed at the\nentrance drove him back; and those who were upon the walls gave notice\nthroughout the whole circuit of the place, that he should nowhere\nbe admitted. He fled then as fast as he could around the city, and\nat length threw away his arms. Thyamis pursued him; and Theagenes\nfollowed, solicitous for his friend, and desirous of seeing what would\nhappen. He took no arms with him, lest it might appear that he came\nto assist Thyamis; but, placing his spear and shield where he had\nbefore sat, and leaving them for Arsace to contemplate in his stead, he\nattended closely on the steps of the brothers.\n\nPetosiris was not yet taken, nor was he far in advance; he was every\nminute in danger of being reached, and had only so much the advantage\nof the course, as it was reasonable to suppose an unarmed man would\nhave over one who was in armour. In this manner they twice circled the\nwalls; but the third time Thyamis approached near enough to threaten\nthe back of his brother with his spear. He called on him to stop and\nturn, if he would avoid receiving a wound; the multitude meanwhile\nupon the walls, as in a theatre, being spectators and judges of the\ncontest.\n\nJust at this instant, either the interposition of the Deity, or the\ncaprice of Fortune, who rules the affairs of men, introduced an episode\nupon the stage, and supplied, as if out of rivalry, a beginning for\nanother drama. Calasiris, who had submitted to a voluntary exile, and\nhad supported innumerable perils, both by sea and land, in order to\navoid the dreadful sight, was brought to the spot at that very hour,\nand compelled by inevitable fate to become a witness of the encounter\nof his sons, as the oracle had long ago foretold he should be. As soon\nas he arrived near enough to see what was passing under the walls of\nMemphis--when he recognised his children, recollected the prophecy, and\nsaw the arms of one of them raised against the other, he hastened with\ngreater speed than his age seemed to admit of, (doing violence to his\nweight of years), to prevent the dreaded issue of the combat.\n\nHaving nearly reached them, he exclaimed with all his might--\"My\nchildren! what mean you? what madness is this!\" They, intent on what\nthey were themselves engaged in, did not recognise their father,\ncovered as he was with beggar's weeds, but took him for some wandering\nvagrant, who was probably beside himself. Those who were on the walls,\nwondered at his so rashly exposing himself between the combatants.\nOthers laughed at what they thought his mad and fruitless efforts.\nWhen the good old man perceived that he was not known under these mean\ngarments, he cast aside the tatters under which he was disguised; let\nhis sacred locks flow down upon his shoulders, threw away his scrip\nand staff, and stood before them with a reverend and priest-like\naspect; gently inclining his body, and stretching out his hands as a\nsuppliant: his tears flowed apace, while he exclaimed--\"O my sons, I\nam Calasiris--I am your father--stay your hands--repress your fatal\nrage--receive, acknowledge, and reverence your parent.\"\n\nAlmost ready to swoon, the young men slackened in their course, and\ncast themselves before his feet, hardly believing what they saw; but\nwhen they were convinced that it was really Calasiris, and no phantom,\nthey embraced his knees, and clung to him, their minds labouring\nwith various and conflicting feelings. They were rejoiced at seeing\ntheir father unexpectedly safe--they were ashamed and hurt at the\ncircumstances in which he had found them--they were confused and\nsolicitous at the uncertainty of what was to follow.\n\nThe spectators from the city gazed with wonder at what was passing,\nand observed it in silence, without interfering. They were, in a\nmanner, astounded with ignorance and surprise, and stood like figures\non a painter's canvas, rivetted upon the scene before them, when lo!\na new actress made her appearance on the stage. Chariclea followed\nclose after Calasiris. The eye of a lover is quick as lightning in\nrecognising the object of its passion--a single gesture, the fold of\na garment, seen behind, or at a distance, is sufficient to confirm\nits conjectures. When she knew Theagenes afar off, transported at the\nlong-wished-for sight, she ran frantickly towards him, and, falling\non his neck, embraced him closely, breathing out her passion in\ninarticulate murmurs.\n\nHe, when he saw a squalid face, disguised, and industriously\ndiscoloured, her tattered garments, and vile appearance, repulsed and\nthrew her from him with disgust, as some common beggar; and when she\nstill persisted, and hindered his seeing Calasiris and his children,\nhe smote her on the face. She softly said to him--\"O Pythias, have you\nthen forgotten the torch?\" He, startled as at the sudden stroke of an\narrow, recognized the token which had been agreed upon between them;\nand, looking at the countenance of Chariclea, which broke on him like\nthe sun from behind a cloud, rushed into her embrace. All those upon\nthe walls, including Arsace herself, who swelled with displeasure and\nalready viewed Chariclea with jealous eyes, were overcome with wonder,\nas at some scenic exhibition.\n\nThe unnatural warfare between the brothers was now ended; the tragedy\nwhich threatened blood, had passed into a comedy. The father, who had\nseen them armed against each other, and had nearly been a spectator of\nthe wounds of one of them, became the instrument of peace.[7] He who\nwas unable to avoid the fated spectacle of his sons' hostilities, was\nfortunate enough to rule the issue of what fate had ordered.\n\nThey recovered their father after a ten years' exile; and they hastened\nto crown and invest him again with the ensigns of that dignity, which\nhad nearly been the cause of a bloody contest between them. But amid\nall these successes the love scene of the drama triumphed--Theagenes\nand Chariclea, blooming in youth and beauty, and sparkling with\npleasure at having recovered one another, attracted the eyes of every\nbeholder. Nearly the whole city poured out through the gates, and a\nmultitude of every age and sex hurried into the plain. The young men\nsurrounded Theagenes; those in the prime of life, and who had formerly\nknown him, crowded round Thyamis; the maidens who already indulged in\ndreams of wedlock followed Chariclea; the old men and priests attended\nupon and congratuled Calasiris:--thus a kind of sacred procession was\nformed upon the instant.\n\nThyamis dismissed the men of Bessa with much gratitude, and many thanks\nfor their ready assistance. He promised by the next full moon to send\nthem a hundred oxen, a thousand sheep, and ten drachmas each; and then,\nplacing his neck within the embrace of the old man, he supported on one\nside the tottering steps of his weary father, whom fatigue, surprise,\nand joy had well nigh exhausted. Petosiris on his side did the same:\nand thus they led him, with lighted torches, and the applause and\ncongratulations of the surrounding multitude, to the temple of Isis;\npipes and sacred flutes attending the procession, and stimulating\nthe spirits of the young to activity in the holy dance. Neither was\nArsace herself absent from the ceremony, for with guards, attendants,\nand much pomp, she proceeded to the temple of Isis, where she offered\ngold and precious stones, under pretence of setting an example to the\ncity, but having eyes for Theagenes alone, and gazing upon him with\nmore eagerness than did all the others; yet the pleasure she received\nwas not unmixed. Theagenes held Chariclea by the hand, and for her he\nremoved the surrounding crowd, and the keen stings of jealousy sunk\ndeep into the breast of Arsace.\n\nBut Calasiris, when he arrived at the innermost part of the temple,\nthrew himself on his face, and continued so long prostrate and\nmotionless at the feet of the sacred image, that he was near expiring\nunder emotion. The bystanders gently raised and set him on his feet;\nand when with difficulty, and by degrees, he came to himself, he poured\nout a libation to the goddess, and, in the midst of vows and prayers,\ntook the sacred diadem of the priesthood from his own head, and placed\nit on that of his son Thyamis; saying to the spectators--\"That he felt\nhimself old, and saw his end approaching--that his eldest son was his\nlawful successor in the office--and that he possessed the needful\nvigour, both of mind and body, for exercising the functions of it.\"\n\nThe multitude testified, by their acclamations, their approbation of\nwhat he said; and he retired with his sons, and Theagenes, to those\napartments of the temple which are set apart for the high-priest.\nThe crowd separated to their several habitations; and Arsace at\nlength departed, unwillingly, and often turning back, under pretence\nof greater respect to the goddess; at last, however she did depart,\ncasting back her eyes as long as possible upon Theagenes.\n\nAs soon as she arrived at her palace, she hurried to her chamber,\nand, throwing herself upon the bed, in the habit she had on, lay\nthere a long time speechless. She was a woman ever inclined to\nsensual passion; and was now inflamed above measure by the beauties\nand grace of Theagenes, which excelled any she had ever beheld. She\ncontinued restless and agitated all night, turning from one side to\nthe other, fetching deep and frequent sighs; now rising up, and again\nfalling back on her couch; now tearing off her clothes, and then again\nthrowing herself upon her bed; calling in her maids without cause, and\ndismissing them without orders.[8] In short, her unrestrained love\nwould certainly have driven her into frenzy, had not an old crone,\nCybele by name, her bedchamber woman, well acquainted with her secrets,\nand who had ministered to her amours, hurried into the chamber.\n\nNothing had escaped her notice, and she now came to add fuel to the\nflame; thus addressing her:--\"What ails you, my dear mistress? What\nnew passion tortures you? Whose countenance has raised such a flame\nin my nursling's soul? Is there any one foolish or insolent enough to\noverlook or contemn advances from you? Can any mortal see your charms\nunmoved, and not esteem your favours as a most supreme felicity?\nConceal nothing from me, my sweet child. He must be made of adamant,\nindeed, whom my arts cannot soften. Only tell me your wishes, and I\nwill answer for the success of them. You have more than once made\ntrial of my skill and fidelity.\" With these and such like insinuating\npersuasions, and falling at the feet of Arsace, she entreated her to\ndisclose the cause of her sufferings and agitations. The princess at\nlast, composing herself a little, said--\n\n\"Good nurse! I have received a deeper wound than I have ever yet felt;\nand though I have frequently, on similar occasions, successfully\nexperienced your abilities, I doubt whether they can avail me now.\nThe war which threatened our walls yesterday,[9] has ended without\nbloodshed, and has settled into peace; but it has been the cause of\nraising a more cruel war within my bosom, and of inflicting a deep\nwound, not on any part of my body, but on my very soul, by offering to\nmy view, in a luckless hour, that foreign youth who ran near Thyamis\nduring the single combat. You must know whom I mean, for his beauty\nshone so transcendently among them all, as to be conspicuous to the\nrudest and most insensible to love, much more to one of your matured\nexperience. Wherefore my dearest nurse, now that you know my wound,\nemploy all your skill to heal it; call up every art, work with every\nspell and will which years have taught you, if you would have your\nmistress survive; for it is in vain for me to think of living, if I do\nnot enjoy this young man.\"\n\n\"I believe I know the youth of whom you speak,\" replied the old woman;\n\"his chest and shoulders were broad; his neck, straight and noble; his\nstature, raised above his fellows; and he outshone, in short, every one\naround him:--his eyes sparkling with animation, yet their fire tempered\nwith sweetness; his beautiful locks clustered on his shoulders; and\nthe first down of youth appeared upon his cheek. An outlandish wench,\nnot without beauty, but of uncommon impudence, ran suddenly up to him,\nembraced him, and hung upon his neck.--Is not this the man you mean?\"\n\n\"It is indeed,\" replied Arsace; \"I well remember the last circumstance\nyou mention; and that strolling hussy, whose[10] home-spun made-up\ncharms have nothing more in them than common, but are, alas! much more\nfortunate than mine, since they have obtained for her such a lover.\"\n\nThe old woman smiled at this, and said,--\"Be of good cheer, my child;\nthe stranger just now, perhaps, thinks his present mistress handsome;\nbut if I can make him possessor of your beauties he will find himself\nto have exchanged brass for gold,[11] and will look with disdain upon\nthat conceited and saucy strumpet.\"--\"Only do this, my dearest Cybele,\nand you will cure, at once, two dreadful distempers--love and jealousy;\nyou will free me from one, and satisfy the other.\"--\"Be it my care,\"\nreplied the nurse, \"to bring this about; do you, in the meantime,\ncompose yourself; take a little rest; do not despair before the trial,\nbut cherish soothing hope.\" Having said this, she took up the lamp,\nand, shutting the door of the chamber, went away.\n\nSoon after sunrise, taking one of the eunuchs of the palace with her,\nand ordering a maid to follow her with cakes[12] and other requisites\nfor sacrifice, she hastened to the temple of Isis. Upon arriving at\nthe entrance, she said--she came to offer a sacrifice for her mistress\nArsace, who had been disturbed by portentous dreams, and wished to\npropitiate the goddess. One of the vergers opposed, and sent her\naway, telling her--that the temple was overwhelmed with sorrow--that\nCalasiris, returned from his long exile, had feasted with his friend\nthe evening before, unbending his mind with unusual cheerfulness and\nmirth:--after the entertainment he made a libation, and poured out many\nprayers to the goddess--he told his sons that they would not see him\nmuch longer--and earnestly recommended to their protection the young\nGreeks who came with him; begging them to have the tenderest care of,\nand assist them in everything:--he then retired to rest; and whether\nexcess of joy had relaxed his nerves and exhausted his spirits more\nthan his old and worn-out frame could bear, or whether he had asked,\nand obtained, this favour of the gods, towards cock-crowing he was\nfound to have expired, by his sons, who, alarmed at his presages, had\nwatched over him all night. \"And now,\" continued he, \"we have sent into\nthe city, to assemble together the rest of the priestly caste, that we\nmay celebrate his funeral rites according to the custom of our country.\nYou must therefore retire; for it is not lawful for any one, except\nthe priests, to enter the temple, much less to sacrifice, for at least\nseven days.\"\n\n\"What then will become of the Grecian strangers during this interval?\"\nsaid Cybele.--\"Thyamis,\" he replied, \"our new high-priest, has ordered\napartments to be fitted up for them, beyond its precincts; and they are\neven now complying with our custom, by quitting the temple, and during\nthis melancholy space of time, will lodge without.\"\n\nThe old woman, thinking this an admirable occasion to spread her\nnets and prepare her snares, said, \"Good verger, now is the time to\nbe of service to the strangers, and to oblige Arsace, sister of the\nGreat King. You know how fond she is of Greeks, and how ready to show\nhospitality to foreigners; let these young people know, that with the\nknowledge, and by the consent of Thyamis, apartments are prepared for\nthem in our palace.\"\n\nThe verger, suspecting nothing of Cybele's designs, imagined that he\nwas doing a very good office for the strangers if he could get them\nreceived into the Viceroy's palace; that he should also oblige those\nwho asked this of him, and hurt nobody. He sought therefore Theagenes\nand Chariclea. He found them drowned in tears, and overwhelmed with\nsorrow. \"You do not act,\" said he, \"conformably to the principles\nof your country or religion in lamenting so deeply the departure\nof a holy man, who, besides, foretold it to you, and forbade you to\ngrieve at it. Reason and the divine word should rather encourage you\nto attend him, mentally, with rejoicing and congratulation as resting\nfrom his labours, and having exchanged this troublesome state for a\nbetter. On your own account, however, I can excuse your giving way,\nat first, to grief, having lost your father, your protector, and\nchief support; but you must not despair; Thyamis succeeds not only\nto his father's dignity, but to his affections towards you. He has\nmanifested the greatest regard for you. His first thoughts have been\nfor your accommodation. He has been able to procure a retreat for\nyou, so splendid, as not only foreigners in low estate like you, but\nthe greatest of the inhabitants, would envy. Follow then this woman,\"\npointing to Cybele--\"consider her as your mother, and accept the\nhospitality to which she will introduce you.\"\n\nTheagenes and Chariclea did as they were directed. Grief had so\noverwhelmed their faculties, that they hardly knew what they were\nabout; and in their present forlorn state were willing to fly to any\nrefuge. But could they have foreseen the calamities which awaited them\nin the house they were about to enter, they would have shrunk back.\nFortune, whose sport they were, seemed now to promise them a short\nspace for rest, and a prospect of joy, only to plunge them deeper in\nmisfortunes. They went voluntary prisoners; and young, strangers, and\nunsuspecting, deceived by the fair show of hospitality, they delivered\nthemselves up to their enemy. Thus subject is a wandering life to the\ncloud of error, and thus easily is the unhappy traveller deluded and\nimposed upon.\n\nThe lovers, when they arrived at the viceregal palace, and saw its\nmagnificent vestibules (far more splendid than any private house),\nthe guards, and array of attendants and courtiers, were surprised and\ndisturbed, observing the habitation to be very much beyond what was\nsuitable to the present condition of their fortunes. However, they\nfollowed Cybele, who exhorted and encouraged them--called them her\nfriends and children, and bid them form the most pleasing expectations\nfor their future. At length, when she had brought them to her own\napartment, which was remote and private, she caused them to sit down,\nand thus addressed them:\n\n\"My children, I am acquainted with the cause of your present sorrow;\nand that you lament, with great reason, the death of the high priest,\nCalasiris, who was in the place of a father to you; but it is proper\nfor you now to tell me who you are, and from whence you come. So far I\nknow, that you are Greeks; and, as I judge from your appearance, of a\ngood family; for a countenance so ingenuous, so graceful and engaging\nan air, bespeak a noble race. But from what country and city of Greece\nyou come, and by what chance you have wandered hither, I wish to know;\nand it will be for your interest to acquaint me, that I may inform my\nmistress Arsace, the sister of the Great King, and wife of the most\npowerful of the viceroys, Oroondates. She is hospitable, refined, and a\nlover of the Greeks. When she has had some previous information about\nyou, you will appear before her with less embarrassment, and more\nhonour. And whatever you disclose, will not be to an entire stranger,\nfor I also am a Greek by nation. I am a native of Lesbos. I was brought\nhere a captive; but I find my life in captivity pleasanter than any I\ncould have hoped to pass at home, for I enjoy the entire confidence of\nmy mistress; she sees only with my eyes, and hears with my ears; but\nI make use of the credit I have with her to introduce only worthy and\nhonourable persons to her acquaintance.\"\n\nTheagenes, comparing in her mind what Cybele now said, with the\nbehaviour of Arsace the day before; recollecting how intently she had\nfixed her eyes upon him, and calling to memory her wanton signs and\nglances,[13] foreboded no good to himself from what was to follow: he\nprepared, however, to say something in answer to Cybele, when Chariclea\nwhispered in his ear--\"Remember that I am your _sister_ in what you are\ngoing to say.\" He, taking the hint, began--\n\n\"You know already, Mother! that we are Greeks--this young woman is my\nsister--our parents were carried off by pirates--we set out in search\nof them, and ourselves met with worse fortunes, falling into the hands\nof cruel men, who robbed us of our all, which was considerable, and\nwere, with difficulty, persuaded to spare our lives. Some pitying deity\nbrought us acquainted with the hero Calasiris (now beatified): under\nhis guidance we arrived here, flattering ourselves that we should\nspend the remainder of our lives under his protection; but now we are\nas you see, left alone, and desolate; bereft of our own parents, and\nof him who promised to supply the place of them. This is our present\nsituation. To you we return our best thanks for your good offices and\nhospitality; and you would greatly enhance the favour by suffering us\nto live retired, and by ourselves; deferring, for some time at least,\nthe favour you hinted at, that of introducing us to Arsace. Strangers,\nwanderers, and unfortunate as we are, we are very unfit to appear in\nher splendid court. Acquaintance and intercourse are best suited for\nthose who are of equal rank.\" Cybele could hardly restrain herself at\nthis intelligence. She betrayed, by her countenance, evident marks of\nthe joy she felt at hearing that Chariclea was the sister of Theagenes,\nconcluding that she would now be no obstacle to the amorous designs of\nher mistress.\n\n\"Fair youth,\" said she, \"you will have different sentiments of Arsace\nwhen you are acquainted with her. She condescends, and accommodates\nherself to every kind of fortune. She has a particular pleasure in\ncomforting and assisting those who have met with unworthy treatment.\nThough she is by birth a Persian, in disposition she is a Greek. She\ndelights in the company and conversation of those who, like yourselves,\nare lately come from Greece. She greatly affects both the Grecian ways\nand manners: be of good cheer then; you will not fail to receive every\nattention and honour which a man can wish for, and your sister will be\nher companion and favourite. But now tell me your names?\" Having heard\nthem, she ran to Arsace, ordering them to wait her return, and giving\ndirections to her portress (an old woman like herself,) not to suffer\nany one to enter the apartment, nor to permit those who were inside to\nleave it.\n\n\"But,\" said the other, \"what if your son Ach\u00e6menes should return; he\nwent out just before your departure to the temple, in order to get\nsome application to his eyes, which are still very troublesome to\nhim?\"--\"Neither must he enter,\" replied she; \"make fast the doors, and\ntell him that I am gone away, and have taken the key with me.\"\n\nThe portress did as she was directed; and Cybele was no sooner\ndeparted than the unhappy lovers could no longer restrain their bitter\nthoughts and lamentations. Almost in the same instant he cried out\n\"\u039f Chariclea!\"--She, \"\u039f Theagenes!\" They proceeded to deplore their\nmisfortunes in the same frame of mind and nearly in the same words.\nThey mingled embraces with their complaints, and kisses with their\ntears. The remembrance of Calasiris drove them at last into audible\ngrief; into cries and sobs; Chariclea particularly, who had known him\nlonger--who had experienced more of his attention, benevolence, and\naffection. \"\u039f Calasiris!\" she cried out, as well as her sobs would let\nher, \"for I can no longer call you by the sweet name of father; the\nevil genius who persecutes me, has on all sides deprived me of that\nendearing appellation. My real father I have never known. I betrayed,\nalas! and deserted him who adopted me;[14] and have lost him who\nreceived, preserved, comforted, and instructed me; and the custom of\nthe priests does not permit me to pay the last tribute of tears over\nhis dear remains. Yet, \u039f my preserver (and I will once more call you\nfather), here at least, while I may, I will pour out a libation to\nyou with my tears, and give you offerings from my hair.\" So saying,\nshe plucked handfuls from her beauteous tresses. Theagenes caught her\nhands, and besought her to forbear.\n\nShe, however proceeded in tragic strain[15]--\"Why do I continue to\nlive, deprived of such a hope? Calasiris is gone!--the support of\nmy wanderings--my leader in a foreign country, and only guide to my\nnative one--he who could lead me to the knowledge of my parents--our\ncomfort in adversity, our defender from misfortune, our strength,\nand stay, is lost; and has left us, a miserable pair, ignorant and\nforlorn, in a foreign land. For want of guidance, it is impossible for\nus to continue our journey. That grave, bland, wise, and of a truth,\n_hoary_,[16] soul is fled, and will not see the event of its labours on\nour behalf.\"\n\nWhile she was going on thus dolefully, and Theagenes, though he felt\ndeeply for himself, was attempting to compose her, and to repress the\nviolent expressions of her grief, Ach\u00e6menes returned; and finding the\ndoors fast, inquired of the old portress the reason. She told him,\nthat it was by his mother's order. While he was wondering what could\nbe her motive, he heard Chariclea lamenting within; and stooping down,\nand looking through the crevices of the door, he could easily see what\npassed in the chamber. Again he asked the old woman who those were whom\nhe saw within. She told him--\"She knew no more of them, than that they\nwere a youth and maiden, foreigners, as she guessed, whom Cybele had\nnot long before brought with her.\"\n\nAgain he stooped down, and took a more careful survey of them.\nChariclea was entirely unknown to him. He admired her beauty, and\nfigured to himself what it must be when not obscured by dejection,\nand overwhelmed with grief; and his admiration began to lead him\ninsensibly into love. As for Theagenes, he had some distant and obscure\nrecollection of having seen him before. While he was gazing on one,\nand then trying to recall the other to his mind, Cybele returned. She\nhad told Arsace everything she had done, relative to the young pair.\nShe congratulated her on her good fortune, which had effected without\ntrouble what she could else hardly have hoped to obtain by a thousand\nschemes and contrivances; which had lodged her lover under her own\nroof, and afforded her the unrestrained and unsuspected liberty of\nseeing, and being seen by him.\n\nWith this discourse she stimulated her passion to such a degree, that\nshe could scarcely prevent her hastening to an immediate interview with\nTheagenes, by suggesting that it should not take place while as yet\nher face was pale, and her eyes swelled, from the distraction in which\nshe had passed the preceding night. She advised her to compose herself\nfor that day, and stay till she had recovered her former beauty. She\narranged with her how she was to treat and manage her guests; and left\nher full of hopes and flattering expectations. Then returning to her\napartment, and coming upon her son employed as he was about the door,\nshe asked him what he was so curiously prying into.\n\n\"I am examining the strangers within,\" said he; \"who are they? from\nwhence do they come?\"--\"It is not permitted you to know,\" she replied;\n\"nay, I advise you to conceal what you have already discovered of\nthem; and to avoid their company as much as possible, for such is my\nmistress's pleasure.\" The young man, easily persuaded by his mother,\nretired; comprehending that Theagenes was reserved for the private\ngratification of Arsace, and saying to himself as he went away--\"Is not\nthis the man whom I received from the Commandant Mithranes, to carry to\nOroondates, that he might be sent to the Great King?--Was he not taken\naway from me by Thyamis, and the men of Bessa, when I narrowly hazarded\nmy life, and was almost the only one of the party who escaped?--It\nsurely is so, if I can believe my eyes, which are now better, and serve\nme nearly as well as ever. Besides, I heard that Thyamis returned here\nyesterday, and, after a single combat with his brother, recovered\nthe priesthood. This is undoubtedly the man I mean: for the present,\nhowever, I will conceal my knowledge of him, and observe in silence\nmy mistress's intentions with regard to these young people.\"--Thus he\nmuttered to himself.\n\nCybele hastened to her guests, and detected some traces of the sorrows\nwhich had them employed in her absence; for though, at the noise she\nmade in opening the doors, they endeavoured to compose their dress and\nlooks and manner as well as they were able, yet they could not conceal\nfrom the penetrating old woman that they had been agitated and in tears.\n\n\"My dear children,\" she cried out, \"why do I see this ill-timed grief,\nwhen you ought to rejoice, and congratulate yourselves upon your good\nfortune? Arsace manifests the kindest disposition towards you; she\nwill permit you to come into her presence to-morrow, and, in the mean\ntime, has ordered you to be received and treated with every attention\nand regard. Dry then these unseasonable and childish tears, clear\nyour countenances, and compose and conform yourselves in everything,\naccording to the pleasure of your great benefactress.\"--\"The\nremembrance of Calasiris,\" replied Theagenes, \"and the loss we have\nsustained in being so soon deprived of his friendly attentions, called\nforth our tears.\"--\"This is foolish,\" said the old woman; \"why are\nyou so affected at so common and trifling an event? Calasiris was but\nan adopted father, and, by the course of nature, could not last long;\nwhereas you are now in favour with one who will shower upon you rank,\nriches, pleasures, everything which your age (now that you are in the\nbloom of youth) can enjoy, or your warmest wishes hope for. Look on\nArsace as your good genius--as your goddess Fortune--and fall down\nbefore her! Only be ruled by me in what manner you are are to approach\nher, and comport yourselves when she admits you to an interview;\nconform yourselves to her pleasure, and obey her orders; for she is\nyoung, a princess, proud also of her beauty, and will not bear to have\nher will disputed, or her commands disregarded.\"[17]\n\nTheagenes made no answer, his mind misgiving him that matters of an\nunworthy and unwelcome nature were being hinted at. In the meantime\nsome eunuchs arrived, bringing with them, in golden dishes, delicacies\nwhich remained from the royal table, which were in the highest degree\nsumptuous and choice.[18] After saying that their mistress sends them\nout of honour to the strangers, and having placed them upon the board,\nthey departed. The young people, at the suggestion of Cybele, and that\nthey might not seem to despise the favour of the princess, just tasted\nwhat was set before them: and the like honour was repeated to them in\nthe evening as well as on other days. Early the next morning the same\neunuchs again appeared, and thus addressed Theagenes:\n\n\"Most enviable among men! you are sent for by my mistress: she has\nordered us to introduce you to her presence--an honour and happiness\nwhich falls to the lot of very few.\" He paused a little: at length he\narose, with a very unwilling air: and asked,--\"If he alone were sent\nfor, and not his sister also?\"--\"He only, at present,\" they replied:\n\"his sister should have a private interview another time; now several\nof the Persian nobles were with Arsace: and besides, it was the custom\nthat men and women should be separately received and admitted to an\naudience.\" Theagenes, stooping, whispered to Chariclea:--\"All is not\nright; this is most suspicious.\"--She softly advised him, not at\nfirst to contradict Arsace, but to feign a willingness to comply with\neverything which was desired of him.\n\nHe then followed his conductors who officiously instructed him in\nwhat manner he should address and converse with the princess; and\nwhat ceremonies and obeisances were usual and necessary in appearing\nbefore her: but he answered nothing. At length they arrived in her\npresence: they found her sitting on a lofty throne--her dress gorgeous\nwith gold and purple--her tiara and necklace sparkling with the most\ncostly gems--and her whole person set off with all the appliances\nof art--her guards standing around her, and some of the principal\nnobles and magistrates sitting on each side. Theagenes was neither\ndazzled nor confounded by all this splendour: he forgot, in a moment,\nthe simulated complaisance which had been recommended to him by\nChariclea: rather did he feel his pride rebel at sight of the Persian\npomp: neither bending the knee, nor prostrating himself, but with an\nerect countenance[19]--\"Hail,\" he said, \"\u039f royal Arsace!\" They in the\npresence were indignant, and a murmur of disapprobation ran through\nthe circle: every one blamed the daring rudeness of Theagenes, who\npresumed to address the princess without the usual prostration. But\nshe, smiling, said--\n\n\"Forgive a foreigner, unaccustomed to forms; and, above all, a Greek,\ninfected with the national contempt towards Persians.\" And then she\nraised the tiara from her head, to the astonishment, and manifest\ndislike, of those about her; for this is what the viceroys do when they\nreturn the salute of those who pay them homage. \"Be of good cheer,\nstranger,\" said she, by an interpreter (for though she understood Greek\nshe did not speak it); \"if you desire anything, scruple not to acquaint\nme, nor doubt to obtain your wish:\" and then making a signal to her\neunuchs, she dismissed him, and he was ceremoniously re-conducted, with\na train of guards, to his apartments.\n\nAch\u00e6menes having now had a nearer view of him, recollected him\nwell--wondered at, yet suspected the cause of the honours which were\npaid him, but kept the silence which was recommended to him by his\nmother. Arsace proceeded to receive her nobles at an entertainment,\napparently out of respect to them, but really to celebrate her own\njoy at having had an interview with Theagenes. To him she sent not\nonly portions of the viands set before her, as usual, but carpets and\nembroidered tapestry, the work of Tyrian and Lydian skill. She sent\nlikewise two beautiful slaves to wait upon them--a maid to Chariclea,\nand a boy to Theagenes, both from Ionia, and in the bloom of youth.\n\nShe was urgent with Cybele to lose no time, but to bring about, as soon\nas possible, what she had so much at heart: for her passion was now too\nstrong for her endurance. Cybele, accordingly, was to relax none of her\nendeavours, but was to circumvent Theagenes with all her arts. She did\nnot openly explain the wishes of her mistress, but gave him to guess at\nthem by hints and circumlocutions. She magnified her good-will towards\nhim--took every occasion to extol the beauties of her person, as well\nthose which appeared to every beholder as those which her attire kept\nconcealed: she commended her graceful manners and amiable disposition,\nand assured him that a brave and handsome youth was certain of finding\nfavour with her. All this while she endeavoured in what she said to\nsound his temper, whether it were amorous and easily inflamed.\n\nTheagenes thanked her for her good inclinations towards the Greeks, and\nprofessed himself obliged by the peculiar kindness and benevolence with\nwhich she had treated him. But all her innuendoes, relating to other\nmatters, he passed over, and appeared as though he did not understand\nthem. This was a vast annoyance to the old beldame, and her heart\nbegan almost to fail her; for she had penetration enough to see that\nTheagenes understood very well the end she aimed at, but was averse\nto, and determined to repel, all her overtures. She knew that Arsace\ncould not brook a much longer delay. She had already experienced the\nviolence of her temper, which was now inflamed by the ardour of her\npresent passion. She was daily demanding the fulfilment of her promise,\nwhich Cybele put off on various pretences; sometimes saying, that the\nyouth's inclinations towards her were chilled by his timidity--at\nothers, feigning that some indisposition had attacked him. At length,\nwhen nearly a week had ineffectually elapsed, and the princess had\nadmitted Chariclea to more than one interview; when out of regard to\nher pretended brother, she had treated her with the greatest kindness\nand respect; Cybele was at length obliged to speak out more plainly to\nTheagenes, and make an unvarnished declaration of her mistress's love\nto him.\n\nShe blamed his backwardness, and promised that his compliance\nshould be followed by the most splendid rewards. \"Why,\" said she,\n\"are you so averse to love? Is it not strange that one of your age\nshould overlook the advances of a woman like Arsace--young, and\nbeautiful as yourself--and should not esteem her favours as so much\ntreasure-trove,[20] especially when you may indulge your inclinations\nwithout the smallest apprehension of danger--her husband being at a\ndistance, and her nurse the confidante of her secrets, and entirely\ndevoted to her service, being here, ready to manage and conceal your\ninterviews? There are no obstacles in your way. You have neither a wife\nnor a betrothed; although in such circumstances, even these relations\nhave been overlooked by many men of sense, who have considered that\nthey should not really hurt their families, but should gain wealth and\npleasure to themselves.\" She began to hint, at last, that there might\nbe danger in his refusal. \"Women,\" says she, \"tender-hearted and ardent\nin their desires, are enraged at a repulse, and seldom fail to revenge\nthemselves upon those who overlook their advances.--Reflect, moreover,\nthat my mistress is a Persian, of the royal family, and has ample means\nin her hands of rewarding those whom she favours, and punishing those\nwho she thinks have injured her. You are a stranger, destitute, and\nwith no one to defend you. Spare yourself danger, and spare Arsace a\ndisappointment: she is worthy of some regard from you, who has shown\nand feels such intensity of passion for you: beware of a loving woman's\nanger, and dread that revenge which follows neglected love.[21] I have\nknown more than one repent of his coldness.--These grey hairs have had\nlonger experience in love affairs than you, yet have I never seen any\none so unimpressible and harsh as you are.\"\n\nAddressing herself then to Chariclea (for, urged by necessity, she\nventured to hold this discourse before her), \"Do you, my child,\" says\nshe, \"join your exhortations to mine; endeavour to bend this brother\nof yours, to whom I know not what name to give. If you succeed, you\nshall find the advantage great to yourself; you will not lose his love\nand you will gain more honour; riches will shower down upon you, and a\nsplendid match will await you. These are enviable circumstances to any\nthe chiefest of the natives; how much more to foreigners who are in\npoverty!\" Chariclea, with a bitter smile, replied--\n\n\"It were to be wished that the breast of the most excellent lady,\nArsace, had felt no such passion; or that, having felt it, she had had\nfortitude sufficient to bear and to repress it. But if the weakness of\nher nature has sunk under the force of love, I would counsel my brother\nno longer to refuse responding to it, if it may be done with any degree\nof security--if it may be possible to avoid the dangers which I see\nimpending from the Viceroy's wrath, should he become acquainted with\nthe dishonourable affair which is going on.\"\n\nAt these words Cybele sprang forwards, and, embracing and kissing\nChariclea, \"How I love you, my dear child;\" she exclaimed, \"for the\ncompassion you shew for the sufferings of one of your own sex, and\nyour solicitude for the safety of your brother. But here you may be\nperfectly at ease--the very sun shall know nothing of what passes.\"\n\"Cease for the present,\" replied Theagenes seriously, \"and give me time\nfor consideration.\"\n\nCybele upon this went out, and--\"\u039f Theagenes!\" said Chariclea, \"the\nevil genius who persecutes us has given us a specious appearance of\ngood fortune, with which there is really intermixed more of evil; but\nsince things have so turned out, it is a great part of wisdom to draw\nsome good, if possible, from each untoward accident. Whether you are\ndetermined to comply with the proposal which has been made to you, it\nis not for me to say. Perhaps, if our preservation depended upon your\ncompliance, I might reconcile myself to it; but if your spirit revolts\nat the complaisance which is expected from you, feign at least that\nyou consent, and feed with promises the barbaric woman's passion. By\nthese means you will prevent her from immediately determining any thing\nharshly against us: lead her on by hope, which will soften her mind,\nand hinder her anger from breaking out: thus we shall gain time, and in\nthe interval some happy accident, or some propitious deity, may deliver\nus from the perplexities with which we are surrounded. But beware, my\ndear Theagenes, that by dwelling in thought upon the matter you do not\nfall into the sin in deed.\"\n\nTheagenes, smiling, replied,--\"No misfortunes, I see--no embarrassments\ncan cure a woman of the innate disease of jealousy: but be comforted,\nI am incapable of even feigning what you advise. In my mind, it is\nalike unbecoming to do or to say an unworthy thing; and there will be\none advantage in driving Arsace to despair--that she will give us no\nfarther trouble on this subject; and whatever else I am destined to\nsuffer, my bent of mind and my bitter experience have but too well\nprepared me to bear.\"--Chariclea having said, \"I fear you are bringing\nruin upon our heads,\"--held her peace.\n\nWhile this conversation employed the lovers, Cybele went to Arsace, and\nencouraged her to hope for a favourable issue to her desires, for that\nTheagenes had intimated as much, she returned to her own apartments.\nShe said no more that evening; but having in the night earnestly\nbesought Chariclea, who shared her bed, to co-operate with her, in the\nmorning she again attacked Theagenes, and inquired what he had resolved\nupon; when he uttered a plain downright refusal, and absolutely forbad\nher expecting any complaisance from him of the sort she wished. She\nreturned disappointed and sorrowful to her mistress; who, as soon as\nshe was made acquainted with the stern refusal of Theagenes, ordering\nthe old woman to be ejected headlong out of the palace, entered into\nher chamber, and, throwing herself upon the bed, began to tear her\nhair, and beat her breast.--Cybele was returning home in disgrace,\nwhen her son Ach\u00e6menes met her, and, seeing her in tears, asked--\"if\nany misfortune had happened to her?--Or has our mistress,\" said he,\n\"received any bad news?--Has any calamity befallen the army?--Has\nOroondates been defeated by the Ethiopians?\"\n\nHe was running on in this manner with his questions, when his mother\nstopped him.--\"Have done trifling,\" said she, \"and let me alone.\" She\nwas going away: he followed her, and taking her by the hand, besought\nher earnestly to explain to him, her son, the cause of her sorrow. She\nsuffered herself to be led by him into a retired part of the garden,\nand then said--\n\n\"I would not to any one else disclose my own and my mistress's\ndistresses; but since she is in the extremest agitation, and I\nam in danger of my life (for I fear the worst from her rage and\ndisappointment), I will venture to speak, in case you should be able to\nthink of any thing that may comfort and assist your poor mother. Arsace\nis in love with the young man who is now at my apartments: she burns\nwith no common affection, but with inflamed and ungovernable passion;\nand when both of us thought it an easy matter for her to satisfy her\ninclinations, we have been miserably disappointed. To this cause you\nare to attribute the attentions which have been paid to, and the\nfavours which have been showered upon, the strangers; but since this\nstupid, rash, and unbending youth has rejected all our advances, she,\nI think, will not survive it; and I anticipate destruction for myself.\nThis, my child, is the cause of my present affliction:--if you have it\nin your power to assist me, do it quickly, or else prepare shortly to\npay the last rites over my tomb.\"\n\n\"What shall be my reward?\" replied Ach\u00e6menes, \"for it is necessary to\ncome directly to the point: it is not a time, in your present confusion\nand distress, to delay you with long discourse.\"\n\n\"Ask whatever you please,\" replied Cybele: \"I have already, by my\ninterest, made you head-cupbearer: if you are desirous of any greater\ndignity, tell me so: there is no degree of wealth, or honour, to which\nyou may not aspire, if you can procure Arsace the means of satisfying\nher inclinations.\"\n\n\"I have long suspected this passion of the princess,\" replied the young\nman, \"but kept silence, waiting the event. I am not covetous of riches,\nor ambitious of place; if she can procure me in marriage the maiden who\nis called the sister of Theagenes, I think I may promise that every\nthing else shall happen according to her wishes. I am desperately in\nlove with this young woman. Your mistress, who knows by experience\nthe force of this passion, may very reasonably be brought to assist a\nfellow sufferer in it, especially when, by so doing, she may probably\nmeet with success in her own pursuits.\"\n\n\"Doubt not,\" said Cybele, \"of her gratitude. She will do anything for\nyou, if you can be of real service to her in this affair; nay, we may\nperhaps, ourselves persuade the maiden; but explain, I beg of you, in\nwhat manner you propose to assist us.\"\n\n\"I will not say a word,\" he replied, \"till Arsace has promised,\nand sworn, to grant me what I desire: and do not you by any means\nat present enter upon the subject with the young woman. She too, I\ncan see, is of a high and lofty spirit; you may spoil all by undue\nrashness.\"--\"I will act just as you shall direct,\" replied Cybele; and\nrunning into her mistress's apartment, she fell at her feet, and bid\nher be of good cheer, for every thing now should happen as she would\nhave it--\"Only,\" said she, \"admit my son Ach\u00e6menes to an audience.\"\n\n\"Let him come in,\" replied the princess; \"but take care that you do\nnot again deceive me.\" Ach\u00e6menes was upon this introduced--his mother\nexplained his wishes, and made known his promises--and Arsace swore to\nprocure for him the hand of Chariclea. He then said--\n\n\"Let Theagenes give over all his airs; he who is a slave, yet dares\nto behave with insolence to his mistress.\"--Being desired to explain\nhimself, he related all he knew--How Theagenes was taken captive in war\nby Mithranes, who was about to send him to Oroondates, in order that\nhe might convey him to the Great King--that he was rescued in the way\nby Thyamis and the men of Bessa--that he, Ach\u00e6menes, with difficulty\nescaped from them--that he was fortunate enough to have with him the\nletters of Mithranes. And upon this he produced and shewed them to\nArsace; and appealed to Thyamis for the truth of all he had said.\n\nArsace began to conceive hope from these tidings, and, immediately\nissuing from her chamber, repaired to the hall of audience, where,\nseating herself upon her throne, she commanded Theagenes to be brought\nbefore her.\n\nWhen he appeared, she asked him if he knew Ach\u00e6menes, whom she pointed\nout to him, standing near her. He replied that he did.--\"Was he not,\"\nsaid she, \"bringing you hither a captive, some short time ago?\" He\nadmitted that also.--\"You are my slave then,\" said she, \"and as such,\nshall do as I direct you, and, whether you will or not, be obedient\nto my commands. This sister of yours I give in marriage to Ach\u00e6menes,\nwho fills a principal station in my court, as well for his own good\ndeserts, as out of the regard I have for his mother; and I will defer\nthe nuptials only till a day is fixed, and preparation made for due\nsplendour in their celebration.\"\n\nTheagenes was pierced as with a sword at this address, but determined\nnot to thwart her, but rather to elude her attack as that of a wild\nbeast.--\"\u039f princess,\" he replied, \"in the midst of my calamities I give\nthe gods thanks, that since I, whose life was originally fortunate,\nand family illustrious, am destined to be a slave, I have fallen into\nyour power, rather than into that of any other; into yours, who, while\nyou considered us as strangers and foreigners, have treated us with so\nmuch compassion and humanity. As for my sister, although, not being a\ncaptive, she is not a slave; yet her own inclination will lead her to\nserve and obey you in every thing: dispose of her, therefore, as shall\nseem good in your eyes.\"--\"Let him,\" Arsace then said, \"be placed among\nthe waiters at the royal table; let Ach\u00e6menes instruct him in the\nart of cup-bearing, that he may, without delay, become expert in the\nservices which will be required of him.\"\n\nTheagenes was now permitted to retire, which he did; sorrowing, and\nmeditating deeply on what he had farther to do.\n\nAch\u00e6menes, elated with the success of his project, had the cruelty to\ninsult him.--\"You,\" said he, \"who were just now so haughty, who seemed\nalone a freeman among slaves; who held your head so high, and refused\nto bow it even before the princess must now learn to bend it, or else\nmy knuckles shall teach you better manners.\"\n\nArsace was left alone with Cybele.--\"Now,\" said she, \"nurse, every\nexcuse is taken from this proud Grecian; go to him and tell him, that\nif he will comply with what I require of him, he shall obtain his\nliberty, and spend his life in affluence and pleasure; but if he still\ncontinues sullen and reluctant, assure him that he shall feel the wrath\nof an angry mistress, and a disappointed woman: that punishments of\nevery kind await him, and that he shall be condemned to the lowest and\nmost disgraceful slavery.\" Cybele performed her embassy without delay;\nand added, from herself, whatever she thought most likely to work upon\nhis hopes or fears.\n\nTheagenes demanded a short time for consideration; and going alone to\nChariclea, he exclaimed--\"We are undone, my dearest Chariclea! every\ncable of safety is broken, every anchor of hope is lost; nor have we\nnow the name of liberty to console us in our misfortunes, but are\nagain fallen into servitude.\"---He explained his meaning, and related\nwhat had happened.--\"We are now,\" he added, \"exposed to the insults of\nbarbarians; we must obey all their commands or suffer the extremest\npunishments; and as if this were not sufficient, what is above all the\nrest intolerable, know that Arsace has promised to give you in wedlock\nto Ach\u00e6menes, the son of Cybele; but this, while I have life, an arm,\nand a sword, I will either prevent or never see. But what ought we now\nto do? What contrivance can we imagine to avoid this detestable union,\nof you with Ach\u00e6menes, of me with Arsace?\"\n\n\"If you will condescend to the one yourself,\" replied Chariclea, \"you\nwill easily find means to hinder the other.\"\n\n\"Have a care what you say!\" replied Theagenes, eagerly, \"God forbid\nthat any persecution of fate should drive the faithful, though yet\nunrewarded lover of Chariclea, to stoop to another, and that an\nunlawful union; but a thought comes into my head, for necessity[22] is\nthe mother of invention;\" and so saying, he immediately sought Cybele,\nand bade tell her mistress that he wished to have an interview with her\nalone.\n\nThe old woman, concluding that he was now about to give way, joyfully\ndelivered the message, and Arsace ordered her to bring him to the\npalace after supper. Cybele bade those in waiting withdraw, so that her\nmistress might be in private and undisturbed, and introduced Theagenes\nwhen the shades of night began to envelope every thing in obscurity.\nA single lamp burnt in the chamber; and as soon as they were entered,\nshe was preparing to retire, but Theagenes stopped her.--\"Let Cybele,\n\u039f princess!\" said he, \"if you please, remain for the present; I know\nshe is a very faithful keeper of secrets;\" and taking Arsace's hand,\nhe went on: \"\u039f my mistress! I did not presume at first to dispute your\nwill, or defer my submission to your commands, for any other reason\nthan that I might obey them with greater security; but now, since the\nwill of fortune has in its kindness made me your slave, I am much more\nready to obey your pleasure. One thing only I desire of you--of you\nwho have promised me so many--break off the marriage of Chariclea with\nAch\u00e6menes; for, to waive other objections, a maiden of her noble birth\nis no fit wife for the son of a slave. If this be not granted me, I\nswear by all that is sacred that I will never comply with your wishes;\nand if the least violence is offered to Chariclea, you shall soon see\nme dead at your feet.\"\n\n\"You may be sure,\" replied Arsace, \"that I, who am willing to surrender\neven myself, desire in everything to oblige you; but I have sworn to\ngive your sister to Ach\u00e6menes.\"--\"Let not that trouble you,\" said\nhe, \"you may give him any sister of mine; but my mistress,[23] my\nintended, my betrothed in short, you neither would wish to bestow, nor\nshall you bestow, upon him.\"\n\n\"What mean you?\" said she.--\"Nothing but the truth,\" replied he, \"for\nChariclea is really not my sister, but my intended wife; you are,\ntherefore, absolved from your oath; and if you wish for a farther\nconfirmation of my words, you may, as soon as it please you, give order\nfor the celebration of our nuptials.\"\n\nArsace was much annoyed; and heard, not without jealousy, the true\nrelation in which Chariclea stood to Theagenes; but, at present, only\nsaid,--\"If you will have it so, this marriage shall be broken off,\nand I will seek out another wife for Ach\u00e6menes.\"--\"When this matter\nis settled,\" replied Theagenes, \"dispose of me as you please, I will\nperform all I have promised.\" He then approached in order to kiss her\nhands. She, however, instead of presenting her hand, saluted him with\nher lips; and he left the presence kissed, but not kissing in return.\n\nOn his return to Chariclea, he disclosed to her all that had passed,\n(at which she, too, was not free from jealousy.) setting before her the\nsecret intention of his promise, the good results which he anticipated\nfrom it. In the first place, the project of Ach\u00e6menes' marriage would\nbe marred, a fair pretext would be afforded for deferring at present\nthe completion of Arsace's wishes; and what was worth more than all,\nthere was the certainty that Ach\u00e6menes would make \"confusion worse\nconfounded,\" upon finding his expectations blighted, and himself\nsupplanted in the princess's good graces by another favourite. I took\ncare (he said) to have his mother present at the interview, and a\nwitness that our intercourse was but in _words_; she will keep nothing\nsecret from her son. It may suffice perhaps (he added) to avoid all\noccasion for an evil conscience, and to trust only in the protection\nof the gods; but it is good also to avoid all occasion for an evil\nconscience in the sight of men, so as to pass through this transitory\nlife with virtuous boldness. \"There is every reason to believe,\" added\nhe, \"that a slave like Ach\u00e6menes, will conspire against his mistress;\nfor the subject commonly hates the cause of his subjection, and this\nman has no occasion to invent a pretext for rebellion (as has been the\ncase with many), he is really wronged, has been deceived, and sees\nanother preferred before him; he is conscious to the profligacy of his\nmistress, and has a motive ready to his hand.\"\n\nHe held this discourse to Chariclea, endeavouring to revive in her a\nhope of better things. On the morrow he was sent for by Ach\u00e6menes to\nserve at the table, for such were Arsace's commands. He was arrayed\nin a Persian robe of great value, which was sent by her at the same\ntime, and adorned partly against his will, with bracelets and jewelled\nnecklaces.\n\nUpon arriving at the palace, Ach\u00e6menes offered to instruct him in the\nfunctions of his office; but, hastening to the sideboard, and taking\nup a precious goblet, he said,--\"I need no instructor, self-taught, I\nwill wait upon my mistress, making no bustle about such trifles. Your\nfortune has forced you perhaps to learn your trade; nature and the spur\nof the moment will teach me what I am to do.\" So saying, he lightly,\nand with a grace, poured out the wine, and handed the cup upon his\nfinger ends.[24]\n\nThe draught inflamed the mind of Arsace more than ever. Slowly sipping,\nshe fixed her eyes intently upon Theagenes, taking in at the same time\nlarge draughts of love; neither did she drain the goblet, but left a\nportion of its contents, in which Theagenes might pledge her. A wound\nof a very different nature rankled in the bosom of Ach\u00e6menes: anger,\nenvy, and resentment manifested themselves on his countenance, so that\nArsace could not help observing it, and whispered something to those\nwho were nearest her.\n\nWhen the entertainment broke up--\"Grant me,\" said Theagenes, \"my\nmistress! this first boon which I shall ask--permit me alone to wear\nthis dress when serving at your table.\" Arsace agreed to his request,\nand putting on his ordinary raiment, he departed. Ach\u00e6menes followed\nhim, sharply upbraided him with his want of manners; telling him,\ntoo, that there was a forwardness and familiarity in him, which,\nthough they might at first be overlooked, in consideration of his\nyouth and inexperience, would in the end, if not corrected, infallibly\ngive offence. He gave him these cautions, he said, out of a friendly\nfeeling, and particularly as he was shortly to become related to him by\nmarrying his sister, according to his mistress's promise.\n\nHe was proceeding with his good advice; but Theagenes, his eyes fixed\nin deep thought on the ground, seemed not to hear, and was preparing\nto leave him, when Cybele joined them, on her way to conduct her\nmistress to take her usual siesta.[25] Seeing her son sorrowful, and\napparently out of humour, she inquired into the cause of it.---\"This\nforeign youth,\" said he, \"thanks to his specious person, is preferred\nto all of us, the ancient chamberlains and cupbearers; to-day he has\nalready wormed himself into our mistress's good graces, and has waited\nnearest her royal person, presenting the cup to her, and thrusting\nus out of our former dignity, which has become no more than an empty\nname. We ought, perhaps, to bear without murmuring, if we cannot feel\nwithout envy, the honours he receives, and the confidence to which he\nis admitted, since we have had the weakness, by our negligence and\nsilence, to assist in his success; our mistress, however, might have\ndone all this without affronting and disgracing her old servants, who\nmoreover are in all her secrets. But some other time will serve for\nspeaking farther on this subject: at present, let me go and see my\ncharming Chariclea, my promised bride; that, by her sweet aspect, I may\nsoothe the annoyance of my mind.\"\n\n\"What bride do you talk of?\" replied Cybele, \"you seem to me to take\nfire at small and imaginary offences, and to be ignorant of the real\nand deep ones which you have received. Chariclea is no longer destined\nfor your wife.\"\n\n\"What say you?\" he exclaimed, \"am not I a very fitting match for my\nfellow-slave? What can have wrought this sudden change?\"--\"Our own\ntoo great fidelity and zeal in serving Arsace;\" replied Cybele, \"for\nafter that we have preferred her caprices to our own safety; when,\nin compliance with her desires, we have endangered ourselves, and\nhave put the accomplishment of her wishes into her power, this noble\nyouth, this dainty favourite, enters her chamber, and at first sight\npersuades her to break through all her oaths, and to promise Chariclea\nto himself; who now, as he affirms, is no longer his sister, but his\nmistress.\"\n\n\"And is Chariclea indeed promised to Theagenes?\" said Ach\u00e6menes.--\"It\nis but too true,\" replied Cybele, \"I was present myself and heard it;\nthey even talked of the nuptial feast, and of celebrating it shortly;\nproposing to satisfy you with the hand of some one else.\"\n\nAt this mortifying intelligence Ach\u00e6menes, smiting his hands together,\nand uttering a deep groan--\"I will make this wedding a fatal one to\nthem all,\" said he; \"only do you assist me in endeavouring to put\nit off for a few days. If any one inquires after me, say that I am\nindisposed and gone into the country. This precious stranger's calling\nher his betrothed is a mere pretext to break through the engagements\nthat have been made to me; his kissing, his embracing her, nay, his\nsleeping with her, would not clearly convince me that she is not his\nsister. I will sift this business, and will vindicate the violated\noaths and the insulted gods.\" So saying, raging with love, jealousy,\nand disappointment (feelings all the more violent in a barbarian's\nbreast), he rushed out of the room; and without giving himself time\nfor consideration, in the first moments of his passion, he secretly\nmounted, in the evening, an Armenian horse, reserved for state\noccasions, and fled full speed to Oroondates.\n\nThe Viceroy was then in the neighbourhood of the celebrated Thebes,[26]\nmarshalling all his forces, and preparing to lead them on an expedition\nagainst the Ethiopians.\n\n\n[Footnote 1: \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2,--\u039d\u03b5\u03ba\u03c5\u03af\u03b1--the title of the 11th Bk. of the\nOdyssey.]\n\n[Footnote 2: The description of \"Gulbeyaz,\" in Don Juan, canto v., here\nand there illustrates amusingly the scenes between Theagenes and Arsace.\n\n    \"Her presence was as lofty as her state;\n      Her beauty of that overpowering kind,\n    Whose force description only would abate.\"--C. v. 97.\n]\n\n[Footnote 3: See Book II.]\n\n[Footnote 4:\n\n    ----\"she had recourse to nods, and signs.\n    And smiles, and sparkles of the speaking eye.\"--C. ii. 162.\n]\n\n[Footnote 5: \u039a\u03b7\u03c1\u1f50\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, caduceus, the staff or mace carried by heralds and\nambassadors in time of war.]\n\n[Footnote 6: \"She did so course o'er my exteriors with such a greedy\nintention that the appetite of her eye did seem to scorch me up like a\nburning glass.\"--Merry Wives of Windsor.]\n\n[Footnote 7: \u0395\u1f30\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f51\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f10y\u03adv\u03b5ro \u03c0\u03c1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c2--literally, he became the\npresident or manager, &c.]\n\n[Footnote 8:\n\n    \"Her rage was but a minute's, and 'twas well--\n      A moment's more had slain her; but the while\n    It lasted 'twas like a short glimpse of hell:\n      Nought's more sublime than energetic bile,\n    Though horrible to see, yet grand to tell,\n      Like ocean warring 'gainst a rocky isle;\n    And the deep passions flashing through her form,\n      Made her a beautiful embodied storm.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 9: The original has \u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, to-day; but that must be an\noversight, for a little before it is said that Arsace continued _all\nnight_, \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bd\u03cd\u03c7\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, in agitation.]\n\n[Footnote 10: \u1f00\u03c0' \u03bf\u1f30\u03ba\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03b4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9.]\n\n[Footnote 11: Like Glaucus with Diomed in the Iliad, vi. 235.]\n\n[Footnote 12: \u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2.\n\n    \"tenui popano corruptus Osiris.\"--Juv. vi. 541.\n]\n\n[Footnote 13:\n\n    ----\"Fie--fie upon her!\n    There's language in her eye, her cheek, her lip;\n    Nay, her foot speaks; her wanton spirits look out\n    At every joint and motive of her body.\"\n                                 Troilus and Cressida.\n]\n\n[Footnote 14: Charicles.]\n\n[Footnote 15: H\u03b4\u03b5 \u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u1ff6\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9.]\n\n[Footnote 16: \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03c2--hoary, venerable. See uses of the word in Scott\nand Liddell's Lexicon.]\n\n[Footnote 17:\n\n    \"To hear and to obey had been from birth\n      The law of all around her; to fulfil\n    All phantasies which yielded joy or mirth\n      Had been her slaves' chief pleasure, as her will.\"\n                                      Don Juan, v. 102.\n]\n\n[Footnote 18: Among the Persians it was held a great mark of honour\nto send dishes from their tables to those whom they favoured. See\nXenophon, Cyro. Book VIII. 2, 3. \"\u039f\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7, \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd\n\u03bf\u1f36\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f51\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bf\u1f30 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c0\u03bd\u03bf\u1f30 \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf, \u03b4\u03b9\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03b4o\u03c5 o\u1f37\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b5\u1f76 \u03b2\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c4\u03bf \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd\n\u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03c9\u03bd \u03bc\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03ba\u03bd\u03c5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f25 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd.\" The reader will of course\nremember an instance of the like custom in Scripture, Gen. xliii. 34.]\n\n[Footnote 19:\n\n    \"He stood like Atlas with a world of words\n      About his ears, and the knees would not bend;\n    The blood of all his line's Castilian lords\n      Boil'd in his veins and rather than descend\n    To stain his pedigree a thousand swords\n      A thousand time of him had made an end.\"\n                            Don Juan, v. 104.\n]\n\n[Footnote 20: \u1f03\u03c1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1; \u1f13\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd--a windfall; a godsend.]\n\n[Footnote 21:\n\n    \"A tigress robb'd of young, a lioness,\n      Or any interesting beast of prey,\n    Are similes at hand for the distress\n      Of ladies who cannot have their own way.\"\n                          Don Juan, c. v. 132.\n]\n\n[Footnote 22: \u0395\u1f51\u03c1\u03b5\u03c4\u1f76\u03c2 \u1f05\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u1f76 \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f21 \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b7.]\n\n[Footnote 23: \u039c\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u1f74\u03bd--\u03bd\u03cd\u03bc\u03c6\u03b7\u03bd--\u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 24: An illustration of this nicety in waiting occurs in\nXen. Cyrop., book i. 3, where Cyrus amuses the company by acting as\ncupbearer to his grandfather:--\u038c\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u1f10\u03c9\u03bd \u03bf\u1f30\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03cc\u03bf\u03b9, \u03ba\u03bf\u03bc\u03c8\u1ff6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\n\u03bf\u1f30\u03bd\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f11\u03b3\u03c7\u1f10\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u1f76 \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2\n\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f21\u03bd \u03c6\u03b9\u03ac\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 25: \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03ac\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03ad\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b7\u03bc\u03b2\u03c1\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7.]\n\n[Footnote 26:\n\n    ... \"opulent Egyptian Thebes,\n    ... the city with a hundred gates,\n    Whence twenty thousand chariots rush to war.\"\n                  Hom. Il. ix. 381.--Cowper's Tr.\n]\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBOOK VIII.\n\n\nThe king of Ethiopia had deceived Oroondates by a stratagem, and made\nhimself master of one of the objects of the war--the city of Phil\u0153,\nalways ready to fall a prey to the first invader--and, by so doing, had\nreduced him to great straits, and to a necessity of using sudden and\nhurried efforts for its recovery.\n\nPhil\u0153 is situated a little above the smaller cataracts of the Nile,\nabout twelve miles distant from Syene and Elephantis. The city was\nformerly seized upon and inhabited by a band of Egyptian fugitives,\nwhich made it debateable land between the governments of Egypt and\nEthiopia. The latter were for extending their dominions as far as the\ncataracts, while the former claimed even the city of Phil\u0153, pretending\nthat they had conquered it in war, because it had been occupied by\ntheir exiles. It had been taken and retaken several times by both\nnations; and was, just before the time I am speaking of, held by an\nEgyptian and Persian garrison.\n\nThe king of Ethiopia dispatched an embassy to Oroondates, to demand the\nrestoration of the city and the emerald mines; and meeting, as has been\nbefore observed,[1] with a refusal, he sent ambassadors a second time\ntowards Egypt; (they going in advance) he following a few days later,\nwith a numerous army, set on foot beforehand, but keeping all the while\ntheir destination a profound secret.\n\nWhen he concluded that his envoys had passed Phil\u0153, and had lulled\nthe inhabitants and garrison there into negligence and security, by\npersuading them, as they were instructed, that they were preparing to\nproceed farther on a peaceful embassy; he on a sudden appeared before\nPhil\u0153, in a few days overwhelmed its surprised and unprepared defenders\n(unable to resist his superior force and his artillery),[2] and took\npossession of the city, which he kept, without injuring any who dwelt\nin it.\n\nIn the midst of these troubles Ach\u00e6menes found Oroondates, and by his\nsudden and unexpected appearance, helped to increase them.--\"Has any\nmisfortune,\" hastily he inquired, \"happened to Arsace, or to any other\nof my family?\" \"A misfortune has happened,\" replied Ach\u00e6menes, \"but I\nwould speak to you in private.\"\n\nWhen every one had retired he entered upon his story. He related\nthe capture of Theagenes by Mithranes; how he was sent to him\n(Oroondates), in order to be conveyed, if he thought proper, as a\npresent to the Great King, to whose court and table the youth would\nbe a worthy ornament. He proceeded to narrate his rescue from them\nin their journey by the men of Bessa, the death of Mithranes in his\ndefence, and his own subsequent arrival at Memphis, introducing into\nhis narrative the affairs also of Thyamis.\n\nAt length he came to the ungoverned passion of Arsace--the transfer of\nTheagenes into the palace--his too kind reception there--his attendance\nand his cup-bearing--\"Hitherto,\" he added, \"I believe nothing has\nactually taken place, for the youth is coy and unwilling; but if this\ntemptation be not taken away from before her eyes--if Theagenes be\nnot speedily removed from Memphis--there is the greatest reason to\napprehend that time, fear, and artifices of various kinds, will at\nlength conquer his disinclination. On these accounts I have taken an\nopportunity to leave the city privately, and to come in all haste to\nmake this discovery to you, thinking it my duty no longer to conceal a\nmatter in which your honour and interest are so intimately concerned.\"\n\nWhen he had raised the resentment of Oroondates by these tidings, and\nfilled him with indignation and a desire of revenge, he inflamed his\ndesires when he came to dwell upon the charms of Chariclea. He extolled\nher to the skies, spoke of her beauty as divine; saying that her equal\nnever had, and never would be seen. \"None of your concubines,\" said he,\n\"not those alone who are left at Memphis, but those even who follow\nyour person, are in any degree to be compared with her.\" In this manner\nAch\u00e6menes went on, raising the curiosity and wishes of Oroondates,\nreckoning, that although the viceroy might indulge his fancy for\nChariclea for a time, yet he might afterwards easily be induced to give\nher up to him in marriage, as a reward for his discoveries.\n\nUrged on by anger and desire, the viceroy instantly summoned the eunuch\nBagoas, who was in great favour and authority, and commanded him to\nproceed directly to Memphis with a troop of fifty horse, and without\nfail or delay to bring Theagenes and Chariclea to his camp, wherever he\nshould find them.\n\nHe wrote at the same time a letter to Arsace to this effect:\n\n \"Oroondates to Arsace.\n\n \"Send to me Theagenes and Chariclea, the captive pair, who are slaves\n to the Great King, and under orders to be transmitted to him. Send\n them willingly, since, even if you be unwilling, they will be taken\n from you; and then the report of Ach\u00e6menes will be believed.\"\n\nTo the chief eunuch at Memphis he wrote as follows:\n\n \"You shall hereafter give an account of your negligence as to my\n household; at present deliver the Grecian captives to Bagoas, that\n they may be brought to me, whether Arsace consent to it or not.\n Deliver them, I say, or the bearer of these presents has orders to\n bring you hither in chains, when you shall be flayed alive.\"\n\nBagoas took the letters, signed with the viceroy's signet, that they\nmight obtain full credit, and set out for Memphis to execute his\nmaster's orders.\n\nOroondates now put himself in motion against the Ethiopians, commanding\nAch\u00e6menes to follow him, who was watched and guarded without his\nknowing it, till it should appear whether the information he had given\nwere true. Meanwhile at Memphis, soon after the departure of Ach\u00e6menes,\nThyamis had been completely invested with the office of high priest,\nand, as such, was become one of the chiefs of the city.\n\nAfter he had celebrated, with proper piety, the funeral of Calasiris,\nand observed, in mourning and retirement, the appointed number of\ndays--as soon as the sacred laws permitted him to hold communication\nwith those who were without the temple, his first care was to inquire\nafter Theagenes and Chariclea.\n\nHe learned, with some difficulty, that they had been removed to the\nviceroy's palace; and immediately on receiving this intelligence he\nhastened to Arsace, to make inquiries after them. He was solicitous\nabout them on various accounts; and particularly as his father had,\nwith his last breath, recommended them, in the strongest manner, to his\ncare and protection.\n\nHe returned thanks to the princess for her goodness in receiving and\nentertaining the young Grecian strangers, during that space of time in\nwhich it was not lawful for them to continue within the precincts of\nthe temple; and he now begged permission to resume the pledge entrusted\nto his care.\n\n\"I wonder,\" replied Arsace, \"that while you are praising my kindness\nand humanity, you should at the same time intimate a doubt of their\ncontinuance; and conceive any apprehension that I shall not still be\nable and willing to entertain these foreigners, and assign to them such\nhonour as is due.\"\n\n\"You mistake me,\" replied Thyamis; \"I know that they would live here in\nmuch more splendour and affluence than they can with me, even did they\nwish to remain under my roof: but having met with many misfortunes,\nborn of an illustrious family, and now wandering here, far from their\nnative home; the first wish of their hearts is, to recover their\nfriends, and to return to their country: my pledge to aid them was the\ninheritance left me by my father; and I have, too, myself many motives\nfor friendship towards them.\"\n\n\"You act discreetly,\" replied Arsace, \"in asking as a favour, rather\nthan demanding as a right: for a favour it would be in me to give up to\nyour friendship, those over whom I have a right as slaves.\"--\"Slaves!\"\ncried Thyamis, in amazement, \"what mean you?\"--\"I mean captives,\" said\nshe, \"by the right of war.\"\n\nPerceiving that she meant to insist upon their having been taken by\nMithranes, he thus resumed:--\"\u039f Arsace! it is not now war, but peace;\nif that brings servitude, this restores liberty again; the one is\nthe result of a tyrant's will, the other is a truly royal gift.[3]\nBesides, it is not the mere name but the disposition of those using\nthem, which really constitute either peace or war. By attending to\nthese considerations you will define better wherein equity consists:\nthere can be no doubt as to what honour and expediency demand in the\npresent case. How can it be honourable, or expedient, in you to persist\nobstinately in the detention of these strangers, and to avow your\ndetermination of so doing?\"\n\nArsace could no longer contain herself; but acted, like most who are in\nlove, while they imagine their passion concealed they feel timidity;\nwhen discovered they lose all shame; concealment makes them timid,\ndiscovery audacious:[4] she stood self-accused; and she could not help\nperceiving, or thinking she perceived, that Thyamis suspected her.\nThrowing aside therefore all reserve, and all regard to the dignity\nof the high priest, she broke out on a sudden--\"Be assured that\nyou too shall answer for the share you have had in the attack upon\nMithranes; Oroondates will make a strict inquiry after, and punish with\nseverity, all those who were concerned in the slaughter of him and of\nhis troops. As to these foreigners, I will not give them up; they are\nnow my slaves; shortly they will be sent, according to our custom, to\nmy brother, the Great King: declaim as you please on what is decent,\nproper, and expedient; those in power need not such things; they find\nthem all in the indulgence of their own sovereign will.[5] Retire,\nthen, from the palace at once and willingly, lest you be restrained\nagainst your will.\"\n\nThyamis retired, invoking the gods and predicting to her no good event\nfrom such behaviour, and considering whether he should disclose these\nproceedings to the citizens, and call upon them for assistance.\n\n\"I value not your priesthood or your prophecy,\" said Arsace, \"the only\nprophecy which love regards, is the prospect of success.\" So saying,\nshe withdrew to her chamber, and sending for Cybele, consulted with\nher upon the measures which she had next to pursue. She suspected the\nflight of Ach\u00e6menes, and the motive of it; for Cybele, whenever she\nwas questioned on the subject, made various excuses for his absence,\nand studiously endeavoured to persuade her that he was anywhere else,\nrather than in the camp of Oroondates. These excuses, never wholly\ncredited, became each day less credible.\n\nWhen Cybele therefore approached her, she thus began: \"What shall I\ndo, nurse? How can I ease the torments which oppress me? My love is\nas intense as ever; nay, I think it burns more violently: but this\nyouth, so far from being softened by kindness and favours, becomes\nmore stubborn, and intractable. Some time ago he could bring himself\nto soothe me by fallacious promises, but now he seems openly and\nmanifestly averse to my desires: I fear he suspects, as I do, the cause\nof Ach\u00e6menes' absence, and that this has made him more timorous. It is\n_his_ disappearance, indeed, which gives me most uneasiness: I cannot\nhelp thinking that he is gone to Oroondates, and perhaps will wholly or\nin part succeed in persuading him of the truth of what he says. Could I\nbut see Oroondates, he would not withstand one tear or caress of mine;\na woman's well-known features exert a mighty magic over men.[6] It will\nbe a grievous thing, before I have enjoyed Theagenes, to be informed\nagainst, nay, perhaps put to death, should his mind be poisoned before\nI have the means of seeing and conversing with him: wherefore, my\ndear Cybele, leave no stone unturned, strain every engine; you see\nhow pressing and critical the business now becomes; and you may well\nbelieve that, if I myself am driven to despair, I shall not easily\nspare others. You will be the first to rue the machinations of your\nson: and how you can be ignorant of them I cannot conceive.\"\n\n\"The event,\" replied Cybele, \"will prove the injustice of your\nsuspicions, both with regard to my son and me: but when you are\nyourself so supine[7] in the prosecution of your love, why do you lay\nthe fault on others? You are flattering this youth like a slave, when\nyou should command him as a mistress. This indulgent mildness might\nbe proper at first, for fear of alarming his tender and inexperienced\nmind; but when kindness is ineffectual, assume a tone of more severity;\nlet punishments, and even stripes, force from him that compliance which\nfavours have failed in doing. It is inborn in youth to despise those\nwho court; to yield to those who curb them: try this method and you\nwill find him give to force that which he refused to mildness.\"\n\n\"Perhaps you may be right,\" replied Arsace, \"but how can I bear to see\nthat delicate body, which I doat on to distraction, torn with whips,\nand suffering under tortures?\"\n\n\"Again you are relapsing into your unseasonable tenderness,\" said\nCybele; \"a few turns of the rack will bring about all you desire, and\nfor a little uneasiness which you may feel, you will soon obtain the\nfull accomplishment of your wishes. You may spare your eyes the pain\nof seeing his sufferings--deliver him to the chief eunuch, Euphrates;\norder him to correct him, for some fault which you may feign he has\ncommitted--our ears are duller, you know, in admitting pity, than are\nour eyes.[8] On the first symptoms of compliance, you may free him from\nhis restraint.\"\n\nArsace suffered herself to be persuaded; for love, rejected and\ndespairing, pities not even its object, and disappointment seeks\nrevenge. She sent for the chief eunuch, and gave him directions for\nthe purpose which had been suggested to her. He received them with a\nsavage joy, rankling with the envy natural to his race,[9] and from\nwhat he saw and suspected, particularly angry with Theagenes. He put\nhim immediately in chains, cast him into a deep dungeon, and punished\nhim with hunger and stripes: keeping all the while a sullen silence;\nanswering none of the miserable youth's inquiries, who pretended,\n(though he well knew the cause), to be ignorant of the reason why he\nwas thus harshly treated. He increased his sufferings every day, far\nbeyond what Arsace knew of or commanded, permitting no one but Cybele\nto see him; for such, indeed, were his orders.\n\nShe visited him every day, under pretence of comforting, of bringing\nhim nourishment; and of pitying him, because of their former\nacquaintance: in reality, to observe and report what effect his\npunishment had upon him, and whether it had mollified his stubborn\nheart; but his spirit was still unconquered, and seemed to acquire\nfresh force from the duration of his trials.[10] His body, indeed, was\ntorn with tortures, but his soul was exalted by the consciousness of\nhaving preserved its purity and honour. He gloried that while fortune\nwas thus persecuting him, she was conferring a boon upon his nobler\npart--the soul. Rejoicing in this opportunity of showing his fidelity\nto Chariclea, and hoping only she would one day become acquainted with\nhis sufferings, for her sake he was perpetually calling upon her name\nand styling her his light! his life! his soul!\n\nCybele (who had urged Euphrates to increase the severity of his\ntreatment, contrary to the intentions of Arsace, whose object was by\nmoderate chastisement, to bend but not to kill him), saw it was all to\nno purpose, and began to perceive the peril in which she stood. She\nfeared punishment from Oroondates, if Ach\u00e6menes should incautiously\ndiscover too much of the share she had in the business; she feared lest\nher mistress should lay violent hands upon herself, either stung by the\ndisappointment, or dreading the discovery of her amour. She determined,\ntherefore, to make a bold attempt, to avoid the danger which awaited\nher, either by bringing about what Arsace desired, or to remove all\nconcerned in, and privy to the matter, by involving them in one common\ndestruction.\n\nGoing therefore to the princess--\"We are losing our labour,\" she said:\n\"this stubborn youth, instead of being softened, grows every day more\nself-willed; he has Chariclea continually in his mouth, and, by calling\nupon her alone, consoles himself in his misfortunes. Let us then, as\na last experiment, cut the cable,[11] as the proverb says, and rid\nourselves of this impediment to our wishes: perhaps, when he shall hear\nthat she is no more, he may despair of obtaining her, and surrender\nhimself to your desires.\"\n\nArsace eagerly seized upon this idea: her rage and jealousy had but\ntoo well prepared her for embracing the cruel expedient.--\"You advise\nwell,\" she replied, \"I will take care to have this wretch removed out\nof our way.\"--\"But who will you get to put your design into execution?\"\nsaid Cybele, \"for though your power here is great, the laws forbid\nyou to put any one to death without the sentence of the judges. You\nmust undergo, therefore, some trouble and delay in framing a fictitious\ncharge against this maiden; and there will, besides, be some difficulty\nin proving it. To save you the pain and hazard of this proceeding, I\nam ready to dare and suffer anything. I will, if you think fit, do the\ndeed with poison, and by means of a medicated cup remove our adversary.\"\n\nArsace approved, and bid her execute her purpose. She lost no time, but\nwent to the unhappy Chariclea, whom she found in tears, and revolving\nhow she could escape from life of which she was now weary; suspecting\nas she did the sufferings and imprisonment of Theagenes, though Cybele\nhad endeavoured to conceal them from her, and had invented various\nexcuses for his unusual absence.\n\nThe beldame thus addressed her:--\"Why will you consume yourself in\ncontinual, and now causeless, lamentations? Theagenes is free, and will\nbe with you here this evening. His mistress, angry at some fault which\nhe had committed in her service, ordered him into a slight confinement,\nbut has this day given directions for his release, in honour of a\nfeast which she is preparing to celebrate, and in compliance with\nmy entreaties. Arise, therefore, compose yourself, and refresh your\nspirits with a slight refection.\"\n\n\"How shall I believe you?\" replied the afflicted maiden, \"you have\ndeceived me so often, that I know not how to credit what you say.\"\n\n\"I swear to you, by all the gods,\" said Cybele, \"all your troubles\nshall have an end this day; all your anxiety shall be removed, only\ndo not first kill yourself by abstaining obstinately, as you do, from\nfood. Taste, then, the repast which I have provided.\"\n\nChariclea was, with difficulty, persuaded, though she very naturally\nentertained suspicions; the protestations, however, of the old woman,\nand the pleasing hopes suggested prevailed at length; (for what the\nmind desires it believes),[12] and they sat down to the repast.\n\nCybele motioned to Abra, the slave, who waited upon them, to give\nthe cup, after she had mixed the wine, first to Chariclea; she then\ntook another herself and drank. She had not swallowed all that was\npresented to her, when she appeared seized with dizziness; and throwing\nwhat remained in the cup upon the ground, and casting a fierce look\nupon the attendant, her body was attacked with violent spasms and\nconvulsions. Chariclea, and all who were in the room, were struck with\nhorror, and attempted to raise and assist her; but the poison, potent\nenough to destroy a young and vigorous person, wrought more quickly\nthan can be expressed upon her old and worn-out body. It seized the\nvitals; she was consumed by inward fire; her limbs, which were at\nfirst convulsed, became at length stiff and motionless, and a black\ncolour spread itself over her skin. But the malice of her soul was\nmore malignant even than the poison, and Cybele, even in death did not\ngive over her wicked arts; but by signs and broken accents, gave the\nassistants to understand that she was poisoned by the contrivance of\nChariclea. No sooner did she expire than the innocent maiden was bound,\nand carried before Arsace.\n\nWhen the princess asked her if she had prepared the fatal draught, and\nthreatened her, if she would not confess the whole truth, that torments\nshould force it from her, her behaviour astonished all the beholders.\nShe did not cast down her eyes; she betrayed no fear; she even\nsmiled, and treated the affair with scorn, disregarding, in conscious\ninnocence, the incredible accusation, and rejoicing in the imputation\nof the guilt, if through the agency of others, it should bring her to a\ndeath, which Theagenes had already undergone. \"If Theagenes be alive,\"\nsaid she, \"I am totally guiltless of this crime; but if he has fallen a\nvictim to your most virtuous practices, it needs no tortures to extract\na confession from me: then am I the poisoner of your incomparable\nnurse, treat me as if I were guilty, and by taking my life, gratify him\nwho loathed your unhallowed wishes.\"\n\nArsace was stung into fury by this: she ordered her to be smitten on\nthe face, and then said--\"Take this wretch, bound as she is, and show\nher her precious lover suffering, as he has well deserved; then load\nevery limb with fetters and deliver her to Euphrates; bid him confine\nher in a dungeon till to-morrow, when she will receive from the Persian\nmagistrates the sentence of death.\"\n\nWhile they were leading her away, the girl who had poured out the wine\nat the fatal repast, who was an Ionian by nation, and the same who was\nsent at first by Arsace to wait upon her Grecian guests--(whether out\nof compassion for Chariclea, whom nobody could attend and not love, or\nmoved by a sudden impulse from heaven,) burst into tears, and cried\nout--\"\u039f most unhappy and guiltless maiden!\" The bystanders wondering at\nthis exclamation and pressing her to explain its meaning, she confessed\nthat it was she who had given the poison to Cybele, from whom she had\nreceived it, in order that it might be administered to Chariclea. She\ndeclared, that either overcome by trepidation at the enormity of the\naction, or confused at the signs made by Cybele, to present the goblet\nfirst to the young stranger, she had, in her hurry, changed the cups,\nand given that containing the poison to the old woman.\n\nShe was immediately taken before Arsace, every one heartily wishing\nthat Chariclea might be found innocent; for beauty, and nobleness of\ndemeanour, can move compassion even in the minds of barbarians.\n\nThe slave repeated before her mistress all she had said before, but\nit was of no avail towards clearing the innocent maiden, and served\nonly to involve herself in the same punishment; for Arsace, saying\nshe was an accomplice, commanded her to be bound, thrown into prison,\nand reserved with the other for trial; and she sent directly to the\nmagistrates, who formed the Supreme Council; and to whom it belonged\nto try criminals and to pronounce their sentence, ordering them to\nassemble on the morrow.\n\nAt the appointed time, when the court was met, Arsace stated the case,\nand accused Chariclea of the poisoning; lamenting, with many tears, the\nloss she had sustained in a faithful and affectionate old servant, whom\nno treasures could replace; calling the judges themselves to witness\nthe ingratitude with which she had been treated, in that, after she had\nreceived and entertained the strangers with the greatest kindness and\nhumanity, she had met with such a base return: in short, her tone was\nthroughout bitter and malignant.\n\nChariclea made no defence, but confessed the crime, admitting that\nshe had administered the poison, and declaring, that had she not been\nprevented, she would have given another potion to Arsace; whom she\nattacked in good set terms; provoking, in short, by every means in her\npower, the sentence of the judges.\n\nThis behaviour was the consequence of a plan concerted between her and\nTheagenes the night before, in the prison, where they had agreed that\nshe should voluntarily meet the doom with which she was threatened,\nand quit a wandering and wretched life, now become intolerable by the\nimplacable pursuits of adverse fortune. After which they took a last\nmelancholy embrace; and she bound about her body the jewels which had\nbeen exposed with her, which she always carried about her, concealing\nthem under her garments to serve as attendants upon her obsequies; and\nshe now undauntedly avowed every crime which was laid to her charge,\nand added others which her accusers had not thought of; so that the\njudges, without any hesitation, were very near awarding her the most\ncruel punishment, usual in such cases, among the Persians.[13] At last,\nhowever, moved perhaps by her youth, her beauty, and noble air, they\ncondemned her to be burnt alive.\n\nShe was dragged directly out of the court, and led by the executioners\nwithout the walls, the crier proclaiming that a prisoner was going\nto suffer for the crime of poisoning; and a vast multitude flocking\ntogether, and following her, poured out of the city.\n\nAmong the spectators upon the walls Arsace had the cruelty to present\nherself, that she might satiate her revenge, and obtain a savage\nconsolation for her disappointment, in viewing the sufferings of her\nto whom she imputed it. The ministers of justice now made ready and\nlighted an immense pile; and were preparing to place the innocent\nvictim upon it, when she begged a delay of a few moments, promising\nthat she would herself voluntarily ascend it--and now turning towards\nthe rising sun, and lifting up her eyes and hands to heaven, she\nexclaimed--\"\u039f sun! \u039f earth! \u039f celestial and infernal deities who view\nand punish the actions of the wicked! I call upon you to witness\nhow innocent I am of the crime of which I am accused. Receive me\npropitiously, who am now preparing to undergo a voluntary death,\nunable to support any longer the cruel and unrelenting attacks of\nadverse fortune;--but may your speedy vengeance overtake that worker\nof evil, the accursed and adulterous Arsace; the disappointment of\nwhose profligate designs upon Theagenes has urged her thus to wreak\nher fury upon me.\" This appeal, and these protestations, caused a\nmurmur in the assembly. Some said the matter ought to undergo a\nfurther examination--some wished to hinder, others advanced to prevent\nher mounting the pile: but she put them all aside, and ascended it\nintrepidly.\n\nShe placed herself in the midst of it, and remained for a considerable\ntime unhurt, the flames playing harmlessly around her, rather\nthan approaching her; not injuring her in the least--but receding\nwhithersoever she turned herself; so that their only effect seemed to\nbe to give light and splendour to her charms; as she lay like a bride\nupon a fiery nuptial couch.\n\nShe shifted herself from one side of the pile to another, marvelling as\nmuch as any one else, at what happened, and seeking for destruction,\nbut still without effect; for the fire ever retreated, and seemed\nto shun her approach. The executioners on their part were not idle,\nbut threw on more fuel (Arsace by signs inciting them), dry wood,\nand reeds, and every thing that was likely to raise and feed the\nflame; yet all was to no purpose; and now a murmur growing into a\ntumult, began to run through the assembly: they cried out--\"This is\na divine interposition!--the maiden is unjustly accused!--she is\nsurely innocent!\"--and advancing towards the pile, they drove away the\nministers of justice, Thyamis, whom the uproar had roused from his\nretirement, now appearing at their head, and calling on the people\nfor assistance. They were eager to deliver Chariclea, but durst not\napproach too near. They earnestly desired her, therefore, to come down\nherself from the pile; for there could be no danger in passing through\nthe flames, to one who appeared even to be untouched by them. Chariclea\nseeing and hearing this, and believing too that some divinity was\nreally interposing to preserve her, deemed that she ought not to appear\nungrateful, or reject the mercy, and leapt lightly from the pile: at\nwhich sight the whole city raised a sudden shout of wonder, joy, and\nthanksgiving to the gods.\n\nArsace, too, beheld this prodigy with astonishment, but with very\ndifferent sensations. She could not contain her rage. She left the\nramparts, hurried through a postern gate, attended by her guards and\nthe Persian nobles, and herself laid violent hands on Chariclea.\nCasting a furious glance at the people--\"Are ye not ashamed,\" she\ncried, \"to assist in withdrawing from punishment a wretched creature\ndetected in the very fact of poisoning, and confessing it? Do ye not\nconsider, that while shewing a blameable compassion to this wicked\nwoman, ye are putting yourselves in opposition to the laws of the\nPersians--to the judges, the peers, the viceroys, and to the Great\nKing himself. The fact of her not burning has perhaps moved you, and\nye attribute it to the interposition of the gods, not considering that\nthis yet more fully proves her guilt. Such is her knowledge of charms,\nand witchcraft, that she is enabled to resist even the force of fire.\nCome all of you to-morrow to the examination which shall be held in\npublic, and you shall not only hear her confess her crimes herself,\nbut shall find her convicted also by her accomplices whom I have in\ncustody.\"\n\nShe then commanded Chariclea to be led away, still keeping her hold\nupon her neck, and ordering her guards to disperse the crowd, who were\nwith difficulty prevented from interfering for her rescue; but who at\nlength gave way, partly suspecting her to be a sorceress, and partly\nthrough awe of the person, and dreading the power, of Arsace.\n\nChariclea then was again committed to the custody of Euphrates; again\nthrown into prison, and reserved for a second trial, and a second\nsentence; rejoicing however amidst her troubles, that she should once\nmore have an opportunity of seeing, and conversing with, Theagenes;\nfor Arsace, out of a refinement of cruelty, had ordered them to be\nconfined in one dungeon, that each might be a spectator of the other's\nsufferings; for she well knew that a tender heart is much more hurt by\nthe pains of those it loves than by its own. In this instance, however,\nher savage mind was disappointed; and what she meant as a punishment\nturned out a consolation. They took a melancholy pleasure in suffering\nfor each other, and in suffering equally. Had a greater share of\ntorments been inflicted upon either, the other would have been jealous,\nand thought his love defrauded--moreover they were now together--they\ncould converse with, comfort, and encourage one another to bear their\ncalamities with fortitude, and to resist courageously every trial that\nmight endanger their purity or fidelity. They passed the greatest part\nof the night in speaking on such topics, as might indeed be expected\nfrom a pair, whose whole delight was in their mutual conversation, and\nwho despaired of ever passing another night together again.\n\nAt length they came to the miraculous event which happened at the pyre.\nTheagenes attributed it to the benevolence of the gods, who were angry\nat the injustice of Arsace, and who pitied Chariclea's innocence and\npiety. She herself was in doubt whether to thank or complain of heaven.\nThe manifest interposition of the gods at the place of execution, was a\nmark of their kindness and protection; but to be preserved from death,\nonly to be plunged afresh in new and unceasing troubles, was rather a\nsign of their having incurred, and still continuing under, the divine\ndispleasure: unless indeed, it were some wonder-working method of the\ndeity delighting to plunge them into the deepest misery, in order to\nshow its power of saving them when their condition appeared desperate.\n\nShe was going on in a complaining style, when Theagenes stopped her,\nbidding her speak more reverently, nor to scrutinize the conduct of\nthe Deity. Suddenly she exclaimed,--\"May the gods be propitious to us,\nfor I just now call to mind a dream, (or rather waking vision), which\nI had last night, and which the unexpected sight of you again, and\nthe various matters which we have since talked of, had driven from my\nmemory. The vision was this:--The beatified Calasiris appeared to me\n(whether in reality or in idea, I am not certain) and repeated these\nlines, for the words fell into verse;\n\n    'Wearing Pantarb\u00e8, fear not flames, fair maid,\n    Fate, to whom nought is hard, shall bring thee aid.'\"[14]\n\nTheagenes on his part appeared suddenly like one under supernatural\nimpulse, for springing forwards, as far as his fetters would permit\nhim, he exclaimed---\"The gods be gracious to us! recollection makes me\nalso a poet; I had, myself, a like vision. Calasiris, or some deity in\nhis shape, appeared to me, and addressed me in these lines:\n\n    'From Arsace, the morrow sees thee free--\n    To Ethiopia with the virgin flee.'[15]\n\n\"Now, I readily comprehend the meaning of the oracle which is given to\nme. By Ethiopia, is signified the dark abode of those who dwell under\nthe earth--by the virgin, Proserpine--by freedom, my release from this\nwretched body: but I do not so readily understand that which relates to\nyou--there appears to be a contradiction in it. The name of Pantarb\u00e8\nmeans 'all fear,' and yet from it you are promised assistance.\"\n\n\"My dearest Theagenes,\" replied Chariclea, \"you have been so accustomed\nto misfortunes that you use yourself to interpret every thing in\nits worst sense--the mind of man so readily takes a colour from\nits circumstances. The oracles appear to me to admit of much more\nfavourable meaning. The virgin, instead of Proserpine, means perhaps\nme, with whom you are to escape to Ethiopia, my country, after you\nshall have been delivered from the prisons of Arsace. How all this is\nto be brought about is not very apparent, but it is not incredible.\nEvery thing is possible to the gods; and they who have favoured us with\nthis prediction, will watch over its accomplishment. The prophecy which\nrelates to me, so far from being obscure, is, as you see, fulfilled;\nand I am, contrary to all expectation, alive, and unhurt, at least by\nthe flames: I was hitherto ignorant that I carried the cause of my\npreservation about me, but now I fancy that I understand the words.\nI took particular care at the time of my trial, as indeed I had been\nwont to do before, to have the jewels which were exposed with me, bound\nclosely about my body, concealing them under my garments--in case I\nshould escape, they would help to support my life--if I were doomed to\nsuffer, they would adorn my funeral. Among these, which consist of\ncostly necklaces, and Indian and Ethiopian jewels, there is a ring,\ngiven by my father to my mother when they were betrothed: within the\nbezil is a stone called Pantarb\u00e8; it is inscribed with sacred letters,\nand endowed with mystic virtues, from whence, as I conjecture, it\nobtains the power to preserve those who wear it from the force of fire.\nThis, therefore, most probably, and the good pleasure of the gods, is\nwhat has preserved me. I remember too, that our friend, Calasiris, (now\nin happiness,) told me that something of this virtue was hinted at in\nthe writing inscribed on the fillet which was exposed with me, and\nwhich I always wear round my waist.\"\n\n\"What you say,\" replied Theagenes, \"may perhaps be true--what has\nhappened seems to confirm your conjecture: but what Pantarb\u00e8 will\ndeliver us from the dangers which threaten us to-morrow? This stone,\nthough it preserves from fire, does not confer immortality, and the\nwicked Arsace will find out some other, and new kind of punishment. How\ndo I wish that she would involve us both in the same sentence, that one\nand the same hour might end our troubles! I should not esteem such a\ndeparture death, but repose and ease to our manifold miseries.\"\n\n\"Be not so cast down,\" said Chariclea, \"the oracle promises us another\nPantarb\u00e8. Let us trust in the gods, so will our deliverance be more\ngrateful; or, if we be doomed to die, piety will soften and sanctify\nour sufferings.\"\n\nIn such conversations were the unfortunate lovers employed; each more\nsolicitous for the fate which awaited the other, than for his own. They\nvowed to be faithful, and love one another till death; and beguiled\nthe melancholy moments in these, which they thought would be their\nlast, protestations. Meanwhile Bagoas and his troop of horse arrived\nat Memphis, in the middle of the night, while every one was buried in\nsleep. And when they had, without tumult, roused the guards, and made\nknown who they were, they were admitted and entered into the court of\nthe Viceroy's palace. Bagoas caused his men to surround the building,\nthat he might be prepared, in case of meeting with any resistance; and\nhe himself gaining admission by a crazy postern gate, and commanding\nsilence to the person there, hastened, with ease, from his knowledge\nof the place, to the apartments of Euphrates, the moon affording a\nlittle light. Euphrates was in bed; but being roused by the noise made\nat his door, started up, and called out \"Who is there?\" \"It is I,\" said\nBagoas; \"make no noise, but order a light to be brought.\"--The other\nordered a boy, who slept in his chamber, to bring a light, but to take\ncare not to awaken any one else.\n\nWhen the light came, and the boy had retired, Euphrates began--\"What\nnew calamity does this sudden and unexpected appearance of yours\nannounce?\"--\"There is no need,\" returned the other, \"of many words;\ntake and read this letter. Recognise the seal of Oroondates, and obey\nhis commands, this very night, with secrecy and expedition: Make use of\nthe soldiers whom I have brought with me, that you may give the less\nalarm. I leave you to judge for yourself whether you will or will not\nfirst disclose the business to Arsace.\"\n\nEuphrates took the letters, and perused them both. \"This,\" says he,\n\"will be a fresh blow to my mistress, and she needs no additional\naffliction; for she was yesterday seized with a sudden disorder, as if\nby a stroke from heaven, and she now lies in a burning fever, and is in\nthe utmost danger of her life. As for these letters, I would not show\nthem to her at present, even were she in good health, for I know that\nshe would sooner die herself, and involve us in the same destruction,\nthan part with these young people. You are arrived just in time to\nsave them. Come then forthwith--receive those whom you seek--take them\naway--use them kindly yourself, and endeavour to procure for them\nthe same treatment from others. Their situation may well excite your\ncompassion; for I have been obliged, much against my will, but at\nthe inexorable command of Arsace, to inflict upon them a variety of\npunishments and tortures. They seem, besides, to be well born, and, to\njudge from their habitual conduct, possessed of discretion and good\nsense.\" And so saying, he rose and conducted Bagoas to the prison, who,\nas soon as he saw the young captives, pale and exhausted as they were\nwith their sufferings, he could not help being wonderfully struck with\ntheir form and beauty. They, concluding that this unseasonable visit\nannounced their fate, and that Bagoas was come to lead one of them, at\nleast, to trial and execution, were at first rather agitated; but soon\nrecovering an air of cheerfulness, they appeared pleased rather than\ngrieved.\n\nEuphrates advanced; and as he was preparing to loose their fetters from\nthe wooden block, Theagenes exclaimed, \"Accursed Arsace! She hopes to\nconceal her abominable actions in darkness and obscurity. But let her\nknow that the eye of justice is most piercing; that it will bring to\nlight her most secret crimes and display her wickedness in the face of\nthe sun. But do you, ministers of her cruelty, execute her commands.\nGrant us, however, one last and only favour: whether we be doomed to\ndie by fire, by water, or by the sword, let us suffer together, and end\nour wretched being by one and the same kind of death.\" Chariclea joined\nin this supplication. The eunuchs, who understood what they said, shed\ntears, and brought them out in chains as they were.\n\nWhen they had left the palace, Euphrates remained where he was; and\nBagoas, ordering his followers to take off all their fetters, except\nsuch as were just necessary to prevent an escape, placed them on\nhorseback, surrounded with his troop, and took, with all expedition,\nthe road to Thebes.\n\nThey rode all that night, and the next day till nine o'clock, when,\nbeing spent with want of sleep, and exposed to the summer rays of\nan Egyptian sun, Chariclea particularly, unused to this kind of\ntravelling, being nearly exhausted with fatigue, they resolved,\nat last, to make a halt, to breathe their horses, and to refresh\nthemselves. They chose for this purpose an elevated and projecting\nplace on the banks of the Nile, where the river, turning from its\ndirect course, and winding into a semicircle, forms a spot something\nresembling the gulf of Epirus, which, being kept continually moist,\nabounded in grass and herbage proper for their beasts. Here, too,\nwere peach trees, sycamores, and others which love to grow in the\nneighbourhood of the Nile, these over-arched and afforded them a\npleasant shade. Bagoas availed himself of their shelter instead of\ntents, and here he took some refreshment, inviting Theagenes and\nChariclea to partake of his repast. They refused at first; he pressed\nthem; and when they replied that it was needless for those who were\ngoing to execution to trouble themselves about nourishment, he told\nthem they were much mistaken if they thought their lives in any danger;\nfor he was not leading them to death, but to the viceroy Oroondates.\n\nThe meridian heat of the sun had now passed; it was no longer vertical,\nbut its beams struck upon them laterally. Bagoas thereupon prepared\nto pursue his march, when a courier arrived with great precipitation,\nhimself out of breath, and his horse dropping with sweat, and ready to\nsink under him with fatigue. As soon as he had spoken a word to Bagoas\nin private, he remained in silence. The eunuch fixing for some time his\neyes on the ground, with a serious and reflecting air, at last said,\n\"Rejoice, strangers! You are revenged of your enemy. Arsace is no more.\nAs soon as she heard that you were gone away with me, she strangled\nherself, and has prevented an inflicted, by a voluntary, death; for\nher crimes have been such, that she had no hope of escaping the just\nresentment of Oroondates and the sentence of the Great King, and must\neither have lost her life, or have spent the remainder of it in infamy\nand confinement. Be of good cheer, then; fear nothing; I know your\ninnocence, and your persecutor is removed.\"\n\nBagoas said this as he stood near them, with difficulty expressing\nhimself in the Greek tongue, and using many uncouth words; but he spoke\nwith sincerity of heart, for he rejoiced at the death of Arsace, whose\ndissolute manners and tyrannical disposition he abominated; and he\nwished to comfort and encourage the young people; he thought moreover\nthat he should recommend himself to Oroondates by a very acceptable\nservice, by preserving for him this young man, who would throw into\nthe shade all the rest of his attendants; and by presenting him with a\nmaiden worthy in every respect to supply the place of Arsace.\n\nTheagenes and Chariclea, too, rejoiced at this intelligence. They\nadored the justice of the gods; and felt that, after this sudden and\ndeserved end of their enemy, they should not feel their misfortunes,\nhowever severe--so welcome is death to some if only it be shared in\nby their foes. Evening now approached. A refreshing breeze sprang up,\nand invited them to continue their journey. They travelled all that\nnight, and part of the next morning, making all possible expedition to\nThebes, in hopes of finding Oroondates there. In this hope, however,\nBagoas was disappointed. Before he arrived at that city, a courier met\nhim, and informed him that Oroondates had set out for Syene, leaving\nthe strictest orders to his officers to collect every man, even from\nthe garrisons, and march them after him to that place; for the greatest\napprehensions were entertained that the town would be taken before the\nsatrap could arrive to its succour, the Ethiopian army having appeared\nat its gates before any intelligence was received that it was in\nmotion. Bagoas, therefore, turned out of the road to Thebes, and took\nthat of Syene.\n\nWhen he came near the place, he fell in with a troop of Ethiopians, who\nhad been sent out to scour the country, and to ascertain the safety\nof the roads for the march of their own army. Overtaken by night, and\nignorant of the ground, they had concealed themselves behind some\nbushes (in obedience to the orders given them), watching for the\npassing by of any prey which they might seize, and also providing for\ntheir own security. At break of day they perceived the approach of\nBagoas and his company. They despised the smallness of their number,\nbut let them all pass by, in order to assure themselves that there\nwas no greater force behind; and then suddenly rushing from their\nconcealment in the marsh, they pursued and attacked them with a great\nshout.\n\nBagoas and his men, astonished at the sudden noise and assault, seeing\nfrom their colour that they were Ethiopians, and from their number\n(which amounted to near a thousand light-armed men), that resistance\nwas vain, did not await their approach, but took to flight. They\nretreated at first with some degree of order, to avoid the appearance\nof a complete rout. The enemy detached after them a band of two hundred\nTroglodites. The Troglodites are a pastoral nation, on the borders of\nArabia, of great natural agility, which they increase by exercise.[16]\nThey are unused to heavy armour, but, with slings and missile weapons,\nendeavour to make an impression upon the enemy at a distance, from\nwhom, if they find them superior, they immediately retreat. The enemy\ndo not take the trouble to pursue them, knowing them to be swift as\nthe wind, and given to hide themselves in caverns, which they make\ntheir habitations. They, though on foot, soon overtook Bagoas and his\nflying squadron, and making use of their slings, wounded some of them\nfrom afar, yet, on their facing about, did not await their assault, but\nretreated headlong to their own comrades.\n\nThe Persians seeing this, and perceiving the smallness of their number,\nventured to attack them; and having easily repulsed them for a space,\nturned again, and putting spurs to their horses, continued their flight\nwith slackened rein and with the utmost speed. Some, deserting the main\nbody, and hurrying to a bend in the Nile, hid themselves under its\nbanks. The horse of Bagoas fell with him; one of his legs was fractured\nwith the fall, and being unable to move, he was taken prisoner.\n\nTheagenes and Chariclea, too, were made captives. They thought it\ndishonourable to desert Bagoas, who had shown them much kindness, and\nfrom whom they hoped more in future. They kept, therefore, by his side,\ndismounting from their horses, and voluntarily offered themselves to\nthe enemy; Theagenes saying to Chariclea, \"This explains my dream:\nthese are the Ethiopians into whose lands we are fated to go: let us\ngive ourselves up into their hands, and await an uncertain fortune with\nthem, rather than expose ourselves to manifest danger with Oroondates.\"\n\nChariclea thought she could now perceive herself to be led on by the\nhand of destiny: a secret hope of better fortune began to insinuate\nitself into her bosom, and she could not help considering those who\nattacked them as friends rather than enemies; but not venturing\nto disclose her presages to Theagenes, she contented herself with\nexpressing her consent to his advice.\n\nWhen the Ethiopians approached, and observed Bagoas, from his features,\nto be a eunuch, and incapable of resistance, and the others unarmed\nand in chains, but of extraordinary grace and beauty, they inquired\nwho they were. They made use of an Egyptian interpreter, whom they\ncarried with them, who understood besides a little Persian, concluding\nthat the prisoners spoke one or other of these tongues; for experience\nhad taught them that a body detached as spies and scouts ought always\nto have some one with them who naturally speaks or understands the\nlanguage of the country which they are sent to reconnoitre.\n\nTheagenes, who, from his long residence in the land, had acquired\nsomething of the Egyptian tongue, replied, that the eunuch was one\nof the chief officers of the Persian viceroy; that he himself and\nChariclea were Grecians by birth, taken prisoners, first by the\nPersians, and now voluntary captives to the Ethiopians, as they hoped,\nunder better auspices.\n\nThe enemy determined to spare their lives, and to deliver them, as\nthe first fruits of victory, to their sovereign, looking upon them\nas amongst the most valuable possessions of the satrap; eunuchs are\nreckoned as the eyes and ears of a Persian court, having neither\nchildren nor connexions to turn aside their fidelity, they are wholly\nattached to the person and service of their master;[17] their young\nprisoners, too, appeared to them to be the most beautiful persons they\nhad ever seen, and promised to be conspicuous ornaments to the royal\nhousehold. They mounted them, therefore, upon horses, and carried them\nalong with them, though the accident of Bagoas, and the fetters of the\nothers, prevented their travelling very fast.\n\nHere, then, was a kind of prologue to another drama:--just before they\nwere prisoners in a foreign land, and on the verge of being brought out\nto a public and ignominious execution; now they were being carried, or\nrather escorted, though in captive guise, by those destined, ere long,\nto be their subjects. Such was their present situation.\n\n\n\n[Footnote 1: See Book II. and Book III.]\n\n[Footnote 2: \u03bc\u03b7\u03c7\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03c7o\u03bc\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 3: \u1f67\u03bd \u1f10\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c8\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u1f72 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u1f41 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u1f74\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 4:\n\n    .... \"Nihil est audacius illis\n    Deprensis; iram atque animos a crimine sumunt.\"\n                                       Juv. VI. 284.\n]\n[Footnote 5:\n\n    \"Hoc volo, sic jubeo, stat pro ratione voluntas.\"\n                                       Juv. VI. 223.\n]\n[Footnote 6:\n\n    \"\u1f40\u03c6\u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03be\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2\u00b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b7\u03b8\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.\"\n                                       Achilles Tatius, \u0392. i.\n]\n\n[Footnote 7: o\u1f55\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f51\u03c0\u03c4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1.]\n\n[Footnote 8:\n\n    \"Segnius irritant animos demissa per aurem\n    Quam qu\u00e6 sunt oculis subjecta fidelibus, et qu\u00e6\n    Ipse sibi tradit spectator.\"---Hor. A. P. 180.\n]\n\n[Footnote 9:\n\n    \"Cuncta ferit dum cuncta timet; des\u00e6vit in omnes,\n    Ut se posse putent; nec bellua tetrior ulla\n    Quam servi rabies in libera terga furentes\n    Agnoscit gemitus, et p\u0153n\u00e6 parcere nescit\n    Quam subiit, dominique memor quem verberat odit.\"\n                            Claudian in Eutrop. i. 108.\n]\n\n[Footnote 10:\n\n    \"Justum et tenacem propositi virum.\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    Non vultus instantis tyranni\n    Mente quatit solida.\"--Hor. III. Od. iii. 1.\n]\n\n[Footnote 11: \u1fe5\u03af\u03c8\u03c9\u03bc\u03af\u03bd \u1f04\u03b3\u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 12: \"Thy wish was father, Harry, to that\nthought.\"--Shakespeare.]\n\n[Footnote 13: Plutarch thus describes the punishment of poisoners among\nthe Persians.--\"Poisoners are put to death, by the Persian laws, in the\nfollowing manner. The head of the criminal is laid upon a flat stone,\nthe executioner with another stone beats and pounds his head, until\nboth head and face are entirely crushed.\"]\n\n[Footnote 14:\n\n    \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b6\u03b7\u03bd \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03ad\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03bc\u1f74 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c1\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c1\u03ce\u03b7\u03bd\n    '\u03a1\u03b7\u1fd1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ce\u03c2 \u03bc\u03cc\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4'\u03b1\u03b4\u03cc\u03ba\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9.\n]\n\n[Footnote 15:\n\n    \u0391\u1f30\u03b8\u03b9\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03b3\u1fb6\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03c6\u03af\u03be\u03b5\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f04\u03bc\u03bc\u03b9\u03b3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03cc\u03c5\u03c1\u03b7\n    \u0394\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03ce\u03bd \u0386\u03c1\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u03b1\u1f54\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03ce\u03bd.\n]\n\n[Footnote 16: Herodotus gives the same account of the swiftness of this\nrace, and mentions their subsisting upon snakes, lizards, and other\nreptiles, adding, that their language resembles the shrill cry of a\nbat; they are the modern Tibboos.--See Herod. iv. 183, Blakesley's\nEdit.]\n\n[Footnote 17: See Xen. Cyrop. vii. 5. 60.]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK IX.\n\n\nSyene was now closely blockaded, and on every side, as with a net,\ninvested by the Ethiopian army.\n\nOroondates, as soon as he was informed of the design and sudden\napproach of the enemy (who, having passed the cataracts, were pressing\ntowards the place), using the utmost diligence and expedition, had\ncontrived to throw himself into the city before their arrival; and\nafter planting his engines and artillery upon the walls, awaited the\nattack, and made every preparation for a vigorous defence.\n\nHydaspes, the king of Ethiopia, though he was deceived in the hope\nof surprising the town before they had any notice of his approach,\ninvested it, however, on all sides, and surrounding it with a line of\ncircumvallation, made for the present no attack, but sat down quietly\nbefore it, filling and exhausting the plains of Syene with myriads\nof men, beasts, and cattle. Here the party which has been mentioned\nbrought their captives into his presence.\n\nHe was delighted at the sight of the young people; his soul, by a\nsecret prescient movement, of which he knew not the cause, inclining\ntowards his children. He thought this too an omen of victory, and\njoyfully exclaimed--\"See! the gods, as our first spoils, deliver up\nto us our enemies in bonds. Let these then, as our first captives, be\ncarefully preserved for our triumphant sacrifices to be offered, as the\ncustoms of Ethiopia require, to the gods of our country, when we shall\nhave subdued our foes.\" And having praised and rewarded the captors,\nhe sent them, together with their prisoners, to the rear of the army,\nordering the latter to be kept under a guard (many of whom understood\ntheir language), to be treated, attended, and provided for in the most\ncareful and splendid manner, and especially to be preserved from all\ncontamination, as destined to be sacred victims. He directed their\niron chains to be taken off, and fetters of gold to be put on in their\nroom--for this metal is used by the Ethiopians in the way in which\nother nations use iron. His commands were obeyed; and the lovers, when\nthey saw their first chains taken off, began to entertain hopes of\nliberty, which were soon crushed by the appearance and application of\nthe golden ones.\n\nTheagenes could not forbear smiling, and exclaimed--\"Here is, indeed,\na splendid mutation of fortune; the goddess is very kind to us, and\nchanges our iron for gold: enriched by our fetters, we are become\nprisoners of high price.\"\n\nChariclea smiled at this sally, and tried to keep up his spirits,\ninsisting that the more favourable predictions of the gods were\nbeginning to be fulfilled, and endeavouring to soothe his mind with\nbetter hopes.\n\nHydaspes, who had flattered himself that he should take Syene at his\nfirst appearance, without opposition, being very nearly repulsed by the\ngarrison, defending themselves bravely, irritated besides by insulting\nspeeches, determined no longer to continue the blockade, by which, the\ncity might at last be taken, to the destruction of some and the escape\nof others: but, by a new and unusual way of assault, to involve the\ntown, and its defenders, in one common and universal ruin.\n\nHis plan of attack was this: he described a circle round the walls,\nwhich he divided into portions of ten cubits each, assigning ten men to\nevery division, and ordering them to dig a wide and deep ditch. They\ndug it accordingly, while others, with the earth they threw out, raised\na mound or wall parallel with, and nearly equal in height, to that of\nthe place which they were besieging. The garrison made no attempt to\nhinder these operations--the besieging army was so numerous, that they\ndurst not venture on a sally--and the works were carried on at such a\ndistance from the walls, as to be out of the reach of their missile\nweapons.\n\nWhen he had completed this part of his plan, with wonderful dispatch,\nowing to the multitude of men employed in it, and the diligence with\nwhich he urged on their labours, he proceeded to execute another work.\nHe left a part of the circle, to the space of about fifty feet, plain\nand unfilled up. From each extremity of the ditch above described, he\nextended a long mound down to the Nile, raising it higher and higher\nas it approached the river. It had the appearance of two long walls,\npreserving all the way the breadth of fifty feet.\n\nWhen he had carried on his lines so that they joined the river, he cut\na passage for it, and poured its waters into the channel, which he had\nprovided for them. They, rushing from higher into lower ground, and\nfrom the vast width of the Nile into the narrow channel, and confined\nby the mounds on each side, thundered through the passage and channel\nwith a noise and impetuosity that might be heard at a great distance.\n\nThe fearful sight and sound struck the ears and met the eyes of the\nastonished inhabitants of Syene. They saw the alarming circumstances in\nwhich they were, and that the view of the besiegers was, to overwhelm\nthem with the waters. The trenches which surrounded, and the inundation\nwhich was now fast approaching, prevented their escaping out of the\ncity, and it was impossible for them to remain long in it, without the\nextremest danger; they took measures, therefore, as well as they were\nable, for their own protection.\n\nIn the first place, they filled up and secured every opening and\ncrevice in the gates with pitch and tow; then they propped and\nstrengthened the walls with earth, stones, and wood, heaping up against\nthem anything which was at hand. Every one was employed; women,\nchildren, and old men; for no age, no sex, ever refuses labour when it\nis for the preservation of their lives. They who were best able to bear\nfatigue were employed in digging a subterraneous and narrow passage,\nfrom the city to the enemy's mound, which work was thus conducted:\n\nThey first sunk a shaft near the walls, to the depth of five cubits;\nand when they had dug it below the foundations, they carried their mine\non forwards towards the bulwarks with which they were inclosed, working\nby torchlight; those who were behind receiving, in regular order, the\nearth thrown out from those who were before, and depositing it at\nlength in a vacant place in the city, formerly occupied by gardens,\nwhere they raised it into a heap.\n\nTheir intention in these operations, was to give some vent and outlet\nto the waters, in case they should reach the city; but the approach\nof the calamities which threatened them was too speedy for their\nendeavours to prevent it. The Nile, rolling through the channel which\nhad been prepared for it, soon reached the trench, overflowed it\neverywhere, and formed a lake of the whole space between the dyke and\nthe walls; so that an inland town seemed like an island in the midst of\nthe sea, beaten and dashed against on all sides by the waves.\n\nAt first, and for the space of a day, the strength of the walls\nresisted; but the continued pressure of the waters, which were now\nraised to a great height, and penetrated deeply into an earth black and\nslimy, which was cleft in many places, from the summer's heat, sensibly\nundermined the walls; the bottom yielded to the pressure of the top,\nand wherever, owing to the fissures in the ground, a settlement took\nplace, there the walls began to totter in several places, menacing a\ndownfall, while they who should have defended the towers were driven\nfrom their stations by the oscillation.\n\nTowards evening a considerable portion of the wall between the towers\nfell down; not so much, however, as to be even with the ground, and\nafford a passage to the waters, for it was still about five cubits\nabove them; but now the danger of an inundation was imminent and most\nalarming.\n\nAt this sight a general cry of horror and dismay arose in the city,\nwhich might be heard even in the enemy's camp--the wretched inhabitants\nstretched out their hands to the gods, in whom only they had hope,\nand besought Oroondates to send deputies with offers of submission to\nHydaspes. He, reduced to be the slave of Fortune, unwillingly listened\nto their entreaties; but he was entirely surrounded with water, and\nit being out of his power to send an officer to the enemy, he was\nreduced by necessity to this contrivance--he wrote down the purport\nof their wishes, tied it to a stone, and endeavoured, by means of a\nsling, to make it serve the purpose of a messenger by traversing the\nwaters; but his design was disappointed; the stone fell short, and\ndropped into the water before it reached the other side. He repeated\nthe experiment several times. The archers and slingers strained every\nnerve to accomplish that upon which they thought their safety and\nlife depended; but still without success. At length, stretching out\ntheir hands to the enemy, who stood on their works spectators of their\ndistress, the miserable citizens implored their compassion by the most\npiteous gestures, and endeavoured to signify what was meant by their\nineffectual stones and arrows--now clasping their hands together, and\nholding them forwards in a suppliant manner--now putting their arms\nbehind their backs, in token that they submitted to servitude.\n\nHydaspes understood their signs, and was ready to receive their\nsubmission--for great minds are easily inclined to clemency by the\nsight of a prostrate enemy--but he was desirous first to make trial of\ntheir intentions.\n\nHe had already prepared some river-craft, which floating down the Nile,\nwere drawn up near the mound: he chose ten of these, and filling them\nwith archers, he ordered them what to say to the Persians, and sent\nthem towards the city. They set out well prepared to defend themselves,\nin case the enemy should attempt anything against them.\n\nThis passage of a vessel, from wall to wall, presented a novel\nsight--mariners sailing over an inland country and cultivated plains:\nwar, which is wont to produce strange spectacles, seldom, perhaps,\nafforded a more uncommon one than this--a navy proceeding against a\ntown, and sailors, in boats, engaged with soldiers upon the walls.\n\nThose in the city observed the boats making for the part of the\nwall which had fallen down, and their spirits being sunk with their\nmisfortunes, surrounded as they were with perils, they began to suspect\nand dread the designs of those who were coming for their preservation:\nfor, in such extremity of danger, everything is a cause of suspicion\nand of fear.[1] They began, therefore, to cast their darts and to shoot\ntheir arrows towards those who were in the boats: for men, who despair\nof safety, think even the shortest delay of destruction as so much\ngained. They flung their weapons, however, in such a manner as not to\ninflict wounds, but only to hinder the approach of the enemy.\n\nThe Ethiopians returned the attack more in earnest, not knowing the\nintentions of the Persians: they wounded several of those who were upon\nthe ramparts, some of whom tumbled over into the water. The engagement\nwas proceeding with greater warmth, one party endeavouring merely to\nrepulse; the other to attack, when an old man, of great authority\namong the Syen\u00e6ans, who stood upon the wall, thus addressed his\nfellow-citizens:\n\n\"Infatuated men! your distresses seems to have taken away your senses.\nYou have encouraged and besought the Ethiopians to come to your\nassistance; and now, when they are, beyond all your hopes, arrived,\nyou do everything in your power to drive them away again. If they come\nwith friendly intentions, and bring conditions of peace, they are your\npreservers; if they have hostile designs, you need not fear their\nlanding; we are so numerous, that we shall easily overpower them. But\nif we were to destroy all these, what would it avail us, surrounded as\nwe are by such a cloud of enemies both by land and water? Let us then\nreceive them, and see what is their business here.\"\n\nThis speech was received with approbation, both by the people and the\nViceroy; and withdrawing from the breached portion of the wall, they\nstood motionless with their arms.\n\nWhen the space between the walls was thus cleared, the inhabitants\nsigned to the Ethiopians that they might freely approach: they\nadvanced, therefore, and when near enough, they from their boats\naddressed the besieged multitude as follows:\n\n\"Persians! and inhabitants of Syene! Hydaspes, King of the Eastern and\nWestern Ethiopia, and now your sovereign also, knows how to subdue his\nenemies, and to spare those who supplicate his mercy--the one belongs\nto valour, the other to humanity: the merit of the former belongs\nchiefly to his soldiers; that of the latter is entirely his own.\nYour safety or destruction is now in his hands; but since you throw\nyourselves on his compassion, he releases you from the impending and\nunavoidable dangers which encompass you. He does not himself name the\nconditions of your deliverance, but leaves them to you to propose;\nhe has no desire to tyrannize over justice--he wishes to treat the\nfortunes of men with equity.\"\n\nTo this address the inhabitants of Syene replied,--\"That they threw\nthemselves, their wives and children, upon the mercy of the Ethiopian\nprince, and were ready to surrender their city (if they were spared),\nwhich was now in such sore distress, that unless some god, or Hydaspes\nhimself, very speedily interposed, there were no hopes of its\npreservation.\"\n\nOroondates added,--\"That he was ready to yield up, and put into their\nhands, both the cause of the war, and its prizes--the city of Phil\u0153,\nand the emerald mines: in return, he required that neither he nor his\nsoldiers should be made prisoners of war, but that Hydaspes, as a\ncrowning act of generosity, would permit them to retire to Elephantine\nupon condition of their doing injury to no one: as to himself, it was\nindifferent to him whether he laid down his life now, or perished\nhereafter, by the sentence of his master, for having lost his army; the\nlatter alternative would indeed be the worst, for now he would undergo\na common, and possibly, an easy kind of death; in the other case, he\nwould have to suffer the refinements of cruelty and torture. He also\nrequested them to receive two of his Persians into their boats, that\nthey might proceed to Elephantine, professing that if they found the\ngarrison of that city disposed to surrender to the Ethiopians, he would\nno longer delay to follow their example.\"\n\nThe delegates complied with his request; took the Persians on board,\nreturned to the camp, and informed Hydaspes of the result of their\nembassy.\n\nHydaspes smiled at the infatuation of Oroondates, who was insisting\nupon terms, while his very existence hung upon another's will. \"It\nwould be foolish, however,\" said he, \"to let so many suffer for the\nstupidity of one.\" Accordingly he permitted those whom the Viceroy had\nsent to proceed to Elephantine; little regarding whether the troops\nthere yielded or resisted. He ordered his men to close up the breach\nwhich they had made in the banks of the Nile, and to make another in\nthose of the mound or wall; so that the river being prevented from\nflowing in at one opening and the stagnant water retiring apace out of\nthe other, the space between his camp and Syene might soon be dry, and\npracticable for his soldiers to march over.\n\nHis commands were executed. His men made a beginning of the work, but\nnight coming on deferred its completion till the next day. Meantime\nthey who were in the city omitted nothing which might contribute to\ntheir preservation, not despairing of preservation, though it appeared\nalmost beyond hope.\n\nSome carried on their mine, which they now supposed must approach near\nthe enemy's mound; having computed, as well as they could, by means of\na rope, the interval between that and their own walls. Others repaired\nthe wall which had fallen down, working by torchlight, readily finding\nmaterials from the stones which had fallen inwards. They had, as they\nthought, tolerably well secured themselves for the present; but were\ndestined to have a new alarm; in the middle of the night, a portion\nof the mound, in that part where the enemy had been digging on the\npreceding day, suddenly gave way. This was caused either by the earth\nwhich formed the foundation being moist and porous, or by the mining\nparty having sapped the ground above them, or by the ever-increasing\nbody of water widening the narrow breach, or perhaps it might be\nascribed to divine interposition. So tremendous was the noise and the\nreport, that the besiegers and besieged, though ignorant of the cause,\nimagined a great part of the city wall to have been carried away;\nbut the Ethiopians, feeling themselves safe in their tents, deferred\nsatisfying their curiosity till the morning.\n\nThe inhabitants of Syene, on the contrary, were, with reason, more\nsolicitous; they immediately examined every portion of their walls, and\neach finding all safe in his own vicinity, concluded that the accident\nhad happened in some other part. The approach of daylight cleared up\nall their doubts; the breach in the mound, and the retreat of the\nwaters, being then visible.\n\nAnd now the Ethiopians dammed up the breach in the river's bank, by\nfixing planks, supported by strong wooden piles, strengthening them\nstill more with a quantity of earth and fascines, taken partly from the\nbanks and partly brought in boats, thousands labouring at the work. In\nthis way the water was got rid of. The space, however, between the camp\nand the town was, as yet, by no means passable, being very deep in mud\nand dirt; and though it was in some places apparently dry ground, the\nsurface was thin, and treacherous for the feet either of horses or men.\n\nThus passed two or three days. The Syen\u00e6ans opened their gates, and\nthe Ethiopians discontinued all hostile movements; the truce, however,\nwas carried on without any intercourse between the parties. Guards on\neither side were discontinued; and they in the city gave themselves up\nto pleasure and enjoyment.\n\nIt happened that this was the season for celebrating the overflowing\nof the Nile; a very solemn festival among the Egyptians. It falls out\nabout the time of the summer solstice, when the river first begins to\nswell, and is observed with great devotion throughout the country; for\nthe Egyptians deify the Nile, making him one of their principal gods;\nand equalling him to heaven; because they say, that without clouds\nor rain he annually waters and fertilizes their fields; this is the\nopinion of the vulgar. They consider it a proof of his divinity, that\nthe union of moist and dry being the principal cause of animal life,\nhe supplies the former, the earth the latter quality (admitting also\nthe existence of other elements.) These opinions are promulgated among\nthe vulgar, but they who have been initiated in the mysteries, call\nthe earth Isis,[2] the river Osiris, substituting words for things.\nThe goddess, they say, rejoices when the god makes his appearance upon\nthe plains, and grieves proportionably when he is absent, feeling\nindignation against his enemy, Typho.[3]\n\nThe cause of this is, I imagine, that men skilled in divine and human\nknowledge, have not chosen to disclose to the vulgar the hidden\nsignifications contained under these natural appearances, but veil them\nunder fables; being however ready to reveal them in a proper place,\nand with due ceremonies, to those who are desirous and worthy of being\ninitiated.[4] So much I may be allowed to say with permission of the\ndeity, preserving a reverential silence as to what relates to more\nmystic matters.\n\nI return now to the course of my story. The inhabitants of Syene\nwere employed in celebrating their festival with sacrifices and other\nceremonies; their bodies, indeed, worn with labour and suffering,\nbut their minds filled with devotion towards their deity, whom they\nhonoured as best their present circumstances would permit.\n\nOroondates, taking the opportunity of the dead of night, when the\ncitizens, after their fatigues and rejoicings, were plunged in sleep,\nand having beforehand secretly acquainted his Persian soldiers with his\nintentions, and appointed them the particular hour and gate at which\nthey were to assemble, led them out of their quarters.\n\nAn order had been issued to every corporal[5] to leave the horses and\nbeasts of burden behind, that they might have no impediment on their\nmarch, nor give any intimation of their design, by the tumult which the\nmustering them would cause. Orders were given to take their arms alone,\nand, together with them, a beam or plank.\n\nAs soon as they were assembled at the appointed gate, they proceeded\nto lay their planks across the mud, (close to one another) which were\nsuccessively passed from hand to hand, by those behind, to those in\nfront. They passed over them, as by a bridge, and the whole body\nreached, without accident, the firm land.\n\nThey found the Ethiopians sleeping in security, without watch or\nguard; and passing by them unperceived Oroondates led his men with all\npossible speed to Elephantine. He was readily received into the city\nby means of the two Persians whom he had sent before, and who, having\nwatched, night after night, caused the gates to be opened upon the\nconcerted watch-word being given.\n\nWhen day began to dawn, the inhabitants of Syene were aware of the\nflight of their defenders. Every one missed the Persian whom he had\nlodged in his house, and the sight of the planks laid over the mud,\nconfirmed them in their suspicions, and explained the manner of it.\nThey were thrown into great consternation at this discovery; expecting,\nwith reason, a severe punishment, as for a second offence, fearing\nthey should be thought to have abused the clemency of their conqueror,\nand to have connived at the escape of the Persians. They determined\ntherefore, after some consultation, to go out of the city in a body,\nto deliver themselves up to Hydaspes, to attest their innocence with\noaths, and implore his mercy. Collecting together then all ranks and\nages, with the air of suppliants, they marched in procession, over\nthe bridge of planks. Some carried boughs of trees, others tapers and\ntorches, the sacred ensigns and images of their gods preceding them as\nmessengers of peace.\n\nWhen they approached the camp of the Ethiopians, they fell down on\ntheir knees, raising, as with one consent, a plaintive and mournful\ncry; and deprecating, by the most humble gestures, the victor's wrath.\n\nThey laid their infants on the ground before them, seemingly leaving\nthem to wander whither chance might lead; intending to pacify the wrath\nof the Ethiopians by the sight of their innocent and guiltless age.\nThe poor children, frightened at the behaviour and outcries of their\nparents, crept (some of them) towards the adverse army; and with their\ntottering steps and wailing voices, presented an affecting scene,\nFortune, as it were, converting them into instruments of supplication.\n\nHydaspes observing this uncommon spectacle, and conceiving that they\nwere reiterating their former entreaties and imploring pardon for their\ncrime, sent to know what they meant, and why they came alone, and\nwithout the Persians.\n\nThey related all which had happened--the flight of the Persians, their\nown entire ignorance of it,--the festival they had been celebrating,\nand the opportunity secretly taken by the garrison to leave them,\nwhen they were buried in sleep, after their feastings and fatigues;\nalthough, had they been awake, and had they seen them, it would have\nbeen out of their power, unarmed as they were, to hinder the retreat of\nmen in arms.\n\nHydaspes from this relation suspected, as was really the case, that\nOroondates had some secret design and stratagem against him; summoning\nthe Egyptian priests therefore, and for the sake of greater solemnity,\nadoring the images of the gods which they carried with them, he\ninquired if they could give him any further information about the\nPersians. He asked whither they were gone, and what were their hopes\nand intentions. They replied, \"That they were ignorant of their\nschemes; but supposed them to be gone to Elephantine,\" where the\nprincipal part of the army was assembled, Oroondates placing his chief\nconfidence in his barbed cavalry. They concluded by beseeching him, if\nhe had conceived any resentment against them to lay it aside, and to\nenter their city, as if it were his own.\n\nHydaspes did not choose to make his entry for the present, but sent two\ntroops of soldiers to search every place where he suspected an ambush\nmight be laid; if they found nothing of that sort, destining them as a\ngarrison for the city. He dismissed the inhabitants of it with kindness\nand gracious promises, and drew out his army ready to receive the\nattack of the Persians, should they advance; or, to march against them\nhimself if they delayed.\n\nHis troops were hardly formed in order of march when his scouts\ninformed him that the Persians were advancing towards him to give\nbattle: Oroondates had assembled an army at Elephantine, just at the\ntime when as we have seen, he was forced, by the sudden approach of\nthe Ethiopians, to throw himself into Syene with a few troops; being\nthen reduced to imminent danger by the contrivance of Hydaspes; he\nsecured the preservation of the place, and his own safety, by a method\nwhich stamped him with the deepest perfidy. The two Persians sent to\nElephantine, under pretence of inquiring on what terms the troops there\nwere willing to submit, were really dispatched with a view of informing\nhim whether they were ready and disposed to resist and fight, if by any\nmeans he could escape, and put himself at their head.\n\nHe now proceeded to put into practice his treacherous intent, for upon\nhis arrival at Elephantine, finding them in such a disposition as he\ncould wish, he led them out without delay, and proceeded with all\nexpedition against the enemy; relying chiefly for success on the hope\nthat by the rapidity of his movements he should surprise them while\nunprepared. He was now in sight, attracting every eye by the Persian\npomp of his host; the whole plain glistening as he moved along, with\ngold and silver armour. The rays of the rising sun falling directly\nupon the advancing Persians, shed an indiscribable brightness to the\nmost distant parts, their own armour flashing back a rival brightness.\n\nThe right wing was composed of native Medes and Persians--the heavy\narmed in front--behind them the archers, unincumbered with defensive\narms, that they might with more ease and readiness perform their\nevolutions, protected by those who were before them. The Egyptians,\nthe Africans, and all the auxiliaries were in the left wing. To these\nlikewise were assigned a band of light troops, slingers and archers,\nwho were ordered to make sallies, and to discharge their weapons\nfrom the flanks. Oroondates himself was in the centre, splendidly\naccoutred and mounted on a scythed chariot.[6] He was surrounded on\neither side by a body of troops, and in front were the barbed cavalry,\nhis confidence in whom had principally induced him to hazard an\nengagement. These are the most warlike in the Persian service, and are\nalways first opposed, like a firm wall, to the enemy. The following is\nthe description of their armour--A man, picked out for strength and\nstature, puts on a helmet which fits his head and face exactly, like\na mask; covered completely down to the neck with this, except a small\nopening left for the eyes, in his right hand he brandishes a long\nspear--his left remains at liberty to guide the reins--a scimitar is\nsuspended at his side; and not his breast alone, but his whole body\nalso, is sheathed in mail, which is composed of a number of square\nseparate plates of brass or steel, a span in length, fitting over each\nother at each of the four sides, and hooked or sewn together beneath,\nthe upper lapping over the under; the side of each over that next to\nit in order. Thus the whole body is inclosed in an imbricated scaly\ntunic, which fits it closely, yet by contraction and expansion allows\nample play for all the limbs. It is sleeved, and reaches from neck to\nknee,[7] the only part left unarmed being under the cuishes, necessity\nfor the seat on horseback so requiring. The greave extends from the\nfeet to the knee, and is connected with the coat. This defence is\nsufficient to turn aside all darts, and to resist the stroke of any\nweapon. The horse is as well protected as his rider; greaves cover\nhis legs, and a frontal[8] confines his head. From his back to his\nbelly, on either side, hangs a sheet of the mail, which I have been\ndescribing, which guards his body, while its looseness does not impede\nhis motions.\n\nThus accoutred and as it were fitted[9] into his armour, this ponderous\nsoldier sits his horse, unable to mount himself on account of his\nweight, but lifted on by another. When the time for charging arrives,\ngiving the reins, and setting spurs to his horse, he is carried\nwith all his force against the enemy, wearing the appearance of a\nhammer-wrought statue, or of an iron man. His long and pointed spear\nextends far before him, and is sustained by a rest at the horse's neck,\nthe butt being fixed in another at his croupe. Thus the spear does not\ngive way in the conflict, but assists the hand of the horseman, who has\nmerely to direct the weapon, which pressing onwards with mighty power\npierces every obstacle, sometimes transfixing and bearing off by its\nimpulse two men at once.\n\nWith such a force of cavalry and in such order, Oroondates marched\nagainst the enemy, keeping the river still behind him, to prevent his\nbeing surrounded by the Ethiopians, who far exceeded him in number.\nHydaspes, on the other hand, advanced to meet him. He opposed, to\nthe Medes and Persians in the right wing, his forces from Mer\u00f6e, who\nwere well accoutred, and accustomed to close fighting. The swift and\nlight-armed Troglodites, who were good archers, and the inhabitants of\nthe cinnamon region,[10] he drew up to give employment to those posted\non the left. In opposition to the centre, boasting as they did of their\nbarbed cavalry, he placed himself, with the tower-bearing elephants,\nthe Blemmy\u00e6, and the Seres, giving them instructions what they were to\ndo when they came to engage. Both armies now approached near, and gave\nthe signal for battle; the Persians with trumpets, the Ethiopians with\ndrums and gongs. Oroondates, cheering on his men, charged with his body\nof horse. Hydaspes ordered his troops to advance very slowly, that they\nmight not leave their elephants, and that the enemy's cavalry, having\na longer course to take, might become exhausted before the conflict.\nWhen the Blemmy\u00e6 saw them within reach of a spear's cast, the horsemen\nurging on their horses for the charge, they proceeded to execute their\nmonarch's instructions.\n\nLeaving the Seres to guard the elephants, they sprang out of the ranks,\nand advanced swiftly towards the enemy. The Persians thought they had\nlost their senses, seeing a few foot presume to oppose themselves to so\nnumerous and so formidable a body of horse. These latter galloped on\nall the faster, glad to take advantage of their rashness, and confident\nthat they should sweep them away at the first onset. But the Blemmy\u00e6,\nwhen now the phalanx had almost reached them, and they were all but\ntouched by their spears, on a sudden, at a signal, threw themselves on\none knee, and thrust their heads and backs under the horses, running no\ndanger by this attempt, but that of being trampled on: this man\u0153uvre\nwas quite unexpected, many of the horses they wounded in the belly\nas they passed, so that they no longer obeyed the bridle, but became\nfurious, and threw their riders; whom, as they lay like logs, the\nBlemmy\u00e6 pierced in the only vulnerable part, the Persian cuirassier\nbeing incapable of moving without help.\n\nThose whose horses were not wounded proceeded to charge the Seres, who\nat their approach retired behind the elephants, as behind a wall or\nbulwark. Here an almost total slaughter of the cavalry took place. For\nthe horses of the Persians, as soon as the sudden retreat of the Seres\nhad discovered these enormous beasts, astonished at their unusual and\nformidable appearance, either turned short round and galloped off,\nor fell back upon the rest, so that the whole body was thrown into\nconfusion. They who were stationed in the towers upon the elephants\n(six in number, two on either side, except towards the beast's hind\nquarters), discharged their arrows as from a bulwark, so continuously\nand with such true aim, that they appeared to the Persians like a cloud.\n\nFighting upon unequal terms against mailed warriors, and depending\nupon their skill in archery, so unfailing was their aim at the sight\nholes[11] of the enemy, that you might see many galloping in confusion\nthrough the throng, with arrows projecting from their eyes.\n\nSome, carried away by the unruliness of their horses to the elephants,\nwere either trampled under foot or attacked by the Seres and the\nBlemmy\u00e6, who rushing out as from an ambush, wounded some, and pulled\nothers from their horses, in the mel\u00e9e. They who escaped unhurt\nretreated in disorder, not having done the smallest injury to the\nelephants: for these beasts are armed with mail when led out to battle,\nand have, besides, a natural defence in a hard and rugged skin, which\nwill resist and turn the point of any spear.\n\nOroondates, when he saw the remainder routed, set the example of a\nshameful flight; and descending from his chariot, and mounting a\nNys\u00e6an horse,[12] galloped from the field. The Egyptians and Africans\nin the left wing were ignorant of this, and continued still bravely\nfighting, receiving, however, more injury than they inflicted, which\nthey bore with great fortitude and perseverance; for the inhabitants of\nthe cinnamon region, who were opposed to them, pressed and confounded\nthem by the irregularity and activity of their attacks, flying as the\nEgyptians advanced, and discharging their arrows[13] backward as they\nfled. When the Africans retreated, they attacked them, galling them\non all the flanks, either with slings or little poisoned[14] arrows.\nThese they fixed around their turbans, the feathers next their heads,\nthe points radiating outwards; and drawing them thence as from a\nquiver, they, after taking a sudden spring forward, shot them against\nthe enemy, their own bodies being naked, and their only clothing\nthis crown of arrows. These arrows require no iron point; they take\na serpent's back bone, about a foot and a half in length, and after\nstraightening it, sharpen the end into a natural point, which may\nperhaps account for the origin of the word arrow.[15]\n\nThe Egyptians resisted a long time, defending themselves from the\ndarts by interlocking shields--being naturally patient, and bravely\nprodigal of their lives, not merely for pay but glory; perhaps, too,\ndreading the punishment of runaways. But when they heard that the\nbarbed cavalry, the strength and right hand[16] of their army, was\ndefeated--that the viceroy had left the field, and that the Medes and\nPersians, the flower of their foot, having done little against, and\nsuffered much from, those to whom they were opposed, had followed his\nexample, they likewise, at last, gave up the contest, turned about,\nand retreated. Hydaspes, from an elephant's back, as from a watch\ntower, was spectator of his victory; which when he saw decided, he sent\nmessengers after the pursuers, to stop the slaughter, and to order them\nto take as many prisoners as they could, and particularly, were it\npossible, Oroondates.\n\nSuccess crowned his wishes, for the Ethiopians extending their numerous\nlines to a great length on each side, and curving the extremities till\nthey surrounded the Persians, left them no way to escape but to the\nriver. Thus the stratagem which Oroondates had devised against the\nenemy they found turned against themselves, multitudes being forced\ninto the river by the horses and scythed chariots, and the confusion\nof the crowd. The viceroy had never reflected, that by having the\nriver in his rear he was cutting off his own means of escape. He was\ntaken prisoner with Ach\u00e6menes the son of Cybele. This latter informed\nof what had happened at Memphis, and dreading the resentment of\nOroondates, for having made an accusation against Arsace which he was\nnot able to prove, (the witnesses who would have enabled him to do so\nbeing removed,) endeavoured to slay his master in the tumult. He did\nnot, however, give him a mortal wound, and the attempt was instantly\nrevenged, for he was transfixed with an arrow by an Ethiopian, who\nwatched, as he had been commanded, over the safety of the viceroy; and\nwho saw, with indignation, the treacherous attempt of one, who, having\nescaped the enemy, took the opportunity presented by fortune, to wreak\nhis revenge against his commander.\n\nOroondates was brought before Hydaspes, faint and bleeding; but\nhis wound was soon staunched by the remedies applied, the king\nbeing resolved, if possible, to save him, and himself giving him\nencouragement.\n\n\"Friend,\" said he, \"I grant your life. I hold it honourable to overcome\nmy enemies by my arms while they resist; and by my good offices when\nthey are fallen: but why have you shewn such perfidy towards me?\"\n\n\"Towards you, I own,\" replied the Persian, \"I have been perfidious; but\nto my master I have been faithful.\"--\"As vanquished, then,\" replied\nHydaspes, \"what punishment, think you, that you deserve?\"--\"The\nsame,\" returned the other, \"which my master would inflict upon one of\nyour captains who had fallen into his power, after having proved his\nfidelity to you.\"--\"If your master,\" replied the Ethiopian, \"were truly\nroyal, and not a tyrant, he would praise and reward him; and excite the\nemulation of his own people, by commending the good qualities of an\nenemy: but it seems to me, good sir, that you praise your fidelity at\nthe expence of your prudence, after having adventured yourself against\nso many myriads of my troops.\"--\"Perhaps,\" replied Oroondates, \"in\nregard to myself, I have not been so imprudent as may at first appear.\nI knew the disposition of my sovereign--to punish cowards, rather than\nto reward the brave. I determined therefore to hazard every thing,\nand trust to Fortune, who sometimes affords unexpected and improbable\nsuccesses in war. If I failed and escaped with life, I should at least\nhave it to say, that nothing in my power had been left untried.\"\n\nHydaspes, after listening to his words, praised him, sent him to Syene,\nordered his physicians to attend him, and all possible care to be taken\nof him. He himself soon after made his public entry into the city, with\nthe flower of his army. The inhabitants of all ranks and ages went out\nin procession to meet him, strewed crowns and flowers[17] of the Nile,\nin his path, greeting him with songs of victory.\n\nHe entered the city on an elephant, as on a triumphal chariot, and\nimmediately turned his thoughts to holy matters and thanksgivings\nto the gods. He made inquiries concerning everything worthy of his\ncuriosity, particularly about the origin of the feasts of the Nile.\nThey shewed him a tank which served as a nilometer, like that which\nis at Memphis, lined with polished stone, and marked with degrees at\nthe interval of every cubit. The water flows into it under ground, and\nthe height to which it rises in the tank, shews the general excess, or\ndeficiency, of the inundation, according as the degrees are covered or\nleft bare. They shewed him dials, which, at a certain season of the\nyear, cast no shade at noon; for, at the summer solstice, the sun is\nvertical at Syene, and darts its rays perpendicularly down, so that the\nwater,[18] at the bottom of the deepest wells, is light.\n\nThis, however, raised no great astonishment in Hydaspes; for the\nsame phenomenon happens at the Ethiopian Mer\u00f6e. The people of Syene\nloudly praised their festival and extolled the Nile, calling it Horus\n(the year), the fertilizer of their plains--the preserver of Upper\nEgypt--the father, and, in a manner, the creator of the Lower--as it\nbrings annually new soil into it, and is from thence, possibly, called\nNile,[19] by the Greeks.\n\nIt points out, they said, the annual vicissitudes of time--summer by\nthe increase, and autumn by the retiring of its waters--spring by\nthe flowers which grow on it, and by the breeding of the crocodiles.\nThe Nile then, is, they say, nothing else but the year, its very\nappellation confirming this, since the numeral letters which compose\nits name, amount to 365 units, the number of days which make up the\nyear.[20] They extolled also its peculiar plants and flowers, and\nanimals, and added a thousand other encomiums. \"All these praises,\"\nsaid Hydaspes, \"belong more to Ethiopia, than to Egypt. If you esteem\nthis river as the father of waters, and exalt it to the rank of a\ndeity, Ethiopia ought surely to be worshipped, which is the mother of\nyour god?\"\n\n\"We do worship it,\" replied the priests, \"both on many other accounts,\nand because it has sent you to us, as a preserver and a god.\" After\nrecommending them to be less lavish in their praises, he retired to\na tent which had been prepared for him, and devoted the rest of the\nday to ease and refreshment. He entertained, at his own table, his\nprincipal officers, and the priests of Syene, and encouraged all ranks\nto make merry. The inhabitants of Syene furnished herds of oxen, flocks\nof sheep, goats and swine, together with store of wine, partly by way\nof gift, partly for sale. The next day he mounted a lofty seat; and,\nordering the spoil to be brought out, which had been collected in the\ncity, and on the field of battle, distributed it amongst his army, in\nsuch proportions as he thought their merit deserved. When the soldier\nappeared who took Oroondates, \"Ask what you please,\" said the king.--\"I\nhave no occasion to ask anything,\" he replied. \"If you will allow me\nto keep what I have already taken from the Viceroy, I am sufficiently\nrewarded for having made him prisoner, and preserved him alive,\naccording to your commands.\" And with this he shewed a sword belt, a\nscimitar richly jewelled of great value, and worth many talents; so\nthat many cried out, it was a gift too precious for a private man, a\ntreasure worthy of a monarch's acceptance. Hydaspes smilingly replied--\n\n\"What can be more kingly than that my magnanimity should be superior\nto this man's avarice? Besides, the captor has a right to the personal\nspoils of his prisoner. Let him then, receive as a gift from me, what\nhe might easily have taken to himself, without my knowledge.\"\n\nPresently those who had taken Theagenes and Chariclea appeared. \"Our\nspoil, \u039f king!\" said they, \"is not gold and jewels, things of little\nestimation among the Ethiopians, and which lie in heaps in the royal\ntreasures; but we bring you a youth and a maiden, a Grecian pair,\nexcelling all mortals in grace and beauty, except yourself, and we\nexpect from your liberality a proportionate reward.\"--\"You recall them\nseasonably to my memory,\" replied Hydaspes. \"When I first saw them, in\nthe hurry and confusion in which I was engaged, I took but a cursory\nview of them. Let some one bring them now before me, together with the\nrest of the captives.\"\n\nAn officer was immediately despatched for them to the place of their\nconfinement, which was among the baggage, at some distance from the\ntown. They inquired, in their way to the city, of one of their guards,\nwhither they were being conducted. They were told that the king\nHydaspes desired to see the prisoners. On hearing the name, they cried\nout together, with one voice--\"\u039f ye gods!\" fearing till that hour lest\nsome other might be the reigning king; and Theagenes said softly to\nChariclea--\"You will surely now discover to the king everything which\nrelates to us, since you have frequently told me that Hydaspes was your\nfather.\"\n\n\"Important matters,\" replied Chariclea, \"require great preparation.\nWhere the deity has caused intricate beginnings, there must needs be\nintricate unravellings. Besides, a tale like ours is not to be told in\na moment; nor do I think it advisable to enter upon it in the absence\nof my mother Persina, upon whose support, and testimony, the foundation\nof our story, and the whole of our credit, must depend; and she, thanks\nto the gods I hear, is yet alive.\"\n\n\"What if we should be sacrificed,\" returned Theagenes; \"or, presented\nto some one as a gift, how shall we ever get into Ethiopia?\"--\"Nothing\nis less likely,\" said Chariclea. \"Our guards have told us that we are\nto be reserved as victims, to be offered to the deities of Mer\u00f6e.\nThere is no likelihood that we, who are solemnly devoted to the gods,\nshould be destroyed, or otherwise disposed of; such a vow no religious\nmind would break. Were we to give way to the incautious joy with which\nthis sudden gleam of good fortune transports us, and discover our\ncondition, and relate our adventures, in the absence of those who\nalone can acknowledge us, and confirm what we say, we run the greatest\nrisk of raising the indignation of the king; who would regard it as\na mockery and insult, that we, captives and slaves as we are, should\nendeavour to pass ourselves off upon him, as his children.\"\n\n\"But the tokens,\" said Theagenes, \"which I know you always carry\nabout you, will give credit to our relation, and shew that we are not\nimpostors.\"--\"These things,\" replied Chariclea, \"are real tokens to\nthose who know them, and who exposed them with me; but to those who\nare ignorant of this, they are nothing but bracelets, and precious\nstones; and may possibly induce a suspicion of our having stolen them.\nSupposing even that Hydaspes should recollect any of these trinkets,\nwho shall persuade him that they were presented to me by Persina, and\nstill more, that they were the gifts of a mother to her daughter? The\nmost incontrovertible token, my dear Theagenes, is a mother's nature,\nthrough which the parent at first sight feels affection towards her\noffspring,--an affection stirred up by secret sympathy. Shall we\ndeprive ourselves, then, by our precipitation, of this most favourable\nopening, upon which depends the credit of all we have to say?\"\n\nDiscoursing in this manner, they arrived near the tribunal of the king.\nBagoas was led after them. When Hydaspes saw them, rising suddenly from\nhis throne--\"May the gods be propitious to me!\" he exclaimed, and sat\ndown again, lost in thought. They who were near him inquired the reason\nof this sudden emotion. Recollecting himself, he said--\"Methought that\nI had a daughter born to me this day, who at once reached her prime,\nand perfectly resembled this young maiden, whom I see before me. I\ndisregarded, and had almost forgotten my dream, when this remarkable\nresemblance recalled it to my memory.\"\n\nHis officers replied--\"That it was some fancy of the mind bodying forth\nfuture events;\" upon which the king, laying aside for the present any\nfarther thought upon the subject, proceeded to examine his prisoners.\nHe asked them--\"Who, and from whence, they were?\" Chariclea was silent.\nTheagenes replied, \"That they were Grecians, and that the maiden was\nhis sister.\"\n\n\"All honour to Greece,\" said Hydaspes--\"the mother of brave and\nbeautiful mortals, for affording us such noble victims for the\ncelebration of our triumphal sacrifices.\" And turning to his\nattendants, he said--\"Why had I not a son as well as a daughter born\nto me in my dream, since this youth, being the maiden's brother, ought\naccording to your observation, to have been shadowed forth to me in my\nvision?\"\n\nHe then directed his discourse to Chariclea, speaking in Greek;\na language known and studied by the Gymnosophists, and kings of\nEthiopia--\"And you, \u039f maiden,\" said he, \"why do you make no answer to\nmy questions?\"--\"At the altars of the gods,\" replied she, \"to whom\nwe are destined as victims, you shall know who I am, and who are my\nparents.\"\n\n\"And what part of the world do they inhabit?\" said the king.--\"They\nare present now,\" said she, \"and will assuredly be present, when we\nare sacrificed.\" Again Hydaspes smiled.--\"This dream-born daughter of\nmine,\" he observed, \"is certainly herself dreaming, when she imagines\nthat her parents are to be brought from the middle of Greece into\nMer\u00f6e. Let them be taken away and served with the usual care and\nabundance, to fit them for the sacrifices. But who is this standing\nnear, and in person like an eunuch?\"[21]--\"He is an eunuch,\" replied\none of the bystanders; \"his name is Bagoas; he was in great favour with\nOroondates.\"\n\n\"Let him too,\" said the king, \"follow and be kept with the Grecian\npair; not as a future victim, but that he may attend upon, and watch\nover the virgin victim, whom it is necessary to preserve in the utmost\npurity for the sacrifice; and whose beauty is such, that her virtue,\nunguarded, may be exposed to much danger and temptation. Eunuchs are\na jealous race; and fitly employed for debarring others from the\nenjoyments of which they are themselves deprived.\" He then proceeded to\nexamine and decide the fate of the remaining prisoners, who appeared in\norder; distributing among his followers those who were slaves before;\ndismissing with liberty those who were free and noble: but he selected\nten young men, and as many virgins, in the bloom of youth and beauty,\nwhom he ordered to be preserved for the same purpose to which he had\ndestined Theagenes and Chariclea. And having answered every complaint\nand application, at last he sent for Oroondates, who was brought in\nlying on a litter.\n\n\"I,\" said he to him, \"now that I have obtained the object of my going\nto war, feel not the common passion of ambitious minds. I am not going\nto make my good fortune the minister of covetousness; my victory\ncreates in me no wish to extend my empire. I am content with the limits\nwhich nature seems to have placed between Egypt and Ethiopia--the\ncataracts. Having recovered then what I think my right, I revere what\nis just and equitable, and shall return peacefully to my own dominions.\nDo you, if your life be spared, remain viceroy of the same province as\nbefore: and write to your master, the Persian king, to this effect,\n'Thy brother Hydaspes has conquered by might of hand; but restores\nall through moderation of mind; he wishes to preserve thy friendship,\nesteeming it the most valuable of all possessions: at the same time,\nif desirous of renewing the contest, thou wilt not find him backward.'\nAs to the Syen\u00e6ans I remit their tribute for ten years; and command\nthee to do the same.\" Loud acclamations, both from the soldiers and\ncitizens, followed his last words.\n\nOroondates crossing his hands, and inclining his body, adored him; a\ncompliment not usual for a Persian to pay to any prince, except his\nown.--\"\u039f ye who hear me,\" said he, \"I do not think that I violate the\ncustoms of my country, as to my own sovereign, in adoring the most just\nof kings, who has restored to me my government; who instead of putting\nme to death has granted me my life; who, able to act as a despotic\nlord, permits me to remain a viceroy. Should I recover, I pledge myself\nto promote a solid peace and lasting friendship between the Persians\nand Ethiopians, and to procure for the Syen\u00e6ans that remission of\ntribute which has been enjoined; but should I not survive, may the gods\nrecompense Hydaspes, his family, and remotest descendants, for all the\nbenefits which he has conferred upon me!\"\n\n\n\n[Footnote 1: \"\u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u1f78 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd.\"--\u00c6sch. P. V. 127.]\n\n[Footnote 2: See note to vol. i., p. 265, of Blakesley's Herodotus.]\n\n[Footnote 3: The brother and murderer of Osiris, whose death was\navenged by his son Horus.]\n\n[Footnote 4: Literally--\"more clearly initiating them with the fiery\ntorch of realities.\"--T\u1fc7 \u03c0\u03c5\u03c1\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f42\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03b4\u03b9 \u03c6a\u03bd\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1o\u03bd \u03c4\u03b5\u03bbo\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 5: \u0394\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03ac\u03c1\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 6: The following passage in Ammianus Marcellinus illustrates\nthe account here given of the \u039a\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f33\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9--or barbed cavalry of\nthe Persians.\n\n\"Erant autem omnes caterv\u00e6 ferrat\u00e6, ita per singula membra densis\nlaminis tect\u00e6, ut junctur\u00e6 rigentes compagibus artuum convenirent:\nhumanorumque vultuum sumulacra ita capitibus diligenter aptata, ut\nimbracteatis corporibus solidis, ibi tantum incidentia tela possint\nh\u00e6rere, qu\u00e0 per cavernas minutas et orbibus oculorum affixas, parcius\nvisitur, vel per supremitates narium angusti spiritus emittuntur.\nQuorum pars contis dimicatura, stabat immobilis, ut retinaculis \u00e6reis\nfixam existimares.\"--Book xxv.\n\nThus, by an anticipation of 600 years, we have brought before us a\npicture of the times, when,\n\n    \"_Their limbs all iron_, and their souls all flame,\n    A countless host, the red-cross warriors came.\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 7: Herod. B. vii. 61. thus speaks of these\ntunics:--\"\u039a\u03b9\u03b8\u1ff6\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2-\u0399\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03b0\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b9\u03b4o\u03c4o\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ad\u03b7\u03c2 \u03cc\u03c8\u03b9\u03bd\n\u1f30\u03c7\u03b8\u03c5o\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03bf\u03c2.\"]\n\n[Footnote 8: \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u1f74\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9' \u1f43\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c3\u03c6\u03b7\u03ba\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2--literally pinching in\nlike a wasp; the frontal fitting closely to the shape of the horse's\nhead and face.]\n\n[Footnote 9: o\u1f37\u03bf\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 10: See Herod. B. iii. 111.]\n\n[Footnote 11: See the previous description of the Persian amour.]\n\n[Footnote 12: See note in Blakesley's Herod. vii. 40.]\n\n[Footnote 13: Like the Parthians--\n\n    \"... versis animosum equis\n    Parthum.\"--Hor. I Od. xix 10.\n]\n\n[Footnote 14: Arrows somewhat resembling these are used by the wild\nBushmen of Africa for destroying the ostrich and other kinds of\ngame. \"These insignificant looking arrows are about two feet six\ninches in length; they consist of a slender reed, with a sharp bone\nhead, thoroughly poisoned with a composition of which the principal\ningredients are obtained, sometimes from a succulent herb, having thick\nleaves, yielding a poisonous milky juice, and sometimes from the jaws\nof snakes.\"--Wood's Nat. Hist.]\n\n[Footnote 15: \u038c\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd, a bone; \u038c\u0390\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03c2, an arrow.]\n\n[Footnote 16: \u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c1\u03b1.]\u00b7\n\n[Footnote 17: \u0391\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u039d\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03ce\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2.--The water lily of the Nile.]\n\n[Footnote 18: \"At Syene there was, in later times a well, the bottom of\nwhich, the sun was believed to illuminate at one time of the year, it\nbeing supposed that Syene was under the Tropic.\"--Blackesley's Herod.,\nvol. 1. p. 187.]\n\n[Footnote 19: N\u1f15\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, from \u03bd\u03ad\u03b7 \u1f30\u03bb\u03cd\u03c2, new soil.]\n\n[Footnote 20: \u03bd = 50; \u03b5 = 5; \u03b9: = 10; \u03bb = 30; o = 70; \u03c3 = 200; total,\n365.]\n\n[Footnote 21:\n\n    ... \"vetus, vietus, veternosus, senex\n    Colore mustellino.\"--Terence.\n]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK X.\n\n\nWe have now said sufficient about Syene, which, from the brink of\ndanger, was at once restored to security and happiness, by one man's\nclemency.\n\nHydaspes, having sent the greater part of his army forward, proceeded\nin person towards Ethiopia, followed by the applauses and blessings\nboth of Persians and Syen\u00e6ans. At first he marched along the Nile, or\nthe parts bordering upon that river; but when he reached the cataracts,\nhaving sacrificed to the river, and to the gods of the boundaries, he\nturned aside, and travelled through the inland country.\n\nWhen he arrived at Phil\u0153, he rested, and refreshed his army there for\ntwo days; and then as before, sending part of it forward, together with\nthe captives, he stayed some little time behind them, to direct the\nrepair of the walls, and to place a garrison, and soon afterwards set\nout himself. He dispatched an express consisting of two troopers, who\nchanging their horses at every station, and using all speed, were to\nannounce his victory at Mer\u00f6e.[1]\n\nHe sent the following message to the wise men of his country, who are\ncalled Gymnosophists, and who are the assessors and privy councillors\nof the Ethiopian kings in affairs of moment.\n\n \"Hydaspes to the most holy Council.\n\n \"I acquaint you with my victory over the Persians. I do not boast of\n my success, for I know and fear the mutability of fortune; but I would\n greet your holy order, which I have always found wise and faithful. I\n invite and command your attendance at the usual place, in order that\n the thanksgiving sacrifices for victory, may, by your presence, be\n rendered more august and solemn in the sight of the Ethiopian people.\"\n\nTo his consort, Persina, he wrote as follows:--\n\n \"Know that I am returning a conqueror, and, what you will still\n more rejoice at, unhurt. Make therefore preparations for the most\n sumptuous processions and sacrifices, that we may give thanks to the\n gods, for the blessings which they have bestowed. In accordance with\n my letters, assist in summoning the Gymnosophists; and hasten to\n attend, with them, in the consecrated field before the city, which is\n dedicated to our country's gods--the Sun, the Moon, and Bacchus.\"\n\nWhen this letter was delivered to Persina--\"I now see,\" said she,\n\"the interpretation of a dream which I had last night. Methought I\nwas pregnant, and in labour, and that I brought forth a daughter in\nthe full bloom of youth and beauty. I see, that by my throes, were\nsignified the travails of war; and by my daughter, this victory.\"\n\n\"Go,\" continued she, \"and fill the city with these joyful tidings.\"\nThe expresses obeyed her commands; and mounting their horses, having\ncrowned their heads with the lotus of the Nile, and waving branches\nof palm in their hands, rode through the principal parts of the city,\ndisclosing by their very appearance, the joyous news.\n\nMer\u00f6e resounded with rejoicings; night and day the inhabitants,\nin every family, and street, and tribe, made processions, offered\nsacrifices, and suspended garlands in the temples; not more out of\ngratitude for the victory, than for the safety of Hydaspes; whose\njustice and clemency, mildness and affability, had made him beloved,\nlike a father, by his subjects. The queen, on her side, collected\ntogether from all parts, quantities of sheep and oxen, of horses and\nwild asses, of hippogriffs,[2] and all sorts of animals, and sent\nthem into the sacred field, partly to furnish a hecatomb of each, for\nsacrifice, partly to provide from the remainder, an entertainment for\nall the people.\n\nShe next visited the Gymnosophists, who inhabit the grove of Pan, and\nexhorted them to obey the summons of their king, as also to gratify her\nby adorning and sanctifying the solemnity with their presence. They,\nentreating her to wait a few moments, while they consulted the gods, as\nthey are used to do on any new undertaking, entered their temple, and\nafter a short time returned, when Sisimithres, their president, thus\naddressed her:--\"\u039f queen! we will attend you, the gods order us to do\nso; but, at the same time, they signify to us, that this sacrifice\nwill be attended with much disturbance and tumult, which, however, will\nhave an agreeable and happy end. A limb of your body, or a member of\nthe state, seems to have been lost; which will be restored by fate.\"\n\n\"Your presence,\" said Persina, \"will avert every threatening presage,\nand change it into good; I will take care to inform you when Hydaspes\narrives.\"\n\n\"You will have no occasion to do that,\" replied Sisimithres: \"he will\narrive to-morrow, and you will presently receive letters to that\neffect.\" His prediction was fulfilled. Persina, on her return to the\npalace, found a messenger with letters from the king, announcing his\nintended arrival for the following day.\n\nThe heralds dispersed the news through the city, and at the same time,\nmade proclamation, that the men alone should be suffered to go out\nand meet him, but that the women should keep within their houses;\nfor, as the sacrifice was destined to be offered to the purest of all\ndeities--the Sun and Moon--the presence of females was forbidden, lest\nthe victims should acquire even an involuntary contamination.\n\nThe priestess of the Moon was the only woman suffered to attend\nthe ceremony, and she was Persina; for by the law and custom of\nthe country, the queens of Ethiopia are always priestesses of that\ndivinity, as the kings are of the Sun. Chariclea, also was to be\npresent at the ceremonial, not as a spectatress, but as a victim to the\nMoon.\n\nThe eagerness and curiosity of the citizens was incredible. Before they\nknew the appointed day, they poured in multitudes out of the city,\ncrossed the river Astabora, some over the bridge; some who dwelt at a\ndistance from it, in boats made of canes, many of which lay near the\nbanks, affording an expeditious means of passage.\n\nThese little skiffs are very swift, both on account of the materials of\nwhich they are composed, and the slight burden which they carry, which\nnever exceeds two or three men: for one cane is split in two, and each\nsection forms a boat.[3]\n\nMer\u00f6e, the metropolis of Ethiopia, is situated in a sort of triangular\nisland, formed by the confluence of three navigable rivers; the Nile,\nthe Astabora, and the Asasoba. The former flows towards it from above,\nwhere it forms two branches; the others, flowing round it on either\nside, unite their waters, and hasten to mingle their stream, and lose\ntheir names, in the channel of the Nile.\n\nThis island, which is almost a continent, (being in length three\nthousand furlongs, in width one thousand), abounds in animals of every\nkind, and, among the rest, with elephants. It is especially fertile\nin producing trees. The palm trees rise to an unusual height, bearing\ndates of large size and delicious flavour. The stalks of wheat and\nbarley are so tall, as to cover and conceal a man when mounted on a\nhorse or camel, and they multiply their fruit three hundred fold. The\ncanes are of the size which I have before mentioned.\n\nAll the night were the inhabitants employed in crossing the river; they\nmet, received, and congratulated Hydaspes, extolling him as a god. They\nhad gone a considerable way to meet him. The Gymnosophists went only a\nlittle beyond the sacred field, when, taking his hand, they kissed him.\nNext appeared Persina at the vestibule, and within the precincts of the\ntemple.\n\nAfter worshipping the gods, and returning thanks for his victory and\nsafety, they left the precincts, and prepared to attend the approaching\nsacrifice, repairing for that purpose to a tent, which had been erected\nfor them on the plain. Four canes, newly cut down, were fixed in the\nground, one at each corner, serving as a pillar, supported the vaulted\nroof, which was covered with the branches of palm and other trees. Near\nthis another tent was erected, raised considerably from the ground,\nin which were placed the images of the gods of the country--Memnon,\nPerseus, and Andromeda--whom the kings of Ethiopia boasted to be\nthe founders of their race: under these, on a lower story, having\ntheir gods above them, sat the Gymnosophists. A large portion of the\nground was surrounded by the soldiers; who in close order, and with\ntheir shields joined, kept off the multitude, and afforded a clear\nspace sufficient for the priests to perform their sacrifice, without\nconfusion or disturbance.\n\nHydaspes, after speaking briefly upon the victory which he had gained,\nand the advantages obtained by it to the state, commanded the sacred\nministers to begin their rites.\n\nThree lofty altars were erected, two in close proximity to the Sun and\nMoon; a third, at some distance, to Bacchus: to him they sacrificed\nanimals of every kind, as being a common deity, gracious and bountiful\nto all. To the Sun they offered four white horses, the swiftest of\nanimals to the swiftest of the gods;[4] to the Moon, a yoke of oxen,\nconsecrating to her, as being nearest the earth, their assistants in\nagriculture.\n\nWhile these things were transacting, a loud confused murmur began to\nrise as among a promiscuous multitude; \"Let our country's rites be\nperformed--let the appointed sacrifice be made--let the first-fruits of\nwar be offered to our gods.\"\n\nHydaspes understood that it was a human victim whom they demanded,\nwhich it was customary to offer from among the prisoners taken only in\na foreign war. Making a motion for silence, with his hand, he intimated\nto them, by gestures, that they should soon have what they required,\nand ordered those who had the charge of the captives to bring them\nforward. They obeyed, and led them forth, guarded, but freed from their\nchains.\n\nThe generality were, as may be imagined, dejected and sorrowful.\nTheagenes, however, appeared much less so than the others; but the\ncountenance of Chariclea was cheerful and elate. She fixed her eyes\nupon Persina with a fixed and steady glance, so as to cause in her\nconsiderable emotion; she could not help sighing, as she said--\"\u039f\nhusband! what a maiden have you destined for sacrifice! I never\nremember to have seen such beauty. How noble is her presence! with what\nspirit and fortitude does she seem to meet her impending fate! How\nworthy is she of compassion, owing to the flower of her age. If my only\nand unfortunately lost daughter were living, she would be about the\nsame age. \u039f that it were possible to save this maiden from destruction;\nit would be a great satisfaction to me to have her in my service. She\nis probably Grecian, for she has not at all the air of an Egyptian.\"\n\n\"She is from Greece,\" replied Hydaspes: \"who are her parents she will\npresently declare; shew them she cannot, though such has been her\npromise. To deliver her from sacrifice is impossible: were it in my\npower, I should be very glad to do so; for I feel, I know not why,\ngreat compassion and affection for her. But you are aware that the law\nrequires a male to be offered to the Sun, and a female to the Moon; and\nshe being the first captive presented to me, and having been allotted\nfor the sacrifice, the disappointment of the people's wishes would\nadmit of no excuse. One only chance can favour her escape, and that is,\nif she should be found when she ascends the pile, not to have preserved\nher chastity inviolate; for the law demands a pure victim to be offered\nto the goddess as well as to the god--the condition of those offered on\nthe altar of Bacchus is indifferent. But should she be found unchaste,\nreflect whether it would be proper that she should be received into\nyour family.\"\n\n\"Let her,\" replied Persina, \"be found unchaste, provided only\nshe be preserved. Captivity and war, absence from friends, and a\nwandering life, furnish an excuse for guilt, particularly in her,\nwhose transcendent beauty must have exposed her to more than common\ntemptations.\"\n\nWhile she was weeping and striving to conceal her weakness from the\npeople, Hydaspes ordered the fire-altar[5] to be prepared, and brought\nout. A number of young children, collected by the officials from among\nthe multitude, brought it from the temple (they alone being permitted\nto touch it), and placed it in the midst. Each of the captives was then\nordered to ascend it. It was furnished with golden bars of such mystic\nvirtue, that whenever any unchaste or perjured person placed his foot\nupon it, it burnt him immediately, and he was obliged to retire: the\npure, on the contrary, and the uncontaminated, could mount it uninjured.\n\nThe greatest part of the prisoners failed in the trial, and were\ndestined as victims to Bacchus, and the other gods--save two or three\nGrecian maidens whose virginity was found intact. Theagenes at length\nascended it, and was found pure. It raised great admiration in the\nassembly, that with his beauty, stature, and in the flower of youth, he\nshould be a stranger to the power of love--accordingly he was destined\nas an offering to the Sun. He said softly to Chariclea--\"Is death then,\nand sacrifice, the reward which the Ethiopians bestow upon purity and\nintegrity? But why, my dearest life, do you not discover yourself? How\nlong will you delay? Until the sacrificer's knife is at your throat?\nSpeak, I beseech you, and disclose your condition. Perhaps when you\nare known, your intercession may preserve me; but if that should\nnot happen, you will be safe, and then I shall die with comfort and\nsatisfaction.\"\n\n\"Our trial,\" said Chariclea, \"now approaches--our fate trembles in the\nbalance.\"[6]--So saying, and without awaiting any command, she drew\nfrom out of a scrip which she had with her, and put on, her sacred\nDelphic robe, interwoven and glittering with rays of light. She let her\nhair fall dishevelled upon her shoulders, and as under the influence\nof inspiration, leaped upon the altar, and remained there a long time,\nunhurt.\n\nDazzling every beholder with more than ever resplendent beauty; visible\nto all from this elevated place, and with her peculiar dress, she\nresembled an image of the goddess, more than a mere mortal maiden. An\ninarticulate murmur of applause ran through the multitude, expressive\nof their surprise and admiration, that with charms so superhuman,\nshe should have preserved her honour, enhancing her beauty by her\nchastity.[7] Yet they were almost sorry that she was found a pure\nand fitting victim for the goddess. Notwithstanding their religious\nreverence they would have been glad could she by any means escape. But\nPersina felt more for her than all the rest. She could not help saying\nto Hydaspes--\"How miserable and ill-fated is this poor maiden! To no\npurpose giving token of her purity! Receiving for her many virtues only\nan untimely death! Can nothing be done to save her?\"\n\n\"Nothing, I fear,\" replied the king: \"your wishes and pity are\nunavailable. It seems that the gods have from the beginning selected\nby reason of her very excellence this perfect victim for themselves.\"\nAnd then directing his discourse to the Gymnosophists: \"Sages,\"\nsaid he, \"since every thing is ready, why do you not begin the\nsacrifice?\"--\"Far be it from us,\" said Sisimithres (speaking in\nGreek, that the multitude might not understand him) \"to assist at such\nrites; our eyes and ears have already been sufficiently wounded by the\npreparations. We will retire into the temple, abhorring ourselves the\ndetestable offering of a human victim, and believing too that the gods\ndo not approve it. Would that the sacrifices even of brute animals\nmight cease; those consisting of prayers and incense being, to our\nmind, sufficient.[8] Do you, however, remain; for the presence of a\nruler is sometimes necessary to stay the turbulence of the multitude.\nGo on with this unhallowed sacrifice, since the inveterate custom\nof the people has made it unavoidable; remembering that when it is\nperformed, yourself will stand in need of expiation, though perhaps,\nyou will not need it, for I think this rite will never be brought to\nconsummation. I judge from various divine tokens, and particularly\nfrom a kind of glory shed around these strangers, signifying that they\nare under the peculiar protection of the gods;\"--having said this, he\narose, and was about to retire with his brethren.\n\nAt this instant Chariclea leapt down from the altar; rushed towards\nSisimithres, and fell at his feet. The officials would have hindered\nher, supposing that she was deprecating death, but she exclaimed \"Stay,\nSages, I beseech you! I have a cause to plead before the king and\nqueen; you are the only judges, in such a presence; you must decide in\nthis, the trial for my life. You will find that it is neither possible\nnor just that I should be sacrificed to the gods.\" They listened to\nher readily, and addressing the king, said,--\"Do you hear, \u039f king, the\nchallenge and averment of this foreign maiden.\"\n\nHydaspes smiling, replied, \"What controversy can she have with me?\nFrom what pretext, or from what right, can it arise?\"--\"That, her\nown relation will discover,\" said Sisimithres.--\"But will it not be\nan indignity, rather than an act of justice,\" rejoined the monarch,\n\"for a king to enter into a judicial dispute with a slave?\"--\"Equity\nregards not lofty rank,\" said the sage. \"He is king in judgment\nwho prevails by strength of arguments.\"--\"But,\" returned Hydaspes,\n\"your office gives you a right of deciding only when a controversy\narises between the king and his own subjects, not between him and\nforeigners.\"--\"Justice,\" said Sisimithres, \"is weighed among the wise,\nnot by mere appearances, but by facts.\"--\"It is clear that she can have\nnothing serious to advance,\" said the king, \"but some mere idle pretext\nto delay her fate, as is the case with those who are in fear of their\nlives. Let her, however, speak, since Sisimithres would have it so.\"\n\nChariclea, who had always been sanguine, in expecting her deliverance,\nwas now inspired with additional confidence when she heard the name of\nSisimithres. He was the person to whose care she had been committed\nten years before, and who delivered her to Charicles at Catadupa, when\nhe was sent ambassador to Oroondates in the matter of the emerald\nmines--he was then one of the ordinary Gymnosophists: but now, he\nwas their president. Chariclea did not call to mind his face (having\nbeen parted from him when only seven years' old), but recollected and\nrejoiced at hearing his name, trusting that she should find in him a\nsupport and an advocate. Stretching out then her hands towards heaven,\nand speaking audibly,--\"O Sun!\" she exclaimed, \"author of my family;\nand you, ye gods and heroes who adorn my race! I call you to witness\nthe truth of what I say. Be you my supporters and assistants in the\ntrial which I am about to undergo--my cause is just, and thus I enter\nupon it:--Does the law, \u039f king, command you to sacrifice natives or\nforeigners?\"\n\n\"Foreigners only,\" replied Hydaspes.--\"You must then seek another\nvictim,\" said she, \"for you will find me a native.\" The king seemed\nsurprised, declaring it to be a figment. \"Do you wonder at this?\" said\nshe; \"you will hear much stranger things. I am not only a native, but\nclosely allied to the royal family.\" This assertion was received with\ncontempt, as so much idle speech: when she added--\"Cease, my father, to\ndespise and reject your daughter!\"\n\nBy this time the king began to appear not only contemptuous, but\nindignant, taking the matter as a personal insult to himself. He said,\ntherefore, to Sisimithres,--\"Behold the reward of my endurance! Is\nnot the maiden downright mad! Endeavouring with wild and incredible\nfictions to escape the fate awaiting her! desperately feigning herself\nto be my daughter, as in some sudden appearance and discovery upon\nthe stage--mine, who was never so fortunate as to have any offspring.\nOnce, indeed, I heard of a daughter's birth, only, however, to learn\nher death. Let then some one lead her away, that the sacrifice may be\nno longer deferred.\"--\"No one shall lead me away,\" cried out Chariclea,\n\"till the judges have given sentence. You are in this affair a party,\nnot a judge; the law perhaps permits you to sacrifice foreigners, but\nto sacrifice your children, neither law nor nature allows; and the\ngods shall this day declare you to be my father, however unwilling\nyou appear to own me. Every cause, \u039f king, which comes for judgment,\nleans principally upon two kinds of proof, written evidence, and that\nof living witnesses: both these will I bring forward to prove myself\nyour child. I shall appeal to no common witness, but to my judge\nhimself (the consciousness of the judge is the prisoner's best ground\nof confidence); as to my written evidence it shall be a history of my\nown and your misfortunes.\" So saying, she loosened from her waist the\nfillet[9] which had been exposed with her, unrolled, and presented it\nto Persina. She, as soon as it met her sight, appeared struck dumb with\nastonishment; she continued a considerable time casting her eyes first\non the writing, then again on the maiden. A cold sweat bedewed her\nlimbs, and convulsive tremblings shook her frame.\n\nHer first emotions were those of joy and hope; but anxiety and doubt\nsucceeded. Dread of the suspicions of Hydaspes followed; of his\nincredulity, and perhaps of his anger and vengeance.\n\nThe king observing her agitation and astonishment, said to her,\n\"Persina! what is it which ails you? from what cause has this writing\nsuch effect upon you?\"--\"My king, my lord, and my husband!\" she\nreplied, \"I know not what to answer you: take and read it yourself:\nlet this fillet explain everything.\" She gave it him, and remained\ntrembling, in anxious silence.\n\nHe took the fillet, and began to read it, calling to the Gymnosophists\nto read it with him. As he proceeded, he was struck with doubt\nand amazement; but Sisimithres was still more astonished: his\never-changing colour betrayed the various emotions of his mind: he\nfixed his eyes now on the fillet, and now on Chariclea.\n\nAt length Hydaspes, when he came to the account of the exposing of the\ninfant, and the cause of it, broke silence, and said, \"I know that I\nhad once a daughter born to me, having been told that it died almost as\nsoon as it was born. This writing now informs me that it was exposed:\nbut who took it up, who preserved, who educated it? who brought it into\nEgypt? Was that person, whoever he were, taken captive at the same\ntime with her? How shall I be satisfied that this is the real child\nthat was exposed? May she not have perished? May not these tokens have\nfallen into the hands of some one, who takes advantage of this chance?\nMay not some evil genius be paltering with my desire of offspring, and\nclothed with the person of this maiden, be endeavouring to pass off a\nsupposititious birth as my successor,--overshadowing the truth with\nthis fillet, as with a cloud?\"\n\nBut now Sisimithres replied, \"I can clear up some of your doubts; for I\nam the person who took her up, who educated and carried her into Egypt,\nwhen you sent me thither on an embassy. You know me too well to suspect\nme of asserting what is untrue. I perfectly recollect the fillet,\nwhich is inscribed with the royal characters of the kings of Ethiopia,\nwhich you cannot suspect to have been counterfeited elsewhere; for you\nyourself must recognize the handwriting of Persina. But there were\nother tokens exposed with her, which I delivered at the same time\nto him who received the damsel from me, who was a Grecian, and, in\nappearance, an honest and worthy man.\"\n\n\"I have preserved them likewise,\" said Chariclea, and immediately\nshewed the necklace and the bracelet. Persina was yet more affected\nwhen she saw these.\n\nHydaspes still inquiring what all this agitation could mean, and\nwhether she had anything to discover which might throw light upon\nthis matter; she answered, \"that she certainly had, but it was an\nexamination more proper to be made in private than in public.\"\n\nHydaspes was more than ever perplexed, and Chariclea proceeded--\"These\nare the tokens of my mother; but this ring is a present of your own;\"\nand produced the stone Pantarb\u00e8.\n\nThe king instantly recollected it as a present which he had made to his\nwife during the time of their betrothment; and he said, \"Maiden, these\ntokens were certainly mine; but how does it appear that you possess\nthem as my child, and have not obtained them by some other means?\nBesides, in addition to my other doubts, your complexion is totally\ndifferent from that of an Ethiopian.\"\n\nHere Sisimithres interposed, and said, \"The child whom I took up\nwas perfectly white: and farther, the time when I found her seems\nvery closely to coincide with the age of the maiden, for it is just\nseventeen years since this happened. The colour of her eyes too\noccurred to me as being the same; in short, I recognize in her the\ngeneral expression of her features, and in her surpassing beauty a\nresemblance with what I recollect of the child then exposed.\"\n\n\"This is all very well,\" replied Hydaspes, \"you speak with the fervour\nof the advocate more than as the judge; but take care lest while you\nare clearing up one doubt, you do not raise another, and that a more\nserious one; throwing suspicions upon the virtue of my consort; as we\nare both Ethiopians, how could we for our offspring have a white child?\"\n\nSisimithres, with rather a sarcastic smile, replied, \"I know not why\nyou should object to me, that I am an advocate for this maiden. He is\nthe best judge who inclines to the side of right: may I not rather\nbe called an advocate for you, while I am endeavouring, with the\nassistance of the gods, to establish your right to be called a father;\nand neglecting no means to restore to you, in the bloom of her youth,\nthat daughter whom I preserved in swathing bands? However, deem of me\nas you please, I do not esteem it necessary to make any apology; we do\nnot shape our lives so as to please others: we endeavour to follow the\ndictates of truth and virtue, and think it sufficient if we can approve\nour conduct to ourselves: yet, as to the doubt which you entertain\nconcerning her complexion, the writing clears this up, explaining how\nPersina, from her contemplation of Andromeda, might have received an\nimpression upon her mind agreeing with the subject of the picture.\nIf you wish for farther proof, the original is at hand; examine the\nAndromeda, the likeness between the picture and the maiden will be\nfound unmistakeably exact.\"\n\nThe king complied: and had the picture brought; when being placed near\nChariclea, an instant cry of surprise, admiration, and joy, was raised\nthroughout the assembly, at the striking likeness; those who were near\nenough to understand what was passing, spreading the intelligence among\nthe rest.\n\nHydaspes could no longer doubt, and he stood for some time motionless,\nbetween wonder and pleasure. But Sisimithres added, \"One thing is\nstill necessary to complete the proof; for recollect the succession to\nthe kingdom, and the truth itself is now in question. Bare your arm,\nmy child; there was a black mark upon it, a little above the elbow.\nThere is nothing unseemly in doing this, in order to establish the\nevidence of your birth and family.\" Chariclea obeyed, and uncovered her\nleft arm, when there appeared, as it were, an ebon ring, staining the\nivory[10] of her arm.\n\nBut Persina could now no longer contain herself--she leapt from her\nthrone, burst into tears, rushed into her daughter's embrace, and could\nexpress her transports only by an inarticulate murmur. For excess of\njoy will sometimes beget grief. They had nearly fainted and fallen on\nthe ground.\n\nHydaspes felt for his consort, affected as she was, and a kindred\nemotion was gaining possession of himself; yet he gazed upon the\nspectacle with eyes as unmoved[11] as though they were of iron,\nstruggling against his tears, his mind contending between fatherly\nfeeling and manly fortitude, and tossed to and fro as by opposing\ntides. At last he was overpowered by all conquering nature; he not\nonly believed himself to be a father, but was sensible of a father's\nfeelings. Raising Persina, he was seen to embrace his daughter, pouring\nover her the paternal libation of his tears.\n\nHe was not, however, driven from that propriety which the circumstances\ndemanded. Recollecting himself a little, and observing the multitude\nequally affected, shedding tears of pleasure and compassion at the\nwonderful events which had taken place, and not heeding the voices\nof the heralds, who were enjoining silence, he waved his hand, and\nstilling the tumult, thus addressed them:--\"You see me, by the favour\nof the gods, and beyond all my expectations, entitled at length to the\nname of a father. This maiden is shewn to be my daughter by proofs\nwhich are infallible: but[12] my love for you, and for my country,\nis so great, that disregarding the continuance of my race, and the\nsuccession to my throne, and the new and dear appellation which I\nhave just acquired, I am ready to sacrifice her to the gods for your\nadvantage. I see you weep; I see you moved by the feelings of humanity;\nyou pity the age of this maiden, immature for death; you pity my\nvainly cherished hope of a successor, yet even against your wills, I\nmust obey the customs of my country, and prefer the public weal to any\nprivate feelings of my own. Whether it be the will of the gods just\nto shew me a daughter, and then take her away again (shewing her to\nme at her birth, taking her away now that she is found),[13] I leave\nyou to judge: I am unable to determine. As little can I decide whether\nthey will permit her to be sacrificed, when, after driving her from\nher native land to the extremest ends of the earth, they have, as by a\nmiracle, brought her back again a captive; but if it be expedient that\nI sacrifice her whom I slew not as an enemy, nor injured as a prisoner,\nat the instant when she is recognized to be my daughter I will not\nhesitate, nor yield to affections which might be pardonable in any\nother father. I will not falter nor implore your compassion to acquit\nme of obedience to the law, out of regard to the feelings of nature\nand affection, nor even suggest that it is possible the deity may be\nappeased and satisfied by another victim; but as I see you sympathize\nwith me, and feel my misfortunes as your own, even so much more does\nit become me to prefer your good to every other consideration, little\nregarding this sore grief, little regarding the distress of my poor\nQueen, made a mother and at the same moment rendered childless. Dry\nthen your tears, repress your ineffectual grief for ever, and prepare\nfor this necessary sacrifice: and, thou, my daughter! (now first and\nnow last do I address thee by this longed-for name,) beauty is to no\npurpose, and in vain discovered to thy parents! thou who hast found\nthy native land more cruel than any foreign region! who hast found\na strange land thy preserver, but wilt find thy native country thy\ndestroyer! do not thou break my heart, by mournful tears; if ever thou\nhast shewed a high and royal spirit, shew it now. Follow thy father,\nwho is unable to adorn thee as a bride; who leads thee to no nuptial\nchamber; but who decks thee for a sacrifice; who kindles, not torch of\nmarriage, but the altar torch, and now offers as a victim this thine\nunrivalled loveliness. Do you too, \u039f ye gods! be propitious, even if\nanything unbecoming or disrespectful has escaped me, overcome as I am,\nby grief, at calling this maiden daughter, and at the same time being\nher destroyer!\" So saying, he made a show of leading Chariclea to\nthe pyre, with palpitating heart, and deprecating the success of the\nspeech, which he had made in order to steal away the people's wills.\n\nThe whole multitude was strongly excited by these words--they would not\nsuffer her to be led a step towards the altar; but loudly and with one\nvoice cried out---\"Save the maiden! Preserve the royal blood! Deliver\nher whom the gods evidently protect! We are satisfied; the custom has\nbeen sufficiently complied with. We acknowledge thee our king: do\nthou acknowledge thyself a father; may the gods pardon the seeming\ndisobedience; we shall be much more disobedient by thwarting their\nwill; let no one slay her who has been preserved by them. Thou who art\nthe father of thy country, be also the father of thy family!\" These,\nand a thousand such like exclamations, were heard from every side. At\nlength they prepared to prevent by force the sacrifice of Chariclea,\nand demanded steadily that the other victims alone should be offered to\nthe gods.\n\nGladly and readily did Hydaspes suffer himself to be persuaded, and to\nsubmit to this seeming violence: he heard with pleasure the cries and\ncongratulations of the assembly, and allowed them the indulgence of\ntheir wills, waiting till the tumult should spontaneously subside.\n\nFinding himself near Chariclea, he said:--\"My dear daughter (for the\ntokens you have produced, the wise Sisimithres, and the benevolence of\nthe gods declare you to be such), who is this stranger who was taken\nwith you, and is now led out to be sacrificed? How came you to call him\nyour brother, when you were first brought into my presence at Syene?\nHe is not likely to be found my son, for Persina had only one child,\nyourself.\"\n\nChariclea, casting her eyes on the ground, blushed, and said:--\"He is\nnot, I confess, my brother: necessity extorted that fiction from me.\nWho he is, he will better explain than I can.\"\n\nHydaspes not readily comprehending what she meant, replied:--\"Forgive\nme, my child, if I have asked a question concerning this young man\nwhich it seems to hurt your maiden modesty to answer. Go into the tent\nto your mother, cause her more rejoicing now, than you caused her pain\nwhen she gave you birth; add to her present enjoyment, by relating\nevery particular about yourself. Meanwhile, we will proceed with the\nsacrifice, selecting, if possible, a victim worthy to be offered with\nthis youth instead of you.\"\n\nChariclea was nearly shrieking at mention of sacrificing the young man;\nhardly could she for ultimate advantage, check her frenzied feelings,\nso as to wind her way covertly towards the end she had in view. \"Sire,\"\nsaid she, \"perhaps there needs not to seek out another maiden, since\nthe people remitted in my person the sacrifice of any female victim?\nBut if they insist that a pair of either sex should be sacrified, see\nif it be not necessary for you to find out another youth, as well as\nanother maiden; or, if that be not done, whether I must not still be\noffered.\"\n\n\"The gods forbid!\" replied Hydaspes; \"but why should you say this?\"\n\n\"Because,\" said she, \"the gods have decreed that he is to live with me,\nor die with me.\"\n\n\"I commend your humanity,\" replied the king, \"in that having so hardly\nescaped yourself, you are desirous of saving a foreigner, a Greek, a\nfellow-prisoner, and of the same age, with whom, from a communion in\nmisfortunes, you must have contracted some degree of familiarity and\nfriendship: but he cannot be exempted from the sacrifice; religion will\nnot permit our country's custom to be in everything curtailed, neither\nwould the people suffer it, who have with difficulty been persuaded by\nthe goodness of the deities to spare you.\"\n\n\"\u039f king!\" said Chariclea, \"for perhaps I may not presume to call you\nfather, since the mercy of the gods has saved my body, let me implore\ntheir and your clemency to preserve my soul:[14] they know with how\nmuch justice I call him so, since they have so closely interwoven\nthe web of my destiny with his. But if his fate is irretrievably\ndetermined; as if a foreigner he must necessarily suffer, I ask only\none favour---Let me with my own hand perform the sacrifice; let me\ngrasp the sword--even like a precious treasure--and signalize my\nfortitude before the Ethiopians.\"\n\nHydaspes was astonished and confounded at this strange request. \"I know\nnot what to make,\" said he, \"of this sudden change in your disposition:\nbut a moment ago you were anxious to save this stranger, and now you\ndesire permission to destroy him as an enemy with your own hands; but\nthere is nothing either honourable or becoming your sex or age in such\na deed: granting that there were, it is impossible; it is an office\nexclusively belonging to the priests and priestesses of the Sun and\nMoon, the one must be a husband; the other is required to be a wife; so\nthat even the fact of your virginity would be sufficient to preclude\nthis unaccountable request.\"\n\n\"There need be no obstacle here,\" rejoined Chariclea, blushing, and\nwhispering her mother, she said, \"give but your consent and I already\nhave one who answers to the name of husband.\"--\"We will consent,\"\nreplied Persina, smiling, \"and will bestow your hand at once, if we\ncan find a match worthy of yourself and us.\"--\"Then,\" said Chariclea,\nraising her voice, \"your search need not be long, it is already found.\"\n\nShe was proceeding (for the imminent danger of Theagenes made her bold,\nand caused her to break through the restraints of maiden modesty),\nwhen Hydaspes, becoming impatient, said--\"How do ye, \u039f gods, mingle\nblessings and misfortunes! and mar the happiness ye have bestowed\nupon me! ye restore, beyond all my hopes, a daughter, but ye restore\nher frenzy-stricken! for is not her mind frenzied when she utters\nsuch inconsistencies? She first calls this stranger her brother, who\nis no such thing; next, when asked who the stranger is, she says she\nknows not; then she is very anxious to preserve him, as a friend,\nfrom suffering; and, failing in this, appears desirous of sacrificing\nhim with her own hands; and when we tell her that none but one who is\nwedded can lawfully perform this office, then she declares herself\na wife but does not name her husband. How can she indeed? She whom\nthe altar proves never to have had a husband; unless the unfailing\nordeal of chastity among the Ethiopians has, in her case only, proved\nfallacious, dismissing her unscathed, and bestowing upon her the\nspurious reputation of virginity; upon her, who with one breath calls\nthe same person her friend and enemy, and invents a brother and a\nhusband who have no existence? Do you, then, my Queen, retire into your\ntent, and endeavour to recall this maiden to her senses: for either\nshe is frenzied by the deity, who is approaching the sacrifices, or\nelse she is distraught through her unexpected preservation. I will\nhave search made for the victim, due to the gods, as an offering\nin her stead; meanwhile I will give audience to the ambassadors of\nthe different nations, and will receive the presents brought in\ncongratulation of my victory.\" So saying, he seated himself in a\nconspicuous place near the tent, and commanded the ambassadors to be\nintroduced, and to bring what gifts they had to offer.\n\nHarmonias, the lord in waiting,[15] inquired whether they should all\napproach without distinction, or a few selected from every nation; or\nwhether he should introduce each separately.\n\n\"Let them come separately in turn,\" said the king, \"that each may be\nquestioned according to his deserts.\"\n\n\"Your nephew, then, Mer\u0153bus,\" said Harmonias, \"must first appear; he is\njust arrived, and is waiting outside the troops for his introduction.\"\n\n\"You silly, stupid fellow,\" replied Hydaspes, \"why did you not announce\nhim instantly? Do you not know that he is not a mere ambassador, but a\nking, the son of my own brother (not long deceased), placed by me on\nhis father's throne, and adopted by me as my own son?\"\n\n\"I was aware of it, my lord,\" replied Harmonias; \"but I considered that\nthe duty of a lord in waiting required him above all things, to observe\na proper time and season. Pardon me, therefore, if when I saw you\nspeaking with the royal ladies, I felt averse to drawing your attention\nfrom matters of such delight.\"\n\n\"Let him enter now, then,\" replied the king. The master of the\nceremonies hastened out, and soon returned with him.\n\nMer\u0153bus was a handsome youth, just past the season of boyhood, his age\nbeing about seventeen; but he exceeded in stature almost all those who\nsurrounded him, and his suite was splendid and numerous. The Ethiopian\nguards opened on either side to let him pass, and regarded him with\nwonder and respect.\n\nHydaspes himself rose from his throne to meet him, embraced him with\nfatherly affection, placed him by his side, and taking him by the\nhand said, \"Nephew, you are come very seasonably both to assist at a\ntriumphal sacrifice, and a nuptial ceremony; for the gods, the authors\nand protectors of our family, have restored to me a daughter, and\nprovided, as it seems, for you a wife. The particulars you shall hear\nhereafter; at present if you have any business relating to the nation\nwhich you govern, make me acquainted with it.\"\n\nThe youth,[16] at the mention of a wife, was seen to blush through his\ndark complexion from mingled pleasure and modesty (the red rushing,\nas it were, to the surface of the black). After an interval he said,\n\"The other ambassadors, my Father, in honour of your splendid victory,\nbring you the choicest productions of their several countries: I, as\na suitable compliment to a brave and first-rate warrior, make you an\noffering after your own heart, a champion who is invincible; not to\nbe matched either in wrestling, or boxing, or in the race;\" and so,\nsaying, he motioned to the man alluded to, to advance.\n\nHe came forward and made his adoration to Hydaspes. So vast and \"old\nworld[17]\" was his stature, that when kissing the king's knees, his\nhead nearly equalled those who sat on raised seats above him; and,\nwithout waiting for any orders, he stripped and challenged any one\nto engage with him, either with skill of arms, or with strength of\nhands. And when, after many proclamations made, no antagonist appeared\nto oppose him--\"You shall have,\" said Hydaspes, \"a reward quite in\ncharacter;\" and he ordered an old and very bulky elephant to be brought\nout and given to him.\n\nThe man was pleased with, and vain of the present; but the people\nburst into a shout of laughter; delighted at the humour of the king;\nconsoling themselves by their derision of his boastfulness, for the\ninferiority which they had virtually expressed.\n\nThe ambassadors of the Seres came next. They brought spun and woven\ngarments, both white and purple; the materials of which were the\nproduce of an insect,[18] which is bred in their country. These gifts\nbeing accepted, they begged and obtained the release of certain\nprisoners who had been condemned.\n\nAfter them, the envoys from Arabia the Happy approached. They presented\nmany talents worth of fragrant leaves, lavender, cinnamon, and other\nproductions, with which that land of perfume abounds; all which filled\nthe air around with an agreeable odour.\n\nThen appeared the Troglodites. They brought gold dust (which is turned\nup by the ant-eater[19]), also a pair of hippogriffs guided by golden\nreins.\n\nThe ambassadors of the Blemmy\u00e6 offered bows and arrows, formed of\nserpents' bones, and disposed into the form of a crown.\n\n\"These our presents,\" said they, \"in value fall far behind those of\nothers; nevertheless, they did good service against the Persians, at\nthe river, as you yourself can testify.\"\n\n\"They are of more value,\" said Hydaspes, \"than other costly gifts, and\nare the cause of my now receiving other presents;\"--at the same time he\nbid them declare their wishes. They requested some diminution of their\ntributes, and obtained a full remission of them for ten years. When\nalmost all the ambassadors had been admitted, and had been presented,\nsome with rewards equal to their gifts, others with such as were far\ngreater, at last the ambassadors of the Axiomit\u00e6 appeared. These were\nnot tributaries, but allies: they came to express their satisfaction\nat the king's success, and brought with them their presents; and among\nthe rest there was an animal of a very uncommon and wonderful kind:\nhis size approached to that of a camel! his skin was marked over with\nflorid spots: his hind-quarters were low and lionshaped: but his fore\nlegs, his shoulders, and breast, were far higher in proportion than\nhis other parts; his neck was slender, towering up from his large body\ninto a swanlike throat, and his head, like that of a camel, was about\ntwice as large as that of a Lybian ostrich; his eyes were very bright\nand rolled with a fierce expression; his manner of moving was different\nfrom that of every other land or water animal; he did not use his\nlegs alternately, one on each side at once, but moved both those on\nthe right together, and then, in like manner, both those on the left;\none side at a time being raised before the other; and yet so docile\nin movement and gentle in disposition was he, that his keeper led\nhim by a thin cord fastened round his neck; his master's will having\nover him the influence of an irresistible chain. At the appearance\nof this animal the multitude were astonished; and extemporising his\nname[20] from the principal features in his figure, they called him a\ncamelopard.[21] He was, however, the occasion of no small confusion\nin the assembly. There happened to stand near the altar of the Moon a\npair of bulls, and by that of the Sun four white horses, prepared for\nsacrifice. At the sudden sight of this strange outlandish beast, seen\nfor the first time, terrified as if they had beheld some phantom, one\nof the bulls, and two of the horses, bursting from the ropes of those\nwho held them, galloped wildly away. They were unable to break through\nthe circle of the soldiery, fortified as it was with a wall of locked\nshields; but running in wild disorder through the middle space, they\noverturned vessels and victims--everything, in short, that came in\ntheir way; so that mingled cries arose, some of fear in those towards\nwhom the animals were making; some of mirth for the accidents which\nhappened to others whom they saw fallen and trampled upon. Persina and\nher daughter, upon this, could not remain quiet in their tent; but\ngently drawing aside the curtain they became spectators of what was\ndone.\n\nBut now Theagenes, whether excited by his own courageous spirit, or\nby the inspiration of the gods, observing the keepers who were placed\naround him dispersed in the tumult, rose from his knees, in which\nwhich posture he had placed himself before the altar, awaiting his\napproaching sacrifice; and seizing a piece of cleft wood, many of which\nlay prepared for the ceremony, he leaped upon one of the horses who had\nnot burst his bands; and grasping the mane with one hand, and using it\nfor a bridle, with his heel (as with a spur) and the billet he urged on\nthe courser, and pursued, on full speed, one of the flying bulls.\n\nAt first, those present supposed it an attempt of Theagenes to escape\nin the confusion, and called out not to let him pass the ring of\nsoldiers; but they soon had reason to be convinced that it was not\nthe effect of fear or dread of being sacrificed. He quickly overtook\nthe bull and followed him for some time close behind, fatiguing him,\nand urging on his course, pursuing him in all his doublings, and if\nhe endeavoured to turn and make at him, avoiding him with wonderful\ndexterity. When he had made the animal a little familiar with his\npresence and his movements, he galloped up close by his side, actually\ntouching him, mingling the breath and sweat of both animals, and so\nequalizing their courses, that they who were at a distance might\nimagine their heads had grown together. Every one extolled Theagenes\nwho had found means to join together this strange hippotaurine\npair.[22] While the multitude was intent upon, and diverted with this\nspectacle, Chariclea was agitated, and trembled. She knew not what was\nthe object of Theagenes; should he fall and be wounded it would be\ndeath to her; her emotion, in short, was such that it could not escape\nthe observation of Persina.\n\n\"My child,\" said she, \"what is the matter with you? You seem very\nanxious about this stranger. I feel some concern for him myself, and\npity his youth. I hope he will escape the danger to which he has\nexposed himself, and be preserved for the sacrifice; lest all the\nhonours which we meant to pay the gods, should be found failing and\ndeficient.\"\n\n\"Yours is strange compassion,\" replied Chariclea, \"to wish that he may\navoid one death, in order that he may suffer a worse. But if it be\npossible, \u039f my mother! save this young man for my sake.\"\n\nPersina not understanding the real case, but suspecting that love had\nsome share in it, said, \"This is impossible; but let me know the nature\nof your connection with this youth, in whom you seem to take so great\nan interest. Open your mind with freedom and confidence, and recollect\nthat you are speaking to a mother. Even if giving way to any youthful\nweakness, you have felt more for this stranger than perhaps a maiden\nought to own, a parent knows how to excuse the failings of a daughter;\nand a woman can throw a cloak over the frailties of her sex.\"\n\n\"This too is my additional misfortune,\" replied Chariclea; \"I am\nspeaking[23] to those of understanding, yet I am not understood. While\nspeaking of my own misfortunes, I am not supposed to speak of them. I\nmust enter then upon a 'plain unvarnished' accusation of myself.\" She\nwas preparing to declare everything which related to her situation\nand connections, when she was interrupted by a sudden and loud shout\nfrom the multitude; for Theagenes, after urging his horse at its\nswiftest speed and getting even with the bull's head, suddenly leaping\nfrom the animal (which he allowed to run loose) threw himself on the\nbull's neck. He placed his face between his horns, closely embraced\nhis forehead with his arms (as with a chaplet), clasped his fingers\nin front, and letting his body fall on the beast's right shoulder,\nsustained his bounds, and shocks with little hurt. When he perceived\nhim to be fatigued with his weight, and that his muscles began to be\nrelaxed and yield, just as he passed by the place where Hydaspes sat,\nhe shifted his body to the front, entangled his legs with those of the\nbull, continuously kicking him and hindering his progress. The beast\nbeing thus impeded, and borne down at the same time by the weight\nand force of the youth, trips and tumbles upon his head, rolls upon\nhis back, and there lies supine, his horns deeply imbedded in the\nground, and his legs quivering in the air, testifying to his defeat.\nTheagenes kept him down with his left hand, and waved his right towards\nHydaspes and the multitude, inviting them, with a smiling and cheerful\ncountenance, to take part in his rejoicing, while the bellowings of the\nbull served instead of a trumpet to celebrate his triumph. The applause\nof the multitude was expressed not so much by articulate words, as by\na shout, giving open-mouthed token of their wonderment, and with its\nsounds extolling him to the very skies. By order of Hydaspes, Theagenes\nwas brought before him, and the bull, by a rope tied over his horns,\nwas led back weak and dispirited towards the altar, where they again\nfastened him, together with the horse which had escaped. The king\nwas preparing to speak to Theagenes, when the multitude, interested\nin him from the first, and now delighted with this instance of his\nstrength and courage, but still more moved with jealousy towards the\nforeign wrestler, called out with one voice--\"Let him be matched with\nMar\u0153bus's champion. Let him who has received the elephant contend,\nif he dare, with him who has subdued the bull.\" They pressed and\ninsisted on this so long, till at length they extorted the consent of\nHydaspes. The fellow was called out: he advanced, casting around fierce\nand contemptuous looks, stepping haughtily, dilating his chest, and\nswinging his arms with insolent defiance.[24] When he came near the\nroyal tent, Hydaspes looking at Theagenes, said to him in Greek--\"The\npeople are desirous that you should engage with this man, you must\ntherefore do so.\"\n\n\"Be it as they please,\" replied Theagenes. \"But what is to be the\nnature of the contest?\"--\"Wrestling,\" said the king.--\"Why not with\nswords, and in armour?\" returned the other, \"that either by my fall\nor by my victory I may satisfy Chariclea, who persists in concealing\neverything which relates to our connection, or perhaps at last has cast\nme off.\"\n\n\"Why you thus bring in the name of Chariclea,\" replied Hydaspes, \"you\nbest know; but you must wrestle, and not fight with swords, for no\nblood must be shed on this day, but at the altar.\" Theagenes perceived\nthe king's apprehension lest he should fall before the sacrifice, and\nsaid, \"You do well, \u039f king, to reserve me for the gods; they too, you\nmay be assured, will watch over my preservation.\" So saying, taking up\na handful of dust, he sprinkled it over his limbs, already dripping\nwith sweat, from his exertions in pursuit of the bull. He shook off all\nwhich did not adhere; and stretching out his arms, planting his feet\nfirmly, bending his knees a little, rounding his back and shoulders,\nthrowing back his neck, and contracting all his muscles, he stood\nanxiously waiting the gripe of his antagonist. The Ethiopian seeing\nhim, grimly smiled, and by his contemptuous gestures seemed to slight\nhis adversary.\n\nMaking a rush he let fall his arm, like some mighty bar, upon the\nneck of Theagenes--at the echo which it made the braggart laughed\nexultingly. Theagenes, trained in the wrestling-school tricks from\nhis youth, and familiar with all the tricks of the Mercurial art,[25]\ndetermined to give ground at first, and having made trial of his\nadversary, not to stand up against such tremendous weight and savage\nferocity, but to elude his undisciplined strength by skill and\nsubtlety. Staggering back, then, a little from his place he affected to\nsuffer more than he really did, and exposed the other side of his neck\nto his opponent's blow; and when the African planted another hit in\nthat quarter, purposely giving way, he pretended almost to be falling\nupon his face. But when waxing stronger in contempt and confidence,\nhis antagonist was now a third time, unguardedly rushing on, and\nabout to let fall his upraised arm, Theagenes got within his guard,\neluding his blow by a sudden twist, and with his right elbow struck up\nthe other's left arm, and dashed him to the earth, already impelled\ndownwards by the sway of his own missed blow; then slipping his hand\nunder his armpits, he got upon his back, and with difficulty spanning\nhis brawny waist, incessantly kicked his feet and ancles, and compelled\nhim to rise upon his knees, strode over him, pressed him in the groin\nwith his legs, struck from under him the support of his hands, and\ntwining his arms about his temples, dragged his head back upon his\nshoulders, and so stretched him with his belly on the ground.[26]\n\nAn universal shout of applause, greater than before, now burst from the\nmultitude; nor could the king contain himself, but springing from his\nthrone--\"\u039f hateful necessity,\" he cried, \"what a hero of a man are we\ncompelled to sacrifice!\" and calling him to him he said, \"Young man,\nit now remains for you to be crowned for the altar, according to our\ncustom. You have deserved a crown too for your glorious but useless\nvictory, and transitory triumph; and though it be out of my power,\nhowever willing I may be, to preserve your life, whatever I can do for\nyou I will. If therefore there is any thing you wish to have done,\neither before or after your death, ask it freely.\" So saying he took a\ncrown of gold, set with precious stones, and put it on his head; and,\nwhile he placed it there, was seen to shed tears.\n\n\"I have but one thing to ask,\" said Theagenes, \"and this I earnestly\nbeseech you that I may obtain. If it be impossible for me to avoid\nbeing sacrificed, grant that I may suffer by the hands of this your\nnewly recovered daughter.\"\n\nHydaspes was annoyed at this reply, and called to mind the conformity\nof this request to that made just before by Chariclea; but, as the time\npressed, he did not think it necessary to inquire particularly into\nthe reasons of it, and only said, \"Whatever is possible, Stranger! I\nencouraged you to ask, and promised that you should obtain; but she,\nwho performs the sacrifice the law distinctly declares, must be one who\nhas a husband, not a maiden.\"\n\n\"Chariclea has a husband,\" said Theagenes.--\"These are the words,\"\nreplied Hydaspes, \"of one who trifles and is about to die. The altar\nhas declared her unmarried and a virgin--unless indeed you call this\nMer\u0153bus her husband (having somehow heard the rumour); he however is\nnot yet her husband--he is yet in accordance with my will, only her\nintended.\"\n\n\"Nor will he ever be her husband,\" said Theagenes, \"if I know aught of\nChariclea's sentiments; and, if being a victim, credit is due to me\nas inspired by prophecy.\"--\"But, fair Sir,\" said Mer\u0153bus, \"it is not\nliving but slaughtered victims which afford knowledge to the Seers. You\nare right, Sire, in saying that the stranger talks folly, and like one\njust about to die. Command, therefore, that he be led to the altar; and\nwhen you shall have finished all your business, begin the rites, I pray\nyou.\"\n\nTheagenes was being led away; and Chariclea, who had breathed again\nwhen he was victorious, was once more plunged into grief, when she saw\nit had profited him nothing. Persina observed her tears, and feeling\nfor her affliction, said--\"It is possible I may yet have power to save\nthis Grecian, if you will explain more clearly all the particulars\nrelating to yourself.\"\n\nChariclea, who saw that there was not a moment to be lost, was a second\ntime preparing to own everything; when Hydaspes inquiring from the lord\nin waiting whether any ambassadors remained who had not had audience,\nwas told only those from Syene, who were that instant arrived, with\nletters from Oroondates, and presents. \"Let them too approach, and\nexecute their commission,\" said the monarch. They were introduced, and\ndelivered letters to this effect:--\n\n \"Oroondates, Viceroy of the Great King, to Hydaspes, the king of\n Ethiopia.\n\n \"Since conqueror in fight, you are yet more conqueror in magnanimity,\n in restoring to me a viceroyalty unasked, I have little doubt that I\n shall obtain a slight request. A young maiden who was being conducted\n from Memphis to my camp, became involved in the perils of war, and as\n I am informed, was sent by you into Ethiopia. This I have learnt from\n those who were with her and who escaped: I beg she may be sent to me,\n both on account of the maiden herself, as well as for her father's\n sake, who, after having wandered over half the globe, in search of his\n daughter, came at last to Elephantine, and was taken prisoner by the\n garrison. When reviewing those of my soldiers who survived, I saw him\n and he earnestly desired to be sent to your clemency. He is among the\n ambassadors, his manners and bearing show him to be of noble birth,\n and his very countenance and looks speak strongly in his favour.\n Dismiss him then, \u039f king, I beseech you, happy and contented from your\n presence. Send back to me one who is a father not merely in name but\n in reality.\"\n\nHydaspes, having read the letter, inquired who it was, who was come in\nquest of his daughter. When he was pointed out to him, he said, \"I am\nready, stranger, to do every thing which Oroondates requests of me. Out\nof the ten captive maidens whom we have brought hither, one assuredly\nis not your daughter; examine the rest, and if she be found among them\ntake her.\"\n\nThe old man, falling down, kissed his feet. The maidens were\nbrought, and passed in review before him; but when he saw not her\nwhom he sought, he said sorrowfully--\"None of these, \u039f king, is my\ndaughter.\"--\"You have my good will in your behalf,\" replied Hydaspes.\n\"You must blame Fortune if you have not discovered your child. It is in\nyour power to search, if you will, through the camp; and to ascertain\nthat none else has been brought hither besides these.\"\n\nThe old man smote his forehead, and wept; and, then after raising\nhis eyes, and looking round him, he suddenly sprang forward, like\none distracted; and upon coming to the altar, he twisted the end of\nhis long robe into the form of a halter, threw it over the neck of\nTheagenes, and pulled him towards him, crying out--\"I have found you,\nmy enemy! I have found you, man of blood, detested wretch!\"--The guards\ninterposed, and endeavoured to resist and pull him away, but keeping\na firm hold and clinging closely to him, he succeeded in bringing him\nbefore Hydaspes and the council.\n\n\"This, \u039f king,\" said he, \"is the man who stole away my daughter. This\nis he who has rendered my house childless and desolate; who, after\nravishing away my daughter from the midst of Apollo's altar, now sits\nas though he were holy beside the altars of the gods.\"\n\nThe assembly was thrown into commotion at what was taking place. They\ndid not understand what he said, but wondered at what they saw him do;\nand Hydaspes commanded him to explain himself more plainly, and say\nwhat he would have; when the old man (it was Charicles), concealing the\ntrue circumstances of the birth and exposure of Chariclea, lest, if\nshe should have perished in her flight or journey, he might come into\nsome collision with her real parents, explained briefly such matters as\ncould produce \u03b7o ill results.\n\n\"I had a daughter, \u039f king! and had you seen her various and uncommon\nperfections, both of mind and person, you would say I have good cause\nfor speaking as I do. She lived the life of a virgin, a priestess of\nDiana, in the temple at Delphi. This noble Thessalian, forsooth, who\nwas sent by his country to preside over a solemn embassy and sacrifice\nto be celebrated in our holy city, stole her away from the very shrine,\nI say, of Apollo.\n\n\"Justly may he be considered to have insulted you by profaning your\nnational deity Apollo and his temple, Apollo being identical with the\nSun. His assistant in this impious outrage was a pretended priest of\nMemphis. In my pursuit, I came to Thessaly; and the Thessalians offered\nto give him up should he be found as one accursed and deserving death.\nThinking it probable that Calasiris might have chosen Memphis as a\nplace of refuge, I hastened thither. Calasiris, I found, was dead; but\nI learnt all particulars concerning my daughter from his son Thyamis,\nwho told me that she had been sent to Oroondates at Syene. After being\ndisappointed at not finding the latter at Syene, and having been\nmyself detained prisoner at Elephantis, I now appear before you as a\nsuppliant, to seek my child. You will, then, deeply oblige me, a man of\nmany griefs, and will also gratify your own self, by not disregarding\nthe Viceroy's intercession.\" He ceased, and burst into tears.\n\nThe king asked Theagenes what reply he had to make to all this. \"The\nwhole charge,\" said he, \"is true. To this man I have been a ravisher,\nunjust, and violent; but to you I have been a benefactor.\"--\"Restore,\nthen, another's daughter,\" said Hydaspes. \"You have been dedicated to\nthe gods; let your death be a holy and glorious sacrifice--not the just\npunishment of crime.\"\n\n\"Not he who committed the violence,\" said Theagenes; \"but he who reaps\nthe fruits of it, is bound to make restitution. Do you then restore\nChariclea, for she is in your possession. The old man, you shall see,\nwill own your daughter to be her whom he seeks.\"\n\nNone could repress their emotion: all were in confusion. But\nSisimithres, who had hitherto kept silence, though long since\nunderstanding all that was being said and done, yet waiting till the\ncircumstances should become yet clearer, now ran up and embraced\nCharicles. \"Your adopted child,\" said he, \"she whom I formerly\ndelivered into your hands, is safe: she is, and has been acknowledged\nto be, the daughter of those whom you know.\"\n\nUpon this Chariclea rushed out of the tent, and overlooking all\nrestraints of sex or maidenly reserve, flung herself at the feet of\nCharicles, and cried out, \"O my father! \u039f not less revered than the\nauthors of my birth, punish me, your cruel and ungrateful daughter, as\nyou think fit, regardless of my only excuse, that what has been done\nwas ordained by the irresistible will and appointment of the gods.\"\nPersina, on the other side, threw her arms round Hydaspes, and said,\n\"My dear husband, be assured that all this is truth, and that this\nstranger Greek is her betrothed.\" The people, on the other hand, leaped\nand danced for joy; every age and condition were, without exception,\ndelighted--not understanding, indeed, the greater part of what was\nsaid, but conjecturing the facts from what had taken place with\nChariclea. Perhaps, too, they were brought to a comprehension of the\ntruth by some secret influence of the deity, who had ordered all these\nevents so dramatically, producing out of the greatest discords the most\nperfect harmony: joy out of grief; smiles from tears; out of a stern\nspectacle a gladsome feast; laughter from weeping; rejoicing out of\nmourning; the finding[27] of those who were not sought; the losing[28]\nof those who were in imagination found; in one word, a holy sacrifice\nout of an anticipated[29] slaughter.\n\nAt length Hydaspes said to Sisimithres, \"\u039f sage! what are we to do? To\ndefraud the gods of their victims is not pious; to sacrifice those who\nappear to be preserved and restored by their providence is impious. It\nneeds that some expedient be found out.\"\n\nSisimithres, speaking, not in the Grecian, but in the Ethiopian tongue,\nso as to be heard by the greatest part of the assembly, replied: \"\u039f\nking! the wisest among men, as it appears, often have the understanding\nclouded through excess of joy, else, before this time, you would have\ndiscovered that the gods regard not with favour the sacrifice which you\nhave been preparing for them. First they, from the very altar, declared\nthe all-blessed Chariclea to be your daughter; next they brought her\nfoster-father most wonderfully from the midst of Greece to this spot;\nthey struck panic and terror into the horses and oxen which were being\nprepared for sacrifice, indicating, perhaps, by that event, that those\nwhom custom considered as the more perfect and fitting victims were to\nbe rejected. Now, as the consummation of all good, as the perfection of\nthe piece,[30] they show this Grecian youth to be the betrothed husband\nof the maiden. Let us give credence to these proofs of the divine and\nwonder-working will; let us be fellow workers with this will; let us\nhave recourse to holier offerings; let us abolish, for ever, these\ndetested human sacrifices.\"\n\nWhen Sisimithres had uttered this, in a loud voice, Hydaspes, speaking\nalso in the Ethiopian tongue, and taking Theagenes and Chariclea by the\nhand, thus proceeded:--\n\n\"Ye who are this day assembled! since these things have been thus\nbrought to pass by the will of the deities, to oppose them would be\nimpious. Wherefore, calling to witness those who have woven these\nevents into the web of destiny, and you whose minds appear to be in\nconcert with them, I sanction the joining together of this pair in\nwedlock and procreative union. If you approve, let a sacrifice confirm\nthis resolution, and then proceed we with the sacred rites.\"\n\nThe assembly signified their approval by a shout, and clapped their\nhands, in token of the nuptials being ratified. Hydaspes approached\nthe altar, and, in act to begin the ceremony, said, \"\u039f lordly Sun and\nqueenly Moon! since by your wills Theagenes and Chariclea have been\ndeclared man and wife, they may now lawfully be your ministers.\" So\nsaying, he took off his own and Persina's mitre, the symbol of the\npriesthood, and placed his own upon the head of the youth, that of his\nconsort upon the maiden's head.\n\nUpon this Charicles called to mind the oracle which had been given to\nthem in the temple before their flight from Delphi, and acknowledged\nits fulfilment.\n\n    In regions torrid shall arrive at last,\n    There shall the gods reward their pious vows,\n    And snowy chaplets bind their dusky brows.[31]\n\nThe youthful pair then, crowned by Hydaspes with white mitres, and\ninvested with the dignity of priesthood, sacrificed under propitious\nomens; and, accompanied by lighted torches and the sounds of pipes and\nflutes, Theagenes and Hydaspes, Charicles and Sisimithres, in chariots\ndrawn by horses, Persina and Chariclea, in one drawn by milk white\noxen, were escorted, into Mer\u00f6e (amidst shouts, clapping of hands, and\ndances), there to celebrate with greater magnificence the more mystic\nportions of the nuptial rites.\n\nThus ends the Romance of the \"Ethiopics,\" or Adventures of Theagenes\nand Chariclea, written by a Ph\u0153nician of Emesa, in Ph\u0153nicia, of the\nrace of the Sun--Heliodorus, the son of Theodosius.\n\n\n[Footnote 1: In. Bk. viii., 98, Herodotus gives an account of the\nPersian system of estafette--comparing it to the torch race:--\"K\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\n\u1f1c\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9 \u1f21 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03b4\u03b7\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b7, \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f29\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9.\" See also, Xen.\nCyrop. viii. 6, 17.]\n\n[Footnote 2: Solinus describes these fabulous creatures as \"alites\nferocissim\u00e6 et ultra omnem rabiem s\u00e6vientes;\" others speak of them as\nresembling an eagle in the upper part, a horse in the lower.--See \u00c6sch.\nP. V., 395 and 803.]\n\n[Footnote 3: See Blakesley's edit. of Herod. iii. 98: where mention\nis made of boats made of bamboo, used by the Indians, of which Pliny\nsays, that the length of the boats, made of the internodal wood, often\nexceeded five cubits, and that they would hold three persons.]\n\n[Footnote 4: Herod. i. 216, states the same concerning the Massaget\u00e6,\nand assigns the same cause:--\"\u03a4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff4 \u03c4\u03b1\u03c7\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b8\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1f78\n\u03c4\u03ac\u03c7\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03b1\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.\"]\n\n[Footnote 5: \u03a4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c7\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1.]\n\n[Footnote 6: Ta\u03bba\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8' \u1f21\u03bc\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f21 \u03bc\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c1\u03b1.]\n\n[Footnote 7:\n\n    \"Gratior et pulchro veniens in corpora virtus.\"\n                                  Virg. \u00c6n. v. 344.\n]\n\n[Footnote 8:\n\n    \"Immunis aram si tetigit manus,\n    Non sumptuosa blandior hostia\n      Mollivit aversos penates\n        Farre pio et saliente mic\u00e2.\"\n              Hor. III. Od. xxiii. 17.\n]\n\n[Footnote 9: See Book IV.]\n\n[Footnote 10: In the version printed in 1717 is a curious blunder in\nthe word \u1f10\u03bb\u03ad\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1--\"a spot black as ebony, resembling an elephant.\"]\n\n[Footnote 11: T\u1f78 \u1f44\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bf\u1f31\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03af \u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f25 \u03c3\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f41\u03c1\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2.\n\n    ... \"ille--immota tenebat\n    Lumina, et obnixus curam sub corde premebat.\"--\u00c6n. iv. 331.\n]\n\n[Footnote 12: See the speech of Agamemnon, in the Iphigenia in Aulis,\n1242.]\n\n[Footnote 13:\n\n    \"Ostendent terris hunc tant\u00f9m fata, neque ultr\u00e0\n    Esse sinent.\"--Virg. \u00c6n. vi. 870.\n]\n\n[Footnote 14: \"Et serves anim\u00e6 dimidium me\u00e6.\"--Hor. I. Od. iii. 8.]\n\n[Footnote 15: \u03b5\u1f31\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1f7a\u03c2. See Herod. III. 84.]\n\n[Footnote 16: It would be unfair to deprive the reader of the very\nquaint rendering of this passage in the version of 1717: \"Mer\u0153bus,\nyoung and bashful, and wonderfully tickled at the thoughts of a bride,\nblushed through his black skin, his face looking _like a ball of soot\nthat had taken fire_.\"]\n\n[Footnote 17: \u039f\u1f54\u03c4\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f60\u03b3\u03cd\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2. See the description and bearing of\nDares.--Virg. \u00c6n. v. 368, 385.]\n\n[Footnote 18: \u03a4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1' \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bd\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd--literally, of spiders, see\nTatius, B. iii.]\n\n[Footnote 19: In the original it is \"ant-gold\" \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03bd \u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03ba\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd, turned\nup by the \"myrmex,\" an animal between a dog and fox in size, supposed\nto be the ant-eater. See note vol. i. p. 378, of Blakesley's Herodotus.\nWilliam Lisle, the poet, thus improves upon the \"ant-gold:\"--\n\n    \"A yoke of gryphons chain'd with that fine gold\n    Which emmots, nigh as big as Norfolke sheepe,\n    At sand-hill side are said to gath'r and keepe.\"\n\nThe reader will of course remember Milton's allusion to the _gryphons_.\nParadise Lost, B. ii. 945.]\n\n[Footnote 20: \u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03b5\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 21: This animal was among the number of those, in the\ndestruction of which the Emperor Commodus exhibited his skill in the\narena.--See Gibbon, i. 153, (_note_).]\n\n[Footnote 22: Suetonius mentions an exploit similar to this of\nTheagenes, and performed by a Thessalian, as he was (Claud. cap. 21).\n\"Pr\u00e6terea _Thessalos_ equites qui feros tauros per spatia circi agunt,\ninsiliuntque defessos, et ad terram cornibus detrahunt.\" The above\nexploit was called \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1. It is represented in one of the\nArundel marbles.]\n\n[Footnote 23: \u03a4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c3\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b8\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9.]\n\n[Footnote 24:\n\n    ... \"caput altum in pr\u00e6lia tollit,\n    Ostenditque humeros latos, alternaque jactat,\n    Brachia protendens, et verberat ictibus auras.\"\n                             Virg. \u00c6n. v. 375.\n]\n\n[Footnote 25:\n\n    \"Mercuri, facunde nepos Atlantis,\n    Qui feros cultus hominum recentum\n    Voce formasti catus, et _decor\u00e6_.\"\n            _More palestr\u00e6._--Hor. I. Od. X. 1-4.\n]\n\n[Footnote 26: A wood-cut, in some degree illustrative of this\ndescription, will be found at p. 708 of Greek and Roman Antiquities,\nunder the article \"Pancratium.\"]\n\n[Footnote 27: By Hydaspes.]\n\n[Footnote 28: By Charicles.]\n\n[Footnote 29:\n\n    \"Time and tide had thus their sway,\n    Yielding, like an April day,\n    Smiling noon for sullen morrow,\n    Years of joy for hours of sorrow.\"--Scott.\n]\n\n[Footnote 30: Literally, the torch of the drama, \u039b\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03c1\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.\n\n    \"\u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03c5\u03bd \u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u1ff3\n    \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c7\u03ac\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03ad\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\n    \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\n    \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03bf\u03bb\u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2.\"--Aristoph. Bat. 1493.\n\nSee similar allusions in the Eumenides of \u00c6schylus, 959, 979. (M\u00fcller's\nEdit.)]\n\n[Footnote 31: See Book II.]\n\nTHE END.\n\n\n\n\nTHE LOVES OF DAPHNIS AND CHLOE, A PASTORAL NOVEL, BY LONGUS.\n\n\nMOTTO.\n\n\n    Ah! what a life were this! how sweet, how lovely!\n    Gives not the hawthorn bush a sweeter shade\n    To shepherds looking on their silly sheep,\n    Than doth a rich embroidered canopy\n    To kings, that fear their subjects' treachery?\n    Oh yes it doth; a thousand-fold it doth.\n                     Shakspeare\n\n\n\n\nPREFACE.\n\n\nWhile hunting in Lesbos I saw in a grove, sacred to the Nymphs, the\nmost beautiful sight which had ever come before my eyes--an historical\npainting,[1] which represented the incidents of a love-story. The grove\nitself was beautiful, abounding with trees and flowers, which received\ntheir nourishment from a single fountain. More delightful, however,\nthan these was the painting, displaying, as it did, great skill, and\nrepresenting the fortunes of Love. Because of the fame of this picture,\nmany strangers resorted thither to pay their adorations to the Nymphs,\nand to view the painting. The subjects of it were women in the throes\nof child-birth; nurses wrapping the new-born babes in swathing clothes;\ninfants exposed; animals of the flock giving them suck; shepherds\ncarrying them away; young people pledging their mutual troth; an attack\nby pirates; an inroad by a hostile force.\n\nAs I viewed and admired these and many other things, all containing\nlove allusions, I conceived the desire of writing an illustration\nof the piece, and having sought out a person to explain the various\nallusions, I at length completed four books,--an offering to the God\nof Love, to the Nymphs, and to Pan; a work, moreover, which will be\nacceptable to every one, for it will remedy disease, it will solace\ngrief, it will refresh the memory of him who has once loved, it will\ninstruct him who is as yet ignorant of love. No one, assuredly, has\never escaped, or will escape, the influence of this passion, so long as\nbeauty remains to be seen, and eyes exist to behold it.\n\nMay the Deity grant me, undisturbed myself, to describe the emotions of\nothers![2]\n\n\n\n\n[Footnote 1: Compare the description of the picture representing the\nstory of Europa, in Achilleus Tatius.--B. i., and those of Andromeda\nand Prometheus in B. ii.]\n\n\n[Footnote 2:\n\n    \"Suave etiam belli certamina magna tueri\n    Per campos instructa, _tu\u00e2_ sine parte pericli.\"\n                                      Lucret. 11, 5.\n]\n\n\n\n\nTHE LOVES OF DAPHNIS AND CHLOE.\n\n\nIn the island of Lesbos there is an extensive city called Mitylene,\nthe appearance of which is beautiful; the sea intersects it by various\ncanals, and it is adorned with bridges of polished white stone. You\nmight imagine you beheld an island rather than a city.\n\nAbout twenty-four miles from Mitylene, were the possessions of a rich\nman, which formed a very fine estate. The mountains abounded with game,\nthe fields produced corn, the hills were thick with vines, the pastures\nwith herds, and the sea-washed shore consisted of an extent of smooth\nsand.\n\nAs Lamon, a goatherd, was tending his herds upon the estate, he found\na child suckled by a she-goat. The place where it was lying was an oak\ncoppice and tangled thicket, with ivy winding about it, and soft grass\nbeneath; thither the goat continually ran and disappeared from sight,\nleaving her own kid in order to remain near the child. Lamon watched\nher movements, being grieved to see the kid neglected, and one day\nwhen the sun was burning in his meridian heat he follows her steps and\nsees her standing over the infant with the utmost caution, lest her\nhoofs might injure it, while the child sucked copious draughts of her\nmilk as if from its mother's breast. Struck with natural astonishment,\nhe advances close to the spot and discovers a lusty and handsome\nmale-child, with far richer swathing clothes than suited its fortune\nin being thus exposed; for its little mantle was of fine purple, and\nfastened by a golden clasp, and it had a little sword with a hilt of\nivory.\n\nAt first Lamon resolved to leave the infant to its fate, and to carry\noff only the tokens; but feeling afterwards ashamed at the reflection,\nthat in doing so, he should be inferior in humanity, even to a goat,\nhe waited for the approach of night, and then carried home the infant\nwith the tokens, and the she-goat herself to Myrtale his wife.\n\nMyrtale was astonished, and thought it strange if goats could produce\nchildren, upon which her husband recounts every particular; how he\nfound the infant exposed; how it was suckled; and how ashamed he felt\nat the idea of leaving it to perish. She shared his feelings, so\nthey agreed to conceal the tokens, and adopt the child as their own,\ncommitting the rearing of it to the goat; and that the name also might\nbe a pastoral one they determined to call it Daphnis.\n\nTwo years had now elapsed, when Dryas, a neighbouring shepherd, tending\nhis flock, found an infant under similar circumstances.\n\nThere was a grotto[1] sacred to the Nymphs; it was a spacious rock,\nconcave within, convex without. The statues of the Nymphs themselves\nwere carved in stone. Their feet were bare, their arms naked to the\nshoulder, their hair falling dishevelled upon their shoulders, their\nvests girt about the waist, a smile[2] sat upon their brow; their whole\nsemblance was that of a troop of dancers. The dome[3] of the grotto\nrose over the middle of the rock. Water, springing from a fountain,\nformed a running stream, and a trim meadow stretched its soft and\nabundant herbage before the entrance, fed by the perpetual moisture.\nWithin, milk-pails, transverse-flutes, flageolets and pastoral\npipes[4] were suspended--the offerings of many an aged shepherd.\n\nAn ewe of Dryas's flock which had lately lambed had frequently resorted\nto this grotto, and raised apprehensions of her being lost. The\nshepherd wishing to cure her of this habit, and to bring her back to\nher former way of grazing, twisted some green osiers into the form of\na slip knot, and approached the rock with the view of seizing her.\nUpon arriving there, however, he beheld a sight far contrary to his\nexpectation. He found his ewe affectionately offering from her udder\ncopious draughts of milk to an infant, which without any wailing,\neagerly turned from one teat to the other its clean and glossy face,\nthe animal licking it, as soon as it had had its fill.\n\nThis child was a female: and had beside its swathing garments, by way\nof tokens, a head-dress wrought with gold, gilt sandals, and golden[5]\nanklets.\n\nDryas imagining that this foundling was a gift from the Deity, and\ninstructed by his sheep to pity and love the infant, raised her in his\narms, placed the tokens in his scrip, and prayed the Nymphs that their\nfavour might attend upon him in bringing up their suppliant; and when\nthe time was come for driving his cattle from their pasture, he returns\nto his cottage, relates what he had seen to his wife, exhibits what he\nhad found, urges her to observe a secrecy, and to regard and rear the\nchild as her own daughter.\n\nNape (for so his wife was called) immediately became a mother to the\ninfant, and felt affection towards it, fearing perhaps to be outdone in\ntenderness by the ewe, and to make appearances more probable, gave the\nchild the pastoral name of Chloe.\n\nThe two children grew rapidly, and their personal appearance exceeded\nthat of ordinary rustics. Daphnis was now fifteen and Chloe was his\njunior by two years, when on the same night Lamon and Dryas had the\nfollowing dream. They thought that they beheld the Nymphs of the\nGrotto, in which the fountain was and where Dryas found the infant,\npresenting Daphnis and Chloe to a very saucy looking and handsome\nboy, who had wings upon his shoulders, and a little bow and arrows in\nhis hand. He lightly touched them both with one of his shafts, and\ncommanded them henceforth to follow a pastoral life. The boy was to\ntend goats, the girl was to have the charge of sheep.\n\nThe Shepherd and Goat-herd having had this dream, were grieved to think\nthat these, their adopted children, were like themselves to have the\ncare of flocks. Their dress had given promise of a better fortune,\nin consequence of which their fare had been more delicate, and their\neducation and accomplishments superior to those of a country life.\n\nIt appeared to them, however, that in the case of children whom the\ngods had preserved, the will of the gods must be obeyed; so each having\ncommunicated to the other his dream, they offered a sacrifice to the\n\"WINGED BOY, THE COMPANION OF THE NYMPHS,\" (for they were unacquainted\nwith his name) and sent forth the young people to their pastoral\nemployments, having first instructed them in their duties; how to\npasture their herds before the noon-day heat, and when it was abated;\nat what time to lead them to the stream, and afterwards to drive them\nhome to the fold; which of their sheep and goats required the crook,\nand to which only the voice was necessary.\n\nThey, on their part, received the charge as if it had been some\npowerful sovereignty, and felt an affection for their sheep and goats\nbeyond what is usual with shepherds: Chloe referring her preservation\nto a ewe, and Daphnis remembering that a she-goat had suckled him when\nhe was exposed.\n\nIt was the beginning of spring, the flowers were in bloom throughout\nthe woods, the meadows, and the mountains; there were the buzzings of\nthe bee, the warblings of the songsters, the frolics of the lambs.\nThe young of the flock were skipping on the mountains, the bees flew\nhumming through the meadows, and the songs of the birds resounded\nthrough the bushes. Seeing all things pervaded with such universal\njoy, they, young and susceptible as they were, imitated whatever\nthey saw or heard. Hearing the carol of the birds, they sang; seeing\nthe sportive skipping of the lambs, they danced; and in imitation of\nthe bees they gathered flowers. Some they placed in their bosoms, and\nothers they wove into chaplets and carried them as offerings to the\nNymphs.\n\nThey tended their flocks in company, and all their occupations were in\ncommon. Daphnis frequently collected the sheep, which had strayed, and\nChloe drove back from a precipice the goats which were too venturesome.\nSometimes one would take the entire management both of goats and sheep,\nwhile the other was intent upon some amusement.\n\nTheir sports were of a pastoral and childish kind. Chloe sometimes\nneglected her flock and went in search of stalks of asphodel, with\nwhich she wove traps[6] for locusts; while Daphnis devoted himself to\nplaying till nightfall upon his pipe, which he had formed by cutting\nslender reeds, perforating the intervals between the joints, and\ncompacting them together with soft wax. Sometimes they shared their\nmilk and wine, and made a common meal upon the provision which they\nhad brought from home; and sooner might you see one part of the flock\ndivided from the other than Daphnis separate from Chloe.\n\nWhile thus engaged in their amusements Love contrived an interruption\nof a serious nature.[7] A she-wolf from the neighbourhood had often\ncarried off lambs from other shepherds' flocks, as she required a\nplentiful supply of food for her whelps. Upon this the villagers\nassembled by night and dug pits in the earth, six feet wide and\ntwenty-four feet deep. The greater part of the loose earth, dug out of\nthese pits, they carried to a distance and scattered about, spreading\nthe remainder over some long dry sticks laid over the mouth of the\npits, so as to resemble the natural surface of the ground. The sticks\nwere weaker than straws, so that if even a hare ran over them they\nwould break and prove that instead of substance there was but a show\nof solid earth. The villagers dug many of these pits in the mountains\nand in the plains, but they could not succeed in capturing the wolf,\nwhich discovered the contrivance of the snare. They however caused the\ndestruction of many of their own goats and sheep, and very nearly, as\nwe shall see, that of Daphnis.\n\nTwo angry he-goats engaged in fight. The contest waxed more and more\nviolent, until one of them having his horn broken ran away bellowing\nwith pain. The victor followed in hot and close pursuit. Daphnis,\nvexed to see that his goat's horn was broken, and that the conqueror\npersevered in his vengeance, seized his club and crook, and pursued\nthe pursuer.[8] In consequence of the former hurrying on in wrath,\nand the latter flying in trepidation, neither of them observed what\nlay in their path, and both fell into a pit, the goat first, Daphnis\nafterwards. This was the means of preserving his life, the goat serving\nas a support in his descent. Poor Daphnis remained at the bottom\nlamenting his sad mishap with tears, and anxiously hoping that some one\nmight pass by, and pull him out. Chloe, who had observed the accident,\nhastened to the spot, and finding that he was still alive, summoned a\ncowherd from an adjacent field to come to his assistance. He obeyed the\ncall, but upon seeking for a rope long enough to draw Daphnis out, no\nrope was to be found: upon which Chloe undoing her head-band,[9] gave\nit to the cowherd to let down; they then placed themselves at the brink\nof the pit, and held one end, while Daphnis grasped the other with both\nhands, and so got out.\n\nThey then extricated the unhappy goat, who had both his horns broken by\nthe fall, and thus suffered a just punishment for his revenge towards\nhis defeated fellow-combatant. They gave him to the herdsman as a\nreward for his assistance, and if the family at home inquired after\nhim, were prepared to say that he had been destroyed by a wolf. After\nthis they returned to see whether their flocks were safe, and finding\nboth goats and sheep feeding quietly and orderly, they sat down on the\ntrunk of a tree and began to examine whether Daphnis had received any\nwound. No hurt or blood was to be seen, but his hair and all the rest\nof his person were covered with mud and dirt. Daphnis thought it would\nbe best to wash himself, before Lamon and Myrtale should find out what\nhad happened to him; proceeding with Chloe to the Grotto of the Nymphs,\nhe gave her his tunic and scrip in charge.[10]\n\nHe then approached the fountain and washed his hair and his whole\nperson. His hair was long and black, and his body sun-burnt; one might\nhave imagined that its hue was derived from the overshadowing of his\nlocks. Chloe thought him beautiful, and because she had never done so\nbefore, attributed his beauty to the effects of the bath. As she was\nwashing his back and shoulders his tender flesh yielded to her hand,\nso that, unobserved, she frequently touched her own skin, in order\nto ascertain which of the two was softer. The sun was now setting,\nso they drove home their flocks, the only wish in Chloe's mind being\nto see Daphnis bathe again. The following day, upon returning to the\naccustomed pasture, Daphnis sat as usual under an oak, playing upon his\npipe and surveying his goats lying down and apparently listening to his\nstrains. Chloe, on her part, sitting near him, looked at her sheep,\nbut more frequently turned her eyes upon Daphnis; again he appeared to\nher beautiful as he was playing upon his pipe, and she attributed his\nbeauty to the melody, so that taking the pipe she played upon it, in\norder, if possible, to appear beautiful herself. She persuaded him to\nbathe again, she looked at him when in the bath, and while looking at\nhim, touched his skin: after which, as she returned home, she mentally\nadmired him, and this admiration was the beginning of love. She knew\nnot the meaning of her feelings, young as she was, and brought up in\nthe country, and never having heard from any one, so much as the name\nof love. She felt an oppression at her heart, she could not restrain\nher eyes from gazing upon him, nor her mouth from often pronouncing\nhis name. She took no food, she lay awake at night, she neglected\nher flock, she laughed and wept by turns; now she would doze, then\nsuddenly start up; at one moment her face became pale, in another\nmoment it burnt with blushes. Such irritation is not felt even by\nthe breeze-stung heifer.[11] Upon one occasion, when alone, she thus\nreasoned with herself.--\"I am no doubt ill, but what my malady is I\nknow not; I am in pain, and yet I have no wound; I feel grief, and yet\nI have lost none of my flock; I burn, and yet am sitting in the shade:\nhow often have brambles torn my skin, without my shedding a single\ntear! how often have the bees stung me, yet I could still enjoy my\nmeals! Whatever it is which now wounds my heart, must be sharper than\neither of these. Daphnis is beautiful, so are the flowers; his pipe\nbreathes sweetly, so does the nightingale; yet I take no account either\nof birds or flowers. Would that I could become a pipe, that he might\nplay upon me! or a goat, that I might pasture under his care! \u039f cruel\nfountain, thou madest Daphnis alone beautiful; my bathing has been all\nin vain! Dear Nymphs, ye see me perishing, yet neither do ye endeavour\nto save the maiden brought up among you! Who will crown you with\nflowers when I am gone? Who will take care of my poor lambs? Who will\nattend to my chirping locust, which I caught with so much trouble, that\nits song might lull me to rest in the grotto; but now I am sleepless,\nbecause of Daphnis, and my locust chirps in vain!\"\n\nSuch were the feelings, and such the words of Chloe, while as yet\nignorant of the name of love. But Dorco the cowherd (the same who had\ndrawn Daphnis and the goat out of the pit), a young fellow who already\nboasted of some beard upon his chin, and who knew not merely the name\nbut the realities of love, had become enamoured of Chloe, from the\nfirst time of meeting her. Feeling his passion increase day by day, and\ndespising Daphnis, whom he looked upon as a mere boy, he determined to\neffect his purpose either by gifts or by dint of force. At first he\nmade presents to them both; he gave Daphnis a shepherd's pipe, having\nits nine reeds[12] connected with metal in lieu of wax. He presented\nChloe with a fawn skin, spotted all over, such as is worn by the\nBacchantes. Having thus insinuated himself into their friendship, he by\ndegrees neglected Daphnis, but every day brought something to Chloe,\neither a delicate cheese, or a chaplet of flowers, or a ripe apple. On\none occasion he brought her a mountain calf, a gilt drinking cup, and\nthe nestlings[13] of a wild bird. She, ignorant as she was of love's\nartifices, received his gifts with pleasure;[14] chiefly pleased,\nhowever, at having something to give Daphnis. One day it happened that\nDorco and he (for he likewise was destined to experience the pains and\npenalties of love) had an argument on the subject of their respective\nshare of beauty. Chloe was to be umpire, and the victor's reward was to\nbe a kiss from her. Dorco, thus began--\n\n\"Maiden,\" said he, \"I am taller than Daphnis, I am also a cowherd,\nhe, a goatherd, I therefore excel him as far as oxen are superior to\ngoats; I am fair as milk, and my hair brown as the ripe harvest field;\nmoreover, I had a mother to bring me up, not a goat. He, on the other\nhand is short, beardless as a woman, and has a skin as tawny as a wolf;\nwhile, from tending he-goats, he has contracted a goatish smell; he is\nalso so poor, that he cannot afford to keep even a dog; and if it be\ntrue that a nanny gave him suck, he is no better[15] than a nanny's\nson.\"\n\nSuch was Dorco's speech; it was next the turn of Daphnis--\n\n\"It is true,\" said he, \"that a she-goat suckled me, and so did a\nshe-goat suckle Jove; I tend he-goats and will bring them into better\ncondition than his oxen, but I smell of them no more than Pan does,\nwho has in him more of a goat than any thing else. I am content with\ncheese, coarse bread,[16] and white wine, the food suitable for\ncountry folk. I am beardless, so is Bacchus; I am dark complexioned,\nso is the hyacinth; yet Bacchus is preferred before the satyr and the\nhyacinth[17] before the lily. Now look at him, he is as sandy haired\nas a fox, bearded as a goat, and smock-faced as any city wench. If you\nhave to bestow a kiss, it will be given to my mouth, whereas it will\nbe thrown away upon his bristles. Remember also, maiden, that you owe\n_your_ nurture to a sheep, and yet this has not marred your beauty.\"\n\nChloe could restrain herself no longer, but partly from pleasure at\nhis praising her, partly from a desire of kissing him, she sprang\nforward and bestowed upon him the prize; an artless and unsophisticated\nkiss,[18] but one well calculated to set his heart on fire. Upon this,\nDorco, in great disgust, took himself off, determined to seek some\nother way of wooing. Daphnis, as though he had been stung instead of\nkissed, became suddenly grave, felt a shivering all over, and could not\ncontrol the beating of his heart. He wished to gaze upon Chloe, but at\nthe first glance his face was suffused with blushes. For the first time\nhe admired her hair, because it was auburn; and her eyes, because they\nwere large[19] and brilliant; her countenance, because it was fairer\nthan even the milk of his own she-goats. One might have supposed that\nhe had just received the faculty of sight, having had till then, \"no\nspeculation\" in his eyes.[20]\n\nFrom this moment, he took no food beyond the merest morsel, no drink\nbeyond what would just moisten his lips. Formerly more chattering than\nthe locusts, he became mute; he was now dull and listless, whereas\nhe had been more nimble than the goats. His flock was neglected, his\npipe was thrown aside; his face became paler than the summer-parched\nherbage. Chloe alone could rouse his powers of speech; whenever he was\nabsent from her, he would thus fondly soliloquize:--\n\n\"What will be the result of this kiss of Chloe? her lips are softer\nthan rose-buds, and her mouth is sweeter than the honeycomb, but\nthis kiss has left a sting sharper than the sting of a bee!--I have\nfrequently kissed the kids, and the young puppies, and the calf which\nDorco gave me, but this kiss of Chloe is something quite new and\nwonderful! My breath is gone, my heart pants, my spirit sinks within me\nand dies away; and yet I wish to kiss again![21] My victory has been\nthe source of sorrow and of a new disease, which I know not how to\nname. Could Chloe have tasted poison before she permitted me to kiss\nher? If so, how is it that she survives? How sweetly the nightingales\nsing, while my pipe is mute! How gaily the kids skip and play, while\nI sit listlessly by! The flowers are in full beauty, yet I weave no\ngarlands! The violets and the hyacinths are blooming, while Daphnis\ndroops and fades away. Alas! shall Dorco ever appear more beautiful in\nChloe's eyes, than I do!\"\n\nSuch were the sensations of the worthy Daphnis, and thus he vented\nhis feelings. He now first felt the power, and now first uttered the\nlanguage of--LOVE.\n\nIn the mean time Dorco, the cowherd, who entertained a passion for\nChloe, watched an opportunity of addressing Dryas on the subject;\nand finding him one day employed in planting a tree near one of his\nvines, he approached carrying with him some fine cheeses.[22] First\nof all he begged Dryas to accept of the cheeses as a present from an\nold acquaintance and fellow herdsman; and then informed him of the\naffection which he cherished towards his daughter Chloe. He promised\nthat, if he should be so happy as to obtain her for his wife, he was\nprepared to offer him gifts, many and handsome, as a cowherd could\nbestow,--a yoke of oxen fit for the plough, four hives of bees, fifty\nyoung apple trees for planting, the hide of an ox, suitable for shoe\nleather, and a weaned calf annually.\n\nDryas was almost tempted by these promises to give his assent to\nthe marriage; but on the other hand, reflecting that the maiden was\ndeserving of a better match, and fearing lest if ever discovered, he\nmight get himself into great trouble, he refused his assent, at the\nsame time intreating Dorco not to be affronted, and declining to accept\nthe gifts which he had enumerated.\n\nDorco being thus a second time disappointed of his hope, and having\ngiven his cheese away to no purpose, conceived a plan of attacking\nChloe by force, whenever he should find her alone; and having observed\nthat she and Daphnis, on alternate days, conducted the herds to drink,\nhe contrived a scheme, worthy of a neatherd's brain. A large wolf had\nbeen killed by his bull, who fought in defence of the herd; Dorco[23]\nthrew this wolf's skin over him, so that it completely covered his\nback, reaching to the ground, and he adjusted it in such a manner, that\nthe skins of the fore feet were fitted over his hands, while those of\nthe hind feet spread down his legs to the very heels. The head, with\nits gaping jaws, encased him as completely as a soldier's helmet.\n\nHaving thus \"be-wolfed\" himself as much as possible, he withdrew to\nthe spring, where the sheep and goats usually drank as they returned\nfrom pasture. The spring was in a hollow, and around it the furze,\nbrambles, junipers, and thistles were so thick, that a real wolf\nmight easily choose it as a lair. Here Dorco concealed himself, and\nanxiously waited for the time when the flocks should come to drink,\nand when Chloe, as he hoped, would be so startled and terrified by his\nappearance that he might easily seize her.\n\nHe had not remained long, when Chloe conducted the flock to the spring,\nleaving Daphnis employed in cutting green leaves as fodder for the\nkids in the evening. The dogs (the guardians of the sheep and goats)\naccompanied Chloe, and scenting[24] about with their usual sagacity,\ndiscovered Dorco, who was in the act of moving. Taking him for a wolf\nthey burst into full cry, rushed upon him, and seizing him before he\ncould recover from his astonishment, fixed their teeth in the skin.\nThis covering for a time protected him, and the shame of a discovery\noperated so strongly that he lay quiet in the thicket; but when Chloe,\nin her alarm at the first onset of the dogs, had called Daphnis to her\naid, and when the skin was torn off by his assailants, so that they\nat length seized his flesh, he bawled out, entreating the assistance\nof the maiden and of Daphnis, who had now arrived at the spot. The\ndogs were easily appeased by the well-known voices of their master and\nmistress, who took Dorco and conveyed him to the spring (soundly bitten\nin the thighs and shoulders), where they washed his wounds, and chewing\nsome fresh elm bark spread it as a salve. Innocent themselves, and\ntotally ignorant of the desperate enterprizes of lovers, they imagined\nthat Dorco's disguise was a mere piece of rustic sport, and, so far\nfrom being angry with him, they did their best to comfort him, led him\nby the hand, part of the way home--and bade him farewell.\n\nDorco, after his narrow escape from the dog's, and not (according to\nthe old adage) from the wolf's mouth, retired home to nurse his wounds.\nDaphnis and Chloe had great trouble during the remainder of the day in\ncollecting their sheep and goats, which, terrified at the sight of the\nwolf, and by the barking of the dogs, had fled in different directions:\nsome had climbed the rocks, others had run down to the shore. They had,\nindeed, been instructed to obey their master's call; in any alarm the\npipe was usually sufficient to soothe them, and if they were scattered,\na clapping of the hands would collect them; but the late sudden alarm\nhad made them forget their former discipline, so that Daphnis and\nChloe were compelled to track them, as they do hares; and with much\ndifficulty and trouble they brought them back to their cottages. That\nnight only the young man and maiden enjoyed sound sleep, their fatigue\nfurnishing a remedy for the pains of love. But with the morning their\nusual sensations returned. When they met,--they rejoiced; when they\nparted,--they were sad. They pined with grief. They wished for a\nsomething, but they knew not what. This only they were aware of, that\nthe one had lost peace of mind by a kiss, the other by a bath.\n\nThe season,[25] moreover, added fuel to their fire; it was now the end\nof spring; the summer had begun, and all things were in the height of\ntheir beauty. The trees were covered with fruit; the fields with corn.\nCharming was the chirp of the grasshoppers; sweet was the smell of the\nfruit; and the bleating of the flocks was delightful. You might fancy\nthe rivers[26] to be singing, as they gently flowed along, the winds\nto be piping, as they breathed[27] through the pines; and the apples\nto be falling to the ground, sick of love; and that the sun, fond of\ngazing upon natural beauty, was forcing every one to throw off their\ngarments. Daphnis felt all the warmth of the season, and plunged into\nthe rivers; sometimes he only bathed himself; sometimes he amused\nhimself with pursuing the fish, which darted in circles around him;\nand sometimes he drank of the stream, as if to extinguish the flame\nwhich he felt within. Chloe, when she had milked the goats and the\nsheep, had great difficulty in setting her cream, for the flies were\nvery troublesome, and if driven away, they would bite her; after her\nwork was done, she washed her face, crowned herself with a garland of\npine-leaves, put on her girdle of fawn-skin, and filled a pail with\nwine and milk as a beverage for herself and Daphnis. As mid-day heat\ncame on, the eyes of both were fascinated; she, beholding the naked\nand faultless figure of Daphnis, was ready to melt with love; Daphnis,\non the other hand, beholding Chloe in her fawn-skin girdle and with\nthe garland of pine-leaves on her head, holding out the milk-pail\nto him, fancied he beheld one of the Nymphs of the Grot, and taking\nthe garland from her head, he placed it on his own, first covering\nit with kisses; while she, after often kissing it, put on his dress,\nwhich he had stripped off in order to bathe. Sometimes they began in\nsport to pelt[28] each other with apples, and amused themselves with\nadorning each other's hair, carefully dividing it. She compared the\nblack hair of Daphnis to myrtle-berries; while he likened her cheeks to\napples,[29] because the white was suffused with red. He then taught her\nto play on the pipe;--when she began to breathe into it, he snatched it\nfrom her, ran over the reeds with his own lips, and under pretence of\ncorrecting her mistakes, he in fact kissed her through the medium of\nhis pipe.\n\nWhile he was thus playing in the heat of the noon-day, and their\nflocks around them were reposing in the shade, Chloe imperceptibly\nfell asleep. Daphnis laid down his pipe, and while gazing upon her\nwhole person with insatiable eyes, there being no one to inspire him\nwith shame; he thus murmured, directing his words to her:--\"What eyes\nare those, which are now closed in sleep! what a mouth is that, which\nbreathes so sweetly! no apples, no thickets, exhale so delicious a\nscent! Ah! but I fear to kiss her! a kiss consumes me, and like new\nhoney,[30] maddens me! besides, a kiss would wake her! A plague upon\nthose chirping grasshoppers, their shrill notes will disturb my Chloe!\nthose vexatious goats, too, are clashing their horns together; surely\nthe wolves are grown more cowardly than foxes, that they do not come\nand seize them!\"\n\nAs he was thus soliloquizing, he was interrupted by a grasshopper,\nwhich in springing from a swallow which pursued it, fell into Chloe's\nbosom. The swallow was unable to take its prey, but hovered over\nChloe's cheek and touched it with its wings. The maiden screamed and\nstarted; but seeing the swallow still fluttering near her, and Daphnis\nlaughing at her alarm, her fear vanished, and she rubbed her eyes,\nwhich were still disposed to sleep. The grasshopper chirped from her\nbosom, as if in gratitude for his deliverance. At the sound Chloe\nscreamed again; at which Daphnis laughed, and availing himself of the\nopportunity, put his hand into her bosom and drew the happy chirper\nfrom its place, which did not cease its note even when in his hand;\nChloe was pleased at seeing the innocent cause of her alarm, kissed it,\nand replaced it, still singing, in her bosom.\n\nAt this moment they were delighted with listening to a ring-dove\nin the neighbouring wood, and upon Chloe's inquiring what the bird\nmeant by its note, Daphnis told her the legend, which was commonly\ncurrent:--\"There was a maiden, my love, who, like yourself, was\nbeautiful; like yourself, she tended large herds of cattle; and, like\nyourself, she was in the flower of youth. She sang sweetly;--so\nsweetly, that the herds were delighted with her song, and needed\nneither the crook nor the goad to manage them; they obeyed her voice;\nand remaining near listened to the maid, as she sat under the shade of\nthe pine crowned with a garland of its leaves, and singing the praises\nof Pan,[31] and the nymph Pitys. A youth, who pastured his herds at a\nlittle distance, and who was handsome, and fond as herself of melody,\nvied with her in singing; as he was a man, his tones were deeper, but\nas he was young, they were very sweet. He sang, and charmed away eight\nof her best cows to his own pastures. The maiden was mortified at the\nloss of her cattle, and at being so much surpassed in song; and, in her\ndespair, prayed the gods to convert her into a bird before she reached\nher home. The gods assented to her prayer, and metamorphosed her into\na bird; under which form, as of old, she frequents the mountains, and\ndelights in warbling. Her note bespeaks her misfortune, for she is\ncalling her wandering cows.\"\n\nSuch were the delights of summer.--Autumn was now advanced, and the\nblack grapes were ripening; when some pirates of Tyre, in a light\nCarian bark,[32] that they might not appear to be foreigners, touched\nat that coast and came on shore, armed with coats of mail and swords,\nand plundered everything which fell in their way. They carried off\nfragrant wine,[33] corn in great plenty, honey in the comb. They also\ndrove off some of Dorco's oxen, and seized Daphnis, who was musing\nin a melancholy mood, and rambling alone by the sea-shore. For Chloe\nbeing but young, was afraid of the insults of some of the saucy\nshepherds, and therefore had not led out her flock so early from the\nfold of Dryas. When the pirates saw this stout and handsome youth,\nwho, they knew, would be a prize of greater value than the plunder of\nthe fields, they took no more trouble about the goats, not did they\nproceed farther, but carried off the unlucky Daphnis to their vessel,\nweeping as he was hurried along, at a loss what to do, and calling\nloudly upon Chloe. When they had put him on board, they slipped their\ncable, and rowed from the shore. Chloe, in the mean time, who was still\ndriving her flock, and carrying in her hand a new pipe as a present for\nDaphnis, when she saw the goats running about in confusion, and heard\nDaphnis calling out to her every moment in a louder voice, quitted her\nsheep, threw down the pipe, and ran to Dorco beseeching him to assist\nher.--He had been severely wounded by the pirates, and was lying upon\nthe ground still breathing, the blood flowing from him in streams. At\nthe sight of Chloe, reviving a little owing to the force of his former\nlove, he exclaimed, \"I shall shortly be no more, dear Chloe; I fought\nin defence of my oxen, and some of the rascally pirates have beaten me\nas they would have done an ox. Save your beloved Daphnis, revenge me,\nand destroy them. I have taught my cows to follow the sound of this\npipe, and to obey its melody, even if they be feeding at the greatest\ndistance. Take this pipe; breathe in it those notes, in which I once\ninstructed Daphnis, and in which Daphnis instructed you. Do this, and\nleave the issue to the pipe and the cows. Moreover I make you a present\nof the pipe; with it I have obtained the prize from many a shepherd and\nmany a herdsman. In return give me but one kiss, while I yet live; and\nwhen I am dead, shed a tear over me: and when you see another tending\nmy flocks, remember Dorco.\"\n\nHere he ceased, gave her a last kiss, and with the kiss resigned his\nbreath. Chloe put the pipe to her lips, and blew with all her might.\nThe cows began to low at hearing the well-known note, and leaped all at\nonce into the sea. As they all plunged from the same side, and caused\na mighty chasm in the waters the vessel lurched, the waves closed over\nit, and it sank. The crew and Daphnis fell into the sea, but they had\nnot equal chances for preservation. The pirates were encumbered with\ntheir swords, scaled breast-plates, and greaves reaching to mid-leg:\nwhereas Daphnis, who had been feeding his flocks in the plains, had\nnot even his sandals on; and the weather being still very warm, he\nwas half-naked. All swam for a little time, but their armour soon sunk\nthe foreigners to the bottom. Daphnis easily threw off the garments\nwhich remained to encumber him, but, accustomed to swim only in\nrivers, buoyed himself up with great difficulty: at length, taught by\nnecessity, he struck forward between two of the cows, grasped a horn of\neach of them, and was carried along as securely and as easily, as if\nhe had been riding in his own wain. Oxen, be it observed, are better\nswimmers than men, or indeed than any animals, except aquatic birds and\nfish, nor are they in any danger of drowning unless their hoofs become\nsoftened by the water. The fact of many places being still called\n_Ox-fords_,[34] will bear out the truth of my assertion.\n\nThus was Daphnis delivered from two perils--from the pirates and from\nshipwreck, and in a manner beyond all expectation. When he reached the\nshore, he found Chloe smiling through her tears: he fell on her bosom,\nand inquired, what had led her to play that particular tune.--She\nrelated everything which had occurred--her running to Dorco--the habit\nof his cows--HIS ordering her to pipe that tune, and finally his death,\nbut through a feeling of shame she said nothing of the kiss.\n\nThey now determined to pay the last honours to their benefactor;\naccordingly they came with the neighbours and relatives of the\ndeceased, and buried him. They then threw up over his grave a large\npile of earth, and planted about it various trees, and suspended\nover it[35] the emblems of their calling; in addition to which they\npoured libations of milk and of juice expressed from the grapes, and\nbroke many pastoral pipes. Mournful lowings of the cattle were heard,\naccompanied with unwonted and disorderly movements, which the shepherds\nbelieved to be lamentations and tokens of sorrow on the part of the\nherd for their departed herdsman.[36]\n\nAfter the funeral of Dorco, Chloe led Daphnis to the grotto of the\nNymphs, where she washed him; and then, for the first time in his\npresence, bathed her own person, fair and radiant with beauty, and\nneeding no bath to set off its comeliness. Then, after gathering the\nflowers which the season afforded, they crowned the statues with\ngarlands, and suspended Dorco's pipe as a votive offering to the\nNymphs. Having done this they returned to look for their flocks, which\nthey found lying on the ground neither feeding nor bleating, but\nlooking about, as if waiting in suspense for their re-appearance. When\nthey came in view of them, and called to them in their usual manner,\nand sounded their pipes, the sheep got up, and began to feed, while the\ngoats skipped about, and bleated as if exulting at the safety of their\nherdsman. But Daphnis could not attune his soul to joy; after seeing\nChloe naked, and her formerly concealed beauties unveiled, he felt an\ninward pain as though preyed upon by poison. His breath went and came\nas though he were flying from some pursuer; and then it failed, as\nthough he were exhausted with running. Chloe had come from the bath\nwith redoubled charms, and the bath was thus more fatal to Daphnis\nthan the ocean. As for himself, he attributed his feelings to being,\nin fancy, still among the thieves,[37]--rustic as he was, and as yet\nignorant of the thievish tricks of love.\n\n\n\n[Footnote 1: Compare the description of the Grotto of the Nymphs in\nIthaca. Odys. B. xiii.\n\n    ----\"A pleasant cave\n    Umbrageous, to the Nymphs devoted, nam'd\n    The Naiads--Beakers in that cave and jars\n    Of stone are found; bees lodge their honey there;\n    And there on slender spindles of the rock\n    The nymphs of rivers weave their wondrous robes,\n    Perennial springs rise in it.\"--Cowper.\n]\n\n[Footnote 2:\n\n    K\u03ad\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1o\u03c2 \u03b6\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03ae\u03c2,\n    \u1f00\u03b3\u1fb6\u03bd\u1fb3 \u03c7\u03bb\u03b1\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03ac\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c6\u03c1\u03cd\u1fd6.--Pindar.\n]\n\n[Footnote 3: \u1f21 \u1f67\u03b1--rendered by the Latin translation, \"fastigium;\" by\nthe Italian, \"giro;\" by the French, \"vo\u00fbte\"--is not to be found, in\nthat sense, in Liddell and Scott's Lexicon.]\n\n[Footnote 4: Theoc. Idyll, xx. 28. enumerates these instruments:--\n\n    \u0386\u03b4\u1f7a \u03b4\u03ad \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bc\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f22v \u03c3\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b4\u03c9,\n    \u039a\u1f24\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03bb\u1ff6 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u03ce, \u03ba\u1f22\u03bd \u03b4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9, \u03ba\u1f22\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1\u03cd\u03bb\u1ff3--\n\nThe \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 resembled the German flute.]\n\n[Footnote 5: The \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 (in Latin, Periscelis--see Hor. Epist.\n1. xvii. 56,) was an anklet or bangle, commonly worn not only by the\nOrientals, the Egyptians, and the Greeks, but by the Roman ladies also.\nIt is frequently represented in the paintings of Greek figures on the\nwalls of Pompeii.--Dict. of Greek and Rom. Antiq.]\n\n[Footnote 6: See Theoc. Idyl. 1. 52.--\n\n\"\u0391\u1f50\u03c4\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f43y' \u03b1\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c1\u03af\u03ba\u03af\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03bd \u03c0\u03bb\u03ad\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u1f00\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03b8\u03ae\u03ba\u03b1v.\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 7: \u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03ad\u03c0\u03bba\u03c3\u03b5.]\n\n[Footnote 8: \u1f10\u03b4\u03af\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u1ff6\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1.]\n\n[Footnote 9: \u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd--either a head-band or breast-band.]\n\n[Footnote 10: What now follows, as far as the soliloquy on Chloe's\nkiss, is a translation of the fragment discovered by M. Courier, in\nthe Laurentian Library at Florence, in 1809, which supplies the hiatus\ndeflendus which till then interrupted the narrative.]\n\n[Footnote 11:\n\n          ----\"\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03be \u03b4' \u1f10\u03b3\u1f7c\n\u03bc\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u1fb3 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03cd\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9.\"\n          \u00c6sch. P. V. 681. See also Virg. G. iii. 145-151.\n]\n\n[Footnote 12: So, Theocritus--\"\u03a3\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03b3' \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9 \u03b5\u03bd\u03bd\u03b5\u03ac\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd.\" Idyl. viii. 21.\n\nThe shepherd's pipe was in general composed of seven unequal reeds\ncompacted with wax, and consequently was only seven-toned.\n\n    \"Est mihi disparibus _septem_ compacta cicutis\n    Fistula.\"--Virg. Ec. ii. 36.\n]\n\n[Footnote 13: \"Parta me\u00e6 Veneri sunt pr\u00e6mia; namque notavi, Ipse locum\na\u00ebri\u00e6 quo congessere palumbes.\" Virg. Ec. \"I have found out a gift for\nmy fair, I have found where the wood-pigeons breed.\" Shenstone. ]\n\n[Footnote 14: \u1f14\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5--\u1f14\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 15: o\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f14\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9.]\n\n[Footnote 16: \u1f04\u03c1\u03c4o\u03c2 \u1f40\u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\u03c2--Bread baked or toasted on a spit.]\n\n[Footnote 17:\n\n    \"Alba ligustra cadunt, vaccinia nigra leguntur.\"\n                                   Virg. Ec. ii. 18.\n]\n\n[Footnote 18: No doubt she took him by the tips of his ears. This mode\nof salutation was called \u03c7\u03cd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1, the pot-kiss, (alluding to the double\nhandles of a pot.) In after times it took the name of the Florentine\nkiss. \"Warton quotes an old gentleman, who says, that when disposed\nto kiss his wife with unusual tenderness, he always gave her the\nFlorentine kiss.--Chapman's Theocritus.\"\n\n    \u038c\u1f50\u03ba \u1f15\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc' \u0386\u03bb\u03ba\u03af\u03c0\u03c0\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f43\u03c4\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ac\u03bd \u1f40\u03c5\u03ba \u1f10\u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd\n    \u03a4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f64\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c3'.\"--Idyl. v. 135.\n]\n\n[Footnote 19: \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c2. Another reading is,--\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03b2\u03bf\u1f78\u03c2,--equivalent\nto the \u03b2o\u1ff6\u03c0\u03b9\u03c2 of Homer. Sappho uses the same comparison.]\n\n[Footnote 20:\n\n    \"But love first learned in a lady's eyes,\n    Lives not alone immured in the brain.\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    It adds a precious _seeing to the eye_.\"--Shaks.\n]\n\n[Footnote 21:\n\n    \"\u0391\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b3\u03bb\u1ff6\u03c3\u03c3' \u1f14\u03b1\u03b3', \u1f04\u03bd \u03b4\u1f10 \u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd\n    \u0391\u1f50\u03c4\u03af\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c7\u03c1\u1ff6 \u03c0\u1fe6\u03c1 \u1f7a\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd,\n    \u038c\u03bc\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4' \u03c3\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd \u1f44\u03c1\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9, \u03b2\u03bf\u03bc\u03b2\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b4' \u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03b1\u03af \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u00b7\n    \u039a\u03b1\u03b4' \u03b4' \u1f31\u03b4\u03c1\u1f60\u03c2 \u03c8\u03c5\u03c7\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c7\u03b5\u1f10\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72\n    \u03a0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u03b1\u1f31\u03c1\u03b5\u1fd6\u00b7 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b7 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u03bf\u03af\u03b1\u03c2\n    \u0388\u03bc\u03bc\u03af\u00b7 \u03c4\u03b5\u03b8\u03bd\u1fb6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4' \u1f40\u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u1f10\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\n                \u03a6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f04\u03c0\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.\"--Sappho.\n]\n\n[Footnote 22: The reading in Courier's edition, \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd\n\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd, has been here followed, instead of the common one, which\nyields no very clear sense--\u03c3\u03c5\u03c1\u03af\u03b3\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 23:\n\n    \"\u0395\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4' \u1f14\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5' \u1fe5\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0o\u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u1fd6\u03bf \u03bb\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\n    \u039a\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u1f76 \u03b4' \u1f14\u03c0\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03ad\u03b7\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03ad\u03b7\u03bd.\"--Iliad, x. 334.\n\nFrom the example of Dorco, this became a favourite stratagem among\npastoral characters. In the Pastor Fido (act iv. sc. 2) Dorinda\ndisguises herself as a wolf, and the troubadour Vidal was hunted down\nin consequence of a similar experiment.--Dunlop.]\n\n[Footnote 24: \"odora canum vis.\"--Virg. \u00c6n. iv. 132.]\n\n[Footnote 25:\n\n    \"Flush'd by the spirit of the genial year,\n    Now from the virgin's cheeks, a fresher bloom\n    Shoots, less and less, the live carnation round;\n    Her lips blush deeper sweets; she breathes of youth;\n    The shining moisture swells into her eyes\n    In brighter flow; her wishing bosom heaves\n    With palpitation wild; kind tumults seize\n    Her veins, and all her yielding soul is love.\n    From the keen gaze her lover turns away\n    Full of the dear ecstatic power, and sick\n    With sighing languishment.\"--Thomson.\n]\n\n[Footnote 26:\n\n      \"A noise like that of a hidden brook\n    In the leafy month of June,\n      That to the sleeping woods all night\n    Singeth a quiet tune.\"--Coleridge.\n]\n\n[Footnote 27:\n\n    \"\u0391\u03b4\u03cd \u03c4\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c8\u03b9\u03b8\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f01 \u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f30\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b5, \u03c4\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1,\n    \u1f0b \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c3i \u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.\"--Theoc. Idyll. i. 1.\n]\n\n[Footnote 28: A favourite amusement with lovers:--\n\n    \"Malo me Galatea petit, lasciva puella.\"--Virg. Ec. iii. 64.\n\n    \"\u0392\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b1\u1f30\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u1f01 \u039a\u03bb\u03b5\u03b1\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1.\"\n                                   Theoc. Idyl. v. 36.\n]\n\n[Footnote 29:\n\n    \"Her cheeks so rare a white was on,\n    No daisy makes comparison,\n      (Who sees them is undone);\n    For streaks of red are mingled there,\n    Such as are on a Cath'rine pear,\n      (The side that's next the sun).\"--Suckling.\n]\n\n[Footnote 30: Xenophon (Anab. iv. 8, 20), gives an account of the\nGreeks in their retreat eating new honey; they were for a time, he\nsays, frantic, were seized with vomiting and purging, and were unable\nto stand upon their feet; some died from its effects.]\n\n[Footnote 31:\n\n    .... \"Pan\n    Pinea semiferi capitis velamina quassans.\"--Lucret. iv. 589.\n\nPan fell in love with the nymph Pitys; his rival Boreas blew the nymph\nfrom a rock and killed her. Pan, unable to save, changed her into a\npine tree--\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c5\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 32: \u1f21\u03bc\u03b9o\u03bb\u03af\u03b1, a light vessel with one and a half banks of\noars.]\n\n[Footnote 33: \u03bf\u1f36\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, either fine old wine, or wine scented\nwith the juices of flowers. See a note of Cookesley on Arist. Plut.\n788; also a passage in Xen. Hell. vi. 11. 6.]\n\n[Footnote 34: In the P. V. of \u00c6schylus, l. 732, Prometheus tells Io;\n\n    \"\u1f1c\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b8\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u0390\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03b1\u03b5\u1f76 \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b3\u03b1\u03c2\n    T\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2, \u0392\u03cc\u03c3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4' \u1f10\u03c0\u03ce\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2\n    \u039a\u03b5\u03ba\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.\"\n\nThe true etymology however is to be found in the signification of \u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2\nand \u1f35\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2--which in composition means size.]\n\n[Footnote 35: See ch. 2.]\n\n[Footnote 36: \u03b8\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b2\u03bf\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u1ff3.\n\nTheocritus in Idyll, i. 74, represents the herds as mourning their\nmaster's death--\n\n    \"\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03af o\u03b9 \u03c0\u1f70\u03c1 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c3\u03af \u03b2\u03cc\u03b5\u03c2, \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u1f76 \u03b4\u03ad \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9,\n    \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4' \u03b1\u1f56 \u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03c4\u03b9\u03b5\u03c2 \u1f60\u03b4\u03cd\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf--\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 37: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u1f76\u03c2, ... \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f14\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd--]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK II.\n\n\nIt was now the middle of autumn:--the vintage[1] was at hand, and every\none was busy in the fields. One[2] prepared the wine-presses, another\ncleansed the casks, and another twisted the osiers into baskets.\nEach had a separate employ--in providing short pruning hooks, to cut\nthe grapes; or a heavy stone, to pound them; or dry vine branches,\npreviously well bruised, to serve as torches, so that the must might be\ncarried away at night.\n\nDaphnis and Chloe neglected for a time their flocks and mutually\nassisted one another. He carried the clusters in baskets, threw them\ninto the wine-presses, trod them, and drew off the wine into casks;\nshe prepared their meals for the grape-gatherers, brought old wine\nfor their drink, and plucked off the lowest bunches. Indeed, all the\nvines in Lesbos were of lowly growth, and instead of shooting upwards,\nor twining around trees, they spread their branches downwards, which\ntrailed along, like ivy, so close to the ground, that even an infant\nmight reach the fruit.\n\nThe women, who, according to the custom at this festival of Bacchus,\nand birth of the vine, were called from the neighbouring villages to\nlend their assistance, all cast their eyes upon Daphnis, and exclaimed\nthat he was equal in beauty to Bacchus himself. One of the most forward\nof these wenches gave him a kiss, which inflamed Daphnis, but sadly\ngrieved poor Chloe.\n\nOn the other hand, the men who were treading the wine-press indulged\nin all manner of jests about Chloe, they danced round her as furiously\nas so many Bacchanals round a Bacchante, and exclaimed that they would\ngladly become sheep to be fed by her hand. These compliments delighted\nChloe, but tormented poor Daphnis.\n\nEach of them wished the vintage over, that they might return to their\nusual haunts, and instead of this discordant din might hear the sound\nof their pipe, and the bleating of their sheep. In a few days the vines\nwere stript,--the casks were filled,--there was no longer any need of\nmore hands, they therefore drove their flocks to the plain. In the\nfirst place, with sincere delight they went to pay their adoration\nto the Nymphs, and carried vine-branches with clusters of grapes on\nthem, as first-fruit offerings from the vintage. Indeed, they never\nhad hitherto passed by the Grotto without some token of respect, but\nalways saluted them as they passed by with their flocks to their\nmorning pasture, and when they returned in the evening, they paid their\nadoration, and presented, as an offering, either a flower, or some\nfruit, or a green leaf, or a libation of milk. This piety, as we shall\nsee, had in the end its due reward. At the time we speak of, like young\nhounds just let loose, they leaped about, they piped, they sang, and\nwrestled and played with their goats and sheep.\n\nWhile thus sporting and enjoying themselves, an old man, clothed in a\ncoarse coat of skin, with shoes of undressed leather on his feet, and\nwith a wallet (which, by the by, was a very old one) at his back, came\nup, seated himself near them, and addressed them as follows:--\n\n\"I who now address you, my children, am Philetas. I have often sung\nthe praises of the Nymphs of yonder Grotto--I have often piped in\nhonour of Pan, and have guided my numerous herd by the music of my\nvoice. I come to acquaint you with what I have seen and heard. I have\na garden[3] which I cultivate with my own hands, and in which I have\nalways worked, since I became too old to tend my herds. In it is every\nproduction of the different seasons; in spring it abounds with roses,\nlilies, hyacinths, and either kind of violets; in summer with poppies,\npears, and apples of every sort; and now in autumn, with grapes, figs,\npomegranates, and green myrtles. A variety of birds fly into it every\nmorning, some in search of food, and some to warble in the shade; for\nthe over-arching boughs afford thick shade, and three fountains water\nthe cool retreat. Were it not inclosed with a wall, it might be taken\nfor a natural wood. As I entered it to-day, about noon, I espied a\nlittle boy under my pomegranates and myrtles, some of which he had\ngathered; and was holding them in his hands. His complexion was white\nas milk, his hair a bright yellow, and he shone as if he had just been\nbathing. He was naked and alone, and amused himself with plucking\nthe fruit with as much freedom as if it had been his own garden.\nApprehensive that in his wantonness he would commit more mischief and\nbreak my plants, I sprang forward to seize him, but the urchin lightly\nand easily escaped from me, sometimes running under rose-trees, and\nsometimes hiding himself like a young partridge under the poppies.\n\n\"I have frequently been fatigued with catching my sucking kids, or my\nnew-dropt calves; but as to this mischievous creature, in perpetual\nmotion, it was utterly impossible to lay hold of him. Old as I am I\nwas soon weary with the pursuit; so, leaning on my staff for support,\nand keeping my eyes on him lest he should escape, I asked him to what\nneighbour he belonged, and what he meant by gathering what grew in\nanother person's garden.\n\n\"He made no reply, but approaching very near me, smiled sweetly in my\nface, and pelted me with myrtle-berries, and (I know not how) so won\nupon me, that my anger was appeased. I intreated him to come close\nto me, and assured him that he need not be afraid, swearing by the\nmyrtles, by the apples, and by the pomegranates of my garden, that I\nwished only to give him one kiss, for which he should ever afterwards\nhave liberty to gather as much fruit, and to pluck as many flowers as\nhe pleased.\n\n\"Upon hearing me thus address him, he burst into a merry laugh, and\nwith a voice sweeter than that of the swallow or the nightingale, or\nof the swan when grown aged like myself, he replied: 'I grudge you\nnot a kiss, Philetas, for I have more pleasure in being kissed, than\nyou would have in growing young again; but consider whether the gift\nwould suit your time of life; for, old as you are, one kiss would not\nsatisfy you, nor prevent you from running after me, while if even a\nhawk, an eagle, or any other swifter bird, were to pursue me, it would\npursue in vain. I am not the child which I appear to be; but I am older\nthan Saturn, ay, older than Time himself. I knew you well, Philetas,\nwhen you were in the flower of your youth, and when you tended your\nwidely-scattered flock in yonder marsh. I was near you, when you sat\nbeneath those beech-trees, and were wooing your Amaryllis: I was close\nto the maiden, but you could not discern me. I gave her to you, and\nsome fine boys, who are now excellent husbandmen and herdsmen, are the\npledges of your love. At this present time I am tending Daphnis and\nChloe like a shepherd; and when I have brought them together in the\nmorning, I retire to your garden: here I disport myself among your\nflowers and plants, and here I bathe in your fountain. Through me it is\nthat your flowers and shrubs are so beauteous, for the waters, which\nhave bathed me, refresh them. Look now, if any of your plants be broken\ndown!--see, if any of your fruit be plucked!--examine whether the stalk\nof any flower be crushed--or the clearness of any one of your fountains\nbe disturbed! and rejoice that you alone, in your old age, have had\nthe privilege of beholding the boy who is now before you.' With these\nwords he sprang like the youngling of a nightingale among the myrtles,\nand climbing from bough to bough, ascended through the foliage to the\nsummit of the tree. I observed wings upon his shoulders, and between\nthem a tiny bow and arrows; but in a moment I could neither see him\nnor them. Unless I have grown grey in vain, unless I have got into my\ndotage in growing old, you may rely on me, when I assure you, that you\nare consecrate to LOVE, and that you are under his peculiar care.\"\n\nDaphnis and Choe were delighted, but they regarded what they had heard\nas an amusing story rather than a sober fact; and inquired of Philetas\nwho and what this LOVE could be? whether he were a boy or a bird? and\nof what powers he was possessed? \"My young friends,\" said Philetas,\n\"he is a god, young, beautiful, and ever on the wing. He rejoices,\ntherefore, in the company of youth, he is ever in search of beauty, and\nadds wings to the souls of those he favours.[4] He has power far beyond\nthat of Jove himself. He commands the elements, he rules the stars, and\neven the gods themselves, who are otherwise his equals;[5] your power\nover your flocks is nothing compared to his. All these flowers are\nthe works of love: these plants are effects produced by him. Through\nhim these rivers flow, and these zephyrs breathe. I have seen a bull\nsmitten by his power, who bellowed as though breeze-stung.[6] I have\nseen the goat enamoured of the female, and following her everywhere.\nI myself was once young, I felt his influence, I loved Amaryllis. I\nthought not of my food, I cared not for my drink; I could take no rest,\nfor sleep was banished from my eyelids. My soul was sad--my heart beat\nquick--my limbs felt a deadly chill. Now I cried aloud, as if I had\nbeen beaten; now I was as silent as if I were dead; and now I plunged\ninto the rivers, as if to extinguish the flame which consumed me. I\ninvoked Pan to assist me, inasmuch as he had known what it was to love\nhis Pitys. I poured forth praises to the Nymph Echo for repeating the\nname of my Amaryllis: in anger I broke my pipe because it could soothe\nmy herds, but could not prevail over Amaryllis; for there is no mighty\nmagic against love; no medicine, whether in food or drink: nothing, in\nshort, save kisses[7] and embraces, and the closest union of the naked\nbody.\"\n\nPhiletas, having given them this information, bade them farewell; but\nbefore permitting him to depart, they presented him with a cheese, and\na kid with newly budding horns.\n\nDaphnis and Chloe, left to themselves, mused in silence upon the name\nof Love, which they had now heard for the first time. Sorrow seemed to\nhave stupified them, till at night, as they returned home, they began\nto compare their own sensations with what they had heard from Philetas.\n\n\"According to Philetas, lovers are sad--so are we; they neglect their\ncalling--so do we; they cannot sleep--no more can we. A fire appears\nto burn within them--we feel this fire; they long for the sight of one\nanother--we, too, are always wishing for the day to dawn. Our disorder\nmust be love, and we have loved each other without being aware of it.\nIf this be not love, and if we be not mutually lovers, why are we\nthus sad? why do we so eagerly seek each other? All that Philetas has\ntold us is true. The boy, whom he saw in the garden, is the same who\nappeared to our parents in the dream, and commanded that we should\nfollow the pastoral life. How is it possible to catch the urchin? He\nis little and will escape from us. At the same time, who can escape\nfrom him? He has wings, and will pursue us. We must away to the Nymphs\nand implore their assistance. And yet Pan could not assist Philetas\nwhen in love with Amaryllis. We must seek the remedies which the old\nman suggested--kisses and embraces, and lying naked upon the grass;\nwe shall feel it very cold, but we will bear what Philetas has borne\nbefore us.\" Thus were their thoughts employed during the night. The\nnext morning, after driving their flocks to pasture, they for the first\ntime kissed each other upon meeting, and afterwards mutually embraced.\n\nThe third remedy they were afraid of; the lying naked upon the grass\nappeared too bold a step for a maiden, nay, even for a youthful\ngoatherd. Again, therefore, they passed a sleepless night, calling to\nmind what they had done, regretting what they had omitted. \"We kissed,\"\nsaid they, \"and are none the better; we embraced, and have found no\nrelief. This lying side by side must needs be the sole remedy for\nlove; assuredly it will prove more efficacious than the kiss and the\nembrace.\" As might have been expected, their dreams were akin to their\ndaily thoughts. In sleep they kissed and they embraced; in sleep they\ndid that which they had omitted to do during the day. Next morning they\nrose more than ever inflamed with passion, and hissed[8] along their\nflocks, all the while in anticipation of the kiss. They came in sight\nof one another, their faces mutually beaming with delight. Again there\nwas repeated the kiss and the embrace; the remaining remedy was still\nuntried, Daphnis being unwilling to propose it, and Chloe feeling the\nlike hesitation. Chance came to their aid. They were sitting beside\neach other upon the trunk of a tree: having once tasted the luxury of a\nkiss, they were insatiable of its delight; they entwined one another in\ntheir arms, and so drew their bodies into closer contact. Daphnis, in\nthe course of this embrace, straining Chloe more tightly to his bosom,\nshe falls upon her side, and he falls with her, and thus acting out the\nimage of their dreams, they long lay locked in each other's arms. Their\ninnocence knew nothing beyond this; they imagined that love had nothing\nfarther to bestow; so after fruitlessly passing the greater portion of\nthe day in this manner, they separated, and drove home their flocks,\nloathing the approach of night. They might, perhaps, on a future\noccasion have become greater adepts in the mysteries of love, had not\nthe following circumstance spread tumult and confusion throughout their\nneighbourhood.\n\nSome rich young men of Methymna, who had formed a pleasure party for\npassing the vintage-season out of town, launched a small vessel,\nemploying their servants as rowers, and shaped their course towards\nthe fields of Mitylene, which lie near the sea-coast. They knew that\nthere was an excellent harbour for them, with every thing adapted for\ntheir accommodation, as the shore was adorned with handsome houses,\nwith baths, with gardens, and with groves, some of which were the\nproductions of nature, and some of art.\n\nHere the party arrived, and drew their boat into a safe place, after\nwhich they committed no acts of mischief, but amused themselves in\nvarious ways, with rod and line angling for rock-fish, which were\nfound under the different promontories, or hunting the hares, which,\nterrified by the noise of the grape gatherers, had fled towards the\nshore, and capturing them by means of dogs and nets. Part of their\namusement also was to set snares for birds: many wild ducks, wild geese\nand bustards were caught, so that their sport supplied their table in\na great measure; and whatever addition they wanted was easily procured\nfrom the labourers in the fields, who were paid more than its worth for\neverything which they supplied. Their chief inconvenience was want of\nbread and wine, and a good lodging at night; for as it was late in the\nautumn, they did not think it safe to sleep on board their boat, but in\napprehension of storms, usual at this season, were wont to draw it up\non shore.\n\nIt so happened that a countryman had broken the old rope to which the\nstone was suspended for crushing his grapes after they had been trodden\nin the wine-press, and being in want of another to supply its place,\nhad come clandestinely down to the sea-shore, and taking the cable\nfrom the boat, which was left without any one to watch it, had quietly\nconveyed it home to supply his need. The young Methymn\u00e6ans, in the\nmorning, made inquiries after their rope; but as no one confessed the\ntheft, after venting their reproaches on this breach of hospitality,\nthey launched their boat, and left that part of the coast. After\nsailing rather more than a league, they landed on the estate where\nDaphnis and Chloe dwelt. It appeared to them to be a good country for\nhare-hunting. Having no rope to serve as a cable, they twisted some\nvine-branches as a substitute, and tied the head of their boat to the\nshore: then let loose the dogs to scent about in the places most likely\nfor game, and fixed their nets. The cry of the hounds, running hither\nand thither, frightened the goats, which fled from the mountains down\nto the sea-shore, where some of the boldest of the flock, finding no\nfood upon the coast, approached the boat and gnawed the branches which\nwere fastened as a cable.\n\nAt the same moment a swell set in, owing to the breezes blowing from\nthe mountains. The motion of the waves began to carry off the boat,\nand, at length, bore it out to sea. The Methymn\u00e6ans saw the accident:\nsome of them ran in great haste down to the shore: others hastened to\ncall the dogs together: and all of them cried out for assistance, in\nhopes of assembling the labourers from the neighbouring fields. It was\nall of no avail, for the wind increased, and the boat was driven down\nthe current. When the Methymn\u00e6ans found themselves thus deprived of it,\nand of the considerable property which it contained, they inquired for\nthe goat-herd, and finding him to be Daphnis, they beat him severely\nand stripped him. One of them took a dog-leash, and bending Daphnis'\narms behind his back, was preparing to bind him. Poor Daphnis, smarting\nwith his beating, roared out for assistance: he called upon all his\nneighbours, but upon Lamon and Dryas in particular. The old men took\nhis part stoutly: the toils of husbandry had made them hard handed;\nthey demanded that an inquiry should be made agreeably to the rules of\njustice. The neighbours, who had now reached the spot, backed them in\ntheir demand, and appointed Philetas umpire in the business. He was\nthe oldest man present, and was celebrated among the villagers for the\nequity of his decisions. The charge of the Methymn\u00e6ans was made plainly\nand with conciseness suitable to the rustic judge before whom they\npleaded. \"We came here,\" said they, \"to hunt, and fastened our boat to\nthe shore with some vine-branches, while we roamed about with our dogs\nin search of game. In the meantime, this young man's goats came down\nto the coast and ate the fastening of our boat, which has proved the\nloss of it. You yourself, saw it driven out to sea, and what valuables\nthink you it had on board? Why, store of clothes and of dog-gear, and\nof money--money enough to have purchased all these fields around us. In\nreturn for what we have lost, we have surely a right to carry off this\nheedless goatherd, who, sailor-fashion, chooses to pasture his goats on\nthe sea-coast.\"\n\nThis was what the Methymn\u00e6ans alleged. Daphnis was in sore plight from\nthe blows which he had received; but seeing Chloe among the crowd, he\nrose superior to his pain, and spoke as follows:--\n\n\"I am, and always have been very careful of my herds. What neighbour\ncan say that a goat of mine ever browsed upon his garden, or devoured\nany of his sprouting vines? It is these sportsmen who are themselves to\nblame, for having dogs so badly broken as to run wildly about making\nsuch a barking, and like so many wolves driving my sheep from hill and\ndale down to the sea. The poor brutes eat the vine branches; no wonder,\nfor they could find no grass, nor shrubs, nor thyme upon the sands. The\nsea and the winds destroyed the boat; let the storm bear the blame and\nnot my goats. They say, that they had left their clothes and money on\nboard:--who, in his senses, can believe that a boat freighted with so\nmuch wealth, was intrusted to a vine branch for its cable?\"\n\nDaphnis said no more, but burst into tears, which moved all his\ncountrymen with compassion. Philetas, the judge, swore by Pan and the\nNymphs, that neither Daphnis nor his goats were in fault; that only\nthe sea and the winds could be accused, and that _they_ were not under\nhis jurisdiction. This decision had no effect on the Methymn\u00e6ans, who\nflew into a rage, and seizing Daphnis, were preparing to bind him.\nThe villagers irritated at such behaviour, fell upon them as thick\nas starlings or rooks, and rescued Daphnis, who now began to fight\nin his own defence. In a very short time the Mitlyen\u00e6ans, by dint of\ntheir clubs, put the strangers to flight, and did not desist from the\npursuit, till they had driven them into a different quarter of the\nisland.\n\nWhile they were engaged in the pursuit, Chloe led Daphnis gently by\nthe hand to the grotto of the Nymphs; there she washed the blood from\nhis face and nostrils, and taking a slice of bread and cheese from\nher scrip, gave it him to eat. After she had thus refreshed him, she\nimpressed a honeyed kiss with her tender lips.\n\nSo near was Daphnis getting into serious trouble; but the affair did\nnot end here. The Methymn\u00e6ans reached their own city with much pain\nand difficulty; for instead of sailing they had to travel on foot, and\ninstead of every luxury, and convenience, they had nothing but bruises\nand wounds for their comfort. Immediately upon their arrival at home,\nthey called an assembly of their fellow townsmen, and intreated them to\ntake up arms to avenge their cause, which they represented in their own\nway, altogether concealing the real truth of the matter, for fear of\nbeing laughed at for having been so soundly beaten by a few shepherds.\nThey accused the people of Mitylene of having seized their boat, as\nif it belonged to an enemy, and of plundering it of all its contents.\nTheir wounds, which they exhibited, gained them belief among their\ncountrymen, who resolved to avenge the cause of the young men, and\nmore particularly as they belonged to the first families in the place.\nAccordingly they resolved to begin the war without the usual forms of\nproclamation, and ordered their naval commander to launch ten vessels\nimmediately, and ravage the coasts of the enemy. As the winter was\ncoming on they did not think it safe to hazard a larger fleet.\n\nEarly the very next day he put to sea; and employing his soldiers as\nrowers, steered his course to the shores of Mitylene. Here he seized\nnumbers of cattle, a great quantity of corn and wine, (the vintage\nbeing lately ended,) together with the labourers who were still at work\nthere. Thus plundering as they went, they landed at last on the estate\nwhere Daphnis and Chloe resided, and carried off whatever came to hand.\nDaphnis was not then tending his goats, but had gone to the wood, to\ncut green branches for the winter fodder of his kids. Looking down from\nthe woods, he saw these ravages; and immediately hid himself in the\nhollow of a decayed beech tree. Chloe happened to be with the flocks;\nshe fled in affright to the grotto of the Nymphs: and the invaders\npursued her. Here she intreated them, if they had any respect to the\ndeities of the place, to spare her and her flocks; but her prayers were\nof no avail; for the ravagers, after offering many insults to the\nstatues of the goddesses, drove off the flocks, and hurried Chloe along\nwith them, as if she had been one of her own goats or sheep, striking\nher ever and anon with vine twigs.\n\nTheir vessels being now filled with plunder of all kinds, the\nMethymn\u00e6ans thought it advisable not to prosecute their voyage farther,\nbut to return home, more especially as they were apprehensive of the\nwinter storms, and of an attack from the inhabitants. Accordingly they\nput about; but, as there was no wind, they had to labour at their oars.\n\nDaphnis, (when all was quiet) came down to the plain, the usual place\nfor pasturing their flocks, but not a goat, nor a sheep was to be seen,\nnor was Chloe herself there: when he saw the whole place deserted,\nand found Chloe's pipe thrown upon the ground, he burst into loud and\nbitter lamentations:--he ran to the beech tree, which had been their\nusual seat, and then to the ocean, to try if he could descry her, he\nsearched for her in the grotto, whither she had fled, and whence she\nhad been dragged away. Here, at last, he threw himself on the ground\nin despair, and exclaimed against the Nymphs, as the deserters of his\nChloe.\n\n\"Chloe has been torn away from you, ye Nymphs, and yet ye could\nendure to see it! she who has woven so many garlands for you, who has\npoured so many libations of new milk to you, and whose pipe is here\nsuspended as an offering to you! Never did a wolf carry off a single\ngoat of mine, but marauders have now carried away all my flock, and\ntheir mistress with them.--My goats will be flayed, my sheep will be\nsacrificed, and my Chloe will henceforth be confined within a city! how\nshall I venture to return to my father and mother without my goats,\nand without my Chloe?--I, who shall appear a deserter of my charge! I\nhave no more flocks to tend, so here will I lie, till death take me,\nor the enemy again lay hold of me. Ah! my Chloe, do you share in my\nsufferings?--do you still remember these plains, these Nymphs and me;\nor are you consoled by having the sheep and goats for your companions\nin captivity?\"\n\nThus did Daphnis vent his grief, till weary with weeping and lamenting\nhe fell into a deep sleep. While slumbering, the three Nymphs appeared\nto stand before him; they were tall and beautiful, half-naked and\nwithout sandals; their hair flowed loose over their shoulders, and\nindeed in every respect they resembled their statues in the grotto. At\nfirst they shewed signs of commiseration for Daphnis, and, presently,\nthe eldest of them addressed him in these consolatory words:--\n\n\"Do not accuse us, Daphnis; Chloe is an object of deeper anxiety to us,\nthan she is even to yourself. We had compassion on her when she was\nan infant; when she was exposed in this grot, we adopted her and bred\nher up. She is not Lamon's daughter, nor do Lamon's fields or herds in\nany part belong to her. We have at this time been providing for her\nsafety, so that she shall not be taken to Methymne as a slave, nor be\nnumbered among the spoils. We have intreated Pan, (whose statue stands\nbeneath yonder pine, and whom you have never honoured even with a bunch\nof flowers) to come forward as Chloe's champion, for he is more used\nto warfare than we are, and has often quitted his rural groves to join\nin the din of battle. He is on Chloe's side, and he will be found no\ndespicable enemy by the Methymn\u00e6ans. Be not uneasy then, nor perplex\nyourself; arise, shew yourself to Lamon and Myrtale, who have thrown\nthemselves on the earth in despair, under the idea that you too are\ncarried off by the enemy. To-morrow Chloe and her flocks shall return,\nwhen you shall tend them together, and together shall play upon your\npipe.--Leave your future fates to the care of Love.\"\n\nAfter these words and vision in his dream, Daphnis sprang up, and,\nwhile his eyes were filled with tears, partly of grief and partly of\njoy, he paid his adorations to the statues of the Nymphs, and vowed,\nthat upon Chloe's safe return he would sacrifice a she-goat (the best\nof his herd) to the protecting goddesses. Then he hastened to the\npine, beneath whose shade stood the statue of Pan. The legs of the\nrural god were those of the goat, and he had a horned forehead; in one\nhand he held a pipe, with the other he grasped a goat, which was in\nthe attitude of bounding. Daphnis adored his statue likewise, prayed\non behalf of Chloe, and vowed to sacrifice a he-goat for her safety.\nScarcely could he cease from his tears and intreaties by sun-set, when\ntaking up the green fodder which he had been cutting, he returned to\nhis home, where his presence dispelled Lamon's grief and filled him\nwith joy, After taking some refreshment he retired to rest; but his\nsleep was not even then without tears. In his slumbers he poured forth\nprayers to the Nymphs to bless him with another vision, and sighed for\nthe return of day, when his Chloe was to be restored.--Of all nights\nthis appeared to him the longest.--During its continuance the following\nevents took place:--\n\nWhen the Methymn\u00e6an commander had rowed somewhat more than a mile, he\nwished to afford his men some rest, wearied as they were with their\npast exertions. At length he espied a promontory, which projected\ninto the sea in a semicircular form, affording a harbour more calm\nand secure than even a regular port. Here he anchored his fleet,\nkeeping his vessels at a distance from the shore, that they might not\nbe exposed to any attack from the inhabitants, while his men indulged\nthemselves at their ease and in all security. The crews having plenty\nof all manner of provision among their plunder, eat and drank and gave\nthemselves up to joy, as if they had been celebrating a festival for\nvictory. The day was closing; and their merriment was being prolonged\nto night, when suddenly all the earth appeared in a blaze; and the\ndash of oars was heard, as if a mighty fleet were approaching.[9] They\ncalled upon their commander to arm himself: they shouted to each other;\nsome fancied that they were wounded; others that they saw the bodies\nof the slain before their eyes. It appeared like a night engagement\nagainst an invisible enemy.\n\nA day of greater terror succeeded to the darkness. The goats belonging\nto Daphnis, appeared with branches full of ivy berries on their\nhorns: the rams and ewes, which had been taken with Chloe, instead of\nbleating, howled like wolves. Their mistress was seen to have a garland\nof pine-leaves round her head. The sea also had its marvels. The\nanchors stuck fast in the mud, and could not be drawn up: when the men\ndipped their oars in order to row, they were shattered in pieces. The\ndolphins leaped from the sea, and with their tails broke the planks of\nthe vessels. From the top of the rock behind the promontory the sound\nof a pipe was heard: but it did not, like the pipe, delight the ear\nwith dulcet sounds, but terrified like the harsh blast of a trumpet.\nThe men of Methymna were confounded; they seized their arms, and called\nout to their enemies who were invisible; they prayed for the return of\nnight, which might bring a truce to their terrors.\n\nTo all those who were capable of reflection, it was evident, that\nthese phantasms and sounds proceeded from Pan, who must have conceived\nsome cause of indignation against them: but what the cause could be,\nthey were at a loss to conjecture, for they had not plundered any\nthing which was sacred to the god. About the middle of the day their\ncommander (not without the intervention of the god) fell into a deep\nsleep, when Pan appeared to him and addressed him thus:\n\n\"\u039f most abandoned, most impious of men, to what lengths has your\nmadness driven you! The fields, which are dear to me, ye have filled\nwith the tumults of war: the herds and the flocks, which were my\npeculiar care, ye have taken as plunder. Ye have dragged a virgin\nfrom the altar, whom Cupid had reserved in order to adorn a Tale of\nLove. Ye regarded not the Nymphs, who beheld your deeds, nor even the\nmighty Pan. Never shall ye reach Methymna, sailing with these spoils,\nnor shall yourselves escape the terrors of the pipe which has thus\nconfounded you. Unless ye immediately give back Chloe to the Nymphs,\nand restore her goats and sheep, I will submerge you and ye shall\nbecome food for fishes. Bestir yourselves, therefore, land both her and\nthem, I will guide your course by sea, and hers by land.\"\n\nBryaxis (for such was the commander's name) awoke from his dream,\nand immediately ordered the captain of every vessel to search among\nhis prisoners for Chloe. They soon found her, for she was sitting\nstill crowned with pine-leaves, and brought her before him. Bryaxis\nregarded the ornament on her head as a proof and confirmation of what\nhe had seen in the vision, and without delay took her on board his\nown vessel,[10] and conveyed her safe to the shore. No sooner had she\nlanded than the sound of the pipe was again heard from the rock: but\nit was no longer dreadful like the blast of the war trumpet: on the\ncontrary it was sweet and pastoral in tone, as when the shepherd is\nleading out his flock to feed. The sheep ran down the gangway,[11]\nwithout their horny hoofs slipping. The goats, used to steep places,\nproceeded still more venturesomely. Upon reaching the shore the flocks\nformed themselves in a ring around Chloe, like a company of dancers,\nskipping and bleating and exhibiting every symptom of joy; while the\nsheep and goats and oxen belonging to the other shepherds remained\nquiet in the holds of the vessels, as if knowing that the pipe, which\nsounded, was not intended to summon them. While every one was struck\nwith astonishment, and celebrated the power of Pan, still stranger\nsights appeared both by sea and land.\n\nBefore the crews had time to heave their anchors, the ships of\nthemselves began to make sail, and a dolphin, which leaped and played\non the waves, swam before the admiral's ship as guide. On the other\nhand Chloe's goats and sheep were led by most ravishing music of the\npipe, which continued its notes, though the player was invisible: sheep\nand goats continued to graze and pace gently onward listening with\ndelight to the melody.\n\nIt was the time of evening-pasture, when Daphnis from the summit of a\nrock espied his Chloe and her flocks. \u039f Pan! \u039f ye Nymphs! he shouted\nin rapture, and hurrying down into the plain threw himself into\nChloe's arms, fainted, and fell to the ground. The kisses and soothing\nembraces of the maiden with some difficulty restored him to his\nsenses, after which he proceeded to their favourite beech-tree, under\nthe shade of which he sat down, and inquired how Chloe had escaped\nfrom so many enemies. She related everything which had happened--the\nappearance of the ivy around the goats' horns--the wolfish howling\nof the sheep--the pine garland encircling her own temples--the blaze\nof fire on the land--the unwonted noise at sea--the two discordant\nnotes of the pipe--that of war and that of peace--the terrors of the\nnight--and lastly, how the melody guided her hither, through fields\nand over plains to which she was a stranger. Upon hearing this, Daphnis\nrecognized the vision of the Nymphs, and the influence of Pan, and\nin his turn, he gave Chloe an account of all which he had seen and\nheard. He informed her how when ready to destroy himself, he had been\npreserved through the intervention of the Nymphs.\n\nHe then sent Chloe to summon Dryas and Lamon with their servants and to\ndesire them to bring every requisite for a sacrifice, while he in the\nmean time took the choicest of his she-goats, crowned it with ivy (just\nas it had appeared to the enemy on board of ship) poured milk between\nits horns, and sacrificed it to the Nymphs. Then he hung it up and\nflayed it, and suspended its skin as an offering to them.\n\nChloe now arrived with Lamon and the servants. A fire was immediately\nkindled, upon which part of the goat's flesh was boiled and part of\nit roasted. Daphnis offered the first portions to the Nymphs, and\npoured out to them a libation of new must; he then piled some leaves\ninto the form of couches, reclined at his ease upon one of them, and\ngave himself up to good cheer and mirth: but at the same time kept a\nwatchful eye on his sheep for fear a wolf should effect what the enemy\nhad been foiled in doing. After this the party sang the praises of the\nNymphs in songs, which had been indited by the shepherds of by-gone\ndays. They slept in the field that night, and in the morning remembered\nPan. The leader of the goats was selected from the herd; a chaplet of\npine-leaves was bound round his horns, and he was led to the statue,\nwhich stood beneath the pine; when after pouring over him a libation of\nwine,[12] carefully avoiding all ominous expressions, the victim was\nslain, suspended, and flayed. The flesh, part of which was roasted and\npart boiled, was spread out upon some dry leaves in the meadow. The\nskin with the horns was hung up on the tree hard by the statue of the\ngod--a pastoral offering to a pastoral deity. A first portion also of\nthe flesh was offered, and libations poured to him from the largest\ngoblet. Chloe sang; while Daphnis piped.\n\nHaving discharged their religious rites, they were reclining on the\ngrass and feasting, when Philetas the herdsman accidentally came\nby, bringing with him some garlands, and vine-branches, laden with\ntheir clusters, as offerings to Pan. Tityrus, his youngest son, a\ngolden-haired, blue-eyed, fair and sportive boy followed him. At the\nsight of Philetas, Daphnis and Chloe sprang from their grassy couch,\nassisted in crowning Pan, and in suspending the clusters to the\ntree, and then made Philetas seat himself by them, and join in their\ncarousal. Very soon, as old men do when their clay is moistened,[13]\nthey began to talk of their youthful adventures, of the flocks which\nthey had fed, of incursions of marauders, which they had escaped in the\ndays when they were young. One prided himself on having slain a wolf:\nanother boasted, that in piping he was second to Pan alone.--This was\nthe boast of Philetas.\n\nDaphnis and Chloe used urgent entreaties that he would teach them\nthe art, and that he would play on the pipe at the festival of that\ndeity, who delights in its melody. The old man complained that age had\nshortened his powers of breath, but complied with their request, and\ntook up the pipe of Daphnis. It was a pipe too small to do justice to\nso great an art; being suited only for a boy. Accordingly he despatched\nTityrus to bring his own pipe from the cottage, which was rather more\nthan a mile off. The boy threw aside his cloak,[14] and darted off like\na young fawn. Lamon, in the mean time, promised to amuse them with the\nlegend of the Syrinx,[15] (or pipe) which he had heard from a Sicilian\nshepherd, who received a he-goat and a pipe as the price of his song.\n\n\"This pipe was not formerly what it is now, an instrument of music:\nit was once a maiden of beautiful form, and melodious voice. She fed\nher flocks, she sported with the Nymphs, and the sound of her voice\nwas sweet as it is now. Pan beheld the maiden feeding her flocks,\ndisporting herself, and singing. He approached her, and endeavoured\nto win her to his will, promising her as an enticement that all her\nshe-goats should bear two kids at a birth. The maiden laughed at his\nsuit, and replied that she would never think of accepting as a lover,\none who was neither man nor goat, but a compound half of each.--Pan was\npreparing to offer violence: the maiden fled from him, and when weary\nwith running, hid herself among the reeds of a lake and disappeared.\nHer pursuer in a rage cut the reeds, but finding no damsel there,\nand perceiving what had taken place, he in memory of her formed this\ninstrument. Compacting with wax unequal reeds in order to shew how the\ncourse of their love had not run smooth.[16]--Thus she, who was once a\nbeauteous maiden, is now a musical pipe: the instrument inheriting her\nname.\"\n\nWhile Philetas was commending Lamon's legend, which, he said, was more\npleasing than any song, Tityrus appeared with his father's pipe, a\nlarge instrument formed of the largest reeds, and ornamented with brass\nover the junctures of the wax. A person might have imagined it to be\nthe very pipe whose reeds had been first united by Pan. Philetas rose\nup, placed himself upon a seat in an erect posture, and began to try\nwhether the reeds were in good order: he found the air pass through\nthem freely, and then with as much energy as if he had been in the\nprime of youth, he blew a note so vigorous and full, that it appeared\nlike a band of pipers playing in concert. By degrees he moderated the\nvehemence of his tones, and turned them into a softer strain. He ran\nthrough all the variations of pastoral melody; he played the tune,\nwhich the oxen obey, that which attracts the goats, that in which the\nsheep delight. The notes for the sheep were sweet, those for the oxen\ndeep, those for the goats were shrill. In short, his single pipe could\nexpress the tones of every pipe which is played upon.\n\nThose present lay listening in silent delight; when Dryas rose up, and\ndesired Philetas to strike up the Bacchanalian tune. Philetas obeyed,\nand Dryas began[17] the vintage-dance, in which he represented the\nplucking of the grapes, the carrying of the baskets,--the treading\nof the clusters, the filling of the casks, and the drinking of the\nnew-made wine. All this Dryas imitated so closely and admirably in\nhis pantomimic dance, that the spectator might fancy the wines, the\nwine-press, and the casks to be actually before him, and that Dryas was\ndrinking in reality.\n\nEach of the three old men had now severally distinguished himself.\nDryas, in his delight gave Daphnis and Chloe a kiss, who immediately\nsprang from their seats, and began to dance a ballet representative\nof Lamon's fable. Daphnis assumed the character of Pan, and Chloe\nthat of Syrinx. While he endeavoured to entice her to his embraces,\nshe smiled in scorn at his attempts. He pursued her, and ran upon his\ntiptoes in imitation of the cloven feet of the god: while she making a\nsemblance of exhaustion, at last hid herself in the wood, making it a\nsubstitute for reedy lake. Upon losing sight of her, Daphnis seizing\nthe large pipe of Philetas, breathed into it a mournful strain as of\none who loves; then a love-sick strain as of one who pleads; lastly and\nrecalling strain, as of one who seeks her whom he has lost.\n\nPhiletas himself was astonished, and ran and embraced the youth and\nkissed him: and with a prayer, that Daphnis might transmit the pipe\nto as worthy a successor, bestowed it on him as a gift. The youth\nsuspended his own pipe as an offering to Pan, kissed Chloe with as much\nardour as if she had really been lost and found again, and led his\nflocks home by the sound of his new instrument. Chloe also (as night\nwas coming on) conducted her sheep homeward to the music of her pipe.\nThe goats kept close by the sheep, as Daphnis kept close by Chloe.\nIn this manner did they enjoy each other's company, till night-fall,\nwhen they agreed to meet earlier at the pasture the next morning,\nan arrangement which they punctually fulfilled. As soon as the day\ndawned, they were in the fields. They paid their adorations to the\nNymphs first, and then to Pan, afterwards retiring from their devotions\nto their seat under the shade of the oak, where they played their\naccustomed melodies. They interchanged kisses and embraces, and lay\ndown side-by-side, but this was all; then rising, they bethought them\nof their meal, at which they partook of milk and wine.\n\nBecoming gradually warmed and emboldened by all this they began to\nenter into an amorous revelry, and to swear perpetual affection and\nfidelity. Daphnis advanced to the sacred pine, and called Pan to\nwitness, that he would never live apart from his Chloe--no--not for\nthe space of a single day. Chloe entered the Grotto, and swore by the\nNymphs, that she would live and die with Daphnis: and in the simplicity\nof her heart, upon coming out, she required that Daphnis should bind\nhimself by a second oath; \"for,\" (said the maiden) \"my dear Daphnis,\nPan himself, by whom you swore, is a lover, and yet unfaithful. He\nloved Pitys, he loved Syrinx, and yet he never ceases from pestering\nthe Dryads with his addresses, or from causing annoyance to the\nEpimelian Nymphs, the guardians of our herds. He who breaks his own\nvows will hardly punish you, even if you should attach yourself to more\ndamsels than there are reeds in this pipe. Come, dearest Daphnis, you\nmust swear by this herd and by the she-goat, which nursed you, that,\nwhile Chloe is faithful to you, you will never desert her; on the other\nhand if Chloe should ever do despite to you, and to the Nymphs--fly\nfrom her--detest her--kill her, as you would kill a wolf.\"\n\nDaphnis, delighted even at her mistrust, which shewed the warmth of\nher affection, placed himself in the midst of his herd, and taking\nhold of a she-goat with one hand, and a he-goat with the other, swore\nto be true to Chloe, while she was true to him; and that if she should\never prefer another before him, he would put an end not to her but to\nhimself.\n\nChloe was happy:--for she believed him with all the simplicity of a\ngirl, and of a shepherdess, and of one who thought that the sheep and\nthe goats were the fitting and peculiar deities of those who tended\nthem.\n\n\n[Footnote 1:\n\n    \"Hic innocentis pocula Lesbii\n    Duces sub umbr\u00e2; nec Semele\u00efus\n    Cum Marte confundet Thyoneus\n    Pr\u0153lia.\"--Hor. I. Od. xvii. 21.\n\n\"The Lesbian wine would seem to have possessed a delicious flavour; for\nit is said to have deserved the name of Ambrosia rather than of wine,\nand to have been like nectar when old. In Athen\u00e6us this wine is called\n\u03bf\u1f30\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, _vinulum_, 'the little wine,' to which Bacchus gave \u1f00\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd,\nan innocence and immunity from drunkenness. Horace terms the Lesbian\nan innocent or unintoxicating wine; but it was the prevailing opinion\namong the ancients, that all sweet wines were less injurious to the\nhead, and less apt to cause intoxication, than strong dry wines. By\nPliny, however, the growths of Chios and Thasos are placed before the\nLesbian, which he affirms had naturally a saltish taste.\"--Henderson's\nHist. of Ancient and Modern Wines, p. 77.]\n\n[Footnote 2: When the grapes were ripe, (\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae) the bunches were\ngathered, any which remained unripe (\u1f45\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03be) were carefully removed,\nand the rest carried from the vineyard in deep baskets (\u1f00\u03c1\u03c1\u03af\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9)\nto be poured into a vat (\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2) in which they were trodden by men,\nwho had the lower part of their bodies naked, except that they wore\ndrawers. When sufficiently trodden, the grapes were subjected to the\nmore powerful pressure of a thick and heavy beam (for which \u03bb\u03af\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2,\nin Longus, seems the substitute), for the purpose of obtaining all\nthe juice yet remaining in them. Vine branches were very frequently\nemployed as torches.--Vide Scholiast on Aristoph. Lys. 291.]\n\n[Footnote 3: Compare the description of the garden in Achilles Tatius,\n1. 15, and that of Virgil's \"senex Corycius.\" G. iv, 125-146.]\n\n[Footnote 4:\n\n    .... Love's heralds should be thoughts,\n    Which ten times faster glide than the sun-beams.\n                                  Romeo and Juliet.\n]\n\n[Footnote 5:\n\n    O\u1f36o\u03bd \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b2\u03c1\u03ad\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2.\n                                         Achilles Tatius.\n\n    \"At his sight the sun hath turned;\n    Neptune on the waters burned;\n    Hell hath felt a greater heat;\n    Jove himself forsook his seat;\n    From the centre to the sky\n    Are his trophies reared high.\"\n         Ben Jonson, Hue and Cry after Cupid.\n\nSee also the fine chorus in the Antigone, 781-790.]\n\n[Footnote 6: The power of love over the brute creation.--Virg. G. iii.\n211-257.]\n\n[Footnote 7: \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03bd\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1-\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u1fc6\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9.]\n\n[Footnote 8:\n\n    \u03a1\u03bf\u03af\u03b6\u1ff3--\"\u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1fc7 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1fe5\u03bf\u03b9\u03b6\u1ff3 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f44\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ad\u03c0\u03b5 \u03c0\u03af\u03bf\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u1fc6\u03bb\u03b1.\"\n                                    Odys. ix. 315.\n\n    \"Then hissing them along he drove his flocks.\"--Cowper.\n]\n\n[Footnote 9:\n\n    ....\"\u03c6\u03cc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bd\n    \u03b3\u03bd\u03ce\u03bc\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd.\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    \u03b5\u1f50\u03b8\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03ce\u03c0\u03b7\u03c2 \u1fe5\u03bf\u03b8\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03be\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03b2o\u03bb\u1fc7\n    \u1f14\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f04\u03bb\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u03cd\u03c7\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03ba \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.\"\n                        \u00c6sch. Pers\u00e6, 391.\n\nFor the good service done by Pan to the Athenians at Marathon, he was\nrewarded with a temple.--Herod. vi. 405.]\n\n[Footnote 10: \u1f10\u03c0 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03b7\u03c7\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, literally, in the admiral.]\n\n[Footnote 11: \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b2\u03ac\u03b8\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 12: \u03b5\u1f51\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2. Especial care was taken during a sacrifice,\nthat no inauspicious or frivolous words were uttered by any of the\nbystanders; hence the admonitions of the priest,--\u03b5\u1fe6\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b5, \u03b5\u1f50\u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03b1,\n\u03c3\u03b9\u03b3\u1fb6\u03c4\u03b5, \u03c3\u03b9\u03c9\u03c0\u1fb6\u03c4\u03b5, favete linguis, and others; for improper expressions\nwere thought not only to pollute the sacred act, but to be unlucky\nomens.\n\n           \"Male ominatis,\n    Parcite verbis.\"\n           Hor. iii. Od. xiv. 11.\n]\n\n[Footnote 13: \u03c5\u03c0o\u03b2\u03b5\u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bdo\u03b9.]\n\n[Footnote 14: \u1f10\u03b3\u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b2\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1.]\n\n[Footnote 15: See the legend in Ovid Met. i. 689.]\n\n[Footnote 16: \u03ac\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8' \u1f43\u03c4\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f41 \u1f14\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 17: \"La Pantomime est le premier langage de l'homme; elle est\nconnue de toutes les nations.\"--Bernardin de St. Pierre.\n\nOn the subject of the Pantomimic dance, common to Greece and Italy, see\nDict. of Greek and Rom. Antiq. p. 713.]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK III.\n\n\nWhen the inhabitants of Mitylene heard of the descent made by the ten\nvessels, and had been informed by some coming from the spot of the\nplunder which had been carried off, they were of opinion that such an\ninjury on the part of the Methymn\u00e6ans was insufferable, and immediately\nraised a force of three thousand infantry and five hundred cavalry,\nwhich they put under the command of Hippasus with orders, that he\nshould lead his men by land, and not embark them on board of ship, as a\nvoyage in the winter season would be dangerous.\n\nThe general began his march, but he did not lay waste the country of\nthe enemy, nor did he plunder the possessions of the husbandman, or of\nthe shepherd, thinking such petty warfare suitable to a captain of a\nbanditti, rather than to the leader of an army. He hastened his march\nin order to reach the gates of the city and attack the inhabitants\nwhile they were off their guard. When his troops approached within\neleven miles of the city, a herald came out to them with proposals for\na truce. The Methymn\u00e6ans had discovered from the prisoners, that the\ncitizens of Mitylene were ignorant of the beginning of the affray,[1]\nand that the insolence of their own young men had drawn upon them the\nvengeance inflicted by the herdsmen and shepherds. They repented,\naccordingly, of having acted precipitately rather than prudently\ntowards a neighbouring city, and were desirous to restore all their\nplunder, in order that friendly intercourse by sea and land might be\nrestored. Although Hippasus had full powers given him of acting as he\nthought proper, he ordered the herald to proceed to Mitylene, while he\npitched his camp about a mile from the enemy's city, and waited for the\nanswer of his fellow-citizens. In two days a messenger arrived with\norders for him to refrain from any act of hostility, to receive the\nrestored booty, and to return home; for since the declaration of peace\nor war rested on the decision of the people, they considered peace far\npreferable.\n\nThus did the war between Methymne and Mitylene begin and end in an\nequally unexpected manner.\n\nWinter, however, was more formidable to Daphnis and Chloe, than war\nhad been. On a sudden heavy falls of snow blocked up the roads, and\nshut up the cottagers within doors. Impetuous torrents rushed down from\nthe mountains, the ice thickened, the trees[2] seemed as though their\nbranches were broken down beneath the weight of snow, and the whole\nface of the earth had disappeared except about the brinks of fountains\nand the borders of rivers.\n\nNo one led his flocks to pasture, or even ventured to stir from home;\nbut lighting large fires, at cock-crowing, some employed themselves in\ntwisting ropes, some in weaving goats' hair, and some in making snares\nand nets to catch birds. At the same time they took care to supply the\noxen in their stalls with chaff, the goats and sheep in their cotes\nwith leaves, and the hogs in their styes with holm-berries and acorns.\n\nAs every one was of necessity confined within-doors,[3] most of the\nlabourers and shepherds were glad at having an interval of release\nfrom their wonted labours, and immediately after their morning-meal\nlay down, and enjoyed a lengthy sleep, winter appearing to them more\npleasant than the summer, the autumn, or even the spring. But Daphnis\nand Chloe cherished in their memory the pleasures, of which they were\nnow deprived,--their kisses, their embraces, and their happy meals\ntogether. They passed nights of sleeplessness and sorrow, and looked\nfor the return of spring as a restoration to life after an interval of\ndeath. It was painful to them, if chance threw in their way a scrip,\nfrom which they had eaten, or a vessel from which they had drunk, or\nif they happened to cast their eyes on a pipe, now thrown aside with\nneglect, which had once been bestowed and received as a token of love.\nFrequent were their prayers to the Nymphs, and to Pan, to deliver them\nfrom their troubles, and once more to let the sun shine upon them and\ntheir herds, and while thus engaged they also endeavoured to devise\nsome scheme, by which they might obtain a sight of one another. Chloe\nwas quite at a loss, and could not contrive any plan, successfully, for\nher reputed mother was always sitting near her, teaching her to card\nwool and to turn the spindle, and touching upon the subject of marriage.\n\nDaphnis, however, had greater quickness of invention, and more leisure\nthan the maiden, and hit upon the following scheme for getting a\nsight of Chloe. Two lofty myrtle trees and an ivy grew before Dryas's\ncottage, and indeed under the very cottage itself. The ivy grew between\nthe myrtle trees, throwing out on either side, its sprays like a vine,\nand forming an arbour by intermingling its leaves with theirs. The\nberries hung down in thick clusters, and were as large as grapes.\nNumbers of winter birds flocked thither from want of food elsewhere;\nsuch as blackbirds, thrushes, wood-pigeons, starlings, and a variety\nof others, which live on berries. Daphnis filled his scrip with some\nhoneyed cakes, and quitted his home under pretence of going to catch\nsome of these birds. To remove all suspicion of his real design he\ncarried with him plenty of birdlime and snares. The distance was little\nmore than a mile, but the frost and the snow, which had not yet melted,\nrendered the road very toilsome. To LOVE, however, all things are\npassable--fire, and water, and even Scythian snows. Having soon arrived\nat the cottage, he shook the snow from his legs and feet, set the\nsnares, spread the birdlime, and seated himself in the arbour watching\nthe birds, but thinking of Chloe. So many were very soon caught, that\nhe had abundance of occupation in collecting them together, killing\nand plucking them. In the mean time, not a man, not a maiden, not even\na domestic fowl came out of the cottage: the whole family were shut\nup and close around the fire. Daphnis was now utterly at a loss what\nto do, and thought that he had come at an unlucky time. He determined\nto knock at the door if he could find any pretext, and began to\nconsider what would appear most plausible. \"What, if I say that I\nwant a light to kindle our fire? they will reply 'you have neighbours\nwithin a stone's throw of your cottage.' What, if I request something\nto eat?--'your scrip is full of victuals.' What, if I ask for some\nwine?--'you have but lately got in the vintage.' What, if I exclaim\nthat a wolf has been pursuing me?--'where are the traces of his feet?'\nWhat, if I tell them I came to snare birds?--'why not go home again, if\nyou have had sport enough?' Shall I at once say that I have come to see\nChloe? Ah! who will venture to make such a bold avowal to the father\nand mother of the maiden? My pleas will be all exhausted and I shall\nbe reduced to silence. Since none of these excuses will pass free from\nsuspicion, it were better to hold my tongue. It seems decreed by the\nFates that I shall not see my Chloe during the winter; I must wait with\npatience until the spring.\"\n\nAfter indulging in some such thoughts as these, he took up his game,\nand was preparing to depart, when, as if Love took pity on him, the\nfollowing occurrence happened.\n\nThe family within had spread their table: the meat was portioned out;\na slice of bread was placed for each, and the goblet was ready mixed.\nOne of the sheep-dogs, who had watched his opportunity, when no person\nwas observing him, seized a piece of meat, and made his escape. Dryas\n(for the stolen meat happened to be his portion) snatched up a club,\nand pursued the thief, following him up like a second dog. Daphnis\nhad thrown the birds over his shoulder, and was just about hurrying\naway when Dryas espied him. At the sight of Daphnis he immediately\nforgot both meat and dog, called out after him, \"Good morrow, my son!\"\nran to him, embraced him, took him by the hand, and led him into the\nhouse. When the lovers saw each other, they were very near sinking\nto the ground; however, they continued to support themselves, while\nthey saluted and embraced: indeed their embrace acted as a stay, and\nprevented them from falling.\n\nHaving thus contrary to his expectation obtained an interview with his\nChloe and a kiss, Daphnis drew nearer to the fire, and sat down: then\ntaking the wood-pigeons and thrushes from his shoulder threw them upon\nthe table, while he related to the family the weariness which he felt\nfrom so long and tedious a confinement at home, the eagerness with\nwhich he set out in pursuit of some sport, and the manner in which he\ncaught the birds, some with a snare, some with birdlime, when they\ncame in search of the myrtle and ivy berries. The family praised his\nactivity, and compared him to \"Apollo the far-darting;\" and urged him\nto partake of what the dog had fortunately left; desiring Chloe in the\nmean time to pour him out wherewithal to drink. She cheerfully complied\nand handed the goblet to all the others first, last of all to Daphnis,\npretending to be affronted with him, for having come thither and\nintending to go away without asking to see her: nevertheless, before\nholding the beaker out to him, she sipped[4] a little from it, and then\npresented it; upon which he, although thirsty, drank as leisurely as\npossible, in order to prolong his pleasure, by protracting his draught.\n\nThe table was soon cleared of the fragments of bread and meat: after\nwhich, as they were sitting by the fire, they began to inquire after\nMyrtale and Lamon, who were pronounced fortunate in having such an\nexcellent provider for their old age. Daphnis was delighted at having\nthese commendations pronounced upon him in the hearing of Chloe, and\nwhen her parents proceeded to insist upon his remaining with them\ntill next day, when they intended to sacrifice to Bacchus, he was\nvery nearly adoring them in lieu of the god. He immediately produced\nhis store of honeyed cakes from his scrip, together with the birds,\nwhich he had caught, which they dressed for supper. A second goblet\nwas mixed; and a second fire was lighted. Night soon came on, when\nthey partook of a hearty meal; and at its conclusion, after telling\nstories, and singing songs, they retired to rest. Chloe slept with her\nmother, and Daphnis with Dryas. Chloe's only pleasure was the thought\nof seeing Daphnis the next morning; Daphnis enjoyed a kind of hollow\nsatisfaction, even from sleeping with Chloe's father, whom he hugged\nand kissed, dreaming all the while, that the embraces were being\nbestowed upon Chloe.\n\nWhen the day broke the cold was intense, and the sharp north wind was\nparching up every thing. Dryas and his family arose, sacrificed a ram\nof one year old to Bacchus, and lighted a large fire to boil the meat.\nNape made the bread, while Dryas attended to the meat, and, while\nthey were thus engaged, Daphnis and Chloe proceeded to the ivy-covered\narbour, where they set snares and spread birdlime, and again caught\nno small quantity of birds. Kisses and delightful converse were\ncontinuously interchanged between them.\n\n\"I came hither entirely on your account, Chloe.\"\n\n\"I know it, my dear Daphnis.\"\n\n\"On your account it is that these poor blackbirds now perish; what\nplace have I in your affections? Do think of me!\"\n\n\"I do think of you, my Daphnis, I swear it by the Nymphs whom I once\ninvoked in that Grotto, whither we will repair again so soon as the\nsnow shall have melted.\"\n\n\"The snow lies very thick; I fear that I shall melt away, before it\ndoes.\"\n\n\"Do not despair, Daphnis, the sun is very warm.\"\n\n\"Would that it were as warm as the fire which burns my heart!\"\n\n\"You are in jest: you are deceiving me, Daphnis.\"\n\n\"No! I am not; I swear it by the goats, whom at your bidding I invoked.\"\n\nChloe's reply was an echo to what Daphnis said. Nape now calling them,\nthey hurried into the house with a much larger supply of game than\nDaphnis had taken the day before. First pouring out a libation to\nBacchus, from the goblet, they sat down to their banquet with chaplets\nof ivy on their heads. When it was time to part, after loudly shouting\nin honour of the god, Daphnis took his leave, Dryas and his wife having\nfilled his bag with meat and bread, and insisting upon his carrying\nthe wood-pigeons and thrushes home to Lamon and Myrtale; for, as they\nsaid, they should be able to catch as many as they pleased so long as\nthe cold lasted and the ivy berries did not fail. At length Daphnis\nbade them farewell, and at his departure gave each of them a kiss,\nbut he saluted Chloe last of all, that her kiss might remain pure and\nunalloyed upon his lips.\n\nHe frequently found out pretences for paying them fresh visits; so that\nthe winter did not pass by altogether without an interchange of love.\n\nIn the opening of spring, when the snow was melted, the face of\nthe earth again uncovered and the grass beginning to grow,[5] the\nshepherds and herdsmen led forth their flocks to the pastures, but\nDaphnis and Chloe were earlier than the others, inasmuch as they were\nunder the guidance of a mightier shepherd (Love). The first place to\nwhich they hastened, was the grotto of the Nymphs; the next was the\npine-tree, where stood the statue of Pan; they then proceeded to the\noak, under which, sitting down, they watched their feeding flocks, and\nkissed and embraced each other. Wishing to crown the statues of the\ndeities, they sought for flowers: these were but just beginning to come\nout under the mild influence of the zephyr, and the genial warmth of\nthe sun; but they found the violet, the narcissus, and the pimpernel,\nand all the other firstlings of the year: with these they crowned the\nstatues, and then poured out libations of new milk drawn from the\newes and the she-goats. After this ceremony they began to tune their\npastoral pipes, as though challenging the nightingales to resume their\nsong: these answered softly from the thickets, and gradually became\nperfect in their plaintive strains, as if recalling them slowly after\nso long a silence.[6]\n\nThe sheep were heard bleating, while the lambs were seen to frisk\nabout, or stooping under their mothers drew the teat; the rams pursued\nand leaped upon those which had never lambed. The he-goats did the\nlike, contending for their mates, each making choice of his own, and\nguarding her from the approach of a rival.\n\nAll these objects might have kindled love even in hoary age; they who\nwere in the bloom of youth, full of vigour, and long since warmed by\ndesire, were inflamed by such sounds, melted at such sights, and\nlonged for something beyond a kiss and an embrace.\n\nEspecially was this the case with Daphnis. He had passed the whole\nwinter in the house, and in a state of inactivity, he therefore was\nmore impetuous than ever in his desire for kissing and embracing Chloe,\nand became bolder and more inquisitive in all love matters. He urged\nher to grant him all his wishes; and proposed that they should lie side\nby side, naked, since of the precepts given by Philetas for curing\nlove, this remained untried. She inquired what there possibly could be\nbesides kisses, embraces, and reclining side by side; why did he wish\nthat they should recline together naked?\n\n\"I wish,\" said he \"to follow the example of the rams and ewes; of\nthe male goats and their females.--After their amorous sport, the\nfemales no longer flee, and the males no longer pursue; but both feed\nquietly together, as if they felt a mutual pleasure. There must be\nsome gratification in what they do; something which cures the sting of\nlove.\"[7] \"But,\" returned Chloe, \"the postures of the sheep and goats\nare very different from ours; the males leap upon the females from\nbehind; this is out of the question with us; besides, you wish me to\nlie beside you naked, whereas they have a thick covering given them by\nnature.\"\n\nDaphnis admitted the reasonableness of this; so after lying by her\nside, as usual, for a considerable time, ignorant how to gratify his\npassions, he got up and actually shed tears, at being less expert in\nlove than a silly sheep.\n\nThey had a neighbour named Chromis, who farmed some land of his own. He\nwas growing old, but his wife, who came from the city, was young, good\nlooking, and superior in manners to the common rustics; her name was\nLyc\u00e6nium. Seeing Daphnis driving his goats past her house, conducting\nthem to pasture in the morning, and home again in the evening, she was\nvery desirous of enticing him into love by means of presents.\n\nUpon one occasion, watching until he was alone, she gave him a pipe,\na honeycomb, and a scrip of deer-skin. She did not say anything at\nthe time, suspecting his affection for Chloe, by seeing him always in\nher company. Hitherto, however, her knowledge of the fact was founded\nonly upon having seen nods and laughter exchanged between them. Not\nlong after, pretending to Chromis in the morning that she was going to\nvisit a neighbour in the pains of childbirth, she followed the lovers,\nand concealed herself in a thicket, in order to avoid discovery; from\nthence she saw and heard everything which passed between them, and\nwas a witness of the tears shed by Daphnis under his disappointment.\nCommiserating their trouble, and conceiving the present a good\nopportunity to promote their wishes, and to gratify her own desires,\nshe had recourse to the following expedient.\n\nThe next morning, under cover of the same excuse as on the previous\nday, she went straight to the oak where Daphnis and Chloe were sitting\ntogether; then admirably counterfeiting a state of great alarm, she\nexclaimed, \"Come to my aid, I entreat you, Daphnis, an eagle has\ncarried off the finest among my twenty geese; and unable to bear it to\nyonder high rock, has fallen with it in the neighbouring low wood. In\nthe name of Pan and the Nymphs come into the wood and rescue my goose,\nI am afraid to enter it by myself. Do not let me have my number made\nimperfect; besides you may perhaps kill the eagle, and will then no\nlonger be in dread of having your lambs carried away.--Chloe will, in\nthe meantime, mind your flocks, the goats know her as well as they do\nyou, from your being always in company.\"\n\nDaphnis, having no suspicions of her motives, got up and followed\nLyc\u00e6nium, who led him as far as possible from Chloe; upon arriving in\nthe thickest of the wood, near a fountain, she bid him sit down beside\nher.--\"You are in love, Daphnis,\" she said; \"the Nymphs informed me of\nthis, last night; they told me of the tears which you shed yesterday,\nand have commanded me, for the sake of your relief, to teach you love's\nmysteries. These are not limited to kisses and embraces, and the doing\nwhat is done by the rams and goats;[8] they result in much greater\npleasure, and are longer in duration. If, therefore, you wish to be\nfreed from your pains, and to make trial of the sweets which you so\nlong for, you must become my willing pupil, and out of regard to the\nNymphs I will be your instructress.\" Daphnis could scarcely contain\nhimself for joy, but rustic as he was, a goatherd, young and in love,\nhe threw himself at Lyc\u00e6nium's feet, entreating her to teach him with\nall speed the art of gratifying his passion for Chloe.--Moreover, as if\nabout to learn something very mysterious and wonderful, he promised to\nreward her pains with a kid, some cheeses made of the first new milk,\nand the she-goat herself. Finding the young shepherd so liberal in his\noffers, she began to tutor him. She made him sit close to her, bidding\nhim kiss and embrace her, and lastly lie down beside her, as was his\nwont with Chloe. After this, seeing his amorous ardour, she received\nhim into her arms, and, aided by nature, led him to the wished-for\nconsummation.[9]\n\nWhen this amorous lesson was concluded, Daphnis, in his simplicity, was\nupon the point of hurrying back to Chloe, to put in practice what he\nhad learnt, for fear lest through delaying he might forget it. Lyc\u00e6nium\nhowever stopped him, saying,--\"You have something more yet to learn,\nDaphnis,--I am a full grown woman, and have felt no inconvenience\nfrom what has taken place; I was instructed in this art by another\nman, who received my maidenhead as his reward;--but Chloe, when she\nengages in this amorous contest, will cry out, and shed tears, and\nsuffer inconvenience; however, you must not mind all this; so when\nyou find her in a compliant humour, bring her to this wood, where you\nwill be free from all intrusion,--and remember, that you have had me\nfor your instructress previous to Chloe.\"[10] Lyc\u00e6nium, after giving\nhim this advice, retired to another part of the wood as if still in\nsearch of the lost goose. Daphnis, reflecting upon what she had said,\nrestrained his former impetuosity,[11] fearing to be the cause of any\npain and inconvenience to Chloe; and determining to solace himself with\nher only in the accustomed manner, he issued from the wood. Upon his\nreturn he found her weaving a chaplet of violets; so, pretending that\nhe had delivered the goose from the talons of the eagle, he threw his\narms around her and embraced her, since in this at least there could\nbe no danger. She placed the chaplet upon his head, and kissed his\nhair, which, in her estimation was far preferable to the violets. Then\nproducing from her scrip a cake of figs and bread, she gave him some,\nthen snatching the morsels from his mouth, eat them herself, like the\nyoungling of a bird.\n\nWhile they were at their meal, which, however, consisted more of kisses\nthan of food, a fishing boat was seen proceeding along the coast.\nThere was no wind stirring; a perfect calm prevailed: so having taken\nto their oars, the crew were rowing vigorously, their object being to\ncarry some newly caught fish to a rich man in the city. They dipped\ntheir oars, doing what sailors usually do to beguile their toil. The\nboatswain[12] sung a sea-song, and the rest joined in chorus at\nstated intervals. When they were in the open sea, the sound was lost,\ntheir voices being dispersed into the air, but when running under a\nheadland they came into any hollow and crescent-shaped bay, the sound\nbecame much louder, and the song of the boatswain was distinctly\nheard on shore. A deep valley here sloped down from the plain above,\nwhich received into it the sound, as into an instrument of music, and\nrepeated with the most perfect imitation every note which was uttered.\nThere could be heard the distinction between the dash of the oars, and\nthe voices of the sailors; and a very pleasing sound it was; beginning\non the sea, the duration of its echo upon shore was proportioned to its\ngreater lateness in commencing.\n\nDaphnis, understanding the nature of the echo, turned his attention\nsolely to the sea, and was delighted with viewing the boat as it\nglided by the shore quicker than a bird could fly. At the same time\nhe endeavoured to store up some of these strains in his memory, that\nhe might play them on his pipe. Chloe, who had never, till now, heard\nwhat is called an echo, turned first to the sea, and listened to\nthe boatmen, as they sang, and then looked round to the woods, in\nexpectation of seeing those, who (as she thought) were singing in\nresponsive chorus.\n\nAt length the rowers were out of sight, and all was silent, even in\nthe valley; when Chloe inquired of Daphnis whether there was another\nsea behind the hill, and another boat, and other sailors, who all sang\nthe same strain, and who all left off together. Daphnis sweetly smiled\nupon her, and gave her a still sweeter kiss, and putting the chaplet of\nviolets on her head, proceeded to relate to her the legendary tale of\nEcho, upon condition of receiving ten kisses for his pains.\n\n\"There are various classes of the Nymphs, my love;--the Melians, who\ndwell among the ash-groves, the Dryads, who preside over the oaks, and\nthe El\u00e6an, who are guardians of the lakes. Echo[13] was the daughter\nof one of these Nymphs: as her mother was beautiful, so was she, but\nas her father was a mortal, she also was the same. She was brought up\nby the Nymphs, and was taught by the Muses to play upon the pipe, the\nflute, the lyre, and the harp, in short she was instructed in every\nspecies of music; so that when the maiden arrived at the flower of her\nyouth, she danced with the Nymphs, and sang with the Muses. Attached to\nthe state of maidenhood, she shunned the sight of all males, whether\nmen or gods. This roused the indignation of Pan; jealous of her skill\nin music, and irritated by her refusal of his advances, the god\ninspired the shepherds and herdsmen with such frenzy, that they rushed\nupon her like so many hounds or wolves, tore her in pieces, and threw\nin every direction, her limbs, yet sending forth melodious sounds.\nEarth, in order to gratify the Nymphs, covered the maiden's limbs, but\npreserved to her the gift of song; and, by the will of the Muses, she\nstill has the power of utterance, and, as when alive, still imitates\nall sounds; the voices of the gods--of men--of instruments--of animals,\neven of Pan himself when playing on his pipe. He, when he hears the\nsound, springs up, and rushes in pursuit over the mountains, not in\norder to bend her to his wishes, but to find out who can be this his\nhidden pupil.\"\n\nWhen Daphnis had finished his tale, Chloe, instead of giving him ten\nkisses only,[14] bestowed upon him a thousand; and Echo repeated every\nkiss, as if in testimony that Daphnis had not added anything to her\nhistory, which was not true.\n\nThe heat of the weather daily increased, since spring was departing,\nand summer was approaching. The new delights, which this season brings,\nagain returned to them. Daphnis swam in the rivers, and Chloe bathed\nin the fountains; he played upon the pipe, vying with the murmuring\npine-trees; she sang, and emulated the nightingales with her melody:\nthey chased the noisy locusts, they caught the chirping grasshoppers,\nthey gathered posies, or shook down the fruit from the trees, and ate\nit. Sometimes, also, they lay side by side, covered with a goat-skin;\nbut fearing lest passion might carry him away, Daphnis would not often\npermit her to display all her beauties; at which she in her innocence\nwas astonished, but said nothing.\n\nDuring the summer, Chloe had many suitors, who came to Dryas, and\nentreated him to bestow his daughter in marriage. Some brought with\nthem a gift, and some made great promises. Nape, elated with hope,\nadvised her husband to marry Chloe forthwith, and not to keep a maiden\nof her age any longer at home, lest, while pasturing her flocks, she\nshould some day lose her virtue, and take to herself a partner upon\nthe strength of a present of fruit or flowers;[15] the best course was\nto secure for her a good match, and to keep all the presents of her\nsuitors for the infant son who had been lately born to them.\n\nDryas was sometimes almost persuaded by her arguments, for the gifts\npromised by each wooer, were far beyond what a mere shepherdess had\nreason to expect; but, on the other hand, he reflected[16] that the\nmaiden was far too good for common lovers, and that, if ever her real\nparents should be discovered, she would be the means of making them\nrich for life.\n\nFor these reasons he declined giving a decided answer, and postponed\nfrom time to time, meanwhile, receiving presents of no small value.\nChloe, as soon as she knew of this, was overwhelmed with grief;\nbut for a considerable time concealed its cause from Daphnis, for\nfear of giving him pain. He, however, was earnest and persevering\nin his inquiries as to the subject of her sorrow, and evidently\nfelt more miserable at having the truth concealed from him, than he\nwould do if he knew it; accordingly she acquainted him with every\ncircumstance--with the fact of the suitors being numerous and wealthy,\nwith Nape's arguments for immediate marriage, with the hesitation of\nDryas in refusing, and his resolution to postpone matters until the\nnext vintage-season should begin.\n\nDaphnis, almost beside himself at hearing her relation, sat down\nand wept bitterly, exclaiming, that, were he deprived of Chloe as a\ncompanion in the pastures, it would prove his death, and not his death\nonly, for that his sheep would die upon losing such a master. After\nthis burst of sorrow, recovering himself, he resolved to take courage,\nbethought him of endeavouring to persuade Chloe's father to receive him\nas her suitor, flattering himself that he should be far superior to the\nothers, and would be preferred before them. There was one obstacle,\nwhich gave him uneasiness--Lamon was not rich: this reflection alone\nrendered his hopes of success slender. Nevertheless he determined to\ndeclare himself a suitor, and Chloe approved of his design.\n\nHe did not venture to declare his intention to Lamon, but taking\ncourage, communicated his love to Myrtale, and spoke also of the\nmarriage; she imparted everything to her husband at night. Lamon\ntreated her intercession for Daphnis very harshly, and rebuked his wife\nfor thinking of marrying to a mere shepherd's daughter, a youth who\nby the tokens found upon him, seemed to give promise of a much higher\nfortune, and who, should he ever find his relatives, would not only\nprocure the freedom of his foster-father and mother, but also make them\nmaster and mistress of a much larger estate.\n\nMyrtale, fearing lest the youth, blighted in his hopes of marrying\nChloe, should make an attempt upon his own life, gave him a different\nreason for the opposition on her husband's part. \"We are poor, my son,\nand we require a girl who will bring a portion with her; they, on the\nother hand, are rich, and expect rich suitors. However, go and persuade\nChloe, and get her to prevail upon her father, not to look for too\ngreat a match, but to let you take her for a wife. The girl herself, I\nam sure, dearly loves you, and would certainly prefer sharing her bed\nwith a handsome youth, however poor, than with an ugly ape, however\nrich.\"\n\nMyrtale had no expectation that Dryas, who had so many richer suitors\napplying to him, would ever agree to the wishes of Daphnis, and\nconsidered herself to have offered very plausible arguments for\ndisposing of the subject of the marriage.\n\nDaphnis could not in justice find fault with what she said; but, as\nneedy lovers generally do, he burst into tears; and again invoked the\nassistance of the Nymphs.\n\nAs he slept at night, they again appeared to him in the same dress and\nform, as they had done before, and the eldest of them thus addressed\nhim.\n\n\"Chloe's marriage is under the superintendence of another deity: as\nfor yourself we will furnish you with gifts which shall soften Dryas,\nand win his consent. The boat belonging to the young men of Methymna,\nwhose vine-branch cable your goats devoured, was that same day carried\nfar out to sea by the violence of the wind: at night the gale blowing\nfrom the sea, it was driven towards the land and dashed upon some\nrocks, there it was wrecked and everything in it lost. A purse of three\nthousand drachmas[17] was thrown ashore, and lies covered with seaweed\nnear a dead dolphin, the putrid stench of which is so offensive that\nno one will approach it but hastens by as fast as he can. Go, take\nthis money, and offer it to Dryas. It is enough at present to make you\nappear not absolutely poor; the time will come, when you will be very\nrich.\"\n\nAfter speaking to this effect, they disappeared, and with them the\ndarkness of the night; day dawned, and Daphnis leaping from his bed\nwith joy, drove his goats to pasture with boisterous eagerness. After\nkissing Chloe, and paying his adorations in the grotto, he went down\nto the sea, pretending that it was his intention to bathe, and then\nwalked along the sands close to the beach, seeking the three thousand\ndrachmas. The search required little labour: the dolphin lay rotting\nin his path, and yielding a \"most ancient and fish-like smell,\" which\nserved to guide him on his way. He immediately approached it, and upon\nremoving the weeds found the purse full of silver, which he put into\nhis scrip; but before quitting the spot he uttered blessings upon the\nNymphs and upon the ocean likewise; for although a shepherd he now\nthought the sea more delightful than the land, since it contributed to\npromote his marriage with Chloe.\n\nHaving got possession of this sum, he thought himself not merely\nricher than his neighbours, but the richest man upon the earth, and\nimmediately hastened to Chloe, related his dream to her, shewed her\nthe purse, and desired her to tend the herds till he came back: then,\nhurrying with all speed to Dryas, whom he found with Nape busied in\nbeating out corn upon the threshing floor, he boldly entered upon the\nsubject of the marriage.\n\n\"Give me Chloe for a wife. I can play well on the pipe; I can prune\nvines; I can plant; I can plough; and I can winnow. To my skill as\na herdsman Chloe can bear witness: fifty she-goats were given to my\ncharge, and their number is now doubled. Formerly we used to send\nour females to a neighbour's males; but now I have reared large and\nhandsome he-goats of our own. I am young; and, as I have been your\nneighbour, you know me to have a blameless character. A goat, moreover,\nnursed me, as a ewe did Chloe. Being on so many points superior to\nother suitors, you will not find me their inferior in my gifts. They\nwill offer their goats and their sheep, or a yoke of mangy oxen,\nor corn not fit to feed even dunghill fowls! I will give you three\nthousand drachmas!--only let no one know what I have offered--not even\nLamon, my father!\" So saying, he presented the money and threw his arms\nround the neck of Dryas.\n\nDryas and Nape were surprised at the sight of so much money, and not\nonly promised to give Chloe in marriage, but also undertook to procure\nLamon's consent to the match. Nape remained with Daphnis, and drove\nthe oxen round the floor, while by means of the threshing-machine,[18]\nshe separated the grains. Dryas, in the meantime, laid by the money\ncarefully, in the place where the tokens were stored up, and hastened\nto Lamon's house upon the novel errand of asking[19] a husband for his\ndaughter. He found Lamon and Myrtale measuring some barley, which had\nbeen just winnowed, and in very bad spirits at finding it yield little\nmore than the seed which had been put into the ground, and endeavoured\nto console them by saying, that this season the complaint was general.\nHe then asked Daphnis in marriage for Chloe. \"Others,\" said he, \"would\nwillingly make me handsome presents, I however will accept nothing\nfrom you, but, on the contrary, will give you of my own substance. The\ntwo young people have been brought up together, and from feeding their\nflocks in company they have contracted a mutual fondness which cannot\neasily be dissolved, and they are now of sufficient age to consummate a\nmarriage.\"\n\nThese and many more arguments he urged with all the eloquence of one\nwho had received three thousand drachmas for his guerdon. Lamon was no\nlonger able to plead his poverty, since Dryas entertained no objections\nupon that head; nor could he object to the age of Daphnis, for he was\nby this time a young man; but even now he did not explain the real\ncause of his unwillingness, which was, that Daphnis was of too good\nbirth for such a match.\n\nAfter remaining sometime silent he replied as follows. \"You act justly,\nDryas, in preferring your neighbours before strangers, and in not\nthinking wealth superior to honest poverty. May Pan and the Nymphs\nreward you with their friendship for this! I myself am eager for the\nmarriage: I who am halfway on the road to old age, and begin to feel\nthe want of assistance on my farm, should indeed be crazy, were I to\nrefuse a connection with your family; this in itself would be a great\nadvantage, and Chloe, too, is most desirable on account of her beauty,\nyouth, and goodness. At the same time you must consider that I am only\na serf on this estate:[20] I am owner of nothing here: it is necessary\nthat my master should be acquainted with the business, and that we\nshould have his consent. Suppose, then, that we defer the marriage till\nthe autumn: persons from the city have informed me, that he intends\ncoming hither at that time. They shall then be man and wife; for the\npresent let them love each other like brother and sister. I will only\nfarther say, friend Dryas, that you are seeking as son-in-law one who\nis superior to us all.\" He added no more, but embraced Dryas, and\nhanded him some drink, it being mid-day and very hot, and wishing to\nshew him every mark of kindness, accompanied him part of his way home.\n\nThe last expression of Lamon was not lost upon Dryas, but as he went\nalong he thought within himself,--\"Who can Daphnis be? He was suckled\nby a she-goat, as if under the providential care of the deities\nthemselves; he is very handsome, and bears no resemblance to the\nflat-nosed Lamon, or the bald-headed Myrtale; he is master, also, of\nthree thousand drachmas,--few goatherds can call so many pears their\nown! Was he exposed by the same person who exposed Chloe? Did Lamon\nfind him, as I found her? were tokens left with him like those which I\nfound? If, \u039f Pan, and ye Nymphs, it be so, whensoever he finds his own\nrelatives, he may throw some light upon the secret history of Chloe\nalso!\"\n\nThus he proceeded, thinking and dreaming, until he reached the\nthreshing-floor. There he found Daphnis on the tiptoe of expectation\nto learn his tidings. Dryas relieved his mind by addressing him as\nson-in-law; he promised him that the nuptials should take place in the\nautumn, and gave him his right hand in confirmation that Chloe should\nbe the wife of no other.\n\nSwifter than thought, without stopping to eat or drink, away ran\nDaphnis to Chloe. He found her engaged in milking and making cheese,\ntold her the good news of their approaching wedding, kissed her\nopenly, as though she were already his wife, and not by stealth as he\nused to do, and began to assist her in her work, by milking the goats\nand ewes into the pails, setting the cheeses upon the racks,[21] and\nplacing the lambs and kids under their dams. When their labours were\nconcluded, they washed themselves, ate and drank, and then went out\nin search of some ripe fruit. Of this there was abundance, it being\nthe most fruitful season of the year. There were pears, both wild\nand cultivated, and all sorts of apples, some of which were lying on\nthe ground, and some still hanging upon the branches. Those upon the\nground smelt sweeter; those upon the boughs were brighter in colour;\nthe former were as fragrant as new wine, the latter shone like gold.\nOne tree had been entirely stripped; its branches were bare; it had\nneither leaves nor fruit, except a single apple, which grew upon the\ntop of the highest branch. This apple was very large and beautiful, and\nits solitary perfume surpassed the united fragrance of many others. The\ngatherer had either been afraid of climbing to the summit of the tree,\nor he had preserved this beautiful fruit for some love-sick shepherd.\nDaphnis, as soon as he espied it, began to climb the tree, giving no\nheed to Chloe, who endeavoured to prevent him, and who finding herself\ndisregarded hurried away pettishly after her herds. Daphnis climbed\nthe tree, succeeded in seizing the apple, carried it as a present to\nChloe, and presented it to her, with these words:--\"Maiden, this fruit\nwas produced and cherished by the beauteous hours; the sun matured it\nwith his beams, and fortune has preserved it; unless blind, I could\nnot leave it either to fall on the ground, where cattle, as they\ngrazed, might tread on it, or where the snake might crawl over it, and\ndefile it with his slime; or where time might rot it as it lay; still\nless could I do this when it had been seen and praised by you. Venus\nreceived an apple as the prize of beauty; the same prize I adjudge to\nyou. Paris and I are equally fitted to be umpires: he was a shepherd, I\nam a goatherd.\"\n\nWith these words he placed the apple in her bosom, and she, upon his\ndrawing near, bestowed on him a kiss; so that Daphnis did not repent of\nhaving ventured to climb[22] to such a height; for the kiss which he\nreceived was more precious to him than a golden apple.\n\n\n\n[Footnote 1: The reading here followed is that of\nVilloisin.--\u1f51\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4o\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 2:\n\n        \"nec jam susteneant onus\n    Silv\u00e6 laborantes, geluque\n    Flumina constiterint acuto.\"--Hor. i. Od. ix. 2.\n]\n\n[Footnote 3: Compare Virgil's description of the way of passing a\nnorthern Winter.\n\n    \"Ipsi in defossis specubus secura sub alt\u00e2\n    Otia agunt terr\u00e2, congestaque robora totasque\n    Advolvere focis ulmos, ignique dedere.\n    Hie noctem ludo ducunt, et pocula l\u00e6ti\n    Fermento atque acidis imitantur vitea sorbis.\"\n                                   G. iii. 376.\n]\n\n[Footnote 4:\n\n    \"Fac primus rapias illius tacta labellis\n    Pocula: quaque bibit parte puella, bibe.\"\n                       Ovid de Art. Am. i. 575.\n]\n\n[Footnote 5:\n\n    \"Diffugere nives, redeunt jam gramina campis\n    Arboribusque com\u00e6....\n    Mutat terra vices.\"--Hor. iv. Od. vii. 1.\n]\n\n[Footnote 6:\n\n    \"----The gay troops begin,\n    In gallant thought to plume the painted wing\n    And try again the long forgotten strain,\n    At first faint warbled--\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    Then, all at once alive, then joy o'erflows\n    In music unconfined.\"--Thomson.\n\nShould the reader wish to see the song of the Nightingale represented\nby a series of words, he is referred to p. 108 of Paget's Warden of\nBerkingholt, where he will find the imitation by the learned Doctor\nBechstein, of Walterhausen.]\n\n[Footnote 7: \"Recti illi faciunt, rect\u00e6 contra ist\u00e6 patiuntur alteri,\nnempe insilientes, alter\u00e6 vero dorso impositos admittentes. Tu a me\npetis, ut un\u00e0 recumbam, idque nuda? Atqui illas me, licet vestibus\namicta, quanto aunt hirsutiores? Paret Daphnis, et concumbens cum eadem\njacuit; nesciusque quidquam eorum agere, quorum grati\u00e2 tanta libidinis\nimpetu concitabatur, illam erigit, et a tergo hircos imitande illi\nadh\u00e6sit.\"]\n\n[Footnote 8: Saltus hi longe illis dulciorea; habent enim longieris\ntemporis voluptatem.]\n\n[Footnote 9: \"Edocta eum ad patrandum non solum fortem esse, verum\netiam libidine turgere, ab reclinatione in latus fact\u00e2, ipsum erexit,\nseque tum perite substernens, ilium ad viam duci qu\u00e6sitam direxit;\ndeinde non ultra peregrinum ipsum circumduxit, ipsa natura, quod porro\nagendum restabat, docente.\"]\n\n[Footnote 10: \"Jacebit haud secus ac vulnerata, multo manens\nsanguine.--Verum non est quod cruorem timeas; sed quando illam\npersuaseris, ut tibi morem gerat, tunc tu illam in hunc adducit locum,\nubi, si fort\u00e9 clamaverit, nemo audiat, si lacrimata fuerit, nemo\nvideat, si cruore f\u0153data fuerit, fonte se abluat.\"]\n\n[Footnote 11: \"cavens, ne vel illa veluti hoste conspecto clamaret,\nvel tanquam dolore affecta fleret, vel sanguine f\u0153daretur tanquam\ncontrucidata. Non it\u00e0 dudum namque periculum fecerat ipse, \u00e0 Methymn\u00e6is\nplagis affectus: ideoque \u00e0 sanguine abhorrebat, sanguinemque de solo\nvulnere sequi opinabatur.\"]\n\n[Footnote 12: \u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2,(in Latin, Hortator or Portusculus) an officer\nin a ship who gave the signal to the rowers, that they might keep time\nin rowing. The same name was also given to the pole or hammer, by the\nstriking of which he regulated the motion of the oars.\n\n    \"medi\u00e6 stat margine puppis,\n    Qui voce alternos nautarum temperet ictus,\n    Et remis dictat sonitum, pariterque relatis\n    Ad sonitum plaudat resonantia c\u0153rula tonsis.\"\n                        Silius Italicus, VI. 360.\n\nSee \u00c6sch Pers\u00e6. 388.]\n\n[Footnote 13: See Ovid, Met. iii. 356, for the legend of Echo and\nNarcissus.]\n\n[Footnote 14: There is a painting, by Sir Joshua Reynolds, which\nrepresents Venus as chiding Cupid for learning arithmetic.]\n\n[Footnote 15: See Theocritus. Idyll xxvii.]\n\n[Footnote 16:\n\n    \"This is the prettiest low-born lass, that ever\n    Ran on the green-sord; nothing she does or seems\n    But smacks of something greater than herself,\n    Too noble for this place.\"--Winter's Tale.\n]\n\n[Footnote 17: \u00a3122 18s. 4d.]\n\n[Footnote 18: T\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2--a corn-drag, consisting of a thick and\nponderous wooden board, armed underneath with pieces of iron, or sharp\nflints, and drawn over the corn by a yoke of oxen, either the driver or\na heavy weight being placed upon it, for the purpose of separating the\ngrain and cutting the straw.--Dict. of Greek and Rom. Antiq. See Virg.\nGeorg. i. 164.]\n\n[Footnote 19: \u03bc\u03bd\u1fb6\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03cc\u03bd--the verb \u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 is properly employed\nonly with reference to the woman, signifying to woo to wife.]\n\n[Footnote 20: Lamon appears to have been the \u1f10\u03c0\u03af\u03c1o\u03c0os, or bailiff upon\nhis master's estate.]\n\n[Footnote 21: \u03a4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03bf\u1f76--flat wicker baskets for making and stowing away\ncheeses.\n\n    \"\u03a4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03bf\u1f76 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u03c5\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b2\u03c1\u1fd6\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd.\"--Odyss. ix. 219.\n\n    .... \"His strainers hung with cheese\n    Distended.\"...--Cowper.\n\n    \"\u03a4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c3\u03bf\u1f76 \u03b4' \u1f51\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c3\u03c7\u03b8\u1f10\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f30\u03b5\u1f76.\"--Theoc. Idyll. 37.\n\n    \"My cheeses fail not in their hurdled row.\"--Chapman.\n\n\u039b passage in Ovid illustrates the process of cheese-making:--\n\n    .... \"Veluti concretum vimine querno\n    Lac solet; utve liquor rari sub pondere cribri\n    Manat, et exprimitur per densa foramina spissus.\"\n                                    Met. xii. 434\n]\n\n[Footnote 22:\n\n    .... \"Is not love a Hercules,\n    Still climbing trees in the Hesperides?\"--Shakspeare.\n]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK IV.\n\n\nOne of Lamon's neighbours, who was a fellow serf under the same lord,\ncalled in his way from Mitylene, and informed him that their master\nintended coming just before the vintage, to see whether the incursion\nof the Methymn\u00e6ans had done any damage to his lands. The summer was\nnow closing, and autumn approaching very fast; Lamon, therefore,\nimmediately began to put the house in such order as might, in every\nrespect, please his master's eyes. He cleansed the fountains, that the\nwater might be pure; carried the manure out of the yard, that the smell\nmight not be offensive; and trimmed his garden, that all its beauty\nmight be seen.\n\nHis garden was indeed a beautiful one, and laid out in a princely\nstyle. It was situated on high ground, and was five hundred feet\nin length, while in breadth it contained four acres, so that one\nmight have supposed it an extensive plain. In it were all kinds of\ntrees,--the apple, the myrtle, the pear, the pomegranate, the fig,\nthe olive, which grew here in perfection. On one side of this garden\nwas a lofty vine, whose branches, laden with blackening grapes, were\nsuspended above the apple and pear trees, as if vying with them in\nthe show of fruit. Such were the cultivated trees. There were also\ncypresses, laurels, planes, and pines, over which an ivy instead of\na vine stretched out her branches, with berries in size and colour\nresembling grapes.\n\nThe fruit-trees occupied the interior space. Those which did not bear\nfruit were ranged on the outside, serving the purpose of an artificial\nfence; and the whole was inclosed by a slight hedge. All were placed\nin a strict and regular order,[1] so that their trunks were perfectly\ndistinct one from the other, but at a certain height their branches\nmet, and intermingled their leaves with a regularity which, though the\nwork of nature, appeared to be the effect of art. Here were also beds\nof various flowers, some of which were cultivated plants, and some the\nspontaneous production of the soil. The rose bushes,[2] hyacinths, and\nlilies had been planted by the hand of man, the violets, the narcissus,\nand the pimpernel sprang naturally from the ground. There was shade for\nsummer, flowers for spring, fruits for autumn, and for all seasons of\nthe year enjoyment.\n\nFrom this garden was to be had a fine view of the plains with the herds\nand flocks which grazed upon them; as well as of the sea, and of the\nships, as they were sailing along, so that the prospect was no small\nportion of the beauty of the place. Exactly in the middle there was a\ntemple and an altar, dedicated to Bacchus. An ivy encircled the altar,\nand a vine extended its branches round the temple; on the interior\nthe events in the history of the god were represented. The delivery\nof Semele, Ariadne sleeping, Lycurgus fettered, Pentheus torn in\npieces,[3] the victories over the Indians, and the metamorphosis of the\nTyrrhenian sailors. On all sides were Satyrs and Bacchantes dancing.\nNor was Pan omitted; he was represented sitting upon a rock, and\nplaying upon his pipe an air intended equally to regulate the motions\nof the men as they trod the grapes, and of the women as they danced.\n\nSuch was the garden, which Lamon was busy in getting into order,\ncutting away dead wood, and raising the branches of the vines. He\ncrowned the statue of Bacchus with flowers, he conducted water from\nthe fountain discovered by Daphnis, for the flowers, which was used\nexclusively for them, and was called Daphnis's Fountain. Lamon also\ncharged the youth to get his goats into as good condition as possible,\nsince their master would certainly visit and examine them after his\nlong absence from the farm. Upon this head Daphnis felt confident that\nhe should be praised; for the herd, which he had received in charge,\nwas increased twofold: not one of them had been seized by a wolf, and\nthey were already fatter than sheep. Wishing to do everything which\nmight render his master favourable to his marriage, he exerted all his\ncare and activity, driving them to pasture very early, and returning\nvery late, leading them to the water twice every day, and choosing for\nthem the richest pastures. He also took care to provide fresh bowls,[4]\nmany new milk-pails, and larger cheese-racks. Such was his attention\nto his goats, that he even oiled their horns, and curried their hair,\nand they might have been supposed to be the sacred herd of Pan. Chloe\nshared in all his toil, neglecting her own flock, that she might be of\ngreater assistance to him, which caused Daphnis to attribute the beauty\nof his herd entirely to her.\n\nWhile occupied in this manner, a second messenger came from the city,\nwith orders for them to get in their vintage as soon as possible; he\nsaid he should remain there until they had made some of the new wine,\nafter which he should return to Mitylene, and bring their master, at\nthe end of the vintage season. Lamon and his family received Eudromus,\nthe runner (for his name was derived from his employment) with a hearty\nwelcome, and immediately began to strip the vines, to put the grapes\nin the vats, and the must in the casks; reserving some of the finest\nclusters with their branches, in order that those also who came out of\nthe city might form some idea of the vintage, and its pleasures.\n\nBefore Eudromus departed, Daphnis made him various presents, and\nin addition such as are usually given by a goat-herd, such as some\nwell-made cheeses, a young kid, a white shaggy goat-skin for him to\nwear when running on errands in the winter, and many things besides. He\nwas greatly pleased with Daphnis and embraced him, promising to speak\nfavourably of him to his master: with these friendly feelings he set\nout. Daphnis and Chloe were in a state of great anxiety. She felt no\nsmall fear when she reflected that a youth hitherto accustomed to see\nonly his goats, the mountains, his fellow-labourers in the fields,\nand herself, was for the first time soon to behold his master, whom\nhe had but recently known even by name. She was anxious to know how\nhe would conduct himself in the presence of his betters; her mind was\nalso filled with agitation respecting their marriage, fearing lest all\ntheir expected happiness might prove but a dream. Frequently did she\nand Daphnis kiss, and frequently did they cling in embraces as close as\nthough they grew together;[5] yet their kisses were alloyed by fear,\nand their embraces partook of sadness, as if afraid of the actual\npresence of their master, or as if endeavouring to avoid his eyes.\n\nThe following addition to their present troubles likewise took place.\n\nThere was a certain Lampis, a herdsman of overweening disposition; he\nalso had been asking Chloe in marriage of Dryas, and had made many\nhandsome presents to promote his chance of success. Being well aware,\nthat if the master of the estate should give his consent, Daphnis would\nobtain her for his bride, he resolved to plan some scheme for setting\nLamon's family at variance with their master; and knowing that the\nlatter was particularly fond of a garden, he determined to injure it\nand destroy its beauty. He was aware that should he venture to cut down\nthe trees, the noise would betray him, he determined therefore to vent\nhis rage against the flowers, so waiting till it was dark, he climbed\nover the hedge, and like a wild-boar, rooted up some, broke others, and\ntrampled upon every flower. Having done this, he went away unobserved.\nWhen Lamon came the next morning he was about to water his flowers with\nthe streams which had been conducted from the fountain, but seeing the\nwhole spot laid waste, and the damage of such a kind as some determined\nenemy or spiteful thief would have committed, he rent his clothes, and\ncalled loudly upon the gods, so that Myrtale threw down what she had\nin her hands, and ran out; while Daphnis, who was driving his herds to\npasture, hurried back; and when they saw what had taken place, they\nuttered a loud shriek, and burst into tears.\n\nIt was in vain to lament the loss of their flowers, but they wept\nfrom dread of their master's anger; and had any stranger passed by he\nwould have wept also, for the whole garden was dismantled: nothing\nremained but trampled clay The few flowers which here and there had\nescaped destruction showed by their brilliant hues how beautiful the\ngarden must have been when in perfection. \u039dumbers of bees rested upon\nthem, and with incessant buzzing seemed to lament their fate. Lamon,\nin his consternation, thus broke forth: \"Alas! for my rose bushes,\nhow are they broken! Alas! for my violets, how are they trodden under\nfoot! Alas! for my narcissuses and hyacinths, which some mischievous\nvillain has rooted up! The spring will return, but they will not put\nforth their buds! The summer will come, but they will not be in their\nfull bloom! The autumn will arrive, but they will crown no one with\ngarlands! And you, my protector, Bacchus, did not you deign to pity the\nflowers, among which you dwell, which daily you behold, and with which\nI have so often crowned your brows? How can I show this garden to my\nlord? When he sees it, what will be his feelings? He will hang his old\nservant, like a second Marsyas, on one of those pines:--and perhaps he\nwill hang Daphnis, attributing the destruction of it to his goats!\"\n\nThey ceased weeping for the flowers, and now wept for themselves. Chloe\nshed tears at the idea of Daphnis being hanged, and prayed that their\nmaster might never come. She passed days of wretchedness, fancying she\nsaw Daphnis already suffering under the scourge.\n\nNight was approaching when Eudromus returned, and informed them that\ntheir master would be with them in three days' time, but that his son\nwould arrive next morning. They now began to deliberate what was to be\ndone respecting the misfortune which had happened, and took Eudromus\ninto their councils. Feeling a friendship for Daphnis, he advised them\nto relate the whole affair to their young master on his first arrival;\nhe was his own foster-brother; on which account he had no small\ninterest with him, and he promised to assist them in the matter.\n\nOn the following day they did as he had recommended. Astylus came on\nhorseback: a fawning parasite, who always accompanied him, rode by\nhis side. The former was but beginning to be bearded, but the chin\nof Gnatho had long since felt the razor's edge. Lamon, together with\nMyrtale and Daphnis, came out to meet them, and falling at his young\nmaster's feet, besought him to have mercy upon an unfortunate old man,\nand to avert his father's anger from one who was not to blame in any\nrespect; at the same time relating to him all particulars. Astylus\nlistened with great commiseration, and when he came to the garden, and\nsaw the havoc which had been committed, he promised to plead their\nexcuse with his father by laying the fault on his own horses, which,\nhe would say, had been tethered there, but having become restive, had\nbroken loose, and had trampled down, and destroyed the flowers.\n\nLamon and Myrtale invoked upon him every blessing. Daphnis, moreover,\nbrought him as presents some kids, some cheese, some birds with their\nyoung, some vine-branches covered with grapes, and some apples still\nhanging on their boughs. Among his other gifts he presented some\nfragrant Lesbian wine, very choice in flavour.\n\nAstylus expressed himself pleased with the offerings of Daphnis, and\nimmediately betook himself to hare hunting, as was natural in a young\nman abounding in wealth, nursed in luxury, and who had come into the\ncountry merely for some change in his amusements.\n\nGnatho[6] being a fellow whose whole science consisted in eating and\ndrinking to excess, and who was nothing, in fact, but a compound of\ngluttony, drunkenness, and sensuality,[7] had narrowly watched Daphnis\nas he was offering his presents. He was naturally fond of male beauty,\nand never having seen any one so handsome, even in town, he determined\nto make an attempt upon Daphnis, thinking easily to gain over a mere\nshepherd youth. Having formed this determination, instead of going to\nhunt with Astylus, he proceeded to the spot where Daphnis was feeding\nhis flock, under pretence of looking at the goats, but in reality to\ngaze upon their master. In order to gain his goodwill, he began by\npraising the appearance of the animals, and requested him to play a\npastoral tune upon his pipe, adding, that by his influence he could\nsoon obtain his freedom. Having in this manner put him at his ease, he\nwatched his opportunity, and when Daphnis was driving home his herd at\nnight, he ran up and kissed him, and then went on to make proposals to\nhim.[8] For some time the youth did not understand his meaning, but\nwhen at last he did, he laid him prostrate with a blow; for he was\nin liquor, and hardly able to stand; and then left him sprawling, in\nneed not of a boy whose beauty he might admire, but of a man to pick\nhim up and lead him home. For the time to come Daphnis would hold\nno more communication with him, but constantly changed the place of\npasturage for his goats, avoiding him, but keeping close to Chloe. Nor,\nto say the truth, was Gnatho very eager to renew his acquaintance,\nhaving found by personal experience that he was not only handsome in\ncountenance but stalwart in arm; nevertheless he determined to watch\nfor an opportunity of speaking to Astylus about him, and flattered\nhimself that he should easily obtain him as a gift from a young man who\nwas always ready to give largely, and upon all occasions.\n\nJust then he could not carry out his plans, for Dionysophanes and\nClearista arrived; and not small was the stir caused by their train\nof male and female servants, and their sumpter horses. Dionysophanes\nwas of middle age,[9] but tall and handsome; and one who would not\nsuffer by comparison even with far younger men. In riches he had not\nmany equals, in virtues he had none. On the first day of his arrival\nhe sacrificed to the deities who preside over the country,--to Ceres,\nto Bacchus, to Pan, and to the Nymphs, and caused to be prepared\none common bowl for all present.[10] During the following day he\ninspected Lamon's labours, and when he saw the fields well ploughed,\nthe flourishing condition of the vines, and the beauty of the garden\n(for Astylus had taken the blame about the flowers on himself), he was\nvery much delighted, praised Lamon highly, and promised to give him his\nfreedom. After going over the farm, he went to see the herds, and him\nwho tended them.\n\nChloe fled to the woods: she was ashamed and frightened at the thought\nof appearing before so many strangers. Daphnis, however, stood still:\nhe had on a shaggy goat-skin, a new scrip was suspended from his\nshoulder; in one hand he held some fresh cheeses, and with the other,\ntwo sucking kids. If ever Apollo tended the herds of Laomedon, his\nappearance must have been like that of Daphnis now. He did not say a\nword, but covered with blushes, hung down his head, and presented his\nofferings.\n\n\"This, Master (said Lamon), is the young man who has taken care of\nyour goats. Fifty female, and two male goats were the number which I\nreceived from you: this youth has increased the former to a hundred,\nand the latter to ten. Observe how sound are their horns, how fat and\nlong-haired they are in body. He has even made them musical; for all\ntheir movements are regulated by the pipe.\"\n\nClearista, who was present, and heard what was said, expressed a wish\nto see a proof of what he asserted, and desired Daphnis to pipe to\nhis goats in his usual manner, promising him for his pains a tunic,\na cloak, and a pair of sandals. Daphnis disposed the company in a\nsemi-circle; then standing under the shade of a beech-tree, he took\nhis pipe from his scrip, and breathed into it very gently. The goats\nstood still, merely lifting up their heads. Next he played the\npasture-tune,[11] on which they all put down their heads, and began to\ngraze. Now he produced some notes, soft and sweet in tone:--at once all\nhis herd lay down. After this he piped in a sharp key, and they ran\noff to the wood, as if a wolf were in sight. Within a short interval\nhe played the recall, and immediately issuing from their covert, they\nran to his very feet. Few domestic servants will be seen to obey their\nmaster so readily: all the company were astonished at his skill, but\nmore particularly Clearista, who reiterated her promise of giving a\nreward to the handsome goatherd, who had shown such skill in music.\nThe party, returning to the farm, went to dinner, and sent Daphnis a\nportion from their own table.\n\nDaphnis shared the dainties with Chloe, and was delighted with the\nflavour of city cookery, and felt very sanguine of obtaining his\nmaster's consent and so of succeeding in his marriage.\n\nGnatho, still more captivated by this display of Daphnis's skill,\nand reckless of life unless he could effect his purpose, watched for\nAstylus as he was walking in the garden, and leading him to the temple\nof Bacchus, began to kiss his feet and hands.\n\nUpon Astylus inquiring why he did this, urging him to speak out, and\npromising to grant his request, he replied, \"It is all over with your\nold friend Gnatho; I who once cared only for the table; I who used to\nswear that nothing was better than generous old wine, and that your\ncity cooks were better than all the comely youths of Mitylene,--now can\nfind nothing handsome excepting Daphnis. I no longer relish, nor even\ntaste the choice dishes which are daily prepared in such abundance,\nflesh, fish, and pastry; but would willingly be transformed into a goat\nand browse on grass and leaves, if only I could listen to the pipe of\nDaphnis, and be under his charge. Shew yourself then, my preserver, and\nenable me to triumph in my suit; if you refuse, I swear by Bacchus,\nthat I will seize a dagger, and after eating until I can eat no longer,\nwill stab myself before the door of Daphnis, and then you will no\nlonger be able to call me your sweet Gnatty,[12] as you are used to to\ndo.\" The good-natured young man, who was no stranger to the power of\nlove, moved by his blandishments and tears, promised to ask Daphnis of\nhis father, under pretence of requiring him for a slave, but in reality\nto be the favourite of Gnatho. Then wishing to put him in good spirits\nhe jokingly asked whether he was not ashamed of taking a fancy to a son\nof Lamon, a common goatherd; at the same time mimicking a feeling of\ndisgust at rank and goatish smells.\n\nGnatho, who was well schooled in the love-tales of mythology,\nwhich he had heard at the tables of luxurious profligates, began\nto discourse very learnedly of the matters relating to himself and\nDaphnis.--\"Lovers, my master, are not over nice; wheresoever they see\nbeauty, they own its influence and succumb to it; some have fallen in\nlove with a tree, some with a river, others with a wild beast,--now\nwho would not commiserate a lover who stood in dread of the object of\nhis love? I, however, am captivated by one who though a slave in his\ncondition, is worthy of being a freeman as regards his beauty.\n\n\"His hair[13] is like the hyacinth, and his eyes sparkle under his\neye brows like gems set in a golden ring, his face is suffused with a\nrosy hue of health, his mouth displays teeth as white as ivory. Who\nwould not wish to snatch a kiss from such a mouth? In taking a fancy\nto a shepherd I do but imitate[14] the gods,--Anchises kept oxen and\nyet captivated Venus,--Branchius was a goatherd and Apollo loved him.\nGanymede was a shepherd and was snatched away by Jupiter. Let us not\nthink lightly of a youth, whose very goats obey him as though they were\nin love with him; and let us be thankful to the eagles for leaving such\nan impersonation of beauty upon earth.\" Astylus laughed heartily at\nhearing him talk thus, and saying that love made folks great orators,\npromised to take an opportunity of mentioning the subject of Daphnis\nto his father. Eudromus overheard their conversation, and immediately\ngave information of it to Daphnis and Lamon. He loved the young man\nbecause of his amiable disposition, and could not bear to think that so\nmuch beauty and worth should be subjected to Gnatho's drunken humours.\nDaphnis in his alarm determined either to fly from the country, taking\nChloe with him, or to destroy himself and Chloe at the same time.\n\nLamon upon his part called Myrtale out of the house, and exclaimed,\n\"\u039f my dear wife, we are undone. It is time for us to discover what we\nhave so long concealed. Our goats and all belonging to us will it is\ntrue now be deserted; but I swear by Pan, and the Nymphs, that even\nsupposing I am myself to be left like an old ox in the stall (as the\nsaying is), I will no longer keep the history of Daphnis a secret. I\nwill tell how and where I found him exposed, I will explain how he was\nnursed, and will shew the tokens, which were placed with him. That\nrascally Gnatho shall know, to what manner of youth he, vile as he is,\nhas taken a liking!--Take care to have everything in readiness!\"\n\nHaving formed this resolution, they went into the house again. Astylus,\nin the mean time, proceeding to his father, when he happened to be\ndisengaged, begged his permission to take Daphnis home with them on\ntheir return, alleging, that so beautiful a youth was too good for\nhis present rustic situation, and would very soon under Gnatho's care\nacquire the polish of city manners. His father willingly complied with\nhis request, and sending for Lamon and Myrtale, communicated to them\nas good news, that Daphnis would henceforth wait upon Astylus instead\nof tending goats, at the same time promising them two goatherds to\nsupply his place. It was then, as the attendants were crowding round,\nand rejoicing to hear that they were to have among them so handsome\na fellow-slave, that Lamon, having requested leave to speak, thus\naddressed his master. \"Be pleased, master, to listen to an old man and\nhear the truth. I swear by Pan and the Nymphs, that I will not utter\nanything which is false.--I am not the father of Daphnis, nor was\nMyrtale so fortunate as to be his mother. The parents of this youth,\nwhoever they were, exposed him in his infancy; perhaps, because, they\nhad already more children than they knew how to maintain. I found him\nlying on the earth, and one of my she-goats nursing him. When she\ndied, I buried her in the border of my garden, feeling a regard for\nher, inasmuch as she had done a mother's duty. I confess having found\nvarious tokens with the infant, which I still preserve; for they prove\nhim to be born to a higher station than that which he now fills with\nme. I am not so high-minded as to slight the offer of his being an\nattendant on Astylus--an excellent servant to a virtuous and excellent\nmaster: but I cannot bear the idea of his being a sport for the drunken\nhours of Gnatho, who would fain take him to Mitylene, that he may be\nabused.\"\n\nLamon at the conclusion of this speech burst into tears. Gnatho began\nto bluster, and threatened to strike him, but Dionysophanes sternly\nfrowning, ordered him to be silent; and again interrogating Lamon,\nurged him to tell the truth, and not to invent a tale merely to keep\nhis son at home.--When Lamon continued unshaken in his assertions,\ncalled upon the gods to be his witnesses, and professed his readiness\nto submit to torture, should he be uttering a falsehood; his master,\nin the presence of Clearista, who sat by him, began to test the\nprobability of the tale, as follows. \"What motive can Lamon have to\ntell a falsehood, when two goatherds are offered him in lieu of one?\nHow could a plain rustic possibly invent such a tale?--Besides, is it\nnot altogether unlikely that such an old man and such a plain old woman\ncan be the parents of so handsome a son.\"\n\nHe determined to rest no longer upon mere conjectures, but to examine\nthe tokens, and to see whether they bespoke an illustrious birth.\nMyrtale had gone to fetch them, for they were preserved in an old bag.\nDionysophanes was the first to examine them, and when he beheld the\npurple mantle, the golden clasp, and little sword with the ivory hilt,\nhe exclaimed, Lord Jupiter! and called to Clearista to come and look\nat them.--When Clearista beheld them, she uttered a loud shriek, and\ncried out, \"The friendly Fates, are not these the very things, which we\nexposed with our little one, when we sent Sophrosyne to leave him in\nthis part of the country! they are none other, they are the very same,\nmy husband! the child is ours. Daphnis is your son, and he has been\ntending his own father's flock.\"\n\nBefore she had done speaking, and while Dionysophanes was kissing the\ntokens and shedding tears of joy, Astylus, who now understood that\nDaphnis was his brother, threw off his cloak, and ran through the\ngarden to give him the first salute. When Daphnis saw Astylus running\ntowards him, followed by many others, and heard them calling out his\nown name, he thought they were coming to seize him and carry him off by\nviolence. Accordingly he threw down his scrip, and his pipe, and ran\ntowards the sea with the determined resolution to throw himself into it\nfrom the top of a high rock: and perhaps (strange to say!) his being\nfound would have proved the occasion of his being lost for ever, had\nnot Astylus perceiving the occasion of his alarm, called out, \"Stop,\nstop, Daphnis, I am your brother: and they, who have hitherto been your\nmasters, are now your parents. Lamon has just now given us the whole\naccount of the she-goat, and has shewn us the tokens, which were found\nwith you! look back! see! with what cheerful and smiling faces they are\ncoming towards you! Brother, let me have the first kiss. I swear by the\nNymphs, I am not deceiving you.\"\n\nNot without hesitation was Daphnis induced after this solemn assertion\nto pause, and wait for Astylus, whom he received with a kiss. While\nthey were embracing, his father and mother with Lamon and Myrtale and\nall the men and maid servants came thronging up, threw their arms round\nhim, and kissed him with tears of joy. Daphnis affectionately saluted\nhis father and mother before the rest and as though he had long known\nthem, clasped them to his breast, and would not disengage himself from\ntheir embrace:--so soon does natural affection assert her rights.\n\nFor a time even Chloe was almost forgotten. After returning to the\nfarm, and putting on a costly dress, he sat down by his real father,\nwho spoke to the following effect.\n\n\"My children, I married when very young; and in a short space of time\nbecame as I considered myself a very fortunate father. First a son\nwas born to me, next a daughter, and then you, my Astylus. I thought\nmy family now large enough, for which reason I exposed Daphnis, the\nboy who was born in addition to the others, placing with him these\nornaments, not as tokens, but to serve as funeral weeds.--Fortune had\ndifferent plans in view.--My eldest son and daughter died of the same\ndisease in one day: but the providence of the gods has preserved you,\nDaphnis, that we might have an additional stay in our old age.--Do not\nbear ill will towards me, from the remembrance of my having exposed\nyou; for I did not do so with a willing mind, nor do you, Astylus,\nfeel grieved that you will now have a part only, instead of the whole\nof my estate; for to a wise man no wealth is more valuable than a\nbrother. Love each other;--and as for wealth you shall be able to vie\neven with princes. I shall leave to you extensive lands, a number of\ndexterous servants, stores of gold and silver, and whatever else forms\nthe possession of the prosperous. Only this particular estate I reserve\nfor Daphnis, with Lamon and Myrtale, and the goats which he himself has\ntended.\"\n\nBefore he had finished speaking, Daphnis sprang from his seat, and\nsaid, \"Father, you very seasonably remind me of these matters. I will\ngo and lead my goats to water, they must now be thirsty, and are no\ndoubt waiting to hear my pipe, while I am sitting here.\" Every one\nlaughed at hearing the master so willing to be still the goatherd. One\nof the servants was sent in place of Daphnis to tend the herd; while he\nand the rest of the company, after sacrificing to Jove the preserver,\nsat down together to a banquet. Gnatho was the only one who did not\ncome to the entertainment; for being under great alarm, he remained all\nday and night in the temple of Bacchus, as a suppliant.\n\nThe report that Dionysophanes had found his son, and that Daphnis the\ngoatherd was now master of the estate, having soon spread abroad, early\nthe next morning numbers flocked to the cottage from various parts\nwith congratulations to the youth and gifts to the father.--Dryas the\nfoster-father of Chloe was among the first who arrived.\n\nDionysophanes kept them all, after sharing of his joy, to partake of an\nentertainment. Store of wine was provided, abundance of wheaten bread,\nwild fowl, sucking pigs, and sweets of various kinds, and many victims\nwere sacrificed to the country's deities. Daphnis collected all his\npastoral equipments, and distributed them in separate offerings to the\ngods. To Bacchus he presented his scrip, and coat of skin. To Pan his\npipe and transverse-flute. To the Nymphs his crook, and the milkpails,\nwhich he had made with his own hands. The happiness arising from our\nwonted condition is however so much greater than that which springs\nfrom unexpected good fortune, that he could not refrain from tears\nwhen parting with each offering. He could not suspend his milkpails in\nthe grotto without once more milking into them: nor his coat of skin\nwithout once more putting it on: nor his pipe without once more playing\non it. He kissed each of them in turn; he talked to his goats and\ncalled them by their names; he drank from the fountain because he had\nso often done so in company with Chloe.--Still he did not yet venture\nto declare his love, but waited for a favourable opportunity.\n\nWhile Daphnis was engaged in these religious ceremonies, the following\ncircumstances befel Chloe. She was sitting weeping and watching her\nflock, and exclaiming (as was natural) \"Daphnis has forgotten me. He is\ndreaming of some wealthy match. To what purpose did I make him swear by\nhis goats instead of by the Nymphs? he has deserted the former as well\nas me; nor even when sacrificing to the Nymphs and to Pan, has he had\nany desire to see his Chloe. Perhaps among his mother's waiting women,\nhe has seen some girl preferable to me. May he be happy! As for me I\nshall not survive it.\"\n\nWhile she was giving utterance to these thoughts, Lampis the herdsman\nwith a band of rustics suddenly came up and seized her. He conceived\nthat Daphnis would no longer marry her, and that Dryas would be well\ncontent to have him as a son-in-law. While she was being borne off\nwith tears and shrieks, some one who had witnessed the transaction,\nhastened to inform Nape: Nape informed Dryas, and Dryas communicated\nit to Daphnis. Distracted at the intelligence, afraid to explain the\ncircumstance to his father, and unable to restrain his own emotions, he\nbetook himself to the outer garden-walk and there vented his grief:--\n\n\"What an unhappy discovery of parentage, is mine! How much better\nwould it have been for me still to tend my herds! How much happier was\nI, when a slave! then I could behold my Chloe!--but now, Lampis has\ncarried her away; this very night, perhaps, she will be his wife! In\nthe mean time I am here, drinking and feasting, and have to no purpose\nsworn by Pan, by my goats, and by the Nymphs.\"\n\nThese words were overheard by Gnatho, who was lurking in the garden; he\nconsidered it a good opportunity for effecting a reconciliation with\nDaphnis. Assembling some youths, who waited upon Astylus, he pursued\nDryas, whom he desired to conduct them to the place where Lampis dwelt.\nThey overtook him just as he was dragging Chloe into his house, rescued\nher from him, and gave the country-fellows, his companions, a sound\ndrubbing. He was very desirous also to seize and bind Lampis, and bring\nhim back like a prisoner of war, but the fellow was too much for him\nand ran away.\n\nHaving accomplished this exploit, he returned just as night was coming\non. Dionysophanes had already retired to rest; but finding Daphnis\nstill up and weeping in the garden, presented Chloe to him, and gave\nhim an account of the whole adventure, beseeching him to bear no\nill-will, but to retain him in his service, in which he would prove\nhimself of use, and not to banish him from his father's table, which\nwould deprive him of his bread. When Daphnis saw Chloe, and once more\nhad her in his possession, he forgave Gnatho, because of his good deed,\nand began to apologize to the maiden for his neglect.\n\nUpon holding a consultation, Daphnis at first resolved to marry Chloe\nprivately, and to keep her in concealment, making no one but her own\nmother acquainted with the matter; Dryas would not concur in this plan,\nhe was for communicating every thing to Daphnis's father, and himself\nundertook the task of obtaining his consent. Accordingly, taking the\ntokens with him in his scrip, he went the next day to Dionysophanes and\nClearista, who were sitting in the garden, in company with Astylus and\nDaphnis; silence ensued upon his appearance, when he addressed them\nthus:--\n\n\"The same necessity, which influenced Lamon, now urges me to publish\ncircumstances, which hitherto have remained secret. I am not Chloe's\nfather; nor was she in the first instance brought up by me. Other\npersons were her parents, and when lying in the grotto of the Nymphs, a\newe became her nurse. I saw this myself, to my astonishment, and under\nthe power of this feeling, I adopted her. Her beauty confirms what I\nsay; for she does not resemble either me or my wife. These tokens,\nwhich I likewise found with her, prove the truth of my assertion,\nfor they are too valuable to belong to any shepherd. Examine them,\nendeavour to find out the maiden's relatives, and perhaps she will\nprove worthy of your son.\"\n\nThis last expression was not thrown out undesignedly by Dryas: nor\nwas it heard heedlessly by Dionysophanes, who turning his eyes upon\nDaphnis, and observing him turn pale, while a tear stole down his\ncheeks, easily discovered the youth's love. Moved more by regard for\nhis own child than by any concern for the unknown maiden, he weighed\nthe words of Dryas with great attention. After viewing the tokens\nproduced before him, the gilt sandals, the anklets, and the head-dress,\nhe called Chloe to him, and bid her take courage, for she had already\ngot a husband, and most probably would soon discover her real father\nand mother. Clearista now took her, and dressed her as became the\nintended wife of her son. Dionysophanes, in the mean time, retired\napart with Daphnis, and inquired whether she was still a virgin; and\nupon his declaring that nothing had passed between them, beyond kisses\nand vows: pleased with their mutual oaths of fidelity, he made them\njoin the banquet.\n\nNow might it be seen what beauty is when set off by the accessories\nof ornament, Chloe when richly dressed, with her hair braided, and\nher face resplendent from the bath, appeared to all so much more\nbeautiful than before, that Daphnis himself could hardly recognize her.\nAny spectator, even without knowing anything about the tokens, would\nhave sworn that Dryas could not be the father of so fair a maiden.\nNevertheless he was invited to the feast, where he and Nape, with Lamon\nand Myrtale for their companions, reclined on a separate couch.\n\nOn the following day victims were again sacrificed to the gods; bowls\nwere prepared, and Chloe suspended her pastoral equipments--her pipe,\nher scrip, her cloak of goat-skin, and her milkpails. She also mingled\nwine with the waters of the fountain in the grotto, because she had\nbeen suckled near it, and had so often bathed there, then she crowned\nwith flowers the ewe's grave, which Dryas pointed out to her. She, too,\npiped once more to her flock, and having done so, prayed the Nymphs\nthat her parents might prove worthy of the union of Daphnis and herself.\n\nWhen the party had had enough of their rural festivities, they\ndetermined upon returning to the city, in order to try and discover\nChloe's parents, and no longer to defer the marriage. By break of day\nthe next morning they were prepared for their journey. Before their\ndeparture they made Dryas a present of another three thousand drachmas;\nwith liberty to reap half the corn, and gather half the grapes annually\nfor his own use; they likewise gave him the goats, goatherds, four yoke\nof oxen, and some winter garments; his wife also was presented with her\nfreedom.\n\nAfter this they took the road to Mitylene, travelling in grand style\nwith horses and carriages. They arrived at the city by night, and so\nfor the time escaped the notice of the citizens; but early the next\nday the doors were surrounded by multitudes of men and women. The\nmen congratulated Dionysophanes on having found his son, the more\nparticularly when they saw his beauty. The women gave Clearista joy at\nbringing with her not only her son, but likewise an intended bride.\nChloe excited the admiration even of the women, displaying as she did,\ncharms which could not be surpassed. The whole city was in a bustle\non account of the youth and the maiden, predicting already that the\nmarriage would be a happy one, and wishing that the parents of the\nmaiden might prove to be of a rank worthy of her beauty. Many of the\nrichest ladies prayed the gods that they might be reputed to be the\nmothers of so much loveliness.\n\nDionysophanes, fatigued with excess of anxious thought, fell into\na deep sleep, during which he saw the following vision. The Nymphs\nappeared to be requesting the god of love at length to grant them his\nconsent to the celebration of the marriage. Slackening the string\nof his bow, and placing it by the side of his quiver, he addressed\nDionysophanes, bidding him to invite those of highest rank of Mitylene\nto a banquet, and when he had filled the last goblet, to exhibit\nthe tokens before each of them, and then to commence the hymeneal\nsong. After what he had seen and heard, Dionysophanes arose in the\nmorning, and ordered a magnificent feast to be prepared, in which\nall the delicacies which the sea, the earth, the lakes, and even the\nrivers could produce, were to be collected together. All the chiefs\nof Mitylene were his guests. When night was come, and when the goblet\nwas filled from which to pour out the libation[15] to Mercury, a slave\nbrought forward the ornaments in a silver vase, and holding them in his\nright hand carried them round, and displayed them to all the visitors.\nNo one acknowledged them, till Megacles, who, on account of his age,\nwas honoured with the highest couch, recognising them, cried out with a\nloud and animated voice,--\"What do I see! what has been the fate of my\ndaughter! is she indeed alive? or did some shepherd find these things,\nand carry them away. Tell me, I pray, Dionysophanes, where did you meet\nwith these tokens of my child? Now that you have found your son, do not\nenviously begrudge me the discovery of my daughter.\"\n\nDionysophanes requested him first of all to give them an account of the\nexposure of his daughter; and Megacles in the same loud and earnest\ntone replied,--\"Formerly my income was very narrow, for I had expended\nmy fortune in equipping choruses and fitting out galleys.[16] While my\naffairs were in this condition I had a daughter born. Loath to bring\nher up to the miseries of poverty, and knowing that there are many who\nare willing to become even reputed parents,[17] I dressed her in these\nvery tokens, and exposed her. She was laid in the grotto of the Nymphs,\nand committed to their protection. Since that time wealth began to pour\nin upon me every day, when I had no heir to enjoy it, for I was never\nso fortunate as to become the father even of another daughter; but,\nas if wishing to make a mock of me, the gods are continually sending\ndreams by night, signifying, forsooth, that a ewe will make me father.\"\n\nUpon this Dionysophanes called out in a yet louder tone than Megacles,\nand springing from his couch led in Chloe sumptuously dressed,\nexclaiming,--\"This is the child whom you exposed. This maiden, through\nthe providence of the gods, was suckled by a sheep, and preserved\nfor you; as Daphnis was reared by a goat, and saved for me. Take the\ntokens, and your daughter; take her, and bestow her as a bride on\nDaphnis. Both were exposed; both have been again found by us, their\nparents; both have been under the peculiar care of Pan, of the Nymphs,\nand of the God of Love.\"\n\nMegacles at once assented, clasped Chloe to his bosom, and sent for his\nwife Rhode. They slept at the house that night, for Daphnis had sworn\nby the gods that he would not part with Chloe even to her own father.\n\nThe next morning they all agreed to return to the country: this was\ndone at the entreaty of Daphnis and Chloe, who were weary of their\nsojourn in the city; and had formed a scheme for celebrating their\nnuptials in a pastoral manner.\n\nUpon their arrival at Lamon's cottage, they introduced Dryas\nto Megacles, and Nape was made known to Rhode, after which the\npreparations were made for the festival on a splendid scale. Chloe was\ndevoted to the guardianship of the Nymphs by her father. He suspended\nthe tokens, among various other things, as offerings to them; and\nincreased the six thousand drachmas, which Dryas now possessed, to ten\nthousand.\n\nAs the day was very fine, Dionysophanes caused couches of green leaves\nto be spread inside the grotto, and all the villagers were invited\nand sumptuously regaled. There were present Lamon and Myrtale, Dryas\nand Nape, Dorco's kinsmen, and Philetas with his sons Chromis and\nLyc\u00e6nium; even Lampis, who had been forgiven, was among the guests.\nAll the amusements were, of course, as among such merrymakers, of a\nrustic and pastoral kind. Reaping-songs were sung; and the jokes of the\nvintage-season were repeated. Philetas played on the pipe, and Lampis\non the flute, while Lamon and Dryas danced. Chloe and Daphnis passed\nthe time in kissing. The goats came and grazed near them, as if they\nalso were partakers of the festival. This was not very agreeable to the\ndainty city folks; Daphnis, however, called several of them by name,\ngave them some leaves, which they eat out of his hand, while he held\nthem by the horns, and kissed them.\n\nNot only now, but during the remainder of their days, Daphnis and Chloe\nled a pastoral life, worshipping as their deities the Nymphs, Pan,\nand the God of Love. Their flocks of goats and sheep were numerous,\nand their favourite food consisted of the fruits of autumn, and milk.\nThey had their first-born, a boy, suckled by a goat; their second, a\ngirl, was brought up by a ewe; the former was named Philop\u0153men,[18]\nthe latter Agele.[19] In this manner of life, and in this spot, they\nlived to a good old age. They adorned the grotto of the Nymphs; erected\nstatues; raised an altar to Cupid the Shepherd; and instead of a\npine reared a temple for the habitation of Pan, and dedicated it to\nPan the Warrior; these names, however, were given, and these things\ndone, in after years. At the time we are now speaking of, when night\narrived, all the guests conducted them to the bridal chamber, some\nplaying on the pipe, some on the flute, some holding large torches;\nand upon arriving at the door, they raised their voices in harsh and\nrugged tones, which sounded more like a concert of fellows breaking\nup the ground with mattocks than a chorus of human beings singing the\nnuptial hymn.[20] Daphnis and Chloe, on their part, went to bed in\nnature's own adornment, where they kissed and embraced each other, and\nwere as wakeful as the very owls. Daphnis carried into practice the\ninstructions of his preceptress Lyc\u00e6nium, and Chloe learnt, for the\nfirst time in her life, that all their doings in the woods had been but\nso much child's play.\n\n\n[Footnote 1:\n\n    .... \"Nec secus omnes in unguem,\n    Arboribus positis secto via limite quadret.\"--Virg. G. ii. 278.\n]\n\n[Footnote 2: Plutarch, speaks of the practice of setting off the\nbeauties (we may also add, the fragrance) of roses and violets, by\nplanting them side by side with leeks and onions. The originator of\nthis fashion went upon the principle, no doubt, of\n\n    \"Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit utile dulci.\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 3:\n\n    .... \"Oriens tibi victus, adusque\n    Decolor extremo qu\u00e6 cingitur India Gange,\n    Penthea tu, venerande, bipenniferumque Lycurgum,\n    Sacrilegos mactas; Tyrrhenaque mittas in \u00e6quor\n    Corpora.\"--Ovid. Met. iv. 20.\n]\n\n[Footnote 4: \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b1\u03c5\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd.\n\nThe same distinction of milking vessels is found in the Odyssey, ix.\n223.\n\n    \u0393\u03b1\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03af \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5.\n    \"His pails and bowls.\"--Cowper.\n]\n\n[Footnote 5: \u1f65\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd....\n\n    \"She rose ... and threw\n    Herself upon his breast and there she _grew_.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 6: Compare the admirable picture of Gnatho'a prototype in the\nEunuchus of Terence, Act II. Sc. II.\n\n                  \"Videnme?\n    Qui color, nitor vestitus, qu\u00e6 habitus est corporis,\n    Omnia habeo, nec quicquam habeo; nil quum eat, nil defit tamen.\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 7: In the Greek there is a play upon words: \u038c \u03b4\u1f72 \u0393\u03bd\u03ac\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd o\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72\u03bd\n\u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf \u1f62\u03bd, \u1f22, \u03b3\u03bd\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u1f74\u03c1, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f7a\u03c0\u1f78 \u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1.]\n\n[Footnote 8: \"Deinde, ut more caprarum, hircis sui copiam facientium,\nsibi tergum obvertat, precatur. H\u00e6c cum serius animadvertisset Daphnis\ndixit, capras quod ineant hirci, id quidem se rect\u00e8 habere, sed hircum\nnunquam et nusquam gentium vidisse inire hircum, neque arietem pro\novibus arietem, neque gallos gallinarum loco gallos.\"]\n\n[Footnote 9: \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9o\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 10: \u03ba\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9. To set up bowls as a sign of\nfeasting.--See Odyss. ii. 431.\n\n\u03ba\u03c1\u03b7\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b9\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2. To do the same in honour of the gods.--Il.\nvi. 628.]\n\n[Footnote 11: \u03c4\u1f78 \u03bd\u03cc\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 12: \u0393\u03bd\u03b1\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 13: Of a very dark hue.--The locks of Ulysses are in two\npassages of the Odyssey compared to \"hyacinthine flowers.\"--vi. 231.\nxxiii. 158.]\n\n[Footnote 14:\n\n    \"That Dionysius in the valleys green\n    Once tended kine, she never heard, I ween;\n    Nor knows that Cypris on a cowherd doted,\n    And on the Phrygian hills herself devoted\n    To tend his herd; nor how the same Dionis\n    In thickets kiss'd, in thickets wept, Adonis.\n    Who was Endymion? him tending kine\n    Stooped down to kiss Selene the divine;\n    Who from Olympus to the Latmian grove,\n    Glided to slumber with her mortal love.\n    Didst not thou, Rhea, for a cowherd weep?\n    And didst not thou, high Zeus! the heaven sweep,\n    In form of winged bird, and watch indeed,\n    To carry off the cowherd Ganymede?\"--Chapman's Theoc.\n]\n\n[Footnote 15:\n\n    \"E\u1f56\u03c1\u03b5 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03a6\u03b1\u03af\u03b7\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u1f21\u03b3\u03ae\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f20\u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2\n    \u03a3\u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b5\u03c0\u03ac\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u1fe6\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u1ff3 \u1f08\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c6\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u1fc3\n    \u1f6e \u03c0\u03c5\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f45\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03bf\u03af\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd.\"\n                                    --Odyss. vii. 136.\n]\n\n[Footnote 16: \u0395\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b7\u03c1\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03be\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1. The business\nof the Choregus, or chorus master, was to defray the expenses of the\nscenical representations, and those of the solemn festivals; the\nTrierarch had to fit out a ship of war, the state providing only\nthe vessel and the crew. Both offices involved of course very heavy\nexpenses.]\n\n[Footnote 17:\n\n    .... \"Stat Fortuna improba noctu,\n    Arridens nudis infantibus; hos fovet omnes\n    Involvitque sinu; domibus tunc porrigit altis.\"--Juv. vi. 605.\n]\n\n[Footnote 18: A lover of the flock.]\n\n[Footnote 19: A lover of the herd.]\n\n[Footnote 20: \"\u039a\u03b1\u03b8\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u1fe5\u03c1\u03b7\u03b3\u03bd\u03cd\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bf\u1f50\u03c7 \u03c5\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\n\u1f04\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2.\"]\n\n\nTHE END.\n\n\n\n\nACHILLES TATIUS.\n\n\nBOOK I.\n\n\nSidon is situated upon the coast of the Assyrian sea; it is the\nmother[1] city of the Ph\u0153nicians, and its inhabitants were the founders\nof Thebes. It has a harbour of capacious extent, which gradually admits\nwithin it the waters of the sea; it is double, because, to the right,\na passage has been dug into an inner basin, which likewise admits the\nsea; in this manner the first harbour becomes the entrance to a second,\nwhich affords a secure haven to vessels during summer, while in winter\nthey can ride at anchor safely in the former. Upon arriving here after\nencountering a severe storm, I made thank-offerings[2] on account\nof my preservation, to the goddess of the Ph\u0153nicians, called by the\nSidonians, Astarte.[3] As I was wandering about the city, surveying\nthe votive offerings in the temples, I saw a painting containing a\nview both of sea and land. Europa[4] formed the subject, and the scene\nwas laid partly on the Ph\u0153nician sea, partly on the coast of Sidon. In\na meadow was seen a band of maidens; a bull was swimming in the sea,\ndirecting his course towards Crete, and having a fair damsel seated\nupon his back. The meadow was diversified with flowers intermixed\nwith trees and shrubs; the trees were near to one another, and their\nbranches[5] and leaves united so closely overhead, as to form a cover\nfor the flowers below. The artist had shewn great skill in managing\nthe shade; for the sun-rays were seen dispersedly breaking through\nthe overarching roof of leaves, and lighting up the meadow, which,\nsituated as I have said, beneath a leafy screen, was surrounded on\nall sides by a hedge. Under the trees, beds of flowers were laid out,\nin which bloomed the narcissus, the rose, and the myrtle. Bubbling up\nfrom the ground, a stream flowed through the midst of this enamelled\nmeadow, watering the flowers and shrubs; and a gardener was represented\nwith his pickaxe opening a channel for its course. The maidens above\nmentioned were placed by the painter, in a part of the meadow bordering\nupon the sea. Their countenances wore a mingled expression of joy and\nfear; they had chaplets upon their heads, their hair fell dishevelled\nabout their shoulders; their legs were entirely bare--for a cincture\nraised their garments above the knee--and their feet were unsandalled;\ntheir cheeks were pale and contracted through alarm; their eyes were\ndirected towards the sea; their lips were slightly opened as if about\nto give vent to their terror in cries; their hands were stretched out\ntowards the bull; they were represented upon the verge of the sea,\nthe water just coming over their feet; they appeared eager to hasten\nafter the bull, but at the same time fearful of encountering the waves.\nThe colour of the sea was twofold: towards the land it had a ruddy\nhue;[6] farther out it was dark blue; foam also, and rocks and waves\nwere represented; the rocks projecting from the shore, and whitened\nwith foam, caused by the crests of the waves breaking upon their rugged\nsurface.\n\nIn the midst of the sea, the bull was represented swimming, the waves\nrising in mountains from the motion of his legs. The maiden was seated\nupon his back, not astride, but sideways; she grasped his horn with her\nleft hand, as a charioteer would hold the reins; and the bull inclined\nhis head in that direction, as if guided by her hand.\n\nShe was dressed in a white tunic as far as her middle, the rest of her\nbody was clothed in a purple robe; the whole dress, however, was so\ntransparent[7] as to disclose the beauties of her person. You could\ndiscern the deep-seated navel, the well proportioned[8] stomach, the\nnarrow waist, gradually widening until it reached the chest, the gently\nbudding breasts.[9]--These, as well as the tunic, were confined by a\ncincture, and from its transparency, the tunic became, so to speak, a\nmirror to reflect her person. Both her hands were extended, one towards\nthe horn, the other towards the tail; and with either of them she\nheld an extremity of the veil which was expanded above her shoulders,\nand which appeared in every part inflated by the artist's \"painted\nwind.\"[10]\n\nThus seated upon the bull, the maiden resembled a vessel in full\nsail, her veil serving for the canvass.[11] Dolphins[12] leaped, Loves\nsported round the bull; you might have sworn that they moved \"instinct\nwith life.\" Cupid, in person, was drawing on the bull; Cupid, in guise\nof a little child, was spreading his wings, bearing his quiver, holding\nhis torch, and turning towards Jove, was archly laughing as if in\nmockery of him, who, on his account had become a bull.\n\nI admired every part of this painting, but my attention was more\nespecially rivetted upon Cupid leading forward the bull; and I\nexclaimed, \"How wonderfully does a mere child lord it over heaven and\nearth and sea!\"[13]\n\nUpon this, a young man, who happened to be standing near, said, \"I can\nspeak from experience of the power of Love, having suffered so severely\nfrom his caprices.\"--\"Pray,\" said I, \"what are the ills which you have\nsuffered? To speak the truth, your countenance betokens you to be not\nunacquainted with the mysteries of this deity.\"--\"You are stirring\nup a whole swarm of words,\" replied he, \"mystery will sound like a\nfable.\"--\"In the name of Jupiter and Love himself, my good fellow,\"\nrejoined I, \"do not hesitate to gratify my curiosity, however fabulous\nmay seem your story.\"\n\nAfter this, taking him by the hand, I led him to a neighbouring grove,\nthickly planted with plane trees, through which flowed a stream of\nwater, cold and transparent as that which proceeds from newly melted\nsnow.[14] Having placed him upon a low seat, I sat down beside him, and\nsaid, \"Now is the time for hearing your tale; this spot is in every\nway agreeable and exactly suited for a love story.\" Upon this, he\nbegan as follows:--\n\nI am a native of Ph\u0153nicia, was born at Tyre, and am named Clitopho; my\nfather's name is Hippias; Sostratus is the name of his brother by the\nfather's side--for the two had different mothers--the latter having a\nByzantian, the former a Tyrian lady for his mother. Sostratus always\nresided at Byzantium, having inherited large property in that city from\nhis mother; my father lived at Tyre. I never saw my mother, she having\ndied during my infancy: after her decease, my father married a second\nwife, by whom he had a daughter named Calligone, whom he designed to\nunite to me in marriage.[15] The will of the Fates, however, more\npowerful than that of men, had in store for me a different wife. Now,\nthe Deity is often wont to reveal the future to mortals, in dreams\nby night; not in order that they may ward off suffering (for it is\nimpossible to defeat destiny[16]), but that they may bear more lightly\ntheir load of evils. Calamity, when it comes suddenly and in a \"whole\nbattalion,\" paralyses, and, as it were, overwhelms the soul by its\nunexpectedness, whereas when anticipated and dwelt upon by the mind,\nthe edge of grief becomes blunted. It was when I had reached the age\nof nineteen, and when my father was preparing to have my marriage\ncelebrated, the following year, that the drama of my fate began. During\nmy sleep, in thought I had coalesced with, and _grown_ into, the person\nof a maiden, as far as the middle, and that from thence upward we\nformed two bodies. A tall and terrible-looking woman, savage in aspect,\nwith blood-shot eyes, inflamed cheeks, and snaky hair, stood over us.\nIn her right hand she held a scimitar, in her left, a torch. Angrily\nraising her falchion, she let it fall exactly upon the loins where was\nthe juncture of our bodies, and severed the maiden from me. Leaping up\nin terror, I mentioned the dream to no one, but foreboded evil in my\nown mind. Meanwhile, a messenger arrived from Byzantium, bringing a\nletter from my father's brother; it contained the following words:--\n\n \"Sostratus to his brother Hippias, sends greeting,\n\n \"My daughter Leucippe, and my wife Panthea, are on their way to you,\n for war has broken out between the Thracians and Byzantians; till it\n is concluded, keep under your protection those dearest objects of my\n affection. Farewell.\"\n\nNo sooner had my father read the letter than, rising from his seat, he\nhurried down to the harbour; and not long after returned, followed by a\nnumber of male and female slaves, whom Sostratus had sent with his wife\nand daughter. Among them was a tall lady, richly dressed: while looking\nat her, I remarked at her left hand, a maiden, the beauty of whose\ncountenance at once dazzled my eyes--she resembled the Europa, whom,\nin the picture I had seen sitting upon the bull. Her sparkling[17]\neyes had a pleasing expression, her hair was golden-hued, short and\ncurling, her eyebrows were jet black, her cheeks were fair, save that\nin the middle they had a tinge bordering upon purple, like that with\nwhich the Lydian women stain the ivory;[18] her mouth was like the\nrose when it begins to bud. No sooner did I see her than my fate was\nsealed--for beauty[19] inflicts a wound sharper than any arrow, finding\na passage to the soul through the eyes, for it is the eye which makes a\nway for the wounds of love. I was overwhelmed by conflicting feelings;\nadmiration, astonishment, agitation, shame, assurance: I admired her\nfigure, I was astonished at her beauty; my heart palpitated, I gazed\nupon her with assurance, yet I was ashamed at the idea of being\nremarked. I endeavoured to withdraw my eyes from the maiden; they\nhowever were unwilling to obey, and, following the fascination of her\ncountenance, in the end completely gained the day.\n\nUpon the arrival of the visitors, my father assigned a part of the\nhouse for their use, and then ordered the supper to be prepared. At the\nappointed time we reclined by twos on couches, for such was my father's\norder. He and I were in the centre, the two elder ladies occupied\nthe right-hand couch, the maidens were to the left. Upon hearing the\nproposed arrangement I was very near embracing my father, for thus\nplacing the maiden within my view. As to what I ate, on my faith I\ncannot tell you, for I was like a man eating in a dream; all I know is,\nthat leaning upon my elbow, and bending forwards, my whole attention\nwas given to stealing furtive glances at her--this was the sum total\nof my supper. When the meal was ended, a slave came in with the lyre;\nhe first ran over the strings with his fingers, then sounded a few\nchords in an under tone, and afterwards taking the plectrum, began to\nplay, accompanying the sounds with his voice. The subject of his strain\nwas[20] Apollo in his irritation pursuing the flying Daphne, and upon\nthe point of seizing her, how she was transformed into a laurel, and\nhow the god crowns himself with its leaves. The song had the effect\nof adding fuel to my flame, for amatory strains[21] act as a powerful\nincentive to desire: and however inclined a person may be to chastity,\nexample serves as a stimulant to imitation, more especially when the\nexample is supplied by one in superior[22] station; for the feeling of\nshame which was a check upon doing wrong becomes changed into assurance\nby the rank of the offender.\n\nAccordingly, I thus reasoned with myself--\"See, Apollo falls in love,\nhe is not ashamed of his weakness, he pursues the fair one! and art\nthou a laggard and the slave of shame and ill-timed continence? Art\nthou, forsooth, superior to a god?\"[23] In the evening the ladies\nretired to rest first, and afterwards we ourselves. The others had\nconfined the pleasures of the table to their stomachs.[24] I, for my\npart, carried away the banquet in my eyes; I had taken my fill of the\nmaiden's sweet looks, and, from the effect of merely gazing upon her,\nI rose from table intoxicated with love. Upon entering my accustomed\nchamber, sleep was out of the question. It is the law of nature that\ndiseases and bodily wounds always become exasperated at night; when we\nare taking our rest their strength increases, and the pain becomes more\nacute, for the circumstance of the body being in repose affords leisure\nfor the malady to do its work. By the same rule, the wounds of the\nsoul are much more painful while the body is lying motionless; in the\nday, both the eyes and ears are occupied by a multiplicity of objects;\nthus, the soul has not leisure to feel pain, and so the violence of\nthe disease is for a time mitigated; but let the body be fettered by\ninactivity, and then the soul retains all its susceptibility, and\nbecomes tempest-tossed by trouble; the feelings which were asleep then\nawaken. The mourner feels his grief, the anxious his solicitude, he who\nis in peril his terrors, the lover his inward flame.\n\nTowards morning Love took compassion upon me, and granted me some short\nrepose; but not even then would the maiden be absent from my mind;\nLeucippe[25] was in all my dreams, I conversed with her, I played with\nher, I supped with her, I touched her fair body; in short, I obtained\nmore favours then than in the day-time, for I kissed her, and the kiss\nwas really given. Accordingly, when the slave awoke me, I cursed[26]\nhim for coming so unseasonably, and for dissipating so sweet a dream;\ngetting up, however, I went out of my part of the house, and walked in\nfront of the apartment where the maiden was; with my head hanging down\nover a book, I pretended to be reading, but whenever I came opposite\nher door I cast sidelong glances, and after taking a few turns, and\ndrinking in fresh draughts of love I returned desperately smitten;\nthree whole days did I continue burning with this inward fire.\n\nI had a cousin named Clinias, who had lost both his parents; he was\ntwo years older than myself, and an adept in matters of love. He had a\nmale favourite, for whom his affection was so strong, that when he had\none day purchased a horse, and the other admired it, he immediately\npresented him with the animal. I was always joking him for having\nso much leisure as to fall in love, and for being a slave to tender\npassions; he used to laugh and reply with a shake of the head, \"Depend\nupon it the day of slavery is in store for you.\" Well, proceeding to\nhis house, I saluted him, and sitting down, said, \"Clinias, I am paying\nthe penalty of my former gibes;[27] I am at last myself the slave of\nlove!\" Upon hearing this, he clapped his hands and laughed outright;\nthen rising and kissing my face, which bore traces of a lover's\nwakefulness, \"There is no doubt of your being in love,\" said he, \"for\nyour eyes declare it.\"\n\nWhile he was yet speaking, Charicles, his favourite, comes in\nhurriedly and in great perturbation, exclaiming, \"My fate is sealed,\nClinias!\" With a tremulous voice, and sighing as deeply as though his\nown life hung[28] upon that of the youth, Clinias replied, \"Speak\nout, your silence will be my death; say what grief assails you--with\nwhat adversary have you to contend?\" Charicles rejoined,--\"My father\nis negotiating a marriage for me, a marriage moreover with an\nill-favoured woman; a double evil therefore: even were she comely, a\nfemale[29] would be repulsive to my taste, and she becomes doubly so,\nif ugly. My father, however, looks only to money, and is therefore\nanxious for the match, so that I, such is my ill fate, am made the\nvictim of this woman's money; I am sold to be her husband.\"[30] Clinias\nturned pale upon hearing this announcement, and strongly urged the\nyouth to decline the match, bitterly inveighing against the race of\nwomankind. \"Your father, forsooth, would have you marry! pray what\ncrime have you committed, that you should be given over to such\nbondage? Do you not remember the words of Jove?\n\n    'Son of Iapetus, o'er-subtle, go,\n    And glory in thy artful theft below;\n    Now of the fire you boast by stealth retriev'd,\n    And triumph in almighty Jove deceiv'd;\n    But thou too late shalt find the triumph vain,\n    And read thy folly in succeeding pain;\n    Posterity the sad effect shall know,\n    When in pursuit of joy they grasp their woe.'[31]\n\nWoman is a 'bitter sweet;'[32] in her nature she is akin to the Sirens,\nfor they too, slay their victims with a dulcet voice; the very \"pomp\nand circumstance\" of marriage shews the magnitude of the evil; there\nis the din[33] of pipes, the knocking at the doors, the bearing about\nof torches. With all this noise and tumult, who will not exclaim,\n'Unhappy is the man who has to wed!'--to me, he seems like a man\nordered off to war. Were you unacquainted with classic lore, you might\nplead ignorance of women's doings, whereas you are so well read, as to\nbe capable of teaching others. How many subjects for the stage have\nbeen furnished by womankind! Call to mind the necklace of Eriphyle,\nthe banquet of Philomela, the calumny of Sthenob\u0153a, the incest of\nAerope, the murderous deed of Procne.[34] Does Agamemnon sigh for\nthe beauty of Chryseis?--he brings pestilence upon the Grecian host;\ndoes Achilles covet the charms of Briseis?--he prepares misery for\nhimself; if Candaules has a fair wife, that wife becomes the murderess\nof her husband! The nuptial torches of Helen[35] kindled the fire\nwhich consumed Troy! How many suitors were done to death through the\nchastity of Penelope? Ph\u00e6dra, through love, became the destroyer of\nHippolytus; Clytemnestra, through hate, the murderess of Agamemnon! \u039f!\nall-audacious[36] race of women! they deal death whether they love or\nhate! The noble Agamemnon must needs die, he whose beauty is described\nto have been cast in a heavenly mould,\n\n    'Jove o'er his eyes celestial glories spread,\n    And dawning conquest play'd around his head.[37]\n\nand yet this very head was cut off by--a woman! All that I have been\nsaying relates only to the handsome among the sex; in this case, then,\nthere is a lessening of the evil, for beauty is a palliative, and under\nsuch circumstances a man may be said to be fortunate in the midst of\nhis calamity; but if, as you say, the woman boasts no charms, why then\nthe evil becomes two-fold. Who would submit in such a case, especially\nwho that is young and handsome like yourself? In the name of the gods,\nCharicles, do not stoop to such a yoke; do not mar the flower of your\nbeauty before the time; for remember, in addition to the other ills of\nmarriage, there is this evil, it saps the vigour: do not, Charicles,\nI pray, expose yourself to this; give not the beauteous rose to be\nplucked by the ill-favoured rustic's hand.\"\n\n\"Leave this matter,\" replied Charicles, \"to the care of the gods and\nof myself; the marriage will not take place for some days yet; much\nmay be done in a single night, and we will deliberate at our leisure.\nMeanwhile, I will go and take a ride, for since the day you gave me\nthat fine horse, I have never made use of your kind present.\" With\nthese words he left the house, little imagining that this his first\nride was to be his last. After he was gone, I related every particular\nto Clinias, describing how my passion began; the arrival, the supper,\nthe beauty of the maiden. Feeling, at last, how absurdly I was\nbeginning to talk, I exclaimed, \"Clinias, I can no longer endure this\nmisery. Love has assailed me with such violence as to drive sleep from\nmy eyes; I see no object but Leucippe; no one can suffer like myself,\nfor the source of my trouble dwells with me under the same roof.\"\n\n\"What folly it is,\" replied Clinias, \"for you who are so fortunate in\nlove to talk after this fashion! You have no need to go to another\nperson's doors; you do not require a go-between; fortune gives the\nloved object into your hands, brings her into your very house, and\nthere sets her down.[38] Other lovers are well content with catching\na glimpse of the maiden for whom they sigh, and to gratify their\neyes is with them no small good fortune; they consider themselves\nmost favoured, indeed, if they can now and then exchange a word with\ntheir mistress. But what is your case? You continually see her, you\ncontinually hear her voice, you sup with her, you drink with her; and\nyet, fortunate that you are, you are complaining! You are guilty of\nbase ingratitude towards love, and without the slightest cause. Do you\nnot know that seeing the object whom you love gives far deeper pleasure\nthan enjoying her?[39] And why so? Because the eyes, when encountering\neach other, receive bodily impressions, as in a looking-glass, and\nthe reflection of beauty glancing into the soul,[40] begets union even\nin separation, and affords a pleasure not much inferior to corporeal\nintercourse, which, after all, is hollow and unsatisfying.[41] I augur,\nmoreover, that you will soon obtain the object of your wishes, for to\nbe always in the society of the loved one, exerts a most persuasive\npower; the eye is a wondrous vehicle of love,[42] and constant\nintercourse is most influential in begetting kindly feelings. Habit and\nthe company of each other will tame savage beasts. How much more will\nthey act upon a woman's heart. Parity of age also has great weight with\na maiden, and the animal passion which is felt in the flower of youth,\nadded to the consciousness of being loved, very frequently call forth a\nreturn of tender feeling. Every maiden wishes to be thought beautiful,\nand exults in being loved; and approves the testimony borne by the\nlover to her beauty; because, if no one love her, she believes herself\ndevoid of any personal charms. This one piece of advice I give you,\nmake her feel certain that she is beloved, and she will soon follow\nyour example in returning your affection.\"\n\n\"And how,\" asked I, \"is this sage oracle of yours to be accomplished?\nPut me in the right way; you are more experienced than myself; you have\nbeen longer initiated in the mysteries of love. What am I to do? What\nam I to say? How am I to obtain her for whom I sigh? For my part I am\nignorant how to set about the work.\"\n\n\"There is small need,\" replied Clinias, \"to learn these matters from\nthe mouths of others. Love is a self-taught master of his craft.[43] No\none teaches new-born babes where to find their food; they have already\nlearnt by intuition, and know that a table has been spread for them by\nnature in their mothers' breasts. In like manner, the youth who for\nthe first time is pregnant with love, needs no teaching to bring it\nto the birth; only let your pains have come on, and your hour have\narrived, and though it be for the first time, you will not miscarry,\nbut will be safely brought to bed, midwifed by the god himself. I will,\nhowever, give you a few common-place hints relating to matters which\nrequire general observance. Say nothing to the maiden directly bearing\nupon love; prosecute the wished-for consummation quietly. Youths and\nmaidens are alike sensible of shame, and however much they may long for\nsexual enjoyment, they do not like to hear it talked of; they consider\nthe disgrace of the matter to be altogether in the words. Matrons take\npleasure even in the words. A maiden will show no objection to acts\nof dalliance upon her lover's part, but will express her willingness\nby signs and gestures; yet if you come directly to the point, and put\nthe question to her, your very voice will alarm her ears; she will be\nsuffused with blushes; she will turn away from your proposals; she will\nthink an insult has been done her; and however willing to comply with\nyour desires, she will be restrained by shame; for the pleasurable\nsensations excited by your words will make her consider herself to be\nsubmitting to the act. But when by other means you have brought her\nto a compliant mood, so that you can approach her with some degree of\nfreedom, be as wise and guarded as though you were celebrating the\nmysteries;[44] gently approach and kiss her: a kiss given by a lover\nto a willing mistress is a silent way of asking for her favours; and\nthe same given to the fair one who is coy, is a supplication to relent.\nEven when maidens are themselves ready to comply, they often like\nsome appearance of force to be employed,[45] for the plea of seeming\nnecessity will remove the shame of voluntary compliance upon their\npart. Do not be discouraged if she repulses your advances,[46] but mark\nthe manner of her repulse: all these matters require tact. If she\npersists in being uncompliant, use no force; for she is not yet in the\nright humour; but if she show signs of yielding, act still with proper\ncaution, lest after all you should lose your labour.\"[47]\n\n\"You have given me store[48] of good advice,\" said I, \"and may\neverything turn out successfully; nevertheless I sadly fear that\nsuccess will prove the beginning of even greater calamity, by making\nme more desperately in love. What am I to do if my malady increase?\nI cannot marry, for I am already engaged to another maiden; my\nfather, too, is very urgent with me to conclude the match, and he\nasks nothing but what is fair and reasonable. He does not barter me\naway like Charicles for gold; he does not wish me to marry either a\nforeigner or an ugly girl; he gives me his own daughter, a maiden\nof rare beauty, had I not seen Leucippe; but now I am blind to all\nother charms excepting hers, in short, I have eyes for her alone. I\nam placed midway between two contending parties; Love on one side, my\nfather on the other; the latter wields his paternal authority, the\nformer shakes his burning torch; how am I to decide the cause? Stern\nnecessity and natural affection are opposed. Father, I wish to give a\nverdict for you, but I have an adversary too strong for me; he tortures\nand overawes the judge,[49] he stands beside me with his shafts; his\narguments are flame. Unless I decide for him, his fires will scorch me\nup.\"\n\nWhile we were thus discussing the subject of the god of Love, a slave\nof Charicles suddenly rushed in bearing his evil tidings on his face\nso plainly, that Clinias immediately cried out, \"Some accident has\nbefallen Charicles.\" \"Charicles,\" hastily exclaimed the slave, \"is\ndead.\" Utterance failed Clinias, upon hearing this, he remained without\nthe power of motion, as if struck by lightning. The slave proceeded to\nrelate the sad particulars. \"Charicles,\" he said, \"after mounting, went\noff at a moderate pace, then after having had two or three gallops,\npulled up, and still sitting on the animal, wiped off from its back\nthe sweat, leaving the reins upon its neck. There was a sudden noise\nfrom behind, and the startled horse rearing bounded forward and dashed\nwildly on.[50] Taking the bit between his teeth, with neck thrown up\nand tossing mane, maddened with fright, he flew through the air.[51]\nSuch was his speed, that his hind feet seemed endeavouring to overtake\nand pass the fore feet in the race; and owing to this rivalry of speed\nbetween the legs, the animal's back rose and fell as does a ship\nwhen tossing upon the billows. Oscillating from the effect of these\nwave-like movements,[52] the wretched Charicles was tossed up and down\nlike a ball upon the horse's back, now thrown back upon his croup, now\npitched forward upon his neck. At length overmastered by the storm,[53]\nand unable to recover possession of the reins, he gave himself up to\nthis whirlwind of speed, and was at Fortune's mercy. The horse still\nin full career, turned from the public road, made for a wood, and\ndashed his unhappy rider against a tree. Charicles was shot from off\nhis back as from an engine, and his face encountering the boughs, was\nlacerated with a wound from every jagged point. Entangled by the reins,\nhe was unable to release his body, but was dragged along upon the road\nto death; for the horse, yet more affrighted by the rider's fall, and\nimpeded by his body, kicked and trampled the miserable youth who was\nthe obstacle to his farther flight;[54] and such is his disfigurement\nthat you can no longer recognize his features.\"\n\nAfter listening to this account, Clinias was for some moments\nspeechless through bewilderment, then awakening from his trance of\ngrief, he uttered a piercing cry, and was rushing out to meet the\ncorpse, I following and doing my best to comfort him. At this instant\nthe body of Charicles was borne into the house, a wretched and\npitiable sight, for he was one mass of wounds,[55] so that none of\nthe bystanders could restrain their tears. His father led the strains\nof lamentation, and cried out, \"My son, in how different a state hast\nthou returned from that in which thou didst leave me! Ill betide all\nhorsemanship! Neither hast thou died by any common death, nor art thou\nbrought back a corpse comely in thy death; others who die preserve\ntheir well-known lineaments, and though the living beauty of the\ncountenance be gone, the image is preserved, which by its mimickry of\nsleep consoles the mourner.[56] In their case, death has taken away\nthe soul, but leaves in the body the semblance of the individual: in\nthy case, fate has destroyed both, and, to me, thou hast died a double\ndeath, in soul and body, so utterly has even the shadow of thy likeness\nperished! Thy soul has fled, and I find thee no more, even in body! Oh,\nmy son, when shall be now thy bridal day? When, ill-starred horseman\nand unwedded bridegroom, when shall be the joyous nuptial festivities?\nThe tomb will be thy bridal bed, death thy partner, a dirge thy\nnuptial song, wailing thy strains of joy![57] I thought, my son, to\nhave kindled for thee a very different flame, but cruel fate has\nextinguished both it and thee, and in its stead lights up the funeral\ntorch. Oh, luckless torch bearing, where death presides and takes the\nplace of marriage!\"\n\nThus bitterly did the father bewail the loss of his son, and Clinias\nvied with him in the expression of his grief, breaking forth into\nsoliloquy. \"I have been the death of him who was master of my\naffection! Why was I so ill-advised as to present him with such a\ngift! Could I not have given him a golden beaker, out of which, when\npouring a libation, he might have drunk, and so have derived pleasure\nfrom the gift? Instead of doing this, wretch that I was, I bestowed\nupon this beauteous youth a savage brute, and moreover decked out the\nbeast with a pectoral and frontlet and silver trappings.[58] Yes,\nCharicles, I decked out your murderer with gold! Thou beast, of all\nothers most evil, ruthless, ungrateful, and insensible to beauty, thou\nhast actually been the death of him who fondled thee, who wiped away\nthy sweat, promised thee many a feed, and praised the swiftness of thy\npace! Instead of glorying in being the bearer of so fair a youth, thou\nhast ungratefully dashed his beauty to the earth! Woe is me, for having\nbought this homicide, who has turned out to be thy murderer!\"\n\nNo sooner were the funeral obsequies over, than I hastened to the\nmaiden, who was in the pleasance belonging to the house. It consisted\nof a grove, which afforded a delightful object to the eyes; around it\nran a wall, each of the four sides of which had a colonnade supported\nupon pillars, the central space being planted with trees, whose\nbranches were so closely interwoven, that the fruits and foliage\nintermingled in friendly union.[59] Close to some of the larger\ntrees grew the ivy and the convolvulus; the latter hanging from the\nplane-trees, clustered round it, with its delicate foliage; the former\ntwining round the pine, lovingly embraced its trunk, so that the tree\nbecame the prop of the ivy, and the ivy furnished a crown for the tree.\nOn either side were seen luxuriant vines, supported upon reeds; these\nwere now in blossom, and hanging down from the intervening spaces were\nthe ringlets of the plant;[60] while the upper leaves, agitated by the\nbreeze and interpenetrated by the rays of the sun, caused a quivering\ngleam to fall upon the ground, which partially lighted up its shade.\nFlowers also displayed the beauty of their various hues. The narcissus,\nthe rose, and violet, mingling together, imparted a purple colour to\nthe earth; the calyx of both these flowers was alike in its general\nshape, and served them for a cup; the expanded rose-leaves were red\nand violet above, milky white below, and the narcissus was altogether\nof the latter hue; the violet had no calyx, and its colour resembled\nthat of the sea when under the influence of a calm. In the midst of\nthe flowers bubbled a fountain, whose waters received into a square\nbasin, the work of art, served the flowers for their mirror, and gave\na double appearance to the grove, by adding the reflection to the\nreality. Neither were there wanting birds: some of a domestic kind,\nreared by the care of man, were feeding in the grove; while others,\nenjoying their liberty of wing, flew and disported themselves among\nthe branches. The songsters were grasshoppers[61] and swallows,[62] of\nwhich the one celebrated the rising of Aurora, the other the banquet\nof Tereus. Those of a domestic kind were the peacock, the swan, and the\nparrot; the swan was feeding near the fountain; a cage suspended from\na tree contained the parrot; the peacock drew after him his splendid\ntrain; nor was it easy to decide which surpassed the other in beauty,\nthe tints of the flowers themselves, or the hues of his flower-like\nfeathers.\n\nLeucippe happened at this time to be walking with Clio, and stopped\nopposite the peacock who was just then spreading his train, and\ndisplaying the gorgeous semicircle of his feathers.[63] Wishing to\nproduce amorous sensations in her mind, I addressed myself to the slave\nSatyrus,[64] making the peacock the subject of our discourse. \"The\nbird,\" I said, \"does not do this without design; he is of an amorous\nnature, and always bedecks himself in this manner when he wishes to\nattract his favourite mate. Do you see,\" I added, (pointing in the\ndirection) \"the female, near the plane-tree yonder? It is to her that\nhe is now displaying the 'enamelled meadow' of his plumes, and this\nmeadow of his is assuredly more beautiful than any mead in nature,\neach plume has in it a spot of gold, and the gold is encircled by a\npurple ring, and so in every plume there is seen an eye.\" Satyrus\nreadily comprehended the drift of my discourse, and in order to give\nme scope for continuing the subject, he asked \"whether Love could\npossibly possess such power as to transmit his warmth even unto the\nwinged tribes?\" \"Yes,\" I replied, \"not only unto them--for there is\nno marvel in this, since he himself is winged--but also into reptiles\nand wild beasts and plants; nay, in my opinion even unto stones. The\nmagnet, for instance loves the iron, and upon the first sight and touch\ndraws that metal towards it, as if containing within itself the fire\nof love. Is there not in this, a manifest embrace between the amorous\nstone and the iron the object of its affection? Philosophers, moreover,\ntell, concerning plants, what I should deem an idle tale were it not\nconfirmed by the experience of husbandmen. They maintain that one\nplant becomes enamoured of another, and that the palm is most sensible\nof the tender passion; there are, you must know, male[65] and female\npalms; supposing the female is planted at a distance from it, the male\ndroops and withers; the husbandman upon seeing this, easily understands\nthe nature of the malady, and ascending an eminence he observes in\nwhat direction the tree inclines--which is always towards the beloved\nobject; having ascertained this point, he employs the following remedy:\ntaking a shoot from the female he inserts it into the very heart of\nthe male; this immediately revives it, and bestows new life upon its\nsinking frame, so that it recovers its pristine vigour; and this arises\nfrom delight in embracing its beloved; such are the loves of the\nplants.[66]\n\n\"The same holds true concerning streams and rivers also; for we\nhear of the loves of the river Alpheus and the Sicilian fountain\nArethusa.[67] This river takes its course through the sea as through\na plain, and the sea instead of impregnating it with its saltness,\ndivides and so affords a passage for the river, performing the part\nof bridesman,[68] by conducting it to Arethusa; when, therefore, at\nthe Olympic Festival, persons cast various gifts into the channel of\nthis river, it immediately bears them to its beloved, these being its\nnuptial gifts.[69] A yet stranger mystery of Love is seen in reptiles,\nnot merely in those of like race, but of different kind. The viper[70]\nconceives a violent passion for the lamprey, which though in form a\nserpent, is to all intents and purposes a fish. When these reptiles\nwish to copulate, the viper goes down to the shore and hisses in the\ndirection of the sea, which is a signal to the lamprey; she understands\nthe sound, and issues from the water, but does not immediately hasten\nto her lover, knowing that he carries deadly poison in his teeth,\nbut gliding up a rock, there waits until he has cleansed his mouth.\nAfter looking at one another for a space, the loving viper vomits\nforth the poison so dreaded by his mistress, and she upon perceiving\nthis, descends and entwines him in her embrace, no longer dreading his\namorous bite.\"\n\nDuring my discourse, I kept observing Leucippe to see how she took\nthese amatory topics, and she gave indications that they were not\ndispleasing to her. The dazzling beauty of the peacock which I just\nnow mentioned seemed to me far inferior to her attractions; indeed the\nbeauty of her countenance might vie with the flowers of the meadow; the\nnarcissus was resplendent in her general complexion, the rose blushed\nupon her cheek, the dark hue of the violet sparkled in her eyes, her\nringlets curled more closely than do the clusters of the ivy;---her\nface, therefore, was a reflex of the meadows.[71] Shortly after this,\nshe left the pleasance, it being time for her to practise upon the\nharp. Though absent she appeared to me still present, for her form and\nfeatures remained impressed upon my eyes.\n\nSatyrus and I congratulated each other upon our mutual performances. I\nfor the subjects I had chosen, he for having given me the opportunity\nof discussing them. Supper time soon arrived and we reclined at table\nas before.\n\n\n[Footnote 1: \u039c\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1 \u03a6\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03c9\u03bd \u1f21 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2, \u03b8\u03b7\u03b6\u03b1\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f41 \u03b4\u1fc6\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1. The\n\"mother-city,\" because of the many colonies which it sent out: on\nthe foundation of Thebes, Pliny, B. v, c. 19, says: \"Sidon, artifex\nvitri, Thebarum B\u0153tiarum parens.\" We find in the Scriptures, that\nTyre and Sidon were famous for works in gold, embroidery, &c., and\nwhatsoever regarded magnificence and luxury.--See Isaiah xxiii.--Ezek.\nxxvii. xxviii. The Ph\u0153nicians were, in very early times, celebrated\nfor merchandise of every description; and their country was justly\nconsidered the emporium of the East. They were the earliest navigators,\nand their skill in ship-building may be inferred from I Kings, v.\n6.--Trollope's Homer.]\n\n[Footnote 2: \u03a3\u1ff6\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 or \u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1. Sacrifices and votive offerings, made\nupon escape from shipwreck--\n\n    \"Me tabul\u00e2 sacer\n    Votiv\u00e2 paries indicat uvida,\n    Suspendisse potenti\n    Vestimenta maris Deo.\"--Hor. I. Od. v. 12.\n]\n\n[Footnote 3: The Syrian Venus. \"Venus--quarta, Syria, Tyroque concepta;\nqu\u00e6 Astarte vocatur, quam Adonidi nupsisse proditum est.\"--Cic. de Nat.\nDeorum.]\n\n[Footnote 4: Ovid. Met. ii. 844, and Moschus, Idyl. 2.]\n\n[Footnote 5: Compare a passage in Longus, B. iv., \u0388\u03bd \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u1ff3 \u03bf\u1f31 \u03ba\u03bb\u03ac\u03b4\u03bf\u03b9\n\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c0\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03ae\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c0\u03ae\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c2, \u1f10\u03b4\u03cc\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03af \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f20\n\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03c6\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f30\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 6: \"Mare purpureum.\"--Virg. G. 4, 373.]\n\n[Footnote 7: In Ode xxviii., on his mistress, Anacreon says,--\n\n    \"\u03a3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bbo\u03b9\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd\n    '\u03c5\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2\u00b7\n    \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03ad\u03c4\u03bf \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c3\u03b1\u03c1\u03ba\u1f7c\u03bd\n    '\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd, \u03c4\u03bf \u03c3\u1ff6\u03bc' \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd.\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 8: \"Qu\u00e0m castigate planus sub pectore venter.\"--Ovid. Am. i.\n5.]\n\n[Footnote 9:\n\n    \"Her dainty paps, which like young fruit in May,\n    Now little, 'gan to swell, and being tied\n    Through her thin weed, their places only signified.\"--Spencer.\n]\n\n[Footnote 10: \"Tremul\u00e6 sinuantur flamine vestes.\"--Ovid. Met. ii. 875.]\n\n[Footnote 11:\n\n    \"Her robe inflated by the wanton breeze,\n    Seem'd like a ship's sail hovering o'er the seas.\"\n                                Moschus. Chapman's Tr.\n]\n\n[Footnote 12:\n\n    \"From their sea-hollows swift the Nereids rose,\n    Seated on seals, and did his train compose;\n    Poseidon went before, and smooth did make\n    The path of waters for his brother's sake;\n    Around their king, in close array, did keep\n    The loud-voiced Tritons, minstrels of the deep.\n    And with their conchs proclaimed the nuptial song.\"\n                                         Moschus.\n]\n\n[Footnote 13: \u0394\u03cd\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f42\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u1f41 Z\u03b5\u1f7a\u03c2, \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd\n\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u1fd6\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b4\u1f72 \u1f04\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f40\u03bc\u03bf\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u1ff6\u03bd.--Longus. \u0392. ii.]\n\n[Footnote 14: \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u1fc4 \u1f51\u03c0\u1f78 \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u1ff3 \u1f43\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd \u1fe5\u03ad\u03b5\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03bba\u1f78v \u1f53\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1.--Hom. Il. ii.\n307.]\n\n[Footnote 15: Proximity by blood or consanguinity was not, with some\nfew exceptions, a bar to marriage in any part of Greece; direct lineal\ndescent was. Thus brothers were permitted to marry with sisters even,\nif not born from the same mother, as Cimon did with Elpenice. See\nNepos, Life of Cimon.--Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiq.]\n\n[Footnote 16:\n\n    \u039co\u0390\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4' \u03bf\u1f54\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f14\u03bc\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd,\n    \u039f\u1f50 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03b8\u03bb\u1f78\u03bd, \u1f10\u03c0\u1f74\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b3\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.--Hom. Il. vi. 487.\n]\n\n[Footnote 17:\n\n    \u039c\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd \u1f44\u03bc\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u1f78\u03bd \u1f14\u03b6\u03c9\n    \u03ba\u03b5\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7.--Anacreon. xxix.\n\n    \"Flagrabant lumina miti\n        Adspectu\"....--Silius Ital. v. 562.\n]\n\n[Footnote 18:\n\n    \"Indum sanguineo veluti violaverat ostro\n    Si quis ebur....\n    ... talis virgo dabat ore colores.\"--Virg. xii. 67.\n]\n\n[Footnote 19:\n\n    .... \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2\n    '\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4' \u03b1\u03c3\u03c0\u03af\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u1ff6\u03bd,\n    '\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4' \u1f10\u03b3\u03c7\u03ad\u03c9\u03bd \u1f01\u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\n    \u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u1fb6 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd\n    \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u1fe6\u03c1, \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f56\u03c3\u03b1.--Anacreon, ii.\n]\n\n[Footnote 20: Ovid. Met. i. 452.\n\n    \"At conjux quoniam mea non potes esse,\n    Arbor eris cert\u00e8 mea, dixit.\" 557.\n]\n\n[Footnote 21:\n\n    .... \"Quod enim non excitet inguen\n    Vox blanda et nequam? digitos habet.\"--Juv. vi. 196.\n]\n\n[Footnote 22:\n\n    \"Sic nature jabet: velocius et citius nos\n    Corrumpunt vitiorum exempla domestica, magnis\n    Quum subeant animos auctoribus.\"--Juv. xiv. 31.\n]\n\n[Footnote 23: \"Egone homuncio id non facerem?\"--Ter. Eunuchus.]\n\n[Footnote 24: \"Qu\u00e6 ad beatam vitam pertinent ventre metiri.\"--Cic. de\nNat Deorum, i. 40.]\n\n[Footnote 25: \"\u1f49\u03bd\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f10\u03ce\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac, \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, \u03c4\u1f70\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ac\u03b6, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76\n\u1f45\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b8' \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50\u03ba \u1f14\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u1fe6\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f45\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1 \u1f14\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03be\u03b1\u03bd.\"--Longus, \u0392. i.]\n\n[Footnote 26:\n\n    ... \"as one who is awoke\n      By a distant organ, doubting if he be\n    Not yet a dreamer, till the spell is broke\n      By the watchman, or some such reality,\n    Or by one's early valet's cursed knock.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 27:\n\n    \"I have done penance for contemning Love;\n    Whose high imperious thoughts have punish'd me\n    With bitter fasts, with penitential groans,\n    With nightly tears, and daily heart-sore sighs:\n    For in revenge of my contempt of Love,\n    Love hath chac'd sleep from my enthralled eyes,\n    And made them watchers of mine own heart's sorrow.\"\n                                         Shakspeare.\n]\n\n[Footnote 28: \"Eque tuo pendat resupini spiritus ore.\"--Luc. i. 38.]\n\n[Footnote 29: There was a proverb among the ancients, \"\u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u1fe6\u03c1\n\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1f70 \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b1.\"]\n\n[Footnote 30: \"Argentum accepi, dote imperium vendidi.\"--Plautus.]\n\n[Footnote 31: Hesiod. Works and Days, 57.]\n\n[Footnote 32: \u03b1\u1f55\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b7\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03ae.\n\n    \"\u03ba\u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f55\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2.\"--Soph. \u039f.\u03a4. 1396.\n\n    ... \"medio de fonte leporum\n    Surgit amari aliquid, quod in ipsis floribus angat.\"\n                                          Luc. iv. 1126.\n\n    \"Full from the fount of joy's delicious springs,\n    Some bitter o'er the flowers its bubbling venom flings.\"\n                                          Childe Harold.\n]\n\n[Footnote 33: \u03b2\u03cc\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03bb\u1ff6\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 34: For the legends connected with these various names, the\nreader is referred to Anthon's Lempri\u00e8re.]\n\n[Footnote 35: \"And like another Helen, fir'd another Troy.\"--Dryden.]\n\n[Footnote 36:\n\n    ... \"there's no motion\n    That tends to vice in man, but, I affirm\n    It is the woman's part; be't lying, note it,\n    The woman's; flattering, hers; deceiving, hers;\n    Lust and rank thoughts, hers, hers; revenges, hers;\n    Ambitions, covetings, change of prides, disdain,\n    Nice longings, slanders, mutability;\n    All faults that may be named, nay, that hell knows.\n    Why, hers, in part, or all; but rather all.\"--Cymbeline.\n]\n\n[Footnote 37: Homer. Il. ii. 478. Pope's Tr.]\n\n[Footnote 38:\n\n        \"Semper conservam domi\n    Videbit, colloquetur, aderit un\u00e0 in unis \u00e6dibus\n    Cibum nonnunquam capiet cum ea.\"--Ter. Eun.\n]\n\n[Footnote 39:\n\n    \"The lovely toy so fiercely sought,\n    Hath lost its charm by being caught.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 40: \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u1f70 \u03bc\u03af\u03be\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03bd \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9.]\n\n[Footnote 41:\n\n    Nequicquam; quoniam nihil ind\u00e8 abradere possunt\n    Nec penetrare, et abire in corpus corpora toto.\"\n                                      Luc. iv. 1005.\n]\n\n[Footnote 42:\n\n    \"Conveying as the electric wire,\n    We know not how, the absorbing fire.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 43: \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b3\u03ac\u03c1 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd \u1f41 \u03b8\u03b5\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 44: The festivals called Mysteries took place at night, or in\nsecret, within some sanctuary, which the uninitiated were not allowed\nto enter.--See Dict. of Greek and Rom. Antiq.]\n\n[Footnote 45:\n\n    \"Pugnabit primo fortassis, et Improbe, dicet.\n    Pugnando vinci sed tamen illa volet.\"\n                 Ovid. de Art. Aman. l. 665.\n]\n\n[Footnote 46:\n\n    \"Who listens once will listen twice;\n    Her heart, be sure, is not of ice,\n    And one refusal no rebuff.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 47: \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03ae\u03b3\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03ba\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03bc\u1f74 \u03ac\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc \u03b4\u03c1\u1fb6\u03bc\u03b1. The\nlanguage is figurative and borrowed from customs relating to the drama.\nIf a poet wished to bring out a piece, he applied to the archon to\ngrant him a chorus (\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b4\u03cc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9); hence the phrases \u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u1f78\u03bd \u03b1\u1f30\u03c4\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd,\n\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03ac\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, to apply for and to succeed in the application. This will\nexplain the above expression \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03c1\u1fb6\u03bc\u03b1, to fail in obtaining\nthrough want of merit.]\n\n[Footnote 48: \u1f10\u03c6\u03cc\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1.]\n\n[Footnote 49: Viz., his own mind distracted between the solicitations\nof his father and the arguments of love.\n\n    \"Tot me impediunt cur\u00e6, qu\u00e6 meum animum divers\u00e8 trahunt.\"\n                                                  Ter. Andr.\n]\n\n[Footnote 50:\n\n    \"And, starting to each accent, sprang\n    As from a sudden trumpet's clang.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 51:\n\n    \"Away, away, my steed and I,\n    Upon the pinions of the wind,\n    All human dwellings left behind;\n    We sped like meteors through the sky.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 52:\n\n    \"I felt as on a plank at sea,\n    When all the waves that dash o'er thee,\n    At the same time upheave and whelm,\n    And hurl thee towards a desert realm.\n    My undulating life was as\n    The fancied lights that flitting pass\n    Our shut eyes in deep midnight, when\n    Fever begins upon the brain.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 53: It must be remembered that throughout this description\nthe expressions are borrowed from a storm at sea. An illustration\noccurs in Soph. vi. Electra 729 and 733. \"\u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03b1\u03b3\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u1f31\u03c0\u03c0\u03b9\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd.\" \"\u03ba\u03bb\u03cd\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd',\n\u1f14\u03c6\u03b9\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd.\"]\n\n[Footnote 54:\n\n    \"Each motion which I made to free\n    My swoln limbs from their agony\n    Increased his fury and affright.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 55: \"Totum est pro corpore vulnus.\"--Lucan ix. 814.]\n\n[Footnote 56:\n\n    He who hath bent him o'er the dead\n    Ere the first day of death is fled,\n    (Before decay's effacing fingers\n    Have swept the lines where beauty lingers),\n    And marked the mild angelic air;\n    The rapture of repose that's there,\n    The fix'd yet tender traits that streak\n    The languor of the placid cheek.\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    He still might doubt the tyrant's power;\n    So fair, so calm, so softly seal'd,\n    The first, last look by death reveal'd.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 57: In Heliodorus, B. i. Theagenes and Charicles express\ntheir grief in similar language.]\n\n[Footnote 58: Mention of these different ornaments occurs in Xen.\nCyrop. B. vi. c. 4, sec. 1.]\n\n[Footnote 59: See the description of the garden in the 3rd Book of\nLongus.]\n\n[Footnote 60: \u1f26\u03bd \u03b2\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6.]\n\n[Footnote 61:\n\n    \"The shrill cicalas, people of the pine,\n    Making their summer lives one ceaseless song.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 62: The swallow was generally considered the representative\nof what was barbaric, chattering, and troublesome. See Aristoph. Frogs,\n649, and \u00c6sch. Ag. 1017, nevertheless is introduced by Moschus, in his\nlament for Bion:--\n\n    .... \"Nor on their mountain thrones,\n    The swallows utter such lugubrious tones.\"\n                                  Chapman's Tr.\n\nThe reader will call to mind the line in Gray.\n\n    \"The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed.\"\n\nThe chirping noise of the cicada (\u03c4\u03ad\u03c4\u03c4\u03b9\u03be) is constantly used by the\npoets as a simile for sweet sounds.]\n\n[Footnote 63:\n\n    \"... pect\u00e2 pandat spectacula caud\u00e2.\"--Hor. S. ii. 2. 25.\n\n    \"Gavest thou the goodly wings unto the peacocks?\"\n                                  Job xxxix. 13.\n]\n\n[Footnote 64: Clio and Satyrus, slaves not mentioned before.]\n\n[Footnote 65: See Herod. i. ch. 194.]\n\n[Footnote 66:\n\n    \"Vivunt in Venerem frondes omnisque vicissim\n    Felix arbor amat; mutant ad mutua palm\u00e6\n    F\u0153dera, populeo suspirat populus ictu,\n    Et platani platanis, alnoque assibilat alnus.\"\n                                       Claudian.\n\nSee also Darwin's poem, the \"Botanic Garden.\"]\n\n[Footnote 67:\n\n    \".... Alpheum fama est hue Elidis amnem\n    Occultas egisse vias subter mare; qui nunc\n    Ore, Arethusa, tuo Siculis confunditur undis.\"\n                             Virg. \u00c6n. iii. 694.\n]\n\n[Footnote 68: \u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b5\u1fd6.]\n\n[Footnote 69: \u1f14\u03b4\u03bd\u03b1.]\n\n[Footnote 70: An account of the loves of the viper and the lamprey will\nbe found in \u00c6lian, B. i. 50; and the polite consideration of the former\nin getting rid of his disagreeable qualities is related by the same\nwriter, B. ix. 66, with the addition of his \"hissing an amorous air.\"]\n\n[Footnote 71: The same comparison occurs in Arist\u00e6netus, \u0392 ii. Ep.\nI:--\"\u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u1f74 \u1f14o\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u1fe6\u03bd\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f45\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b5\u03af\u03bd\u1ff3 \u03c4\u1f70 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b8\u03b7, \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c4\u03cc \u03b3\u03b5 \u03c4a\u03cd\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03c4\u1f78\n\u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2.\"]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK II.\n\n\nPrevious to this, however, Satyrus and I, praising our mutual tact,\nproceeded to the maiden's chamber, under the pretext of hearing her\nperformance on the harp, but in reality because I could not bear her\nto be out of my sight, for however short a space. The first subject of\nher song was, the engagement between the lion and the boar, described\nby Homer;[1] afterwards she chose a tenderer theme, the praises of the\nrose.\n\nDivested of its poetic ornaments,[2] the purport of the strain was\nthis: Had Jove wished to impose a monarch upon the flowers, this honor\nwould have been given to the rose,[3] as being the ornament of the\nearth, the boast of shrubs, the eye of flowers, imparting a blush\nto the meadows and dazzling with its beauty. The rose breathes of\nlove, conciliates Venus, glories in its fragrant leaves, exults in\nits tender stalks, which are gladdened by the Zephyr. Such was the\nmatter of the song. For my part, I seemed to behold a rose upon her\nlips, as though the calyx of the flower had been converted into the\nform of the human mouth. She had scarcely ended when the supper hour\narrived. It was then the time of celebrating the Festival of Bacchus,\n\"patron of the vintage,\"[4] whom the Tyrians esteem to be their god,\nquoting a legend of Cadmus which attributes to the feast the following\norigin:--Once upon a time, mortals had no such thing as wine, neither\nthe black and fragrant kind, nor the Biblian, nor the Maron\u00e6an,[5] nor\nthe Chian, nor the Icarian; all these they maintain came originally\nfrom Tyre, their inventor being a Tyrian. A certain hospitable neatherd\n(resembling the Athenian Icarius, who is the subject of a very similar\nstory) gave occasion to the legend which I am about to relate. Bacchus\nhappened to come to the cottage of this countryman, who set before him\nwhatsoever the earth and the labours of his oxen had produced. Wine, as\nI observed, was then unknown, like the oxen, therefore, their beverage\nwas water.\n\nBacchus thanked him for his friendly treatment and presented to him\na \"loving cup,\"[6] which was filled with wine. Having taken a hearty\ndraught, and becoming very jovial from its effects, he said:--\"Whence,\nstranger, did you procure this purple water, this delicious blood? It\nis quite different from that which flows along the ground; for that\ndescends into the vitals, and affords cold comfort at the best; where\nas this, even before entering the mouth, rejoices the nostrils, and\nthough cold to the touch, leaps down into the stomach and begets a\npleasurable warmth.\"[7] To this Bacchus replied, \"This is the water of\nan autumnal fruit, this is the blood of the grape,\"[8] and so saying,\nhe conducted the neatherd to a vine, and squeezing a bunch of grapes\nsaid, \"here is the water, and this is the fountain from whence it\nflows.\" Such is the account which the Tyrians give as to the origin of\nwine.\n\nIt was, as I before said, the festival of this deity which was being\ncelebrated. My father anxious to do everything handsomely, had made\ngrand preparations for the supper, and there was set in honor of\nthe god, a magnificent goblet of crystal,[9] in the beauty of its\nworkmanship second only to that of the Chian Glaucus.[10] Vines\nseemingly growing from within encircled it, and their clusters hung\ndown all around; as long as the goblet remained empty each grape\nappeared unripe and green; but no sooner was the wine poured in than\neach grape began to redden, and assumed the hue of ripeness; and among\nthem was represented Bacchus himself as dresser of the vineyard. As the\nfeast went on, and the good wine did its office, I began to cast bold\nlawless glances at Leucippe; for Love and Bacchus are two very potent\ndeities, they take possession of the soul[11] and so inflame it that\nit forgets every restraint of modesty; the one kindles in it a flame,\nand the other supplies fuel for the fire, for wine may truly be called\nthe meat and drink of love. The maiden also became gradually emboldened\nso as to gaze at me more fixedly. In this manner, ten days passed on\nwithout anything beyond glances being interchanged between us.\n\nAt length I imparted the whole affair to Satyrus, requesting his\nassistance; he replied, \"I knew it all before you told me, but was\nunwilling that you should be aware of the fact, supposing it your wish\nto remain unobserved; for very often he who loves by stealth hates\nthe party who has discovered his passion, and considers himself to\nhave received an insult from him. However,\" continued he, \"fortune has\nprovided for our contingences,[12] for Clio, Leucippe's chambermaid,\nhas an understanding with me, and admits me as her lover. I will\ngradually buy her over to give us her assistance in this affair; but\nyou, on your part, must not be content with making trial of the maiden\nmerely by glances; you must speak to her and say something to the\npoint, then take a farther step by touching her hand, squeezing her\nfingers, and fetching a deep sigh; if she permits this willingly, then\nsalute her as the mistress of your affections, and imprint a kiss upon\nher neck.\" \"By Pallas, you counsel wisely,\" was my reply, \"but I fear\nme, I shall prove but a craven wrestler in the school of love.\"\n\n\"The god of love,\" said he, \"has no notion of craven-heartedness; do\nyou not see in what warlike guise he is equipped? He bears a bow, a\nquiver, arrows, and a lighted torch, emblems all of them, of manhood\nand of daring. Filled, then, as you are with the influence of such a\ngod, are you a coward and do you tremble? Beware of shewing yourself\nmerely a counterfeit in love. I will make an opening by calling away\nClio, as soon as an opportunity occurs for your having a private\nconversation with Leucippe.\" With these words he left the room; excited\nby what he had said, I was no sooner alone, then I used every endeavour\nto collect my courage for the approaching interview. \"Coward,\" said\nI, \"how long wilt thou continue silent? Thou, the soldier of such a\nwarlike 'god, and yet a craven.' Dost thou intend to wait until the\nmaiden comes to thee of her own accord?\" Afterwards I proceeded, \"and\nyet fool that thou art, why not come to thy senses? Why not bestow thy\nlove upon a lawful object? Thou hast another maiden in this house;\none possessed of beauty. Be content with loving _her_, and gazing\nupon _her_; her it is permitted thee to take to wife.\" My purpose was\nalmost fixed; when from the bottom of my heart Love spoke in reply and\nsaid; \"Rash man, darest thou to set thyself in array and to war with\nme--me, who have wings to fly, arrows to wound, and a torch to burn?\nHow, prythee, wilt thou escape? If thou wardest off my shafts, how wilt\nthou avert my fire? and even supposing thy chastity should quench the\nflame, still I can overtake thee with my wings.\"[13]\n\nWhile engaged in this soliloquy, the maiden unexpectedly made her\nappearance; I turned pale, and the next moment became crimson; she\nwas quite alone, not even Clio accompanied her; in a very confused\nmanner, and not knowing what else to say, I addressed her with the\nwords, \"Good morrow, fair mistress;\" sweetly smiling, she shewed by\nher countenance that she comprehended the drift of my salutation, and\nsaid, \"Do you call me your mistress?\" \"Indeed I do, for one of the\ngods has told me to be your slave, as Hercules was sold to Omphale.\"\n\"Sold, if I remember, by Mercury,\" rejoined she, \"and Jove employed him\nin the business;\" this she said with an arch smile. \"What nonsense,\"\nrejoined I, \"to trifle so, and talk of Mercury when all the while you\nunderstood my meaning.\"[14] While one pleasantry led on to another and\nso prolonged our conversation, fortune came to my assistance.\n\nAbout noon on the preceding day, Leucippe had been playing on the\nharp and Clio was sitting beside her. I was walking up and down, when\nsuddenly a bee flying in, stung Clio's hand; she immediately shrieked\nout, upon which the maiden, hastily rising from her seat and laying\naside the harp, examined the wound, bidding her to be under no anxiety,\nfor that she could relieve the pain by simply uttering two magic\nwords, having been instructed by an Egyptian how to cure the stings\ninflicted by bees and wasps; she then proceeded to utter the words\nof incantation, and Clio, in a few moments declared the pain to be\nrelieved. This, as I intimated, took place on the day before. On the\npresent occasion it chanced, that a bee or wasp flew buzzing round my\nface, when all at once the idea seized me of feigning myself to have\nbeen stung;[15] I did so, putting my hand to my face, and pretending\nto be in pain. The maiden came up to me, removed my hand and enquired\nwhere I had been stung; upon my lips, dearest, was my reply, why do\nyou not charm away the pain? Approaching my face, she placed her mouth\nalmost close to mine, in order to work the charm, at the same time\nmurmuring certain words, and ever and anon touching my lips. All this\ntime I kept stealing silent kisses, so that from the maiden alternately\nopening and closing her lips while uttering the charm, the incantation\nbecame changed into one continuous kiss. At last putting my arms around\nher, I saluted her lips more ardently; upon which drawing back she\nexclaimed, \"What are you about? Are you, too, turned enchanter?\" \"I am\nonly kissing the charm which has removed my pain.\" She took my meaning\nand smiled, which gave me a fresh supply of courage.\n\n\"Ah! dear Leucippe,\" I exclaimed, \"I now feel another and severer\nsting,[16] one which has penetrated to my very heart, and calls for\nyour 'mighty magic;' surely you must carry about a bee upon your lips,\nthey are full of honey, your kisses wound; repeat the charm, I pray,\nbut do not worry over the operation, for fear of exasperating the\nwound;\" at the same time I embraced her more closely and kissed her\nwith still greater freedom; nor, though making a show of resistance,\ndid she seem displeased.[17] At this juncture Clio was seen approaching\nfrom a distance, upon which we separated, I much annoyed and sorely\nagainst my will; what were her feelings I cannot exactly say. After\nwhat had passed, however, I felt easier in mind and began to indulge in\nbrighter hopes.\n\nI still felt the kiss upon my lips as though it had really been\nsomething of a corporeal nature; I zealously guarded it as a treasure\nof sweets, for a kiss is to the lover his chief delight; it takes its\nbirth from the fairest portion of the human body--from the mouth, which\nis the instrument of the voice, and the voice is the adumbration of the\nsoul; when lips mingle they dart pleasure through the veins, and make\neven the lovers' souls join in the embrace. Never before did I feel\ndelight comparable to this; and then for the first time I learnt that\nno pleasurable sensation can vie with a lover's kiss.[18]\n\nAt supper time we met as on former occasions, when Satyrus, who acted\nas cupbearer, hit upon the following amorous device. After our cups\nwere filled, he effected an exchange, presenting mine to the maiden,\nhanding hers to me. Having noticed what part of the brim had been\ntouched by her in drinking, I applied my lips to the same place;[19]\nthus intimating that I was sending her a kiss. She remarked what I had\ndone, and readily understood that I had been kissing the shadow of her\nlips. Satyrus again stealthily made a like exchange of cups, when I\ncould observe her imitating me, and drinking as I had done, which,\nas you may imagine, vastly increased my happiness. This was repeated\na third and fourth time; in short, we passed the rest of the time in\ndrinking kisses to one another.\n\nWhen supper was ended, Satyrus approaching me said, \"Now is the time to\nshow your mettle; the maiden's mother, as you are aware, is unwell, and\nhas retired to rest alone. She herself before going to bed will take a\nfew turns as usual in the garden, attended by no one but Clio, whom I\nwill undertake to get out of the way.\" We then separated, and remained\non the watch, he for Clio, I for Leucippe. Everything turned out as\nwe had wished; Clio was got rid of, and Leucippe remained walking\nby herself. I waited till the daylight had faded away,[20] and then\napproached her, emboldened by my former success, like a soldier already\nvictorious, who therefore scorns the perils of war. The arms in which I\ntrusted were wine, love, hope, and solitude; so, without saying a word,\nand as if everything had been preconcerted, I took her in my arms, and\ncovered her with kisses. When about to proceed to other familiarities,\na noise was heard behind us, at which we started asunder in alarm. She\nbetook herself to her chamber, and I remained there in great dudgeon at\nhaving lost so capital an opportunity, and execrating the noise which\nhad been the cause.\n\nMeanwhile Satyrus came up with a laughing countenance. He had witnessed\neverything, having concealed himself under a tree to guard against our\nsurprise; and it was he, who seeing some one approach, had made the\nnoise.\n\nIn the course of a few days, my father made preparations for concluding\nmy marriage sooner than had been originally intended. He had been much\nalarmed by various dreams; he thought he was celebrating the nuptial\nrites, and after the torches had been kindled the light was suddenly\nextinguished. This made him more anxious to conclude the matter, and we\nwere now within a day of the one formally appointed for the ceremony.\nThe wedding clothes and jewels were already purchased; there was a\nnecklace composed of various gems, and a splendid purple robe edged\nwith a gold border. The gems vied with each other in beauty; among\nthem was a hyacinth,[21] which resembled a rose, only that it was\na stone, and an amethyst almost as lustrous as gold itself. In the\nmiddle of this necklace were three precious stones, arranged together\nand curiously blended in their hues; the lowest one was black, the\nmiddle white, but with a darkish tinge, the upper one shading off\ninto a ruddy colour. They were set in a rim of gold, and might be\nsaid to bear resemblance to an eye.[22] The purple of the dress was\nof no ordinary dye, but of the kind which the Tyrians fable to have\nbeen discovered by the shepherd's dog, and with which they are wont to\nrepresent the robe of Venus to be tinged.[23] There was a time when\nthis purple dye was as yet unknown, but remained concealed in the\nhollow of a little shell fish. A shepherd meeting with one of these\nhoped to obtain the fish which was inside; foiled by the hardness of\nthe shell, after bestowing a hearty curse upon his booty, he threw it\ninto the sea as so much worthless rubbish. His dog lighted upon this\nwindfall,[24] and broke open the shell with his teeth, in doing which\nhis mouth and lips became stained with the brilliant dye, or as we may\ncall it, blood. The shepherd upon seeing this supposed it the effect\nof a wound; so taking the dog down to the sea he washed his mouth,\nupon which the imaginary blood assumed a still more brilliant hue, and\nupon proceeding to touch it, his hand became of a purple colour. The\nshepherd now guessed what was the nature of the shell fish, and that it\nwas impregnated with a dye of surpassing beauty; so taking some wool\nhe placed it in the aperture, determined to dive into the mysteries of\nthe shell; and it became of a colour similar to that upon the dog's\nmouth. By this means he obtained a knowledge of what we call purple;\nand after breaking open its fortified receptacle with the help of a\nstone, he arrived at the treasure-house of dye. To return, however,\nto my story. My father was performing the preliminary rites,[25] the\nmarriage being fixed, as I have said, for the following day. I was in\ndespair, and was devising some pretext for deferring it. While in this\nstate of perplexity, a great tumult was heard to proceed from the men's\nquarter of the house. It appeared that as my father was offering up a\nsacrifice; an eagle[26] swooping from on high seized the victim, and\nin spite of every endeavour to scare him away, bore off his prey. As\nthis was declared to forebode no good, the marriage was postponed for\nanother day. My father proceeded to consult the seers and soothsayers\nupon the meaning of the portent; they were of opinion that he should\noffer a sacrifice to hospitable Jove at midnight upon the sea-shore,\nsince the bird had flown in that direction. Sure enough he had winged\nhis flight thither, and appeared no more. For my part, I extolled the\neagle to the skies, and declared that he was justly styled the king[27]\nof birds. No long time elapsed before the meaning of the prodigy became\nrevealed. There was a certain young man, a native of Byzantium, by name\nCallisthenes; he was an orphan and possessed of wealth, profligate\nin his life and extravagant in his expenditure. Having heard that\nSostratus had a handsome daughter, he was anxious to obtain her hand\nand became enamoured upon hearsay, for he had never seen her.[28] The\nforce of passion upon the licentious is often so strong that their ears\nlead them into love, and report has the same effect upon their minds\nwhich sight has upon others.\n\nBefore the breaking out of the war against the Byzantians, the young\nman introduced himself to Sostratus, and asked the hand of his daughter\nin marriage. Sostratus, however, strongly objecting to his irregular\nway of life, rejected his application. Callisthenes was very indignant\nat this repulse; he considered himself slighted;--besides, he was in\nlove, and fancy pictured to his mind those charms which he had never\nseen. Dissembling his displeasure, he meditated how he might revenge\nhimself on Sostratus, and at the same time gratify his own desires; nor\nwas he without hope of success, there being a law of the Byzantians\nwhich enacted, that if any one should carry off a maiden he should\nbe exempt from punishment upon making her his wife;[29] of this law\nhe determined to avail himself, and waited only till a seasonable\nopportunity should offer. Although the war had now broken out, and the\nmaiden had come to us for security, he did not abandon his design, in\nthe execution of which the following circumstance assisted, as the\nByzantians had received an oracle to this effect:--\n\n    \"With _plant-born_ name there lives an island race,\n    Whose land an isthmus to the shore doth brace;\n    Vulcan consorts there with the blue-eyed maid,\n    And there to Hercules be offerings paid.\"[30]\n\nWhile all were in doubt what place was intended by these enigmatic\nwords, Sostratus (who was one of the commanders) thus delivered\nhis opinion:--\"We must send to Tyre, and offer up a sacrifice to\nHercules;[31] the expressions of the miracle clearly point to that\ncity. The 'plant-derived name,' shews that the island of the Ph\u0153nicians\nis intended, the ph\u0153nix (or palm), being a plant; both sea and land lay\nclaim to it: the latter joins it to the continent, the former washes\nit on either side; thus it is seated in the one element, but without\nabandoning the other, to which it is united by its narrow isthmus or\nneck of land; moreover, it is not founded in the sea, but both under\nit and under the isthmus, the waters have free course; thus there is\nseen the singular spectacle of a city in the sea, and of an island\nupon shore. The mention made of 'Vulcan consorting with the blue-eyed\nmaid,' alludes to the olive and the fire, which are found there in\nclose proximity: for, in a sacred precinct surrounded by a wall, olive\ntrees are seen to flourish, while fire issuing from their roots burns\namong the branches, and with its ashes benefits the tree; hence there\nexists a mutual friendship, and Minerva shuns not Vulcan.\" Upon this\nCh\u00e6rophon, who shared the command with Sostratus in the war, his senior\nin age and a native of Tyre, extolled him highly for his excellent\ninterpretation of the oracle. \"It is not only fire, however,\" said\nhe, \"which claims our wonder; the water also deserves its share. I\nmyself have seen the following marvels:--there is a fountain in Sicily\nwhose waters are mingled with fire; the flame is seen to leap up from\nunderneath, yet if you touch the water it will be found as cold as\nsnow, so that neither is the fire extinguished by the water, nor the\nwater ignited by the flame, but a mutual truce subsists between the\nelements.[32] There is also a river in Spain, not differing from others\nin appearance, but if you wish to hear it become vocal, you have but\nto wait and listen; for when a gentle breeze sweeps over its surface\nthere is heard a sound as if from strings, the wind being the plectrum,\nthe river itself the lyre.[33] I may likewise mention a lake in Lybia,\nresembling in its nature the Indian soil.[34] The Lybian maidens are\nwell acquainted with its secrets and with the riches which, stored\nbelow its waters, are mingled with the mud, for it is, in fact, a\nfount of gold.[35] Plunging a long pole smeared with pitch into the\nlake, they lay open its recesses; this pole is to the gold what the\nhook is to the fish, serving as a bait. The grains of gold alone\nattach themselves to the pitch, and are drawn on shore. Such is the\ngold-fishing in the Lybian waters.\"\n\nAfter relating these marvels, Ch\u00e6rophon, with the consent of the\nstate, proceeded to dispatch the victims and other offerings to\nTyre. Callisthenes contrived to be among the number of the sacred\nfunctionaries,[36] and soon arriving at that city, he found out my\nfather's residence, and matured his schemes against the females, who,\nas will presently be shown, went out to view the sacrificial show,\nwhich was in the highest degree sumptuous; there was a vast quantity\nof different kinds of incense used, such as cassia, frankincense, and\ncrocus; there was also a great display of flowers, the narcissus,\nthe rose, and the myrtle; the fragrance of the flowers vied with\nthe perfumes of the incense; the breeze wafted them aloft, mingled\ntheir odours in the air, producing a gale of sweets. The victims were\nmany in number and of various kinds; the most remarkable among them,\nhowever, were the oxen from the Nile, animals which excel not only in\nstature but in colours. They are altogether of very large size, with\nbrawny necks, broad backs, and ample bellies;[37] their horns are not\ndepressed, like those of the Sicilian ox, nor ill-shaped like the\nCyprian, but project upward from the forehead of this animal with a\ngentle curve; the interval between them at their tips and at the roots\nbeing equal, so that they bear a resemblance to the moon when at the\nfull; their colour is that which Homer so much praises in the Thracian\nhorses.[38] The bull stalks along with lofty crest, as if to show that\nhe is the monarch of the herd. If there is any truth in the legend of\nEuropa, it was into an Egyptian bull that Jove metamorphosed himself.\n\nAt the time of which I am speaking my mother-in-law was unwell;\nLeucippe also feigned indisposition, according to a preconcerted\narrangement, that we might have an opportunity of meeting during the\nabsence of the rest. My sister, therefore, and Leucippe's mother were\nthe only ones who went out to see the show. Callisthenes, who knew by\nsight the wife of Sostratus, seeing my sister in her company mistook\nher for Leucippe, of whom he had no personal knowledge. Smitten by her\nappearance, and without making any inquiries, he points her out to\na trusty attendant of his, commanding him to engage some pirates to\neffect her seizure, and arranging the manner of proceeding, for a high\nfestival[39] was at hand when, as he understood, all the maidens would\ngo down to the shore for the purpose of performing their ablutions.\nAfter giving these directions, and having discharged the duties of his\nfunction,[40] he withdrew. He had previously, I may remark, provided a\nvessel of his own, in case an opportunity should offer for carrying his\nschemes into effect.\n\nMeanwhile the rest of the sacred functionaries had embarked and sailed\naway; he, however, went on board his vessel, and continued to lie a\nlittle off shore, both in order that he might appear to be taking his\ndeparture like the others, and also lest, being so near Tyre, any\ndanger should happen to himself in consequence of carrying off the\nmaiden. Upon arriving at Sarepta, a Tyrian village on the sea-coast,\nhe purchased another craft, which he intrusted to his follower Zeno,\nwho was to execute his plan. This man was able-bodied, and accustomed\nto a buccaneering life; he soon, therefore, succeeded in gathering\ntogether some pirates from the above-named village, and then sailed for\nTyre. Near this city there is an islet with a harbour, (the Tyrians\ncall it the tomb of Rhodope); here the craft was stationed watching\nfor the prey. Before the arrival of the high festival, however, which\nCallisthenes awaited, the omen of the eagle and the interpretation\nof the soothsayers were fulfilled. On the day preceding, we made\npreparations for the sacrifice to Jove, and late in the evening went\ndown to the shore; none of our motions escaped Zeno, who cautiously\nfollowed us. When in the act of performing our ablutions, he made the\npreconcerted signal, upon which the boat made rapidly for the land,\nmanned by ten young fellows; eight others were secretly in readiness\non shore, dressed in women's clothes and with shaven chins; each had a\nsword concealed under his dress, and the better to avoid any suspicion,\nthey had brought some victims with them as for sacrifice, so that we\ntook them to be women. No sooner had we reached the pile than, raising\na sudden shout, they rushed upon us, and put out our torches; we fled\ndisorderly and in alarm, upon which they drew their swords, and seizing\nmy sister, put her into the boat, and then embarking rowed off with the\nspeed of an eagle. Some who had fled at the first onset saw nothing of\nwhat afterwards occurred; others who had witnessed everything cried\nout, \"The pirates have carried off Calligone.\"\n\nMeanwhile the boat was far out at sea, and upon nearing Sarepta made\na signal which when Callisthenes recognised, he put out to meet it,\nand taking the maiden on board his own vessel, at once sailed away. I\nbreathed again upon finding my marriage thus unexpectedly broken off,\nnevertheless I was sorry for the calamity which had befallen my sister.\nA few days after this occurrence, I said to Leucippe, \"How long, my\ndearest, are we to confine ourselves to kisses? they are pleasant\nenough as preludes, let us now add to them something more substantial;\nsuppose we exchange mutual pledges of fidelity, for only let Venus\ninitiate[41] us in her mysteries and then we need fear the power of no\nother deity.\"\n\nBy constantly repeating my solicitations, I at length persuaded\nthe maiden to receive me into her own chamber, Clio lending us her\nassistance. I will describe the situation of her room: a large space\nin one part of the mansion contained two chambers on the right hand\nand as many on the left; a narrow passage, closed at the entrance by a\ndoor, gave access to them.[42] Those at the farther end were occupied\nby the maiden and her mother, and were opposite each other; of the two\nremaining ones, that next to Leucippe belonged to Clio, the other was a\nstore-room. Leucippe's mother was always in the habit of attending her\nto bed; upon which occasions she not only locked the door inside, but\nhad it secured by a slave on the outside, the keys being handed to her\nthrough an opening; these she kept until the morning, when calling the\nman she passed them back to him that he might unlock the door.\n\nSatyrus contrived to have a set of keys made like them, and finding\nupon trial that they would answer, he with the consent of the maiden\ngained over Clio, who was to offer no impediment. Such was the plan\nwhich we devised. There was a slave belonging to the household, called\nConops, a prying, talkative, lecherous fellow, in short everything that\nwas bad. The man watched our proceedings very narrowly, and suspecting\nour intentions, used to keep open the door of his dormitory until late\nat night, so that it was no easy matter to escape his observation.\nSatyrus wishing to make a friend of him, often talked and joked with\nhim, and laughing in allusion to his name (\u039a\u03ce\u03bd\u03c9\u03c8) would call him\nGnat. The fellow seeing through the artifice of Satyrus pretended\nto return the joke, but, in doing so, exhibited his own ill-natured\ndisposition. \"As you are so fond,\" said he, \"of punning upon my name,\nI will tell you a story about the gnat. The lion often complained to\nPrometheus that although he had formed him a large and handsome beast,\nhad armed his jaws with teeth, and his feet with claws, and had made\nhim more powerful than the other animals, still, notwithstanding all\nthese advantages, he stood in fear of the dunghill cock.[43] 'Why\ndost thou without cause accuse me?' replied Prometheus; 'I have given\nthee every gift which it was in my power to bestow, it is thine own\nfaint heartedness which is in fault.' The lion wept and bemoaned his\ncondition, cursing his own want of courage, and in the end made up\nhis mind to die. While in this frame of mind he happened to meet the\nelephant, with whom, after wishing him good morning, he entered into\nconversation. Seeing him continually flap his ears, 'What ails you,'\nhe asked--'why are your ears never for a moment still?' The elephant,\nabout whose head a gnat was at that moment flying, replied, 'If the\nbuzzing insect which I see, was to get into my ear, the result would\nbe my death.' Upon this the lion made the following reflection. 'Why\nshould I (such as I am, and so much more fortunate than the elephant,)\nthink of dying? It is better to stand in awe of a cock than to dread a\nscurvy gnat.'\n\n\"You see,\" said Conops, \"what power the gnat possesses, since he can\nterrify the elephant.\" Satyrus who saw into the malicious meaning of\nhis words, replied with a smile, \"I will now relate to you the story of\nthe gnat and the lion, which I heard from a certain sage; as for your\ntale about the elephant, you are welcome to make what you can out of\nit. The braggart gnat said one day to the lion, 'So you think to lord\nit over me as you do over other creatures. I should like to know why?\nYou are not handsomer than I am, nor yet bolder, nor yet more powerful;\nin what respect are you superior to me? In valour?--You tear with your\nclaws and bite with your teeth, it is true; so does every woman when\nshe quarrels;[44] and as to your size and beauty, you have indeed an\nample chest and broad shoulders, and a whole forest of hair about your\nneck, but you little think how unsightly are your hinder parts. On the\nother hand, my greatness is commensurate with the air and with the\npower of my wings; the flowers of the meadow constitute my comeliness,\nthey serve me in lieu of garments, with which, when weary with flying,\nI invest myself; neither is my valour any laughing matter; I am the\nvery impersonation of a warlike instrument; I blow a blast[45] when\nI go to battle, and it is my mouth which serves for trumpet and for\nweapon, so that I am at once, a musician and an archer; moreover I\nam my own bow and arrow; my wings poised in air shoot me forward, and\nlighting down, I inflict a wound as with a shaft; who so ever feels it\ncries out and forthwith tries to find his enemy: I, however, though\npresent, am at the same time absent; I fly and I stand my ground,\nand with my wings circle round the adversary, and laugh to see him\ndance with pain. But why should I waste more words?--let us at once\njoin battle.' Saying this, he falls upon the lion, attacking his eyes\nand every other part which was unprotected by hair; at the same time\nwheeling round him and blowing his trumpet. The lion was in a fury,\nturning himself in every direction and vainly snapping at the air; his\nwrath afforded additional sport to the gnat, who made an onslaught\non his very mouth. Immediately he turned to the side where he was\naggrieved, when his antagonist, like a skilful wrestler, twisting and\ntwirling his body escaped clean through the lion's teeth, which were\nheard to rattle against each other in the vain attempt to seize him.\nBy this time the lion was thoroughly tired by thus fighting with the\nair, and stood still, exhausted by his own efforts; upon which the\ngnat, sailing round his mane sounded a triumphant strain of victory;\nbut stimulated by his excess of vanity he took a wider range, and all\nat once fell into a spider's web. When no hope of escape appeared, he\nsorrowfully said, 'Fool that I am, I entered the lists against a lion,\nand behold I am caught in the meshes of a spider!'\" Having finished\nhis story, Satyrus said, with a sarcastic laugh, \"Be on your guard,\nand beware of spiders.\" Not many days had passed when Satyrus knowing\nwhat a belly-slave Conops was, purchased a powerful soporific draught\nand then invited him to supper.[46] Suspicious of some trick, he at\nfirst declined, but afterwards, over persuaded by his most excellent\nadviser--appetite,[47] he complied. After supper, when he was on the\npoint of going away, Satyrus poured the potion into his last draught,\nhe drank it off, and had just time to reach his dormitory, when he fell\non his bed in a deep sleep. Upon this, Satyrus hurried to me and said,\n\"Conops is fast asleep, now is the time to prove yourself as valorous\nas Ulysses:\"[48] we instantly proceeded to the door which conducted to\nLeucippe's chamber; there he left me, and Clio stealthily admitted me,\ntrembling with joy and fear; the dread of danger disturbed my hopes,\nbut the hope of success qualified the dread, and so hope became the\nsource of fear, and pain the cause of pleasure.\n\nJust as I had entered the maiden's room, her mother's sleep had been\ndisturbed by a fearful dream; a robber armed with a naked sword, seized\nand carried off her daughter, after which, laying her upon the ground,\nhe proceeded to rip her up, beginning at her private parts. Terrified\nby the vision, her mother started up and hurried to her daughter's\napartment, which as I before said was close at hand. I had but just\ngot into bed and hearing the doors open, had scarcely time to leap out\nbefore she was at her daughter's side. Aware of my danger I made a bolt\nthrough the opened door, and ran with all my might, till trembling\nfrom head to foot I met Satyrus, when we both made our way in the dark\nand retreated each to his own room. Leucippe's mother fainted, but\nupon recovering the first thing she did was to box Clio's ears, then\ntearing her own hair, she broke forth into lamentation. \"Oh Leucippe,\"\nshe said, \"you have blighted all my hopes. And you Sostratus, who are\nfighting at Byzantium to protect the honour of other people's wives and\ndaughters, you little think how some enemy has been warring against\nyour house, and has defiled your own daughter's honour. Oh, Leucippe,\nI never thought to see you wedded after such a fashion as this! Would\nthat you had remained at Byzantium! Would that you had suffered\nviolence from the chances of war, and that some Thracian had been your\nravisher! In such a case the violence would have excused the shame,\nwhereas now, you are at the same time wretched and disgraced. The\nvision of the night did but mock my mind, the realities of the dream\nwere hidden from me, for of a truth, yours has been a more fearful\nripping up, and your wound more fatal than any inflicted by the sword;\nand the worst is, that I am ignorant who is your ravisher. I do not\neven know what is his condition! for aught I can tell, he may be some\nwretched slave.[49]\" When the maiden felt assured of my escape, she\ntook courage and said: \"Mother, there is no occasion for you to attack\nmy chastity, nothing has been done to me deserving of your reproaches;\nnor do I know whether the intruder was a god, a demigod, or a mortal\nravisher;[50] all I know is that I was heartily frightened and lay\nstill, quite unable to cry out through fear; for fear, as you know,\nacts as a padlock upon the tongue: this, however, you may be assured\nof, no one has robbed me of my virginity.\" Notwithstanding these\nassurances of her daughter, Panthea gave way to a fresh paroxysm of\ngrief. Meanwhile Satyrus and I were deliberating on the best course\nto be pursued; and we determined to make our escape out of the house\nbefore morning should arrive, when Clio would be put to the torture and\nbe compelled to reveal everything.\n\nThis plan we at once carried into execution, and telling the porter\nthat we were going out to visit our mistresses, we went straight to\nClinias: it was midnight, and we had some trouble in gaining admission:\nClinias who slept in an upper room heard our voices in discussion\nwith his porter, and hurried down in alarm, while we could see at a\nshort distance Clio running towards us, for she too it appeared had\ndetermined to make her escape. Almost in the same moment therefore\nClinias heard our story, and we the narrative of Clio, while she was\nmade acquainted with our future plans; we all went in doors, when we\ngave Clinias a more detailed account and stated our determination of\nleaving the city. \"I will accompany you,\" said Clio, \"for if I remain\nbehind till morning, death (the sweetest of torments, since it ends\nthem) will be my lot.\" Clinias took my hand and leading me aside, he\nsaid, \"It appears to me most advisable to get this wench out of the\nway at once, and after waiting a few days we can depart ourselves, if\nstill of the same mind. According to your account the maiden's mother\ndoes not know who it was whom she surprised, nor will there be any one\nto furnish evidence since Clio is removed. Nay, we may perhaps persuade\nthe maiden herself to share our flight; I will accompany you at all\nevents.\"\n\nWe agreed to his proposal, so Clio was delivered to the care of one of\nhis slaves to be put on board a boat, while we continued to deliberate\nupon the course best to be pursued. At last we resolved to make trial\nof Leucippe's inclination, and, should she be willing, to carry her\noff: in case of her rejecting our proposal, we determined to remain\nfor the present and to await the course of events. The short remainder\nof the night was passed in sleep, and at daylight we returned home.\nPanthea had no sooner risen in the morning, than she had preparations\nmade for putting Clio to the torture;[51] but when summoned she could\nno where be found. Upon this, returning to her daughter, \"Will you\nstill persist,\" said she, \"in concealing the particulars of this pretty\nplot? Now, I find that Clio also has run off.\" Still more reassured by\nthe intelligence, Leucippe replied, \"What more would you have me tell\nyou? What stronger testimony of the truth would you have me produce?\nIf there is any way of proving a maid's virginity, you are welcome\nto prove mine.\" \"Aye,\" said Panthea, \"and by so doing to add to the\ntroubles of our family by bringing in witnesses to its disgrace;\" upon\nsaying which, she hastily quitted the apartment. Leucippe left to\nherself, and with her mother's words still ringing in her ears, was\ndistracted by conflicting and various emotions;[52] she was deeply\npained at having been discovered. Her mother's reproaches filled her\nwith shame; she felt angry at having her word doubted. Now these\nfeelings are like three billows which disturb the soul's tranquillity:\nshame making an entrance through the eyes unfits them for their natural\noffice; pain preys upon the mind and extinguishes its ardour; while\nthe voice of anger baying round the heart overpowers reason with\nits wrathful foam.[53] The tongue is the parent of these different\nfeelings; bending its bow and aiming its arrow at the mark, it inflicts\nits several wounds upon the soul:[54] with the wordy shaft of railing\nit produces anger, with that of well founded accusation, begets pain,\nwith that of reproof, causes shame; the peculiarity of all these arrows\nis, that they inflict deep but bloodless wounds, and there is available\nagainst their effects one remedy alone, which is, to turn against the\nassailant his own weapons. Speech, the weapon of the tongue, must be\nrepelled by a weapon of like nature, for then the feeling of anger\nwill become calmed and the sensations of shame and annoyance will be\nappeased; but if dread of a superior hinder the employment of such\nsuccours, the very fact of silence makes these wounds to rankle the\nmore deeply, and unless these mental waves, raised by the power of\nspeech, can cast up their foam, they will but swell and toss the\nmore.[55]\n\nWhat I have been saying will picture the condition of Leucippe's mind,\nwho felt ready to sink under her troubles; it was while she was in\nthis frame of mind that I dispatched Satyrus to her, in order to make\novertures of flight. Anticipating him in her words, she exclaimed:--\"In\nthe name of the gods, foreign and hospitable, deliver me out of my\nmother's power, and take me whither you will; for if you go away and\nleave me here, the noose suspended by my own hands shall be my death.\"\nWhen I was informed of her expressions, it freed me from a world of\nanxiety; and in the course of two or three days, when my father was\nabsent from home, we made preparations for our flight. Satyrus had\nstill remaining some of the potion which he had used so successfully\nupon Conops. While waiting at supper he poured out a little into the\nlast cup, which he presented to Panthea; almost immediately after\ndrinking it, she retired to her own room, and fell fast asleep.\nLeucippe had now another chambermaid, with whom Satyrus was on familiar\nterms; having given her likewise a portion of the draught, he proceeded\nto a third party, the porter, who was soon lying under the influence of\nthe same soporific potion.\n\nMeanwhile Clinias was awaiting us at the door with a carriage which\nhe had in readiness, and while all were yet asleep, between nine and\nten at night, we cautiously left the house, Satyrus leading Leucippe\nby the hand: Conops, as I may remark, who used to watch our movements,\nbeing fortunately absent, having been dispatched on an errand by his\nmistress. On getting out, we immediately entered the carriage, six\nin number, Leucippe, I and Satyrus, together with Clinias and two\nservants. We drove off in the direction of Sidon, where we arrived\nabout midnight, and without delay continued our journey to Berytus, in\nhopes of finding some vessel in the harbour; nor were we disappointed,\nfor on going to the port we found a ship on the point of sailing:\nwithout even inquiring whither she was bound, we got our baggage on\nboard, and embarked a little before dawn. It was then we learnt that\nthe vessel was bound for the celebrated city of Alexandria, situated on\nthe Nile.\n\nThe sight of the sea delighted me while as yet we were in the smooth\nwater of the harbour; soon, however, upon the wind becoming favourable,\nloud tumult prevailed throughout the vessel; the sailors hurried to and\nfro, the master issued his commands, ropes were bent, the sail-yard\nwas brought round before the wind, the sail was unfurled, we weighed\nanchor,[56] the ship began to move, the port was left behind, and the\ncoast, as if itself in motion, seemed gradually to be retiring from\nus;[57] the P\u00e6an was chanted, and many prayers were addressed to the\nguardian deities for a prosperous voyage. Meanwhile the wind freshened\nand filled the sail, and the vessel speeded on her course.\n\nThere was a young man on board, in the same cabin[58] with ourselves,\nwhen dinner time was come he politely invited us to partake of his\nmeal. Satyrus was just then bringing out our provisions; so putting\nall into a common stock, we shared our dinner and our conversation. I\nbegan by saying, \"Pray where do you come from, and by what name are we\nto address you?\" \"My name,\" he replied, \"is Menelaus, and I am a native\nof Egypt; and now may I inquire who you are?\" \"I am called Clitopho,\nand my companion Clinias; our country is Ph\u0153nicia.\" \"And what,\" he\nrejoined, \"is the motive of your voyage?\" \"If you will relate your own\nstory first, you shall then hear ours.\" Menelaus assented, and began as\nfollows:--\n\n\"The cause of my leaving my home may be summed up in very few\nwords:--envious love and ill-fated hunting. I was strongly attached to\na handsome youth, who was very fond of the chase. I did everything\nin my power to restrain him from this pursuit, but without success.\nFinding I could not prevail with him, I myself accompanied him.\n\n\"One day we were out hunting, and for a time everything went on\nsuccessfully so long as harmless animals were alone the objects of our\nsport. At length a wild boar was roused; the youth pursued the brute,\nwho faced about, and ran furiously to attack him; still the youth kept\nhis ground, not withstanding that I repeatedly called out:--'Wheel\nround your horse; the beast is too powerful for you.' The boar\ncontinuing its career, and coming up, they closed in combat. Terrified\nlest the beast should wound the horse, and so bring down his rider,\nI launched my javelin without taking sufficient aim, and the youth\ncrossing its course, received the stroke.[59]\n\n\"Picture to yourself the feelings of my mind. If I retained life at\nthat moment, it was like a living death; and what was most lamentable\nof all, the wretched youth, who still breathed, extending his arms,\nembraced me, and so far from hating his destroyer, he expired still\ngrasping my homicidal hand. On account of this lamentable occurrence\nhis parents took legal proceedings against me; nor was I unwilling to\nstand my trial; indeed I offered no defence, considering myself fully\ndeserving to suffer death. The judge, out of compassion, condemned me\nto three years' banishment, and that period having now expired, I am on\nmy return home.\"\n\nThis narrative reminded Clinias of the unhappy death of Charicles, and\nhe shed tears, which though in appearance they flowed for another's\ngrief, were, in reality, drawn forth by his own sorrows.[60] \"Are\nyou weeping on my account,\" asked Menelaus, \"or has any similar\ndisaster befallen you?\" Upon this Clinias, with many sighs, detailed\nthe circumstances of Charicles and the horse; and I likewise related\nmy adventures. Seeing Menelaus very low spirited on account of his\nown thoughts, and Clinias still shedding tears at the recollection of\nCharicles, I endeavoured to dissipate their grief, by introducing a\nlove topic for conversation; for Leucippe, I may observe, was not then\npresent, but was asleep in the ship's hold. I began, therefore, with\na smiling air:--\"How much better off is Clinias than I am; he was no\ndoubt longing to inveigh against women, according to his wont, and he\ncan do so all the better now, having found one who sympathises with his\ntastes; but why so many should be addicted to the love of youths, for\nmy part I cannot tell.\"\n\n\"There can be no doubt,\" said Menelaus, \"which is preferable. Youths\nare much more open and free from affectation than women, and their\nbeauty stimulates the senses much more powerfully.\"\n\n\"How so?\" I asked; \"it no sooner appears than it is gone. It affords\nno enjoyment to the lover, but is like the cup of Tantalus, while one\nis drinking the liquid disappears; and even the little which has been\nswallowed is unsatisfying. No one can leave such favourites without\nfeeling his pleasure alloyed with pain, the draught of love still\nleaves him thirsty.\"\n\n\"You do not understand,\" rejoined Menelaus, \"that the perfection of\npleasure consists in its bringing with it no satiety; the very fact\nof its being of a permanent and satisfying kind takes away from its\ndelight. What we snatch but now and then is always new, and always in\nfull beauty. Of such things the pleasure is not liable to decay and\nage, and it gains in intensity what it loses by briefness of duration;\nfor this reason, the rose is considered the most lovely among flowers,\nbecause its beauty so quickly fades. There are two species of beauty\namong mortals, each bestowed by its presiding goddess;[61] the one is\nof heaven, the other of earth; the former chafes at being linked to\nwhat is mortal, and quickly wings its flight to heaven; the latter\nclings to earth, and cleaves to mortal bodies. Would you have a poet's\ntestimony of the ascent of heavenly beauty? hear what Homer sings:--\n\n                            'Ganymede,\n    Fairest of human kind, whom for that cause\n    The gods caught up to heav'n that he might dwell\n    For ever there, the cup-bearer of Jove.'[62]\n\nBut no woman, I trow, ever ascended to heaven for her beauty's\nsake, though Jove had abundance of intrigues with women: grief and\nexile were the portion of Alcmena; the chest and the sea were the\nreceptacle of Dan\u00e6; and Semele became food for fire;[63] but--mark the\ndifference--when Jove became enamoured of a Phrygian youth, he took him\nup to heaven to dwell with him, and pour out his nectar, depriving his\npredecessor of the office, she being, I rather think, a woman.\"\n\n\"In my opinion,\" said I, interrupting him, \"female beauty has in it\nmuch more of the heavenly kind, because it does not so quickly fade;\nand the freer from decay, the nearer is anything to the divine nature.\nOn the other hand, whatsoever in accordance with its mortal nature soon\ndecays, is not of heaven, but of earth. I grant that Jove, enamoured\nof a Phrygian youth, raised him to the skies, but the beauty of woman\nbrought him down from heaven; for a woman he bellowed under the form of\na bull, for a woman he danced as a satyr, for a woman he transformed\nhimself into a golden shower. Let Ganymede, therefore, be Jove's\ncup-bearer, if you will, provided that Juno[64] also reclines at the\nbanquet, and has a youth to wait on her. For my part, I cannot think\nupon his rape without feelings of pity: a savage bird is sent down, he\nis seized and borne aloft (cruel and tyrannous treatment, methinks),\nand the unseemly spectacle is seen of a youth suspended from an eagle's\ntalons. No ravenous bird of prey, but the element of fire, bore Semele\naloft; nor should there seem anything strange and unnatural in this,\nsince it was by the same means that Hercules went up to heaven. You\namuse yourself at the expense of Dan\u00e6's chest, but why do you pass over\nPerseus, who shared her fate? For Alcmena it sufficed that Jove for\nlove of her robbed the world of three whole days.[65]\n\n\"Passing, however, from the legends of mythology, I will speak of the\nreal delights of love, though my experience in such matters has been\nsmall, compared with that of others, and confined to females who sell\ntheir charms for lucre. In the first place, how tender and yielding\nis a woman's body to the touch, how soft are her lips when kissed;\nher person is in every way fitted for the amorous embrace: he who is\nconnected with her tastes genuine enjoyments; her kisses are impressed\nupon his lips as seals upon a letter, and she kisses with such studied\nart as imbues the kiss with double sweetness. Not content to use her\nlips, she brings her teeth also into play, and feeding upon her lover's\nmouth, makes her very kisses bite. What pleasure also is there in the\nsensation of pressing a woman's breast, while in the amorous crisis, so\npowerful is her excitement, that she is actually maddened with delight.\nHer kisses are not confined to the lips, but lovers' tongues even do\ntheir endeavour to kiss each other. At the conclusion of the amorous\ncombat, she pants, overcome with the fiery delight, and her love-sick\nbreath finding its way to her lips, encounter the lover's kiss still\nwandering there, and mingling with it both descend and exert their\nelectric influence upon her heart, which leaps and beats, and were it\nnot fast bound within, would desert its seat, and be drawn forth by the\nstrength of kisses.\"[66]\n\n\"Upon my word,\" said Menelaus, \"you seem no raw recruit, but a\nthorough veteran in the service of the Queen of Love, so minute are\nyou in all your detail. Now hear what I have to say in favour of male\nbeauty. With women their words and postures, everything, in short, is\nstudied and artificial: and their beauty, if they possess any, is the\nlaborious work of cosmetic appliances, of perfumes and of dyes;[67]\ndivest them of these meretricious attractions, and they will appear\nlike the daw stripped of its feathers, which we read of in the fable.\nThe beauty of youths, on the other hand, requires no unguents or\nartificial essences to recommend it; nature has made it complete and\nsufficient in itself.\"[68]\n\n\n[Footnote 1: Il. xvi. 823.\n\n    \"As when the lion and the sturdy boar,\n    Contend in battle on the mountain tops\n    For some scant rivulet which both desire,\n    Ere long the lion quelle the panting boar.\"\n                                   Cowper's Tr.\n]\n\n[Footnote 2: \u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03af, signify properly, the changes and inflections in a\npiece of music.]\n\n[Footnote 3:\n\n    \"The rose, of flow'rs th' enchanting pride;\n    The rose is Spring's enchanting bride;\n    The rose of every god's the joy;\n    With roses Cytherea's boy,\n    When, dancing, he'd some Grace ensnare,\n    Adorns the love-nets of his hair.\"\n                   Anacreon. v. Addison's Tr.\n]\n\n[Footnote 4: \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\u03cd\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5.]\n\n[Footnote 5: The wine of most early celebrity was that which the\nminister of Apollo, Maron, who dwelt upon the skirts of Thracian\nIsmarus gave to Ulysses. It was red and honey-sweet; so precious, that\nit was unknown to all in the mansion save the wife of the priest and\none trusty housekeeper; so strong, that a single cup was mixed with\ntwenty of water; so fragrant, that even when thus diluted it diffused a\ndivine and most tempting perfume.\n\nSee Odyss. ix. 203.; Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiq.]\n\n[Footnote 6: \u03ba\u03cd\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c4\u03b7\u03c3\u03af\u03b1\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 7:\n\n    .... \"\u039f this is from above--a stream\n    Of nectar and ambrosia, all divine!\"\n                Od. B. ix. 355, Cowper.\n]\n\n[Footnote 8: \"He washed his garments in wine, and his clothes in the\n_blood of grapes_.\"--Gen. xlix. 11.]\n\n[Footnote 9: \u1f51\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f40\u03c1\u03c9\u03c1\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2. Herodotus, iii. 24, uses the word\n\u03cd\u03ac\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, to describe the clear transparent stone, supposed to be Oriental\nalabaster, used by the Egyptians to enclose their mummies.]\n\n[Footnote 10: The translation of this passage follows Villoisin's\nreading. For a mention of the cup of Glaucus, see Herod. i. 25. Mr.\nBlakesley, in his Edition remarks, that \u03ae \u0393\u03bb\u03b1\u03cd\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u03ad\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7, was in the\ntime of Plato (Ph\u00e6don, \u00a7 132) a proverbial one, applied to everything\nrequiring in extraordinary amount of skill.]\n\n[Footnote 11:\n\n      \"While Venus fills the heart....\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    Ceres presents a plate of vermicelli,--\n      For love must be sustain'd like flesh and blood,--\n    While Bacchus pours out wine or hands a jelly.--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 12: \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03cc\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u1ff6\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 13: \"\u03c0\u1ff6\u03c2 \u1f04\u03bd \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03cd\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9; \u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u1f70 \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76\n\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.\"--Longus, B.i.\n\n    \"\u0391ll his body is a fire,\n    And his breath a flame entire.\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    He doth bear a golden bow,\n    And a quiver hanging low.\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    Wings he hath which though ye clip\n    He will leap from lip to lip,\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    And if chance his arrow misses\n    He will shoot himself in kisses.\"--Ben Jonson.\n]\n\n[Footnote 14: The translation follows the reading in the edition by\nJacobs.]\n\n[Footnote 15: Tasso has introduced this stratagem of a lover into his\nAminta, Act ii. sc. 2, where Sylvia cures Phyllis stung by a bee, by\nkissing her, upon which Aminta, pretends to have been stung in order to\nbe cured by the same agreeable remedy.\n\n    \"Che, fingendo ch' un' ape avesse morso\n    Il mio labbre di sotto, incominciai\n    A lamentarmi di cotal maniera,\n    Che quella medicina che la lingua\n    Non richiedeva, il volto richiedeva.\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 16:\n\n    ... \"fece\n    Pi\u00f9 cupa, e pi\u00f9 mortale\n    La mia piaga verace,\n    Quando le labbre sua\n    Giunse a le labbre mie.\n    N'a l'api d'alcun fiore\n    Colgon al dolce il mel, ch'allora io colei\n    Da quelle fresche rose.\"--Tasso.\n]\n\n[Footnote 17:\n\n    \"She blushed and frown'd not, but she strove to speak,\n    And held her tongue, her voice was grown so weak.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 18:\n\n    \"How delicious is the winning\n    Of a kiss at love's beginning.\"--Campbell.\n]\n\n[Footnote 19:\n\n    \"Fac primus rapias illius tacta labellis\n    Pocula; quoque bibit parte puella bibe.\"\n                   Ovid, de Art. Am. i. 595.\n\n    \"Drink to me only with thine eyes,\n    And I will pledge thee with mine;\n    Or leave a kiss but in the cup\n    And I'll not look for wine.\"\n      Ben Jonson (imitation of a passage in Philostratus.)\n]\n\n[Footnote 20: The original is highly poetical:--\u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2 o\u1f56\u03bd \u1f45\u03c4\u03b5 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6\n\u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u1f7a \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03b3\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf.]\n\n[Footnote 21: In B. v. of the Ethiopics, Heliodorus says of the Spanish\nand British amethyst, that it is of a dull ruddy colour, resembling a\nnewly budding rose; and of the amethyst of Ethiopia, that it emits a\nlustre like that of gold.]\n\n[Footnote 22:\n\n    ... \"blending every colour into one,\n    Just like a black eye in a recent scuffle.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 23: The \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 was an ample shawl serving for a robe; those\nof the most splendid hues and curious workmanship were imported from\nTyre and Sidon.--See Iliad, vi. 289.]\n\n[Footnote 24: \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f15\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 25: \u03c0po\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b3\u03ac\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd. These consisted of sacrifices and\nofferings made to the \u03b8\u03b5o\u1f76 \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03ae\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9, or divinities who presided over\nmarriage; the sacrificer was the father of the bride elect.]\n\n[Footnote 26: \u03bf\u1f31\u03c9\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u1f7a\u03c2. \u00c6sch. Ag. 113.]\n\n[Footnote 27:\n\n    ..., \"ministrum fulminis alitem\n    Cui rex Deorum regnum in aves vagas\n    Permisit.\"--Hor. iv. Od. iv. i.\n]\n\n[Footnote 28: \"nunquam vis\u00e6 flagrabat amore puell\u00e6.\"--Juv. iv. 14.]\n\n[Footnote 29: Jacobs observes that this law of Byzantium is purely the\ninvention of Tatius; one resembling it existed at Athens.]\n\n[Footnote 30:\n\n    N\u1fc6\u03c3\u03cc\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03af \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd \u03b1\u1fd6\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bb\u03b1\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1\n    \u038a\u03c3\u03b8\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03b8\u03bc\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0' \u1f20\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf \u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1,\n    \u0388\u03bd\u03b8'\u1f2d\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03bb\u03b1\u03c5\u03ba\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd '\u0391\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd.\n    \u039a\u03b5\u1fd6\u03b8\u03b9 \u03b8\u03c5\u03b7\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03af\u03b7\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03c6\u1f10\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03ba\u03ad\u03bb\u03bf\u03bc\u03c3\u03b9 \u0389\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u1fc6\u03b9.\n\nTyre is called by Euripides, \u03c6\u03bf\u03af\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bd\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2, (Ph\u0153n. 211,) was built\nupon a small island, 200 furlongs from the shore. Alexander took it,\nafter having joined the island to the continent by a mole.]\n\n[Footnote 31: Herod. B. ii. c. 44, gives an account of his visit to the\ntemple of the Tyrian Hercules, and of the rich offerings which he saw\nin it.]\n\n[Footnote 32: \"The fire had power in the water, forgetting his own\nvirtue; and the water forget his own quenching nature.\"--Wisdom, xix.\n20.]\n\n[Footnote 33: See p. 234 of Brewster's Natural Magic, for a solution\nof the acoustic wonder of the vocal sounds emitted by the statue of\nMemnon.]\n\n[Footnote 34: Herod. iii. 102, says of the Indian soil--\n\n    \u0389 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c8\u03ac\u03bc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f20 \u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7 \u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2.\n]\n\n[Footnote 35: Herod. \u0392. iv. 195, gives an account of a lake in the isle\nCyraunis, on the east of Africa, from which the young women obtain\ngold-dust by means of feathers smeared with pitch.]\n\n[Footnote 36: \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 37:\n\n    .... \"plurima cervix,\n    Tam longo nullus lateri modus: omnia magna.\"\n                              Virg. G. iii. 52.\n]\n\n[Footnote 38:\n\n    \"His steeds I saw, the fairest by these eyes\n    Ever beheld and loftiest; snow itself\n    They pass in whiteness.\"--Iliad, x. 43. 7. Cowper's Tr.\n]\n\n[Footnote 39: \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03ae\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 40: \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03c6\u03bf\u03c3\u03b9\u03c9\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 41: \u03bc\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3.]\n\n[Footnote 42: See the plan of a Greek house taken from Bekker's\nCharikles.--Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiq. p. 494.]\n\n[Footnote 43: This fact is asserted by \u00c6lian, B. vi. 22, and B. xiv. 9.]\n\n[Footnote 44: \"Oh!\" sobb'd Antonia, \"I could tear their eyes\nout.\"--Byron.]\n\n[Footnote 45: In case the reader wishes to understand the philosophy of\nthe gnat's trumpet, we insert the following passage from Cumberland's\nTrans. of the \"Clouds\" of Aristophanes.\n\n_Disciple_. \"'Twas put to Socrates, if he could say, when a goat\nhumm'd, whether the sound did issue from mouth or tail.\n\n_Streps_. Aye; marry, what said he?\n\n_Disciple._ He said your gnat doth blow his trumpet backwards\n  From a sonorous cavity within him,\n  Which being filled with breath, and forced along\n  The narrow pipe or rectum of his body,\n  Doth vent itself in a loud hum behind.\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 46:\n\n    \"Fallitur et multo custodis cura Ly\u00e6o;\n    Illa vel Hispano lecta sit una jugo.\n    Sunt quoque, qu\u00e6 faciant altos medicamina somnos;\n    Victaque Leth\u00e6\u00e2 lumina nocte premant.\"\n                                Ovid. Art. Am. iii. 645.\n]\n\n[Footnote 47: \u1f61\u03c2 \u03b4' \u1f21 \u03b2\u03b5\u03bb\u03c4\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd\u03ac\u03b3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 48: The allusion is to Ulysses preparing to put out the eye\nof the Cyclops.\n\n    ... \"the gods infused\n    Heroic fortitude into our hearts.\"--Odyss. ix. 381.\n]\n\n[Footnote 49:\n\n    \"'Sdeath! with a _page_--perchance a king\n    Had reconciled him to the thing;\n    But with a stripling of a page--\n    I felt--but cannot paint his rage.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 50: \u03b5\u1f34\u03c4\u03b5 \u03b4\u03b1\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd, \u03b5\u1f34\u03c4\u03b5 \u1f25\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2, \u03b5\u1f34\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2.\n\nFor an instance of intercourse between demigods--\u1f25\u03c1\u03c9\u03b5\u03c2--and mortals,\nsee Herod. vi. 69.]\n\n[Footnote 51: The evidence of slaves was always taken with torture, and\ntheir testimony was not otherwise received. For an animated picture of\nthe severity sometimes practised towards slaves, male and female, by a\ncapricious mistress, see Juv. vi. 475, 495.]\n\n[Footnote 52: \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03b1\u03c0\u03ae \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f27\u03bd.\n\nThis passage may be illustrated by a parallel one in the beginning of\nB. vii.]\n\n[Footnote 53: Pliny, B. iv. 5. \"Tot sinus Poloponnensem oram lancinant,\ntot maria allatrant.\"]\n\n[Footnote 54: \"They bend their tongues like their _bow_ for lies.\"]\n\n[Footnote 55: \"Their tongue is as an _arrow_ shot out.\"--Jer. ix. 3, 8.\nSee also S. James iii. 5-9.\n\n    \"Strangulat inclusus dolor atque cor \u00e6stuat intus\n    Cogitur et vires multiplicare suas.\"--Ovid. Trist. I. 63.\n\n    \"Give sorrow words; the grief that doth not speak,\n    Whispers the o'er-fraught heart, and bids it break.\"--Macbeth.\n]\n\n[Footnote 56: The various operations when a vessel quitted or entered\nthe harbour are described in two passages of Homer.--\n\n                                  \"The crew\n    Cast loose the hawsers, and embarking, filled\n    The benches....\n    He, loud exhorting them, his people bade\n    Hand brisk the tackle; they obedient rear'd\n    The pine-tree mast, which in its socket deep\n    They lodg'd, then strained the cordage, and with thongs\n    Well twisted, drew the shining sail aloft.\"--Odyss. ii. 419.\n\n    \"Around within the haven deep, their sails\n    Furling, they stow'd them in the bark below.\n    Then by its tackle lowering the mast\n    Into its crutch, they briskly push'd to land,\n    Heav'd anchors out, and moor'd the vessel fast.\"--Il. i. 4331\n]\n\n[Footnote 57:\n\n    \"Provehimur portu; terr\u00e6que urbesque recedunt.\"\n                           Vir. \u00c6n. iii. 72.\n]\n\n[Footnote 58: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd\u1ff6\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 59: Tatius appears to have had in his mind the story of the\ndeath of Atys, son of Cr\u0153sus. See Herod. B. i. 37.\n\nCompare the spirited account of the Boar-hunt and the death of\nTlepolemus in the viiith book of Apuleius.]\n\n[Footnote 60: \u03a0\u03ac\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c6\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, a proverb derived from a passage in\nthe Iliad, xix. 302:--\n\n            \"All her fellow-captives heav'd\n    Responsive sighs, deploring each, in show\n    The dead Patroclus, but, in truth, herself.\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 61: Tatius alludes to Venus Urania and Venus Popularis, the\none the patroness of pure, the other of impure, love.]\n\n[Footnote 62: Iliad xx. 2, 3, 4.]\n\n[Footnote 63: See Anthon's Lempri\u00e8re for the legends attached to their\nnames.]\n\n[Footnote 64: G\u00f6ttling proposes to read \"Hebe,\" which suits the context\nbetter.]\n\n[Footnote 65: According to some accounts, two; according to others,\nthree nights were required for the formation of Hercules, son of\nAlcmena.\n\n              \"Violentus ille\n    Nocte non un\u00e2 poterat creari.\"--Seneca Ag. 825.\n]\n\n[Footnote 66:\n\n    \"A long, long kiss, a kiss of youth and love,\n      And beauty, all concentrating like rays\n    Into one focus, kindled from above;\n      Such kisses as belong to early days,\n    Where heart, and soul, and sense, in concert move,\n      And the blood's lava, and the pulse a blaze,\n    Each kiss a heart-quake.\"--Byron.\n\nCompare Lucret. iv. 1070-1079, and 1099-1114.]\n\n[Footnote 67:\n\n    \"Sed qu\u00e6 mutatis inducitur, atque fovetur\n    Tot medicaminibus, coct\u00e6que siliginis offas,\n    Accipit et madid\u00e6, facies dicetur, an ulcus.\"--Juv. vi. 471.\n]\n\n[Footnote 68: \"Omnibus autem mulierum omnium ungentis \u00e8 puerorum\nsudoribus afflatus odor antecellet. Jam vero etiam ante venereos\ncongressus pal\u00e6str\u00e2 cum iis decertare, palamque, ac sine rubore\namplecti licet; neque ulla est carnis teneritas qu\u00e6 complexuum tactioni\ncedat: sed corpora sibi mutuo resistunt ac voluptate contendunt. Basia\nquoque muliebrem illam diligentiam minime sapiunt, nec stulto errore\nlabris illito decipiunt. Puer quemadmodum quidem novit, suavia dat,\nnon ab arte aliqu\u00e2, sed \u00e0 natura ips\u00e2 proficiscentia; saneque basii\npuerilis imago ejusmodi est, ut si quis concretum, atque in labr\u00e0\ncommutatum nectar oscularetur. Ex quo fieri ullo modo nequit, ut\naliqua basiandi tibi satietas oriatur; quinimmo quo plus haurias, hoc\nvehementiore siti labores, neque os ind\u00e8 abstrahere possis, donec pr\u00e6\nvoluptate basia ipso refugias.\"]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBOOK III.\n\n\nOn the third day of our voyage a sudden change took place in the\nweather; the sky, which had been clear, grew so black as quite to\nobscure the light of day, and a violent gale ploughing up the sea\nblew directly in our teeth. Upon this, the master ordered the yard to\nbe brought round;[1] the sailors speedily obeyed, furling one-half\nof the sail by dint of great exertions, but were compelled by the\nviolence of the wind to leave the other unfurled. In consequence of\nthis man\u0153uvre one side of the vessel began to heel, while the contrary\nside became proportionally elevated, so that we every moment expected\nto be capsized, as the gale continued to blow with undiminished fury.\nTo prevent this, and to restore, if possible, the vessel's equilibrium,\nwe all scrambled to the side highest out of water, but it was of no\navail. We ourselves, indeed, were raised, but the position of the ship\nwas in no way altered; after long and vain endeavours to right her,\nthe wind suddenly shifted, almost submerging the side which had been\nelevated, and raising high out of the water that previously depressed.\nAn universal shriek arose from those on board, and nothing remained but\nto hurry back to our former station. We repeated this several times,\nour movements keeping pace with the shifting of the vessel; indeed, we\nhad scarcely succeeded in hurrying to one side, before we were obliged\nto hurry back in the contrary direction. Like those who run backwards\nand forwards in the course,[2] we continued these alternate movements\nduring a great part of the day, momentarily expecting death, who, as it\nseemed, was not far off; for about noon the sun entirely disappeared,\nand we saw each other as if by moonlight; lightnings flashed from\nthe clouds, the thunder rolled, filling the sky with its echoes,\nwhich were repeated from below by the strife of waters, while in the\nintermediate space was heard the shouts of the discordant winds,[3]\nso that the air seemed one mighty trumpet; the ropes breaking loose\nrattled against the sail and against each other till at last they were\nrent in pieces. We now began to be in no small fear that the vessel,\nfrom the shattered condition of her sides, would open and go to pieces;\nthe bulwarks[4] too were flooded, being continually washed over by the\nwaves. We however crawled under them for protection, and abandoning\nall hope resigned ourselves to Fortune. Tremendous billows following\nin quick succession tumbled one over the other, some in front, some at\nthe sides of the ship, which as they approached was lifted high up as\nif upon a mountain, and when they retired was plunged down as into an\nabyss.[5] The most formidable were those which broke against the sides\nand made their way over the bulwarks, flooding all the vessel; even\nwhile approaching from a distance these were formidable enough, almost\ntouching, as they did, the clouds; but when they neared and broke, you\nwould have supposed that the ship must inevitably be swallowed up. We\ncould scarcely keep our feet, so violent was the rolling of the vessel,\nand a confused din of sounds was heard;--the sea roared, the wind\nblustered, the women shrieked, the men shouted, the sailors called to\none another: all was wailing and lamentation.[6]\n\nAt length the master ordered the cargo to be thrown overboard; no\ndistinction was made between gold and silver, and the commonest\narticles,--all were pitched over the sides; many of the merchants with\ntheir own hands tumbling into the sea the goods on which all their\nhopes were centred. By these means the ship was lightened, but the\nstorm did not in any degree abate. At length the master, wearied out\nand in despair, let go the tiller, abandoned the ship to the waves,\nand standing at the gangway ordered the boats to be got ready and\nthe sailors to embark. Upon this a fearful scene of strife arose; the\nsailors in the boat were beginning to cut the rope which attached\nit to the ship. Seeing this, the passengers endeavoured to leap in,\nwhich the crew would not allow, threatening with their swords and axes\nany who should venture on the attempt. The others upon this arming\nthemselves as best they could with shattered oars and broken benches,\nshowed a determination to retaliate, for in a storm might, not right,\nmust settle matters. A novel kind of sea-fight now commenced; they in\nthe boat, fearful of being swamped by the numbers who were descending\nfrom the vessel, laid about them in good earnest with their swords\nand axes; which the passengers as they leaped in were not backward in\nreturning with their poles and oars, and some scarcely touched the boat\nbefore they fell into the water; others, who had succeeded in getting\nin, were struggling with the sailors to maintain their ground. The laws\nof friendship or neighbourly regard were no longer heeded; each looked\nto his own preservation, careless of the safety of any other; for the\neffect of pressing danger is, that it dissolves even the tenderest\nties. One of the passengers, a robust young fellow, succeeded at last\nin getting hold of the rope and dragging the boat towards the vessel;\nevery one on board holding himself ready to leap in. A few succeeded\nin the endeavour, though not without receiving injuries; many in their\nattempt were plunged into the sea. The crew without further delay,\ncutting the rope with their axes, put off, and committed themselves\nto the mercy of the winds; those on board in the meantime having used\nevery exertion to sink the boat. The vessel, after continuing for some\ntime to pitch and roll upon the waves, was carried upon a sunken rock,\nwhen she struck and soon went to pieces, the mast falling over on one\nside and hastening her destruction. They who were at once swallowed up\nin the briny waves experienced a happier lot than their companions,\nin not having to remain with death before their eyes; for at sea the\nanticipation of drowning kills even before death actually arrives; the\neye, bewildered by the expanse of waters, can set no limits to its\nfears: this it is which gives death so much more bitterness, and makes\nit regarded with dread proportioned to the vast nature of the sea\nitself.[7]\n\nUpon the present occasion some were dashed against rocks and perished,\nothers were pierced by pieces of broken oars, and some were seen\nswimming in a half-exhausted state. When the vessel was wrecked, some\ngood genius preserved a portion of the prow, upon which I and Leucippe\nbeing seated, were carried along by the current; Menelaus, Satyrus, and\nsome other passengers, had thrown themselves across the mast; Clinias\nat no great distance was swimming supported by the yard, and we could\nhear him calling out, \"Hold on, Clitopho!\" In a moment a wave washed\nover him; at which sad spectacle we shrieked aloud. Boiling onward in\nour direction, it happily passed us, and we again caught sight of the\nyard, and Clinias riding upon its crest. \"O, mighty Neptune,\" exclaimed\nI, with a deep groan, \"take pity on us, and spare the remnants of this\nshipwreck; our terror has caused us already to die many deaths; if it\nbe thy will to destroy us, do not divide us in our deaths; let one wave\noverwhelm us; or if we are fated to become food for the monsters of\nthe deep let one devour us;--let us have one common death, one common\ntomb.\" I had not long uttered this prayer before the violence of the\nwind abated and the roughness of the waves subsided, and the surface\nof the sea was seen covered with floating bodies. Menelaus and his\ncompanions were thrown by the waves upon a part of the coast of Egypt\nwhich was at that time the general haunt of buccaneers. Late in the\nevening, Leucippe and I contrived to reach Pelusium, and upon getting\nto land thanked the gods for our escape; nor did we omit bewailing\nClinias and Satyrus, believing them to have been drowned.\n\nIn the temple of Casian[8] Jupiter, at Pelusium, there is the\nstatue of a youth very like Apollo; his hand is stretched out and\nholds a pomegranate, which has a mystic meaning.[9] After praying\nto this deity, and asking tidings of Clinias and Satyrus (for the\ngod is believed to be prophetic) we walked about the temple; in the\ntreasury[10] at the rear of this edifice we saw two pictures by the\nartist Evanthes. The subject of one was Andromeda, of the other,\nPrometheus. Both were represented as bound, for which reason probably\nthe painter had associated them together. They furnished other points\nof resemblance also; both had a rock for their prison house, and savage\nbeasts for their executioners, the one being a bird of prey, the other\na sea monster. The champions also who came to their rescue were both\nGrecians, Hercules and Perseus. The former is represented standing\non the ground and aiming his arrow at the bird of Jove; the latter\npoised in air directs his attack against the fish. The rock is hollowed\nout, so as to suit the size of the maiden's body, and the rugged\nsurface given it by the painter, plainly showed that it is intended\nto represent a production of nature, not the work of art; the maiden\nis fixed in the hollow of this rock, her lovely form giving her the\nappearance of a wondrously-carved statue,[11] but the chains and the\nsea-monster betokening a hastily-planned tomb.[12] Beauty and fear are\nmingled in her countenance, yet the pallor of her cheeks is not wholly\nuntinged with colour, while the brightness of her eyes is tempered by\na languor such as is seen in violets when they begin to fade; thus had\nthe painter imparted to her the expression of comely fear.[13] Her\narms, extended on either side, are chained against the rock, the wrists\nand fingers hanging down like the clusters from the vine; her arms are\nof spotless white, but approaching to a livid hue, and her fingers\nappear bloodless. Bound in this fashion she is awaiting death. Her\nattire is bridal, of white, and reaching to the feet, of a texture so\nfine as to resemble a spider's web, the production not of the wool of\nsheep, but of the down of winged insects whose webs Indian women gather\nfrom the trees and weave.[14] The monster is emerging from the sea\nopposite the maiden; his head alone appears above the waves, but the\noutline of his body is distinguishable beneath the water: the junctures\nof his scales, the curvature of his back, the ridge of his spines,\nthe twisting of his tail; his immense jaws are expanded as far as his\nshoulders, and to the very entrance of his maw. In the intermediate\nspace is seen Perseus descending from the sky, his body naked, with\nthe exception of a mantle about his shoulders, winged sandals upon his\nfeet, and a cap resembling Pluto's helmet[15] upon his head; in his\nleft hand he grasps the Gorgon's head, holding it forth in the manner\nof a shield; the face is fearful to behold, and even on the painter's\ncanvas seems to glare with its eyes, to bristle up its locks, to shake\nits serpents. His right hand is armed with a weapon between a straight\nsword and a scimitar; from the hilt to the middle it is a sword, it\nthen partakes of both, remaining sharp so as to inflict a wound, and\nbecoming curved in order to follow up and improve the stroke. Such was\nthe \"Andromeda.\"\n\nNext to it, as I before remarked, was a painting of Prometheus bound\nto the rock. Hercules stands near him, armed with his bow and arrows.\nThe vulture is feasting upon his side, in which it has inflicted a\nlacerating wound, and with its beak inserted in the opening, seems to\nbe digging after the liver, of which the painter allows a portion to\nbe visible.[16] The talons of the bird are firmly planted upon the\nthigh of Prometheus, who shrinks with agony, contracts his side, and\ndraws back his leg to his own hurt, for the movement brings the eagle\nnearer to his liver. The other leg is stretched out straight before\nhim, and the tension of the muscles is visible to the extreme point\nof the toes;[17] his whole appearance is that of acute suffering, his\neyebrows are contracted, his lips drawn in, and his teeth appear; you\ncould almost compassionate the painting, as though itself felt pain. In\nhis misery, Hercules is come to his aid, and is preparing to transfix\nhis tormentor; already the arrow is on the bow, which he extends with\nhis left hand, while with his right hand he draws the string to his\nbreast; in doing which the elbow is seen shortened from behind. The\nstretching of the bow, the drawing back the string, the hand touching\nthe breast, all seemed the work of a single moment.[18] Prometheus\nappears divided between hope and fear; he looks partly at his wounded\nside, partly at Hercules; fain would he fix his eyes upon him alone;\nbut his agony turns them back, in part, upon himself.\n\nAfter remaining two days at Pelusium to recruit ourselves after our\nfatigues, having fortunately some money left we engaged an Egyptian\nvessel, and proceeded by way of the Nile to Alexandria, with the\nintention of making some stay there, thinking likewise that we might\nfind in that city some of our shipwrecked friends. Upon nearing a\ncertain town, not far from the river, we suddenly heard a loud shout;\nupon which the master exclaiming, \"The buccaneers are upon us!\"\nendeavoured to put about his vessel, and to sail back, when in a moment\nthe bark was thronged with men of formidable and savage mien. They were\nall tall and stout; their complexion was black,--not the jet black of\nthe Indians, but that of a mongrel Ethiopian; they had shaven heads\nand very small feet, and spoke a barbarous dialect.[19] As this was\nthe narrowest part of the river, escape was impossible; so the master\nexclaiming, \"We are all lost!\" brought the vessel to. Four of the\nbuccaneers came on board and carried off everything which they could\nlay hands on, not forgetting our stock of money; we were then taken on\nshore, bound and shut up in a hut, when the greater part of them rode\naway, leaving guards, who were to conduct us next day to the king, as\ntheir chief is styled, who, as we learnt from our fellow captives, was\nabout two days' journey distant.\n\nWhen night came on, and we were lying there bound and our guards\nwere asleep, I found leisure to bewail Leucippe, reflecting how many\ncalamities I had brought upon her. Deeply groaning in soul, and\ncarefully suppressing any outward sound of grief, \"Oh, ye gods and\ngenii!\" I said within myself, \"if ye really exist and hear me, what\nheinous crimes have we committed, that in a few short days we should\nbe plunged into such a depth of misery? And now, to crown all, ye have\ndelivered us into the hands of Egyptian buccaneers, cutting us off\nfrom any chance of pity. Our voice and our entreaties might mollify\nthe heart of a Grecian pirate; for words oftentimes beget compassion,\nand the tongue ministering to the necessities of the soul, subdues the\nangry feeling of the hearer; but in our present case, what language\ncan we employ, what oaths of submission can we take? Had I tones more\npersuasive than the Syrens', these barbarian homicides would neither\nunderstand nor listen to me; I must then be content to supplicate with\nsigns and gestures, and pantomimic[20] show; it is not so much for my\nown misfortunes, severe as they are, which I lament, but how shall I\nsufficiently bewail, how sufficiently weep for thine, Leucippe, thou\nwho hast shown thyself so faithful in all the straits of love, so\ntender towards thy unhappy lover! Behold, the splendid preparation for\nthy marriage; a prison for thy bridal chamber, earth for thy couch,\nthe noose and the rope for thy necklaces and bracelets, a pirate for\nthy bridesman,[21] a dirge for thy nuptial hymn. \u039f Sea! I have thanked\nthee without reason; rather should I upbraid thee for thy mercy;\ngreater in reality has been thy kindness to those whom thou hast\ndrowned; our preservation deserves rather to be called destruction,\nfor thou hast grudged us death except by the hands of buccaneers.\" In\nthis manner did I inwardly lament, but no tears came to my relief;\nthis is indeed peculiar to the eyes in all great misfortunes; in the\nseason of any ordinary grief, they flow readily enough,[22] and then\nthey not only serve as intercessors between the sufferer and the cause\nof his sufferings, but they also diminish the inward swelling of the\nheart; but in the time of excessive sorrow, tears take to flight and\nare traitors to the eyes; sorrow encounters them as they are springing\nfrom their fountain, arrests their progress and compels them to retrace\ntheir way; accordingly, turned from the direction of the eyes they flow\nback upon the soul and exasperate its inward wounds.\n\nTurning to Leucippe, who had not spoken a word, I said, \"Why are you\nsilent, dearest? Why do you not speak to me?\" \"Because,\" she replied,\n\"though my soul still lives, my voice is already dead.\" The dawn\nimperceptibly overtook us while we were engaged in conversation, when a\nhorseman suddenly rode up with a profusion of long matted hair;[23] his\nhorse was as shaggy as himself and bare-backed, without housings of any\nkind, as is customary with the horses of these buccaneers. He came it\nappeared from their captain, with orders to bring away any maiden whom\nhe might find to be an expiatory offering on behalf of the pirates, to\ntheir god. The guards immediately seized Leucippe, who clung to me with\nshrieks, but while some of them struck me, others tore her away, placed\nher on horseback and rode away, leaving us who were still bound to\nfollow at greater leisure. We had scarcely proceeded two furlongs from\nthe village when we heard a loud shouting mingled with the sounds of a\ntrumpet, and presently a body of heavy armed soldiers appeared in view,\nupon which the pirates, placing us in the centre, stood their ground\nand prepared for resistance. The soldiers were about fifty in number,\nsome bearing long shields reaching to the feet, others having only\nbucklers. The buccaneers, who were far superior in numbers, began to\npelt the military with clods of earth:[24] now, an Egyptian clod can do\nmore execution than any other, for being of stony earth, it is at the\nsame time heavy, rough, and jagged, can raise a swelling and inflict\na wound. The soldiers relying upon the protection of their shields\ncared little for these missiles, and waiting till the buccaneers were\ntired with their exertions, they suddenly opened their ranks, when the\nlight-armed darted out, each armed with a javelin and a sword, and\nso skilful was the aim that no one missed his mark; the heavy-armed\nproceeded to support them and a stubborn fight took place, in which\nabundance of blows and wounds were exchanged on either side. Military\ndiscipline made up for deficiency of numbers, the pirates began to give\nground, which, when we observed, I and the other prisoners bursting\nthrough their ranks went over to the enemy; ignorant of our real\ncondition the soldiers were about to kill us, when perceiving us to\nbe naked and bound with cords, they received us into their ranks and\nsent us for safety to the rear; meanwhile a body of cavalry came up and\nextending their flanks they surrounded the buccaneers, got them into a\nnarrow space and cut them down; the greater part were soon dispatched,\nsome though severely wounded still resisted, the rest were taken\nprisoners. It was now about evening; the commander of the forces,\nCharmides by name, interrogated us severally, asking who we were, and\nhow we had been captured. The others told their stories and I related\nmy own adventures; after hearing every particular he desired us to\nfollow him, promising to supply us with arms; it being his intention,\nas soon as the rest of his troops came up, to attack the chief haunt\nof the pirates, where it was said there were ten thousand men. Being a\ngood rider I requested the favour of a horse, and no sooner was my wish\ncomplied with, than mounting I went through the different evolutions of\na cavalry soldier, to the great delight of the commander. He insisted\non having me as a guest at his own table, and after hearing my history\nat supper time, expressed his commiseration of my misfortunes.\n\nThe listening to others' grief often times begets sympathy in the\nhearers, and this sympathy leads to friendship, the soul affected by\nthe relation of woe, passing from feelings of pity to sensations of\na tenderer kind.[25] Charmides, at any rate, was so much moved, that\nhe could not refrain from tears; more than this he could not do, as\nLeucippe was in the power of the pirates. I may also mention that he\nkindly gave me an Egyptian as my servant. The next day he prepared to\nadvance against the buccaneers, who were seen in great force on the\nother side of a trench which it was his object to fill up. They had\nconstructed a rude altar of earth, and near it lay a coffin; two men\nwere seen conducting the maiden, whose hands were bound behind her back.\n\nI could not distinguish who they were, because their armour concealed\nthem, but I easily recognized Leucippe. After pouring a libation upon\nher head, they led her round the altar, an Egyptian priest all the\nwhile chanting a hymn as was evident from the motion of his lips and\nthe muscles of his face;[26] when this was ended, all at a signal\nbeing given retired to a considerable distance, when one of the young\nmen who had conducted the maiden placed her upon the ground, bound her\nto four wooden pegs---just as image makers represent Marsyas bound\nto the tree--and then drawing a sword plunged it into her heart, and\ndrawing the weapon downwards laid open all her belly so that the\nintestines immediately protruded; then they removed and laid them upon\nthe altar, and when roasted they were cut into portions and partaken of\nby the pirates. The soldiers and their commander upon witnessing these\nproceedings cried out and averted their faces in disgust; strange to\nsay, I continued to gaze in stupid astonishment, as if thunderstruck\nby the surpassing horror of the spectacle. There may really have been\nsome truth in the legend of Niobe, and from being affected by the loss\nof her children, in the same way in which I was now, her motionless\nappearance may have given her the appearance of being turned to stone.\nWhen the horrible business was, as I supposed ended, the young men\nplaced the body in the coffin, covering it with a lid, and after\nthrowing down the altar, hurried back to their companions, not once\nlooking behind them, for such had been the injunction of the priest.\n\nBy evening the trench was filled up and the soldiers after crossing\nit, encamped for the night and prepared their supper. Charmides seeing\nmy distress, did all in his power to console me, but to no purpose;\nfor about the first watch of the night, when all were asleep, I took\nmy sword, proceeded to the spot and prepared to stab myself upon\nthe coffin.--\"Wretched Leucippe,\" I exclaimed, \"thou most ill-fated\nof human kind, I lament not so much thy death, nor thy dying in a\nforeign land, nor that it has been a death of violence; but that such\ninsults have been heaped upon thy misfortunes--that thou hast been\nmade a victim to purify the most polluted of their kind--that thou\nhast been ripped up while yet alive, and able to gaze upon the horrid\nprocess--that thou hast had an accursed altar and coffin for thy joint\ngrave, the former for thy bowels, the latter for thy body. Had the fire\nconsumed thy entrails, there would be less cause to grieve; but now,\nmost horrible, they have been made to furnish forth food to a pirate\nband! \u039f accursed altar-torch, \u039f unheard of banquet! and yet the gods\nlooked quietly down upon such proceedings,[27] and yet the fire was not\nextinguished, but polluted as it was sent up its odour with acceptance\nto the deities! Leucippe, thou shalt now receive from me the offering\nwhich befits thee.\" After uttering these words, I raised the sword and\nwas on the point of stabbing myself, when by the light of the moon I\nperceived two men hastily running towards me; supposing them to be\nbuccaneers, I paused in the expectation of being put to death by them;\nthey soon reached the spot where I was standing and both called aloud\nto me, and who should they prove to be, but Satyrus and Menelaus. So\nprofound was my grief at what had taken place, that though I saw before\nme two of my friends unexpectedly alive and well, I neither embraced\nthem nor felt any emotion of joy.\n\nSeizing my hand they endeavoured to wrest the sword from me. \"In the\nname of the gods,\" said I, \"grudge me not a welcome death, or rather,\nI should say, a medicine for all my ills. Do what you please; I will\nno longer remain in life, now that Leucippe is gone. You may indeed\ndeprive me of this weapon, but there will remain a sword of grief\nwithin which slowly kills and drinks my blood; do you wish that I\nshould die by this slow and lingering death?\" Upon this, interrupting\nme, Menelaus said, \"If this be your only reason for dying, you may\nput up your sword; Leucippe shall soon come to life again.\" I looked\nsteadfastly at him, and exclaimed, \"Can you insult me in the midst\nof such calamities?--have some regard for hospitable Jove.\" Without\nfarther delay he tapped upon the coffin several times, calling out,\n\"Leucippe, since Clitopho is incredulous, do you bear witness to the\ntruth of what I say;\" and almost immediately a faint voice was heard\nproceeding from the interior. A sudden trembling seized me, and I gazed\nupon Menelaus, half believing him to be a sorcerer; he proceeded to\nremove the lid, when Leucippe slowly rose and came forth, presenting\nthe most fearful spectacle which can be imagined; the lower part of\nher person was entirely laid open and all her bowels had been removed;\nwe rushed into each other's embrace and both fell to the ground. When\nI had recovered myself a little, I said to Menelaus, \"Will you not\nexplain the meaning of all this? Is not this Leucippe whose face I\nbehold, whose form I press, and whose voice I hear? What was it which\nI witnessed yesterday? Either it was an idle dream, or what I now see\nis an unreality; and yet this kiss is warm, loving, and sweet, as\nLeucippe's was wont to be.\"--\"Her bowels shall soon be restored,\" was\nhis reply; \"the wound on her breast shall be healed, and you shall\nbehold her sound as ever, but be so good as to cover your eyes, for I\nmust call Hecate to lend us her assistance.\"\n\nBelieving him in earnest I followed his directions, and he began to\npractise his juggling tricks and to mutter certain sounds, at the same\ntime removing the contrivances from Leucippe's body and restoring her\nto her usual appearance. \"Uncover your face,\" he at length exclaimed.\nSlowly and with great trepidation--for I really believed that Hecate\nwas there--I removed my hands from my eyes, and beheld Leucippe's own\nsweet self, unharmed in any way: more astonished than ever, \"My dear\nMenelaus,\" said I, \"if you are the minister of any god, tell me where\nwe are, and what all these things mean.\"--\"Do not frighten him any\nmore,\" interrupted Leucippe, \"but at once tell him how you contrived\nto outwit the buccaneers.\"--\"You may remember my telling you on board\nship,\" said Menelaus, \"that I am by birth an Egyptian; my property lies\nchiefly about this village, and I am consequently well acquainted with\nthe principal persons in it; when I and Satyrus after being shipwrecked\nwere thrown on shore we were conducted into the presence of the pirate\nchief; some of his people soon recognized me, upon which my chains\nwere taken off, and after assuring me of safety I was strongly urged to\njoin their company as being in some degree already known to them. Upon\nthis I required that Satyrus should be delivered up to me, declaring\nhim to be a slave of mine: 'Your wish shall be complied with,' they\nreplied, 'provided you first give some proof of courage in our cause.'\nFortunately they had just then been commanded by an oracle to offer up\na virgin as an expiation for their robber band, and after tasting the\nvictim's entrails they were to place the body in a coffin and to retire\nfrom the scene of sacrifice. The object of this was to strike terror\ninto the minds of the hostile force; but,\" continued he, addressing\nSatyrus, \"the rest of the story belongs more properly to you.\"\n\n\"Upon learning that Leucippe was taken captive,\" said Satyrus,\ntaking up the narrative, \"I felt sincere regret on her behalf, and\nurged Menelaus by all means to save her; some good genius came to\nour assistance; the day before the sacrifice we were sitting by the\nsea-shore, overcome with grief and considering what steps were to be\ntaken. Some of the buccaneers espying a vessel which had got out of her\ncourse from ignorance of the coast, hurried down to attack her; the\ncrew endeavoured to put out to sea, but being too late they prepared\nfor resistance.\n\n\"There happened to be among them a stage-player or reciter of Homeric\npoetry.[28] Arming himself and the rest after the manner of the heroes\nof the Iliad, they offered a brave resistance, but being at last\noverpowered by a number of the pirate boats, their vessel was sunk\nand themselves were slaughtered. It chanced that after this a chest\nfloated on shore unperceived by the buccaneers; Menelaus getting it\ninto a retired spot opened it, supposing it might contain something\nvaluable; among the contents were a cloak and a sword with a hilt five\npalms in length, the blade of which was not so long: while Menelaus\nwas carelessly handling it, the blade flew out and became equal to the\nhilt in length, and a different movement reduced it, to its former\ndimensions; the ill-fated owner had no doubt been accustomed to use\nit upon the stage for the infliction of mimic wounds. I immediately\nsaid to Menelaus, 'if only you will now give proof of your courage,\nthe deity will second us, and we shall be able to preserve the maiden\nwithout being discovered by the buccaneers. We will get a sheepskin,\none of the softest and most flexible which can be procured, this we\nwill sew into the shape of a bag, corresponding in size with the\nhuman stomach, and after filling it with entrails and blood, we will\nsecure the opening; having done this, we will fasten it upon the\nmaiden's body, and by throwing over her a robe bound by a girdle and\nother fastenings we can easily conceal the artifice. The nature of\nthe oracle given to the pirates and the construction of the sword,\nare both strongly in our favour: the oracle commands that the maiden\nwhen adorned for sacrifice is to be ripped open through her dress; and\nas for the sword, you see how artfully it is contrived; if you press\nit against the human body, the blade flies into the hilt as into a\nscabbard, while all the time it will appear to the beholders to have\nbeen run into the body; on the present occasion just enough of the\nblade will remain out to cut open the false stomach as soon as the hilt\nreaches the sheepskin, and when withdrawn from the wound, the portion\nof the sword contained within the hilt will immediately fly out, so\nthat it will appear to the spectator that the whole of the weapon was\nreally plunged into the maiden. The pirates will not discover the\ndeceit, for as I before said, the skin will be concealed by the dress\nput over it, and the entrails will immediately protrude from the gash\nwhich it has made; these we shall place upon the altar, and as no one\nis to approach the body, we shall be able to place it in the coffin.\nYou remember the pirate-captain telling you that you were expected to\ndisplay some proof of courage; now is the time to go to him and to make\nthe offer.'\n\n\"I followed up my words by many entreaties, invoking Jove the\nhospitable, and reminding Menelaus of our having eaten at the same\nboard[29] and suffered the same perils of shipwreck. The worthy and\ntrue hearted man replied, 'The undertaking is arduous, but one ought\nto be prepared to die in the sake of a friend,[30] and death in such\na cause is sweet.' I then expressed my belief that Clitopho was still\nalive, for the maiden had mentioned to me his being left behind,\namong the other prisoners, in addition to which the buccaneers who\nhad fled, brought word to their captain, that all the captives had\ncontrived to escape into the enemy's ranks during the engagement. 'You\nwill therefore,' I added, 'be doing him a very great kindness and\nwill also be the means of delivering this unhappy maiden out of her\nmisfortunes.' I succeeded in persuading him, and Fortune favoured us\nin our undertaking. While I was busied in preparing what was needed\nfor our contrivance, Menelaus proceeded to the buccaneers to make the\nproposal already mentioned. The chief, by a lucky chance, anticipated\nhim, and said, 'We have a law, that new comers[31] amongst us, should\nfirst begin the sacrifice, especially when a human victim is to be\noffered; be ready therefore against to-morrow; your slave also must\ntake part in the solemnity.'--'We will endeavour,' replied Menelaus,\n'to show ourselves not inferior to any among yourselves.'--'Remember,'\nadded the pirate-chief, 'that it will be for you to dress and arrange\nthe maiden in the best manner for consummating the sacrifice.'[32]\nAfterwards, when alone, we took the opportunity of fitting out\nLeucippe in the manner before related, bidding her have no fear, and\ncarefully instructing her what to do, enjoining her to remain quiet\nin the coffin, if necessary, the whole day, but when an opportunity\noffered to seek safety by flying to the encampment; having given her\nthese directions we led her to the altar: what afterwards occurred you\nalready know.\"\n\nWhile listening to this narrative, I was overwhelmed by a variety\nof feelings, and did not know how sufficiently to express my deep\ngratitude to Menelaus; I however adopted the most common method, and\nthrowing myself at his feet, I embraced his knees and worshipped him\nas a god, my heart thrilling with delight. Being now easy concerning\nLeucippe, \"What,\" I inquired, \"has become of Clinias?\" \"The last time I\nsaw him,\" replied Menelaus, \"was when he was clinging to the yard after\nthe shipwreck; what afterwards became of him I cannot tell.\"\n\nUpon hearing this, I could not repress a cry of grief in the midst of\nmy joy; no doubt some malignant genius envied me the possession of\npure and unalloyed happiness; for this cause doubtless, he whom next\nto Leucippe I most valued, was especially selected as a victim by the\nsea, that not only his soul might perish,[33] but that he might lose\nthe rights of sepulture. Oh, ruthless ocean, thus to curtail the full\nmeasure of thy mercy towards us!\n\nThere being nothing to detain us longer, we all repaired to the\nencampment, and passed the rest of the night in my tent; nor was\nit long before the adventure became known. At daybreak, conducting\nMenelaus to the commander, I related every particular; Charmides was\nhighly pleased, and expressed himself in the most friendly terms\ntowards him. He next inquired what the strength of the enemy amounted\nto. Menelaus replied, \"That the whole place was full of desperate men,\nand that the buccaneers numbered perhaps ten thousand men.\"\n\n\"Our five thousand,\" said Charmides, \"will be a match for twenty\nthousand such as they are: besides which two thousand men will shortly\narrive from the troops who garrison the Delta and Heliopolis.\"\nWhile he was still speaking, a boy came in and said that an express\nhad come from the camp in the Delta, to announce that the expected\nreinforcement would not arrive for five days; the incursions of the\nbuccaneers in that quarter had been repressed indeed, but when the\ntroops were on the point of marching, the sacred[34] bird, bearing the\nsepulchre of his father, had appeared among them, and on this account\nthe march must be delayed during the period mentioned.\n\n\"And pray,\" inquired I, \"what bird is this which is treated with such\nrespect? What sepulchre is it which he carries with him?\"--\"He is\ncalled the Ph\u0153nix,\" was the reply; \"and is a native of Ethiopia; he\nis about the size of the peacock, but superior to him in beauty; his\nplumage is bedropt with gold and purple,[35] and he boasts of being\ndescended from the sun, a claim which is borne out by the appearance\nof his head, which is crowned by a splendid circle, the very image of\nthat orb.[36] The hues are mingled rose and azure, and the disposition\nof the feathers represent the rays. He belongs to the Ethiopians during\nhis life, but the Egyptians possess him after he is dead. He is very\nlong lived,[37] and upon his decease; his son bears him to the Nile,\nhaving first prepared his sepulchre in the following manner. Taking\na mass of the most fragrant myrrh, sufficient for the purpose, he\nexcavates the centre with his beak, and the hollow becomes a receptacle\nfor the dead; then closing up the aperture with earth, he soars aloft\nand carries this fruit of his pious labour to the Nile. A flight of\nother birds attends him,[38] as a guard of honour, and he resembles\na monarch making a progress. He never deviates from the place of his\ndestination, the city of the sun, which is the resting-place of the\ndeparted bird; upon arriving there he stations himself upon an elevated\nspot, and awaits the arrival of the minister of religion. Presently\nan Egyptian priest comes forth from the sanctuary, bearing a book\ncontaining a picture of the bird, in order that he may judge whether\nit be genuine. The ph\u0153nix, aware of this, opens the receptacle, and\nexhibiting the body, makes intercession for its interment;[39] after\nwhich it is received by the sons of the priest and buried; thus, as I\nhave already observed, this bird is an Ethiopian during his lifetime,\nbut makes his grave with the Egyptians.\"\n\n\n[Footnote 1: \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03bd. Two ropes hung from the horns of\nthe antenna or yard, the use of which was to turn it round as the wind\nveered, so as to keep the sail opposite the wind. See a cut at p. 52 of\nthe Greek and Rom. Antiq.\n\n    \"Cornua velatarum obvertimus antennarum.\"--\u00c6n. iii. 549.\n\n    \"At sunset they began to take in sail,\n    For the sky showed it would come on to blow,\n    And carry away, perhaps, a mast or so.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 2: In the original the movements of the passengers are\ndescribed by the words \u03b4\u1f30\u03b1\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 and \u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b4\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c7\u1f78\u03c2, expressions\nreferring to the stadium, where the runners turned round the goal and\ncame back to the starting-place.]\n\n[Footnote 3:\n\n    \"The high wind made the treble, and as bass\n    The hoarse harsh waves kept time.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 4: \u03b3\u03ad\u1fe5\u1fe4\u03b1; these appear to mean the \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u1fe4\u1fe5\u03cd\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1, made of skins\nand wicker-work, raised above the edge of the vessel, and intended as a\nprotection against high waves, &c.--See Dict. Grk. and Rom. Antiq.]\n\n[Footnote 5:\n\n    \"Tollimur in c\u0153lum curvato gurgite; et iidem\n    Subduct\u00e2 ad manes imos descendimus und\u00e2.\"\n                          Virg. \u00c6n. iii. 564.\n]\n\n[Footnote 6:\n\n    \"Strange sounds of wailing, blasphemy, devotion,\n    Clamour'd in chorus to the roaring ocean.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 7:\n\n    \"O Lord! methought what pain it was to drown!\n    What dreadful noise of water in mine ears!\n    What sights of ugly death within mine eyes!\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    ... often did I strive\n    To yield the ghost, but still the envious flood\n    Kept in my soul, and would not let it forth\n    To seek the empty, vast, and wand'ring air,\n    But smother'd it within my panting bulk,\n    Which almost burst to belch it in the sea.\"\n                               Shaksp. Richard III.\n]\n\n[Footnote 8: So named from Mount Casius near Pelusium, where he had a\ntemple.]\n\n[Footnote 9: \"It seems likely that the productivity of nature was\nsymbolized by the fruit, remarkable as it was for the number of seeds\nit contained.\"--Note in Blakesley's Herod., vii. 41.]\n\n[Footnote 10: \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1f70 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bf\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03b8\u03cc\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 11:\n\n    \u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c4'\u1f14\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03be\u03b5, \u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1, \u03b8' \u1f61\u03c2 \u1f00\u03b3\u03ac\u03bb\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2\n    \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1.--Eurip. Hec. 560.\n]\n\n[Footnote 12: \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4o\u03c3\u03ba\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 13: \u1f10\u03ba\u03cc\u03c3\u03bc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b5\u03bd \u03b5\u1f50\u03bc\u03cc\u03c1\u03c6\u1ff3 \u03c6\u03cc\u03b2\u1ff3.]\n\n[Footnote 14: Tatius is supposed to mean the silkworm, which he calls\n\u03c0\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2, from its changing into a butterfly.\n\n    \"Quid nemora \u00c6thiopum molli canentia lan\u00e2\n    Velleraque ut foliis depectant Seres.\"--Virg. G. ii. 120.\n\nIn the 10th Book of the Ethiopics, the productions of the silkworm are\ncalled \"\u1f00\u03c1\u03b1\u03c7\u03bd\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f51\u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.\"]\n\n[Footnote 15: To put on Pluto's helmet was a proverb for becoming\ninvisible. See Hom. Il. v. 844. In Crabbe's \"Parish Register\" the coat\nis made to serve the same purpose:---\n\n    \"His shoes of swiftness on his feet he placed,\n    His _coat_ of darkness on his loins he brac'd,\n    His sword of sharpness in his hand he took.\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 16:\n\n    \"... rostroque immanis vultur obunco\n    Immortale jecur tandens, f\u0153cundaque p\u0153nis\n    Viscera, rimaturque epulis, habitaque sub alto\n    Pectore.\"--\u00c6n. vi. 697.\n]\n\n[Footnote 17: \u03b5\u1f30s \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03be\u03cd\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.]\n\n[Footnote 18:\n\n    \"Then seizing fast the reed, he drew the barb\n    Home to his bow, the bowstring to his breast,\n    And when the horn was rounded to an arch\n    He twang'd it.\"--Homer, Il. iv. 123.\n]\n\n[Footnote 19: By comparing the description of the piratical haunt\ncalled the Pasturage (in the 1st Bk. of the Ethiopics) with that here\ngiven us of the personal appearance of the pirates, together with the\naccount of their stronghold at the end of the 4th Book, we are enabled\nto form a good idea of the Egyptian \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 or buccaneers, and of\ntheir way of life.]\n\n[Footnote 20: \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03b8\u03c1\u1fc6\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \u1f40\u03c1\u03c7\u1f20\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9.]\n\n[Footnote 21: \u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2. Tatius probably used the term with reference\nto Leucippe being taken to the pirate-chief. The strict sense of the\nword will be found at p. 599 of Greek and Roman Antiquities.]\n\n[Footnote 22: \"Cur\u00e6 leves loquuntur; ingentes stupent.\"--Sen. Hipp. A.\n2. S. iii.]\n\n[Footnote 23: In the Second Book of the \"Ethiopics,\" the author remarks\non this peculiarity of the Buccaneers:--\"\u03b2\u03bf\u03bd\u03ba\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f05\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b5 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2\n\u03c4\u03bf \u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03b5\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03c6\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b4\u1f74 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c6\u03c1\u1f7a\u03bd \u1f15\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76\n\u03c3\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f65\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd.\"]\n\n[Footnote 24: In Xen. Cyrop. ii. 3. 17, there is an account of a sham\nfight, where half the soldiers pelt with clods, the other half armed\nwith canes.]\n\n[Footnote 25:\n\n    .... \"I did consent,\n    And often did beguile her of her tears,\n    When I did speak of some distressful stroke\n    That my youth suffer'd. My story being done,\n    She gave me for my pains a world of sighs.\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    She lov'd me for the dangers I had pass'd\n    And I lov'd her that she did pity them.\"--Shaksp. Othello.\n]\n\n[Footnote 26:\n\n    \"Post terga juvenum nobiles revocat manus,\n    Et m\u0153sta vitt\u00e2 capita purpure\u00e2 ligat;\n    Non thura desunt, non sacer Bacchi liquor.\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    Ipse--sacerdos--ipse funest\u00e2 prece\n    Letale carmen _ore violento_ canit.\"\n                      Sen. Thyestes. iv. 686.\n]\n\n[Footnote 27:\n\n    .... \"Magne regnator Deum.\n    Tam lentus audis scelera? tam lentus vides\n    Ecquando s\u00e6v\u00e2 fulmen emittes manu,\n    Si nunc serenum est?\"--Sen. Hipp. 671.\n]\n\n[Footnote 28: \u1fe5\u03b1\u03c8\u03c9\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2--one of a class of persons who got their living\nby reciting the poems of Homer, and who is here represented as\naccoutreing himself and the others in character.]\n\n[Footnote 29: T\u1f78 \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03bf\u03c5--to have eaten at the same table, was\nconsidered an inviolable obligation to friendship; and \u1f05\u03bb\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03c1\u03ac\u03c0\u03b5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\n\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, to transgress the salt and the table; or in other words to\nbreak the laws of hospitality and to injure those by whom they had been\nentertained, was considered one of the greatest crimes.--Robinson's\nAntiq. of Greece.]\n\n[Footnote 30:\n\n    \"Thy friend put in thy bosome;...\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    If cause require, thou art his sacrifice.\"\n                                George Herbert.\n]\n\n[Footnote 31: \u03c4\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u1f50\u03c3\u03c4 \u03b1\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 32: \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ae\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 33: This passage may be illustrated by one which occurs in B.\nv. \"It is said that the souls of those who have found a watery grave\ndo not descend to Hades, but wander about the surface of the waves.\"\nDeath by shipwreck, where the body was swallowed up by the deep, was\nespecially dreaded by the ancients, since without burial of the body,\nthe soul could not be admitted into the Elysian Fields.--See Ovid,\nTrist. i. 2, 61. Virg. \u00c6n. vi. 325, 330.]\n\n[Footnote 34: Compare the description of the Ph\u0153nix with those in\nTacitus, Annal. vi. 28, and in Herod. ii. 73, where see a note in\nBlakesley's edit. The object of which is to show that by the Ph\u0153nix is\nmeant a secular period.]\n\n[Footnote 35: Pliny says, \"Auri fulgore circ\u00e0 colla, cetera purpureus,\nc\u00e6ruleam roseis caudam pennis distinguentibus.\"--\u0397. N. x. 2.]\n\n[Footnote 36:\n\n    \"\u00c6quatur toto capiti radiata corona\n    Ph\u0153bei referens, verticis alta decus.\"\n                      Auctor Carm. incert.\n]\n\n[Footnote 37: Five hundred years according to Herodotus, according to\nother writers 1560 years.]\n\n[Footnote 38: \"Multo c\u00e6terarum volucrum comitatu novam faciem\nmirantium.\"--Tac. Ann. vi. 28.]\n\n[Footnote 39: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2.]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK IV.\n\n\nUpon hearing of the preparations made by the buccaneers, and of the\nmarch of the reinforcements being postponed, Charmides resolved upon\nreturning to his former quarters, and there to await their arrival. A\nlodging was assigned by him to Leucippe and me at a little distance. No\nsooner had I entered it, than taking her in my arms, I endeavoured to\naccomplish my wishes; she would not consent however, upon which I said\nto her: \"Do you not observe how many strange and unforeseen accidents\nbefall us; first we are shipwrecked, then we come into the hands of\npirates, and next you are exposed to be sacrificed, and to undergo a\ncruel death. Fortune has just now lulled the storm, let us, therefore,\ntake advantage of the opportunity, before any yet severer calamity\novertakes us.\"\n\n\"It is not lawful for me to consent now,\" was her reply; \"for while I\nwas bewailing myself at the prospect of being sacrificed, the goddess\nDiana appeared to me in a dream and said: 'Weep not, maiden, thou shalt\nnot die; I will protect thee, and thou must remain a virgin until I\nconduct thee to thine husband, who shall be Clitopho, and no one else.'\"\n\nUpon hearing this circumstance, I was very much annoyed at the delay,\nbut yet rejoiced at the prospect of future happiness opened to me;\nand her mention of the dream reminded me of something similar which\nhad happened to myself. I thought that during the preceding night I\nsaw the temple of Venus, and could discern the statue of the goddess\nwithin; upon approaching it with the design of offering up my prayers,\nthe doors were suddenly closed, and while standing there in a state of\ndisappointment, a female strongly resembling the statue of the goddess\nappeared to me and said: \"It is not permitted thee to enter the temple\nnow; but if thou wilt wait for a short period, I will not only open to\nthee its doors, but will constitute thee my priest.\" I related this\ndream to Leucippe, and although my attempts upon her chastity were not\nrepeated, I could not get over my feelings of vexation.\n\nAn occurrence which just then took place gave Charmides an opportunity\nof seeing Leucippe and conceiving a passion for her. Some person had\ncaptured a very curious river animal, called by the Egyptians the\nNile-horse, and in truth he resembles that animal in his belly and\nlegs, except that he has cloven hoofs;[1] his size is equal to that\nof the largest ox; he has a short tail, which as well as his body, is\ndevoid of hair; his head is large and round, with cheeks like those of\na horse; his nostrils are widely expanded and breathe out sparks, as it\nwere, of fiery vapours;[2] he has an immense under-jaw, which opens to\nnearly the length of his head, and it is garnished with canine teeth\nlike those of a horse in shape and position, but three times as large.\nWe were invited to see this creature, and looked at it with great\ninterest; but the eyes of the commander were rivetted upon Leucippe, of\nwhom he immediately became enamoured.\n\nIn order to detain us there the longer, and by this means to feast his\nown eyes, he entered upon a lengthy description of the animal, its\nnature and habits, and the manner in which it is captured; that it\nis so voracious as to eat up a whole field of corn, and is taken by\nemploying the following stratagem. Having found out his usual haunt,\nthe hunters dig a deep pit, which they cover with reeds and earth,\nunderneath is placed a wooden chest with open doors which reach to the\ntop of the pit. The animal in passing over the spot at once falls into\nthe chest as into a cave, when the hunters, who have been on the watch,\nimmediately close the doors, and in this manner secure their prey. It\nwould be in vain to attempt capturing him by force; for not only is he\nvery powerful, but has a hide so hard and thick[3] as to render him\nproof against any wounds; he may be called the Egyptian elephant, and\nin strength comes next to the elephant of India.\n\n\"Have you ever seen an elephant?\" inquired Menelaus. \"I have,\" replied\nCharmides, \"and have conversed with persons well acquainted with the\npeculiarity attending its birth.\"\n\nI here remarked that the animal was known to me only having seen a\npicture of it. \"Well, then,\" continued he, \"I will give you an account\nof it; for we have abundance of leisure. The time of gestation with\nthe female is ten years,[4] so that when she brings forth her calf he\nis already old. To this cause we may, in my opinion, attribute his\ngreat bulk, his unrivalled strength, and his longevity; for he is said\nto live longer than Hesiod's crow.[5] His jaw may be said to resemble\nthe head of an ox, for it appears to have two horns; these, however,\nare the curved tusks of the animal, between them projects his trunk,\nresembling a trumpet in appearance and size, which is very convenient\nfor taking up his accustomed food or any other edible; anything of this\ndescription he seizes with it, and bending it inwards, conveys it to\nhis mouth; but if unsuited for his palate, he turns round his trunk,\nand extending it upwards delivers the article to the Ethiopian master,\nwho sits upon him as a rider does on a horse, and whom he caresses and\nalso fears, obeying his voice, and submitting to be beaten with an\niron axe. I remember once seeing a strange sight, a Greek inserted his\nhead into the mouth of the animal, which with expanded jaws continued\nto breathe upon him. As you may imagine, I was not a little struck\nwith the boldness of the man and the good-nature of the elephant. The\nman told me that he had given the beast a fee for breathing upon him,\nthat his breath was almost equal to Indian spices, and was a sovereign\nspecific against the head-ache. It appears that the elephant is aware\nof his medical skill, and will not open his mouth for nothing, but like\na self-conceited physician, asks for his fee beforehand; upon receiving\nit he becomes all complaisance, expands his jaws, and keeps his mouth\nopen as long as the patient pleases, knowing that he has received a\nconsideration for his breath.\"\n\n\"How comes so ill-favoured an animal to have so fragrant a breath?\"\nI asked. \"From the nature of the food upon which he feeds,\" said\nCharmides. \"The country of the Indians is near the sun; they first\nbehold the rising of that deity, they feel his hottest rays, and from\nhis influence their skin acquires its hue.[6] Now there is in Greece\na dark-coloured flower, which among the Indians is not a flower but a\nleaf, like those which are seen on any tree; in that land it conceals\nits fragrance, and is therefore in little estimation; either it does\nnot care for celebrity among its countrymen, or else it grudges them\nits sweetness; but if only it leave that country and be transplanted,\nit opens its secret treasure-house, instead of a leaf becomes a flower,\nand clothes itself with perfume. The Indians call this the black\nrose, and it is as common a food for the elephant as among us grass is\nfor oxen; and from feeding upon it, almost from its birth, the animal\nexhales the fragrance of his food, and his breath becomes a fount of\nsweets.\"[7]\n\nWhen Charmides had ended his dissertation and we were departed,\nhe not long after--for whoever burns with the fire of love cannot\nendure delay--sent for Menelaus, and taking his hand, thus addressed\nhim:--\"Your conduct to Clitopho shows you to be a sincere friend, nor\nshall you have to complain of want of friendship upon my part. I have\na favour to request which it is easy for you to grant, and by granting\nit you will preserve my life. Know that I am desperately smitten with\nLeucippe; you must heal the wound; she is in your debt for having saved\nher.[8] Now I will give you fifty gold pieces for the good service\nwhich I require, and she herself shall receive as many as she pleases.\"\n\n\"Keep your gold,\" replied Menelaus, \"for those who make a traffic of\ntheir favours; you have already received me into your friendship, and\nit shall be my endeavour to promote your wishes.\"\n\nImmediately afterwards he came to me and related the whole matter.\nAfter deliberating what course to adopt, dissimulation appeared most\nfeasible, since it would have been dangerous to give him an absolute\nrefusal, for fear of his employing violence, and it was wholly out of\nour power to escape, surrounded as we were by the buccaneers in one\ndirection, and by his troops on the other.\n\nReturning to Charmides after a short interval, Menelaus said:--\"Your\nobject is accomplished. At first the maiden gave a downright refusal,\nbut at length, upon my redoubling my entreaties and reminding her of\nher debt of gratitude towards me, she consented; stipulating, however,\nfor a few days' delay until we can reach Alexandria; for this place\nbeing a mere village, everything becomes known, and there are many eyes\nupon us.\"\n\n\"You fix a long postponement to your favour,\" said Charmides. \"Who\ncan think of deferring his wishes in time of war? With an engagement\nbefore him, and so many ways of death, how can the soldier tell whether\nhis life will be spared? If you will prevail on Fortune to guarantee\nmy safety, I will wait. Consider that I am about to fight these\nbuccaneers, and all the while a war of a different kind is raging in my\nsoul; a warrior armed with bow and arrow, is committing havoc there;\nI feel myself vanquished; I am full of wounds; prithee send for the\nleech with speed, for the danger presses. I shall have to carry fire\nand sword among the enemy, but love has already kindled his torch to my\ndestruction; extinguish this flame, I beseech, good Menelaus; it will\nbe a fair omen to join in love before we join in battle; let Venus,\ntherefore, herald me on my way to Mars.\"\n\n\"But you do not consider,\" rejoined Menelaus, \"how difficult it is\nto avoid discovery from her intended husband, who is so enamoured of\nher.\"--\"Oh! as for Clitopho, we can easily get him out of the way,\"\nsaid Charmides.\n\nSeeing him so firmly bent upon his purpose, Menelaus began to have\nfears for my safety, and suddenly he thought himself of a fresh excuse.\n\"If you must know her real motive for this delay, it is that her\nmonthly sickness is upon her, consequently she must abstain from sexual\nintercourse.\"--\"In that case,\" said the other, \"I will wait three or\nfour days, which will be quite sufficient; but in the meanwhile she\ncan, at any rate, come and talk to me. I can hear her voice, press her\nhand, and touch her person, and kiss her lips. Her indisposition need\nbe no impediment to this.\"\n\nWhen Menelaus told this to me, I exclaimed, that I would sooner die\nthan have Leucippe bestow her lips upon another. \"A kiss,\" I said, \"is\nthe best part of love; the moment of actual enjoyment is soon over,\nand brings with it satiety,[9] and is indeed worth nothing if we take\naway the kissing. A kiss need have no limit to its duration; it never\ncloys, it is always new.[10] Three things, excellent in their nature,\nproceed from the mouth, the breath, the voice, and last of all, the\nkiss, of which the lips are the instruments, but the seat of pleasure\nis in the soul. Believe me, Menelaus, for my troubles compel me to\nreveal the secret,[11] these are the only favours which I have received\nfrom Leucippe; she is a woman only as having been kissed by me; in all\nother respects she is still a virgin. I will not put up with the loss\nof them; I will not have my kisses adulterously dallied with.\"[12]\n\n\"If such be the case,\" said Menelaus, \"we must speedily resolve upon\nsome plan; one who is in love (like Charmides) as long as he has a hope\nof success will wait and feed on expectation, but if driven to despair,\nhis love changes into hate and urges him to take vengeance upon the\nobstacle to his desires; and supposing he has the power to do this with\nimpunity, the very fact of being free from fear deepens his resentment\nand urges him on to his revenge.\" In the midst of our deliberation\nsome one hastily entered, and informed us that Leucippe while walking\nabout had suddenly fallen down, and lay there wildly rolling her eyes.\nWe hurried to her, and finding her still lying on the ground, we asked\nwhat ailed her? No sooner did she see me, than starting up and glaring\nfiercely from her blood-shot eyes, she struck me with violence upon\nthe face, and when Menelaus endeavoured to support her, she proceeded\nto kick his shins. Perceiving that she was labouring under frenzy, we\nseized her by main force and endeavoured to overpower her, she on her\npart resisted, and in her struggles was at no pains to hide what women\ngenerally wish to keep concealed. So great was the disturbance that at\nlength the commander himself came in, and witnessed what was going on.\nAt first he was suspicious of some fraud contrived against himself,\nand looked sternly upon Menelaus; but seeing the truth, he became moved\nby feelings of compassion.\n\nMeanwhile cords were brought and the unhappy maiden was bound; upon\nseeing her hands confined in this manner, I besought Menelaus (all but\na few having left the tent) to set her arms at liberty; \"her tender\narms,\" I said, \"cannot endure this harsh treatment; leave me with her\nalone; my arms shall be her fetters, and she may exhaust her frenzy\nupon, me: why, indeed, should I wish to live, since Leucippe no longer\nknows me? How can I behold her lying thus bound, and though having\nthe power, shew no desire to release her? Has Fortune delivered us\nfrom the hands of buccaneers only that she may fall a prey to madness?\nUnhappy that we are, when will our condition change? We escape dangers\nat home only to be overtaken by the shipwreck; saved from the fury\nof the sea and freed from pirates, we were reserved for the present\nvisitation--madness! Even shouldst thou recover thy senses, dearest, I\nfear lest the evil genius may have something worse in store! Who can be\npronounced more unhappy than ourselves, who have cause to dread even\nwhat bears the appearance of good fortune! Let Fortune, however, again\nmake us her sport, provided only I can see thee restored to health and\nsense!\" Menelaus and those present did all they could to comfort me,\nsaying that such maladies were not lasting, and were very common in\nthe hot season of youth; at such a time the young blood, heated by the\nvigour of the body, runs boiling through the veins, and overflowing the\nbrain drowns the powers of reason; the proper course, therefore, would\nbe to have medical advice.\n\nMenelaus went to the commander without delay, and requested that the\nphysician belonging to the troops might be called in. Charmides readily\ncomplied, for a lover delights in granting favours. After visiting\nher, he said, \"we must make her sleep in order to subdue the paroxysm\nof her disease; for sleep is the medicine of every sickness,[13] and\nafterwards we will have recourse to other means.\" Before leaving her,\nhe gave us a portion of some drug, about the size of a pea, which was\nto be dissolved in oil and rubbed upon the top of her head, saying that\nhe would shortly bring a pill to act upon her bowels. We followed his\ndirections, and after her head had been rubbed for a short time, she\nfell asleep, and slept till morning. I sat by her bed side all night in\ntears, and when I saw the cords which still confined her hands, I could\nnot help exclaiming, \"Dearest Leucippe, bondage is still thy portion;\nnot even in sleep is liberty allowed thee! What images, I wonder, are\nnow passing before thy mind? Does sense attend upon thy sleep? or\ndo thy dreams also partake of frenzy?\" Upon waking she uttered some\nincoherent words. Soon after the physician came and administered the\nother medicine.\n\nJust at this time pressing orders arrived from the Viceroy of Egypt\nurging the commander to lead his men against the enemy. The troops were\nimmediately mustered with their officers, and appeared on the ground\nin marching order, when, after giving them the watchword, he dismissed\nthem to their quarters for the night, and next morning led them out to\nbattle.\n\nI will now describe the nature of the district against which they\nmarched. The Nile flows in an unbroken stream from Egyptian Thebes as\nfar as Memphis, when it throws out a small branch. Where the wide part\nof the river terminates, stands the village Cercasorum[14]; there the\ncountry becomes intersected by three streams; two flowing respectively\nto the right and left; the other continuing its onward course\ntraverses the district called the Delta; none of these streams flow\nuninterruptedly to the sea, but upon reaching different cities separate\ninto various branches, all of them larger than any Grecian rivers; its\nwaters nevertheless are not enfeebled and rendered useless by the\nmany divisions in their course; they bear vessels upon their surface;\nthey are used for drinking, and contribute to fertilize the land. The\nmighty Nile is all in all to the Egyptians, both land and river, and\nsea and lake, and a singular spectacle it is to see in juxtaposition\nthe ship and the mattock, the oar and the plough, the rudder and the\nhook,[15] sailors' cabins and labourers' huts, a resort for fishes and\na resting-place for oxen; where but lately a ship sailed, is seen a\ncultivated plain, and anon the cultivated plain becomes a watery space;\nfor the Nile periodically comes and goes, and the Egyptians count the\ndays and anxiously await the inundation, while the river on his part\nkeeps to his appointed time, regulates the rising of his waters, and\nnever exposes himself to the imputation of unpunctuality. Then comes\nthe rivalry between the land and water; each exerts its power against\nthe other; the water strives to flood the land, and the land does its\nendeavour to absorb the fertilizing water; in the end, conquest can\nbe assigned to neither, but both may claim the victory, for each is\nco-extensive with the other. In the pasturage which is the resort of\nthe buccaneers, a quantity of water is at all times found, for even\nwhen the Nile retires, the lakes formed by its inundation continue\nfilled with watery mud; over these the inhabitants can either wade on\nfoot or pass in boats, each of which will contain one person; any other\nkind would be imbedded in the mud, but those which they employ are so\nlight[16] as to require very little water, and should none be found\nthey take them on their backs, and proceed on foot until they arrive at\nmore. These lakes, which I have mentioned, are dotted over with islets,\nsome of them uninhabited, but abounding in papyrus reeds, between the\nintervals of which there is only room for a man to stand, while the\nspace above is overarched by the summits of the leaves; it is in these\nplaces that the buccaneers assemble, and secretly concert their plans,\nmasked by these reeds as by a fort. Some of the islets have huts upon\nthem, presenting the appearance of a rudely constructed town, which\nserve as the dwellings of the pirates. One of them, more remarkable\nthan the other for its extent and for the number of its huts, was\ncalled Nicochis, and here it was that the main body of the freebooters\nwas collected; confiding in their numbers, and in the strength of their\nposition, the place being entirely insulated by lagoons, except for a\nnarrow causeway the eighth of a mile long and seventy feet wide. As\nsoon as they were aware of the commander's approach, they had recourse\nto the following stratagem:--mustering all the old men, they equipped\nthem as suppliants, with palm branches, commanding the most able-bodied\namong the youth to follow, armed with swords and shields. The old men\nwere to hold aloft their suppliant branches, the foliage of which\nwould serve to conceal those in the rear,[17] who, by way of farther\nprecaution, were directed to stoop and trail their spears along the\nground.\n\nIn case the commander yielded to the old men's supplications, the\nothers were to make no hostile movements; if, on the contrary, he\nshould reject their entreaties, they were to invite him to their\ncity, with the offer of there surrendering themselves up to death; if\nhe agreed to follow them, upon arriving at the middle of the narrow\ncauseway, the old men, at a preconcerted signal, were to throw away\ntheir branches and make their escape, while the others were to make\nan assault with might and main. They proceeded to execute these\ndirections, and upon approaching the commander, entreated him to\nreverence their old age and suppliant branches, and to take pity upon\ntheir town; they offered him a present of a hundred talents of silver\nfor himself, together with an hundred hostages, to be forwarded by him\nto the seat of goverment.[18]\n\nThey were quite sincere in making these proposals, and would have\nfulfilled them faithfully had he consented; upon his refusal, \"We must\nthen,\" said they, \"submit to our destiny; at least grant us this one\nfavour: do not put us to death at a distance from our town, conduct\nus to our 'fatherland,' to our hearths and homes, and there let us\nfind our grave. We ourselves are ready to lead the way!\" Upon hearing\nthese words, Charmides laid aside his dispositions for battle, and\nordered his forces to follow leisurely. The buccaneers had meanwhile\nposted some scouts at a distance, who were to watch the movements of\nthe enemy, and who, when they had reached the causeway, were to let\nout the waters upon them. The canals which issue from the branches of\nthe Nile have high banks, to hinder the river from flooding the land\nbefore the time, and when the fields require watering, a portion of the\nbank is cut through. Now there was a long and wide canal behind the\ntown which we are speaking of; those who were stationed for the purpose\ncut through the banks as soon as they saw the enemy approaching, and\nin a moment the old men fled, the others charged with their spears, on\nrolled the waters rising higher and higher, the causeway was flooded,\nand all around became a sea.\n\nThe buccaneers at the first onset speared the foremost of the enemy,\ntogether with their commander, who were taken by surprise, and\ntherefore quite unprepared, and it is difficult to describe the various\nways in which the others perished. Some fell before they could even\nhandle their weapons; some before they could offer any resistance;\nfor to see their assailants and to receive their own death-wound was\nsimultaneous; others were slain before they could see the hand which\nslew them; some overcome by terror, remained motionless awaiting\ndeath; others upon attempting to move were taken off their legs by the\nforce of the stream, while others again, who had betaken themselves to\nflight, were carried along and drowned in the deep part of the lagoons,\nwhere the water was above their heads; those even who were upon land\nhad water up to their middles, which, by turning aside their shields,\nexposed their bodies to the enemy. The difficulty of knowing what\nwas land and what was not, retarded many, and was the cause of their\nbeing taken prisoners; while others supposing themselves still on land\ncame into deep water and were drowned; here were to be seen mishaps\nand wrecks of an unwonted kind,--a land engagement on the water, and a\nwreck upon the land.[19]\n\nThe buccaneers were greatly elated by their success, and attributed\ntheir victory not to fraud but to their own valour; for among the\nEgyptians their fear degenerates into abject cowardice, and their\ncourage mounts to rashness; in this respect they are always in\nextremes, and are wholly subject either to the excess or the defect.\nTen days had now passed and Leucippe was no better; upon one occasion\nwhile asleep she cried out in a frenzied manner, \"Gorgias, it is thou\nwho hast driven me mad!\"[20] I told Menelaus of this in the morning,\nand began to consider whether there was any one in the village of that\nname. We were just going out, when a young man met and accosted me,\nsaying, \"I am come to save you and your wife.\" Perfectly astounded,\nand thinking that his coming was providential, \"Are you Gorgias?\" I\ninquired.--\"No,\" replied he, \"my name is Ch\u00e6reas; Gorgias is the cause\nof all the mischief.\" I felt a thrill run through me, as I asked, \"What\nmischief do you mean? Who is Gorgias? Some deity betrayed his name to\nme last night; be you an interpreter of the announcement.\"\n\n\"Gorgias,\" he resumed, \"was an Egyptian soldier; he is now no more,\nhaving been slain by the buccaneers. He conceived a passion for your\nwife, and being well acquainted with the nature of drugs, he compounded\na love philtre which he persuaded your Egyptian servant to mix with\nLeucippe's drink; he neglected to dilute the potion, so that instead\nof producing love it brought on madness. I was informed of all this\nyesterday by Gorgias' servant, who accompanied his master against the\nbuccaneers, and who seems to have been specially preserved by Fortune\nfor your sake. He asks four pieces of gold for effecting your wife's\nrecovery, having, as he says, a drug which will counteract the effects\nof that which has been administered.\" \"All blessings attend you for\nthis good service!\" I exclaimed; \"pray bring the man here of whom you\nspeak.\"\n\nNo sooner was he departed on this errand, than going in to the\nEgyptian, I struck him repeatedly about the head with my clenched fist,\nsaying at every blow, \"What was it which you gave Leucippe? What is\nit which has caused her madness?\" The fellow in his fright confessed\neverything, confirming what Ch\u00e6reas had already said; upon which we\nthrust him into prison, and there kept him. By this time Ch\u00e6reas had\nreturned, bringing the man with him. \"Here are your four gold pieces as\nthe reward for your seasonable information; but before you proceed to\ndo anything, hear my opinion. As this lady's illness has been caused by\nswallowing a drug, I cannot but think it dangerous to administer more\nphysic while the stomach is already under the influence of medicine;\ntell me, therefore, what are the ingredients in your proposed remedy,\nand compound it in my presence; upon these conditions I will give\nyou four more gold pieces.\" \"Your apprehensions are reasonable,\" he\nreplied; \"but the ingredients in my medicine are all common and fit\nfor human food, and I will myself swallow the same quantity which I\ngive the lady.\" After specifying the various ingredients, he sent some\none out to procure them; and as soon as they were brought, he pounded\nthem together in our presence, made two draughts of them, saying, \"one\nof them I will drink off, the other is for the lady; it will make her\nsleep all night, and in the morning she will awake quite recovered.\" He\nthen swallowed the draught, and ordered the other to be taken at night.\n\"I must now go and lie down,\" he said, \"under the influence of the\nmedicine.\" With these words he left us, having received the stipulated\nsum, and with the assurance of the additional reward being paid him, if\nLeucippe should recover. When the hour arrived for administering the\ndraught, I poured it out, and thus addressed it:\n\n\"Offspring of the Earth, gift of \u00c6sculapius, may the promises made of\nthee be verified; shew thyself propitious and preserve my beloved;\nsubdue the power of that ruthless potion.\" Thus having entered into\na kind of compact with the medicine, I kissed the cup and give it to\nLeucippe. She soon fell into a profound sleep, and while sitting beside\nher I said to her, as if she could still hear me, \"Wilt thou really\nrecover thy senses? Wilt thou know me again? Shall I hear that dear\nvoice of thine? Give some token in thy sleep, as yesternight thou didst\nconcerning Gorgias; happier are thy sleeping than thy waking hours;\nfrenzy is thy portion when awake, but thou art inspired by Wisdom when\nasleep.\"\n\nAt length my words and thoughts were interrupted by the\nanxiously-expected break of day, and I heard Leucippe's voice calling\nme by name. Instantly I hurried to her side, and inquired how she felt;\nshe appeared to have no knowledge of what had passed, and seeing that\nher hands were bound, expressed surprise, and inquired who had tied\nthem. Finding her restored to her right mind, I undid the knots in\ngreat agitation, through excess of joy, and then related to her all\nparticulars. She blushed upon learning what had passed, and almost\nbelieved herself to be still committing the same extravagance; but my\nassurances gradually soothed and restored her to herself. Gladly did\nI pay the man the sum which had been promised him, and fortunately\nour finances[21] were in safety, for Satyrus had our money about his\nperson[22] at the time when we were shipwrecked, and neither he nor\nMenelaus had been plundered by the buccaneers. While what I have been\nrelating took place, a much more powerful force arrived from the seat\nof government, which succeeded in completely destroying the pirate\nsettlement.\n\nAs the river was now freed from any dangers on the part of these\nmarauders, we prepared to sail for Alexandria, accompanied by Ch\u00e6reas,\nfor whom we had conceived a friendship on account of the discovery\nwhich he had made to us about the potion. He was a native of the\nIsle of Pharos, and his calling that of a fisherman; he had served\nin a naval expedition against the buccaneers, and at its termination\nhad been discharged. The river which, owing to the depredations of\nthe pirates, had for a long time been deserted, was now crowded with\nvessels; and a pleasant thing it was to hear the songs of the sailors\nand the mirth of the passengers, and to see so many craft passing up\nand down. Our voyage was like a continuous festival, and the river\nitself seemed to be keeping holiday.[23] I for the first time drank\nsome of the Nile water, without any admixture of wine, being desirous\nto test its sweetness,--and wine, I may remark, always spoils the\nflavour of water. Having filled a transparent crystal glass, the liquid\nvied with, nay, surpassed it in brightness. It was sweet to the taste,\nand had an agreeable coldness, whereas some of the Grecian rivers are\nso very cold as to be injurious to the health. On this account the\nEgyptians have no fear in drinking its water, and stand in no need of\nwine.[24] Their way of drinking struck me as being curious. They do not\ndraw up the water in a bucket, neither do they use any other cup than\nthat which Nature has supplied,--their hand; when any one is thirsty\nhe stoops over the side of the vessel, and, receiving the water in the\nhollow of his hand, jerks it upwards with such dexterity, that it is\nreceived into the open mouth, and not a drop is lost.\n\nThe Nile produces another monster, more noted for strength than even\nthe river-horse, I mean the crocodile.[25] His shape is between that\nof a fish and a large animal. His length from head to tail is great,\nand out of proportion to his breadth; his skin is rough with scales;\nthe surface of his back hard and of a black colour, while the belly\nis white. He has four legs, which bend in an oblique direction,\nlike those of the land tortoise; his tail is long and thick, forming\na solid mass, and differing from that of other animals in being the\ncontinuation of the spine, and therefore a constituent part of the\nbody, and on the top it is set with sharp spines, like the teeth of a\nsaw. It serves the crocodile for an implement with which to capture\nhis prey; he strikes with it against his antagonist, and a single\nstroke will inflict several wounds. His head grows directly out of\nhis shoulders in one line, for Nature has concealed his neck.[26] The\nmost formidable part about him are his jaws, which open to an immense\nextent; so long as they remain closed they form a head, but when\nexpanded to take in its prey, they become all mouth; (the animal, I\nmay observe, moves only the upper jaw) for so great is their expansion\nthat it reaches to the shoulders and to the orifice of the stomach. He\nhas many teeth, which are disposed in long rows: they are said to equal\nthe days of the year in number. Were you to see the animal on land, you\nwould not suppose him to be possessed of so much strength, judging from\nhis size.\n\n\n[Footnote 1: Herod. ii. 71, commits the same error, using the\nexpression \u03b4\u03af\u03c7\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, whereas the foot of the animal is divided into toes\nlike that of the elephant. In a note Mr. Blakesley remarks, that in\nsome of the temples of Egypt, the animal is found depicted with cloven\nhoofs and huge projecting tusks, as described by Herodotus and Tatius.]\n\n[Footnote 2: Compare Job's description of Leviathan. \"Out of his mouth\ngo burning lamps, and sparks of fire leap out. Out of his nostrils\ngoeth smoke, as out of a seething pot or caldron. His breath kindleth\ncoals, and a flame goeth out of his mouth.\"--xli. 19-21.]\n\n[Footnote 3: \"The hide is upwards of an inch and a half in thickness;\nit is chiefly used for whips; the well-known 'cowhides' are made of\nthis material.\"--Wood's Nat. Hist.]\n\n[Footnote 4: Pliny says:--\"Decem annis gestare in utero vulgus\nexistimat.\"--\u0397. N. viii. 10.\n\nThe same strange notion is referred to by Plautus, Stich. A. 1, s. iii.\n\n    \"Audivi s\u00e6pe hoc vulgo dicier,\n    Solere elephantum gravidam perpetuos decem\n    Esse annos.\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 5: Hesiod extends the crow's life to 270 years. The passage\nreferred to has been preserved by Plutarch:\u00b7--\n\n    \"\u0388\u03bd\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03b6\u03ce\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u1f70\u03c2 \u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03ad\u03c1\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1 \u03ba\u03bf\u03c1\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7\n    A\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f21\u03b2\u03ce\u03bd\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd.\"\n\n                \"Servatura diu parem\n    Cornicis vetul\u00e6 temporibus Lycem.\"--Hor, iv. Od. xiii. 34.\n]\n\n[Footnote 6: \"Indi autem, quod calore vicini ignis, sanguis in atrum\ncolorem versus est, nigri sunt facti.\"--Hyginus.\n\nSee also Ovid, Met. ii. 235.]\n\n[Footnote 7: According to the Commentators, it is the \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03c5\u03cc\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, or\nclove-tree, which produces this wonderful effect upon the elephant,\nmaking his breath\n\n                    \"Like the sweet south,\n    That breathes upon a bank of violets,\n    Stealing and giving odour.\"--Twelfth Night.\n]\n\n[Footnote 8: \u1f40\u03c6\u03b5\u03af\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03af \u03c3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1' \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03ae\u03c2 \u03b6\u03c9\u03ac\u03b3\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1.]\n\n[Footnote 9:\n\n                  \"Who rises from a feast,\n    With that keen appetite that he sits down?\"\n                            Merchant of Venice.\n]\n\n[Footnote 10: \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03cc\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03cc\u03bd \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03ba\u1f41\u03c1\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u1f78\u03bd\n\u1f00\u03b5\u03af.]\n\n[Footnote 11: \u1f10\u03be\u03bf\u03c1\u03c7\u03ae\u03c3\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bc\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, an allusion to the revealing of\nreligious mysteries.--Liddell's Lex.]\n\n[Footnote 12: \u03bf\u1f50 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03b3\u03b5\u1f50\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c4\u1f70 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1.\n\n    \"K\u03cc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9 \u03b4\u03ad \u03b5\u1f34\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd \u1f45\u03c4\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03cd\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03bc\u03bf\u1f76\u03c7\u1ff6\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1\u03bd.\"\n                                         Xen. Hell. I. vi. 15.\n]\n\n[Footnote 13:\n\n    \u1f67 \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u1f55\u03c0\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03ad\u03bb\u03b3\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd, \u1f11\u03c0\u03af\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd \u03bdo\u03c3\u03bf\u03c5,\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    \"\u1f66 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1 \u03bb\u03ae\u03b8\u03b7 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u1ff6\u03bd, \u03ce\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u1f74\n    \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4o\u1fd6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b4\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u03b5\u1f50\u03ba\u03c4\u03ac\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b8\u03b5\u03cc\u03c2.\"--Eur. Or.\n\n    \"Sleep, that knits up the ravell'd sleeve of care,\n    The death of each day's life, sore labour's bath,\n    Balm of hurt minds, great nature's second course.\n    Chief nourisher in life's feast.\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 14: This reading is taken from the edit. by Jacobs, and is\nsupported by a passage in Herod. ii. 17.]\n\n[Footnote 15: Instead of the common reading, \u03c4\u03c1\u03cc\u03c0\u03b1\u03b9o\u03bd, which yields no\nsense Salmasius proposes \u03ba\u03c1\u03ce\u03c0\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, a reaping hook.]\n\n[Footnote 16: Lucan mentions boats made of the papyrus:--\n\n    ... \"sic cum tenet omnia Nilus\n    Conseritur bibul\u00e2 Memphitis cymba papyro.\"\n                                 Lucan. B. iv.\n]\n\n[Footnote 17:\n\n    \"Let every soldier hew him down a bough,\n    And bear't before him; thereby shall we shadow\n    The numbers of our host, and make discovery\n    Err in report of us.\"--Macbeth.\n]\n\n[Footnote 18: \u03c0p\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c0\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 19: The same manner of expression is used by Apuleius, B.\niv., of the carcases of animals destroyed by pestilence.:--\"Passim per\nplateas plurima cerneres semivivorum corporum ferina _naufragia_.\" The\nreader will remember the figurative language employed to describe the\ndeath of Charicles, thrown from his unruly horse.]\n\n[Footnote 20:\n\n    \"The drug he gave me, which he said was precious\n    And cordial to me, have I not found it\n    Murd'rous to the senses?\"--Cymbeline.\n]\n\n[Footnote 21: \u1f10\u03c6\u03cc\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 22: \u1f14\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03b5\u03bd \u1f10\u03b6\u03c9\u03c3\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2;,--\u03b6\u03ce\u03bd\u03b7, the girdle used as a purse.]\n\n[Footnote 23: See the description of the procession to Babastis, in\nHerod. ii. 60, which illustrates the above passage.]\n\n[Footnote 24: When the soldiers of Pescennius Niger murmured for want\nof wine, he replied to them, \"Nilum habetis et vinum qu\u00e6ritis?\" and the\nhistorian adds, \"siquidem tanta illius fluminis dulcedo, ut accol\u00e6 vina\nnon qu\u00e6rant.\"--Spartianus.]\n\n[Footnote 25: See in Herod. ii. 68, 70, a description of the crocodile\nand of the mode of taking it.]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK V.\n\n\nWe arrived at Alexandria after a three days' passage. I entered by\nthe gate of the Sun, and was at once amazed and delighted by the\nsplendour of the city. A row of columns, on either side, led in a\nstraight line to the gate of the Moon--these two divinities being the\nguardian gods of the city gates. In the midst of these columns was the\nopen part of the city, which branched out into so many streets, that\nin traversing them, one seemed journeying abroad though all the time\nat home.[1] Proceeding a little farther I came to a part named after\nthe great Alexander; here began a second city and its beauty was of a\ntwofold kind, two rows of columns equal in extent, intersecting each\nother at right angles. It was impossible to satisfy the eye with\ngazing upon the various streets, or to take in every object deserving\nof admiration; some of these one actually saw, others one was on the\npoint of seeing; others one longed to see; others, again, one would\nnot willingly have missed seeing; those which were actually present\nrivetted one's gaze; those which were anticipated tempted it to wander:\nafter turning my eyes therefore, on every side, so distracted were\nmy feelings of admiration, that I owned my sight to be thoroughly\nbewildered and unequal to its task. What most struck me was the extent\nof the city and its vast population, each of which in turn bore away\nthe palm when compared with the other; the former seemed actually a\ncountry, the latter, a nation. When I looked at the vast size of the\ncity, I doubted whether any number of inhabitants could fill it; and\nwhen I considered the multitude of the inhabitants, I asked myself\nwhether any city could contain them; so evenly balanced was the\ncalculation,[2] and so difficult was it to come to a decision.\n\nIt chanced at that time to be the festival of the great deity called\nJove by the Greeks, Serapis[3] by the Egyptians; torches were lighted\nup throughout the city, and the effect of so much light was marvellous,\nfor although evening had come on and the sun had set, there was no\nsuch thing as night, another sun might be said to have arisen, only\nthat his rays were scattered,[4] so that the city vied with heaven in\nbrightness. I also visited the magnificent temple and saw the statue\nof the Milichian Jove, and after paying our devotions to his great\ndivinity, and praying him to end at last, our troubles, we returned to\nthe lodgings which Menelaus had engaged for us. The deity, as will\nbe seen, did not hearken to our prayers, and another trial of fortune\nyet awaited us. Ch\u00e6reas had for some time been enamoured of Leucippe,\nwhich was his motive for communicating to me the circumstance of the\nphiltre, by doing which he hoped to become on intimate terms with\nus and to preserve her life for his own ends. Knowing how difficult\nsuccess would be, he had recourse to stratagem. Being a seafaring man,\nhe had no difficulty in getting together some fellows, half-fishermen\nhalf-pirates, with whom he arranged what was to be done, and then under\npretence of keeping his birth-day, he invited us to an entertainment at\nPharos. As we were leaving the house a sinister omen befell us; a hawk\npursuing a sparrow struck Leucippe on the cheek with its wing; alarmed\nat the occurrence I looked up towards heaven and said--\"Jove, what\nmeans this omen? If this bird be indeed sent by thee, show us, I pray,\nsome clearer augury.\" Upon turning round, I found myself standing by a\npainter's shop where was a picture, the subject of which was in keeping\nwith what had just taken place; it represented the rape of Philomela,\nthe cruelty of Tereus in cutting out her tongue, every particular of\nthe sad drama was seen depicted on the tapestry,[5] which was being\nheld up by a female slave. Philomela stood pointing to the different\nfigures which were worked upon it, and Procne was intimating that she\nunderstood her, at the same time casting stern and angry looks upon the\npicture. There, the Thracian Tereus was seen struggling with Philomela,\nwhose hair was dishevelled, her girdle loose, her dress torn, her bosom\nhalf naked; her right hand was planted against the face of Tereus, with\nher left she was endeavouring to pull her torn dress over her breast;\nTereus was holding her in his arms, drawing her person towards him,\nand embracing her as closely as he could. Such was the subject of the\ntapestry. In the remainder of the painting, were seen the two sisters\nshowing Tereus the relics of his supper, the head and hands of his own\nchild; fear and bitter laughter are depicted on their faces; Tereus\nis leaping up from his couch and drawing his sword against them, and\nhe has struck out his foot against the table[6] which neither stands\nnor falls, but seems in the very act of falling. \"In my opinion,\" said\nMenelaus, \"we should give up the excursion to Pharos, for we have\nencountered two unfavourable omens, the hawk's wing and the threatening\npicture; now those who profess to interpret such matters, bid us pay\nregard to the subjects of any pictures which we may happen to meet\nwith, when setting out on any business, and to conjecture the result of\nour undertaking from the nature of what we see. Did you not observe how\nfull of evil augury this picture is? There is depicted in it lawless\nlove, shameless adultery and female misery; we ought therefore to\ndefer our expedition.\" I concurred in opinion with him, and we excused\nourselves from accompanying Ch\u00e6reas on that occasion; he left us, very\nmuch vexed at our determination, saying he should come to us the next\nday.\n\nWomen are naturally fond of hearing stories, accordingly when he\nwas gone, Leucippe turning to me said, \"Pray tell me what is the\nsubject represented in this picture? What birds are they? who are\nthe women? and who is that shameless man?\" I proceeded to gratify\nher wishes.--\"The hoopoe,\" I said, \"was once a man called Tereus,\nthe swallow and the nightingale were two sisters named Philomela and\nProcne, natives of Athens. One woman, it seems, is not enough for a\nbarbarian, especially when an occasion offers for gratifying his lust;\nand such an opportunity was offered to Tereus through the sisterly\naffection of Procne, who sent her husband to invite Philomela; he\nconceived a passion for her, on his way back, made her a second Procne;\nthen fearing lest she should reveal the deed, he, as the reward for\nher virginity deprives her of speech by cutting out her tongue, our\nnature's glory.[7] The precaution was fruitless, Philomela, by her\nskill contrived a silent voice; she inwove the tragedy into a web,\ndescriptive of the facts, her hand supplying the place of a tongue, and\nrevealing to her sister's eyes what otherwise would have been whispered\ninto her ears. Procne, learning through this device the violence\nwhich had been perpetrated, determines to take fearful vengeance;\nand two angry women's minds, conspiring together, and influenced by\nmingled feeling of jealousy and sense of wrong, contrive a supper more\ndetestable even then the rape.[8] They serve up to the father his own\nchild; Procne had once been his mother, now she had forgotten the\nmaternal tie, so powerfully do the pangs of jealousy prevail over those\neven of travail; for women, when exacting satisfaction for a violated\nbed, however deeply they may suffer in what they do, compensate the\npain by the pleasure of inflicting vengeance.[9] Tereus supped upon\nthis hellish banquet, and afterwards the sisters, trembling with fear\nyet laughing horribly, bringing the remnants of his child upon a dish.\nHe recognizes the miserable tokens, curses the food which he had\nswallowed, and discovers himself to be the father of what he had been\nfeasting on. Maddened with fury, he draws his sword, and is in the act\nof rushing upon the women, when lo! the air receives them metamorphosed\ninto birds. Tereus also becomes a bird, and ascends after them; and to\nshow that their change of form has wrought no change in their hate,\nthe hoopoe (Tereus) still pursues, and the nightingale (Procne) still\nflies.\" We had for once escaped the snare laid for us, but we gained\nby it only a single day, for next morning Ch\u00e6reas arrived, and feeling\nashamed to make any more excuses we went on board a vessel and sailed\nto Pharos. Menelaus said that he felt indisposed and remained at home.\nCh\u00e6reas took us first to the light-house and directed our attention to\nthe wonderful superstructure upon which it stood--a rock situated in\nthe sea, almost cloud-capped, and seeming to hang over the waters; upon\nthe summit of this arose the tower, which with its light served vessels\nfor a second pilot.[10] When we had viewed this, he took us to a house\nat the extremity of the isle and situated on the shore.\n\nIn the evening, under pretence of his stomach being disordered, he\nwent out: in a short time we heard a great noise, and suddenly a\nnumber of powerful men burst into the room, sword in hand, and turned\ntowards the maiden. Seeing my dearest life about to be carried off, I\nrushed into the midst of them armed as they were, and received a wound\nin the thigh, from the effect of which I fell bathed in blood; they\nimmediately put Leucippe into a boat and rowed away. Aroused by the\ndisturbance and alarm caused by this occurrence, the commandant of the\nisle came up whom I had known when with the army. I exhibited my wound,\nand earnestly besought him to pursue the pirates. Accordingly, throwing\nhimself and the soldiers with him into one of the many boats which were\nin the harbour, he gave them chase; I likewise was among the number,\nhaving caused myself to be lifted in.\n\nWhen the pirates saw that we were gaining upon them and were prepared\nfor an attack, they placed the maiden upon the deck with her hands\nbound behind her; some of them, after calling out in a loud voice,\n\"Behold the prize you wish to win,\" severed her head from her body,\nand threw the trunk into the sea. Upon beholding this I uttered a loud\ncry and was on the point of casting myself into the water, but was\nprevented by those standing near me; I then requested the crew to lie\nupon their oars, that some one might jump into the sea and if possible\nrecover the body for burial; they complied with my request and two\nof the sailors throwing themselves over the boat's side, got hold of\nthe corpse and brought it on board. Meanwhile the pirates plied their\noars still more vigorously, and when we were again nearing them they\ncaught sight of another vessel, and recognizing those in her, hailed\nthem to come to their assistance; these latter were purple-fishers[11]\nand like the others pirates. The commandant, seeing the odds against\nhim, became alarmed and gave orders to back water,[12] for the pirates\ninstead of continuing their flight, were now eager to provoke an\nengagement. Upon reaching the shore and landing, I threw myself upon\nthe body and shed bitter tears.--\"Thou hast indeed died a double death,\nmy dearest Leucippe,\"[13] I exclaimed, \"divided as thou art between\nland and sea; I have a remnant of thee, but thou thyself art lost to\nme; the division is unfair, for thy larger portion which I possess\n(thy body) is in reality, thy lesser, (considering its worth,) while\nthe sea, in retaining the lesser part (thy head[14]), is in fact\nguilty of retaining all; since cruel Fortune envies me the happiness\nof kissing thy fair face, I will at least kiss thy neck.\" After giving\nvent to these lamentations, I had the body interred, and returned to\nAlexandria, where much against my will my wound was dressed, and where\nI continued to live a miserable life, though Menelaus did all in his\npower to console me. At the expiration of six months, the violence of\nmy grief began to subside; time acts as medicine upon sorrow and heals\nthe wounds which have been inflicted upon the soul, for the light of\nday, and the bright sun are full of cheerfulness, and though the mind\nmay be fevered by excess of sorrow for a time, yet it is gradually\ncooled and overcome by the persuasive influence of time.\n\nOne day, when walking in the public square, some one came behind me,\nand without speaking a word, seized my hand, turned me round, and\nwarmly embraced me. For a few moments I knew not who the party was,\novercome by surprise I mechanically suffered myself to be embraced;\nat length, upon looking up and seeing his features, who should it\nprove to be but Clinias, so uttering a cry of joy, I returned his\nembrace with ardour. We then retired to my lodging, where I told him\nthe particulars of Leucippe's death, and he related to me the manner\nof his escape.--\"When the ship went to pieces,\" said he, \"I laid hold\nof one end of the sailyard, which was already crowded with people,\nand endeavoured to hang on; after we had been tossed about for some\ntime, a great wave overtaking us raised and dashed the yard against a\nsunken rock, from which it rebounded like an engine, and shot me off as\nthough I had been hurled from a sling. I swam during the rest of the\nday, but with little hope of being saved; at length, when exhausted and\nabandoning myself to the will of Fortune, I espied a vessel bearing\ndown towards me; so alternately lifting up my hands, I supplicated\nhelp by gestures. Moved by pity, or perhaps merely obeying the impulse\nof the wind, the ship came near me, and while running by, one of the\nsailors cast a rope over the side; I seized it, and was thus drawn out\nof the jaws of death. The vessel was bound for Sidon, and some of those\non board to whom I was known showed me every kindness. We arrived at\nthe above city after two days' sail, when I requested the Sidonians on\nboard (the merchant Xenodamas, and his father-in-law Theophilus), not\nto mention to any of the Tyrians whom they might meet, the circumstance\nof my being preserved from shipwreck. I did not wish any one to know\nthat I had been away from home, and if those two preserved silence in\nthe matter, I had hopes that nothing would be discovered; five days\nonly had elapsed since my disappearance, whereas if you recollect, I\nhad told my servants that I was going into the country for ten days;\nand fortunately I found this to be the prevalent belief among my\nfriends. Your father did not return home until two days after this,\nupon his arrival he found a letter from his brother, Sostratus (which\ncame the very day after our departure), in which he offered you his\ndaughter's hand. Upon reading it and hearing of our flight your father\nwas in great trouble, both because you had missed the prize intended\nfor you, and because after so nearly bringing matters to a favourable\nissue, Fortune had failed merely through delay in the arrival of the\nletter. Not wishing his brother to know what had happened, he enjoined\nsecrecy upon Leucippe's mother, thinking it probable he should be able\nto discover you, or at any rate, that upon hearing of the betrothment,\nyou would both gladly return, having it in your power to realize\nthe object of your flight. He is now using every endeavour to find\nyou out; and only a few days ago, Diophantus of Tyre, just returned\nfrom Egypt, informed him that he had seen you here; immediately upon\nhearing this, I took ship, sailed hither, and have for more than a\nweek been seeking you in this city. As your father will soon be here,\nit is time for you to decide upon some plan.\" He ceased speaking,\nand I could not help inveighing bitterly against the cruel sport of\nFortune. \"How unfortunate is my lot, my uncle Sostratus gives me the\nhand of Leucippe, and sends me a bride from the theatre of war, so\nexactly measuring the time as to avoid anticipating our flight. My\ngood luck and happiness comes just one day too late![15] Marriage and\nthe nuptial hymn is talked of when death has claimed his victim, and\nit is a time for tears! Whom do they now offer me for a bride? Even\nher whose corpse I am not permitted to possess entire!\" \"You have no\nleisure for lamentations now,\" said Clinias; \"what you have to settle\nis, whether you will return to your own country or await your father's\narrival here.\"--\"I will do neither the one nor the other,\" I replied;\n\"how can I look my father in the face, after basely flying from his\nhouse, and enticing away her whom his own brother had entrusted to his\ncharge? Nothing remains but to quit this city before he comes.\" At\nthis moment Menelaus came in, accompanied by Satyrus, and upon seeing\nClinias they hastened to embrace him. When informed by us of the state\nof affairs,--\"You have an opportunity,\" said Satyrus, \"of prosperously\nsettling all your affairs, and of taking pity upon a heart which burns\nwith love towards you. Listen,\" continued he, addressing Clinias,\n\"Venus has thrown a piece of good fortune in the way of Clitopho\nwhich he is unwilling to accept; a lady, by name Melitta, a native of\nEphesus is doatingly in love with him; so rare is her beauty, that it\nfits her for a sculptor's model.[16] She is rich and young, and has\nlately lost her husband who was drowned at sea; she earnestly desires\nto make Clitopho, I will not say merely her husband but her 'lord\nparamount,'[17] and freely surrenders to him herself and all she has.\nShe has passed two whole months here, endeavouring to persuade him.\nYet he, heaven knows why, looks coldly upon her, and slights her suit,\nimagining, I suppose, that Leucippe will come to life again.\"\n\n\"In my opinion,\" replied Clinias, \"Satyrus speaks sensibly; it is no\ntime for hesitation and delay, when beauty, health, wealth, and love\ncombine to woo you; her beauty will yield you delight, her wealth\nwill supply the means of luxurious enjoyment, and her love will gain\nconsideration for you; consider, moreover, that the deity hates\npride and arrogance, so follow the advice of Satyrus and yield to\ndestiny.\"--\"Well then,\" said I, with a deep sigh, \"do with me what\nyou will, since Clinias is of your opinion; one stipulation I make,\nhowever, that I am not to be pressed to consummate the marriage until\nwe arrive at Ephesus, for I have taken a solemn oath to be connected\nwith no woman in this city where I have been bereaved of my Leucippe.\"\nUpon hearing me say this, Satyrus hastened to Melitta with the joyful\ntidings, and shortly after returned and said, that upon learning them,\nshe had nearly fainted from excess of joy; he was also the bearer of\nan invitation to me to come to supper as a prelude to the marriage.\nI complied and proceeded to her house. No sooner did she see me,\nthan falling on my neck she covered me with kisses. I must do her the\njustice of saying that she was really beautiful; her complexion was\nfair as milk, but tinted with the rose,[18] her bright and sunny look\nwas worthy of Venus herself, and she had a profusion of long golden\nhair, so that upon the whole I could not look at her without some\npleasurable emotions.\n\nA costly supper was served, she now and then took some of the viands\nfor appearance sake, but in reality ate nothing, feeding her eyes on\nme. Lovers find their chief delight in gazing upon the beloved; and\nwhen once this tender passion has taken possession of the soul, there\nis no time or desire for taking food. The pleasure conceived by the\neyes flows through them into the mind, bears along with it the image of\nthe beloved, and impresses its form upon the mirror of the soul; the\nemanation of beauty darting like secret rays and leaving its outline\non the love-sick heart.[19] I said to her, \"Why is it that you touch\nnone of your own delicacies?--you are like one of those who sup on the\npainter's canvas.\"--\"The sight of you,\" replied she, \"is more to me,\nthan the choicest viands and the richest wines,\" accompanying the words\nwith one of her kisses which I began to receive with some degree of\npleasure; \"this,\" said she after a pause, \"is meat and drink to me.\"\n\nIn this manner did supper pass; at night she used every endeavour to\npersuade me to remain and share her bed; I however excused myself\nurging the same reason which I had previously advanced to Satyrus. Much\nagainst her will she allowed me to depart, upon the understanding that\nnext day we should meet in the temple of Isis, in order to arrange\nmatters and to plight our troth in presence of the goddess; accordingly\nI went thither the following morning accompanied by Clinias and\nMenelaus, and we took a mutual oath, I to love her in all sincerity;\nshe, to take me for her husband and to give me the control of all\nher property. I reminded her that the performance of these promises\nwas to be deferred until we should arrive at Ephesus, \"for as long as\nwe are here,\" I said, \"you must give place to my Leucippe.\" Another\nmagnificent banquet was prepared, which was in name but not in reality\nthe marriage supper, for as I have said, the consummation of our\nnuptials was postponed. During the entertainment, when the guests were\nwishing heath and happiness to the new married pair, Melitta turning\nto me, said half in jest, half in earnest, \"How flat, stale, and\nunprofitable is all this, like the empty honours sometimes bestowed\nupon the dead; I have often heard of a tomb without a body, but never\ntill now of a wedding without a consummation.\"[20] The next morning,\ninduced by a favourable wind, we sailed from Alexandria; Menelaus\naccompanied us to the port, and after many embraces and wishes for\nmy having a more prosperous voyage than formerly, took his leave; he\nwas in all respects a worthy and excellent young man, and we mutually\nshed tears at parting. Clinias would not leave me, but determined to\naccompany us as far as Ephesus, and after remaining there some time,\nto return, as soon as my affairs were comfortably settled. The wind\ncontinued in our favour the whole day, and at night after supper we\nretired to rest in a cabin which had been parted off for me and Melitta\nin the hull of the vessel. We had no sooner entered it, then throwing\nher arms around me she urged me to consummate our marriage. \"We are\nnow,\" she said, \"beyond the boundaries sacred to Leucippe, and within\nthose where you are pledged to perform your promise. What need is\nthere to delay until we arrive at Ephesus? Remember, the sea is not\nto be depended on, the winds are faithless! Believe me, Clitopho, I\nburn; would that I should actually show the intenseness of the fire!\nwould that it possessed the same nature as the ordinary fires of love;\nthat so I might inflame you by my embraces! but, alas! it has a nature\npeculiar to itself, and the flame which usually extends its influence\nto both the lovers, in my case burns only its possessor! Strange and\nmystic fire, which refuses to quit its own peculiar precints; dearest\nClitopho, let us begin the rites of Venus!\"--\"Do not,\" I replied,\n\"urge me to forget that reverence which is due to the departed; we\ncannot be said to have passed the limits sacred to her memory until we\narrive in another country. Have you not heard how she perished in the\nsea? I am therefore still sailing over Leucippe's grave; nay more, her\nshade may even now be flitting around our vessel: it is said that the\nsouls of those who have found a watery grave do not descend to Hades,\nbut wander about the surface of the waves; for aught we know, she may\nappear to us in the midst of our embrace. Besides, can you consider the\ntossing waves of the uncertain sea, a fitting place for consummating\na bridal? Would you wish to have a fluctuating and unstable marriage\nbed?\"--\"Dearest,\" she resumed, \"lovers need no feather-bed,[21] every\nplace is accessible to the god of love; nay, rather is the sea a most\nproper and fitting place for celebrating the mysteries of Venus. Is\nnot that goddess daughter of the sea: in honouring her shall we not\nbe paying homage to her mother? Everything around us, moreover, is\nemblematic of the marriage rites; above us is the sailyard (resembling\nin form a yoke[22]) encircled by its ropes;--what can more fitly\nsymbolise a wedding than a yoke and bands? close to our bed is the\nrudder,[23] emblem of safe arrival within the port; Fortune herself is\nclearly guiding our nuptials to a happy issue. Neptune himself, who\nwedded a sea-bride, will wait upon us with his choir of Nereids; and\nthe winds which sigh so softly among the ropes seem to be chanting our\nnuptial song; look too, at the bellying canvas, how it resembles a\npregnant womb; even this is not without its propitious meaning, for it\ntells me that ere long you will be a father!\"\n\nSeeing her become so pressing and so excited, I replied,--\"Let us, if\nyou will, continue to discuss these subtle points until we reach our\ndestination; I swear to you by the sea itself and by the fortune of our\nvoyage, that I am as impatient as yourself; but remember that even\nthe sea has its peculiar laws; and I have often heard say from ancient\nmariners that ships must not be made the scenes of amorous delights,\neither as being sacred in themselves,[24] or because wanton pleasure\nis unseemly amid the perils of the ocean. Let us not then, my love,\ncast insult upon the sea, or cause our nuptials to be distracted by\nalarms, rather let us keep in store for ourselves pure and unalloyed\ndelight.\" These arguments mingled with kisses and endearments, produced\nthe desired effect; and we passed the remainder of the night in sleep.\nFive days more, brought us to Ephesus; Melitta's house was one of the\nfinest in the city, it was spacious and handsomely furnished, and she\nhad a numerous establishment. After ordering a handsome supper she\nproposed that we should in the meanwhile visit her country-house,\nwhich was not more than half a mile out of town; we rode there in her\ncarriage, and then getting out walked about in the kitchen-garden.[25]\nSuddenly a female approached and threw herself at Melitta's feet; she\nhad on heavy fetters and held in her hand a hoe, her hair had been\ncut off, her whole appearance was squalid, and her clothing consisted\nof a sorry tunic. \"Lady,\" she exclaimed, \"have pity upon one of your\nown sex, who once was free, but is now by the caprice of Fortune, a\nslave.\"--\"Rise up,\" replied Melitta, \"and tell me who you are and from\nwhence you came, and by whom you have been thus fettered; for though\nin rags and misery your countenance bespeaks good birth.\"--\"I received\nthis treatment from your bailiff,[26]\" resumed the woman, \"because\nI refused to gratify his desires; my name is Lac\u00e6na and I am from\nThessaly; I throw myself upon your mercy, beseeching you to release me\nfrom this wretched condition, and to guarantee my safety till I shall\nhave paid the two thousand drachmas, for which Sosthenes purchased me\nfrom the hands of pirates; the sum shall soon be raised, and until then\nI am willing to remain your slave. See,\" she continued, \"how cruelly I\nhave been used,\" and opening her tunic she shewed her back[27] furrowed\nwith stripes, a pitiable sight. Her voice and appearance overwhelmed me\nwith strange feelings, for I seemed to recognize in her a resemblance\nto Leucippe. Addressing her, \"Be comforted,\" said Melitta, \"I will\nhave you set at liberty and will send you home without ransom,\"--then\nspeaking to a slave, \"Summon here Sosthenes!\" The unhappy woman was\nthen disincumbered of her fetters, and the steward made his appearance\nin great trepidation.--\"Villain,\" said Melitta, \"did you ever see\nany one, even among the most ill-conditioned of my slaves, used so\nshamefully?--tell me instantly, without any shuffling, who this female\nis.\"\n\n\"Mistress,\" replied the fellow, \"all I know is, that a merchant, called\nCallisthenes, sold her to me, saying that he had bought her from some\npirates, that she was free-born, and named Lac\u00e6na.\" Melitta instantly\ndegraded him from his office, but her she entrusted to the charge of\nher maid-servants, with orders to have her washed, decently dressed,\nand conducted to the city; then, after settling the business which had\nbrought her thither, we rode back, and sat down to supper. While we\nwere thus employed, Satyrus with a very serious countenance motioned to\nme to come out of the room: I did so, making some trifling excuse, when\nwithout uttering a word he put into my hand a letter, which even before\nreading it, filled me with consternation, for I recognized Leucippe's\nwriting;--the contents were these:--\n\n \"Leucippe, to my master Clitopho.\n\n \"I am in duty bound to address you by this title, since you are\n united in marriage to my mistress. Although you are well aware of\n my sufferings on your account, it is necessary for me to remind you\n of them. For you I left the protection of my mother and became a\n wanderer; for you I suffered shipwreck and endured captivity among\n pirates; for you I became an expiatory victim and underwent a second\n death; for you I have been sold to slavery, bound in letters, made\n to bear a mattock and to hoe the ground; for you I have been beaten\n with the scourge;--and all this in order that you might become wedded\n to another woman--for suppose not that I will give myself up to any\n other man. No! I have borne, and without a murmur, all these ills, and\n you, exempt from them, have been enabled to form new marriage ties;\n if therefore you are impressed with any sense of the sufferings which\n I have undergone for love of you, urge your wife to send me home in\n accordance with her promise, and undertake to be security for the\n payment of the two thousand drachmas, which on my return, as I shall\n not be far from Byzantium, I will procure and send; though supposing\n you should have to pay them out of your own purse, it will only be a\n trifling compensation for all that I have suffered in jour behalf.\n Farewell, and may happiness attend your marriage--and remember that\n she who writes this letter has preserved her honour undefiled.\"\n\nUpon reading these lines, I became a prey to a succession of\nconflicting feelings; love, fear, astonishment, doubt, joy, grief, by\nturns took possession of my mind.\n\n\"Did you bring this letter from the Shades below,\" I inquired of\nSatyrus. \"What in the name of heaven does all this mean? Has Leucippe\ncome to life again?\"--\"Most assuredly she has,\" replied he; \"it is no\nother than she whom you saw in the country, but she is so changed in\nappearance from having had her hair cut off,[28] that scarcely any one\nwould recognize her.\"--\"And are you going to stop short at this good\nnews?\" I asked: \"Do you mean my ears alone to be gratified and my eyes\nto have no share in the delight?\"--\"For heaven's sake be cautious,\"\nwas his reply; \"let us first contrive some course of action, else you\nwill bring destruction on us all. Only consider; here is this lady,\none of the most distinguished for rank and wealth in Ephesus, madly\nin love with you, and we are in the midst of the toils without any\npossibility of getting free.\"--\"Talk not of caution,\" rejoined I, \"it\nis out of the question, joy thrills too strongly through all my veins.\nThink, too, how she upbraids me in her letter\"--and upon this, I again\neagerly ran over the contents, fancying I could see her in every line,\nand ejaculating as I read;--\"Yes, dearest Leucippe, I plead guilty to\nthy charge! Thou hast indeed endured all these things for love of me! I\nhave been the cause to thee of infinite misfortune!\" And upon coming to\nthe mention of the scourgings and other sufferings inflicted upon her\nby Sosthenes, I wept as though actually a witness of their infliction.\nReflection turns the eyes of the soul upon the purport of what we read,\nand brings everything as vividly before us, as if it were actually\nbeing seen and done. Such was the influence of Leucippe's words, that\nher allusion to my marriage made me blush as though I had been really\nsurprised in the commission of adultery.\n\n\"Satyrus,\" said I, \"what excuses shall I offer? Leucippe, it is clear,\nknows everything; nay, her love may have become changed into hate!\nBut tell me by what means she has been preserved? Whose corpse was\nthat which was buried?\"--\"She will herself relate everything in proper\nseason,\" he replied.--\"What you have to do now is to write back an\nanswer, in order to soothe her irritation. I solemnly declared to her\nthat you married your present wife against your will.\"--\"What! did\nyou really tell her I was married? You have utterly undone me then!\nHow could you be guilty of such folly?\"--\"Why tax me with folly? The\nwhole city is aware of it.\"--\"But I swear by Hercules and my present\nFortune that no actual marriage has taken place.\"--\"Nonsense! you share\nher bed.\"--\"I well know,\" said I, \"that I shall not be credited, but\nnevertheless I speak the truth: up to this very day Clitopho has had\nno connexion with Melitta; however, the present question is, what am I\nto write to Leucippe? My mind is so confused by what has taken place,\nthat I really know not how to begin.\"--\"Upon my word,\" said Satyrus,\n\"it is out of my power to help you, but I have no doubt that Love will\nsuggest materials for a letter; but whatever you do, lose no time.\" I\nat length wrote as follows:--\n\n \"Health to Leucippe, mistress of my heart! It is my lot to be at once\n happy and unhappy;--happy in that I have you mentally present to me;\n unhappy in that you are really absent from me. Only defer pronouncing\n judgment upon me until the truth shall be cleared up, and you will\n find that the example of your chastity has been followed by myself (if\n chastity may be spoken of in men); but if you already hate and have\n condemned me unheard, I swear to you, by those gods who have preserved\n your life, that ere long you shall have proof of my perfect innocence.\n Farewell, dearest, and still give me a place in your affections!\"\n\nThis letter I delivered to Satyrus, desiring him to say all he could in\nmy favour to Leucippe. I then went back to supper full of joy, but not\nfree from grief, well knowing that Melitta would not allow the night\nto pass without pressing me to consummate our nuptials, and, having\nrecovered Leucippe, it was hateful to me even to look upon any other\nwoman. I endeavoured to conceal what was passing in my mind, but it was\nto no purpose, so at last I feigned to be seized with a shivering fit.\n\nMelitta guessed that I was seeking some excuse for not complying with\nher wishes, though as yet she had no actual proof. When, however, I\narose from table without finishing my supper, and retired to rest,\nshe got up and followed me into the bed-room. I then pretended that I\nfelt much worse, upon which she became very urgent with me, and said,\n\"Why will you persist in acting thus? How long will you continue to\ndisappoint me? We have now crossed the sea, we are at Ephesus; the\ntime is come for realizing your promise. Why should there be any\nmore delay? How long are we to sleep together as though we were in a\nsanctuary?[29] You place before my eyes a refreshing stream,[30] of\nwhich nevertheless you prohibit me to drink; and though sleeping near\nthe very fountain head, I am parched with thirst; my couch may compare\nwith the feast of Tantalus.\" While thus venting her grief, she leaned\nher head upon my bosom and wept so piteously that I could not but\nsympathize with her sorrow; and feeling her reproaches to be just, I\nreally was at a loss what to do. At last I said, \"Believe me, dearest,\nby our country's gods, I feel an ardour equal to your own! but this\nsadden indisposition has seized me,--I know not from what cause,--and,\nas you are well aware, without the blessing of health it is in vain to\nthink of love.\"[31]\n\nWhile saying this, I wiped away her tears, and solemnly assured her,\nthat ere long she should obtain everything she wished. Not without\ngreat difficulty, however, did I succeed in pacifying her. On the\nfollowing day Melitta called for the maid-servants, to whom she had\ncommitted Leucippe, and inquired whether every requisite attention\nhad been shewn her. They replied, that nothing had been omitted. Upon\nthis Melitta sent for her, and when she came into the room said, \"I\nneed scarcely remind you of the kindness you have experienced from\nme; all I ask as a return is assistance which it is in your power to\nafford me. Now, I understand that you Thessalian women[32] can, by your\nmagic, work so powerfully upon the minds of those you love, that their\naffections, instead of wandering to any other object, will thenceforth\nbe wholly rivetted on you, their mistresses. It is a magic potion of\nthis kind which I now want from you, to procure requital for the love\nwhich is consuming me. You remember, doubtlessly, the young man who\nwas walking with me yesterday?\"--\"I suppose you mean your husband,\"\nreplied Leucippe, maliciously, \"for I have been told by some of the\nhousehold that he stands to you in that relation.\"--\"A pretty kind of\nhusband!\" interrupted Melitta; \"he has in him more of marble than of\nmanhood; and my rival is a certain dead Leucippe, whose name, whether\nwaking or sleeping, is always on his lips. Four whole months have I\nspent in Alexandria, entirely on his account, praying and beseeching\nhim, and leaving nothing undone likely to gain his love, but all to no\npurpose, for he remained as insensible to my entreaties as any stock or\nstone; and when at length he did give way, it was to become my husband\nbut in name; for I swear to you by Venus, that after sleeping with him\nfor a week I have risen from his side as if I had been sleeping with a\neunuch; in short, I have fallen in love with a statue, not a man.[33]\nTo use the words, therefore, which yesterday you addressed to me, 'Have\ncompassion upon one of your own sex;' give me your aid against the\noverweening and unimpressible man; by so doing you will save my life,\nwhich is now fast ebbing from me.\"[34]\n\nLeucippe was rejoiced at finding that no intercourse had taken place\nbetween Melitta and myself, and believing it to be of no use to deny\nher magic skill, undertook to find suitable herbs, if permitted to\ngo and seek for them in the country. These promises tranquillized\nMelitta, for the mind is easily persuaded to feed upon the empty hope\nof future good.[35] Meanwhile, knowing nothing of all this, I was in\ngreat perplexity how to put off Melitta during the approaching night,\nand to contrive a meeting with Leucippe. In the evening, Melitta,\nwho had taken her out of town in a carriage, returned,[36] and we\nhad just began our supper when a great disturbance was heard in the\nmen's quarter of the house, and a servant rushed into the room, out of\nbreath, and exclaiming, \"Thersander is alive, and is arrived!\"[37]\n\nThis Thersander was no other than Melitta's husband, who was supposed\nto have been lost at sea, the report of his death having been spread by\ntwo of his servants who had been saved when the ship was wrecked. In a\nmoment he was in the room; for, having learnt every particular by the\nway, he had hastened home on purpose to surprise me. Melitta, in great\nalarm at an event so utterly unlooked for, started up and endeavoured\nto embrace her husband; who, however thrust her from him with great\nviolence, and then catching sight of me and exclaiming, \"So, here is\nthe spark himself!\" he rushed towards me, and dealt me a tremendous\nblow in the face, after which, seizing me by the hair, he dashed me to\nthe ground and beat me most unmercifully. All this time I remained as\nsilent as if I had been at the celebration of the mysteries, neither\nasking him who he was, or why he used me so; for, suspecting the truth,\nI had not courage to retaliate, though possessing physical strength\nenough to do so.\n\nAt length when he was weary of striking and I of forming conjectures in\nmy mind, I got up and said, \"Pray, who are you, and what do you mean by\nthis rough usage?\" More than ever irritated by the sound of my voice,\nhe recommenced his attack upon me, and called aloud for fetters and\nhandcuffs; they were brought, and, after being bound hand and foot, I\nwas shut up in a room. During this struggle, Leucippe's letter, which\nhad been fastened under my tunic to the fringes of my shirt,[38] fell\nto the ground without my perceiving it, and was picked up by Melitta,\nwho feared lest it might be one of her own letters written to me; when,\nhowever, she had an opportunity of reading it in private and met with\nLeucippe's name, it went like an arrow to her heart, but having so\noften heard of her death she did not at once identify the name with\nthe female whom she had set at liberty; but as she read on, and felt\nall uncertainty upon the point removed, she became at once the divided\nprey of shame, rage, love, and jealousy;--she felt ashamed at exposure\nbefore her husband; she was enraged at the contents of the letter; this\npassion yielded to love on my account, which in its turn was stung\nby jealousy; but love, in the end, remained triumphant. Thersander,\nafter the first ebullition of his anger, had retired to the house of\na friend; Melitta, therefore, in the evening, after speaking to the\nslave who kept guard over my apartment, came in privately, having for\nprecaution posted two of her servants before the door.\n\nShe found me lying upon the floor, and approaching me shewed by her\ncountenance, that she wished, were it possible, to give utterance in\none breath to all her various emotions. \"Wretched that I am,\" she at\nlength exclaimed, \"fatal for me was the day when I first beheld you;\nI, who have loved so madly yet so fruitlessly; who still doat upon him\nwho hates me; who pity him who is the cause of all my pain, and whose\nlove is not extinguished even by injury and insult!--What a pair of\njuggling plotters against me are you both! You have all along been\nmaking me your sport, and she, forsooth, is gone to procure a philtre\nfor me! Little did I dream that I was seeking aid from those who were\nmy bitterest enemies!\" Thus speaking she threw Leucippe's letter on\nthe ground; which I no sooner recognized than a sudden chill came over\nme, and I cast my eyes upon the ground as if convicted of a crime. She\nthen continued in the same strain: \"What misery is mine! My husband\nis lost to me through you, and henceforth I shall be deprived even of\nthe barren pleasure which I have enjoyed, that of seeing you! Through\nyou I have incurred my husband's hatred, who believes me guilty of an\nintrigue against his honour--an intrigue which has borne me none of\nthe fruits of love, and from which all I gain is infamy! Other women\nreceive enjoyment for the guerdon of their shame: I inherit the shame,\nbut obtain none of the enjoyment! Barbarous and faithless man, how can\nyou allow a loving woman thus to pine away, when you are yourself the\nslave of Love? Did you not dread his anger? Had you no reverence for\nhis fires,--no regard for his mysteries? Had these tearful eyes no\ninfluence over you,--more ruthless as you are than any pirate!--for\neven a pirate's breast will be softened by tears! Neither entreaty\nnor opportunity, nor my close embrace, has persuaded you to grant me\nso much as one amorous indulgence; nay, most insulting of all, after\nyourself returning my kisses and my embraces, you have risen from my\nside like any woman! What is this but the very ghost of matrimony?\nRemember also, that you have not been sharing the bed of one who is\ngrown old, or who repulses your embraces, but of one who is young and\nardent, and whom some might consider possessed of charms,--eunuch\nthat you are!--unsexed and bane of beauty,[39] listen to my righteous\nimprecation:--may Love requite your fires as you have requited mine!\"\n\nTears for a time choked her voice; but when I remained still silent and\nwith downcast eyes, a sudden change came over her,[40] and she then\nresumed:--\"Dearest Clitopho, anger and grief have hitherto dictated my\nwords, but love prompts what I am now about to say; for believe me,\nhowever angry, I still burn with passion; however much wronged, I still\nfeel love; yield to my entreaties then, and even now compassionate me!\nI no longer ask for joys of many days' duration, nor for the lengthened\nwedlock which in my folly I had dreamt of; I will be content with one\namorous embrace. I ask but a little medicine to palliate this powerful\ndisease,--extinguish, in some degree, the flame which now consumes me!\nPardon me if I have spoken with too much haste and bitterness, for\nlove when unsuccessful is pushed to phrenzy! Well aware how unseemly\nmy conduct may appear, I am not ashamed to divulge the mysteries of\nLove, for I speak to one already initiated,--to one who knows by his\nown experience what my feelings are. Lovers alone understand the wounds\nfelt by those who love; to all others the arrows of the god and the\nhavoc which he makes are equally unknown. One only day remains to us.\nI ask the performance of your promise. Remember the temple of Isis;\nshow regard to the oaths which you took there. Were you willing to live\nwith me, according to the troth you plighted, I would not care for a\nthousand Thersanders; but having recovered your Leucippe, you may not\nwed another; accordingly I surrender every claim, and ask only what\nmay easily be granted. It is vain to resist my destiny; all things\nevidently conspire against me,--even the dead rise up again. Cruel\nsea, thou hast borne me safely only to plunge me into greater ruin,\nbringing back to me, for my confusion, the very dead. Nor was it enough\nfor Leucippe to revive in order to assuage the grief of Clitopho, but\nthe savage Thersander also must needs come back. And he has dared to\nstrike Clitopho before my eyes without my having the power to aid\nhim; he has dared to disfigure that face upon which I doat. He must\nhave been blind to beauty when he did so! Once more I entreat you, my\nClitopho, lord, as you are, of my affections, give yourself to me now,\nfor the first time and the last; it will be to me as if many days were\ncrowded into one short space! so may you never more be deprived of your\nLeucippe; so may she never again die a fictitious death! Do not scorn\nmy love; it has produced your greatest happiness; it has been the means\nof restoring to you Leucippe; had I never been enamoured of you, had\nI never brought you here, Leucippe would still be dead to you. Some\nthanks are due to good fortune, Clitopho; he who lights upon a treasure\nhonours the spot where he discovered it; he builds an altar, he offers\na sacrifice; he crowns the place with flowers; but though you have\nfound in me a treasure full of love you despise your happy fortune!\nThink Love to be addressing you through my mouth, and saying, 'In this\nmatter thou art bound to oblige me, thy tutor; initiate Melitta in my\nmysteries; I kindled the fire with which she burns.' Hear likewise\nhow I have provided for your safety; you shall be set free from these\nchains, whether Thersander will or no, and you shall find a place of\nrefuge with my foster-brother for as long a time as you may wish. In\nthe morning you may expect to see Leucippe; she is to pass the night\nin the country for the sake of gathering herbs by moonlight,[41] for\nmy simplicity was so imposed upon, as to believe her a Thessalian, and\nto ask of her a philtre to be administered to you. What else could I\ndo, when disappointed in my wishes, than have recourse to herbs and\ndrugs, the refuge of those who are unfortunate in love. You need be\nin no fear of Thersander; he has rushed out of the house in a rage,\nand betaken himself to one of his friends. The deity, indeed, seems to\nhave purposely contrived his absence, that I may obtain the last favour\nwhich I ask. Let me then enjoy you, Clitopho!\"\n\nAfter this earnest and impassioned pleading, suggested by Love, who\nis a mighty master of eloquence,[42] she undid the fetters; and after\nkissing my hands applied them to her eyes and heart: \"Feel,\" said\nshe, \"how my poor heart beats, agitated by fear and hope,--would\nthat I could say, by pleasure!--and seeming to supplicate you by its\npalpitations.\" When, after setting me free, she hung about my neck in\ntears, I was no longer proof against human weakness; indeed I was in\ndread of incurring the wrath of Love[43] himself, especially as I had\nnow recovered Leucippe, and was about to leave Melitta, so that our\npresent connexion would be no consummation of a marriage, but simply\nadministering relief to a love-sick soul. Yielding to these reflections\nI returned her kisses and embraces, and though without the help of bed\nor other appliances of amorous delight, nothing was left to be desired.\nLove, indeed, is his own teacher, and an excellent contriver,[44] and\nmakes every place his temple; nor is there any doubt that impromptu\namorous intercourse is far preferable to that which is elaborated, and\nthat it brings with it much more genuine enjoyment.\n\n\n[Footnote 1: \u1f14\u03bd\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03af\u03b1.]\n\n[Footnote 2: \u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f30\u03c3\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c4\u03ac\u03bd\u03b7. \"The beautiful and regular\nform of that great city, second only to Rome itself, comprehended\na circumference of fifteen miles; it was peopled by three hundred\nthousand free inhabitants, besides at least an equal number of\nslaves.\"--Gibbon, vol. i. 452.]\n\n\n[Footnote 3: See the description of his temple and statue.--Gibbon,\nvol. v. 108-114.]\n\n[Footnote 4: The expression in the Greek is remarkable--\u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03ad\u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03bd\n\u1f94\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u03c9\u03bd.\n\n    \"Take him and cut him out in little stars,\n    And he will make the face of heaven so fine,\n    That all the world shall be in love with night,\n    And pay no worship to the garish sun.\"--Romeo and Juliet.\n]\n\n[Footnote 5: \u1f41 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2. The piece of tapestry on which Philomela,\nduring her captivity had worked the representation of her misfortunes,\nand which she had conveyed to her sister Procne.--See Ovid. Met. vi.\n411-676.]\n\n[Footnote 6:\n\n    \"\u1f14\u03c3\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u1f00\u03bd \u1f04\u03c3\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd....\n    \u03ba\u1f04\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4' \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03b3\u03bd\u03bf\u1f7a\u03c2 \u1f14\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd \u03bf\u1f50 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u1fb3\u03af\u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\n    \u1f64\u03bc\u03c9\u03be\u03af\u03bd....\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    \u03bb\u03ac\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b5\u03af\u03c0\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5 \u03be\u03c5\u03bd\u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03c9\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u1fd2\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c1\u1fb7\".--\u00c6sch. Ag. 1568.\n]\n\n[Footnote 7: \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78 \u1f04\u03bd\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2. This expression may be illustrated by\nPsalm lvii. 9, \"Awake up my _glory_;\" and Psalm xvi. 10, \"My _glory_\nrejoiced.\"]\n\n[Footnote 8:\n\n    \"\u039f quam cruentas feminas stimulat dolor\n    Cum patuit una pellici et nupt\u00e6 domus!\n    Scylla et Charybdis Sicula contorquens freta\n    Minus est timenda, nulla non melior fera est.\"\n                           Sen. Herc. \u0152t.\n]\n\n[Footnote 9:\n\n    \"And their revenge is as the tiger's spring,\n    Deadly and quick and crushing; yet as real\n    Torture is theirs, what they inflict they feel.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 10: This celebrated light-house, situated at the entrance\nof the port of Alexandria, was built by Sostratus of Cnidos on an\nisland which bore the same name, at the expense of eight hundred\ntalents. It was square, constructed of white stone, and with admirable\nart, exceedingly lofty, and in all respects of great dimensions. It\ncontained many stories, which diminished in width from below upwards.\nThe upper stories had windows looking seaward, and torches or fires\nwere kept burning in them by night, in order to guide vessels into the\nharbour.--Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiq.]\n\n[Footnote 11: \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u0390\u03c2. Fishers of the murex or purple fish. See a\nnote in Blakesley's Herod. vol. i. p. 522.]\n\n[Footnote 12: \u03c0\u03c1\u03cd\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf.--See Thucyd. vol. i. p. 50.]\n\n[Footnote 13: Once before, when apparently sacrificed by Menelaus and\nSatyrus.--B. iii.]\n\n[Footnote 14: The head, as the noblest part, being the representative\nof the whole person; and often used as a periphrasis for it by the\nGreek and Roman writers. Clitopho here exhibits his ingenuity at the\nexpense of nature, forgetting that\n\n    \"An honest tale speeds best, being plainly told.\"--Richard III.\n]\n[Footnote 15: \u1f62 \u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, \u1f10\u03b3\u1f7c \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u1f70 \u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03ad\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 16:\n\n    \"Usque ab unguiculo ad capillum summus est festivissima\n    Estne? considera; signum pictum pulchre videris.\"\n                               Plautus. Epidic. Sc. v. 1.\n]\n\n[Footnote 17: \u03b4\u03b5\u03c3\u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd, \u03bf\u1f50 y\u1f70p \u1f04\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f10\u03c1\u1f64].\n\n[Footnote 18:\n\n    \"'Tis beauty truly blent, whose red and white\n    Nature's own sweet and cunning hand laid on.\"\n                                   Twelfth Night.\n]\n\n[Footnote 19: The reader will call to mind a similar passage, in the\nconversation between Clinias and Clitopho, in B. i.]\n\n[Footnote 20: \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c4\u03ac\u03c6\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03bc\u1f72\u03bd \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b5\u1f34\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd, \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03b3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u1f72 \u03bf\u1f54.]\n\n[Footnote 21: \u03c0\u1fb6\u03c2 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b9 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 22: Alluding to the mast crossed by the sailyard.]\n\n[Footnote 23: Melitta still pursues her favourite hobby, symbolism. The\nreader is referred to the \"Pax\" of Aristophanes, line 142, with the\nnote in Bothe's edit.]\n\n[Footnote 24: The stern of the vessel was adorned with the image of the\ntutelary deity, whence that part of the ship was called _tutela_, and\nheld sacred by the mariners.\n\n    ... \"non robore picto\n    Ornatas decuit fulgens tutela carinas.\"--Lucan, iii. 510.\n\nSee also, Hor. I. Od. xvi. 10; and Persius S. vi. 30.]\n\n[Footnote 25: \u1f40\u03c1\u03c7\u03ac\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd.\n\n    \"\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03af \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c6\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u1f14\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f54\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u1f00\u03bc\u03c6\u03af\u03c2\u00b7\"\n\n    \"Well planted gardens.\"--Cowper. Iliad. xvi. 123.\n]\n\n[Footnote 26: Slaves who worked in the fields, were under an overseer\n(\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2), to whom the whole management of the estate was frequently\nentrusted, while the master resided in the city.]\n\n[Footnote 27: \u03c4\u1f70 \u03bd\u1ff6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03bc\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1--\n\n    \"Quasi in libro cum scribuntur liter\u00e6 calamo\n    Stilis me totum usque ulmeis conscribito.\"\n                             Plaut. Ps. i. 5. 139.\n]\n\n[Footnote 28: Slaves were not allowed to wear their hair long. \"\u1f11\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c4a\n\u03b4\u1fc6\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f62\u03bd, \u03ba\u03cc\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2.\"--Aristoph. Aves, 884.]\n\n[Footnote 29: See the phrase, \"Noctes puras habere.\"--Plautus, Asinar.\niv. 1.]\n\n[Footnote 30: See Proverbs v. 15-18.]\n\n[Footnote 31:\n\n    ... \"health in the human frame,\n    Is pleasant, besides being true love's essence.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 32: See Lucan, B. vi. 605, &c.]\n\n[Footnote 33: See the anecdote of Lais and Xenocrates. Anthon's\nClassical Dict.]\n\n[Footnote 34: \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u1fe4\u1fe5\u03b5\u03cd\u03c3\u03b1\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 35:\n\n    \"Hope springs eternal in the human breast,\n    Man never is, but always to be blest.\"--Pope.\n]\n\n[Footnote 36: The text here is very corrupt in the Greek; the sense\ngiven is in accordance with Jacobs.]\n\n[Footnote 37:\n\n    \"Old Lambro pass'd unseen a private gate,\n      And stood within his hall at eventide;\n    Meanwhile the lady and her lover sate\n      At wassail in their beauty and their pride;\n    An ivory inlaid table spread with state\n      Before them, and fair slaves on every side;\n    Gems, gold, and silver, form'd the service mostly,\n      Mother of pearl and coral the less costly.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 38: \u03b5\u1f34\u03c3\u03c9 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7\u03bd \u1f10\u03ba \u03c4\u1ff6\u03bd \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f40\u03b8\u03cc\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2\n\u03b8\u03bd\u03c3\u03ac\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd--See Dict. of Grk. and Rom. Antiq., p. 422, under the article\n_Fimbri\u00e6_.]\n\n[Footnote 39: \u1f00\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03cc\u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03ba\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5. The sense of \u03b2\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2\nis thus given by Jacobs:--\"Qui insit\u00e2 vi invidi\u00e6, pulchritudinis\nefficaciam debilitat aut destruit.\"]\n\n[Footnote 40:\n\n    \"Her anger pitch'd into a lower tune,\n    Perhaps the fault of her soft sex and age;\n    Her wish was but to 'kill, kill, kill,' like Lear's,\n    And then her thirst of blood was quench'd in tears.\"\n                                                 Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 41:\n\n    ... \"has nullo perdere possum\n    Nec prohibere modo, simul ac vaga luna decorum\n    Protulit os, quin ossa legant, herbasque nocentes.\"\n                                Hor. S. i. 8, 20.\n]\n\n[Footnote 42:\n\n    \"And when Love speaks, the voice of all the gods\n    Make heaven drowsy with the harmony.\n    Never durst poet touch a pen to write,\n    Until his ink were temper'd with love's sighs;\n    \u039f! then his lines would ravish savage ears,\n    And plant in tyrants mild humanity.\"--Love's Labour Lost.\n]\n\n[Footnote 43: Venue and Cupid were supposed to be irritated against\nthose who shewed insensibility to their influence:--\n\n    \"Ingratam Veneri pone superbiam.\"\n                     Hor. Od. iii. 10. 9.\n]\n\n[Footnote 44: \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u1f78\u03c2 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f41 \u1f14\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b1\u1f51\u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c7\u03ad\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2, a passage\nparallel to one in B. i., \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03b4\u03af\u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u1f10\u03c3\u03c4\u03af\u03bd \u1f41 \u03b8\u03b5\u1f78\u03c2.]\n\n\n\nBOOK VI.\n\n\nWhen at length, I had sufficiently eased Melitta's pains, I said to\nher, \"How do you mean to provide for my escape and to perform your\npromises as to Leucippe?\"--\"Be in no anxiety respecting her,\" was the\nreply, \"look upon her as already restored to your embrace; but put on\nmy clothes and conceal your face in my robe; Melantho will conduct\nyou to the door, there you will find a young man who has orders from\nme to guide you to the house where Clinias and Satyrus await you, and\nwhither Leucippe will shortly come.\" While giving me these directions,\nshe dressed me so as to resemble her in appearance; then kissing me,\nshe said, \"You look handsomer than ever in this attire, and remind me\nof a picture of Achilles[1] which I once saw. Fare you well, dearest,\npreserve this dress as a memorial of me, and leave me your own, that\nI may sometimes put it on and fancy myself in your embrace;\" she then\ngave me a hundred gold pieces, and called Melantho, a trusty servant,\nwho was watching at the door, told her what to do, and ordered her to\nreturn, as soon as she had let me out. Thus disguised I slipped out\nof the room, the keeper, upon receiving a sign from Melantho, taking\nme for his mistress and making way; passing through an unfrequented\npart of the house I reached a back door, where I was received by the\nperson whom Melitta had appointed to be there; he was a freedman who\nhad accompanied us on our voyage from Alexandria, and with whom I had\nalready been intimate.\n\nUpon her return, Melantho found the keeper preparing to secure the\nroom for the night, she desired him to open the door, and going in,\ninformed her mistress of my escape; Melitta called in the keeper, who\nseeing the right bird flown and another in his place,[2] was struck\ndumb with astonishment: \"I did not employ this artifice,\" said she,\n\"from believing you unwilling to favour Clitopho's escape, but because\nI wished to give you the means of clearing yourself from blame in the\nopinion of Thersander. Here are ten gold pieces; if you choose to\nremain here, you are to regard them as a present from Clitopho, if you\nprefer getting out of the way they will help you on your journey.\"\n\"Mistress,\" replied the keeper, whose name was Pasio, \"I am ready to\nfollow your suggestion.\" It was agreed, that the man should go away and\nremain in concealment until Thersander's anger had subsided, and he and\nhis wife were again upon good terms. Upon leaving the house, my usual\nill fortune overtook me; and interwove a new incident in the drama of\nmy life. Whom should I encounter but Thersander! who persuaded by his\nfriend not to sleep away from his wife, was returning home.\n\nIt happened to be the festival of Diana, the streets were full of\ndrunken fellows, and all night long crowds of people continued\ntraversing the public square. I had hoped to encounter no other danger\nbut this, but I was mistaken, peril of a worse kind was still in store\nfor me. Sosthenes, the purchaser of Leucippe, whom Melitta had turned\nout of his office, no sooner heard of his master's return, than he not\nonly continued to act as bailiff, but determined to revenge himself\nupon Melitta. He began by informing against me, acquainting his master\nwith all which had taken place; he then invented a very plausible\nstory above Leucippe, for finding he could not enjoy her himself he\ndetermined to play pimp to his master, and by that means to alienate\nhim from his wife.--\"Master,\" said he, \"I have purchased a maiden of\nincredible beauty; words will not do her justice, to form a just idea\nof her you must see her; I have been keeping her purposely for you; for\nI heard that you were alive and fully believed the fact, but did not\nchoose to make it public, in order that you might have clear proof of\nmy mistress's guilt, and not be made the laughing stock of a foreigner\nand worthless libertine; my mistress took her out of my hands yesterday\nand thinks of giving her her freedom, but Fortune has reserved for you\nthe possession of this rare beauty; she has been sent for some reason\nor other into the country, where she now remains, and where with your\nleave I will secure her until your arrival.\"\n\nThersander approved of his scheme and bid him put it into execution;\naccordingly Sosthenes proceeded to the farm, and finding out the\ncottage where Leucippe was to pass the night, he ordered two of the\nlabourers to entice away the maids, who had accompanied her, under\npretence of having something to say to them in private; he then went\naccompanied by two others, to the cottage where Leucippe was now\nalone, seized her and having stopped her mouth, carried her off to a\nlone habitation, where setting her down, he said, \"Maiden, I am the\nbearer of great good fortune to you, and I hope that you will not\nforget me, in your prosperity; be under no alarm at having been carried\noff, no injury is intended you, it will be the means of obtaining my\nmaster for your admirer.\" Leucippe could not utter a word, so much\nwas she overcome by the sense of the unexpected calamity. Sosthenes\nhurrying back informed Thersander of what he had done, again, extolling\nLeucippe's beauty to the skies; he was on the point of returning home,\nbut inflamed by the description, and having his mind filled with such a\nlovely vision,[3] he determined at once to pay a visit to the maiden as\nthe festival was still on foot, and the distance not more than half a\nmile. It was when on his way thither, that disguised in Melitta's dress\nI came directly upon him. Sosthenes was the first to recognize me;\n\"Here comes the rake-hell himself,\" exclaimed he, \"masquerading it, in\nmy mistress's clothes!\"\n\nThe young man, my guide, who was a little in advance hearing this,\ntook to his heels in a fright without giving me any previous warning.\nI was immediately seized by the pair, and the noise made by Thersander\ndrew together a number of the revellers, when he became louder than\never in his charges, heaping upon me all manner of abuse,[4] calling\nme a lecher, a cut-purse, and I know not what besides; in the end I\nwas dragged to the public prison, thrust in, and a charge of _Crim.\nCon._[5] entered against me. The disgrace of a prison and the abuse\ngave me little or no concern, for as my marriage with Melitta had\nbeen public, I felt confident of being able to refute the charge of\nadultery; all my anxiety arose from not having actually recovered\nmy Leucippe, for the mind is naturally inclined to be a \"prophet of\nill,\"[6] our predictions of good are seldom realized. In the present\ncase I augured nothing favourable for Leucippe, and was a prey to fears\nand suspicions of every kind.\n\nThersander, after having had me locked up, continued on his way, and\nupon his arrival found Leucippe lying upon the ground and brooding\nover what Sosthenes had said. Grief and fear were plainly depicted\nupon her countenance; indeed I consider it quite a mistake to say that\nthe mind is invisible, it may be seen distinctly reflected on the face\nas in a mirror; in seasons of happiness joy sparkles in the eyes;\nin the time of sorrow the countenance is overcast[7] and reveals the\ninward feelings. A light was burning in the cottage; upon hearing the\ndoor open, Leucippe raised her eyes for a moment and then cast them\ndown again. It is in the eyes that beauty has its seat, and Thersander\nhaving caught a momentary glimpse of the beauty which (rapid as\nlightning) flashed from hers, was at once on fire with love, and waited\nspell bound, in hopes of her raising them again; but when she continued\nto gaze upon the ground, he said, \"Fair maiden, why waste the light\nof thine eyes upon the earth, why not look up and let them dart fresh\nlight into mine?\"\n\nUpon hearing his voice, Leucippe burst into tears, and appeared even\nmore charming than before,[8] for tears give permanency and increased\nexpression to the eyes, either rendering them more disagreeable, or\nimproving them if pleasing, for in that case the dark iris, fading\ninto a lighter hue, resembles, when moistened with tears, the head of\na gently-bubbling fount; the white and black growing in brilliancy\nfrom the moisture which floats over the surface, assume the mingled\nshades of the violet and narcissus, and the eye appears as smiling\nthrough the tears which are confined within its lids. Such was the\ncase with Leucippe; her tears made her appear beautiful even in grief;\nand if after trickling down they had congealed, the world would have\nseen a species of amber hitherto unknown.[9] The sight of her charms,\nheightened as they were by her grief, inflamed Thersander; his own eyes\nfilled with moisture. Tears naturally awaken feelings of compassion,\nespecially a woman's tears, and the more so in proportion to the\ncopiousness with which they fall; and when she who weeps is beautiful\nand he who beholds her is enamoured, he cannot avoid following her\nexample; the magic of her charms, which is chiefly in her eyes,\nextends its influence to him; her beauty penetrates into his soul, her\ntears draw forth his own, he might dry them, but he purposely abstains\nfrom doing so, for he would fain have them attract the notice of the\nfair one; he even checks any motion of his eyelids, lest they should\nfall before the time, sympathetic tears being the strongest proof of\nlove. This was the case with Thersander, he shed tears partly because\ngrief has really in it something which is infectious, partly that he\nmight appear to sympathize with Leucippe's sorrow. \"Pay her every\nattention which her state of mind requires,\" said he in an under tone\nto Sosthenes; \"however unwillingly I will leave her for the present\nfor fear of annoying her; when she is more composed I will pay her\nanother visit. Maiden,\" added he, addressing her, \"cheer up, I will\nsoon find means to dry those tears of yours;\" and whispering to\nSosthenes, \"remember,\" said he, \"that you promote my suit, and come to\nme to-morrow morning,\" with which words he left the cottage.\n\nWhile these things were taking place, Melitta had lost no time in\nsending a young man into the country, who was to bid Leucippe return\nwithout delay, as she had no longer any need of ingredients for a\nphiltre. Upon his arrival, he found the female servants in great\ntrouble seeking for her everywhere, he therefore at once came back\nand informed his mistress of what had taken place. Melitta, upon\nlearning that Leucippe had disappeared, and that I had been committed\nto prison, was thrown into violent agitation: though ignorant of the\nwhole truth her suspicions fell upon Sosthenes, and being determined to\nascertain by means of Thersander where Leucippe was, she had recourse\nto subtlety, combining with it a show of truth. Upon Thersander coming\nhome and shouting out, \"So you have got your paramour set free and have\nsmuggled him out of the town;--why did you not accompany him? why stop\nhere? why not take yourself off, and see how he looks now that he is in\n'durance vile?'\"--\"What paramour?\" replied Melitta with the greatest\ncomposure. \"What delusion are you labouring under?--If you will only\ncalm your passion and listen to me, I will very soon explain the truth;\nall I wish for on your part, is candour; forget any slanderous reports\nwhich you have heard, let reason take the place of anger and listen to\nwhat I have to say.--This young man is neither my paramour nor yet my\nhusband; he is a native of Ph\u0153nicia, and belongs to one of the first\nfamilies in Tyre; he was so unfortunate as to suffer shipwreck and lost\neverything which he possessed. Upon hearing of his misfortunes I took\ncompassion upon him (remembering what had befallen you), and received\nhim into my house.\n\n\"'Thersander,' said I, mentally, 'may perhaps be wandering about\nhimself, some tender hearted female may have taken pity upon him;\nnay, if as report says, he has perished, I will shew kindness to all\nwho have experienced the perils of the sea!' Many are the shipwrecked\npassengers to whom I have shewn hospitality, to many a corpse washed\nup by the waves have I here given burial; if I saw so much as a\nplank from a vessel borne to land, I drew it up on shore, 'for,' I\nsaid, 'it may have belonged to the ship in which Thersander sailed!'\nThis young man was one of the last who was rescued from a watery\ngrave, and in treating him with kindness, I was in fact honouring\nyou. Like you, dearest, he had encountered the perils of the deep;\nin him therefore, I was paying regard to the impersonation of your\nsufferings. You have now had laid before you the motives by which I\nhave been influenced.--I may add, that he was in great sorrow for his\nwife; he had believed her dead, but she was still alive, and, as he\nwas informed, in the power of Sosthenes our bailiff. The report proved\ntrue, for upon proceeding into the country we found her there. It is\nin your power to test the truth of what I say, you can bring before\nyou both Sosthenes and the female of whom I speak; if you can convict\nme of falsehood, then call me an adultress.\" Melitta spoke, all along,\nas if in ignorance of Leucippe's disappearance, reserving to herself\nthe power--should Thersander wish to ascertain the truth--of bringing\nforward the maid-servants who had accompanied Leucippe, and who could\nsolemnly declare that the maiden was nowhere to be found. Her motive\nwas to persuade Thersander of her own innocence, and it was for this\npurpose that she urged him to bring forward Leucippe. To give yet\ngreater colour to her artful words, \"Dearest husband,\" she added,\n\"during the time that we lived together, you have never discovered\nany blot in my character, neither shall you do so now.[10] The report,\nat present raised against me, has arisen from people being ignorant of\nthe cause which induced me to shew kindness to this young man; rumour\nhas been busy in your case, also; for you, recollect, were reported to\nhave perished. Now rumour and calumny are two kindred evils, and the\nformer may be called the daughter of the latter. Calumny is sharper\nthan any sword--more burning than any fire, more pernicious than any\nSiren, while rumour is more fluid than water, swifter than the wind,\nfleeter than any wing of bird.[11] No sooner has calumny shot forth\na poisoned word than it flies like an arrow and wounds, even in his\nabsence, him against whom it is directed; while whosoever hears this\nword is readily persuaded, feels his anger kindled, and turns all its\nviolence against the victim. On the other hand, rumour the offspring of\nthis shot, flows onward like a torrent, and floods the ears of every\nlistener; words, like wind, speeding it on its course, and,--to use\nanother similitude--the wings of the human tongue bearing it aloft and\nenabling it to cleave the air.[12] These are the foes against whom I\nhave to contend, they have gained the mastery over your mind, and have\nclosed your ears against my words.\" Here she paused, and taking his\nhand endeavoured to kiss it; her plan was not without success, for\nThersander became more calm, influenced by the plausibility of her\nspeech, and finding the account given of Leucippe to harmonize with\nwhat he had heard from Sosthenes. His suspicions gave way, however,\nonly in part, for jealousy when once it has gained entrance into the\nmind, is hard to be got rid of. The intelligence that the maiden was my\nwife annoyed him greatly, and increased his animosity towards me; and\nsaying that he should enquire into the truth of what he had heard, he\nretired to rest alone.--Melitta, on her part was very much distressed\nat being unable to perform her promise. Meanwhile Sosthenes after the\ndeparture of Thersander (whom he had encouraged with hopes of speedy\nsuccess) again went in to Leucippe, and assuming a joyful countenance,\n\"Everything is going on satisfactorily Lac\u00e6na,\" said he, \"Thersander\nis deeply enamoured of you, and very probably will make you his wife;\nthis success is entirely owing to me, for I have extolled your beauty\nto the skies, and his mind sees and thinks of you alone. Dry your tears\ntherefore, maiden, rise from the ground, sacrifice to Venus on account\nof your good fortune, and do not forget how much you owe to me.\" \"May\nas much happiness befall you as you have just announced to me,\" was her\nreply. Sosthenes, believing that she spoke sincerely and not in irony,\nproceeded in a friendly tone and manner: \"I will tell you moreover who\nThersander is; he is the husband of Melitta whom you lately saw, his\nfamily is one of the first in Ionia, his wealth is even greater than\nhis birth, but it is surpassed by his kindness of disposition. I need\nnot dwell upon his age, for you have seen that he is still young and\nhandsome, two qualities especially acceptable to women.\"\n\nLeucippe could no longer endure listening to such nonsense: \"Wicked\nwretch!\" she exclaimed, \"how much longer do you mean to pollute my\nears? What is Thersander to me? Let his beauty delight his wife, his\nriches benefit his country, and his good qualities be of service to\nthose who need them. What matters it to me, if he be nobler in birth\nthan Codrus, and surpass Cr\u0153sus in his wealth? For what purpose should\nyou enumerate another man's good qualities to me? Thersander shall\nreceive my praise, when he ceases wishing to do violence to another's\nwife.\" Upon this, changing to a serious air, \"Are you jesting, maiden?\"\nhe asked. \"What have I to do with jesting?\" was her reply. \"Leave\nme to my own adverse fortune and evil genius; I know full well that\nI have fallen into the power of villains.\" \"You must be incurably\ncrazed,\" said Sosthenes, \"to talk thus. Is it like being in the power\nof villains, to have the offer made to you of wealth, marriage, and\na luxurious life; to receive for your husband one so favoured by the\ngods, that they have actually snatched him from the jaws of death?\"\nAnd then he gave an account of the shipwreck, magnifying Thersander's\nescape, and making of it a greater wonder than of Arion and his\nDolphin.[13]\n\nWhen he had finished his marvellous tale, and still Leucippe made no\nreply, \"You had better consult your own interest,\" he resumed, \"and\nnot talk in this fashion to Thersander, lest you should provoke one\nwho is actually amiable; for when once kindled, his anger knows no\nbounds. Kindness of heart, when it meets with a due return, increases,\nbut when slighted, it soon changes into angry feelings; and then the\ndesire of taking vengeance is proportioned to the previous willingness\nof doing good.\" Leaving Leucippe for a time, we will now speak of some\nof the other characters in this tale. When Clinias and Satyrus learned\nfrom Melitta that I had been incarcerated they immediately came to\nthe prison, desirous of sharing my captivity; the jailor, however,\nwould not consent, but bid them at once be gone, and though sorely\ndisappointed there was no alternative. They left me, therefore, after I\nhad enjoined them to bring me tidings of Leucippe in the morning; and I\nremained alone, thinking of Melitta's promise, and racked by feelings\nof mingled fear and hope.\n\nThe next day Sosthenes proceeded according to his appointment to\nThersander, and my friends returned to me. Thersander eagerly\ninquired whether any favourable impression had been made upon\nLeucippe; Sosthenes replied evasively, \"She raises objections against\nreceiving you, but I scarcely believe her to be sincere in what she\nsays; I rather suspect that she fears you may desert her and expose\nher to shame, after once enjoying her.\" \"Let her dismiss all such\napprehensions,\" replied Thersander; \"my feelings of love towards her\nare so ardent, that they will end only with my life.[14] One thing\nalone gives me uneasiness; I am very anxious to know for certain\nwhether, as Melitta told me, she is the wife of the young man.\" Thus\ndiscoursing they came to the cottage where Leucippe was confined; when\nnear the door they stopped and listened and could hear her speaking to\nherself in a mournful voice. \"Alas! alas! Clitopho, you know not where\nI am and in what place I am detained; neither am I acquainted with your\npresent condition; and this mutual ignorance augments our mutual grief.\nCan Thersander have surprised you in his house? Can you have suffered\nany cruel treatment at his hands? Often have I longed to question\nSosthenes about you, but I was at a loss what reason to assign; if I\nspoke of you as my husband, I feared that by provoking the resentment\nof Thersander, I might produce evil consequences to yourself; if I\ninquired after you as after a mere stranger, it might have been said\nwhy do women meddle with what in no way concerns them? Often has my\ntongue been on the point of speaking but has refused its office. Often\nhave I ended by saying to myself, 'Dear Clitopho, faithful husband of\nthy Leucippe, thou who couldst share the couch of another woman, yet\nwithout enjoying her, though I, in my jealousy doubted thy fidelity,\ncould I indeed behold thee again, after so long an interval, and yet\nnot snatch a single kiss!' What if Thersander comes again to question\nme? Shall I throw off all disguise, and disclose the plain unvarnished\ntruth? Suppose not, Thersander, that I am a sorry slave; I am daughter\nof the Byzantian Commandant, wife of one foremost in rank among the\nTyrians. I am no Thessalian, neither am I called Lac\u00e6na. No! this is\nthe invention of pirate violence; my very name has been stolen from\nme! I am in reality the wife of Clitopho, a native of Byzantium, the\ndaughter of Sostratus and Panthea. But, alas! Thersander would give no\ncredit to my words, or, if he did, my freedom of speech might be the\ncause of injury to my best beloved! What then? I will again assume the\nmask--and again my name shall be Lac\u00e6na!\" Thersander, retiring a little\nfrom the door, said to Sosthenes, \"Did you hear those words of hers,\nunworthy of belief, indeed, as to their tenour, but full of the spirit\nof love, and breathing grief and self reproach? This adulterous rival\nof mine supplants me everywhere; the villain must surely be a sorcerer;\nMelitta loves, Leucippe doats upon him;--would that I were Clitopho!\"\n\n\"You must not show a faint heart, master,\" replied Sosthenes; \"you\nshould go in at once and plead your suit; she loves this worthless\nfellow, it is true; but only because she has received addresses from\nno one else; you have but to insinuate yourself into her good graces,\nand your superior personal appearance will speedily gain the day and\nbanish him from her heart. A new lover soon drives out the old. Women\nlove the individual while present and remember him when absent until\nanother is found to take, his place; then he is soon blotted from their\nrecollection.\" Thersander now felt emboldened, for one readily believes\nwords which flatter with a prospect of success; and desire, by dwelling\nupon its object, is sure to beget sanguine hope. After waiting a short\ntime therefore, that he might not seem to have overheard her works,\nhe put on what he hoped would appear an engaging air, and entered the\ncottage.\n\nThe sight of Leucippe inflamed his mind; she appeared more charming\nthen ever, and her presence acted as fuel to the fire of love which had\nbeen burning in his breast all night. He with difficulty restrained\nhimself from at once folding her in his arms, and sitting down beside\nher, began to talk of various unconnected trifles, as lovers are wont\nto do when in the company of their mistresses. At such times the\nsoul is centred upon the object of its love, reason no longer guides\ntheir speech, and the tongue mechanically utters words.[15] In the\ncourse of his address, he put his arm round her neck with the view of\nkissing her, and she aware of his intention hung down her head upon\nher bosom; he used all his endeavours to raise her face, and she with\nequal perseverance continued to conceal it the more and more; when\nthis mutual struggle had continued for some time, Thersander, under\nthe influence of amorous obstinacy, slipped his left hand under her\nchin, and seizing her hair with his right, compelled her to raise her\nhead. When at length, he gave over, either from succeeding in his\nobject, or failing, or from being weary of the sport, Leucippe said to\nhim indignantly, \"Your conduct is unfitting and ungentlemanly, though\nfit enough for the slave Sosthenes; the master and his man are worthy\nof each other; but spare yourself any farther trouble, you will never\nsucceed unless you become a second Clitopho.\"\n\nDistracted between anger and desire, Thersander was at a loss what\nto do. These passions are like two fires in the soul; they differ\nin nature, but resemble each other in intensity; the former urges\nto hatred, the latter to love; the sources also of their respective\nflames are near to one another, anger having its seat in the heart,[16]\nthe liver being the abode of love.[17] When, therefore, a person is\nattacked by these two passions, his soul becomes the scales in which\nthe intensity of either flame is weighed. Each tries to depress its\nrespective scale, and love, when it obtains its object is generally\nsuccessful; but should it be slighted, then it summons its neighbour,\nanger, to its aid, and both of them combine their flame. When once\nanger has gained the mastery, and has driven love from its seat, being\nimplacable by nature, instead of assisting it to gain its end, it\nrules like a tyrant, and will not allow it (however anxious) to become\nreconciled with its beloved. Pressed down by the weight of anger, love\nis no longer free, and vainly endeavours to recover its dominion, and\nso is compelled to hate what once it doated upon. But, again, when the\ntempest of anger has reached its height, and its fury has frothed away,\nit becomes weary from satiety, and its efforts cease; then love, armed\nby desire, revives, comes to the rescue, and attacks anger sleeping\non his post; and calling to mind the injuries done to the beloved\nduring its frenzy, it grieves and sues for pardon, and invites to\nreconciliation, and promises to make amends in future. If after this\nit meets with full success, then it continues to be all smiles and\ngentleness; but if again repulsed and scorned, then its old neighbour,\nanger, is once more called in, who revives his slumbering fires, and\nregains his former power. Thersander, so long as he was buoyed up with\nhopes of succeeding in his suit, had been Leucippe's humble servant;\nbut when he found all his expectations dashed to the ground, love gave\nway to wrath, and he smote her upon the face. \"Wretched slave!\" he\nexclaimed, \"I have heard your love-sick lamentations, and know all;\ninstead of taking it as a compliment that I should speak to you, and\nregarding a kiss from your master as an honour, you must, forsooth,\ncoquet and give yourself airs;[18] for my part, I believe you to be a\nstrumpet, for an adulterer is your love! However, since you refuse to\naccept me as a lover, you shall feel my power as a master.\"\n\nLeucippe meekly replied, \"Use me as harshly as you please; I will\nsubmit to everything except the loss of chastity,\" and turning to\nSosthenes, \"you can bear witness to my powers of endurance; for I have\nreceived at your hands harder measure even than this!\" Ashamed at\nhaving his conduct brought to light, \"This wench,\" said he, \"deserves\nto be flayed with the scourge and to be put upon the rack, in order to\nteach her better manners towards her master.\"\n\n\"By all means follow his advice!\" resumed Leucippe to Thersander, \"he\ngives good counsel; do the worst which your malice can suggest;--extend\nmy hands upon the wheel;[19] bare my back to the scourge; burn my\nbody in the fire;[20] smite off my head with the sword; it will be a\nnovel sight to see one weak woman contend against all your tortures,\nvictorious against all! You brand Clitopho as an adulterer, and yet you\nyourself would commit adultery! Have you no reverence for your tutelary\ngoddess Diana?[21] Would you ravish a virgin in the very city sacred\nto a virgin? \u039f goddess, why do not thy shafts avenge the insult?\"\n\"You a virgin forsooth!\" replied Thersander, contemptuously; \"you who\npassed whole days and nights among the pirates! Prythee were they\neunuchs, or given only to platonic love, or were they blind?\"--\"Ask\nSosthenes,\" said she, \"whether or not I preserved my chastity against\nhis attempts; none of the freebooters behaved to me so brutally as you\nhave done; it is you who deserve the name of pirate, since you feel no\nshame in perpetrating deeds which they abstained from[22] doing. You\nlittle think how your unblushing cruelty will redound hereafter to my\npraise; you may kill me in your fury, and my encomium will be this:\n'Leucippe preserved her chastity despite of buccaneers, despite of\nCh\u00e6reas, despite of Sosthenes, and crown of all (for this would be but\ntrifling commendation), she remained chaste despite even of Thersander,\nmore lascivious than the most lustful pirate; and he who could not\ndespoil her of her honour, robbed her of her life.' Again, therefore,\nI say, bring into action all your engines and implements of torture,\nand employ the aid of Sosthenes, your right trusty counsellor. I stand\nbefore you a feeble woman, naked and alone, having but one weapon of\ndefence, my free spirit,[23] which is proof against sword and fire and\nscourge. Burn me, if you will; you shall find that there be things over\nwhich even the fire is powerless!\"\n\n\n\n[Footnote 1: The allusion is to Achilles disguised in female attire\namong the daughters of Lycomedes. See Statius, \"Achilleis.\"\n\n    \"And now being femininely all array'd.\n    With some small aid from scissors, paint, and tweezers,\n    He looked in almost all respects a maid.\"--Byron.\n\nSee Herod. iv. 146, where the Minyeans escape from confinement by a\nsimilar device of their wives.]\n\n[Footnote 2: \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u1f76 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u03ad\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, a proverb alluding to Diana\nsubstituting a stag in the place of Iphigenia when on the point of\nbeing sacrificed at Aulis--\n\n    \"\u03bb\u03ad\u03b3' \u03bf\u1f55\u03bd\u03b5\u03ba' \u1f14\u03bb\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b8\u03b5\u1f01\n    \"\u0391\u03c1\u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03b9\u03c2, \u1f14\u03c3\u03c9\u03c3\u03b5 \u03bc', \u1f23\u03bd \u1f14\u03b8\u03c5\u03c3' \u1f10\u03bc\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1.\"--Iph. in Taur. 783.\n]\n[Footnote 3:\n\n    \"Nam si abest quod ames, pr\u00e6sto simulacra tamen sunt\n    Illius.\"--Lucret. iv. 1055.\n]\n[Footnote 4: \u1fe5\u03b7\u03c4\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f04\u1fe4\u1fe5\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03bf\u1ff6\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 5: \u1f14\u03b3\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 6:\n\n    \"Great joy he promis'd to his thoughts, and new\n    Solace in her return, so long delay'd;\n    Yet oft his heart, divine of something ill,\n    Misgave him; he the faltering measure felt.\"\n                           Milton, P. L. ii. 843.\n\n    \"\u03a4\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u03cc\u03b4' \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0'\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03c2\n    \u03b4\u03b5\u1f76\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\n    \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03cc\u03c4\u1fb6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9.\"--\u00c6sch. Ag. 944.\n]\n[Footnote 7: \"A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance; but by sorrow\nof the heart, the spirit is broken.\"--Prov. xv. 13.]\n\n[Footnote 8:\n\n    \"As pearls from diamonds dropt. In brief, sorrow\n    Would be a rarity most belov'd, if all\n    Could so become it.\"--Shakspeare.\n]\n\n[Footnote 9:\n\n    \"Inde fluunt lacrym\u00e6, stillataque sole rigescunt\n    De ramis electra novis.\"--Ovid. Met. ii. 864.\n]\n[Footnote 10:\n\n    \"And she, although her manners shew'd no rigour,\n    Was deem'd a woman of the strictest principle,\n    So much as to be thought almost invincible.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 11:\n\n    \"Fama, malum, quo non aliud velocius ullum;\n    Mobilitate viget, viresque acquirit eundo.\"\n                             Virg. \u00c6n. iv. 174.\n]\n\n[Footnote 12:\n\n    \"Open your ears; for which of you will stop\n    The vent of hearing, when loud Rumour speaks;\n    I, from the Orient to the drooping West,\n    Making the wind my posthorse, still unfold\n    The acts commenced on this ball of earth;\n    Upon my tongues continued slanders ride:\n    The which in every language I pronounce,\n    Stuffing the ears of men with false reports.\"\n              Introduction to 2nd part of Henry IV.\n]\n[Footnote 13: See Herod. i. 23, 24.]\n\n[Footnote 14:\n\n    \"Wax to receive and marble to retain.\n    He was a lover of the good old school,\n    Who still become more constant as they cool.\"--Byron.\n]\n\n[Footnote 15:\n\n    \"And on the thought my words broke forth.\n    All incoherent as they were.\"--Byron.\n]\n[Footnote 16:\n\n    \"\u039a\u1f00\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b4\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03bb\u03bd\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\n    \u03c7\u03bf\u03bb\u1fc6\u03c2.\"--\u00c6sch. Choe. 183.\n]\n\n[Footnote 17:\n\n    \"Quum tibi flagrans amor,\n       .    .    .    .    .    .\n    S\u00e6viet circa jecur ulcerosum.\"\n              Hor. I, Od. xxv. 13.\n]\n\n[Footnote 18: \"\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u1f70 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f00\u03ba\u03ba\u03af\u03b6\u1fc3 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c3\u03c7\u03b7\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b6\u1fc3 \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03ac\u03c0\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd.\"]\n\n[Footnote 19:\n\n    \"\u1f10\u03c0\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u1f70\u03c1 \u03b4\u03b5\u1fd6 \u03c3'\u1f10\u03ba\u1f15\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03b2\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\n    \u03b5\u1f30\u03c0\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bd \u1f05 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03b7\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2.\"\n      Aristoph. Plut. 875. See also Virg. \u00c6n. vi. 616.\n]\n\n[Footnote 20: The allusion is to the fire placed under the revolving\nwheel, by which the sufferer was slowly roasted. A reference to this\nspecies of torture will be found in ch. 50 of Tertullian's Apology.]\n\n[Footnote 21: \"Ye men of Ephesus, what man is there, that knoweth not\nhow that the city of the Ephesians is a worshipper of the great goddess\nDiana?\"--Acts xix. 35.]\n\n[Footnote 22:\n\n    \"Harpers have sung and poets told,\n    That he, in fury uncontrolled,\n    The shaggy monarch of the wood\n    Before a virgin fair and good\n    Hath pacified his savage mood;\n    But passions in the human frame\n    Oft put the lion's rage to shame.\"--Scott.\n]\n\n[Footnote 23:\n\n    \"Eternal spirit of the chainless mind!\n    Brightest in dungeons, Liberty!\"--Byron.\n]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK VII.\n\n\nThe scornful reproaches of Leucippe stirred up a tumult of conflicting\npassions in Thersander's mind; he was incensed by her taunts, vexed at\nhis ill success, and perplexed how to secure the accomplishment of his\ndesires. Without saying another word he rushed out of the house to give\nvent to the storm and tempest of his soul.[1] Shortly after, having\nconferred with Sosthenes, he went to the jailor, and endeavoured to\npersuade him to administer a dose of poison to me; this, however, the\njailor refused to do, his predecessor having suffered death for taking\noff a prisoner in this manner. Failing in this, he obtained his consent\nto introduce a man (who was to pass for a criminal) into my cell, under\npretence of wishing to extract some secrets out of me through him. The\nman had been previously tutored by Thersander, and was casually to\nintroduce Leucippe's name, and to say that she had been murdered by\nthe contrivance of Melitta. Thersander's object in persuading me of\nher death was to hinder me (in case I obtained a verdict of acquittal)\nfrom instituting any further search for her recovery, and the name\nof Melitta was introduced in order that, after learning Leucippe's\ndeath, I might not entertain any thoughts of marrying her, and so by\nsettling at Ephesus might interrupt Thersander in the prosecution of\nhis schemes, but on the contrary, might be induced to quit the city\nwithout delay, from hatred to Melitta for having contrived the death of\nmy beloved.\n\nAs soon as this fellow came near me, he began to play his appointed\npart, and with a knavish groan[2] exclaimed, \"Alackaday! what a\nmiserable thing is life! There is no keeping out of trouble! It\nstands a man in no stead to be honest! Some cross accident is sure to\novertake him! Would I could have guessed the character of my fellow\ntraveller, and what work he had been engaged in!\" This, and much more\nof the same sort, he said speaking to himself, craftily endeavouring\nto attract my attention, and to make me inquire what it was that ailed\nhim. He did not succeed, however, for I was sufficiently taken up with\nmy own troubles, and he went on with his groans and ejaculations. At\nlength--for the unfortunate take pleasure in listening to another's\ngriefs, finding in it a kind of medicine for their sorrows--one of\nthe prisoners asked, \"What trick has the jade Fortune been playing\nyou? I suspect that, like myself, she has laid you up in limbo without\ndeserving it.\" He then proceeded to tell his own story, giving an\naccount of what had brought him into prison; and having finished,\nrequested the other to favour him with the particulars of his own\nmisfortune. He of course readily complied.\n\n\"I left the city yesterday,\" said he, \"to go towards Smyrna, and had\nproceeded about half a mile, when I was joined by a young man out\nof the country. He saluted me, and after walking with me for a few\nminutes, inquired whither I was going. I told him, and he said that\nluckily his road lay in the same direction, so that we proceeded in\ncompany, and entered into conversation. Stopping at an inn, we ordered\ndinner, and presently four men came in and did the same. Instead of\neating, however, they continued watching us, and making signs to one\nanother. I plainly enough saw that we were the objects of their notice,\nbut was wholly at a loss to understand the meaning of their gestures.\nMy companion gradually turned very pale, left off eating, and at last\nbegan to tremble all over. Instantly they sprang up, seized, and\nbound us; one of them also dealt him a violent blow upon the face;\nupon which, as if he had been already on the rack, and even without a\nquestion being asked him he cried out, 'I admit having killed the girl!\nMelitta, Thersander's wife, hired me to do the deed, and gave me a\nhundred gold pieces for my trouble; here they are every one--take them\nfor yourselves; and for heaven's sake let me off!'\"\n\nUpon hearing these names I started as if stung, and turning to him,\n\"Who is Melitta?\" I asked.--\"She is a lady of the first rank in this\ncity,\" was his reply. \"She took a fancy to a young man, said to be a\nnative of Tyre; he found a favourite wench of his (whom he had given\nup for lost), among the number of Melitta's slaves, and she, moved\nby jealousy, had the girl seized by the fellow whom ill luck made my\nfellow-traveller, and he, in obedience to Melitta's orders, has made\naway with her.--But to return to my own story. I, who had never seen\nthe man before, nor had dealings with him of any kind, was dragged\nalong with him, bound, as an accomplice in his crime; but what is\nharder than all, they had not gone far, before, for the sake of his\nhundred pieces, they let him go, but kept me in custody and carried me\nbefore the judge.\"\n\nUpon hearing this chapter of accidents, I neither uttered a sound nor\nshed a tear, for both voice and tears refused their office, but a\ngeneral trembling seized me, my heart sunk within me, and I felt as at\nthe point of death. After a time, recovering in some degree from the\nstupor which his words had caused, \"How did the ruffian despatch her?\"\nI asked, \"and what has become of her body?\" But having now performed\nthe business for which he was employed, by stimulating my curiosity,\nhe became obstinately silent, and I could extract nothing more from\nhim. In answer to my repeated questions, \"Do you think,\" said he, at\nlength, \"that I had a hand in the murder? The man told me he had killed\nher; he said nothing of the place and manner of her death.\" Tears now\ncame to my relief, and I gave full vent to my sorrow. It is with mental\nwounds as with bodily hurts; when one has been stricken in body some\ntime elapses before the livid bruise, the result of the blow is seen;\nand so also any one who has been pierced by the sharp tusk of a boar,\nlooks for the wound, but without immediately discovering it, owing to\nits being deeply seated; but presently a white line is perceived, the\nprecursor of the blood, which speedily begins to flow; in like manner,\nno sooner have bitter tidings been announced, than they pierce the\nsoul, but the suddenness of the stroke prevents the wound from being\nvisible at once, and the tooth of sorrow must for some space have\ngnawed the heart ere a vent is found for tears, which are to the mind\nwhat blood is to the body.\n\nIt was thus with me; the arrows of grief inflicted an instant wound,\nbut their result was imperceptible until the soul had leisure to vent\nitself in tears and lamentations. Then, indeed, I exclaimed, \"What evil\ngenius has deluded me with this brief gleam of joy, and has shewn me\nmy Leucippe only to lay a foundation for fresh calamities? All that\nhas been allowed me was to see her, and I have not been permitted to\nsatiate even the sense of sight! My pleasure has, indeed, been like\nthe baseless fabric of a dream. \u039f my Leucippe, how often hast thou\nbeen lost to me? Am I never to cease from tears and lamentations? Is\none death perpetually to succeed another? On former occasions Fortune\nhas been merely jesting with me, but now she is in earnest! In those\nformer imaginary deaths of thine, some consolation, at least, was\nafforded me, for thy body, wholly or in part, was left at my disposal!\nBut now thou art snatched away both in soul and body! Twice hast thou\nescaped the pirates, but Melitta, more foul than any pirate, has had\nthee done to death. And I, impious and unholy that I am, have actually\nkissed thy murderess, have been enfolded in her accursed embrace, and\nshe has anticipated thee in receiving from me the offerings of Love!\"\nWhile thus plunged in grief, Clinias came to visit me. I related every\nparticular to him, and declared my determination of putting an end to\nmy existence. He did all in his power to console me. \"Consider,\" he\nsaid, \"how often she has died and come to life again; who knows but\nwhat she may do the same on this occasion also? Why be in such haste to\nkill yourself? You will have abundant leisure when the tidings of her\ndeath have been positively confirmed.\"\n\n\"This is mere trifling,\" I replied; \"there is small need of\nconfirmation; my resolve is fixed, and I have decided upon a manner of\ndeath which will not permit even the hated Melitta to escape unscathed.\nListen to my plan:--In case of being summoned into court[3] it was my\nintention to plead not guilty. I have now changed my determination, and\nshall plead guilty, confessing the intrigue between Melitta and myself,\nand saying that we mutually planned Leucippe's death; by this means\nshe will suffer the punishment which is her due, and I shall quit\nthis life which I so much detest.\"--\"Talk not thus,\" replied he; \"can\nyou endure to die under the base imputation of being a murderer, and,\nwhat is more, the murderer of Leucippe?\"--\"Nothing is base,\" replied\nI, \"by which we can wreak vengeance upon our enemies.\"[4] While we\nwere engaged in argument, the fellow who had communicated the tidings\nof the fictitious maiden was removed, upon pretence of being taken\nbefore the magistrate to undergo an examination. Clinias and Satyrus\nexerted themselves, but ineffectually, in order to persuade me to\nalter my resolution; and on the same day they removed into lodgings,\nso as to be no longer under the roof of Melitta's foster-brother.\nThe following day the case came on; Thersander had a great muster[5]\nof friends and partisans, and had engaged ten advocates; and Melitta\nhad been equally on the alert in preparing for her defence. When the\ncounsel on either side had finished speaking, I asked leave to address\nthe court, and said, \"All those who have been exerting their eloquence,\neither for Thersander or for Melitta, have been giving utterance to\nsheer nonsense; I will reveal the whole truth, and nothing but the\ntruth. I was once passionately in love with a female of Byzantium\nnamed Leucippe; she was carried off by pirates, and I had reason to\nbelieve that she was dead. Meeting with Melitta in Egypt, we formed a\nconnexion, and after some time we travelled together to this city, and\nLeucippe, whom I just now mentioned, was found working as a slave upon\nThersander's estate, under his bailiff, Sosthenes. By what means he\nobtained possession of a free-born female, and what were his dealings\nwith the pirates I leave it to you to guess.\n\n\"Melitta, finding that I had recovered my former mistress, became\napprehensive of her regaining her influence over my affections,\nand contrived a plan for putting her to death. I entered into her\nschemes,--for what avails it to conceal the truth?--having received\na promise that she would settle all her property upon me; a man was\nfound, who, for the reward of a hundred gold pieces, undertook the\nbusiness. When the deed was done, he fled, and is now somewhere in\nconcealment. As for myself, Love was not long in taking vengeance upon\nmy cruelty. No sooner did I hear of the murder being perpetrated, than\nI bitterly repented of what had taken place, and all my former fondness\nrevived. For this reason I have determined to turn evidence against\nmyself, in order that you may send me whither she is gone to whom I am\nstill so deeply attached. Life is intolerable to one who, in addition\nto being a murderer, loves her of whose death he has been the cause.\"\n\nEvery one in court was utterly astounded at the unexpected tenour of\nmy speech, especially Melitta. The advocates of Thersander already\nclaimed a triumph,[6] while those engaged in Melitta's behalf anxiously\nquestioned her as to the truth of what I had said. She was in great\nconfusion; denied some points, virtually admitted others, confessed to\nhaving known Leucippe, and indeed confirmed most of what I had said,\nwith the exception of the murder. This general agreement on her part\nwith the facts advanced by me, created a suspicion against her, even\nin the minds of her own counsel, and they were at a loss what line\nof defence to adopt on her behalf. At this critical juncture, while\nthe court was being a scene of great clamour, Clinias came forward\nand requested to be heard, for \"Remember,\" said he, \"a man's life is\nnow in jeopardy.\" Obtaining permission to speak, \"Men of Ephesus!\" he\nbegan, (his eyes filling with tears,) \"do not precipitately condemn\nto die one who eagerly longs for death, the natural refuge of the\nunfortunate. He has been calumniating himself, and has taken upon him\nthe guilt of others. Let me briefly acquaint you with what has befallen\nhim. What he has said respecting his mistress, her being carried off\nby pirates, about Sosthenes, and other circumstances which happened\nbefore the pretended murder, are strictly true. The young woman has\nundoubtedly disappeared; but whether she is still alive, or has been\nmade away with, it is impossible to say; one thing is certain, that\nSosthenes conceived a passion for her, that he used her cruelly for\nnot consenting to his desires, and that he was leagued with pirates.\nMy friend believing her to be murdered, is disgusted with life, and\nhas, therefore invented this charge against himself; he has already\nconfessed with his own mouth that he is anxious to die owing to grief\nat the loss which he has sustained. Consider, I pray you, whether it\nis likely that one who is really a murderer would be so desirous of\ndying with his victim, and would feel life so insupportable. When do\nwe ever find murderers so tender-hearted, and hatred so compassionate?\nIn the name of the gods, therefore, do not believe his words; do not\ncondemn to death a man who is much more deserving of commiseration than\nof punishment. If, as he says, he really planned this murder, let him\nbring forward the hired assassin; let him declare what has become of\nthe body. If neither the one nor the other can be produced, how can\nany belief be attached to such a murder? 'I was in love with Melitta,'\nhe says, 'and therefore I caused Leucippe to be killed!' How comes\nhe to implicate Melitta, the object of his affection, and to be so\ndesirous of dying for Leucippe, whose death he compassed? Is it usual\nfor persons to hate the object of their love, and to love the object of\ntheir hatred? Is it not much more probable that in such circumstances\nhe would have denied the crime (even had it been brought home to him)\nin order to save his mistress, instead of throwing away his own life\nafterwards, owing to a vain regret for her loss? What can possibly,\ntherefore, be his motive for charging Melitta with a crime of which she\nis not guilty? I will tell you, and in so doing do not suppose that I\nhave any desire of inculpating this lady,--my sole wish is to make you\nacquainted with the real truth.\n\n\"Before this sea-faring husband of hers came to life again so suddenly,\nMelitta took a violent fancy to this young man, and proposed marriage\nto him; he on his part was not at all disposed to comply with her\nwishes, and his repugnance became yet greater when he discovered that\nhis mistress, whom he had imagined dead, was in slavery, under the\npower of Sosthenes. Until aware who she was, Melitta, taking pity upon\nher, had caused her to be set at liberty, had received her into her own\nhouse, and treated her with the consideration due to a gentlewoman in\ndistress; but after becoming acquainted with her story, she was sent\nback into the country, and she has not been heard from since. The truth\nof what I say can be attested by Melitta herself and the two maids\nin whose company she was sent away. This was one thing which excited\nsuspicions in my friend's mind that Leucippe had been foully dealt with\nthrough her rival's jealousy; a circumstance which took place after\nhe was in prison confirmed these suspicions, and has had the effect\nof exasperating him not only against Melitta but against himself.\nOne of the prisoners, in the course of lamenting his own troubles,\nmentioned that he had unwittingly fallen into the company of a man\nwho had committed murder for the sake of gold; the victim was named\nLeucippe, and the crime, he said, had been committed at the instigation\nof Melitta. Of course I cannot say whether this be true or not, it is\nfor you to institute inquiries. You can produce the prisoner who made\nmention of the hired assassin; Sosthenes, who can declare from whom he\npurchased Leucippe, and the maids, who can explain her disappearance.\nBefore you have thoroughly investigated each of these particulars, it\nis contrary to all law, whether human or divine, to pass sentence upon\nthis unfortunate young man, on the bare evidence of his frenzied words,\nfor there can be no doubt that the violence of his grief has affected\nhis intellect.\"\n\nThe arguments of Clinias appeared just and reasonable to many of those\npresent, but Thersander's counsel, together with his friends, called\nout that sentence of death ought to be pronounced without delay upon\nthe murderer who, by the providence of the gods, had been made his own\naccuser. Melitta brought forward her maids, and required Thersander to\nproduce Sosthenes, who might probably turn out to be the murderer. This\nwas the challenge[7] mainly insisted upon by her counsel. Thersander,\nin great alarm, secretly despatched one of his dependants into the\ncountry, with orders to Sostratus to get out of the way at once,\nbefore the arrival of those who were about to be sent after him.\n\nMounting a horse without delay, the messenger rode full speed to inform\nthe bailiff of the danger he ran of being put to the torture, if taken.\nSosthenes was at that moment with Leucippe, doing his best to soothe\nher irritated feelings. Hearing himself summoned in a loud voice, he\ncame out of the cottage; and, upon learning the state of matters,\novercome with fear, and thinking the officers were already at his\nheels, he got upon the horse, and rode off towards Smyrna; after which\nthe messenger returned to his master. It is a true saying that fear\ndrives away the power of recollection, for Sosthenes in his alarm for\nhis own safety was so forgetful of everything else, that he neglected\nto secure the door of Leucippe's cottage. Indeed slaves, generally\nspeaking, when frightened, run into the very excess of cowardice.\nMelitta's advocates having given the above-mentioned challenge,\nThersander came forward and said, \"We have now surely had quite enough\nof this man's silly stories; and I cannot but feel surprised at your\nwant of sense, who, after convicting a murderer upon the strongest\npossible evidence, his own admission of his guilt, do not at once\npass sentence of death upon him; whereas, instead of doing this, you\nsuffer yourselves to be imposed upon by his plausible words and tears.\nFor my part I believe him actuated by personal fears, and to be an\naccomplice in the murder; nor can I see what possible need there can\nbe for having recourse to the rack in a matter so clear already. Nay,\nmore, I fully believe him to have had a hand in another murder; for\nthree days have now elapsed since I saw Sosthenes, the man whom they\ncall upon me to bring forward; it is not at all improbable that this is\nowing to their contrivance, since it was he who informed me of the act\nof adultery which has taken place, and having put him to death, they\nnow craftily call upon me to produce the man, knowing it to be out of\nmy power to do so. But even supposing he were alive and present, what\ndifference could it make? What questions would he put to him? 'Did he\never purchase a certain female?'--'Yes.' 'Was this female in the power\nof Melitta?'--'Yes.' Here would be an end of the examination, and\nSosthenes would be dismissed. Let me now, however, address myself to\nClitopho and Melitta.\n\n\"What have you done, I ask, with my slave?--for a slave of mine she\nassuredly was, having been purchased by Sosthenes, and were she still\nalive, instead of having been murdered by them, my slave she would\nstill be.\" Thersander said this from mingled malice and cunning, in\norder that if Leucippe should turn out to be still alive, he might\ndetain her in a state of servitude. He then continued:--\"Clitopho\nconfessed that he killed her, he has therefore pronounced judgment upon\nhimself. Melitta, on the other hand, denies the crime--her maids may\nbe brought forward and tortured in order to refute what she says. If\nit should appear that they received the young woman from her, but have\nnot brought her back again, the question will arise, What has become\nof her? Why was she sent away? And to whom was she sent? Is it not\nself-evident that some persons had been hired to commit the murder,\nand that the maids were kept in ignorance of this, lest a number of\nwitnesses might render discovery more probable? No doubt they left her\nat some spot where a gang of ruffians were lying in concealment, so\nthat it was out of their power to witness what took place. He has also\ntrumped up some story about a prisoner who made mention of the murder.\nI should like to know who this prisoner is, who has not said a word on\nthe subject to the chief magistrate, but has communicated, it seems,\nevery particular to him, except the name of his informer. Again, I ask,\nwill you not make an end of listening to such foolery, and taking any\ninterest in such transparent absurdities? Can you imagine that he would\nhave turned a self-accuser without the intervention of the deity?\"\nThersander, after speaking to this effect, concluded by solemnly\nswearing that he was ignorant what had become of Sosthenes.\n\nThe presiding judge, who was of royal extraction,[8] and who took\ncognizance of cases of blood, had, in accordance with the law, a\ncertain number of assessors,[9] men of mature age, whose province it\nwas to assist him in judicial investigations. After conferring with\nthem, he determined to pronounce sentence of death upon me, agreeably\nto a law which awarded capital punishment to any one standing convicted\nupon his own accusation. Melitta was to have a second trial, and her\nmaids were to be examined by torture, Thersander was to register his\noath, declaratory of his ignorance as to Sosthenes. I, as already\ncondemned to death, was to be tortured in order to make me confess\nwhether Melitta was privy to the murder. Already was I bound, stripped,\nand suspended aloft by ropes, while some were bringing scourges, others\nthe fire and the wheel, and Clinias was lamenting loudly, and calling\nupon the gods, when lo! the priest of Diana crowned with laurel, was\nbeheld approaching: the sign of a sacred embassy coming to offer\nsacrifices to the goddess. In such cases there is suspension[10] of\nall judicial punishments during the days occupied in the performance\nof the sacrifice, and in consequence of this I was released. The chief\nof the sacred embassy was no other than Leucippe's father. Diana had\nappeared to the Byzantians, and had secured them victory in the war\nagainst the Thracians, in consequence of which they felt bound to send\nher a sacrifice in token of their gratitude. In addition to this, the\ngoddess had appeared to Sostratus himself at night, signifying to him\nthat he would find his daughter and his nephew at Ephesus. Just about\nthis time, Leucippe perceived the door of the cottage to be left open;\nand as, after a careful examination, Sosthenes was nowhere to be seen,\nher usual presence of mind and sanguine hopes returned. She remembered\nhow often, contrary to all expectation, she had been preserved, and\nthe thought of this gave her increased boldness. Fortune moreover\nfavoured her, since the temple of Diana was near the spot. Accordingly,\nhurrying thither, she sought refuge within its precincts. The temple\nafforded sanctuary to men and virgins,--any other woman incurred death\nby entering it, unless she happened to be a slave who had some cause\nof complaint against her master; in which case she was permitted to\ntake refuge there, and the matter was submitted to the decision of\nthe magistrates; supposing the master was acquitted, he took back his\nslave, being bound by oath to bear her no ill will on account of her\nhaving run away; but if, on the contrary, the slave was proved to have\njustice on her side, she remained in the temple, and was employed in\nthe service of the goddess. Leucippe arrived at the temple just at\nthe time when Sostratus was conducting the priest to the scene of\nthe trial, in order to suspend the proceedings, and was very near\nencountering her father.\n\nWhen I was set free, the court broke up, and I was surrounded by a\nconcourse of people, some pitying me, some calling upon the gods in my\nbehalf, others questioning me. Sostratus, coming by at the time, no\nsooner saw than he recognized me; for, as I before mentioned, he had\nformerly been at Tyre upon the occasion of a festival of Hercules, and\nhad passed a considerable time there before the period of our flight.\nHe at once knew me, and the more readily because his dream had led him\nto expect that he should find me and his daughter there. Coming up to\nme, therefore, \"Do I see Clitopho?\" said he; \"and where is Leucippe?\"\nInstantly recognizing him, I cast my eyes to the ground and remained\nsilent, while the bystanders related to him every particular relative\nto my self-accusation. He no sooner heard what they had to say than\nwith an ejaculation of bitter grief, and smiting his head he made a\nrush at me, and was very near pulling out my eyes, for I remained\naltogether passive and offered no resistance to his violence. At length\nClinias coming forward, checked his fury, and endeavoured to pacify\nhim. \"What are you about?\" said he: \"why are you venting your wrath\nagainst him; he loves Leucippe more dearly than you do, for he has\ncourted death from belief that she was no longer in existence;\" and he\nadded a great deal more in order to calm his irritation. He, on the\nother hand, continued to vent his grief, and to call upon Diana. \"Is\nit for this that thou hast summoned me hither, \u039f goddess? Is this the\nfulfilment of my vision? I gave credence to the dreams which thou didst\nsend, and flattered myself that I should find my daughter! In lieu of\nwhich thou offerest me, forsooth, a welcome present,--my daughter's\nmurderer!\" Hearing of the vision sent by Diana, Clinias was overjoyed.\n\"Take courage, sir,\" he said; \"the goddess will not belie herself! Rest\nassured your daughter is alive; believe me, I am prophesying truth; do\nyou not remark how wonderfully she has rescued your nephew from the\nclutches of his torturers?\"\n\nWhile this was going on, one of the ministers of the goddess came\nhurriedly to the priest, and announced that a foreign maiden had taken\nrefuge in the temple.[11] This intelligence, given in my hearing,\ninspired me with new life; my hopes revived, and I summoned courage\nto look up. \"My prediction is being fulfilled, sir,\" said Clinias,\naddressing Sostratus; and then turning to the messenger he inquired,\n\"Is the maiden handsome?\"--\"She is second in beauty only to Diana\nherself,\" was the reply.\n\nAt these words I leaped for joy, and exclaimed, \"It must be\nLeucippe!\"--\"You are right in your conjecture,\" said he; \"this was the\nvery name she gave; saying likewise that she was the daughter of one\nSostratus, and a native of Byzantium.\" Clinias now clapped his hands\nand shouted with delight, while Sostratus, overcome by his emotions,\nwas ready to sink upon the ground. For my part, in spite of my fetters,\nI made a bound into the air, and then shot away towards the temple,\nlike an arrow from a bow. The keepers pursued me, supposing that I was\ntrying to escape, and bawled out to every one \"Stop him! stop him!\"\nAt that moment, however, I seemed to have wings upon my heels, and\nit was with much difficulty that some persons at length caught hold\nof me in my mad career. The keepers upon coming up were disposed to\nuse violence, to which, however, I was no longer inclined to submit;\nnevertheless they persisted in dragging me towards the prison. By this\ntime Clinias and Sostratus had arrived at the spot; and the former\ncalled out, \"Whither are you taking this man?--he is not guilty of\nthe murder for which he has been condemned!\" Sostratus spoke to the\nsame effect, and added that he was father to the maiden supposed to\nhave been murdered. The bystanders, learning the circumstances which\nhad taken place, were loud in their praises of Diana, and surrounding\nme would not permit me to be taken to prison; on the other hand, the\nkeepers declared that they had no authority to set a prisoner at\nliberty who had been condemned to death. In the end, the priest, at the\nurgent entreaty of Sostratus, agreed to become bail, and to produce me\nin court whenever it should be required. Then at length freed from my\nfetters, I hurried on towards the temple, followed by Sostratus, whose\nfeelings of joy could hardly, I think, equal my own.\n\nRumour,[12] who outstrips the swiftest of men, had already reached\nLeucippe, and informed her of all particulars respecting me and\nSostratus. Upon catching sight of us she darted out of the temple, and\nthrew her arms around her father, but at the same time her looks were\nturned on me; the presence of Sostratus restrained me from embracing\nher, though I gazed intently upon her face; and thus our greetings were\nconfined to eyes.\n\n\n[Footnote 1:\n\n    \"And thoughts on thoughts, a countless throng,\n    Rushed, chasing countless thoughts along;\n    Until, the giddy whirl to cure,\n    He rose.\"--Scott.\n]\n\n[Footnote 2: \u1f00\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03bc\u03ce\u03be\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b1\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 3: \u03b5\u1f30 \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c1\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03af\u03b7 \u03c4\u1f78 \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 4: \u03c7\u03c1\u03ae \u03b4\u1f72 \u03c0\u1fb6\u03bd \u1f14\u03c1\u03b4o\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c1\u1ff6\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f10\u03c7\u03b8\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd.\n\n    \"Dolus, an virtus, quis in hoste requirit?\"\n                                  \u00c6n. ii. 390.\n]\n\n[Footnote 5: \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b9\u03cd\u03b7; see the opening of the oration of \u00c6schines\nagainst Ctesiphon.]\n\n[Footnote 6: \u1f00\u03bd\u03b5\u03b2\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b1\u03bd \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 7: \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, a formal challenge proposed by a party to his\nopponent that the decision of a disputed point should be determined by\nthe evidence of a third party. One of the most common was the demand\nor offer to examine by torture a slave supposed to be cognizant of the\nmatter in dispute.--See Dict. of Grk. and Roman Antiq.]\n\n[Footnote 8: The events of this romance are supposed to take place when\nAsia was still subject to the Persian Empire, but Tatius borrows his\njudicial forms from those in use among the Greeks. He describes the\n\u03c0\u03c1o\u03ad\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 to be of _royal extraction_, probably because cases of blood\nwere tried before that archon, who was styled \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2.--Jacobs.]\n\n[Footnote 9: Each of the three superior archons was at liberty to have\ntwo assessors (\u03c0\u03ac\u03c1\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9) chosen by himself, to assist him by advice and\notherwise in the performance of his various duties.--Dict. of Grk. and\nRom. Antiq.]\n\n[Footnote 10: During the absence of the sacred vessel (\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03c2) on its\nmission to Delos, the city of Athens was purified, and no criminal was\nallowed to be executed.]\n\n[Footnote 11: See a very full description of the magnificent temple of\nDiana in Anthon's \"Lempri\u00e8re.\"]\n\n[Footnote 12: \"Nec tamen Fama volucris, pigr\u00e2 pennarum tarditate\ncessaverat; sed protinus in patri\u00e2, De\u00e6 providentia adorabile\nbeneficium, meamque ipsius fortunam memorabilem, narraverat\npassim.\"--Apul. Met. xi.]\n\n\n\n\nBOOK VIII.\n\n\nJust as we were sitting down and beginning to converse upon the\nvarious events which had taken place, Thersander, accompanied by\nseveral witnesses, arrived in a great bustle, and addressing himself\nto the priest in a loud voice said, \"I warn you, in the presence of\nthese witnesses, that you have acted illegally in setting at liberty\na prisoner condemned to death; besides which, what right have you to\ndetain my slave, a lewd woman, who is insatiable in her appetite for\nmen?\" Exasperated by this language, and not enduring to hear her called\na slave and accused of lewdness, I interrupted him, \"You are trebly a\nslave[1] yourself, and the rankest lecher who ever existed, where as\nshe is free born, and pure and worthy of her guardian goddess!\"--\"Dare\nyou vent your insolence on me, convicted felon that you are?\" exclaimed\nhe, accompanying his words with a couple of blows, which, given with\nall his might, caused the blood to flow from my nose in streams; in\nhis haste to deal me a third, he struck me on the mouth, and my teeth\ninflicting a severe wound upon his fingers avenged the insult offered\nto my nostrils. Uttering a cry of pain, he drew back his hand, and did\nnot offer any further violence; while, pretending not to notice that\nhe was hurt, I filled the temple with outcries at the usage which I\nhad received. \"Whither,\" I exclaimed, \"shall we henceforth flee to\nescape the hands of violence? Where shall we seek sanctuary, if Diana\nis despised? Lo! I have been attacked in the very temple, and struck in\nfront of the holy curtain![2] I had supposed that such acts could take\nplace only in some howling wilderness, with no human witness to behold\nthem; but you--abandoned wretch that you are!--exercise your brutality\nin the very presence of the gods! Temples are wont to afford an asylum,\neven to the guilty; but I, who am wholly innocent and a suppliant of\nthe goddess, have suffered violence before the altar,--nay, before the\neyes of the goddess! The blows inflicted on me have virtually fallen\nupon Diana herself! Nor has your drunken fury been content with blows,\nyou have even dealt wounds, such as one receives in battle, and you\nhave defiled the sacred pavement with human blood! Who ever poured out\nsuch drink offerings to the Ephesian goddess? Barbarians do so, and so\ndo the Tauri, and blood is sprinkled upon the altars of the Scythian\nDiana;[3] but you have made a savage Scythia of the polished Ionia,\nand the gore fit only for Tauris is seen to flow at Ephesus! Why not\nproceed yet farther, and draw your sword against me? Though what need\nis there of swords, the work of a weapon has already been accomplished\nby your naked hand! Yes! your blood-stained and homicidal hand has done\ndeeds fit only for a scene of murder!\"\n\nAttracted by my outcries, a crowd of those who were in the temple\nflocked together, who rated him soundly for his conduct, and the priest\nhimself said, \"Are you not ashamed to exhibit such behaviour openly\nand in the temple?\" Encouraged by their presence, \"Men of Ephesus!\" I\nsaid, \"you see how foully I have been treated. Yes! I, a free man and\na native of no mean city, have had a plot contrived against my life by\nthis wicked man, and have been preserved only by the intervention of\nDiana, who has brought to light the falsehood of the charge against\nme. It behoves me now to go forth in order to cleanse my face; I may\nnot do so within the temple, lest the holy water should be defiled by\nthe blood of violence.\" Thersander was with difficulty forced out, and\nmuttered to himself as he departed: \"Your fate is already sealed, and\nere long the law shall have its due; as for this strumpet who would\nfain pass for a virgin, she shall undergo the ordeal of the syrinx.\"\nWhen at last we were rid of him, I went out and cleansed my face; it\nwas now supper-time, and the priest entertained us very hospitably.\n\nI could not summon up courage to look Sostratus in the face, from a\nrecollection of what had been my conduct towards him, and he perceiving\nthis, and guessing my feelings, was equally unwilling to look towards\nme; Leucippe also sat with downcast eyes, so that the supper was\naltogether a very solemn affair. When however the wine circulated, and\nreserve began to disappear under the influence of Bacchus, patron\nof freedom and ease,[4] the priest, addressing Sostratus, said, \"My\nworthy guest, will you not favour us with your own history?--it must, I\nimagine, contain some interesting passages, and the listening to such\nsubjects adds zest to the wine.\" Sostratus readily availed himself of\nthe opportunity to speak, and replied, \"My own story is a very simple\none; you are already acquainted with my name and country, and when I\nhave added that I am uncle to this young man and father to the maiden,\nyou have heard all.--Do you, son Clitopho, (turning to me) lay aside\nall bashfulness and relate whatever you have to say worth hearing; the\ngrief and vexation which I have endured is to be attributed to Fortune\nnot to you; besides, to tell of past troubles when one has escaped from\nthem, is a source of pleasure rather than of grief.\"[5]\n\nUpon this, I detailed all the events which had occurred since leaving\nTyre--the voyage, the shipwreck, our being cast upon the coast of\nEgypt, our falling among the buccaneers, the carrying off of Leucippe,\nthe adventures of the false stomach contrived by Menelaus, the passion\nconceived for her by the commander, the discovery of the love potion\nby Ch\u00e6reas, Leucippe's second rape by corsairs, and the wound received\nby me of which I exhibited the scar. When I approached the subject of\nMelitta, I related the story in such a manner as to give an exalted\nidea of my own continence, yet without being guilty of any falsehood.\nI spoke of her violent passion for me, her urgent but unsuccessful\nentreaties to obtain its gratification, her munificent promises, her\ngrief at being disappointed, our subsequent voyage to Ephesus, the\nsupper, my sharing her bed, and (invoking at the same time Diana's\nname) my rising from her side as pure as one female would from another,\nmy being seized and put in prison, my false accusation of myself; this\nand every other matter I detailed down to the appearance of the Sacred\nEmbassy, suppressing only the disgrace of my connexion with Melitta.[5]\n\n\"Leucippe's adventures,\" said I, in continuation, \"are stranger even\nthan mine. She has been sold to slavery, has been compelled to labour\nin the field, has been despoiled of the honours of her head,[6] of\nwhich you can see the tokens;\" and then passing on to the conduct of\nSosthenes and Thersander, I entered much more into detail than I had\ndone, when speaking of myself. My object in doing this, was to gratify\nLeucippe, in the hearing of her father. \"She has endured every ill in\nher person,\" said I, \"excepting one, and to avoid that one, she has\nsubmitted to all the others; and has continued, to this day, father\n(addressing Sostratus), pure as when first you sent her from Byzantium.\nIt is no merit in me to have abstained from consummating the object for\nwhich we fled; the merit is entirely on her side for having preserved\ninviolate her chastity in the midst of villains, nay, against that arch\nvillain, the shameless and violent Thersander. Our flight from home was\ncaused by mutual love; but I can assure you, father, that during the\nvoyage we were quite platonic, our intercourse was no other than that\nof a brother and a sister; and if there be such a thing as virginity\nin men, I am still a virgin as regards Leucippe; she, long since bound\nherself by a vow to Diana.[7]\n\n\"Queen of love,\" ejaculated I, \"be not wroth nor deem thyself to have\nbeen slighted by us! we were but unwilling to celebrate our nuptials\nin the absence of the maiden's father; he has now happily arrived; be\nthou present therefore, and smile propitiously upon us.\" The priest\nhad listened open-mouthed to my story, and Sostratus had been shedding\ntears during the recital of his daughter's sufferings. \"Now that you\nhave heard the account of our adventures,\" said I to our host, \"I have\na favour to ask of you. What did Thersander's parting words refer to,\nwhen he made mention of the syrinx?\"--\"You have a right to make the\ninquiry,\" replied he; \"and I am both able and willing to comply with\nyour request. It will be some return for the narrative with which you\nhave just favoured us. You see the grove in the rear of the temple; in\nit is a cave, entrance into which is forbidden to women in general,\nbut is permitted to maidens who have preserved their purity. A little\nwithin the doors a syrinx is suspended; perhaps you Byzantians are\nalready acquainted with the nature of this instrument; should it be\notherwise, I will give you a description of it, and will likewise\nrelate the legend of Pan, with which it is connected.\n\n\"The syrinx is composed of a certain number of reed pipes, which\ncollectively produce the same sounds as a flute; these reeds are placed\nin regular order and mutually compacted, presenting the same appearance\non either side; beginning from the shortest, they ascend in gradation\nto the longest, and the central one holds a medium proportion between\nthe two extremities. The principle of this arrangement arises from\nthe laws of harmony, the two extremes of sound (as well as of length)\nare found at either end, and the intervening pipes convey downwards\na gradation of notes so as to combine the first and shrillest with\nthe last and deepest of all. The same variety of sounds, (as before\nobserved) are produced by Minerva's flute[8] as by the syrinx of Pan;\nbut in the former case, the fingers direct the notes, in the latter,\nthe mouth supplies the place; in the one case, the performer closes\nevery opening except the one through which the breath is intended to\nproceed; in the other case, he leaves open the aperture of every other\nreed, and places his mouth upon that one only which he wishes to emit\na sound; his lips leap (as we may say) from reed to reed and dance[9]\nalong the syrinx; as the laws of harmony require.[10] Now, this syrinx\nwas originally neither pipe nor reed, but a damsel[11] whose charms\nmade her most desirable. Smitten by love, Pan pursued her, and she fled\nfor refuge to a thicket; the god still closely following her, stretched\nforth his hand to seize as he supposed her hair, but lo! instead of\nhair, he grasped a bunch of reeds, which, so the legend says, sprang\nfrom the earth as she descended into it. Enraged at his disappointment,\nPan cut them down, imagining that they had stolen from him the object\nof his love; but when his search after her still proved unavailing, he\nsupposed the maiden to have been changed into these reeds, and wept\nat his hasty act, thinking that in so doing he had caused the death\nof his beloved. He then proceeded to collect and place together what\nhe imagined to be her limbs, and holding them in his hands, continued\nto kiss what fancy pictured to be the mangled remains of the maiden's\nbody. Deeply sighing as he imprinted kisses on the reeds, his sighs\nfound a passage through these hollow pipes, forming sounds of music,\nand thus the syrinx came to have a voice. This instrument Pan suspended\nwithin the cave, and he is said often to resort hither in order to play\nupon it. At a period subsequent to the event of which I am speaking,\nhe conveyed the place as a gift to Diana, upon the condition that\nnone save a spotless maiden should be allowed to enter it. Whenever\ntherefore the virginity of any female comes into suspicion, she is\nconducted to the entrance of this cavern, and it is left to the syrinx\nto pronounce judgment upon her. She enters in her usual dress, and\nimmediately the doors are closed. If she proves to be a virgin, a\nsweetly clear and divinely ravishing sound is heard, caused either by\nthe air which is there stored up, finding its way into the syrinx,[12]\nor by the lips of the god himself. After a short space, the doors open\nof their own accord, and the maiden makes her appearance, wearing a\ncrown of pine leaves. If, on the other hand, the female has falsely\nasserted her claim to virginity, the syrinx is silent, and instead of\nmusic, the cave sends forth a doleful sound, upon which those who\nattended her to the entrance depart and leave her to her fate. Three\ndays after, the priestess of the temple enters, and finds the syrinx\nfallen to the ground, but the female is no where to be seen. I have\nnow told you everything, and it is for you maturely to deliberate upon\nwhat course you intend pursuing. If, as I sincerely hope, the maiden\nis a virgin, you may fearlessly submit to the ordeal, for the syrinx\nhas never falsified its character. Should the case be otherwise, it is\nneedless to suggest what is the safer course; and you well know, what\na female, exposed as she has been to various perils, may have been\ncompelled to submit to, quite against her will.\"\n\nEagerly interrupting the priest, Leucippe said, \"You need be under\nno alarm on my account, I am quite ready to enter, and be shut up\nwithin the cave.\"--\"I rejoice to hear you say so,\" replied he, \"and I\ncongratulate you on the good fortune which has preserved your virtue.\"\nAs it was near evening we retired to the chambers prepared for us\nby the priest; Clinias had not supped with us from fear of being\nburdensome to our kind host, but had returned to his former lodgings.\nThe legend of the syrinx caused Sostratus much uneasiness, as he\nevidently feared, that out of regard to him, we had been advancing\nundue claims to chastity; perceiving this, I made a sign to Leucippe to\nremove as best she could, the suspicions of her father. His anxiety had\nnot escaped her observation, and even before receiving a hint from me,\nshe had been devising how to set his mind at rest. Upon embracing him,\ntherefore, as he retired to rest, \"Father,\" she said, in a low voice,\n\"you need be under no apprehension; I solemnly swear to you by Diana,\nthat both of us have spoken nothing but the truth.\" The following day,\nSostratus and the priest were occupied in performing the object of the\nsacred embassy, by offering the victims; the members of the Senate were\npresent at the solemnity, and hymns of praise resounded in honour of\nthe goddess. Thersander also was there, and coming to the president he\ndesired to have his case postponed to the next day, as the condemned\ncriminal had been set at liberty by some meddling persons, and\nSosthenes could no where be found. His request was complied with, and\nwe on our part, made every preparation for meeting the charge which was\nto be brought against us. When the morning of trial arrived, Thersander\nspoke as follows:--\"I am utterly at a loss how to begin, and against\nwhom first to direct my charges; the offence which has given rise to\nthis trial involves various others equal in importance, and implicates\nseveral parties, and each of their offences might supply matter for a\nseparate trial; my words must almost unavoidably fail in doing justice\nto each division of the subject, and in my eagerness to hasten to some\npoint hitherto untouched, I must necessarily deal imperfectly with\nthat upon which I am engaged. How indeed can it be otherwise in a\ncase like this, wherein is mixed up adultery, impiety, bloodshed and\nlawless excesses of every kind! Where adulterers are found murdering\nother people's slaves, murderers corrupting other people's wives,\nwhoremongers and harlots interrupting and disgracing with their\npresence holy solemnities and the most sacred places? Nevertheless I\nwill proceed. You condemned a criminal to death--on account of what\ncause, it matters not--you sent him back in chains to prison, there\nto be kept until the execution of the sentence; yet this man who is\nvirtually your prisoner, now stands before you at liberty and attired\nin white; aye, and no doubt will venture to raise his voice in order to\ndeclaim against me--or rather, I should say, against you and against\nthe justice of your verdict. I demand to have the sentence of the Court\nread aloud.--There, you have now heard it. 'The sentence of the Court\nis that Clitopho be put to death.'--Where then is the executioner? Let\nthe prisoner be led away, let the hemlock[13] be administered--he is\nalready dead in law, and has lived a day too long. And now, what excuse\nhave you to plead, holy and reverend priest? In which of the sacred\nlaws do you find it laid down that prisoners, duly condemned by a\nsentence of the court, and delivered up to chains and death, are to be\nrescued and set at liberty? On what grounds do you arrogate to yourself\na power superior to that of the judges and the Court? President! it is\ntime for you to quit your chair and to abdicate to him your place and\npower! Your authority is gone, your decrees are good for nought! He\ntakes upon himself to reverse the sentence you have passed.--Why any\nlonger stand among us, sir Priest, as a mere private individual? By all\nmeans go up higher, take your place upon the bench; issue henceforth\nyour judgments, or if it please you better, your arbitrary and\ntyrannical decrees; spurn law and justice under your feet; believe that\nyou are more than man; claim for yourself worship next after Diana,\nsince you have already arrogated her peculiar privilege. Hitherto she\nalone has afforded sanctuary to suppliants, but to suppliants, be it\nremembered, whom the law has not yet condemned;--not those to whom\nchains and death have been decreed, for the altar should be a refuge\nnot to the wicked but to the unfortunate! You, forsooth, liberate a\nprisoner; you acquit a condemned criminal! You therefore arrogate a\npower superior to that of Diana's self! Who, until now, ever heard of a\nmurderer and adulterer inhabiting the chamber of a temple, instead of\nthe dungeon of a prison? A foul adulterer under the same roof with a\nvirgin goddess, and having for his partner a shameless woman, a slave\nand runaway! You it is who have entertained the worthy pair at bed and\nboard; nay, probably have shared her bed. You have converted the temple\nof the goddess into a common brothel. You have made her sanctuary,\na den of whoremongers and harlots; your doings would hardly find a\nparallel in the vilest stew! So far as regards these two I have now\ndone, one will I trust meet with his just deserts, let the sentence of\nthe law be put in force against the other.\n\n\"My second charge is against Melitta for adultery; and here I need not\nspeak at any length, as it has already been decided that her maids\nshall be submitted to the torture, in order to ascertain the truth. I\ndemand, therefore, to have them produced; and if, after undergoing the\nquestion, they persist in denying their knowledge that the accused has\nfor a considerable time cohabited with her in my house, not only in the\ncharacter of paramour but of husband, then I am bound freely to acquit\nher of all blame. But should the contrary be proved, then I claim that\nin accordance with the laws she be deprived of her marriage portion,\nand that it be given up to me,[14] in which case the prisoner must\nsuffer death, the punishment awarded to adulterers. Whether, however,\nhe shall suffer under this charge or as a murderer, matters little;\nhe is guilty of both crimes, and though suffering punishment will, in\nfact, be evading justice,[15]--for whereas he owes two deaths, he will\nhave paid but one. One other subject there remains for me to touch\nupon: this slave of mine and her respectable pretended father. I shall,\nhowever, reserve what I have to say on this head until you have come to\na decision respecting the other parties.\"\n\nThersander having now ended, it was for the priest to speak. He\nwas possessed of eloquence, and had in him a large share of the\nAristophanic vein; accordingly he attacked Thersander's debauched\nmanner of life with great wit and humour. \"By the goddess,\" said he,\n\"it is the sign of having a foul tongue, thus shamelessly to rail\nagainst honest folks,--but it is nothing new to this worthy gentleman,\nfor throughout his life the filthiness of his tongue has been\nnotorious.[16] The season of his youth was passed among the lewdest of\nmankind, among whom he gave himself up to the most abandoned practices,\nand while affecting gravity, sobriety, and a regard for learning, his\nbody was made the slave of all impurity. After a time he left his\nfather's house, and hired a miserable lodging, where he took up his\nabode. And how do you suppose he earned his living? Why, partly by\nstrolling about the town and singing ballads, partly by receiving at\nhome fellows like himself, for purposes which I shall not now name. All\nthis time he was supposed to be cultivating his mind, and improving\nhis education; whereas, accomplished hypocrite! he was but throwing\na veil over his iniquities. Even in the wrestling school his manner\nwhile anointing his body, and his attitudes, and his always choosing\nto engage in wrestling with the stoutest and comeliest of the youths,\nshowed his detestable propensities. Such was his character during\nhis youthful days. Upon arriving at manhood, he threw off the mask,\nand exhibited before the eyes of all the vices which hitherto he had\nendeavoured to keep concealed.\n\n\"As he could no longer turn any other part of his body to account,\nhe determined thenceforth to exercise his tongue, and admirably has\nhe succeeded in sharpening it upon the whetstone of impurity,[17]\nmaking his mouth the vehicle for shameless speech, pouring out its\ntorrents of abuse on every one, and having his effrontery stamped upon\nhis very face, he has gone the length (as you have seen) of coarsely\ninsulting in your presence an individual whom you have honoured with\nthe priesthood. Were I a stranger to you, and had not my life been\npassed among you, I should deem it necessary to dwell upon my own\ncharacter, and that of my usual associates; but there is no occasion\nfor doing this. You well know how opposite has been my way of living\nto the slanderous imputations which he has cast upon me. I therefore\npass on at once to his recent charges. I have set at liberty, he says,\na convicted criminal; and upon these grounds he proceeds to inveigh\nbitterly against me, and applies to me the epithet of tyrant, and I\nknow not how many other hard words. Now a tyrant is one who oppresses\nthe innocent, not one who steps forward to defend the victim of false\naccusation. What law, I demand, sanctioned your committing this young\nman to prison? Before what tribunal had he been condemned? What judge\nhad pronounced his sentence? Granting the truth of every charge\nadvanced against him, he has at all events a right to a fair trial;\nhe has a right to be heard in his own defence; he has a right to be\nlegally convicted! If need be, let the law (which is supreme over all\nalike,) imprison him; until it has altered its decrees not one of us\ncan claim authority over another. But if proceedings such as we have\nseen, are to be countenanced, it would be advisable at once to close\nthe courts, to abolish the tribunals, to depose the magistrates. With\nfar greater justice may I retort against him the expressions which\nhe has employed respecting me. I may say, President, make way for\nThersander, for your presidentship is but an empty name,--it is he who\nreally exercises your powers; nay, more, exercises powers which you do\nnot possess. You have assessors, without whose concurrence you can pass\nno sentence. You can exercise no authority except upon the judgment\nseat; you cannot sit at home and condemn a man to chains and prisons.\nThis worshipful gentleman, however, is both judge and jury;[18] all\noffices are, forsooth, concentrated in his single person; he makes\nhis house his court of justice; there he inflicts his punishments;\nthence he issues his decrees and condemns a man to chains; and to\nmake matters yet better, he holds his court at night![19] And what\nis it which now finds employment for his lungs? 'You have set free,'\nhe says, 'a criminal condemned to death.' I ask, What death? I ask,\nWhat criminal?--for what crime condemned? 'For murder,' he replies. A\nmurderer! Where, then, is the murdered victim? She whom you declared to\nhave been done to death, stands before you alive and well. The charge,\ntherefore, at once falls to the ground, for you cannot consider this\nmaiden as an airy phantom, sent up by Pluto from the realms below! You\nare yourself a murderer,--aye, and a double murderer. Her you have\nslain by lying words; him you wished in reality to slay. I may add her\nalso; for we know of your doings in the country. The great goddess\nDiana has, however, happily preserved them both, by delivering the\nmaiden from the hands of Sosthenes, and this young man from you. As\nfor Sosthenes, you have purposely got him out of the way, in order to\nescape detection. Are you not ashamed to have your charges against\nthese strangers proved to be the vilest calumnies? What I have said\nwill have sufficed to clear myself; the defence of the strangers I\nshall leave to others.\"\n\nAn advocate of considerable reputation as an orator, and a member\nof the senate, was about to address the court on behalf of me and\nMelitta, when he was interrupted by one of Thersander's counsel, named\nSopater:--\"Brother Nicostralus,\" said he, \"I must claim the right of\nbeing first heard against this adulterous couple; it will be your turn\nto reply afterwards.\n\n\"What Thersander said related only to the priest, and scarcely\ntouched upon the case of the prisoner; and when I shall prove him to\nbe richly deserving of a two-fold death, then will be the time for\nyou to rebut my charges.\" Then, stroking his chin, and with a great\nflourish of words, he proceeded:--\"We have listened to the buffoonery\nof this priest, venting his scurrilous falsehoods against Thersander,\nand endeavouring to turn against him the language so justly directed\nagainst himself. Now, I maintain, that throughout Thersander has\nadhered to truth; the priest has taken upon himself to liberate a\nprisoner; he has received a harlot beneath his roof; he has been on\nfriendly terms with an adulterer. Not a word has he uttered against\nThersander but what savours of the vilest calumny, but if anything\nespecially becomes a priest, surely it is to keep a civil tongue\nin his head,--and in saying this I am but borrowing his own words.\nHowever, after edifying us with his wit and jests, he went on to adopt\na tragic strain, and bitterly inveighed against us for handcuffing an\nadulterer, and sending him to prison. I wonder what it cost to kindle\nin him this prodigious warmth of zeal? Methinks I can give a tolerably\nshrewd guess. He has looked with a longing eye upon the features\nof these two shameless guests of his; the wench is handsome, the\nyouth has a goodly countenance; both are well suited for the private\npleasures of a priest! Which of the two best served your turn? At any\nrate you all slept together; you all got drunk together; and there\nare no witnesses to depose how your nights were passed. I sadly fear\nme that Diana's fane has been perverted into Aphrodite's temple! It\nwill furnish matter for future discussion whether you are fit to be\na priest. As to my client Thersander, every one knows that from his\nearliest years he has been a pattern of sobriety and virtue; no sooner\nwas he arrived at manhood, than he contracted a marriage according to\nthe laws; his choice was indeed unfortunate, and trusting to her rank\nand wealth, he found himself the husband of a wife very different from\nwhat he had expected. There can be little doubt that she long ago went\nastray, unknown to this most exemplary of men; it is plain enough that\nlatterly she has cast off all shame, and has indulged her disgraceful\npropensities to the utmost. No sooner had her husband set out on a long\nvoyage than she thought it a favourable opportunity for indulging her\nloose desires; and then it was that, unfortunately for her, she lighted\nupon this 'masculine whore;'[20] a paramour who among women is a man,\nand among men a woman.\n\n\"Not content to cohabit with him in impunity in a foreign land, she\nmust needs transport him with her over an extent of sea, and on the\nvoyage must needs take her lascivious sport in the sight of all the\npassengers. O, shameless adultery, in which sea and land, had both\na share. \u039f shameless adultery, prolonged even from Egypt to Ionia!\nGenerally, when women are guilty of adultery they confine themselves\nto a single act, or if they repeat their crime, it is with every\nprecaution which may ensure concealment. In the present case, however,\nshe commits the sin by sound of trumpet, if I may so say. The adulterer\nis known to every one in Ephesus, and she herself is not ashamed to\nhave brought him hither like so much merchandise; making an investment\nin good looks, taking in a paramour by way of freight! She will say,\n'I concluded my husband to be dead.' 'In that case,' I reply, 'were\nyour husband dead, you would be free from criminality, for there would\nthen be no sufferer by the adulterous act, nor is any dishonour cast on\nmarriage if the husband is no longer in existence; but if the husband\nbe alive, the marriage bond is still in force, his rights over his wife\ncontinue, and he has, by her criminality, suffered a grievous wrong.'\"\n\nThersander here interrupted him, \"It is needless to examine any one\nby torture, as was formerly proposed. I offer two challenges: one to\nthis wife of mine, Melitta; the other to the pretended daughter of\nthis ambassador, who is lawfully my slave.\" He then read aloud; \"I\nThersander challenge Melitta and Leucippe (such I understand is the\nstrumpet's name) to submit to the following ordeal:--If the former,\nas she asserts, has had no intercourse with this stranger during the\nperiod of my absence, let her go unto the sacred fountain of the Styx,\ndeclare her innocence upon oath, and then stand acquitted of any\nfurther guilt. Let the latter, if free-born and no longer a maiden,\nremain my slave, for the temple of the goddess affords sanctuary to\nslaves alone; if, on the other hand, she asserts herself to be a\nvirgin, let her be shut into the cave of the syrinx.\" We immediately\naccepted this challenge, being already aware that it would be made.\n\nMelitta, likewise conscious that nothing improper had taken place\nduring the actual absence of Thersander, said, \"I accept the challenge;\nand will here add, that during the period referred to I had criminal\nintercourse with no one, whether foreigner or citizen; and I will ask\nyou,\" addressing Thersander, \"to what penalty will you submit, provided\nthe charge prove groundless and calumnious?\"--\"I will submit to\nwhatever the law decrees,\" was his reply. The court then broke up, the\nfollowing day being appointed for the respective ordeals referred to in\nthe challenge. The following is the legend of the Stygian fountain:--\n\n\"There was once a beauteous maiden, named Rhodopis, whose supreme\ndelight was in the chase. She was swift of foot, unerring in her\naim; she wore a head-band, had her robe girt up to the knee, and her\nhair short, after the fashion of men. Diana met her, bestowed many\ncommendations on her, and made her her companion in the chase. The\nmaiden bound herself by oath to observe perpetual virginity, to avoid\nthe company of men, and never to humiliate herself by submitting to\namorous indulgence.[21] Venus overheard the oath, and was incensed\nat it, and determined to punish the damsel for her presumption.\nThere happened to be a youth of Ephesus, named Euthynicus, as much\ndistinguished among men for beauty as Rhodopis was among those of her\nown sex. He was as ardently devoted to the chase as the maiden, and\nlike her was averse to the delights of love. One day when Diana was\nabsent, Venus contrived to make the game which they were following\nrun in the same direction; then addressing her archer son, she said,\n'Do you see yon frigid and unloving pair, enemies to us and to our\nmysteries? The maiden has even gone the length of registering an oath\nagainst me! Do you see them both following a hind? Join the chase, and\nbegin by making an example of the maiden;--your arrows never miss.'\nBoth at the same moment bend their bows,--she against the hind, but\nCupid against her,--and both hit the mark, but the successful huntress\nherself becomes a victim; her arrow pierces the shoulder of the deer,\nbut Cupid's shaft penetrates her heart, and the result of the wound was\nlove for Euthynicus. Cupid then aims a shaft at him, and with the same\neffect. For a time they stand and gaze upon each other; their eyes are\nfascinated; they cannot turn away;[22] gradually their inward wounds\nbecome inflamed; the fire kindles,[23] and love urges their steps to\nthe cavern where now the fountain flows, and there they violate their\noath.[24] Diana soon after saw Venus laughing, and readily comprehended\nwhat had taken place, and as a punishment changed the maiden into a\nfountain, upon the spot where her chastity was lost. For this reason,\nwhen any female is suspected of impurity, she is made to step into\nthe fountain, which is shallow, reaching only to midleg, and then it\nis that the ordeal takes place. The oath declarative of chastity is\nwritten on a tablet, and suspended from her neck; if truly sworn, the\nfountain remains unmoved; if falsely taken, it swells and rages, rises\nto her neck, and flows over the tablet.\"\n\nNext morning a great concourse assembled, and at the head came\nThersander, with a confident expression of countenance, and looking at\nus with a contemptuous smile. Leucippe was attired in a sacred robe\nof fine white linen, reaching to the feet and girded about her waist;\nround her head she had a purple fillet, and her feet were bare. She\nentered the cavern with an air of becoming modesty. Upon seeing her\ndisappear within, I was overcome by agitation, and said mentally, \"I\ndoubt not your chastity, dearest Leucippe, but I am afraid of Pan;\nhe is a virgin-loving god, and for aught I know, you may become a\nsecond syrinx. His former mistress easily escaped him, for her course\nlay over an open plain; whereas you are shut up within doors, and so\nblockaded that flight is out of the question, however much you may\nwish to fly. \u039f Pan! be thou propitious; do not violate the statutes\nof the place, which we have religiously observed; grant that Leucippe\nmay again return to us a virgin; remember thy compact with Diana, and\ndo no injury to the maiden.\" While talking to myself in this manner,\nsounds of music proceeded from the cavern, more ravishingly sweet, I\nwas assured, than had been heard on any former occasion: the doors\nwere immediately opened, and when Leucippe sprang forth, the multitude\nshouted with delight, and vented execrations upon Thersander. What my\nown feelings were, I cannot pretend to describe. After gaining this\nfirst signal triumph, we left the spot, and proceeded to the place\nwhich was to be the scene of the remaining ordeal, the people following\nagain to behold the spectacle. Everything was in readiness, the tablet\nwas suspended to Melitta's neck, and she descended into the shallow\nfountain with a smiling countenance. No change was perceptible in the\nwater, which remained perfectly still, and did not in the slightest\ndegree exceed its usual depth, and at the expiration of the allotted\ntime the president came forward, and taking Melitta by the hand,\nconducted her out of the fountain. Thersander, already twice defeated,\nand surely anticipating a third defeat, took to his heels and fled to\nhis own house, fearing that the people would, in their fury, stone him.\nHis apprehensions were well founded, for some young men were seen at a\ndistance dragging Sosthenes along; two of them were Melitta's kinsmen,\nand the others were servants, whom she had despatched in quest of him.\nThersander had caught sight of him, and feeling sure that when put to\nthe torture he would confess everything, he secretly left the city,\nas soon as night came on. Sosthenes was committed to prison by order\nof the magistrates, and we returned triumphant upon every point, and\naccompanied by the shouts and good wishes of the people.\n\nNext morning they whose business it was[25] conducted Sosthenes before\nthe magistrates. Aware that he was about to be put to the question, he\nmade a full confession of everything, stating how far Thersander had\nbeen the prime agent, and how far he had himself assisted in carrying\nout his schemes! nor did he omit to repeat the conversation which had\ntaken place between his master and him before the cottage-door. He\nwas sent back to prison there to await his sentence, and a decree of\nbanishment was pronounced against Thersander. When this business was\nconcluded, we again returned to the hospitable dwelling of the priest,\nand while at supper resumed the subject of our former conversation,\nmutually relating any incidents which had previously been omitted.\nLeucippe, now that the purity of her character was fully established,\nno longer stood in awe of her father, but took pleasure in narrating\nthe events which had befallen her. When she came to that part of her\nstory which referred to Pharos and the pirates, I requested her to give\nus every particular about them, and especially to explain the riddle of\nthe severed head, as this alone was wanting to complete the history of\nher adventures. \"The recital will interest us all,\" I said, \"especially\nyour father.\"\n\n\"The unhappy female to whom you allude,\" replied Leucippe, \"was one of\nthat class who sell their charms for money. She was inveigled on board,\nunder pretence of becoming the wife of a sea captain, and remained\nthere in ignorance of the real cause for which she had been brought,\npassing her time in the company of one of the pirates, who pretended\nto have a passion for her. When I was seized, they placed me, as you\nsaw, in a boat, and rowed off with all their might; and afterwards\nwhen they perceived that the vessel despatched in pursuit was gaining\nupon them, they stripped the wretched woman of her clothes, which they\nput on me, making her dress herself in mine; then placing her at the\nstern in sight of the pursuers, they cut off her head and cast the body\noverboard, doing the same with the head, when the pursuit was given\nup. Whether she had been brought on board for the above purpose, or in\norder to be sold, as they afterwards told me, I cannot say; certain\nit is that she was put to death by way of eluding the pursuers, the\npirates imagining that I should fetch more money as a slave than she\nwould do. It was this determination on their part which earned his\njust reward for Ch\u00e6reas, who had suggested the murder of the female in\nplace of me. The pirates refused to let him retain exclusive possession\nof me, saying that on his account one woman had already been lost to\nthem, who would have been a source of gain. They proposed, therefore,\nthat I should be sold to make up the loss, and that the money should\nbe equally divided. He replied in an angry and threatening manner,\nasserting his prior claims, and reminding them of their compact, and\nthat I had been carried off, not in order to be sold, but to be his\nmistress. Upon this, one of the pirates came behind him, and dealt him\nhis measure of justice by striking off his head and flinging his body\ninto the sea,--a worthy requital of his perfidious conduct towards me.\n\n\"After two days' sail, the pirates put in at some place, the name of\nwhich I do not know, where they sold me to a merchant who used to\ntraffic with them, and from his hands I passed into the possession of\nSosthenes.\"\n\n\"My children,\" said Sostratus, when Leucippe had concluded, \"I will\nnow relate what has happened to Calligone, for it is but fair that I\nshould contribute my share to the conversation.\"[26] Upon hearing my\nsister's name mentioned, I became all attention, and said, \"Prithee,\nsir, proceed; I shall rejoice to hear that she is still alive.\" He\ncommenced by repeating what has already been mentioned respecting\nCallisthenes, the oracle given to the Byzantians, the sacred embassy\nsent to Tyre, and the stratagem for carrying off Calligone. He went on\nto say: \"Callisthenes discovered during the voyage that she was not my\ndaughter; but although matters had thus turned out quite contrary to\nhis intentions, he conceived a strong passion for his fair captive, and\nthrowing himself at her knees: 'Lady,' he said, 'do not imagine that I\nam a corsair or a villain; I am of good birth, and second in rank to\nnone in Byzantium. It is Love who has compelled me to turn pirate, and\nto employ this stratagem against you. Deign, therefore, to consider\nme your slave from this day forth. I offer you my hand in marriage.\nYou shall have for your dowry more wealth than your father would have\nbestowed upon you, and you shall preserve your maiden state so long as\nyou may please.'\n\n\"By means of these, and other insinuating words, he brought her to\nlook favourably upon him, for he was handsome in person and possessed\na flow of persuasive language. Upon arriving at Byzantium he had a\ndeed drawn up assigning her an ample dowry; he then proceeded to make\nother preparations, purchased for her splendid dresses, jewellery and\nornaments, in short, whatsoever was required for the wardrobe and\ntoilette of a lady of rank and wealth. Having done this, he abstained\nfrom soliciting her virtue, and in fulfilment of his promise allowed\nher to remain a maiden, and thus he gradually won her affections. In\na short time, quite a wonderful alteration took place in the young\nman; he became conciliatory in manner, and prudent and orderly in his\nmode of living; he shewed respect by rising up before his elders,[27]\nand was the first courteously to salute any whom he met; his former\nindiscriminate profusion, which had been mere lavish prodigality, now\nbecame wisely directed liberality, choosing for its objects those who\nwere suffering from poverty and required assistance.\n\n\"All who remembered his former and dissolute course of life were amazed\nat this sudden change. He shewed me the most marked attention, and I\ncould not help loving him and attributing his former conduct more to\nan excess of open-heartedness than to any actual vicious propensities,\nand I called to mind the case of Themistocles, who after a youth\nspent in licentiousness, in after life excelled all his countrymen\nin soundness of judgment and many virtues.[28] I really felt sorry\nat having repulsed him, when he was a suitor for my daughter's hand,\nhe treated me with so much respect, giving me the title of father,\nand escorting me[29] whenever I had occasion to go through the forum.\nHe likewise took great interest in military exercises, especially in\nwhat related to the cavalry department; he had always been fond of\nhorses, but hitherto merely to indulge his love of amusement and his\nluxurious tastes; yet though actuated by no higher motives, he had been\nunconsciously fostering the seeds of skill and courage; and eventually\nhis chief ambition was to distinguish himself by valour and ability\nin the field. He contributed largely from his own private resources\nthe expenses of the war, and was elected my colleague in command,\nin which position he shewed me a still greater degree of attention\nand deference. When at length, victory declared itself on our side,\nthrough the visible intervention of the deity,[30] we returned to\nByzantium, and it was decreed, that the public thanks of the State\nshould be conveyed to Hercules and Diana, for which purpose he was to\nproceed to Tyre, while I was despatched to this city. Before setting\nout Callisthenes took me by the hand and related every particular\nrespecting Calligone. 'Father,' he said, 'the impetuosity of youth led\nme away in the first instance; but in the course which since then,\nI have pursued, deliberate choice and principle have influenced my\nactions. I have scrupulously respected the maiden's honour, during a\ntime of war and confusion when men are generally least inclined to\ndeny themselves the indulgence of their desires. My intention is now\nto conduct her to her father's house, at Tyre; and then to claim her\nfor my bride, at her father's hand, in accordance with the law.[31] I\nhave made an ample settlement upon her, and shall consider myself most\nfortunate, if he grants my suit; if, on the contrary, I meet with a\nrepulse he will receive back his daughter as pure as when she left his\nhome.'\n\n\"I will now read you a friendly letter, which--feeling anxious that the\nmarriage should be concluded--I addressed to my brother, before the\ntermination of the war, in which I mentioned the rank of Callisthenes,\nand bore testimony to his good birth, the honourable position which he\nhad attained, and his eminent services in the field. If we gain our\ncause in the new trial[32] moved by Thersander, I propose, first of all\nto sail to Byzantium, and afterwards to proceed to Tyre.\"\n\nClinias came to us next day, with the intelligence that Thersander\nhad secretly left the city, that his object in appealing from the\nrecent decision was but a pretext to gain time, and that he had no\nintention of following up the case. After waiting three days, the\nperiod appointed for taking fresh proceedings,[33] we appeared before\nthe President, and having satisfactorily proved by reference to the\nstatutes, that Thersander had no longer any legal ground against us,\nwe embarked and enjoyed a favourable voyage to Byzantium, where our\nlong-desired nuptials took place. A short time after, we sailed to\nTyre, which we reached two days after the arrival of Callisthenes,\nand where I found my father preparing to celebrate my sister's wedding\non the following day. We were present on the occasion, and assisted\nat the religious ceremonial, offering up our united prayers that both\nour marriages might be crowned with happiness; and we arranged, after\nwintering at Ephesus, to proceed to Byzantium in the spring.\n\n\n[Footnote 1: \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, a slave through three generations.\n\n    \"\u1f10\u1f78\u03bd \u03c4\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f10\u03b3\u1f7c \u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u1ff6 \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2.\"\n                     Soph. \u0152d. Tyr. 1054.\n]\n\n[Footnote 2: \u1f10v \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f50\u03bb\u03b1\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c7\u03c9\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2. In temples, curtains\nserved more especially to veil the statue of the divinity:--\"Dum\nvelis candentibua reductis in diversum, De\u00e6 venerabilem conspectum\napprecamur.\"--Apul. Met. xi.]\n\n[Footnote 3:\n\n    \"\u1f24\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f10\u03c2 \u03b3\u1fc6\u03bd \u03ba\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd\u03ad\u03b1\u03bd \u03a3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03bb\u03b7\u03b3\u03ac\u03b4\u03b1\n    \u03c0\u03bb\u03ac\u03c4\u1fc3 \u03c6\u03c5\u03b3\u03cc\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03b4\u03af\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bd\u03b5a\u03bd\u03afa\u03b9\n    \u03b8\u03b5\u1fb7 \u03c6\u03af\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03b8\u03bd\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\n    \u0386\u03c1\u03c4\u1f10\u03bc\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9.\"--Iph. in Tauris, 230.\n]\n\n[Footnote 4:\n\n    \"Tu lene tormentum ingenio admoves\n    Plerumque duro; tu sapientium\n      Curas et arcanam jocoso\n        Consilium retegis Ly\u00e6o.\"--Hor. iii.; Od. xxi. 1.\n]\n\n[Footnote 5: \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03af\u03c4\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u1f30\u03b4\u03ce.]\n\n[Footnote 6: \"If a woman have long hair, it is a glory to her; for her\nhair is given her for a covering.\"--1 Cor. xi. 15.\n\nApuleius, Met. B. ii. has a remarkable passage illustrative of the\nindispensableness of a fine head of hair to constitute perfect female\nbeauty. \"Si cujuslibet eximi\u00e6 pulcherrim\u00e6que femin\u00e6 caput capillo\nspoliaveris et faciem nativ\u00e2 specie nudaveris, licet illa c\u0153lo dejecta,\nmari edita, fluctibus educata, licet, inquam Venus ipsa fuerit, licet\nomni Gratiarum choro stipata, et toto Cupidinum populo comitata\net baltheo suo cincta, cinnama fragrans et balsama rorans, calva\nprocesserit, placere non poterit nec Vulcano suo.\"]\n\n[Footnote 7: See the beginning of B. iv. where Diana enjoins upon\nLeucippe the preservation of her chastity.]\n\n[Footnote 8: \u1f41 \u03c4\u1fc6\u03c2 \u1f08\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u1fb0\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f30\u03bb\u1f78\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 9: \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b7\u03b4\u1fb6--\u03c7\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03b9.]\n\n[Footnote 10: Throughout this description of the syrinx, the Greek\ntext is very corrupt: \"locus graviter afflictus,\" is the expression\nof Jacobs, who gives four closely printed octavo pages of notes, to\nelucidate its difficulties. The translator has endeavoured to give,\nwhat (after a comparison of the notes) appeared to him the true sense.]\n\n[Footnote 11: See the same legend, towards the end of Longus, B. ii.]\n\n[Footnote 12: \u03c4o\u1fe6 \u03c4\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03bd\u03b5\u1fe6\u03bc\u03b1 \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03ba\u1f78\u03bd \u03b5\u1f30\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c3\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03b3\u03b1\n\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03b5\u1fd6\u03bf\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 13: \"sorbitio--dira cicut\u00e6.\"--Persius, S. iv. 2.]\n\n[Footnote 14: By the Roman law, a woman convicted of adultery\nwas mulcted in half her dowry (_dos_) and the third part of her\nproperty (_bona_), and banished to some miserable island, such as\nSeriphos.--Dict. of Grk. and Rom. Antiq.]\n\n[Footnote 15: \u03b4\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u1f7c\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f50 \u03b4\u03ad\u03b4\u03c9\u03ba\u03b5.]\n\n[Footnote 16: Here and elsewhere in the address of the worthy priest\nof Diana occur equivoques, which, owing, to the genius of the English\nlanguage and a regard for decency are incapable of and unfit for\ntranslation. The commentators illustrate the passage referred to in\nthis note by an epigram of Martial, iii. 80.\n\n    \"De nulli quereris, nulli maledicis, Apici;\n    Rumor ait, lingu\u00e6 te tamen esse mal\u00e6.\"\n]\n\n[Footnote 17: e\u1f30\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c3\u03ad\u03bb\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd \u1f00\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd\u1fb7.]\n\n[Footnote 18: \u03c0\u03ac\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u1fe6 \u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, \u03b4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03ae, \u03c0\u03c1\u03cc\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03b3\u03cc\u03c2.]\n\n[Footnote 19: Among the Greeks legal proceedings terminated at sunset;\nnor could decrees of the senate, among the Romans, be passed after\nthat time; hence we find as terms of reproach: \"Senatus consulta\n_vespertina_,\" in Cicero; and \"advocati nocturni\" in Petronius.]\n\n[Footnote 20: \u03c0\u03cc\u03c1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2:--the word given as a translation, is found in\n\"Troilus and Cressida.\"]\n\n[Footnote 21:\n\n    \"... she'll not be hit\n    With Cupid's arrow,...\n    And, in strong proof of chastity well arm'd,\n    From love's weak childish bow she lives unharm'd\n    She will not stay the siege of loving terms,\n    Nor bide the encounter of assailing eyes.\"\n                            Romeo and Juliet.\n]\n\n[Footnote 22: The reader will call to mind the \"love at first sight\"\nof Theagenes and Chariclea, so well described in the Third Book of the\nEthiopics.]\n\n[Footnote 23:\n\n      \"For, oh, Love's bow,\n      Shoots buck and doe;\n      The shaft confounds,\n      Not that it wounds,\n    But tickles still the sore.\"\n            Troilus and Cressida.\n]\n\n[Footnote 24: Compare \u00c6neid, B. iv. 115-126.]\n\n[Footnote 25: \u1f41\u03b9 \u03c4\u1f02\u03cd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u1f14\u03c7\u03bf\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f20\u03bd \u03c0\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd.]\n\n[Footnote 26: \u1f35\u03bd\u03b1 \u03bc\u1f74 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03ae\u03c3\u03c9 \u03bc\u03c5\u03b8\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03ac\u03c0\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9.]\n\n[Footnote 27:\n\n    \"Credebant hoc grande nefas et morte piandum\n    Si juvenis vetulo non adsurrexerat.\"--Juv. xiii. 54.\n]\n\n[Footnote 28: \"Omnium postea Graii sanguinis virorum clarissimus\nextitit.\"--Val. Max. vi. 15. 2.]\n\n[Footnote 29: \u1f10\u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u03c5\u03c6\u03cc\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9--\"quod honoris caus\u00e2 fiebat a\nclientibus.\"--Jacobs.]\n\n[Footnote 30: The appearance of Diana is mentioned in B. vii.]\n\n[Footnote 31: The law referred to in B. ii.]\n\n[Footnote 32: \u1f22\u03bd \u03c4\u1f74\u03bd \u1f14\u03c6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd \u1f00\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03c3\u03ce\u03bc\u03b5\u03b8\u03b1.\n\n\u1f1c\u03c6\u03b5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, an appeal in order to obtain a new trial, vide Dict. of Greek\nand Rom. Antiq. p. 62.\n\nJacobs observes that the original is here probably imperfect, no\nprevious mention having been made of a new trial.--&c.]\n\n[Footnote 33: \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03bc\u03af\u03b1. The term limited for bringing actions and\nprosecutions at Athens.--Dict. of Greek and Roman Antiq. p. 797.]\n\n\n\nTHE END.","title":"The Greek Romances of Heliodorus, Longus and Achilles Tatius: Comprising the Ethiopics; or, Adventures of Theagenes and Chariclea; The pastoral amours of Daphnis and Chloe; and the loves of Clitopho and Leucippe","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":209867}