{"collection":"scripture-revelation","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_57090/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_57090","id":"gutenberg_57090","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/57090","summary":null,"tags":["Category: History - American","Category: Law & Criminology","Category: Religion/Spirituality","Category: Sociology","Charities -- Periodicals","Prisons -- Periodicals"],"text":"Produced by Larry B. Harrison, Wayne Jammond and the Online\nDistributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This\nbook was produced from images made available by the\nHathiTrust Digital Library.)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n  NEW SERIES    No. 46\n\n  PUBLISHED ANNUALLY\n  BY THE\n  PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY\n  INSTITUTED MAY 8TH, 1787.\n\n  THE JOURNAL\n  OF\n  PRISON DISCIPLINE\n  AND\n  PHILANTHROPY\n\n  JANUARY, 1907\n\n  OFFICE: STATE HOUSE ROW\n  S. W. CORNER FIFTH AND CHESTNUT STREETS\n  PHILADELPHIA, PA.\n\n\n\n\nCONSTITUTION OF THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY.\n\n\nWhen we consider that the obligations of benevolence, which are founded\non the precepts and example of the Author of Christianity, are not\ncanceled by the follies or crimes of our fellow-creatures, and when\nwe reflect upon the miseries which penury, hunger, cold, unnecessary\nseverity, unwholesome apartments, and guilt (the usual attendants of\nprisons) involve with them, it becomes us to extend our compassions\nto that part of mankind who are the subjects of those miseries.\nBy the aid of humanity their undue and illegal sufferings may be\nprevented; the link which should bind the whole family of mankind\ntogether under all circumstances, be preserved unbroken; and such\ndegree and modes of punishment may be discovered and suggested as may,\ninstead of continuing habits of vice, become the means of restoring\nour fellow-creatures to virtue and happiness. From a conviction of\nthe truth and obligations of these principles, the subscribers have\nassociated themselves under the title of \u201cTHE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON\nSOCIETY.\u201d\n\nFor effecting these purposes they have adopted the following\nConstitution:\n\n\nARTICLE I.\n\nThe officers of the Society shall consist of a President, two\nVice-Presidents, two Secretaries, a Treasurer (who may be an undoubted\nfirst-class Trust and Safe Deposit Company regularly chartered by the\nState or National Authorities), and two Counselors.\n\nThe Committee on Membership in the \u201cActing Committee\u201d shall be the\nnominating committee of the Society, whose duty it shall be after\ncareful consideration to nominate members of the Society most suitable\nin their judgment for the above named offices. The officers and the\nActing Committee shall be chosen by ballot, at the Annual Meeting of\nthe Society, which shall be on the fourth Thursday in the First month\n(January) of each year and they shall continue in office until their\nsuccessors are elected. A majority of the whole number of votes cast\nshall be necessary to the choice of any nominee for office.\n\nIn case an election for any cause shall not be held at the time above\nmentioned, it shall be the duty of the President to call a Special\nMeeting of the Society, within thirty days for the purpose of holding\nsuch election, of which at least three days\u2019 notice shall be given.\n\n\nARTICLE II.\n\nThe President shall preside in all meetings, and subscribe all public\nacts of the Society. He may call special meetings whenever he may\ndeem it expedient, and shall do so when requested in writing by five\nmembers. In his absence one of the Vice-Presidents may act in his place.\n\nARTICLE III.\n\nThe Secretaries shall keep fair records of the proceedings of the\nSociety, and shall conduct its correspondence.\n\nARTICLE IV.\n\nThe Treasurer shall pay all orders of the Society or of the Acting\nCommittee, signed by the presiding officer and the Secretary, and shall\npresent a statement of the receipts and expenditures at each stated\nmeeting of the Society, and an annual report at the annual meeting in\nthe First month (January).\n\nAll capital moneys, investments, securities and property belonging to\nthe Society may be placed in the care and custody of such trust company\nas the Society may by resolution direct, for safe keeping and for the\ncollection of the income and principal thereof.\n\nAll investments and re-investments of capital money shall be made by\ndirection of at least three members of the Finance Committee of the\nSociety.\n\nAll bequests and life subscriptions which may be received shall be\nsafely invested, the income only thereupon to be applied to the current\nexpenses of the Society.\n\n  [CONTINUED ON THIRD PAGE OF COVER.]\n\n[Illustration: JOSHUA L. BAILY.\n\nPresident Pennsylvania Prison Society, 1907.\n\nSee page 15.]\n\n\n\n\n  NEW SERIES      No. 46.\n\n  THE JOURNAL\n  OF\n  PRISON DISCIPLINE\n  AND\n  PHILANTHROPY\n\n  PUBLISHED ANNUALLY\n\n  UNDER THE DIRECTION OF \u201cTHE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY\u201d\n  INSTITUTED MAY 8th, 1787\n\n  JANUARY, 1907\n\n  OFFICE: STATE HOUSE ROW\n  S. W. CORNER FIFTH AND CHESTNUT STREETS\n  PHILADELPHIA, PA.\n\n\n\n\nThe\n\nPENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY\n\n  (FORMERLY CALLED THE PHILADELPHIA SOCIETY FOR ALLEVIATING THE\n  MISERIES OF PUBLIC PRISONS.)\n\n  Place of Meeting, State House Row, Philadelphia.\n  S. W. Cor. Fifth and Chestnut Sts.\n\n\nThe 120th Annual Meeting of \u201cTHE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY\u201d\nwas held on the afternoon of the First month (January), 24th, 1907,\nwith SAMUEL BIDDLE as Chairman, and GEO. S. WETHERELL\nas Secretary. The Minutes of the 119th Annual meeting were read and\napproved, after which the Treasurer presented his report.\n\nMemorials on the death of the President, GEO. W. HALL, and\nthe First Vice-President, the REV. JAMES ROBERTS, D. D., were\nsubmitted and ordered spread on the Minutes.\n\nThe officers and the members of the Acting Committee for 1907 were\nelected (See next page).\n\nArticle IV of the Constitution as amended was adopted.\n\nThe Editorial Committee was directed to print 7,500 copies of the\nJOURNAL, and to make such alterations and additions as might\nbe necessary.\n\n  JOHN J. LYTLE, _Gen. Secretary_.\n\n\n    Editorial Committee for 1907: REV. R. HEBER BARNES,\n    Chairman; REV. J. F. OHL, DEBORAH C. LEEDS,\n    JOSEPH C. NOBLIT, DR. WILLIAM C. STORKES.\n\n    Persons receiving the Journal are invited to correspond with, and\n    send any publications on Prison and Prison Discipline, and articles\n    for the Journal to the Chairman of the Editorial Board, 600 North\n    Thirty-second Street, Philadelphia, Pa., or S. W. Cor. Fifth and\n    Chestnut Streets.\n\n    The National Prison Congress of the U. S. for the past eight years\n    designated the fourth Sunday in October annually as Prison Sunday.\n    To aid the movement for reformation, some speakers may be supplied\n    from this Society. Apply to the chairman of that Committee.\n\n    \ud83d\udc49 JOHN J. LYTLE, S. W. Cor. Fifth and Chestnut Streets,\n    Philadelphia, is the General Secretary of the Society, giving\n    especial attention to the Eastern Penitentiary.\n\n    \ud83d\udc49 FREDERICK J. POOLEY is Agent for the County Prison,\n    appointed by the Prison Society. Address mail to 500 Chestnut\n    Street, Office of Pennsylvania Prison Society.\n\n\n\n\nOFFICERS OF THE SOCIETY FOR 1907.\n\n\nPRESIDENT\n\n  JOSHUA L. BAILY\n\n\nVICE-PRESIDENTS\n\n  REV. HERMAN L. DUHRING, D. D.                   REV. F. H. SENFT\n\n\nTREASURER\n\n  JOHN WAY\n\n\nSECRETARIES\n\nJOHN J. LYTLE FREDERICK J. POOLEY\n\n\nCOUNSELORS\n\n  HON. WM. N. ASHMAN                              HENRY S. CATTELL\n\n\nMEMBERS OF THE ACTING COMMITTEE\n\n  P. H. Spelissy,         Miss C. V. Hodges,      A. J. Wright,\n  John H. Dillingham,     Rebecca P. Latimer,     Charles H. LeFevre,\n  Dr. Emily J. Ingram,    Rev. Floyd W. Tomkins,  Mrs. E. M. Stillwell,\n  William Scattergood,    Samuel L. Whitson,      Solomon G. Engle,\n  Mrs. P. W. Lawrence,    Harry Kennedy,          Richard H. Lytle,\n  Mary S. Whelen,         Layyah Barakat,         Charles P. Hastings,\n  Isaac Slack,            Rev. J. F. Ohl,         Rev. C. Rowland Hill,\n  William Koelle,         William E. Tatum        Isaac P. Miller\n  Rev. R. Heber Barnes,   Mary S. Wetherell,      Elias H. White,\n  Dr. William C. Stokes,  George S. Wetherell,    John Smallzell,\n  William T. W. Jester,   Henry C. Cassel,        Jacob Hoffman,\n  Mrs. Horace Fassett,    Albert Oetinger,        John D. Hampton,\n  William F. Overman,     Rev. Philip Lamerdin,   Charles McDole,\n  Deborah C. Leeds,       David Sulzberger,       Jonas G. Clemmer,\n  J. Albert Koons,        Mrs. E. W. Gormley,     Susanna W. Lippincott,\n  George R. Meloney,      Frank H. Longshore,     John A. Duncan.\n  Joseph C. Noblit,       Rev. H. E. Meyer,\n\n\n_Visiting Committee for the Eastern State Penitentiary_:\n\n  John J. Lytle,          Harry Kennedy,          Rev. Solomon G. Engle,\n  P. H. Spellissy,        Layyah Barakat,         Charles P. Hastings,\n  John H. Dillingham,     Rev. J. F. Ohl,         Rev. F. H. Senft,\n  Isaac Slack,            William E. Tatum,       Rev. C. Rowland Hill,\n  Rev. R. Heber Barnes,   Mary S. Wetherell,      Isaac P. Miller,\n  Dr. William C. Stokes,  George S. Wetherell,    Elias H. White,\n  William T. W. Jester,   Albert Oetinger,        John Smallzell,\n  Deborah C. Leeds,       Henry C. Cassel,        Jacob Hoffman,\n  Mrs. Horace Fassett,    Rev. Philip Lamerdin,   John D. Hampton,\n  George R. Meloney,      David Sulzberger,       Susanna W. Lippincott,\n  Joseph C. Noblit,       Frank H. Longshore,     Charles McDole,\n  Rebecca P. Latimer,     Rev. H. E. Meyer,       Jonas G. Clemmer.\n  Samuel L. Whitson,      Charles H. LeFevre,\n\n\n_Visiting Committee for the Philadelphia County Prison_:\n\n  F. J. Pooley,           Mrs. E. M. Stillwell,   George S. Wetherell,\n  Deborah C. Leeds,       William T. W. Jester,   Layyah Barakat,\n  Miss C. V. Hodges       Mrs. P. W. Lawrence,    John A. Duncan,\n  David Sulzberger,       Mrs. Horace Fassett,    Susanna W. Lippincott.\n  Rev. H. E. Meyer,       Mary S. Wetherell,\n\n\n_For the Holmesburg Prison_:\n\n  F. A. Pooley,           Isaac Slack,            David Sulzberger.\n                          Layyah Barakat,\n\n\n_For the Chester County Prison_:\n\n  William Scattergood,                            Deborah C. Leeds,\n\n\n_For the Delaware County Prison_:\n\n  Deborah C. Leeds.\n\n\n_For the Western Penitentiary and Allegheny County Prison_:\n\n  Mrs. E. W. Gormley.\n\n\n_For the Counties of the State at Large_:\n\n  Mrs. E. W. Gormley,     Deborah C. Leeds,       Frederick J. Pooley,\n                          Layyah Barakat.\n\n\n_For the House of Correction_:\n\n\n  F. J. Pooley,           Layyah Barakat,         Isaac Slack.\n  Deborah C. Leeds,       David Sulzberger,\n\n\n\n\nSTANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1907.\n\n\n  _On Library_:\n\n  Rev. J. F. Ohl,        Rev. R. Heber Barnes,       F. J. Pooley.\n\n\n  _On Accounts_:\n\n  Charles P. Hastings,     Albert Oetinger,       John Smallzell.\n\n\n  _Editorial Committee_:\n\n  Rev. R. Heber Barnes,      Deborah C. Leeds,      Dr. William C. Stokes.\n  Rev. J. F. Ohl,            Joseph C. Noblit,\n\n\n  _On Membership in the Acting Committee_:\n\n  Dr. William C. Stokes,      Albert Oetinger,       Charles P. Hastings.\n  George S. Wetherell,        Elias H. White,\n\n\n  _On Finance_:\n\n  George S. Wetherell,      David Sulzberger,      William Scattergood,\n                            A. J. Wright.\n\n\n  _On Employment of Discharged Prisoners_:\n\n  Isaac Slack,           John D. Hampton,                Mrs. Horace Fassett,\n  Albert Oetinger,       Rev. H. L. Duhring, D. D.,      John A. Duncan,\n  William Koelle,        Frederick J. Pooley,            Mrs. P. W. Lawrence.\n  Henry C. Cassel,\n\n\n  _Auditing Committee_:\n\n  Joseph C. Noblit,                             John H. Dillingham.\n\n\n  _On Police Matrons in Station Houses_:\n\n  Mrs. P. W. Lawrence,       Dr. Emily J. Ingram,       Mary S. Wetherell.\n\n\n  _On Prison Sunday_:\n\n  Rev. R. Heber Barnes,           Rev. J. F. Ohl,        Rev. F. H. Senft.\n  Rev. H. L. Duhring, D. D.,      Rev. Philip Lamerdin,\n\n\n  _On Legislation_:\n\n  Rev. J. F. Ohl,        Joseph Noblit,             William Scattergood.\n  Rev. H. C. Meyer,      Rev. R. Heber Barnes,\n\n[Illustration: THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY.\n\nExterior of Office, S. W. Cor. Fifth and Chestnut Streets.]\n\n\n\n\nJOURNAL OF PRISON DISCIPLINE\n\n       ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTIETH YEAR\n  1787               OF                1907\n       THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY\n\nANNUAL REPORT OF JOHN J. LYTLE, GENERAL SECRETARY\n\n\nIn submitting this, my Seventeenth Annual Report, it is with renewed\nfeelings of devout thankfulness to my Heavenly Father that He has\nspared my life through another year, and given me the health and\nstrength to perform a service so near and dear to my heart.\n\nIn one respect the work of the Pennsylvania Prison Society is unique.\nBesides the General Secretary, whose labors are confined chiefly to the\nEastern Penitentiary, and the Agent for the County Prison, the Society\nhas an \u201cActing Committee\u201d of fifty members, who by two legislative\nenactments have the rights of official visitors. The first of these\nacts became operative in 1829. This was supplemented by the act\napproved March 20, 1903, which is as follows:\n\n\nAN ACT\n\n    To make active or visiting committees, of societies incorporated\n    for the purpose of visiting and instructing prisoners, official\n    visitors of penal and reformatory institutions.\n\nSECTION I. Be it enacted, etc., That the active or visiting\ncommittee of any society heretofore incorporated and now existing\nin this Commonwealth for the purpose of visiting and instructing\nprisoners, or persons confined in any penal or reformatory institution,\nand alleviating their miseries, shall be and are hereby made official\nvisitors of any jail, penitentiary, or other penal or reformatory\ninstitution in this Commonwealth, maintained at the public expense,\nwith the same powers, privileges, and functions as are vested in the\nofficial visitors of prisons and penitentiaries, as now prescribed by\nlaw: Provided, That no active or visiting committee of any such society\nshall be entitled to visit such jails or penal institutions, under this\nact, unless notice of the names of the members of such committee, and\nthe terms of their appointment, is given by such society, in writing,\nunder its corporate seal, to the warden, superintendent or other\nofficer in charge of such jail, or other officer in charge of any such\njail or other penal institution.\n\nApproved--The 20th day of March, A. D. 1903.\n\n  SAML. W. PENNYPACKER.\n\nThe foregoing is a true and correct copy of the Act of the General\nAssembly No. 48.\n\n  FRANK M. FULLER,\n  _Secretary of the Commonwealth_.\n\n\nTHE EASTERN PENITENTIARY\n\nUnder the rights thus conferred those members of the Acting Committee\nof the Pennsylvania Prison Society assigned to the Eastern Penitentiary\nvisit prisoners in their cells. It is found that this personal work of\nChristian men and women is productive of good results. In the privacy\nof the cell hearts and lives are laid open, impressions are made,\nresolutions are formed, and changes are brought about that under a\nless personal and individual system of treatment would be well-nigh\nimpossible. The corridor for female prisoners is in charge of a matron,\nand is regularly visited by women members of the Acting Committee.\n\nDuring the past year I made over three hundred visits to the\nPenitentiary; and have had more than three thousand personal interviews\nwith men. Those who need it receive a complete outfit of new clothing\non their discharge. But looking after the physical well-being of a\nman when he leaves I regard as the least important of my duties. I\nascertain what his past has been, what his prospects are for the\nfuture, and in what way he can be aided in carrying out the good\nresolutions he may have formed. Thus with good advice and helpful\nservice the man is again given an opportunity to rehabilitate himself.\n\nBesides caring for those just discharged, the General Secretary and\nthe Agent of the County Prison also extend aid to men who have been\nreleased for some time, but who have failed to secure employment. This\nis done at the relief station maintained near the Penitentiary, which\nis open every morning. Here men who are found to be really deserving\nare supplied with meal tickets, lodging-room rent, and goods to sell.\n\nThe total amount expended during the past year from the Fund for\nDischarged Prisoners was $3,795.56. Tools were given to men to the\namount of $69.16.\n\nAs heretofore, Divine services were held in the different corridors\neach First Day morning under the direction of the Moral Instructor, the\nRev. Joseph Welsh. The speakers were supplied by the Local Preachers\u2019\nAssociation of the Methodist Episcopal Church, the Protestant Episcopal\nCity Mission, and the Lutheran City Mission.\n\nThe Sunday Song Services at 4 P. M. by choirs from different\nchurches, arranged for by the Rev. H. L. Duhring, D. D., Superintendent\nof the Protestant Episcopal City Mission, were continued during the\nyear.\n\nI am greatly indebted to all the officers and overseers of the\nPenitentiary for their uniform courtesy and their valuable assistance\nin the prosecution of my work. Charles C. Church has proved himself\nto be an able and efficient warden, to whose administrative ability\nand genial manner the discipline and good order of the institution are\nchiefly due.\n\nFrom the Annual Report of the Penitentiary I gather the following\nstatistics:\n\n                            POPULATION\n                                         White          Colored       Total\n                                     Males  Females  Males  Females\n  Remaining from 1905                  859     13     257      13     1,142\n  Committed during 1906                303      8     111       9       431\n                                     -----     --     ---      --     -----\n  Total population                   1,162     21     368      22     1,573\n  Discharged during 1906               336      6      96       5       443\n                                     -----     --     ---      --     -----\n  Remaining at the close of 1906       826     15     272      17     1,130\n\n         THE DISCHARGES WERE AS FOLLOWS:\n\n  By Commutation Law                        406\n   \u201c Order of Court                           7\n   \u201c Department of Justice                    8\n   \u201c Order of Huntingdon Reformatory          4\n   \u201c Pardon                                   3\n   \u201c Suicide                                  1\n  Died                                       14\n                                           ----\n        Total                               443\n\n  Average daily population, 1906                   1,144\n  Largest number in confinement during year        1,175\n  Smallest number in confinement during year       1,103\n\n\nTABLES RELATING TO THE 431 CONVICTS RECEIVED DURING 1906.\n\n                      (1) SCHOOL\n                                  No. of Convicts.\n  Attended public school                       348\n     \u201c     private school                        8\n     \u201c     public and private school             6\n  Never went to school                          69\n                                               ---\n       Total                                   431\n\n                     (2) EDUCATION\n  Read and write                               312\n    \u201c   \u201c    \u201c   imperfectly                    56\n  Illiterate                                    63\n                                               ---\n       Total                                   431\n\n                       (3) TRADES\n  Number having trades                         159\n    \u201c       \u201c   no trades                      272\n                                               ---\n       Total                                   431\n  Number idle at time of arrest                116\n\n                  (4) AGE OF CONVICTS\n         Age               White   Colored    Total\n  From 15 to 20 years        31       14        45\n   \u201c   21 \u201c  25   \u201c          74       34       108\n   \u201c   26 \u201c  30   \u201c          61       36        97\n   \u201c   31 \u201c  35   \u201c          53       14        67\n   \u201c   36 \u201c  40   \u201c          31        7        38\n   \u201c   41 \u201c  45   \u201c          26        6        32\n   \u201c   46 \u201c  50   \u201c          15        3        18\n   \u201c   51 \u201c  55   \u201c          11        2        13\n   \u201c   56 \u201c  60   \u201c           5        1         6\n   \u201c   61 \u201c  65   \u201c           2        1         3\n   \u201c   66 \u201c  70   \u201c           2        1         3\n  Above 70 years                       1         1\n                            ---      ---       ---\n       Total                311      120       431\n\n                     (5) CONVICTIONS\n  First Conviction                             268\n  Second    \u201c      1st time here                63\n    \u201c       \u201c      2d   \u201c    \u201c                  31\n  Third     \u201c      1st  \u201c    \u201c                  16\n    \u201c       \u201c      2d   \u201c    \u201c                  11\n    \u201c       \u201c      3d   \u201c    \u201c                   8\n  Fourth    \u201c      1st  \u201c    \u201c                   8\n    \u201c       \u201c      2d   \u201c    \u201c                   4\n    \u201c       \u201c      3d   \u201c    \u201c                   1\n    \u201c       \u201c      4th  \u201c    \u201c                   1\n  Fifth     \u201c      1st  \u201c    \u201c                   2\n    \u201c       \u201c      2d   \u201c    \u201c                   2\n    \u201c       \u201c      3d   \u201c    \u201c                   1\n    \u201c       \u201c      4th  \u201c    \u201c                   2\n    \u201c       \u201c      5th  \u201c    \u201c                   1\n  Sixth     \u201c      2d   \u201c    \u201c                   3\n    \u201c       \u201c      3d   \u201c    \u201c                   2\n  Seventh   \u201c      2d   \u201c    \u201c                   2\n    \u201c       \u201c      6th  \u201c    \u201c                   2\n  Eighth    \u201c      5th  \u201c    \u201c                   1\n  Eleventh  \u201c      3d   \u201c    \u201c                   1\n  Fifteenth \u201c      7th  \u201c    \u201c                   1\n                                               ---\n       Total                                   431\n\n            PARENTAL RELATIONS AT 16 YEARS\n\n  Parents living                               295\n  Mother    \u201c                                   65\n  Father    \u201c                                   38\n  Parents dead                                  33\n                                               ---\n       Total                                   431\n\n                  CONJUGAL RELATIONS\n\n  Single                                       254\n  Married                                      152\n  Widowed                                       25\n                                               ---\n       Total                                   431\n\n                 NUMBER HAVING CHILDREN\n\n  Number having children                       112\n  Number of children                           301\n\n                       NATIVITY\n\n  Born in the United States                    346\n  Foreign born                                  85\n                                               ---\n       Total                                   431\n\n  Of the foreign born, naturalized              31\n  Of the foreign born, Not naturalized          54\n                                                --\n       Total                                    85\n\n        RECEPTIONS CLASSIFIED AS TO DISTRICTS\n\n  Received from Manufacturing Districts        161\n     \u201c      \u201c   Mining Districts                70\n     \u201c      \u201c   Agricultural Districts         200\n                                               ---\n       Total                                   431\n\nThe following figures were gathered by the Moral Instructor, the Rev.\nJoseph Welsh, in his interviews with the prisoners admitted during the\nyear:\n\n  Total number received during the year          431\n  Number who attended Sunday School              286\n    \u201c     \u201c      \u201c    Church                     232\n    \u201c     \u201c  were members of Church              157\n    \u201c     \u201c    \u201c  abstainers from use of liquor   63\n    \u201c     \u201c    \u201c  moderate users of liquor       159\n    \u201c     \u201c    \u201c  intemperate users of liquor    170\n    \u201c     \u201c    \u201c  users of tobacco               356\n    \u201c     \u201c  gambled with cards                   29\n    \u201c     \u201c    \u201c     on horse races               11\n    \u201c     \u201c  visited immoral women               158\n    \u201c     \u201c  kept mistresses                       2\n\n\nTHE PHILADELPHIA COUNTY PRISON\n\nThis Prison still keeps up its record as a well managed institution.\nUnfortunately, the Convict Department at Holmesburg is somewhat\novercrowded, and it is to be regretted that funds have not yet been\nprovided by the City Councils for additional corridors, so that each\nman could be separately confined as the law provides. It is admitted by\nthe advocates both of the separate and of the congregate system, that\nthose awaiting trial should be strictly separated. To place a first,\nand especially a young offender, with a hardened criminal, simply means\nthe production of another criminal, and places the State itself in the\nposition of committing a wrong against one of its own citizens.\n\nFrederick J. Pooley, one of the Secretaries of the Society and Agent\nat the County Prison, is more untiring than ever in his efforts for\nthe betterment of those incarcerated in Moyamensing, at Tenth and\nReed Streets, and in the New County Jail (Convict Department), at\nHolmesburg. He visits both institutions during five days in the week,\nseeks to aid men temporally and morally, is instrumental in having\ncases brought to speedy trial, and in some cases even looks after the\ndestitute families of prisoners. At Moyamensing, women members of the\nActing Committee also visit in the Women\u2019s Department.\n\nDuring the year 1906 there were received at the County Prison, Tenth\nand Reed Streets:\n\n  White males                    17,085\n    \u201c   females                   2,180\n  Black males                     3,106\n    \u201c   females                   1,005\n  Total committed, 1906          23,376\n    \u201c   discharged, 1906         23,452\n\nAfter trial many were sent to Holmesburg.\n\n\nTHE ASSOCIATED COMMITTEE OF WOMEN ON POLICE MATRONS\n\nThe Associated Committee of Women on Police Matrons in Station Houses\nmeets monthly with three representatives from each of a number of\nthe charitable associations of Philadelphia. On this Committee, the\nPennsylvania Prison Society is represented by Mrs. P. W. Lawrence, Dr.\nEmily J. Ingram and Mary S. Wetherell. The following is the report of\nthe Committee for the past year:\n\nThe Committee on Police Matrons held ten regular and one special\nmeeting during the year ending December 31, 1906.\n\nThe membership of this Committee is now twenty-one women who represent\nseven societies, namely, the Pennsylvania Prison Society, Women\u2019s\nChristian Temperance Union, Civic Club, New Century Club, Young Women\u2019s\nChristian Association, Christian League, and Mothers\u2019 Club. The usual\nattendance is from eight to twelve members. Reports are received from\nall the Matrons at each meeting. There are twenty-two. The fourteenth\ndistrict (Germantown) was supplied with a Matron in March, 1906. The\neffort is made that each Matron shall receive at least one visit a\nmonth. The meeting of the Conference of Charities in Philadelphia in\nMay last brought us unusual interest in the work of Police Matrons\nelsewhere, and we formed a permanent committee to secure knowledge of\nit in other cities, and comparison of methods with them. At several\nmeetings of this year, four Matrons at a time were invited to meet with\nthe Committee, and offer suggestions and state experiences requiring\nhelp and study. The Needle Work Guild co\u00f6perates with the Committee\nfor supplying clothing to the Matrons for their use with needy women\nand children under their care. Mrs. Fletcher, our Senior Matron,\ncompleted her twentieth year of service, and was given a reception by\nthe Committee, at which the Directors and other officials were present.\nIn this time she has had 9,000 women and 2,900 children under her care.\nThe Director of Public Safety, Robert McKenty, has been especially\ninterested in an effort to give personal help to erring women and\ngirls, and extends every facility for our communication with such,\nby directing the Lieutenants to co\u00f6perate with our efforts to redeem\nthem from disgrace and despair. The numbers given in our reports are,\nof course, from twenty-two districts only. There are fourteen others\nwithout Matrons, where many women and children are received. We have\nbeen assured that a Matron will be appointed in West Philadelphia very\nsoon, and there is also a prospect of more effective systematic work in\nco\u00f6peration and supervision of this branch of police administration.\n\n\nSTATISTICS\n\n(Except as to totals and conditions when received, statistics cannot be\nmade absolutely accurate, especially as to \u201cNationality and Disposal.\u201d)\n\n  _Women under care from January, 1906, to January, 1907_      9,295\n  Arrested                                                     7,475\n  Lost or seeking shelter                                        379\n  Mothers                                                      2,898\n  Intoxicated                                                  3,679\n  White                                                        6,502\n  Colored                                                      2,288\n\n\n  _Disposals._\n\n  Discharged with and without fines                            2,074\n  Sent to Reformatories                                          672\n  House of Correction                                            923\n  County Prison                                                2,255\n  Americans                                                    5,320\n  Foreigners                                                   2,934\n\n  _Children under care from January, 1906, to January, 1907_   6,839\n  Arrested                                                     3,417\n  Lost or ran away                                             2,846\n  White                                                        5,497\n  Colored                                                        651\n  Brought with parents                                           468\n\n\n  _Disposals._\n\n  Sent home                                                    4,695\n  S. P. C. C. and Aid Society                                    387\n  Charities and Reformatories                                    449\n  House of Detention and Juvenile Court                          572\n\n  Respectfully submitted,\n  MRS. P. W. LAWRENCE.\n\n\nCHESTER COUNTY PRISON\n\nWilliam Scattergood, President of the Board of Inspectors, makes\nweekly visits to this prison, and reports it in good condition. It is\nconsidered a model prison. Deborah C. Leeds, a member of the Acting\nCommittee, has also visited it during the year.\n\n\nCOUNTY PRISON AT MEDIA\n\nDeborah C. Leeds has visited this prison several times during the year,\nand reports it a well conducted institution.\n\n\nALLEGHENY COUNTY\n\nMrs. E. W. Gormley, Superintendent of the Prison and Jail Department\nof the W. C. T. U., is also a member of the Acting Committee of the\nPennsylvania Prison Society, and as such an official visitor to the\npenitentiaries, county jails and reformatories of the Commonwealth. We\nare highly favored in having a member who is doing efficient work in\nthe western part of the State.\n\n\nDOOR OF BLESSING\n\nThis institution for discharged female prisoners was established and\nis under the supervision of Mrs. Horace Fassett, who is an official\nvisitor at the Eastern Penitentiary and the County Prison. She writes:\n\u201cThe Door of Blessing goes steadily on in its good work under its noble\nmatron, Gertrude Brown. Since January, 1906, fifty women and four\nbabies were sent there from our County Prison, the House of Correction,\nand the Eastern Penitentiary. All of these were placed in situations\nin the country, mostly on farms. Some have returned to go to better\npositions, some have remained, and very few have gone back to their old\nlife. The Door of Blessing is a home for these dear children in every\nsense of the word--a haven of rest and peace. All love it and look\nforward to their afternoons out, that they may go there and have supper\nwith the matron and tell her of their joys and sorrows, to which she\nlistens with loving sympathy. Six women were sent to their homes, their\nfamilies being willing to receive them after a short stay at the Door\nof Blessing.\u201d\n\n\nHOME OF INDUSTRY\n\nThis institution extends help to men discharged from the Eastern\nPenitentiary and the County Prison. It provides board and shelter for\nthese, gives them employment in broom-making, for which they receive\ncompensation, and seeks to bring all who enter it under the saving\npower of the Gospel. The efficient Superintendent is Frank H. Starr,\nwho makes every effort to place men in situations when they leave the\nHome.\n\n\nGALILEE MISSION\n\nThis is under the care of the Protestant Episcopal Church. A large\nnumber of men from the Penitentiary and County Prison have been sent\nthere for meals and lodgings, sometimes only for a few days, and at\nother times for a week or two until they could obtain work.\n\n\nHOPE HALL, NEW YORK. UNDER THE CARE OF MRS. BALLINGTON BOOTH\n\nDuring the year a number of men have been sent to this place from the\nEastern Penitentiary. Mrs. Booth always receives such with a warm\nwelcome, and often obtains good situations for them.\n\n\nPRISON SUNDAY\n\nIn the early part of October, 1906, the Committee on Prison Sunday sent\nout a circular letter, urging the observance of October 21st as Prison\nSunday, to thirty-three hundred ministers of the Methodist Episcopal,\nthe Presbyterian, the Baptist, the Lutheran, the Protestant Episcopal,\nand the Reformed Churches in Pennsylvania, and to six hundred daily and\nweekly newspapers.\n\n\n    FROM THE MINUTES\n\n    MEMORIALS OF DECEASED MEMBERS\n\n\n    GEORGE W. HALL\n\n    George W. Hall, former member of the State Legislature and of City\n    Councils, a well-known financier, and President of the Pennsylvania\n    Prison Society, passed away on December 14, 1906, in the 77th year\n    of his age. He was a member of the Franklin Institute, a director\n    of the School of Design for Women, a director of the Home for\n    Feeble Minded Children at Elwyn, a member of the St. Andrew\u2019s\n    Society, a trustee of the Second Presbyterian Church, and an\n    inspector of the Philadelphia County Prison.\n\n    It seems proper that there should be a minute of record of one who\n    for years has been an active member, besides being a life member\n    of the Society. He spent much time in looking after the welfare of\n    the prisoners at the County Prison, Tenth and Reed Streets, and at\n    Holmesburg, where he will be greatly missed.\n\n    May this minute be recorded and a copy sent to the surviving\n    members of his family.\n\n\n    REV. JAMES ROBERTS, D. D.\n\n    Rev. James Roberts, D. D., was born at Montrose, Scotland, December\n    25, 1839.\n\n    He came to this country with his parents at an early age, and was\n    graduated from the Princeton Theological Seminary in 1868. His\n    first charge was at Coatesville, Pa., where he remained until 1885,\n    when he took charge of the Church at Darby, Pa. After remaining\n    there ten years he accepted a call to Lambertville, N. J. On\n    leaving this charge he became Superintendent of the Mercer Home for\n    Aged and Retired Ministers, which position he filled until called\n    suddenly from earth on September 27, 1906. His genial, affectionate\n    ways widened the circle of his friends, who were found among\n    all classes. It is with sincere sorrow that our Society records\n    the departure of another of its most honored members and Second\n    Vice-President.\n\n    Resolved, That this minute be entered on our records and a copy\n    thereof with our sympathies be sent to the bereaved family.\n\n[Illustration: THE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY.]\n\nI close my report with the earnest wish that the Pennsylvania Prison\nSociety may constantly widen its scope of operations and grow in\nefficiency and usefulness as it grows in years.\n\nThe work I have performed during not only the last, but for many\nyears, has been very dear to my heart, and I have felt that I have\nhad an especial call to the service. Conscious, however, of my need\ncontinually of Divine guidance in all that I have done in His name, I\nhave earnestly sought for that wisdom which will enable me to do all\nfor Him.\n\nWith sincere desire that I may be a humble instrument in His hands in\nwinning souls unto Christ, this report is respectfully submitted.\n\n  JOHN J. LYTLE,\n  _General Secretary_.\n\n       *       *       *       *       *\n\nJoshua L. Baily was elected President of The Pennsylvania Prison\nSociety at the annual meeting, January, 1907. His membership in the\nSociety dates from 1851 and he is the oldest member now living. For a\nnumber of years he was a member of the Acting Committee and a regular\nvisitor of the Eastern Penitentiary. His great interest in prison\ndiscipline induced him, some years ago, to visit voluntarily all the\npenitentiaries in the Atlantic States, as well as some of those in the\nStates of the Central West, and he visited also many of the County\nPrisons in Pennsylvania and other States. His interest in correctional\ninstitutions was further shown by ten years\u2019 service on the Board of\nManagers of the House of Refuge.\n\nMr. Baily has been no less actively interested in charitable\ninstitutions, having been for more than fifty years a manager of The\nPhiladelphia Society for the Employment and Instruction of the Poor, of\nwhich he is now President. He was one of the founders, and for eighteen\nyears the President of The Philadelphia Society for Organizing Charity.\nHe is also a member and manager of a number of other benevolent\nsocieties, so that by reason of long experience, in both correctional\nand charitable service, Mr. Baily comes to the Presidency of the Prison\nSociety well equipped for the duties devolving upon him. Although still\nengaged in mercantile business, Mr. Baily gives a large portion of his\ntime, as well as his means, to benevolent purposes, and devotes thereto\na degree of vigor, both mental and physical, quite unusual in one of\nhis advanced years.\n\n\n\n\nTHE NATIONAL PRISON CONGRESS\n\nALBANY, NEW YORK, SEPTEMBER, 15-20, 1906.\n\n\nThe National Prison Association met in its annual Congress, in the\nSenate Chamber of the State Capitol, at Albany, N. Y., on the evening\nof September 15, 1906. The meeting was called to order by the Chairman\nof the Local Committee, Mr. James F. McElroy, and prayer was offered by\nthe Rev. W. F. Wittaker, D. D., pastor of the First Presbyterian Church.\n\nThe Hon. Julius E. Mayer, Attorney-General, represented the Governor in\nthe address of welcome in behalf of the State, and the Mayor of Albany,\nthe Hon. Charles H. Gans, spoke for the city. The Rev. Dr. Frederick\nHoward Wines made the response, in which he dwelt in reminiscent vein\non some of his experiences since the first meeting of the Association,\nand spoke especially of the leading men who were connected with it\nduring its early history. Dr. Wines advocated three reforms: 1, the\nabolition of the \u201csweating\u201d or \u201cthird-degree\u201d system, which he called\nan outrage on the rights of prisoners; 2, the reorganization of the\njury system, so that juries could no longer be selected by the \u201cGang\u201d\nfor the express purpose of defeating justice; and 3, the dismissing of\nsmall misdemeanants on their own recognizance, instead of crowding the\njails with these.\n\nDr. Wines then introduced the President of the Association, the Hon.\nCornelius V. Collins, Superintendent of Prisons of New York State.\n\n\nPRESIDENT\u2019S ADDRESS\n\nMr. Collins, after alluding briefly to the purposes and work of\nthe Association, rehearsed the part his own State had taken in the\ndevelopment of plans for the scientific treatment of criminals. Having\ntraced the successive steps in prison reform, in which he showed that\nNew York State had taken the lead, he said:\n\n\u201cPublic sentiment has always called for the education and training of\nthe young. How much more important and of what inestimable value is the\nsaving of the adult. Situated as we are here, at the gateway of the\nrepublic, we admit at Ellis Island more than a million new people each\nyear. Vital statistics in New York City gave 59,000 births last year,\nonly 11,000 of which were of American parentage. Austria, Russia and\nItaly each sent us 200,000 immigrants last year. What is more natural\nthan that many of them, wholly unacquainted with our country, our\nlanguage and our laws, should in their first effort at living in the\nland of liberty run counter to our laws and find their way to prison.\nSurely they do come, and the number is constantly increasing. There\nare now 12,000 convicts in the prisons of this State, made up largely\nfrom this cosmopolitan army of ignorance and superstition. This is\nthe problem we have to solve in New York State, and while it is no\ndoubt a fact that our State will always have more than others, it is\nnevertheless true that every State in the Union will have this class of\nprisoners to deal with in increasing numbers as time goes on.\u201d\n\nSuperintendent Collins detailed the good that followed the separation\nand classification of prison inmates into groups or grades and the\ntraining of the mental faculties through the plan of education in vogue\nin New York State prisons. The labor and industrial training provided\nin connection with mental training was spoken of and a plea was made\nfor the indeterminate sentence. In conclusion Superintendent Collins\nmade a timely argument in favor of a reform in county jails. In this\nconnection he said:\n\n\u201cWe who are familiar with the facts know that many convicts are\nreceived at the prisons who are morally poisoned and contaminated while\nawaiting trial in the jails by the intimate association with confirmed\nand degraded criminals which is permitted in these institutions.\nThis is especially true of the younger class of offenders, who come\nto the jail having respect for authority and dread of confinement.\nAt no period of their penal term are they so susceptible to external\ninfluences. If at this period a practical reformatory influence is\nexerted upon them, their correction can in most cases be accomplished,\nbut if they are left in idleness and subject to the evil influences of\ndegraded companions their respect for law is soon destroyed, and they\nbecome hardened and defiant and accept the theories and ambitions of\nthe confirmed criminals as their own. Thus the man who enters jail in\nsuch condition that proper treatment would readily turn him from his\ncriminal course often reaches the prison a most discouraging subject\nfor its reformatory system.\n\n\u201cFor the interest of society, as well as the protection of young\noffenders, the jail system should be corrected. The jail buildings are\nimproved and the prisoners are better fed than they were fifty years\nago; otherwise the system remains practically the same. Its conspicuous\ndefects still exist. No chain is stronger than its weakest link;\nthe extensive schemes of penal administration in the several States\nhave their fatally weak part in their jails. Genuine and effective\norganization in the United States for the salvation of criminals and\nalleged criminals must take heed of these facts, which are notorious.\n\n\u201cMay I now suggest that a committee, to be called, if you please, the\nCommittee on Plan and Scope, be appointed at this session of the Prison\nCongress to consider the following recommendations:\n\n\u201cFirst. A rational and uniform system of jail administration.\n\n\u201cSecond. A uniform system of education for prison officers.\n\n\u201cThird. A uniform system of education for convicts.\n\n\u201cFourth. So far as possible, a uniform system of prison discipline.\n\n\u201cFifth. A uniform system of classification.\n\n\u201cSixth. A uniform system of parole, and a careful consideration of all\nother matters that in their judgment would tend to make further reforms\nin the treatment of the criminal classes.\n\n\u201cThis committee to make a report of their conclusions at the session of\n1907.\u201d\n\nThe Congress, deeply impressed by Mr. Collins\u2019 recommendations,\nsubsequently appointed a strong committee to report at the next meeting\non the jail system in the United States.\n\n\nSUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 16TH\n\nMORNING\n\nThe Conference Sermon was preached by the Rt. Rev. William Crosswell\nDoane, D. D., LL. D., Bishop of the Diocese of Albany, in the Cathedral\nof All Saints, where the delegates attended in a body. The Bishop\u2019s\ntext was Matt. 25:36, \u201cI was in prison and ye came unto me.\u201d He said\nin part: \u201cAlmost by an instinctive impulse these words come first to\nthe mind of the preacher at such a service, and by a striking and happy\ncoincidence this service falls upon the Sunday when our Book of Common\nPrayer appoints for the second morning lesson the chapter which ends\nwith this intense expression of our Lord, containing, I think, the seed\nprinciple upon which the noble work of this Association was founded\nand has been carried on. Last year the preacher took the earthly\nministry of our dear divine Lord as the pattern of this work, \u2018Who went\nabout doing good.\u2019\n\n\u201cI am only supplementing and carrying along the line of his thought\nwhen I ask you to think of the divine Master as giving not the pattern\nonly, but the principle of your work. There is no contradiction in the\ndouble presentation of our Lord\u2019s personality along this as along so\nmany other lines. He is so essentially by His incarnation in our human\nnature that we bring Him to those to whom we minister in His name and\nfind Him in those to whom we bring Him. And in either of these sides\nthe truth is set forth and enforced that the object of all Christian\nservice, whether it be the work of Christianity in religious teaching,\nor the work of Christianity in the administration of civic affairs, is\nnot the violent denunciation or vindictive infliction of punishment\nupon a sinner, but the offer of help and the opportunity of reform.\nThe Prison Reform Association may well claim that it describes and\nexpresses in its name the purpose for which in Christian lands prisons\nexist. \u2018He came not to condemn the world, but to save it.\u2019 \u2018The Son of\nMan has come to seek and save the lost.\u2019\n\n\u201cCuriously enough, whatever technical differences may lie in the use of\nthe various words prison and gaol and reformatory, there is one that\nstands out as having in its root meaning the very thought of that on\nwhich we are dwelling, because the penitentiary is certainly the place\nwhere men are led and drawn, through real penitence, to seek and find\npardon and peace.\n\n\u201cI am not losing sight of the purpose of imprisonment both to stamp\ncrime as crime and to protect society from the criminal. I am only\nadvocating the thought of reform for which this Association stands. If\na man is a murderer condemned to die, then there is the overwhelming\nduty and responsibility of bringing him to repentance, that he may die\nforgiven. If he is serving a sentence indeterminate or for a fixed\ntime, then surely the influence and effort of prison discipline must\nbe not to harden him into sullen hatred of law and of all that the\nlaw stands for, not in a harbored purpose to revenge himself in some\nway, when once he is free, upon the society which has condemned him;\nbut to waken in him such a sense of shame as shall force him back\nto the possibility of self-respect, and bring him to that point of\nrealized wrong by means of which he shall \u2018come to himself.\u2019 That is\nthe Master\u2019s own description of the prodigal son. Far as he had strayed\nfrom his father\u2019s house, he had strayed farther from his real self, the\nself of his innocent childhood, the self of his home and surroundings,\nthe self of his true nature, and it was when the true man wakened in\nhim that, coming first to himself, he came next to his father\u2019s house.\n\n\u201cIn this recognition of the criminal\u2019s sin there must be enforced\nthe discipline of penalty, and of penalty as punishment, but it must\nbe carefully dealt with, so as in no sense to convey the thought of\nretribution or of vindictive retaliation. The strides of progress which\nhave been made in the last century and a half under the methods of such\nreal reformers as Howard and Wines (whom, as a boy, I remember very\nwell), and Elizabeth Fry and Dorothy Dix, have, among other things, set\nthe stamp of this idea in the fact that capital punishment, which used\nto be inflicted for many crimes, is reserved to the one for which it\nwas divinely ordered, and from which, I trust, it will never be taken\naway, namely, the sin of shedding another\u2019s blood. Meanwhile, more and\nmore, in the selection of wardens, in the appointment of chaplains,\nin the abolition of the fearful cruelties of physical torture, in the\ndecent sanitation of prisons, we have grown more and more to realize\nthat the condemned criminal is to be treated as a man who needs\nprotection, systematic discipline, the training of the prison, to\nprotect him from himself, to put into him the purpose and set before\nhim the possibility of a better life, rather than to humiliate and\ncrush him into desperation and despair. It is quite true that no amount\nof legislation and no method of enforcing laws can make a man moral,\nbut it is also true that the law which defines and punishes sin deters\nmen from the commission of crime, and when the criminal is condemned\nand sentenced and his punishment begins, only the power of religion can\nreach him to convince him of his sin, to convert him from his habits,\nto reach the motives of his life, to change the tendency of his will,\nto form in him new habits, to give him the spiritual help by which his\nconscience may be enlightened and his character changed.\n\n\u201cAnd there are certain human, natural, physical reasons for the right\nattitude to the convicted criminal which more than warrant us in\nassuming it as the groundwork and motive of our dealings with him. It\nis told, I think of an English bishop, seeing a criminal drawn in a\ntumbril to execution on Ludgate Hill, in London, that he said, \u2018There\ngo I but for grace.\u2019 Somehow I know it is true that now and then\nmen whose lives have been surrounded from childhood up to the very\nmoment of their fall with the best influences, suddenly lapse into\ngreat sin. We have instances in the last year which have startled and\nstaggered communities, men in places of trust who have betrayed it,\nand have either been flung down from the position of confidence and\nhonor or fallen themselves, and found in flight or in suicide the fatal\ntermination of what has seemed to be a career of honorable service.\nI am bound to say a word even for these. I believe the vindictive\npersonalities which have assailed some of these men are in some cases\nabsolutely unjust.\n\n\u201cThere ought to be, thank God, there is, more and more in the great\nmovements in our cities, a strong, set effort of prevention, which is\nfar better than cure. The prisons will be emptier when we have reached\nthe root and reason of crime. If we can control the use of liquor and\nstop at least its excess; if we can stamp out the curse of drunkenness;\nif we can more and more arrest the degradation of our slums; if we can\ntrain up a race of children in surroundings of physical healthfulness,\nof moral decency and dignity; and still better, if we can instil into\nthem from earliest childhood the principles and pattern of Jesus\nChrist, we shall have begun, at the right end, the restoration and the\nreformation of humanity. Meanwhile, until all these movements have\nripened into some result, it becomes us to remember from what sources\nand in what surroundings the grown-up criminal has come; to realize\nhow far we, by our neglect and indifference, have been responsible for\nthem; and to reach out the helping hand of deep sympathy and pity in\nthe effort to reclaim, to restore and to reform.\n\n\u201cThe great revealed truth of universal redemption is full of grace and\nhelp. Still more, the truth of individual indwelling of the Christ in\nus, the hope of glory. It is true that in a way this is a doctrine, a\ndogma, as people say who think of a dogma as a tyrannical imposition\nupon their intellectual liberty; but it is truer still that, like many\nanother thing which we call dogma, it is a fact on which depends not\nmerely our holding right faith in Jesus Christ as the God-man, but on\nwhich also depend the method and the hope and the value of our dealing\nwith humanity at large or with the individual man. It has in it besides\nthe very highest human hope possible for you and me, that in the great\nday of eternal decision there shall be for us who have recognized\nJesus in those to whom we ministered here the full revelation and\nmanifestation of His glorious God-head, with the word of \u2018well done\u2019\nand welcome into \u2018the kingdom prepared for us from the foundation of\nthe world.\u2019\u201d\n\n\nEVENING\n\nAt many churches of the city various phases of the work of the\nAssociation were presented by delegates to the Congress. At the\nCathedral Mr. Thomas M. Osborne, President of the George Junior\nRepublic, Auburn, N. Y., spoke on \u201cThe True Foundations of Prison\nReform\u201d; Mr. George B. Wellington, of Troy, on \u201cThe Duty That We Owe\nthe Convict\u201d; and Prof. Henderson, of Chicago, on \u201cPreventive Work with\nChildren.\u201d The latter maintained that the proper training of a child to\nkeep it from becoming a criminal began before it was born. Crime was\nnot a heritage, but criminal tendencies sometimes were. Judge Lindsay,\nthe great enthusiast in behalf of children, had said that the Juvenile\ncourt was organized to keep children out of jail, but that now the\nproblem was to keep children out of the Juvenile court. The problem is\nto get back to childhood, back to infancy. Babyhood determined whether\nthere should be a large or a small criminal class. Place the child from\nearliest infancy into such a physical environment and under such mental\nand spiritual influences as will produce the habit of right living.\n\n\nMONDAY, SEPTEMBER 17\n\nMORNING\n\nThe meeting was called to order by President Collins and opened\nwith prayer by the Rev. Thomas D. Anderson. After the appointment\nof committees and other routine business, the Wardens\u2019 Association\nwent into session. In the absence of the President, Mr. N. N. Jones,\nIowa State Prison, Fort Madison, his address was read by Mr. Frank L.\nRandall, Minnesota, who had been called to the chair. The paper was a\ncompact statement of the warden\u2019s relation to current prison reform.\nWith reference to prison labor it showed how small a portion of the\ntotal product is contributed by prisoners. Regarding the relation of\ndiscipline to reformation, the writer said: \u201cDiscipline is the medium\nthrough which all reform becomes effective. The attitude of the warden\ntoward reform should be sympathetic and receptive.\u201d\n\nA paper on \u201cPrison Labor,\u201d by the Hon. John T. McDonough, Ex-Secretary\nof State, was listened to with considerable interest, because Mr.\nMcDonough, as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1894, had\nmuch to do with framing the constitutional amendment wiping out the\ncontract labor system and prohibiting the sale of prison-made goods in\nthe open market. Under the present laws of New York no work can be done\nby convicts in competition with outside labor. Whatever is made in the\nprisons of the State must \u201cbe disposed of to the State or any political\ndivision thereof, or for or to any public institution owned or managed\nand controlled by the State, or any political division thereof.\u201d At the\nsame time every inmate of the several State prisons, penitentiaries,\njails, and reformatories in the State, who is physically able, must\nbe set to work. By a strong array of figures and apparently favorable\ncomparisons Mr. McDonough undertook to demonstrate the merits and\nsuccess of the new system. In replying to the paper, Dr. Barrows\nmaintained that in spite of the law several thousand prisoners in the\njails and penitentiaries of the State are supported in idleness.\n\nMr. John E. Van De Carr, Superintendent of the New York City\nReformatory of Misdemeanants, on Hart\u2019s Island, read a paper in which\nhe gave an account of said institution and its work. This reformatory,\nwhich is the only one in the United States solely for misdemeanants,\nis the child of Greater New York\u2019s charter. By that charter it became\nthe duty of the Commissioner of Correction \u201cto cause all criminals and\nmisdemeanants under his charge to be classified as far as practicable,\nso that youthful and less hardened offenders shall not be rendered more\ndepraved by association with and the example of the older and more\nhardened,\u201d and \u201cto set apart one or more of the penal institutions in\nhis department for the custody of such youthful offenders.\u201d By an act\nof the Legislature, passed in 1904, the charter of the reform school\non Hart\u2019s Island was amended, and the institution was continued and\nknown after January 1, 1905, as \u201cThe New York City Reformatory of\nMisdemeanants.\u201d To this \u201cany male person between the ages of sixteen\nand thirty, after conviction by a magistrate or court in the city of\nNew York of any charge, offense, misdemeanor, or crime, other than a\nfelony, may be committed for reformatory treatment.\u201d The time of such\nimprisonment, which must not exceed three years, but must continue\nat least three months, is terminated by the Board of Parole, which\nconsists of nine commissioners who serve without compensation for a\nterm of one year. The first three rules under the system by means of\nwhich an inmate may work out his release on parole (which is determined\nby merit marks based on demeanor, labor, and study) are as follows:\n1. All inmates enter the New York City Reformatory of Misdemeanants\nin the second grade. 2. If such inmate shall obtain 900 merit marks\nhe shall thereafter enter the first or highest grade. 3. If such\ninmate shall violate any rules of the Reformatory, or shall in any way\nbe disobedient or ungovernable, he shall be reduced to the third or\nlowest grade; and no such inmate shall re\u00ebnter the second grade unless\nhe shall have obtained 300 merit marks. When an inmate is eligible\nfor release on parole, and is so recommended by the superintendent,\nhe is placed on parole in charge of a parole officer for a period of\nsix months, provided he has a home to go to, or employment whereby\nhe can become self-sustaining. Should he violate his parole at any\ntime, the Board of Parole has power to revoke the same and cause his\nrearrest and reimprisonment as if said parole had not been ordered.\nTo make the system effective, the spiritual welfare of the inmates is\nfaithfully cared for by the Catholic, Protestant, and Hebrew chaplains\nof the Department of Correction; mental training is provided for by a\nteacher from the Board of Education; and six different trade-schools\nfurnish industrial instruction. The results so far have proved very\nsatisfactory, the conduct of over eighty-three per cent. of those\nparoled being reported as satisfactory. \u201cOur experience has already\nconvinced us,\u201d declares the superintendent, \u201cthat the modern ideas\non this subject are purely scientific, and not sentimental, and that\nmany sent to prison should first be placed in some reformatory where\nthe class of institution in which they should justly be detained could\nsafely be determined. We also feel that it may become necessary to\nextend the minimum term of three months to a longer period. A sentence\nis really not reformatory if the minimum is three months; at least\nthe reformation is but temporary. Permanent reformation requires the\nteaching of a trade, and a trade cannot be learned in that time,\nalthough we have accomplished surprising results in that period. To\nsecure the greatest good to the boy, the trades taught should be those\nthat are best paid, namely, the building trades.\u201d\n\n\nAFTERNOON\n\nThe principal address of the afternoon was by Mr. Warren F. Spalding,\nSecretary of the Massachusetts Prison Association, on \u201cPrinciples and\nPurposes of Probation.\u201d He said in part:\n\n\u201cThe probation system is the natural outgrowth of modern theories\nregarding the treatment of lawbreakers. The acceptance of the\nproposition that the State should reform and reclaim the offender led\nto the establishment of reformatories. Later it was realized that some\nmight reform without imprisonment, even in a reformatory, and the\nprobation officer became their supervisor and custodian. His functions\nare to investigate cases and report regarding past offenses, if any;\ngeneral character, home, dependents, etc., and the probability of\nreformation without imprisonment, and he must visit probationers and\nhelp them in the work of self-reformation.\n\n\u201cProbation is better than imprisonment for suitable cases, because it\nsaves the offender from the prison stigma, while it keeps him under\nrestraint, controlling his companionships, compelling him to work and\nsupport those dependent upon him.\n\n\u201cThe probation officer has custodial as well as supervisory powers,\nand may surrender the probationer for misbehavior. Probation turns the\nattention of its subject to the future rather than the past. Punishment\ndeals with one past act. Probation deals with the future--with the\nestablishment of character. It puts the emphasis upon what the\nprobationer must do, not upon what he has done.\n\n\u201cProbation as a means of securing reformation has an excellent record.\nPunishment has failed in a great proportion of its cases. It is only\nreasonable that the records of the two systems shall be compared. If\nthe law of the survival of the fittest is to prevail in this domain,\nit is certain that the use of probation is destined for increase, and\nthe use of imprisonment to decrease, as a method of dealing with those\nwho have broken the laws. It will be adopted more and more generally\nbecause it succeeds, while imprisonment will be more generally\nabandoned because it fails.\u201d\n\nPapers were also read by Mr. H. F. Coates, Alliance, Ohio, on\n\u201cProbation for First Offenders,\u201d and by Samuel J. Barrows, New York,\non \u201cThe Organization of Probation Work.\u201d Mr. J. G. Phelps-Stokes, New\nYork, spoke on \u201cThe Justice of Probation.\u201d Charlton T. Lewis once said:\n\u201cWe are not dealing with acts, but with actors; not with crimes, but\nwith the men who have committed them.\u201d A man is largely the creature of\nenvironment. Too often we overlook the fact that crime is not always\nchargeable to the individual, but to his surroundings. If punishment is\nto be just, we must know that he who is punished is justly punished.\nSome of the prolific causes of a criminal career are evil associates,\nstreet training, and bad homes. Do we ask as we should, whether those\nnow in prison had such favorable surroundings as the reputable portion\nof society? How many children grow up without proper home training!\nTheir parents must go out to hard work to the neglect of the children.\nThere is no play for the child except under evil influences; and in\nNew York alone there are 85,000 children deprived of the benefits of\na public school education because of deficient school accommodations.\nAmong those who can go to school, truancy is not uncommon. The\nrecreation which every child needs is found by many in saloons, dance\nhalls, cheap theatres, and other demoralizing places. The stress of\nhard work and long hours also makes it impossible for many parents\nto care properly for their children. Do we wonder that under such\ncircumstances only harmful influences come to them? Punishment is just\nonly in proportion to culpability; and yet how many have no opportunity\nto learn what is right or wrong!\n\nThe conditions to which first offenders are subjected in many prisons\nare simply appalling. Hundreds are thrown in with the vilest beings\nand the most hardened criminals, and are, in addition, obliged in the\nmajority of prisons to endure a living death by reason of the most\nunsanitary surroundings. It is horrible to sentence a man, woman or\nchild, not only to moral degradation, but to a physical death as well.\nImprisonment as a corrective and deterrent is a failure. Punishment can\nhave but two justifications: the correction of the offender, and the\nprotection of society. Probation, on the other hand, at least results\nin making one refrain from such criminal acts as will send him to\nprison.\n\n\nEVENING\n\nThe speaker of the evening was Mrs. Maud Ballington Booth, of the\nVolunteers of America, who delivered a most eloquent and sympathetic\naddress on \u201cThe Hopeful Side of Prison Work.\u201d Mrs. Booth began her\nwork among \u201cher boys\u201d behind the bars ten years ago, at the time of\nthe division in the Salvation Army, which resulted in the formation\nof the Volunteers of America. To-day she is everywhere known among\nprisoners and ex-convicts as \u201cThe Little Mother.\u201d Mrs. Booth said in\npart: \u201cI am not here to instruct wardens and chaplains, nor have I\ncome to represent myself, but the work of the organization for which\nI stand. I see before me another audience to-night, namely, those\nbehind the bars. All I know regarding this work is from within the\nwalls, and I speak, therefore, from the standpoint of the prisoner. I\nwas always told that the task with criminals was a hopeless one, but\nI have learned to know better. People who talk like that have never\nbeen behind the walls of a prison. The theorist looks upon convicts as\nmen who are generally unredeemable. Not so the wardens and chaplains\nand other prison workers, who have had practical experience. No man\nor woman would be any good among prisoners without hope. Where there\nis life there is hope. I do not forget the crime or the stain, and am\nnot a sentimentalist regarding the reformation of criminals; but I\nfirmly believe that no one has fallen so low as to be absolutely beyond\nredemption. Many of those behind the bars have from earliest childhood\nnever known anything of human or divine love; but have only been cuffed\nabout in the world. Bring these the touch of sympathy, and tell them\nsomething of the Father\u2019s love and of the Saviour\u2019s power to save, and\nyou again bring hope into their lives. This must be the foundation of\nour work _within_ the prison; and where those who have served their\ntime come out, it is love again--mother love, if you please--that\nmust direct their course. In dealing with the convict, our first\nendeavor must be to enkindle new hope within his heart; and toward the\nex-convict the public must assume a better attitude. Finally, if we\nleave God out we shall not succeed.\u201d\n\n\nTUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 18\n\nMORNING\n\nThis day of the Congress had been set apart by the New York State\nPrison Department for an excursion to beautiful Lake George. At 8.30\no\u2019clock over three hundred delegates left Albany by special train. On\narrival at Lake George the steamer _Horicon_ was boarded, and after a\nsail of several hours on the lake, the excursionists were landed at\n\u201cThe Sagamore,\u201d where a basket luncheon was served, after which the\nmeeting of the Chaplains\u2019 Association was held, the Rev. William J.\nBatt, D. D., of the Massachusetts State Reformatory, in the chair.\n\nAfter a brief paper by the Rev. W. E. Edgin, Chaplain of the Indiana\nState Reformatory, Jeffersonville, on \u201cSoul-Winning in a Reformatory,\u201d\nand an address by Prof. Edward Everett Hale, the president introduced\nMr. Joseph F. Scott, of the Elmira Reformatory, whose admirable paper\non \u201cThe Chaplain from the Warden\u2019s Point of View,\u201d we here reproduce in\nfull:\n\n\u201cBecause prisoners are men, they have the same impulses, motives,\nhopes, and aspirations, and are susceptible to the same influences and\namenable to the same forces as other men, though possibly in a less\ndegree. Because some men are prisoners they need the same inspiration,\nfaith, strength, and courage that other men find themselves in need of.\n\n\u201cIn the prison of which I am superintendent, there are burglars,\npickpockets, and thieves of every description. There is no law on the\nstatute books that has not its offenders there, and they are thought\nof and spoken of by people in general as such. But when the parents of\none of these write me, they say, \u2018My son\u2019; or if the brother or sister\nwrite, they say, \u2018My brother\u2019; and I believe if it were possible for\nme to hear the words of the Father in Heaven, concerning one of these,\nthey would be, \u2018My son,\u2019 or the words of Jesus, \u2018My brother.\u2019 Should\nnot our words be the same?\n\n\u201cIf I had a son of my own I should insist upon such rules of diet,\nsleep, and exercise as would insure to him a healthful body and a good\nconstitution, such education, necessary to a well-disciplined mind,\nsuch works or pursuits to assure success in life; such disciplinary and\nmoral training as would build up a stable character; all to the end\nthat his place in life would be that of a useful citizen. The need of\nthe prisoner and the prison discipline brought to bear upon him need be\nnothing more, and should be nothing less than this. He needs physical\ndevelopment, mental quickening, industrial training, discipline and\nmoral instruction, if he is to be returned to society a self-sustaining\nand useful citizen; and no prison is doing its proper work that does\nnot in some way afford means for these essential elements of discipline.\n\n\u201cThe moral instruction is the especial work of the prison chaplain,\nand he should be given that freedom of action and breadth of scope to\nmake his work efficient. I believe that Christianity is the greatest\nmoral force in the lives of men to-day, because it has humanity as the\nbasis of its ethics. It has come down through the years as a forming,\ntransforming and reforming force in the lives of men, and I believe\nit is to go on through the ages until selfishness shall have been\nuprooted, and men brought closer and closer together; when we shall\nlove our neighbor and be willing to work for him as for ourselves,\nand will do unto others as we would be done by; when we shall live\nin one great fraternal organization; when wars, and robberies, and\nstrife shall cease and poverty shall be no more; when the strong shall\ncarry the burden of the weak, and succor the unfortunate, and men will\nlive together in brotherly love, under a Christian socialism or in the\nNew Jerusalem, or such designation as you may please to give it. This\nforce, which has accomplished and is to accomplish so much for the\nworld, we cannot deny a place in transforming the lives and characters\nof prisoners, to that of upright living.\n\n\u201cThe prison chaplain, in his work among prisoners, should thoroughly\nbelieve that these great Christian forces which have done so much\nfor the world are applicable to the men under his charge and are\nas efficient in their lives as in the lives of other men; and any\nChristian clergyman, desirous of helping his fellow men and entering\ninto the service of the Lord and humanity, and of placing himself\nwhere he can do the most good, should not hesitate to accept a prison\nchaplaincy; and a call to such a place should be in his mind equal to\nthe call to one of the best churches in the land.\n\n\u201cIt is not my purpose to give a detailed outline for the work of a\nprison chaplain. No two men can perhaps be successful and do their\nwork in the same way; but every person connected with the prison, be\nhe superintendent, warden, or chaplain, or other officer, should seek\nevery inspiration and good example and ideal within his possibilities,\nand then simply be his natural self in dealing with the prisoners\u2019\nneeds.\n\n\u201cWhen I was superintendent of the Massachusetts Reformatory at Concord,\nit was the custom there to avail ourselves of the services of the\nstudents from Andover Theological Seminary. One student, fresh from his\nwork in the seminary, came into my office one day and asked me what he\nshould do in the prison. I told him that if I were to get some one to\ndo what I wanted done, I would probably get some one else, but that I\nexpected him to go into prison, mingle freely with the prisoners, and\nfind something, some place where he thought he could be of use to them,\nand give those qualities in himself that he thought would be of the\nmost help. And that is what I would say to a prison chaplain entering\nthe work. Where one is strong another may be weak, and each should work\nalong those lines where he himself feels that he can do the greatest\ngood. The compensation of a prison chaplain should be sufficient to\ncommand the services of clergymen of high attainments, and to support\nthemselves and families in a comfortable way. And never should a\nchaplaincy be looked upon as a place for a broken-down clergyman, or\none who has failed in other fields of activity. The chaplain should\nbe given, as I have previously said, sufficient latitude and freedom\nof action in the prison to carry on the work in such lines as he\nhimself feels that he can be of the greatest service. Therefore, the\nsuperintendent, or warden, should not place upon the chaplain such\nroutine duties as will interfere with his doing this. It is recognized\nby all that the Sabbath is the special day for the chaplain\u2019s work. I\nbelieve that we should go further than this, and set aside to him some\nportion of each day for such religious work as he deems best. He should\nnot be burdened with such work as supervising inmates\u2019 correspondence,\nthe library, teaching school, or the many routine duties which are\nfoisted upon him in many instances, unless he feels that they may be\navenues through which he may do his best work.\n\n\u201cIf there was one injunction of the Saviour which has given more\nimpetus to Christianity in the world than another, it was His last,\n\u2018Go ye, therefore, and teach all nations,\u2019 or, as found in the other\ngospel, \u2018Go ye into all the world and preach the gospel to every\ncreature.\u2019 I believe this injunction is especially applicable to\nprisoners, and that the chaplain, first of all, should be a teacher,\nand his intercourse with the prisoners should be in the form of\nteaching. Most prisoners are without the truth, and they need to be\ninstructed in the truth, and my experience is that most of them are\ndesirous of learning the truth. And I believe that no chaplain ever\nfailed to interest or impress prisoners when he preached to them a\nsermon teaching them the simple gospel. I have never failed to see,\nin a prison chapel, the attention of the men arrested by the simple\nreading of the gospel, or anything pertaining to the life or teachings\nof Jesus Christ, or the explanation, by the chaplain, of what those\nsimple truths and teachings consist in. I believe that any chaplain\nmakes a mistake when he goes before his congregation of prisoners with\nother subjects than the simple gospel, if he thinks thereby to awaken\ngreater interest in other ways.\n\n\u201cPhillips Brooks, when he used to visit the institution at Concord,\nit was said, never varied his sermons one jot or tittle in presenting\nthem to the prisoners of that reformatory, than in giving them to\nhis cultured congregation in Trinity Church, and he never failed to\ninstruct, impress, and move his congregation of prisoners as no other\nman to whom I ever listened. And that leads me to the point that I\nbelieve that all religious services in a prison should be carried\nthrough with the same care on the part of the clergyman, and with the\nsame dignity with which he would conduct the services in any church.\nThe ritual of the church service always appeals to prisoners. The\nservices of the mass, or the ritual of the synagogue, never fail in\nreceiving the reverent attention of the devotees of those faiths; and\nmy observation is that prisoners always respond to those services in\nwhich they themselves are largely participants. Congregational singing,\nresponsive readings, repetition of Psalms and the Lord\u2019s Prayer are\nusually entered into with interest and satisfaction.\n\n\u201cThe prison chaplain should be keen in his appreciation of human\nnature, in dealing with the individual prisoner, that he may see the\ngood that exists in each prisoner with whom he comes in contact, and\nwork upon that side of his character. Humanity is much alike the\nworld over. Race and condition have not so much influence upon the\ncharacteristics as we sometimes believe. In the modern American prison\nwill be found prisoners from nearly every nationality under the sun.\nTheir methods of evil are about the same, and they all respond to the\nsame influences, and are actuated by the same motives, each as the\nother; and the prison chaplain who has learned this, and has learned\nthat there is always something in every prisoner which he can draw out\nand develop, is well on the road to successful dealing with them. It\nis not so much the work of the superintendent, warden, or chaplain, to\nmake over a man into something else, as it is to develop him along the\nlines of his better self.\n\n\u201cWhen the Saviour called the fishermen, Peter and Andrew, to be his\ndisciples, he did not say to them, \u2018Follow me, and I will make you\ninto great orators, or great preachers,\u2019 but, \u2018I will make you fishers\nof men.\u2019 So, when we approach the prisoner, we should not ask him to\nbe something different from himself, but should try to bring out and\ndevelop his better self; by holding before his vision the ideal Man,\nwhich is Jesus, and the ideal society, which is Christianity in its\nperfection.\u201d\n\n\nEVENING\n\nThe evening session was again held in the Senate Chamber of the\nCapitol. The first address was made by Mr. Frederick G. Pettigrove,\nChairman of the Massachusetts Board of Prison Commissioners, on \u201cWhat a\nCentral System May Do to Promote the Efficiency of Prison Methods.\u201d\n\n\u201cA world-famous essayist and statesman said that a complete theory of\ngovernment would be a noble present to mankind, but he added, it is a\npresent that one could neither hope nor pretend to offer. We are forced\nto remember this limitation when we examine the various systems of\nprison government and attempt to suggest remedies for the deficiencies\nin them. I shall try to show that in whatever way the prisons are\ngoverned there are certain reformatory methods and agencies that can be\nmade much more effective and available by the aid of a central system\nthan by being left entirely to local administration. I shall make no\nattack upon any system, because it would be unjust and ungracious not\nto remember the great service that has been rendered to the State\nby the able and philanthropic men and women who have devoted their\nservices to the prisons, and have striven to lift them from mere places\nof detention to a condition of high public service.\n\n\u201cIf all the corrective methods that are now stamped with the approval\nof public sentiment could be maintained to the best advantage in a\nsingle prison, there would be no need of any central authority. It\ncould not be contended that a general board would be any wiser in\nappointments than the local boards of management. Nor could there be\nany larger or more humane interest in the affairs of a particular\nprison, than is shown by the supervisors who have only one prison under\ntheir charge. But it would be manifestly impossible, in the larger\nStates at least, to include in a single establishment all the various\nagencies that are needed for the discipline, the training and the\ntreatment of prisoners; and it is therefore essential that different\nplaces should be provided to furnish opportunities best suited to the\ncapacities and the needs of the widely differing individuals.\n\n\u201cThe managers of one prison cannot command a knowledge of all the\nprisons as well as a central board, and if the methods that are now\nemployed are to be used for the greatest good, and to be made available\nfor the largest number of offenders, there must be some general\nauthority to rearrange and reassign prisoners after they have been\ncommitted.\n\n\u201cI have no intention here of proposing that the State should take\nabsolute control of all the penal institutions, or even that the\nauthority of all boards of management should be measurably disturbed;\nbut only that some central board should so far possess authority over\nall the penal establishments as to be enabled to make a rearrangement\nthat would promote efficiency of effort.\n\n\u201cIn order to show how such a degree of centrality might be sufficient\nfor large reforms let me outline briefly what I believe would be the\nbest method of classification of prisoners if all suitable facilities\ncould be given by the legislature:\n\n\u201cI would recommend the establishment of one receiving prison for all\npersons convicted of serious crimes and sentenced to hard labor; in\nthis place prisoners would be held under continual observation for\na period long enough to allow the authorities to decide where the\nprisoner would apparently be likely to receive the most benefit, or\nwhere he could be kept with the most advantage to the State.\n\n\u201cAs accessories to this place I would provide departmental prisons,\nin each of which some particular element of instruction or discipline\nor treatment should be brought to the highest possible degree of\nefficiency, such as schools for the illiterate, the manual-training\nschool and schools for trade instruction.\n\n\u201cAnother department should be assigned to those who are mentally weak,\nso that they could be put constantly under special guardianship. There\nare in the prisons, as we all know, many persons who, while not so far\nbelow the normal intelligence as to warrant the experts in declaring\nthem to be insane, are nevertheless incapable of performing any useful\nwork or of taking any benefit from prison agencies. In most States\nprovision has been made for the removal of prisoners who are actually\ninsane to an asylum specially provided for that class; but so far\nthere has been no similar establishment created for the safe detention\nof prisoners who are found to be so far deficient in intelligence as\nto need the sort of treatment that is given in the schools for the\nfeeble-minded.\n\n\u201cAnother humane department would be a hospital prison, an establishment\nthat should combine the needed safeguards for custody with all the\nessential features for the most scientific and skillful treatment of\nthe different ailments. To be sure it would be necessary to maintain\na small infirmary in each prison for emergency cases, but all cases\nrequiring long and continuous treatment would be removed to the\nhospital prison.\n\n\u201cThe last stage of all in such a plan as I outline should be a prison\nwhere the guardianship over the prisoner would be relaxed by degrees,\nso that he could approach his freedom in such a way as to regain some\ndegree of self-reliance.\n\n\u201cTo make the general plan of a classified prison system harmonious\nand effective, the particular place of imprisonment should not be\nunalterably fixed at the outset. In effect to-day the court in\nMassachusetts does not absolutely determine the place of imprisonment.\nThe central board has the power to make transfers from one prison to\nanother, with the single exception that no person can be put into the\nstate prison from another place.\n\n\u201cI have seen in other places, however, many prisoners who manifestly\nbelonged in the state prison.\n\n\u201cIt would be needless to recite cases of inequitable sentences that\nshow the need of classification. As a type of many others I mention\none instance where, through lack of knowledge of the prisoner\u2019s\nantecedents, a justice sentenced to the reformatory a man who had been\nsix times under imprisonment, including a term in the state prison,\nand as far as one human being can judge of another, had shown himself\nincapable of amendment or unwilling to accept the means of reformation.\n\n\u201cInformation that may be immediately available to the prison\nauthorities when the prisoner is committed, so that they can assign\nhim to his fit place, is in most cases lacking when the prisoner is\nbefore the court. The needed adjustment of prisoners I think could be\nmade by a central authority having all places within its purview, after\nconference with the prison officials.\n\n\u201cIn what other ways can we make centrality help a prison system? We\ncan do it by requiring, as many States have done, that all reports of\nprisons shall go to a central office so that there shall be available\nto the central board the needed information in regard to the prisons.\nWe can do it by the establishment of a more effective method of\nregistration, so that there shall be available for the guidance of the\ntransfer board all the records of prisoners, whether obtained in one\nState or another.\n\n\u201cUnder the same authority with the bureau of registration and\nidentification, all the data possessed by that department would be\naccessible to the agent who was seeking to discover how far it might\nbe practicable and useful to assist a prisoner at liberty. A central\nregistration office would in the end yield a large return to the State\nby securing a comprehensive oversight of prisoners on parole. In the\ncentral office in Massachusetts we endeavor to keep a record of all\nprisoners at liberty from the prisons under our supervision. This, to\nbe sure, is not always easy to do, because names are readily changed\nand it is not difficult to conceal identity. The only reliable method\nof following up the prisoners at liberty is to maintain a system of\nidentification based upon the plan that does not rely on names, or upon\nany data that is subject to change.\n\n\u201cWhat the scheme of registration has done for this State and for other\nStates cannot now be measured, but the interest that has been excited\nin this subject and the information that has been spread from the\ncentral office must prove invaluable to the police and prison officials\nof the entire country. When all the States adopt this plan it will not\nonly be difficult for a paroled prisoner to evade his obligations to\nkeep the terms of his release in his own State, but he will find if\nhe returns to evil practices in another State that his record will be\nreadily brought against him.\n\n\u201cAll that I have said so far has seemed to apply mainly to persons\nconvicted of felonies, but I intended that there also should be\ncomprehended in the scheme a large number of misdemeanants, who need\ngenerally the same sort of correction and training as felons.\n\n\u201cThere is one class of misdemeanants, however, which I would exclude\nas a rule from any elaborate prison system, although the place for\ntheir detention might be made one of the departments of the plan I\nhave described, and that is the large number of persons committed\nfor drunkenness. Most of these have passed beyond the age when they\nwould be the best subjects for an industrial reformatory. They have\nno criminal instincts, are merely social disturbers, and what the\nState does in the way of their correction should be different from the\nmeans employed in the care of criminals. And the persons committed for\ndrunkenness can be dealt with in a better way than now prevails if they\nare drawn into larger groups where fitting employment can be given; and\nthis arrangement would need the intervention of a central board.\n\n\u201cUnder a well-organized and thoroughly equipped system, with such a\ndegree of centrality as I have indicated, all the beneficent methods of\nthe prisons would be sustained and strengthened.\u201d\n\nThe second address of the evening was by Dr. Frederick Howard Wines,\non \u201cThe Prisons of Louisiana.\u201d Residence in the South and an intimate\nacquaintance with Southern people and Southern prisons, gave the\nutterances of Dr. Wines authoritative value. The prison question in the\nSouth, he said, is almost exclusively a negro question. The greater\nproportion of crime in the South is committed by negroes. Hence most of\nthe prisoners are negroes. The negro prisoner is a distinct problem.\nThe methods we apply to white prisoners are not applicable to him. The\nreligion of the negro, for example, is altogether emotional and has\nlittle connection with morality. As to education, the Southern people\ndo not greatly favor the education of the negro. A partly educated\nnegro thinks he belongs to a select class and must no longer work. As\nto the question of labor, he is not fitted for indoor work, nor wanted\nby the industrial classes.\n\nAs conditions are in Louisiana, I can think of nothing better than the\nlarge plantations on which the convicts are employed. The barracks\nare absolutely clean and sanitary. There are no chains. The guards\nare unarmed. After breakfast the prisoners go to the cotton and sugar\nfields, accompanied by armed guards and hounds. There are few escapes\nand very little punishment. Hospital and physician are provided. All\nthe convicts are well fed, and at the close of the day\u2019s work all must\ntake a bath. As the labor is steady it is more profitable than that of\nthe free man. All the earnings go to the support and improvement of the\nprisons and prisoners. The lease system is gone in all the counties\nbut one. Baton Rouge has the only prison of the old style, with walls,\netc. Camps are now the thing, on plantations. Since the abolition of\nthe lease system, and the adoption of State control, the health of the\nprisoners is much better.\n\nA third address by Mr. F. B. Sanborn, Concord, Mass., on \u201cPrison Reform\nand Prison Science,\u201d was largely a review of the results accomplished\nin the past forty years, and reminiscent of the many eminent men\nassociated with the movement since its inception.\n\n\nWEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 19\n\nMORNING\n\nThe session of the Physicians\u2019 Association, held this morning, was most\ninteresting, and was marked by some notable features. The President,\nDr. S. H. Blitch, Ocala, Florida, presented a paper on \u201cThe Open versus\nthe Close Penitentiary System of Handling Prisoners,\u201d in which he took\nstrong ground in favor of the former, especially in the South. He\ndefined the \u201copen\u201d penitentiary system as that mode of social restraint\naccording to which the prisoner sentenced to hard labor is required to\nperform skilled and unskilled service in fields, woods, and surface\nmining, and in such industries and occupations as do not necessitate\nhis daily cellular or circumscribed confinement, as is the case under\nthe \u201cclose\u201d system. He claimed that in spite of criticism, the \u201copen\u201d\nsystem, wherever climatic conditions make it practicable, is far more\nconducive to the mental and physical rehabilitation of the convict than\nthe \u201cclose\u201d system. In the South, especially where the vast majority of\nprisoners are negroes who have been accustomed to life in the open air\nand to outdoor employment, the confinement in a \u201cclose\u201d penitentiary\nwould be most detrimental. The open-air system puts these men at work\nunder conditions to which they have been accustomed from youth up, and\nthe results demonstrate the wisdom of the plan.\n\nIn the discussion which followed this paper, Dr. Barrows said that many\npenologists felt that the Southern system had many advantages, but\nthat other industrial and reformatory elements should be added. Dr.\nWines saw an immense advantage in the Southern method, and claimed that\nNorthern prisons would find it very beneficial to have farms connected\nwith them for the outdoor employment of convicts.\n\nThe paper on \u201cPrison Sanitation,\u201d by Dr. W. D. Stewart, West Virginia\nPenitentiary, Moundsville, was followed by that of Dr. S. A. Knopf, of\nNew York, on \u201cThe Tuberculosis Problem in Prisons and Reformatories.\u201d\nThe presentation made by this eminent specialist on tuberculosis was\nprobably the most exhaustive on this subject to which the Congress ever\nlistened. This very valuable paper, any condensation of which would do\nit injustice, is published in full in the _New York Medical Journal_,\nNovember 17, 1906, to which the reader is referred.\n\nDr. J. W. Milligan, Indiana State Prison, Michigan City, read a paper\non \u201cMental Defectives Among Prisoners,\u201d of which the following is\na synopsis: Where reformation, not punishment, is the aim, a just\nestimate of the prisoner\u2019s mental state is essential. Without this the\nindeterminate sentence cannot be successful. Communities as well as\ncourts too frequently overlook mental defect as an important element\nin crime. Too many prisoners on admission are insane, epileptic, or\nfeeble-minded. Epilepsy is not an infrequent factor, especially in\natrocious crimes without motive, and overlooked because _not of the\npronounced type_ popularly considered characteristic of this disease.\n\nIndiana prison records show among the defectives, a percentage for\nmurder _three times_; for murder, manslaughter, and rape, _twice_;\nbut for larceny, _two-thirds_ that of the average for all classes. On\nadmission, forty-four per cent. admit mental defect or criminal record,\nin the personal or family history. This tainted influx, and the fact\nthat defectives are not paroled, explains why twelve per cent. of our\npopulation is insane, epileptic, or feeble-minded.\n\nThe psychosis are chiefly degenerative in type. Insane among prisoners\nare not especially difficult to manage; no harsh measures are ever\njustifiable. Indiana has as yet no institution for insane criminals;\nit needs one badly. A ward in the prison hospital gives good results,\nthough far from ideal. Insane criminals should be judged in the light\nof modern psychiatry, and their rights and the safety of society\ncarefully guarded.\n\n\nAFTERNOON\n\nMr. C. W. Bowron, Superintendent of the Wisconsin State Reformatory,\nGreen Bay, presented the Report of the Committee on Prevention and\nReformatory Work, in a paper entitled, \u201cReformatory Sentences and\nDischarges,\u201d which concluded with the following propositions:\n\n1. That the authority to transfer prisoners from the reformatory to\nstate prison is an essential safeguard to the successful management of\na reformatory; and this power on the part of prison officials has been\nabundantly upheld by the courts.\n\n2. That the so-called indeterminate sentence has been repeatedly held\nvalid, but apparently upon the construction that it is a definite\nsentence for the maximum limit. It is therefore a misnomer.\n\n3. That the fixing of a minimum period in the indeterminate sentence is\nillogical, and detrimental to reformatory purposes.\n\n4. That the power of parole is purely an administrative function\nexercised in the establishment of a prison regulation, the validity\nof which has been upheld by the courts; and that the determination of\nparole should largely if not wholly rest with the principal officers of\nthe institution.\n\n5. That the parole system does not depend upon the so-called\nindeterminate sentence, or any other form of sentence, but stands apart\nfrom it as a separate and distinct reformatory element.\n\n6. That a definite and uniform sentence fixed by statute, subject to\nmodification through the legal powers of the administrative officers to\nparole and discharge, is not inconsistent with reformatory purposes,\nand in some respects is an advantage to reformatory management.\n\n7. That final discharge after a suitable term of probation on parole\nis a just and essential feature of the merit system, in which the\npardoning power should co\u00f6perate with the reformatory officials.\n\n8. That the indefinite sentence does not exist, probably cannot\nconstitutionally exist, possibly ought not to exist, and certainly\nwould be the object of severe criticism if it did exist.\n\n9. That a central bureau of identification operated by the general\ngovernment is so essential to the proper ends of justice that its\nestablishment would mark an important advancement in our criminal\njurisprudence.\n\n\u201cMethods of Reformatory Administration\u201d was the subject of a paper by\nMr. W. H. Whittaker, Superintendent of the Indiana State Reformatory,\nJeffersonville. Mr. Whittaker claimed that in many institutions methods\nhad not kept pace with advancing civilization. Ideal reformatory\nmanagement must, first of all, have a solid foundation to stand upon.\nSaid foundation consists of the men in charge of an institution. These,\nfrom the superintendent down, should be men of broad intelligence,\ngood morals, and clean habits, who thoroughly believe that they are\ntheir brothers\u2019 keepers, and who, in the discharge of all their duties,\nwill constantly have in view the reformation of the prisoner. No good\nresults can come from physical punishment or the employment of such\nmethods as humiliate the prisoner. All methods should aim to secure the\nharmonious training of the heart, the head, and the hand, and should\nhave for their one purpose the building of character.\n\nIn a paper on \u201cThe Delinquent Girl,\u201d Mrs. Lucy M. Sickels,\nSuperintendent of the State Industrial Home, Adrian, Michigan,\npointed out that the real delinquent in most cases is the parent.\nThe delinquent girl is not born so. She comes into the world with\nall the winning graces of babyhood; but when she reaches the years\nof girlhood, she is allowed to have her own way and to run wild. The\nmother is perhaps so busy attending missionary and temperance meetings,\nendeavoring to save others, that she has no time for her own daughter.\nIf the girl has no mother, or a widowed mother, who, in order to\nsupport her little family, is obliged to go out to hard work day after\nday, until she becomes nervous, impatient, and petulant, an equally\nunfortunate situation again presents itself. Or parents are constantly\nquarreling, until divorce stalks in, breaks up the home, and sets the\nchildren adrift. In eight cases out of ten, ill temper and divorce in\nthe home are the cause of delinquency. Delinquency or incorrigibility\nis only another name for parental neglect. What we want are laws to\nprotect the children and punish the delinquent parent, for this is the\nroot of all the evil we are striving and contending against.\n\nMrs. Sickels outlined the methods followed in the institution which\nshe directs. \u201cWe go back to the first home principles, a mother and a\nmother\u2019s love. A manager or mother is at the head of each family home,\nof which we have eight, each family having a kitchen, dining room, and\nlaundry, just as complete in itself as you are from your neighbor.\nEach family cooks its own food, makes its own bread, and does its own\nlaundry work. Each girl has a nice little room all to herself, in which\nis a single bed covered with a clean white spread, a pretty pillow\nsham on the pillow, a dresser, a mirror, a rug and a chair. Each room\nhas a large airy window. The girl may beautify the walls and dresser\naccording to her own taste and skill.\n\n\u201cThe first requisite for a girl as she enters the Home is _occupation_,\nnot work only. It may mean work, but instruction is given along all\nlines most necessary and useful to every woman in order to fit her\nto be a housekeeper and home-maker.\u201d A chapel, in which two services\nare held each Lord\u2019s Day, a schoolhouse and graded school with eight\nteachers, a hospital and trained nurse, a sewing school, a cooking\nschool, a dressmaking department, a greenhouse, and an orchestra and\nbrass band composed of girls, form part of the equipment. There is no\nwall or fence around the Home, but a clear open space and beautiful\nlawn, with walks and flowers, shrubbery and trees. The results obtained\nhave been most satisfactory, at least seventy-five per cent. of the\ngirls so far received having turned out good, true women, many of them\nbeing devoted wives and mothers.\n\n\nEVENING\n\nMr. Alexander Johnson, General Secretary National Conference of\nCharities and Correction, Indianapolis, Indiana, spoke on \u201cThe\nReformation of Jails.\u201d Many county jails, he declared, are a blot on\ncivilization. Should this be the case when we seek the reformation of\nthe prisoner? Reform has begun at the top of the prison system, but\nthe jails have made little progress upward, and a great number deserve\nto be called \u201cschools of vice.\u201d What is the remedy? The physical\ncondition of the county jail must be improved. Each prisoner should be\nseparately confined. The fundamental error is that the jails are used\nfor two dissimilar purposes: for men awaiting trial, and for men who\nare sentenced. The two do not belong together. I have seen these two\nclasses together in the same cell, and treated perfectly alike. When a\nman has been convicted he no longer belongs to the county, but to the\nState, and should be sent to a State institution. Then the jail would\nremain only as a place of detention for those awaiting trial. But why\nthe State? Because the county would hardly be justified in going to the\nexpense of supporting a real work-house. Another reform imperatively\nneeded is speedier trials. It is infamous to hold a man in jail for\nmonths awaiting trial. \u201cI hope the time will come when the question\nwill be, \u2018What kind of a man is this, that we may fit him for society.\u2019\nWhen we make our prisons hospitals for the moral reformation of men, we\nwill realize that the jail will be the place in which to begin.\u201d\n\n\u201cThe Juvenile Court: Its Uses and Limitations,\u201d was the title of\na paper by Dr. Hastings H. Hart, Superintendent of the Illinois\nChildren\u2019s Home and Aid Society, Chicago. The juvenile court is an\nevolution. Some twenty States have juvenile court laws--all within\nabout six years. This evolution is still in progress, and the matter\nstill in its infancy.\n\nThe juvenile court is founded on three great ideas: 1. The value of the\nchild for its own sake and for the community. 2. The abandonment of the\n_lex talionis_, _i. e._, the infliction of a punishment commensurate\nwith the wrong done. This is impossible as well as a wrong. No man is\nwise enough to adjust the punishment accurately to the crime. 3. The\nrecognition of the responsibility of the mother State for the children,\nespecially for the erring and neglected ones.\n\nThe first essential feature of the juvenile court is the breadth of\nits scope: it deals with delinquents and dependents. The second is\nthe character of its proceedings. \u201cWhat is the best possible thing\nto be done for the good of the child?\u201d This is the question which\nthe juvenile court endeavors to solve every day. A third feature of\nthe juvenile court is that it places the child in such hands as will\ndo what is best for it. Having such a high character and such noble\npurposes, no jurist is too eminent to serve as a juvenile court judge.\nAnother distinctive mark of the juvenile court law is the probation\nofficer, who is the very heart of the work, and who not only learns\nto know the child in the home, but also represents it in the court.\nFinally the juvenile court recognizes the great fundamental principle\nthat the home and family, when properly constituted are the great\nmolders of character.\n\n\nTHURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 20\n\nMORNING\n\nFrom the proceedings of Thursday morning the following admirable\npaper by Mr. C. E. Haddox, Warden of the West Virginia Penitentiary,\nMoundsville, is selected and reproduced in full:\n\n\nSOME ELEMENTS OF PRISON DISCIPLINE\n\nOld Noah Webster, in that charming book of his entitled \u201cDictionary,\u201d\nof which Bill Nye says his chief criticism is that it changes the\nsubject too often, gives the following definition of discipline:\n\n\u201cEducation, instruction, cultivation, and improvement; comprehending\ninstruction in arts, sciences, correct sentiments, morals, and manners,\nand due subordination to authority.\u201d\n\nThese are not all the elements Webster says constitute discipline, but\nthey are quite enough upon which to base a paper, and it is well enough\nto keep this definition in mind, especially for such as may have the\nimpression that discipline consists solely and alone in administering\npunishments for real or imaginary, deliberate or unintentional,\nbreaches of good conduct.\n\nTo the unthinking, the sole object of imprisoning a convict may be\nregarded as the making him suffer for the crime he committed, and that\nthe judge in imposing sentence should calculate how much suffering will\nbe commensurate with the crime, and adjust the sentence accordingly,\nthe prison authorities then taking hold of him, holding him in \u201cdurance\nvile\u201d for the period of his sentence, keeping him as quiet and orderly\nas they can, and when his sentence has expired, discharging him without\nfurther concern or responsibility for him or his future.\n\n\nTHE SCOPE OF DISCIPLINE\n\nDiscipline comprehends in its fullest scope absolutely everything that\nhas to do with the convict, as to his training physically, morally,\nintellectually, and spiritually, and embraces in its application\nevery agency that has to do with his development as a laborer, his\nadvancement as a student and a thinker, his uplifting morally and\nspiritually, and his complete and perfect rounding out as a man.\n\nIt does not refer alone to the agency of the dark cell, the strap, the\ntaking of good time, the bath, the ball and chain, and similar devices;\nand in a properly conducted, well-ordered, and painstaking institution,\nthese agencies are far and away the smallest, least used and least\neffective of all those which make and promote this thing called\n\u201cdiscipline.\u201d\n\nIn a rightfully planned and properly manned prison, the officers\nmaintain much the same attitude toward the heterogeneous population\nthere gathered--most of whom are children in mental attainments,\nchildren in moral culture, children in industrial bent--that a parent\noccupies toward his child. The motive, the hope, the desire, the\nobject, the plans, and the efforts should be much the same, changed and\nmodified only as the conditions necessarily demand a modification of\nplans.\n\nThe thoughtful and intelligent parent ponders and studies about the\nfuture of his child. He knows that he must fit and prepare him for the\nsolemn duties of life, and upon the preparation or lack of preparation\nhe gives him, the discipline or the lack of discipline the child\nundergoes, will depend that child\u2019s future welfare or misery.\n\nIf the parent is wise he carefully arranges for the child\u2019s physical\nwell-being, he plans for his mental cultivation and discipline, and\nprovides systematically for proper environments and training for his\nmoral and spiritual growth and strength. Nothing is left to chance,\nlittle to precept, much to example, and the use of the rod or other\ncorrectional methods or devices, is an obvious confession of a failure\non the part of the parent to take all the necessary care and precaution\nin training or drilling the child. No child ever needed physical\ncorrection at the hand of its parent, that the parent was not also\nsome to blame in neglecting precautions that would have obviated this\nnecessity.\n\nRev. Samuel J. Barrows, to whom prison people are under so many lasting\nobligations for his invaluable contributions to prison literature, said\nno truer thing than when in his admirable address at Kansas City, in\n1901, on \u201cJesus as a Penologist,\u201d he said:\n\n\u201cThe ideal discipline is that which educates and strengthens the will\nwithout breaking it, and which develops a man without crushing him.\u201d\n\n\nLABOR AS DISCIPLINE\n\nThe first and prime requisite to discipline is a proper labor system\nthat calls for a reasonable amount of satisfactory, productive,\nremunerative labor from every convict fit to labor. It is altogether\nthe greatest problem that confronts any prison, and is most vital.\n\nIdleness in prison is grossly wasteful, utterly uneconomical, terribly\ndemoralizing, and prevents almost entirely all plans for a regimen that\nlooks to discipline. For those in health there should be no wasted\nhours at any time or any place in prison.\n\nA score of idle or partly idle convicts can do more mischief, subvert\nmore discipline, destroy more regularity and system than a regiment of\nmen kept at proper, legitimate employment. So the key to discipline is\na labor system that embraces in its scope every person in prison.\n\nTo devise a system of labor for an institution that will keep everyone\nsufficiently employed and underwork none (for strange to say, in\npractice, the prison that overtaxes convicts probably does not exist),\nis the hardest problem, requiring the most labor, care, and attention\nthat could possibly be imagined, and means that the warden who\naccomplishes it and continues it will be the most severely taxed of\nall. It is not the convict that is likely to do an honest, just day\u2019s\nwork, but the management who undertake to see that this most vital and\nsalutary agent of discipline is always in full force and effect.\n\n\nTHE CONTRACT SYSTEM\n\nI have no sympathy with those who inveigh against contract labor in\nprisons. A contract system in which the State receives the proper\ncompensation for the labor of convicts, and the convict receives a just\ncompensation for surplus work, a system which eliminates the abuses\nformerly found in contracts, a system in which the government, control,\nand treatment of the men is in the hands of the prison officials only,\nand the amount and the kind of labor is adjusted by the warden only,\nmay be the best practicable economic system.\n\nThe abuses formerly chargeable to the contract system, and possibly\nchargeable now in sections, are not necessary, and existed and exist\nonly because prison officials permitted them or fostered them; and\ninstead of abolishing the system, men should have been substituted who\nwould prepare a proper contract, obtain the right compensation, secure\nrational treatment for the convicts, and get just conditions generally,\nand have the invaluable experience of expert manufacturers to teach the\nmen deft and skillful labor at something they know becomes a factor in\nthe world beyond the walls.\n\nShall the meat packing and producing business be destroyed because\ngreat abuses have recently been unearthed, or shall it be reformed and\ncorrected?\n\nShall the oil industry be wiped out because an undue share of the\nbenefits are absorbed by a few, or shall the conditions be changed, the\nwrongs be righted?\n\nJust think of the consistency of the people who rail at the contract\nsystem in prisons, but view with complacency the spectacle, in the\nEast Side of New York, of almost countless thousands of children\nof four years of age, and sometimes younger, working in basements\nfourteen hours a day, making paper bags at four cents per thousand; or\nthree-and-a-half-year-old children making artificial flowers on Mott\nStreet, at eight cents per gross! Twenty-three thousand licensed, not\nto speak of the unknown thousands of unlicensed, tenement houses (home)\nfactories in the city of New York, of the State of New York, which\nsternly forbids any form of contract labor in prison!\n\nFar be it from me to criticise the State account system, ideal,\nutopian; but the superintendent who can combine the business qualities\nnecessary to run successfully and economically the factories with the\nexecutive qualifications requisite for the other duties of prison\ngovernments, is certainly a prodigy, and cannot often be found.\n\n\nTHE REFORMATORY\n\nNeither have I anything to say against the reformatory system of manual\ntraining, so called, which builds only to destroy again, except to\nregret that the only way the State provides manual training for its\nyoung men is through the passport and credentials of crime.\n\n\nTHE HABIT OF LABOR\n\nIt is not so necessary that a convict shall know a trade, in these\ndays of machinery and constant and continual changes in the methods\nof manufacture, as it is that he shall have developed in him habits\nof industry and the willingness to work at what he can do. The great\ntrouble with the average convict is, that he not only does not know\na trade, but that he has not been drilled in any kind of labor,\nand prefers to obtain his substance from the labor of others, by\nsurreptitious, unlawful and unjust means. The _habit_ of labor is what\nhe needs more than the specific kind of work.\n\nAs Superintendent Brockway said many years ago: \u201cOnly motivelessness is\nthe seat of incorrigibility. To discover or create a want is to find\na motive. Given a motive, you may direct a habit. To form a habit is\nto create character. Habit is the school of conscience. Conscience and\nhabit reinforce one another.\u201d\n\nLet us have the _habit_ of labor rather than the expensive training in\ntrades, which in countless thousands of great industrial establishments\nwill be of no additional value.\n\n\nLITERARY DISCIPLINE\n\nNext to education in labor, I place as the most important factor in\nprison discipline the development of the mind through the medium of the\nvarious agencies that may be employed for that purpose, not forgetting\nthat labor develops the mind as well as the muscle.\n\nAn overwhelming majority of the inmates of any prison are densely and\ngrossly ignorant, and mentally deficient. The polished, scholarly,\nshrewd criminal is a creature of fiction, not of fact, the exception,\nnot the rule. The average convict is a living example of Horace Mann\u2019s\naphorism, that \u201cignorance in this country is a crime.\u201d\n\n\nTHE PRISON SCHOOL\n\nThe convict\u2019s mental discipline can be accomplished in many ways,\none of which should be the prison school. The work here will often\nhave to be of the most elementary character. This work should not be\nmerely perfunctory, but should have the most careful attention and\nconsideration. The eagerness with which even comparatively old men\nundertake to master the simplest primer is one of the pathetic but\nencouraging aspects of prison-school life.\n\nAs the school will probably have to be an evening school of but few\nhours\u2019 duration, the course of study will necessarily have to be\ncomparatively brief, in order that all inmates needing its help may\nhave their turn.\n\nBut the brief term in school should be supplemented by a course of\nreading and study in the cells, or elsewhere, which should have the\nsame attention, the same systematic oversight and encouragement that\nthe work in the school had. This serves a twofold purpose: first, to\ndrill and discipline the minds, furnish them with concrete information;\nand second, to fulfill a vital necessity in proper prison discipline,\nthe continual occupation of the subject in his waking hours, with\nlabor, study or proper recreation.\n\nThe writer recalls reading recently with some curiosity and interest a\nstricture written some nineteen years ago on the methods of the Elmira\nReformatory referring to the study in the cells of \u201cThe Prologue of\nthe Canterbury Tales,\u201d \u201cThe Tragedy of Hamlet,\u201d Emerson\u2019s \u201cMay Day,\u201d\nBrowning\u2019s \u201cParacelsus,\u201d and similar literature, and the critic stated\nthat if the convicts are to remain in prison for life, there can be no\nobjection to such reading, but otherwise, the time thus occupied is\nworse than wasted.\n\nBut there is where the critic is wofully mistaken. No man can read\neven such classics as are here named without being substantially and\nmaterially benefited and strengthened, and better able to cope with\nthe practical bread-and-butter part of life. This statement may seem\nfar-fetched, but it is true.\n\nBut he does not need to be confined to such books. In this intensely\npractical age, books are as practical as other things. In the\ninstitution over which I preside, scores of men are taking courses\nin the correspondence schools, doing well, and neglecting no prison\nrequirements. Let the library be stocked with practical handbooks\nthat tell men how to do things, such as to mix concrete, lay brick,\nbuild houses, construct telephone lines, run machinery, and similar\nenterprises.\n\nPrison libraries are generally the result of heterogeneous and\nindiscriminate donations, the aftermath of the spring house-cleanings\nof the philanthropically inclined. Such donations should be accepted in\nthe spirit in which given, graciously, thankfully, then where proper,\nclassified, catalogued and used. But this source should not be depended\non entirely, or even largely, to supply the library. The books should\nbe selected with as much care and fidelity as they are selected for a\nuniversity or a public library, for they are to accomplish the same\npurpose.\n\n\nTHE DAILY AND WEEKLY NEWSPAPER\n\nThe writer never shared in the fear of the daily or weekly newspaper in\nthe prison. He acknowledges their necessity to himself, and feels that\nwhat is helpful to him ought not seriously to injure his men. In this\nday, the yellow journals, so called, are mighty agencies for reform,\nand they and their associate muck rakers, the magazines, are uncovering\nfrauds and wrongs in high places, and driving powerful wrongdoers to\ncover; and when their work is completed, the smaller criminals will not\nhave the baleful example of some people in high places to justify them\nin their evil ways. The taste for a blood-and-thunder paper, magazine\nor book, is infinitely preferable to none at all. The taste will pall\neventually on such pabulum and call for better.\n\nEvery prison is a community of itself and to itself. The things that\nelevate people outside, should be found inside the walls. There should\nbe neatness and cleanliness and sanitary conditions everywhere. The\nlawns should be green, neat and carefully kept. Every prison should\nhave a greenhouse, and flowers should abound in profusion, for\ncivilizing, ennobling and disciplinary powers of nature at her fairest\ncannot be over-estimated.\n\nThe reading courses should be supplemented by instructive lectures and\nliterary entertainments, for such times as are practicable. Theatricals\nshould be permitted and encouraged at intervals. Such relaxation is a\ngreat lubricant. Quartettes, octettes and choirs should be organized,\nand all the men possible taught vocal music under a competent\ninstructor. Orchestras and brass bands should be maintained from the\ninmates, and music should be a feature of very proper occasion.\n\nTo the timid soul who fears that all these pains will pamper the\nconvict and make him love the prison and do something to be returned,\nlet me say that the greatest punishment is in being immured behind\ngreat walls beyond which he cannot go, and any deprivation of the\nelements of reform and enlightened discipline is a mere bagatelle\ncompared to the main fact of imprisonment. As Chaplain Tribou forcibly\nsays: \u201cMen are not sent to prison to be punished, they are punished by\nbeing sent to prison.\u201d\n\nLet the great aim be to show the men the many legitimate avenues of\nimprovement, enlightenment, enjoyment and amusements that are open to\nthose who never transgress the law.\n\nConvicts are not to be classed as a peculiar species of genus homo, but\nare to be regarded as _individuals_, amenable to the same influences,\nthe same treatment, the same hopes as other men. Charles Reade, in\nhis famous book \u201cIt Is Never Too Late to Mend,\u201d tells of two little\nchildren who come to see a thief just arrested. \u201cFarmer Fielding,\u201d says\nthe little girl, courtesying, a mode of reverence which was instantly\ncopied by the boy, \u201cwe are come to see the thief; they say you have\ncaught one.\u201d \u201cOh dear!\u201d and her bright little countenance was overcast,\n\u201cI couldn\u2019t have told it from a man.\u201d\n\nPrison sentiment is a powerful auxiliary in discipline, and the\nconsciousness among the men that \u201ca square deal\u201d from the management\ncan be depended upon for the cause of enlightenment, refinement, cheer\nand relaxation, is worth more than a regiment of soldiers.\n\n\nRELIGION AS A FACTOR\n\nReligion ought to be a mighty factor in correct prison discipline. If\n_good_ men need religion to help them and sustain them, certainly _bad_\nmen need it far more. This department of discipline should be presided\nover and directed by a strong, level-headed, pious God-fearing man, who\nmay have at once the confidence of the warden and his subordinates, and\nthe inmates as well, a very difficult undertaking.\n\nA chaplain who mistakes his mission and attends to matters not within\nhis province, can tear up and destroy the discipline of a prison more\nquickly and effectively than anyone else in it. But his opportunities\nfor good are as great as, or greater than, for evil, and if he can\ndiscern between those who desire real spiritual consolation and those\nwho are after the loaves and fishes, between spiritual pardon and\nofficial clemency, and devote himself unreservedly to the one and\nresolutely eschew the other, no man can overestimate his value.\n\nThe warden and the chaplain should go hand in hand, each sustaining the\nother. They need to have a perfect understanding, neither mistrusting\nthe other. And with such an understanding, let the chaplain have entire\ncharge of his church and other spiritual services, and resolutely\nexclude the self-constituted evangelist, the chance visitor, and forbid\nabsolutely the spectacular and highly emotional harangues of people\nutterly unacquainted with the population with which they seek to deal.\nIn nothing should there be more rigid censorship and more careful\nespionage than in the chapel and other religious services.\n\nTo quote from an address made by me before the National Prison\nAssociation in Louisville in 1903: \u201cThe influence of sightseers\nand idle visitors to prisons, always bad, reaches the acme of its\nperniciousness in the chapel service, if unrestrained and unguided\nby prison officials of experience and firmness, who alone are in a\nposition to know that sickly sentimentalism is the worst possible\npabulum to offer men already too eager to justify their evil deeds.\u201d\n\n\nTHE DISCIPLINE OF OFFICERS\n\nThe question at once comes up, how are all these elements of discipline\nto be arranged for in a prison. Who are to provide and arrange for them?\n\nThis is altogether the most difficult question to answer. The most\ncareful and exacting discipline is not for the _convict_, but for the\n_officials_ of a prison.\n\nIf convicts are to be gradually educated and turned from crime into\nvirtue, out of slothfulness and viciousness into habits of industry,\nthrift, sobriety, regularity and evenness of life, it must be through\nthe agency of officers, themselves disciplined, educated and schooled\nin self-control. \u201cNo man is fit to command who has not first learned to\nobey.\u201d\n\nNo man can hope to have zeal, skill and care, the patience and\nfidelity to bring up men from the depths of ignorance to the level of\nintelligence, who has not himself gone over a part of the road. \u201cSuch\nofficers are not found.\u201d \u201cThey must be taught and trained.\u201d\n\nSuperintendent Brockway has said: \u201cThe warden of a prison receives\ninto his charge with the bodily presence of the prisoners, their very\nsoul life, and is clothed with the authority and the duty to develop\nthat life for fullness and perfection. He who enters upon the work\nof soul culture, touches the life and forces of a mysterious realm.\nHis attitude should be profoundly reverent, for he invades a sacred\nprecinct.\u201d\n\nThis being the case, nothing but high grade, intelligent, educated men,\nshould be permitted to have charge of this soul life. It is absurd to\nhope that any other can administer the discipline necessary to build up\nmen whom society has failed or neglected to cultivate.\n\nEvery employ\u00e9 of a prison should be a man of good appearance, no\nphysical blemishes, a man of high character, and should possess at\nleast a good English education and be a student.\n\nIn many States, only those who have certain views upon the tariff and\nfinance, or who are supposed to have, are permitted to have positions\nas officers in the prisons. But even there, a schedule of requirements\nwithin that limit may be arranged for, and rigidly adhered to. There\nought to be an age limit, height, and other physical requirements, and\nan educational test. A mere recommendation from a politician, however\nhigh, is usually not worth the paper upon which it is written, chiefly\nbecause the aforesaid politician has only the most vague idea of the\nactual requirements of the prison official, and is under the impression\nthat anybody who can occupy space will do.\n\nThere ought to be a school for the preparation of persons for\ninstitutional work. Such a school should be a national one and would be\nimmensely profitable in the increased reformatory results in prisons,\nthe saving of many insane from helpless insanity, and the reclaiming of\nmany dependents.\n\nWith crime costing $300,000,000 a year, and every criminal saved worth\na least $1,600 a year to the nation, the necessity for such a school\nfor training specialists is very great.\n\n\nDRILLING OF NEW OFFICERS\n\nThe evolution of a new guard is one of the interesting, but soul-trying\nexperiences of every prison warden. Perhaps the warden, before\nassigning the new man to duty, talks to him, admonishing him as to\nhis procedure, and aiming to tell him of the pitfalls that experience\nhas pointed out. But he talks \u201cto ears that hear not.\u201d He closes his\nfirst interview by handing the new man a book of rules for his perusal.\nBut they are given \u201cto eyes that see not.\u201d That book of rules is the\nresult of the experience, the mistakes, the observations, the failures\nand the successes of generations of prison officials, and can no more\nbe fathomed by a new guard at once, than can the Constitution of the\nUnited States, upon first reading, be comprehended by one of Upton\nSinclair\u2019s Lithuanians on his journey to the Chicago stockyards.\n\nUnder the present system, that guard must learn largely by mortifying\nexperiences, the commission of serious mistakes, alike costly to the\ninstitution and its wards.\n\nWhile there are no general schools for the preparation of officers for\ninstitutional work (the School of Philanthropy of New York possibly\nexcepted), yet there may be organized in every prison a school for the\neducation and development of officers, and this should be done. Let\nthere be a definite course of reading and study arranged for officers\nby the superintendent, and have frequent examinations and discussions\nbearing on prison problems.\n\nFortunately our literature is rich in books worthy the most careful\nstudy and research. There is Prof. Henderson\u2019s admirable text book\non \u201cDependents, Defectives and Delinquents;\u201d Dr. E. C. Wines on \u201cThe\nState of Prisons and Child Saving Institutions,\u201d the many valuable\ncontributions of Rev. S. J. Barrows, Superintendent Brockway, Joseph F.\nScott, Frank L. Randall, Revs. August Drahms, F. H. Wines, A. McDonald,\nBeccaria and Howard, Lombroso and Dugdale, Eugene Smith and Charlton T.\nLewis and scores of others.\n\nCharles Reade\u2019s great muck-rake book \u201cIt Is Never Too Late to Mend,\u201d\nwhich drove the separate and silent system out of England, deserves the\nmost careful study and thought. Victor Hugo\u2019s valued \u201cLes Miserables\u201d\ncannot be read too carefully or critically. Dickens\u2019 \u201cAmerican Notes\u201d\ngives a most graphic account of the separate system, and his \u201cPickwick\nPapers\u201d portray most powerfully the debtor\u2019s jail.\n\nEvery report of the National Prison Association and the Conference\nof Charities and Correction, replete as they are with invaluable\ndiscussions of vital topics, should be read by every prison official,\nas well also as the different annual or biennial reports issued by the\ndifferent institutions throughout the country, which contain points of\ninestimable value on conducting prisons.\n\nIn one of the offices of the model prisons of this country is a great\nround table capable of accommodating thirty or forty people. Around\nthis table at intervals officers are seated to listen to lectures\nand hear and participate in discussions upon approved methods of\naccomplishing the best work. This might well be emulated in every\nsimilar institution.\n\nThere should be a fund set aside in every institution to defray the\nexpenses of a number of officials, annually to visit other institutions\nfor the purpose of observing how the work is done elsewhere, and thus\nby actual contact to obtain the most approved methods. And this ought\nnot to be confined to the heads of departments alone, but should be\nopen to even the humblest official in his turn. In addition to its\npractical value, it makes him realize that his work is a profession not\nto be despised or made light of, and that the curing of moral ailments,\nthe helping of those who cannot help themselves, is a grand and a\nglorious calling, exceeded in its value to the world by no other.\n\n\nTHE OFFICERS\u2019 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS\n\nWhen the day\u2019s work is done officers should ordinarily leave the\ninstitution and its incidents behind them. They should participate\nactively and zealously in the outside social and religious matters of\nthe community in which they are located. This balances them and gives\nthem tone, and prevents pessimism, which may otherwise control them.\n\nAn officer\u2019s usefulness is measured by the amount of good influence\nhe exerts upon those under his charge. But every warden has at times\nthe melancholy experience of observing that instead of some officers\nelevating and uplifting their men by their examples, the convicts\u2019\ninfluence has become the greater, and the officer\u2019s ideals are\ngradually shattered, his resiliency lost, and his influence vanished.\nIt is to guard against this melancholy possibility that officers should\nbe urged to cultivate the best part of outside social, moral, and\nreligious life.\n\nAll of the progress and reform that has occurred in penal legislation,\nprison rules, and procedure has come as a result of the study, care,\nthought, and efforts of prison officials and students of penology.\n\nAll the legislation that has taken away from prisons the gospel of\nlabor, that has robbed them of the full opportunity of doing what was\nintended for them, has come largely as a result of the cowardice or\nlack of energy of prison officials who have not stood up against the\nunreasonable, unrighteous demands of thoughtless labor agitators, or\nwho have not in time remedied and improved their labor systems and\nconditions so they might escape just criticism.\n\nIf there is a bad prison law on any statute book, or if a good one\nneeds to be placed there, zealous, informed prison officials should\nnever cease agitation until the defect is remedied. These reforms will\ncome from no other source.\n\nIn this strenuous age the people have shown that they desire to do the\nright thing if the way be pointed out, and the age is ripe for reforms\nin prison laws and customs as it is in all other lines.\n\nAll those who have to deal with offenders of the law should be brought\nin touch with one another. Judges and district or prosecuting attorneys\nshould be required, as part of their duties, to visit the institutions\nwhich house the men sent there through their efforts, and should know\nthe conditions and be in a position to offer and receive suggestions.\n\nWhenever a likely man, once discharged, re\u00ebnters a prison, let the\nthoughtful warden not ask, \u201cWhat did this man to be returned?\u201d but\nrather let him inquire: \u201cWhat did I fail to do? Where is my institution\ndefective? What precaution did society fail to take that this man fell\nagain?\u201d\n\nPrecepts count for _something_ in prison and elsewhere. Example counts\nfor almost _everything_. We proceed not from the abstract to the\nconcrete in our daily lives. To-day the eyes of America are turned upon\nour strenuous president, not for precept, but for example; strenuous\nin his sports, therefore everybody becomes athletic; strenuous in\nliterature, and all America reads; strenuous in the enforcement of the\nlaw and a \u201csquare deal\u201d for every man, and the whole nation emulates\nhis example and takes on a new lease of civic righteousness.\n\nAs Napoleon rode at the head of his legions through Egypt, past the\npyramids, he halted, and in an impassioned address he said, \u201cSoldiers,\nfrom the summits of these pyramids forty centuries look down upon you.\u201d\n\nBut the modern warden, within his castled home, environed by frowning\nwalls, at the head of his scores of officers and superintendents of\ndepartments, may say, \u201cOfficers, from these depths of crime, misery,\ndegradation, and despair hundreds of imprisoned souls look up to you\nfor example, for inspiration, for guidance, and for help.\u201d\n\nAnd as officers thus receive the message and the tacit command may each\nresolve that his heart shall be so moved, his mind be so cultivated,\nstrengthened and disciplined, and his actions be so guarded and guided,\nthat the pathetic call thus made by those below him shall not be made\nin vain.\n\n\nAFTERNOON AND EVENING\n\nAt the afternoon session Judge Simeon E. Baldwin, of Connecticut,\npresented the report of the Committee on Criminal Law Reform, and in\nthe evening brief addresses were made by Miss Katharine B. Davis,\nWomen\u2019s Reformatory, Bedford, N. Y.; Chaplain D. H. Tribou, of the\nUnited States Naval Home, Philadelphia; Superintendent Frank L.\nRandall, of Minnesota, and others.\n\nThe following is a list of the officers for the current year:\nPresident, E. J. Murphy, Joliet, Ill.; First Vice-president, J.\nL. Milligan, Allegheny, Pa.; General Secretary, Amos W. Butler,\nIndianapolis, Ind.; Financial Secretary, Joseph P. Byers, New York;\nAssistant Secretaries, H. H. Shirer, Columbus, Ohio.; L. C. Storrs,\nLansing, Mich.; W. C. Graves, Springfield, Ill.; Treasurer, Frederick\nH. Mills, New York; Official Stenographer, Isabel C. Barrows, New York.\n\nWardens\u2019 Association: President, F. L. Randall, St. Cloud, Minn.;\nSecretary, C. E. Haddox, Moundsville, West Virginia.\n\nChaplains\u2019 Association: President, Rev. A. J. Steelman, Joliet, Ill.;\nSecretary, Rev. W. E. Edgin, Jeffersonville, Ind.\n\nPhysicians\u2019 Association: President, Dr. W. D. Stewart, Moundsville,\nWest Virginia; Secretary, Dr. O. J. Bennett, Allegheny, Pa.\n\nCommittee Chairmen: Board of Directors, Henry Wolfer, Stillwater,\nMinn.; Executive Committee, Joseph F. Scott, Elmira, N. Y.; Criminal\nLaw Reform, S. E. Baldwin, New Haven, Conn.; Preventive and Reformatory\nWork, W. H. Whittaker, Jeffersonville, Ind.; Prevention and Probation,\nJulian W. Mack, Chicago, Ill.; Prison Discipline, J. A. Leonard,\nMansfield, Ohio; Discharged Prisoners, Mrs. Maud Ballington Booth, New\nYork; Statistics of Crime, S. J. Barrows, New York.\n\nIn 1907 the Association will meet in Chicago.\n\n  J. F. OHL, _Official Delegate_.\n\n\nJOHN WAY, _Treasurer_,\n\nIN ACCOUNT WITH\n\nTHE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY\n\n     1906.\n  January 25. To Balance on hand.   Principal      $2,365 37\n               \u201c                    Income            633 19   $2,998 56\n               \u201c Life Membership fee                               20 00\n               \u201c Sale $1,000 Lehigh Valley R. R. Co., 4%          997 50\n               \u201c Membership Dues and Subscriptions                274 00\n               \u201c Interest on Deposits                              41 02\n               \u201c Income from I. V. Williamson Legacy              630 00\n               \u201c Income from Investments                        1,728 41\n                                                               ---------\n                                                               $6,689 49\n\n                           PAYMENTS\n\n              By Amount reserved account Goodwin Mortgage      $1,100 00\n               \u201c Bond and Mortgage R. W. C. 5 years 4\u00bd%         2,500 00\n               \u201c Salaries, Secretaries and Prison Agents        1,550 00\n               \u201c Janitor\u2019s Service and Office Expenses             39 00\n               \u201c Expense, Delegate National Prison Congress        25 64\n               \u201c Printing Journal 1906, Postage and other items   731 30\n               \u201c Prison Sunday Observance Committee                76 28\n               \u201c Sundry Printing, Franklin Printing Company        23 20\n               \u201c Safe Deposit Box Rent, Advertising, etc.          17 50\n                   Balance of income account                      626 57\n                                                               ---------\n                                                               $6,689 49\n\n               SPECIAL FUND FOR DISCHARGED PRISONERS\n\n  Am\u2019t collected by Gen\u2019l Secretary during the fiscal year     $4,585 50\n  Am\u2019t disbursed                                                3,795 56\n\n                       BARTON FUND\n\n                 FOR TOOLS TO DISCHARGED PRISONERS\n\n                         RECEIPTS\n\n  To Balance on hand January 25, 1906                            $145 59\n   \u201c Income from Investments                                       63 00\n                                                                 -------\n                                                                 $208 59\n\n                        PAYMENTS\n\n     For tools to discharged prisoners                            $69 16\n     Balance on hand January 24, 1907                             139 43\n                                                                 -------\n                                                                 $208 59\n\n            C. S. WILLIAMS FUND\n\n                RECEIPTS\n\n  To Balance on hand January 25, 1906.   Principal      $484 25\n                                         Income           46 50      $530 75\n   \u201c Income from Investments                                          113 00\n                                                                     -------\n                                                                     $643 75\n\n                      PAYMENTS\n\n  By $500 Electric and People\u2019s 4% Stock Trust Certificates at 102   $510 00\n   \u201c Am\u2019t paid Home of Industry                                        87 25\n      Balance Income Account, January 24, 1907                         46 50\n                                                                     -------\n                                                                     $643 75\n\n                   HARRIET S. BENSON FUND\n\n                        RECEIPTS\n\n  To Balance on hand January 25, 1906.   Principal    $1,500 00\n                                         Income           35 93   $1,535 93\n   \u201c Proceeds of sale of $500 Electric and People\u2019s 4% Stock\n       Trust Certificates at 102                                     510 00\n   \u201c Income from Investments                                         200 00\n                                                                  ---------\n                                                                  $2,245 93\n\n                        PAYMENTS\n\n  By $2,000 Lehigh Valley R. R. Co. Gen\u2019l Consol, 4% at 101\u00bd      $2,010 00\n   \u201c Accrued Interest on above                                        20 00\n   \u201c Home of Industry                                                215 93\n                                                                    -------\n                                                                  $2,245 93\n\n                    SUMMARY OF BALANCES\n\n  General Fund                                                      $626 57\n  Special Fund for Discharged Prisoners                              789 94\n  Barton Fund                                                        139 43\n  C. S. Williams Fund                                                 46 50\n                                                                  ---------\n           Cash on hand January 24, 1907                          $1,602 44\n\nWe, the Committee appointed to audit the accounts of John Way,\nTreasurer, have examined accounts, compared the payments with the\nvouchers, checked the receipts of income from invested funds, compared\nthe securities themselves with the list thereof and find them all\ncorrect.\n\n  JOHN W. DILLINGHAM,\n  GEORGE S. WETHERELL,\n\n  _Auditing Committee_.\n\nPHILADELPHIA, February 20, 1907.\n\n\nLIFE MEMBERS\n\n  Henry B. Ashmead,\n  [1]Francis M. Brooke,\n  C. H. Brush,\n  John E Carter,\n  [1]Alfred M. Collins,\n  Miss Mary Coles,\n  Henry S. Cattell,\n  B. L. Douredoure,\n  Rev. Herman L. Duhring, D. D.,\n  [1]Richard H. Downing,\n  Edward Grebel Dreer,\n  John A. Duncan,\n  Rev. Alfred Elwyn,\n  Helen M. Elwyn,\n  W. W. Frazier,\n  [1]George W. Hall,\n  Alfred C. Harrison,\n  Charles C. Harrison,\n  Emily J. Ingram, M. D.,\n  John P. Jenks,\n  W. W. Justice,\n  Alfred H. Love,\n  F. Mortimer Lewis,\n  [1]J. Fisher Learning,\n  Sarah A. Lewis,\n  M. Carey Lea,\n  William Longstreth,\n  Caleb J. Milne,\n  James W. McAllister,\n  Robert Patterson,\n  [1]Charles Santee,\n  David Sulzberger,\n  George C. Thomas,\n  Henry T. Townsend,\n  James W. Walk, M. D.,\n  E. B. Warren,\n  James V. Watson,\n  John Way,\n  Mary S. Whelen.\n\n[1] Deceased.\n\n\nANNUAL MEMBERS\n\n  Hon. William N. Ashman,\n  Rev. Samuel E. Appleton,\n  H. St. Clair Ash, M. D.,\n  Joshua L. Baily,\n  T. Wistar Brown,\n  Samuel Biddle,\n  Rev. R. Heber Barnes,\n  William Burnham,\n  John E. Baird,\n  Rev. Lewis C. Baker,\n  Henry W. Boies,\n  Ethel M. Boies,\n  David Boies,\n  Helen M. Boies,\n  J. Henry Bartlett,\n  Henry D. Booth,\n  Catharine C. Biddle,\n  Hannah S. Biddle,\n  Elizabeth Bradford,\n  T. Broom Belfield,\n  Mrs. Robert S. Bright,\n  Robert P. P. Bradford,\n  Layyah Barakat,\n  Joseph K. Calley,\n  Ethel Conderman,\n  John H. Converse,\n  Mrs. E. W. Clark,\n  S. W. Colton, Jr.,\n  Mrs. S. W. Colton, Jr.,\n  Miss F. Clark,\n  Henry H. Collins,\n  E. W. Clark, Jr.,\n  John Callahan,\n  Agnes Camp, M. D.,\n  Jonas G. Clemmer,\n  Charles F. Cripps,\n  Henry C. Cassel,\n  John H. Dillingham,\n  Edward T. Davis,\n  Isaac L. Detweiler,\n  Walter L. Detwiler,\n  Rev. J. G. Dubbs,\n  Charles E. D\u2019Invillier,\n  Albert M. Dallett,\n  Agnes Dean, M. D.,\n  Mrs. E. C. Denniston,\n  Samuel Emlen,\n  Joseph Elkinton,\n  Otto Eisenlohr,\n  Rev. Solomon G. Engle,\n  B. W. Fleisher,\n  Spencer Fullerton,\n  Esther Fricke,\n  Mrs. Horace Fassett,\n  Melvin M. Franklin, M. D.,\n  Susanna Gaskill,\n  Sylvester Garrett,\n  D. W. Grafley,\n  Elizabeth N. Garrett,\n  Mrs. W. S. Grant, Jr.,\n  W. H. Gilbert,\n  Mrs. C. L. Grubb,\n  Samuel B. Garrigues,\n  Mrs. Louis Gerstley,\n  Luther Gerhard,\n  Mrs. E. W. Gormley,\n  Sallie H. Green,\n  Mary S. Gregg,\n  Rev. J. Andrews Harris,\n  William H. Hart, Jr.,\n  Edwin Hagert,\n  William B. Hackenburg,\n  Mrs. W. W. Harding,\n  William S. Hallowell,\n  Clyde A. Heller,\n  Miss C. V. Hodges,\n  J. H. M. Hayes,\n  Rev. C. Rowland Hill,\n  Charles P. Hastings,\n  Jacob D. Hoffman,\n  D. John Hampton,\n  Mrs. George W. Hensell,\n  Edwin S. Johnston,\n  William T. W. Jester,\n  William Kennard,\n  William Koelle,\n  William Kennard, Jr.,\n  Harry Kennedy,\n  J. Albert Koons,\n  Louisa D. Lovett,\n  John J. Lytle,\n  Josiah W. Leeds,\n  Deborah C. Leeds,\n  Charles H. LeFevre,\n  Mrs. P. W. Lawrence,\n  Rebecca C. Latimer,\n  George A. Latimer, Jr.,\n  Theodore J. Lewis,\n  Mary Lewis,\n  Richard H. Lytle,\n  Rev. Philip Lamerdin,\n  Frank H. Longshore,\n  Susanna W. Lippincott,\n  Benjamin K. Liveright,\n  Charles B. Miller,\n  Mrs. M. A. Mason,\n  Isaac P. Miller,\n  Charles M. Morton,\n  Hon. J. Willis Martin,\n  John Marston,\n  Mrs. Henry C. Mayer,\n  George R. Meloney,\n  Thomas H. McCollin,\n  Rev. H. Cresson McHenry,\n  Charles McDole,\n  Mrs. L. M. Mewes,\n  Rev. H. E. Meyer,\n  Joseph C. Noblit,\n  William F. Overman,\n  Rev. J. F. Ohl,\n  Albert Oetinger,\n  Frederick J. Pooley,\n  Charles Platt,\n  Laura N. Platt,\n  Miss L. N. Platt,\n  George F. Parker,\n  Joseph G. Rosengarten,\n  George J. Reger,\n  Marie Rosenberg,\n  Anthony W. Robinson,\n  Francis B. Reeves,\n  Mrs. Evan Randolph,\n  Mary Randolph,\n  Mrs. M. B. Riehl\u00e9,\n  David Scull,\n  Rev. F. H. Senft,\n  P. H. Spellissy,\n  William Scattergood,\n  Isaac Slack,\n  Dr. William C. Stokes,\n  G. A. Schwarz,\n  Samuel Snellenburg,\n  Mrs. Samuel Snellenburg,\n  Frank H. Starr,\n  R. C. Shafges,\n  Esther Strawbridge,\n  Mrs. E. Stillwell,\n  John Smallzell,\n  Augustus Thomas,\n  Mrs. George C. Thomas,\n  Augusta Thomas,\n  Rev. Floyd W. Tomkins,\n  William E. Tatum,\n  Mrs. J. F. Unger,\n  G. H. S. Uhler,\n  George Vaux,\n  Elias H. White,\n  Catharine A. Wentz,\n  Emily Whelen,\n  Sarah S. White,\n  Mrs. Frances Howard Williams,\n  Thomas B. Watson,\n  Samuel L. Whitson,\n  William C. Warren,\n  Mary S. Wetherell,\n  George S. Wetherell,\n  A. J. Wright,\n  E. M. Zimmerman,\n  Mrs. E. M. Zimmerman.\n\n\nFORM OF BEQUEST OF PERSONAL PROPERTY\n\nI give and bequeath to \u201cTHE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY\u201d the\nsum of .... Dollars.\n\n\nFORM OF DEVISE OF REAL ESTATE\n\nI give and devise to \u201cTHE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON SOCIETY\u201d all\nthat certain piece or parcel of land. (Here describe the property.)\n\n\nARTICLE V.\n\nThe Acting Committee shall consist of the officers of the Society,\n_ex-officio_ and fifty other members. They shall visit the prison at\nleast twice a month, inquire into the circumstances of the prisoners,\nand report such abuses as they shall discover to the proper officers\nappointed to remedy them. They shall examine the influence of\nconfinement on the morals of the prisoners. They shall keep regular\nminutes of their proceedings, which shall be submitted at every stated\nmeeting of the Society, and shall be authorized to fill vacancies\noccurring in their own body, whether arising from death or removal\nfrom the city, or from inability or neglect to visit the prisons in\naccordance with their regulations. They shall also have the sole power\nof electing new members.\n\n\nARTICLE VI.\n\nCandidates for membership may be proposed at any meeting of the\nSociety or of the Acting Committee; but no election shall take place\nwithin ten days after such nomination. Each member shall pay an annual\ncontribution of two dollars. If any member neglects or refuses to pay\nsuch contribution within three months after due notice has been given\nsuch person, the Acting Committee may, at its option, strike said name\nfrom the list of members. The payment of twenty dollars at any one time\nshall constitute a Life Membership. Any person paying not less than\nfive hundred dollars shall be called a Patron of the Society.\n\n\nARTICLE VII.\n\nHonorary members may be elected at such times as the Society may deem\nexpedient.\n\n\nARTICLE VIII.\n\nThe Society shall hold an Annual Meeting on the fourth Fifth-day\n(Thursday) in the First month (January) of each year, and Stated\nMeetings on the fourth Fifth-day (Thursday) in the months of April,\nJuly, and October, at which seven shall constitute a quorum.\n\n\nARTICLE IX.\n\nNo alteration in the Constitution shall be made unless the same shall\nhave been proposed in writing at a stated meeting of the Society, held\nnot less than three months previous to the adoption of such alteration;\nand no such amendment shall be adopted unless approved by the votes of\nthree-fourths of the members present.\n\nThe Secretary shall state on the notices of that meeting that an\namendment or amendments will be acted upon. And not later than the\nusual time of sending said notices, he shall furnish the members with\nwritten copies of the word or words, and form of the proposed amendment\n_displayed_, and so much of the original form of the article to be\namended as will show the relation of the proposed amendment to the\ncontext, and of the article in its amended form with all the words of\nthe amendment displayed. All other questions shall be decided, when\nthere is a division, by a majority of votes; in those where the Society\nis equally divided, the presiding officer shall have the casting vote.\n\n\nOF VISITORS.\n\nNo person who is not an official visitor of the prison, or who has not\na written permission, according to such rules as the Inspectors may\nadopt as aforesaid, shall be allowed to visit the same; the official\nvisitors are: the Governor, the Speaker and members of the Senate, the\nSpeaker and members of the House of Representatives; the Secretary of\nthe Commonwealth; the Judges of the Supreme Court; the Attorney-General\nand his Deputies; the President and Associate Judges of all the courts\nin the State; the Mayor and Recorders of the cities of Philadelphia,\nLancaster, and Pittsburg; Commissioners and Sheriffs of the several\nCounties; and the \u201cActing Committee of the Philadelphia Society for\nAlleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons.\u201d Note: Now named \u201cThe\nPennsylvania Prison Society.\u201d\n\n\n\n\nAN ACT TO INCORPORATE THE\n\nPhiladelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons.\n\n\nSECTION I.--_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of\nRepresentatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in General\nAssembly met, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same_,\nThat all and every the persons who shall at the time of the passing of\nthis Act be members of the Society called \u201cThe Philadelphia Society\nfor Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons,\u201d shall be and they are\nhereby created and declared to be one body, politic and corporate, by\nthe name, style and title of \u201cThe Philadelphia Society for Alleviating\nthe Miseries of Public Prisons,\u201d and by the same name shall have\nperpetual succession, and shall be able to sue and be sued, implead\nand be impleaded in all courts of record or elsewhere, and to take and\nreceive, hold and enjoy, by purchase, grant, devise, or bequest to them\nand their successors, lands, tenements, rents, annuities, franchises,\nhereditaments, goods and chattels of whatsoever nature, kind, or\nquality soever, real, personal, or mixed, or choses in action, and\nthe same from time to time to sell, grant, devise, alien, or dispose\nof; _provided_ That the clear yearly value or income of the necessary\nhouses, lands, tenements, rents, annuities, and other hereditaments,\nand real estate of the said corporation, and the interest of money by\nit lent, shall not exceed the sum of five thousand dollars; and also\nto make and have a common seal, and the same to break, alter, and\nrenew at pleasure; and also to ordain, establish, and put in execution\nsuch by-laws, ordinances, and regulations as shall appear necessary\nand convenient for the government of the said corporation, not being\ncontrary to this Charter or the Constitution and laws of the United\nStates, or of this Commonwealth, and generally to do all and singular\nthe matters and things which to them it shall lawfully appertain to do\nfor the well-being of the said corporation, and the due management and\nordering of the affairs thereof; and provided further, that the objects\nof the Society shall be confined to the alleviation of the miseries\nof public prisons, the improvement of prison discipline and relief of\ndischarged prisoners.\n\n  SAM\u2019L. ANDERSON, _Speaker of House_.\n  THOS. RINGLAND, _Speaker of Senate_.\n\nApproved the 6th day of April, Anno Domini Eighteen Hundred and\nThirty-three.\n\n  GEORGE WOLF.\n\n\n\n\nLEGAL CHANGE OF NAME.\n\nThe Following Confirms the Action Relative to the Change of the Name of\nthe Prison Society,\n\n\nDecree:\n\n    And now, to wit, this 27th day of January, A. D. 1886, on motion\n    of A. Sidney Biddle, Esq., the Petition and Application for change\n    of name filed by \u201cThe Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the\n    Miseries of Public Prisons,\u201d having been presented and considered,\n    and it appearing that the order of court heretofore made as to\n    advertisement has been duly complied with and due notice of said\n    application to the Auditor-General of the State of Pennsylvania\n    being shown, it is Ordered, Adjudged, and Decreed, that the name\n    of the said Society shall hereafter be \u201cTHE PENNSYLVANIA PRISON\n    SOCIETY,\u201d to all intents and purposes as if the same had been the\n    original name of the said Society, and the same name shall be\n    deemed and taken to be a part of the Charter of the said society\n    upon the recording of the said Application with its indorsements\n    and this Decree in the Office of the Recorder of Deeds of this\n    County, and upon filing with the Auditor-General a Copy of this\n    Decree.\n\n  [Signed]       JOSEPH ALLISON.\n\n\nRecord:\n\n    Recorded in the office for the Recording of Deeds in and for the\n    City and County of Philadelphia, on Charter Book No. 11, page 1064.\n    Witness my hand and seal of Office this 28th day of June, A. D.\n    1886.\n\n  GEO. G. PIRRIE, _Recorder of Deeds_.\n\n\n[Transcriber\u2019s Note:\n\nObvious printer errors corrected silently.\n\nInconsistent spelling and hyphenation are as in the original.]","title":"The Journal of Prison Discipline and Philanthropy (New Series, No. 46, January 1907)","tradition":"scripture-revelation","translated_text":null,"word_count":23763}