{"collection":"philosophy-ethics","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_58266/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_58266","id":"gutenberg_58266","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/58266","summary":null,"tags":["Category: History - Modern (1750+)","Category: Philosophy & Ethics","Category: Politics","War"],"text":"Produced by Richard Tonsing and the Online Distributed\nProofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was\nproduced from images generously made available by The\nInternet Archive)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration: INDUSTRIAL DESPOTISM, SHREWDLY CALLED FREEDOM.\n/]\n\n(Illustrating the Wage-Earner\u2019s \u201cFreedom of Contract.\u201d)\n\n\n\n\n WAR\u2014WHAT FOR?\n\n\n BY\n\n GEORGE R. KIRKPATRICK\n\n\u201cThe cannon\u2019s prey has begun to think, and, thinking twice, loses its\nadmiration for being made a target.\u201d\u2014_Victor Hugo._\n\n\u201cA nod from a lord is a breakfast\u2014for a fool.\u201d\u2014_Proverb._\n\n\u201cThe poor souls for whom this hungry war opens its vast jaws.\u201d\u2014_William\nShakespeare._\n\n First Edition, August, 1910.\n Second Edition, October, 1910.\n Third Edition, December, 1910.\n Fourth Edition, April, 1911.\n Fifth Edition, Thirtieth Thousand, May, 1911.\n\n PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR,\n\n WEST LA FAYETTE, OHIO\n\n\n\n\n COPYRIGHTED, 1910,\n BY\n GEORGE R. KIRKPATRICK.\n\n All rights reserved,\n including that of translation into foreign languages\n\n\n SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT ON PAGE 350.\n\n\n WAR\u2014WHAT FOR?\n\n SINGLE COPY, $1.20\n\n Liberal discounts in clubs of 3, 10 and 25 or more.\n\n\n By the same author:\n\n THINK\u2014OR SURRENDER\n\nAbout 100 pages of elementary economics, politics and organization\u2014for\nthe propaganda of Socialism. (Nearly ready.)\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n\n\nThis book is dedicated to the victims of the civil war in industry; that\nis, to my brothers and sisters of the working class, the class who\nfurnish the blood and tears and cripples and corpses in all wars\u2014yet win\nno victories for their own class.\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n\n\n CONTENTS.\n\n\n PAGE\n\n Preface 5\n\n Ready 9\n\n An Insult from the Commander-in-Chief 10\n\n Chapter One: A Confidential Word with the Man of the\n Working Class 11\n\n Chapter Two: What Is War? 21\n\n Chapter Three: The Situation\u2014Also the Explanation 29\n\n Chapter Four: The Cost of War\u2014(1) In Blood, (2) In Cash 47\n\n Chapter Five: Hell 77\n\n Chapter Six: Tricked to the Trenches\u2014Then Snubbed 107\n\n Chapter Seven: For Father and the Boys 159\n\n Chapter Eight: For Mother and the Boys\u2014and Girls 207\n\n Chapter Nine: The Cross, the Cannon, and the Cash\n Register 244\n\n Chapter Ten: Now What Shall We Do About It? 273\n\n Chapter Eleven: A Short Lesson in the History of the\n Working Class 317\n\n Chapter Twelve: Suggestions\u2014and What to Read 338\n\n\n Illustrations:\n\n Industrial Despotism, Craftily Called Freedom Frontispiece\n\n Leading Citizens\u2014\u201cWe Want Wars\u201d 31\n\n Leading Citizens\u2014\u201cWe Declare Wars\u201d 33\n\n Citizens Who Are Led\u2014\u201cWe Fight the Wars\u201d 35\n\n Hired Hands Facing p. 46\n\n Worn-Out Boxing Gloves of the Ruling Class 51\n\n The History of Ignorance and Meekness 53\n\n The War Is the Class War 169\n\n The Beneficiaries of Hell, Flirting with Heaven Facing p. 206\n\n The Noble R\u00f4le of Cossacks and Militiamen Facing p. 207\n\n Preparing Boy-Scout Hired Hands Facing p. 220\n\n Four Victims of Cheap Patriotism 241\n\n In My Name! After Nineteen Hundred Years! 245\n\n\n\n\n PREFACE.\n\n\nJustice soothes.\n\nJustice heals the wounds and sores in the social body.\n\nJustice strikes down all robbery\u2014illegal and legal.\n\nJustice calms.\n\nInjustice stings.\n\nInjustice burns, irritates\u2014kills sociability and creates conflict.\n\nInjustice prevents brotherhood.\n\nInjustice is unsocial\u2014anti-social\u2014and is thus a social sore.\n\nInjustice, organized injustice, is the soul of all _class_-labor forms\nof society.\n\nThe purpose of all class-labor forms of society is ROBBERY.\n\nThe robbed resist\u2014sometimes.\n\nThe robbers are ready for resistance\u2014always.\n\nIn all _class_-labor forms of society the ruling class always have:\n\nFIRST, AN =ARMED= GUARD\u2014READY:\n\n ready to serve as tusk and fist of the robber ruling class,\n\n ready to suppress protesting chattel-slaves,\n\n ready to suppress protesting serfs,\n\n ready to suppress protesting wage-earners,\n\n ready to defend the class-labor system,\n\n ready to extend the class-labor system,\n\n ready to defy and defeat and hold down and kick the robbed working\n class.\n\nSECOND, AN =UNARMED= GUARD\u2014composed of prideless purchasable\nhuman things, social chameleons, moral eunuchs, political\nflunkies\u2014intellectual prostitutes\u2014READY:\n\n ready to make laws in the interest of the ruling class,\n\n ready to interpret laws in the interest of the ruling class,\n\n ready to execute laws in the interest of the ruling class,\n\n ready to cunningly cajole and beguile the toil-cursed working class,\n\n ready to cunningly teach meekness, humility and contentment\u2014to the\n working class,\n\n ready to cunningly teach servility and obedience\u2014to the working\n class,\n\n ready with grand words to cunningly dupe and chloroform\u2014the working\n class,\n\n ready to bellow about \u201cLaw and Order\u201d when the unemployed call\n loudly for work or bread and when hungry strikers open their lips\n in self-defense,\n\n ready \u201cfor Jesus\u2019 sake\u201d (and a salary) to glorify war and scream to\n the \u201cGod of Battles\u201d (also the \u201cGod of Peace\u201d) for victory; ready\n to baptize wholesale murder and flatter the blood-stained\n conquerors; ready to whine and mumble over the shell-torn corpses\n of the victims and hypocritically sniffle and mouth consolatory\n congratulations to the war-cursed widows and orphans\u2014ready thus to\n mock their own ruined victims\u2014for a price; ready to preach\u2014to the\n workers\u2014that they must fight like hell to \u201cget a home in heaven.\u201d\n\nMany of my brothers\u2014my betrayed younger brothers\u2014are soldiers: they have\nbeen seduced to serve as Armed Guard. They have been deceived. And they\nare abused. Many of them are even driven insane. Insanity ranks _third_\nin the long list of disablements for which our betrayed brothers are\ndismissed from the service. (Report of the Department of War, 1908, p.\n21.) A whole carload of insane soldiers were shipped through\nPittsburgh\u2014home from the Philippines\u2014December 11, 1909.\n\nThese men are indeed betrayed and abused\u2014and ashamed. They even destroy\nthemselves to hide their shame and escape abuse. TWENTY-SIX TIMES AS\nMANY enlisted men _committed suicide_ in 1908 as in 1907; AND\nTHIRTY-NINE TIMES AS MANY of them committed suicide in 1909 as in\n1907.[1]\n\nMore and more the boys in the Army are _disgusted_ with the whole vile\nbusiness, but as the boys become increasingly sick of the service and\nwould like to run away, the War Department more and more prepares to\nhold them _like rats in a trap_\u2014just as the Secretary of War _boasted_\nin his Report for 1908 (p. 19) that he _now_ finally had \u201can elaborate\nsystem ... almost perfected well calculated to secure swift and certain\napprehension and punishment of deserters, and will ... have a marked\neffect in reducing the crime to a minimum.\u201d Thus the boys are trapped\nand stung,\u2014and some of them kill themselves.\n\nThe working class men _inside and outside the Army_ are confused.\n\nThey do not understand.\n\nBut they will understand.\n\nAND WHEN THEY DO UNDERSTAND, their class loyalty and class pride will\nastonish the world. They will stand erect in their vast class strength\nand defend\u2014THEMSELVES. They will cease to coax and tease; they will make\n_demands_\u2014unitedly. They will desert the armory; they will spike every\ncannon on earth; they will scorn the commander; they will never club or\nbayonet another striker; and in the legislatures of the world they will\nshear the fatted parasites from the political and industrial body of\nsociety.\n\nBut these things they will not do and _can not_ do till they are\n_roused_\u2014roused _because_ they understand.\n\nTherefore, I \u201crise to a point of order\u201d: The most important thing on the\nprogram in the politics of the world today is to rouse the working class\nto realize itself, to be conscious of itself, to see itself and also see\ndistinctly the age-long conspiracy of the ruling class; the first thing\nis to rouse the working class to unite socially and unite industrially\nand unite politically and seize all the powers of government in all the\nworld\u2014for self-defense; the supreme business of the hour is to rouse the\nworking class for the crowning victory in the evolution of mankind\u2014for\nthe industrial freedom of the working class, for the peace and the calm\nborn of justice, for the beauty and the glory of the brotherhood of man.\n\nThis book is written to help instruct and rouse the working class; and\nif in some small measure this unpretentious book carries light to the\nbrains of my younger brothers on the big steel battleships, in the\nbarren gloomy barracks, and to my abused and cheated brothers (and\nsisters) in the mills and mines and on the farms\u2014and thus helps _stir my\nclass to a consciousness of their class and thus helps advance the\ndemand for justice and the demand for a reconstructed, socialized\nsociety_, my reward will seem abundant.\n\n GEORGE R. KIRKPATRICK.\n\n July 4, 1910.\n\n\n PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITION:\n\nA few amusingly oracular and pitifully (not to say pardonably) impotent\nvoices have been raised\u2014necessarily not very high, of course\u2014against the\nstyle of this book. Deferring, for the present, any discussion of\ncertain evident pedagogical exigencies, my reply is: In the ninth month\nfrom the date of first issue, the book is in its Fifth Edition,\nThirtieth Thousand.\n\n G. R. K.\n\n May 24, 1911.\n\n * * * * *\n\nThe pictures in this book add much to its interest and usefulness. Those\non pages 31 and 33 were made by Mr. Ryan Walker, of New York; all the\nothers were made by Mr. John Sloan, also of New York. The author is\ngenuinely grateful for their kind cooperation.\n\n\n Ready.\n\nThe Roman slave-owners of two thousand years ago with their armed\nslave-drivers; also the slave-owners of sixty years ago with their\nhireling slave-drivers, armed with blacksnake whips and pistols, on\nhorseback in the cotton fields of the South\u2014the ancient and the modern\nchattel slave-owners thus were ready\u2014_ready_ to murder the _slave_\nworking class.\n\nThe lords of serfdom with armed hirelings housed near their castles were\nalso ready\u2014_ready_ to murder the _serf_ working class.\n\nRecently, in 1907, when the number of the unemployed wage-earners in the\nUnited States numbered over three millions, it was promptly planned by\nthe War Department serving the Caesars of industry that one machine-gun\ncompany with six rapid-fire guns of the Maxim or some similar type\nshould be added to each of the thirty regiments of infantry and fifteen\nregiments of cavalry now constituting the Army\u2014a total of two hundred\nand seventy of the most terrible murdering machines ever invented. With\nthese guns, each firing eight hundred shots per minute, eight million\nsix hundred and forty thousand cold steel nuggets of \u201claw-and-order\u201d and\n\u201cunparalleled prosperity\u201d could be handed out to the unemployed in just\nforty minutes,\u2014to lovingly show the working class how, under the\nwage-system-the present _class_-labor system,\u2014\u201cthe interests of the\ncapitalist class and the interests of the working class are practically\nthe same.\u201d\n\nThus the capitalists of our day are also ready\u2014_ready_ to have wage-paid\nsoldiers, militiamen and policemen murder the _wage-earning_ working\nclass.\n\n \u201cAlthough the conventions of popular government are preserved,\n capital is at least as absolute as under the Caesars. The\n aristocracy which wields this autocratic power is beyond attack, for\n it is defended by a wage-earning police, by the side of which the\n [Roman] legions were a toy\u2014a police so formidable that, for the\n first time in history, revolt is hopeless and is not attempted. The\n only question which preoccupies the ruling class is whether it is\n cheaper to coerce or bribe.\u201d\u2014Brooks Adams: _The Law of Civilization\n and Decay_, p. 292.\n\n\n An Insult from the Commander=in=Chief:\n\n\u201cThe fact can not be disregarded nor explained away that for some reason\nor other the life of the soldier as at present constituted is not one to\nattract the best and most desirable class of enlisted men....\n\n\u201cThe [military] service should be made so attractive that it would not\nbe difficult to obtain intelligent and desirable men and to hold\nthem.\u201d\u2014William H. Taft, Secretary of War (now President and\nCommander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy): Annual Report of Secretary of\nWar, 1907, page 14. Mr. Taft repeated this insult in a public speech.\n(See New York _Times_, April 26, 1908.)\n\nIn the Report of the Secretary of War, 1907, page 79, is the following\nfrom the General Staff:\n\n\u201cThe bulk of recruits come and must always come from the agricultural,\nartisan, and laboring classes.\u201d\n\n * * * * *\n\nHow long will strong men of the working class accept a kick as a\ncompliment\u2014from so-called \u201cgreat\u201d men?\n\n-----\n\nFootnote 1:\n\n Reports of the Department of War for the years 1907, \u201908, \u201909, pp. 17,\n 21, and 18 respectively. The Reports of the Secretaries of War include\n no losses by suicide from 1901 to 1906 inclusive. The suicide record\n reported by the Secretaries of War for 1907, \u201908, \u201909, are: 1, 26, 39\n respectively. Fifty-eight per cent. of all desertions in 1906 were\n desertions by men (boys) in their first year of service; over half of\n these in first half year of their service. See Index: \u201cDesertions.\u201d\n\n\n\n\n CHAPTER ONE.\n\n A Confidential Word With the Man of the Working Class.\n\n\nBROTHER!\n\nWhoever you are, wherever you are on all the earth, I greet you.\n\nYou are a member of the working class.\n\nI am a member of the working class.\n\nWe are brothers.\n\nClass brothers.\n\nLet us repeat that:\u2014Class Brothers.\n\nLet us write that on our hearts and stamp it on our brains:\u2014Class\nBrothers.\n\nI extend to you my right hand.\n\nI make you a pledge.\n\nHere is my pledge to you:\u2014\n\nI refuse to kill your father. I refuse to slay your mother\u2019s son. I\nrefuse to plunge a bayonet into the breast of your sister\u2019s brother. I\nrefuse to slaughter your sweetheart\u2019s lover. I refuse to murder your\nwife\u2019s husband. I refuse to butcher your little child\u2019s father. I refuse\nto wet the earth with blood and blind kind eyes with tears. I refuse to\nassassinate you and then hide my stained fists in the folds of _any_\nflag.\n\nI refuse to be flattered into hell\u2019s nightmare by a class of well-fed\nsnobs, crooks and cowards who despise our class socially, rob our class\neconomically and betray our class politically.\n\nWill you thus pledge me and pledge all the members of our working class?\n\nSit down a moment, and let us talk over this matter of war. We working\npeople have been tricked\u2014tricked into a sort of huge steel-trap called\nwar.\n\nReally, the smooth \u201cleading citizens\u201d tried their best to flim-flam me,\ntoo. They cunningly urged me to join the militia and the army and be\nready to go to war. Their voices were soft, their smiles were bland,\nthey made war look bright, very bright. But I concluded not to train for\nwar or go to war\u2014at least not until the brightness of war became bright\nenough to attract those cunning people to war who tried to make war look\nbright to me. I have waited a long time. I am still waiting. Thus I have\nhad plenty of opportunity to think it all over. And the more I think\nabout war the more clearly I see that a bayonet is a _stinger_, made by\nthe working class, sharpened by the working class, nicely polished by\nthe working class, and then \u201cpatriotically\u201d thrust into the working\nclass by the working class\u2014for the capitalist class.\n\nThe busy human bees sting themselves.\n\nIf I should enlist for service in the Department of Murder I should feel\nthoroughly embarrassed and ashamed of myself. It is all clear to me now.\nThis is the way of it, brother:\u2014\n\nIn going to war I must work like a horse and be as poor as a mouse, must\nbe as humble as a toad, as meek as a sheep and obey like a dog; I must\nfight like a tiger, be as cruel as a shark, bear burdens like a mule and\neat stale food like a half-starved wolf; for fifteen or twenty dollars a\nmonth I must turn against my own working class and thus make an ass and\na cat\u2019s-paw of myself; and after the war I should be socially despised\nand snubbed as a sucker and a cur by the same distinguished \u201cleading\ncitizens\u201d who wheedled me to war and afterward gave me the\nhorse-laugh;\u2014and thus I should feel like a monkey and look like a\nplucked goose in January.\n\nIndeed I am glad to see it all clearly.\n\nI want you to see it clearly.\n\nThe \u201cleading citizens\u201d shall never have opportunity to laugh at me for\ndoing drill \u201cstunts\u201d they would not do themselves and for going to a war\nthey could not be induced to go to themselves. Moreover, no member of\nthe working class can ever say that I voluntarily took up arms against\nmy own class.\n\nIf, however, years ago, I had joined the militia or the army I should\nhave been entirely innocent of doing voluntary wrong against my class,\nbecause I did not understand\u2014then. But it is different now. All is\nchanged now\u2014because I do understand now. And I want you to understand\nthis matter. Indeed we members of the working class should help one\nanother understand. And this book is for that purpose. You will permit\nme to explain very frankly\u2014won\u2019t you?\n\nYou will notice that this is a small book[2]\u2014very much smaller than the\nvast subject of wholesale murder called war. But kindly remember that\nthis book of suggestions\u2014chiefly suggestions\u2014is written for those, the\nworking class, whose lives are too weary and whose eyes are frequently\ntoo full of dust and sweat and tears for them to read large and\n\u201clearned\u201d works on war. This book is indeed written in behalf of the\nworking class\u2014and the working class only. The lives and loves of the\nworking class, the hopes and the happiness of the working class, the\nblood and tears of the working class are too sacred to be viciously\nwasted as they have been wasted and are wasted by the crafty kings,\ntsars, presidents, emperors, and the industrial tyrants of the earth.\n\nThis book contains no flattery.\n\nWe are flattered too much\u2014by cunning people.\n\nFlattery confuses most people. Flattery blinds us, and that is why\nbusiness men and their unarmed guardsmen flatter the working people.\n\nA multitude of intelligent honey bees can be confused, hopelessly\nconfused, at swarming time, simply by beating an empty tin pan or drum\nnear them and calling loudly the almost patriotically stupid word,\n\u201cBoowah! Boowah! Woowah! Woowah!\u201d And, indeed, down on the old home farm\nin Ohio we often \u201cbrain-stormed\u201d our swarming bees by just such simple\nmeans\u2014in order to hold them in slavery and thus have them near and tame.\nWe wished to rob them when they worked\u2014later on.\n\nThis device works perfectly in human society also. The capitalist class\nuse this method with great success on the human honey bees, the working\nclass.\n\nMillions of intelligent working men can be confused\u2014and more easily\nrobbed later on\u2014simply by flattering them carefully and then beating a\ndrum near them and cunningly calling out the pleasingly empty words,\n\u201cThe Flag! The Flag! Patriotism! Patriotism! Brave boys!\u201d\n\nBewildered moths rush into a flame of fire because it _is_ bright.\nBewildered working people rush to war and singe their own happiness,\nsnuff out their own lives\u2014like moths\u2014because war is _painted_ bright. In\nthe shining candle flame moths virtually commit suicide. In the\nglittering \u201cglory\u201d of war multitudes of the working class practically\ncommit suicide. This will be clearer to you as you read these chapters.\n\nBrother, let me help you tear the mask off this legalized outrage\nagainst the working class, this huge and \u201c_glorious_\u201d crime called war.\nAt this horrible \u201cDeath\u2019s feast\u201d we working people spit in one another\u2019s\nfaces, we scream in wild rage at one another, we curse and kill our own\nworking class brothers, we foolishly wallow in our own blood and\ndesolate our own homes\u2014simply because we are craftily ordered to do so.\nThus we are both savage and ridiculous. Ridiculous did I say? Yes,\nridiculous. That word ridiculous sounds like a harsh word\u2014doesn\u2019t it?\nBut, remember, in _all_ wars the working class are always meanly\nbelittled, wronged\u2014outraged.\n\nWe are the plucked geese in January\u2014patriotically.\n\nWhen we working people hear a fife and drum and see some handsomely\ndressed, well-fed military officers and see their long butcher-knives\ncalled swords\u2014our confused hearts beat fast, our blood becomes blindly\nand suicidally hot and eager.... Look out, brother! Take care! Remember:\nAlways in all wars everywhere the working class are confused,\nbewildered\u2014then shrewd people make tools, mules, fools, and foot-stools\nof us!\n\n\u201cFollow the flag!\u201d sounds good\u2014but strikes blind the working class.\n\n\u201cFollow the flag!\u201d sounds brave and grand. Very.\n\n\u201cFollow the flag!\u201d is wine for the brain\u2014of the working class.\n\n\u201cFollow the flag!\u201d makes millions of our class blind and useable.\n\n\u201cFollow the flag!\u201d stirs a savage passion cunningly called \u201cpatriotism.\u201d\n\n\u201cFollow the flag!\u201d _never_ confuses a man wearing a silk hat.\n\n\u201cFollow the flag!\u201d is bait laid for fools, \u201crot\u201d fed to mules, by every\ntyrant king, tsar and president at the head of governments used by the\nindustrial ruling class.[3]\n\nGovernments\u2014today under capitalism\u2014are composed of \u201cleading citizens.\u201d\n\nThese \u201cleading-citizen\u201d governments quarrel over business\u2014markets and\nterritory.\n\nBeing proud, these \u201cleading-citizen\u201d governments pompously decide to\n\u201cprotect their honor\u201d\u2014their alleged honor\u2014\u201cat _any_ cost.\u201d\n\nLacking sufficient brains, they can not settle their quarrel with\nbrains.\n\nReverting to savagery, they decide that \u201cmight makes right.\u201d\n\nBeing brutal, they decide to \u201cfight it out.\u201d\n\nBeing cowards, they decide to avoid personal danger\u2014to themselves.\n\nKnowing the working class are gullibly useable, these \u201cleading-citizen\u201d\ngovernments decide to use the _workingmen_ as fists.\n\nBeing crafty, they decide to _seize the brain_ of the toiler\u2014to _teach_\nthe working class:\n\nTo follow the flag\u2014automatically\u2014that is, patriotically\n\nTo follow the flag\u2014blindly\u2014tho\u2019 \u201cleading citizens\u201d do _not_ follow the\nflag into bloody danger\n\nTo follow the flag\u2014blindly\u2014cheered by silk-hatted cowards\n\nTo follow the flag\u2014blindly\u2014_no matter where it goes, no matter how\nunjust the war may be_\n\nTo follow the flag\u2014blindly\u2014tho\u2019 the working class fighters are to be\ngiven no voice in declaring the war\n\nTo follow the flag\u2014\u201cpatriotically\u201d\u2014like slaves defending masters who buy\nand sell them as chattels\u2014\u201cpatriotically\u201d\u2014like ancient serfs defending\nthe very landlords who robbed the serfs, insulted their wives and raped\ntheir daughters\n\nTo follow the flag\u2014brainlessly\u2014like dumb cattle following a \u201ctrick\u201d bull\nto the bloody shambles of the slaughter house\n\nTo follow the flag, brainlessly, as a frog will swallow a bait of red\ncalico loaded with a deadly fish-hook\n\nTo follow the flag, automatically, to the horrors and hell of the firing\nline\u2014automatically, to the flaming cannon\u2019s mouth and there butcher\nother workingmen and be butchered by other workingmen who are\nalso\u2014automatically\u2014following another flag\u2014like fools used as fists for\ncowards.\n\nAnd the leading citizens have indeed succeeded in doing what they\ndecided to do. They have had us taught disastrously.\n\nPatriotically we have worn the yoke throughout the centuries\u2014centuries\nsad with tears and red with blood and fire.\n\nPatriotically for thousands of years we have stormed the world with the\ncannon\u2019s roar\u2014but never won a real victory for _our_ class.\n\nAnd for a hundred years\u2014when we could vote\u2014we have stupidly followed the\npolitical crook to the ballot-box, and then we have meekly teased for\nlaws, whined for relief, and humbly coaxed the \u201creformer.\u201d\n\nGullibly we swallow the traducer\u2019s lies that paralyze our brains, bind\nour wrists, and lay us under the employer\u2019s lash.\n\nDeafened and stunned with a fool\u2019s \u201churrah,\u201d we wade in our own blood\nwhile those we love are broken in the embrace of despair.\n\nAnd when on strike for bread and for the betterment of the women and the\nlittle children, blindly on horseback we ride down and club one another,\nblindly we bayonet one another at the factory, blindly we crush one\nanother at the mines, blindly with Gatling guns we sweep the streets and\nhills with storms of lead and steel, and in a thousand ways blindly our\nclass destroy our class in the bitter and stupid civil war in capitalist\nindustry\u2014cheaply we lend and rent ourselves for our own ruin.\n\nAh, my friend, there is a political earthquake coming which will swallow\nup the political prostitutes and the industrial parasites and Caesars of\nsociety\u2014when our class open wide their eyes and see the great red\ncrime\u2014not only on the battlefield, but around the factory and before the\nminer\u2019s cabin door. Not blindly but proudly and defiantly the workers\nwill then\u2014but not till then-defend THEMSELVES.\n\nThis book is not a parasite\u2019s platitudes, nor a hypocrite\u2019s pretenses in\na Fakir\u2019s Parliament; this book is not a tearful lament about war nor a\nlong-winded essay on militarism, nor a coward\u2019s whine for peace.\n\nThis book is not intended to be harsh; it is frankly intended to be a\nshort, shrill call: \u201cDanger!\u201d and also a guide-board for the producer\u2019s\nroad to power.\n\nToo long, too madly and sadly, too gullibly the flimflammed working\nclass have broken their own hearts and wet the earth with their own\nblood and tears; too meekly and weakly the toilers sweat themselves into\nstupidity and then\u2014like cheated children\u2014gullibly hand over the choicest\nculture, clothing, bread, wine and shelter to the robbers and rulers who\ndespise them and betray them.\n\nWhat for?\n\nThey have the habit.\n\nO, my brothers of the working class, no matter what language you speak,\nno matter what God you worship, no matter how bitterly you would curse\nthose who would teach you and rouse you\u2014wherever you are, in the\nbarracks or in the mines, in the armories or in the mills, in the\ntrenches at the front or in the furrows on the farm\u2014let us clasp\nhands\u2014_as a class_. Let us talk over this matter. And in talking it over\namong ourselves let us be frank. We must be very frank. And let us be\nfriends. Even as I write this, mighty fleets of gun-laden ships of steel\nare steaming up and down the seas provoking, insulting, challenging war;\nand in several parts of the world thousands of our working class\nbrothers are slaughtering one another in wars _they_ did not declare,\nand they do so simply because they do not understand one another; and\nthey do not understand one another because THEY HAVE NEVER TALKED THIS\nMATTER OVER AMONG THEMSELVES in friendly frankness\u2014like brothers,\nwithout flattery and without bitterness toward one another.\n\nAs you and I consider this matter now by ourselves and for ourselves, we\nmay for a moment\u2014just for a moment\u2014disagree somewhat; but if we do\ndisagree, let us disagree without bitterness toward one another. Let us\nremember that we are class brothers, and permit nothing to injure our\nfriendship or class loyalty. Some things concerning war must be said\nplainly\u2014even bluntly\u2014things neither flattering nor complimentary to\nanybody. Remember, too, that a flattering friend is a dangerous friend.\nTherefore I refuse to flatter you.\n\nStamp this into your brain: The _working_ class must defend the\n_working_ class. In national and international fellowship we must stand\ntogether _as a class_ in _class_ loyalty.\n\nAnd now, first thing, let us get an idea of what war (one phase of the\ngreat class struggle) is\u2014for _our_ class. But before reading the next\nchapter on \u201cWhat Is War?\u201d examine the photograph of hell here following:\n\n \u201cThey say there are a great many mad men in our army as well as in\n the enemy\u2019s. [In the Russian and the Japanese armies.] Four lunatic\n wards have been opened [in the hospital]....\n\n \u201cThe wire, chopped through at one end, cut the air and coiled itself\n around three soldiers. The barbs tore their uniforms and stuck into\n their bodies, and, shrieking, the soldiers, coiled round like\n snakes, spun round in a frenzy ... whirling and rolling over each\n other.... No less than two thousand men were lost in that one wire\n entanglement. While they were hacking at the wire and getting\n entangled in its serpentine coils, they were pelted by an incessant\n rain of balls and grapeshot.... It was very terrifying, and if only\n they had known in which direction to run, that attack would have\n ended in a panic flight. But ten or twelve continuous lines of wire,\n and the struggle with it, a whole labyrinth of pitfalls with stakes\n driven at the bottom, had muddled them so that they were quite\n incapable of defining the direction of escape.\n\n \u201cSome, like blind men, fell into funnel-shaped pits, and hung upon\n these sharp stakes, twitching convulsively and dancing like toy\n clowns; they were crushed down by fresh bodies, and soon the whole\n pit filled to the edges, and presented a writhing mass of bleeding\n bodies, dead and living. Hands thrust themselves out of it in all\n directions, the fingers working convulsively, catching at\n everything; and those who once got caught in that trap could not get\n back again: hundreds of fingers, strong and blind, like the claws of\n a lobster, gripped them firmly by the legs, caught at their clothes,\n threw them down upon themselves, gouged out their eyes and throttled\n them. Many seemed as if they were intoxicated, and ran straight at\n the wire, got caught in it, and remained shrieking, until a bullet\n finished them.... Some swore dreadfully, others laughed when the\n wire caught them by the arm or leg and died there and then....\n\n \u201cWe walked along ... and with each step we made, that wild,\n unearthly groan ... grew ominously, as if it was the red air, the\n earth and sky that were groaning.... We could almost feel the\n distorted mouths from which those terrible sounds were issuing ... a\n loud, calling, crying groan.... All those dark mounds stirred and\n crawled about with out-spread legs like half-dead lobsters let out\n of a basket....\n\n \u201cThe train was full, and our clothes were saturated with blood, as\n if we had stood for a long time under a rain of blood, while the\n wounded were still being brought in....\n\n \u201cSome of the wounded crawled up themselves, some walked up tottering\n and falling. One soldier almost ran up to us. His face was smashed,\n and only one eye remained, burning wildly and terribly. He was\n almost naked....\n\n \u201cThe ward was filled with a broad, rasping, crying groan, and from\n all sides pale, yellow, exhausted faces, some eyeless, some so\n monstrously mutilated that it seemed as if they had returned from\n hell, turned toward us.\n\n \u201cI was beginning to get exhausted, and went a little way off to ...\n rest a bit. The blood, dried to my hands, covered them like a pair\n of black gloves, making it difficult for me to bend my fingers.\u201d[4]\n\nWould it not be a strange thing to see a banker, a bishop, a railway\npresident, a coal baron, an anti-labor injunction judge, and a\nUnited States Senator all hanging on stakes in a pit with scores of\nother men piled in on top of them\u2014all clawing, kicking, cursing,\nwiggling, screaming, groaning, bleeding, dying\u2014\u201c_following the\nflag_\u201d\u2014patriotically?\n\nSuch would indeed be a strange and interesting sight.\n\nStrange and interesting, extremely so\u2014but _absolutely impossible_.\n\nAnd there is good reason.\n\nLet me explain.\n\n-----\n\nFootnote 2:\n\n The present wholly unpretentious book has a distinct purpose\n (announced in the Preface and also on this page), and has, too, it is\n hoped, an effective plan and method for the realization of that\n purpose. Readers in search of conventionally elaborated theses on war\n are referred, for suggestions, to Chapter Twelve, Sections 8 and 9.\n\nFootnote 3:\n\n \u201cAn\u2019 you\u2019ll die like a fool of a soldier.\n\n Fool, fool, fool of a soldier.\u201d\u2014Rudyard Kipling: \u201cThe Young British\n Soldier,\u201d in _Ballads_.\n\nFootnote 4:\n\n Andreief: _The Red Laugh_, passim. (Russian-Japanese War literature.\n Published by J. Fisher Unwin, London.)\n\n\n\n\n CHAPTER TWO.\n What Is War?\n\n\nWar is wholesale, scientific suicide for the working class under orders\nfrom their political and industrial masters.\n\nWar is:\n\nFor working class homes\u2014emptiness,\n\nFor working class wives\u2014heartache,\n\nFor working class mothers\u2014loneliness,\n\nFor working class children\u2014orphanage,\n\nFor working class sweethearts\u2014agony,\n\nFor the nation\u2019s choicest working class men\u2014broken health or death,\n\nFor society\u2014savagery,\n\nFor peace\u2014defeat,\n\nFor bull-dogs\u2014suggestions,\n\nFor the Devil\u2014delight,\n\nFor death\u2014a harvest,\n\nFor buzzards\u2014a banquet,\n\nFor the grave\u2014victory,\n\nFor worms\u2014a feast,\n\nFor nations\u2014debts,\n\nFor justice\u2014nothing,\n\nFor \u201cThou shalt not kill\u201d\u2014boisterous laughter,\n\nFor literature\u2014the realism of the slaughter house,\n\nFor the painter\u2014the immortalization of wholesale murder,\n\nFor the public park\u2014a famous butcher in stone or bronze,\n\nFor Roosevelts\u2014opportunity to strut and brag of blood, and win a \u201cwar\nrecord\u201d for political purposes,\n\nFor Bryans\u2014a military title and a \u201cwar record\u201d for political purposes,\n\nFor Christ\u2014contempt,\n\nFor \u201cPut up thy sword\u201d\u2014a sneer,\n\nFor preachers, on both sides,\u2014ferocious prayers for victory,\n\nFor Sunday-school teachers\u2014blood-steaming stories for tender children\nand helplessly impressible boys,\n\nFor bankers\u2014bonds, interest (and working class substitutes),\n\nFor big manufacturers\u2014business, profits (and working class substitutes),\n\nFor big business men of all sorts\u2014\u201cgood times\u201d (and working-class\nsubstitutes),\n\nFor leading business men, for leading politicians, for leading\npreachers, for leading educators, for leading editors, for leading\nlecturers\u2014for all of these windy patriots who talk bravely of war, who\ntalk heroically of the flag, who talk finely of national honor and talk\nand talk of the glory of battle\u2014for all these yawping talkers\u2014never\npositions as privates in the infantry on the firing line _up close_\nwhere they are really likely to get their delicately perfumed flesh torn\nto pieces.\n\nThus war is hell for the WORKING class.[5]\n\nIt is, of course, true that in ancient times the leading citizens did\nmuch of the fighting\u2014but that was very long ago, in the days when the\nmachine-gun had not yet been dreamed of. Even two thousand years ago the\nplutocratic snobs were beginning to show traces of intelligence\nsufficient to avoid going to hell voluntarily\u2014afoot.\n\nSays Professor E. A. Ross:[6]\n\n \u201cService in the Roman cavalry, originally obligatory on all who\n could furnish two horses, became after a time a badge of\n superiority. \u2018Young men of rank more and more withdrew from the\n infantry, and the legionary cavalry became a close aristocratic\n corps\u2019.... Finally the rich came to feel that wealth ought to buy\n its possessors clear of every onerous duty. In Caesar\u2019s time \u2018in the\n soldiery not a trace of the better classes could any longer be\n discovered ... the levy took place in the most irregular and unfair\n manner. Numerous persons liable to serve were wholly passed over....\n The Roman burgess cavalry now merely vegetated as a sort of mounted\n noble guard, whose perfumed cavaliers and exquisite high-bred horses\n only played a part in the festivals of the capital; the so-called\n burgess infantry was a troop of mercenaries, swept together from the\n lowest ranks of the burgess population.\u2019\u201d\n\nAt present a movement is being promoted by Harvard University\nauthorities to organize in the University \u201ca fashionable troop of\ncavalry.\u201d[7] It does not seem likely that many members of the labor\nunions, so heartily despised by scab-praising ex-president Eliot, will\nbe able to join this \u201cfashionable troop of cavalry.\u201d The labor unionists\non strike, unarmed and helpless, may later come in handy as targets for\npractice by the highly educated \u201cfashionable troop of cavalry.\u201d\n\nAfter all is \u201csaid and done\u201d concerning wars past and present\u2014what is\nreally determined by a so-called great war?\n\nWhich of two warring nations is the nobler\u2014is that what a war decides?\n\nNot at all.\n\nWhich of the two bleeding nations is the more refined\u2014is the more\nsensitive to the cry for justice, or has the greater literature, or the\nkeener appreciation of the fine arts, or is more devoted to the useful\narts and sciences, or contributes most to the profounder\nphilosophy\u2014which of the two warring nations is the more truly\ncivilized\u2014is that what is decided by war?\n\nNot at all.\n\nWhich of the struggling nations is the more wholesomely social? Does a\nwar make that evident?\n\nNot at all.\n\nWhich nation has the better cause? Is that, then, what a war decides?\n\nNot at all.\n\nWhich nation does more for the progress of mankind? Is that made clear\nby a war?\n\nNot at all.\n\nA war decides no such questions.\n\nWell, then, what is determined when two nations go to war?\n\nSimply this:\u2014_which can make the better fight_.\n\nThat is all.\n\nAnd that is exactly what is determined when two sharks fight, or when\ntwo tom-cats, or two bull pups fight, or when a cruel hawk and a\nsweet-throated song bird fight: which is superior _as a fighter_.\n\nWar is the ignoble trick of slitting open the blood vessels of the\nexcited working class to \u201csatisfy\u201d the \u201chonor\u201d and save the pride and\nbusiness of crowned and uncrowned cowards of the ruling class. There\nnever is a war and never can be a war till the _working_ men are willing\nto do the marching, the trench-digging and the actual fighting, bleeding\nand dying. And the working men are never willing to butcher and be\nbutchered wholesale till influential but coarse-grained people of the\ncapitalist class or \u201chighly educated\u201d panderers to the capitalist class,\ncraftily or ignorantly _excite_ the humble toilers to the fiend\u2019s stupid\nmood of savage hate. First come the \u201cpowerful editorials,\u201d the \u201cgreat\nspeeches,\u201d the \u201celoquent sermons,\u201d and ferocious prayers for the war;\nthen the fife and drum; then the brain-storm of the humble, humbugged\nworking men; then the recruiting; then the hand-waving and \u201cGood-bye,\nboys, good-bye, good-bye\u201d; then the butchering and the blood; then the\ntears and taxes.\n\nIt is, of course, true\u2014grandly true\u2014and is here gladly, gratefully\nacknowledged\u2014that some educated influential people are too highly\ncivilized, too finely noble, to stoop to the shameless business of\nrousing the slumbering tiger in the human breast. Some of them proudly\nscorn the vicious r\u00f4le of throwing fire-brands into the inflammable\nimagination of the weary toilers. These have courage\u2014true courage. These\nwe greet with profound gratitude.\n\nBut every lily-fingered snob, every socially gilt-edged coward, every\nintellectual prostitute, every pro-war preacher, every self-exempting\npolitical shark, and every well-fed money-glutton, who dares help excite\nthe working class for the hell of war\u2014these, every one of these\u2014in case\nof war, should be forced to dance on the firing line to the hideous\nmusic of the cannon\u2019s roar till his own torn carcass decorates a \u201cgreat\nbattle\u201d field.\n\nAnd to this end\u2014as part of their own emancipation\u2014the working class\nshould make all haste to seize the powers of government, and thus be in\nposition, by being in legal possession of the power, to make and enforce\nall laws concerning war. Beginning _now_, always hereafter, the labor\nunions, the working class political party, and all the other working\nclass organizations should _for future use_, keep a _careful record_ of\nall male editors, teachers, preachers, lawyers, lecturers, and\n\u201cprominent business men\u201d and politicians and \u201cstatesmen,\u201d who _speak_,\nor _write_ or even _clap their hands_ in favor of war; and in case of a\nwar thus fostered, these, all of these, should be forced by _special\ndraft_ to fight in the infantry, without promotion, on the firing line,\ntill _they_ get _their_ share of the cold lead and the cold steel. Thus\nlet the mouthers do the marching, let the shouters do the shooting, let\nthe bawlers do the bleeding, let the howlers have the hell\u2014force them to\nthe firing line and force them to stay on the firing line\u2014and there will\nbe far less yawping about the \u201chonor\u201d and the \u201cglory\u201d of war, and there\nwill be fewer humble homes of the poor damned with the desolation of\nwar.\n\nBut, you see, for all such self-defense the working class must as soon\nas possible capture the powers of government. You see that, don\u2019t you?\n\nFriend, don\u2019t curse the militiamen and the soldiers. No, no. They are\nour brothers. Explain\u2014with tireless patience explain\u2014to them that the\ncapitalists seek to make tools and bullet-stoppers of them. Explain it\nlike a brother inside and outside the ranks till our working-class\nbrothers everywhere\u2014inside and outside the ranks\u2014are roused to a clear\nconsciousness of the meaning of a Gatling gun with a working-class \u201cman\nbehind the gun\u201d and a working-class man in front of the gun.\n\nBrother, stamp this into your brain and _explain it into the brain of\nour brothers_:\u2014The _working_ class must themselves protect the _working_\nclass.\n\nIf in imagination the mothers, sisters, sweethearts and wives of the\nworld could get the roar of the cannon in their ears and feel the splash\nof blood in their faces, could see and hear the horrors of the\nbattlefield and the agonies of the war hospital, they would never again\nbe fooled into smiling caressingly upon the haughty and jaunty \u201chigher\nofficers,\u201d when, like peacocks, these gilt-braided professional human\nbutchers strut through the ball-rooms and through the streets on\nmilitary dress parade, and these women would also regard the pro-war\norator with complete contempt.\n\nThe women of the world owe a great debt of gratitude to the writers of\nsome powerful pen pictures of war. The terrible but accurate realism of\nsome of their descriptions of war makes one hate the word war. Emile\nZola\u2019s story, _The Downfall_,[8] is crowded with these pictures. _The\nDownfall_ should be in a million American private libraries. Following\nis a page of Zola\u2019s flashlights from the battlefields of the\nFranco-Prussian War, 1870\u201371:[9]\n\n \u201cAt no time during the day had the artillery thundered more loudly\n than now.... It was as if all the forces of the nether regions had\n been unchained; the earth shook, the heavens were on fire. The ring\n of flame-belching mouths of bronze that encircled Sedan, the eight\n hundred cannon of the German armies ... were expending their\n energies on the adjacent fields.... The crash that told of ruin and\n destruction was heard.... Some lay face downward with their mouths\n in a pool of blood, in danger of suffocating, others had bitten the\n ground till their mouths were full of dry earth, others, where a\n shell had fallen among a group, were a confused, intertwined heap of\n mangled limbs and crushed trunks.... Some soldiers who were driving\n a venerable lady from her home had compelled her to furnish matches\n with which to fire her own beds and curtains. Lighted by blazing\n brands and fed by petroleum in floods, fires were rising and\n spreading in every quarter; it was no longer civilized warfare, but\n a conflict of savages, maddened by the long-protracted strife,\n wreaking vengeance for their dead, their heaps of dead, upon whom\n they trod at every step they took. Yelling, shouting bands traversed\n the streets amid the scurrying smoke and falling cinders, swelling\n the hideous uproar into which entered sounds of every kind: shrieks,\n groans, the rattle of musketry, the crash of falling wall. Men could\n scarce see one another; great livid clouds drifted athwart the sun\n and obscured his light, bearing with them an intolerable stench of\n soot and blood, heavy with the abominations of the slaughter. In\n every quarter the work of death and destruction still went on: the\n human brute unchained, the imbecile wrath, the mad fury, of man\n devouring his brother man.... Horses were rearing, pawing the air,\n and falling backward; men were dismounted as if torn from their\n saddle by the blast of a tornado, while others, shot through some\n vital part, retained their seats and rode onward in the ranks with\n vacant, sightless eyes.... Some there were who had fallen headlong\n from their saddle and buried their face in the soft earth. Others\n had alighted on their back and were staring up into the sun with\n terror-stricken eyes that seemed bursting from their sockets. There\n was a handsome black horse, an officer\u2019s charger, that had been\n disemboweled, and was making frantic efforts to rise, his fore feet\n entangled in his entrails.... Of the brave men who rode into action\n that day two-thirds remained upon the battlefield.... A lieutenant\n from whose mouth exuded a bloody froth, had been tearing up the\n grass by handfuls in his agony, and his stiffened fingers were still\n buried in the ground. A little farther on a captain, prone on his\n stomach, had raised his head to vent his anguish in yells and\n screams, and death had caught and fixed him in that strange\n attitude.... After that the road led along the brink of a little\n ravine, and there they beheld a spectacle that aroused their horror\n to the highest pitch as they looked down into the chasm, into which\n an entire company seemed to have been blown by the fiery blast; it\n was choked with corpses, a landslide, an avalanche of maimed and\n mutilated men, bent and twisted in an inextricable tangle, who with\n convulsed fingers had caught at the yellow clay of the bank to save\n themselves in their descent, fruitlessly. And a dusky flock of\n ravens flew away, croaking noisily, and swarms of flies, thousands\n upon thousands of them, attracted by the odor of fresh blood, were\n buzzing over the bodies and returning incessantly.\u201d\n\nBut let this fact burn its way into your brain to save you from hell and\nrouse you for the revolution\u2014this fact:\n\nNOWHERE ON ALL THAT BATTLEFIELD AMONG THE SHATTERED RIFLES AND WRECKED\nCANNON, AMONG THE BROKEN AMBULANCES AND SPLINTERED AMMUNITION WAGONS,\nNOWHERE IN THE MIRE AND MUSH OF BLOOD AND SAND, NOWHERE AMONG THE\nBULGING AND BEFOULING CARCASSES OF DEAD HORSES AND THE SWELLING CORPSES\nOF DEAD MEN AND BOYS\u2014NOWHERE COULD BE FOUND THE TORN, BLOATED AND\nFLY-BLOWN CARCASSES OF BANKERS, BISHOPS, POLITICIANS, \u201cBRAINY\nCAPITALISTS\u201d AND OTHER ELEGANT AND EMINENT \u201cVERY BEST PEOPLE.\u201d\n\nWell, hardly.\n\nNaturally\u2014such people were not there, _on the firing line_\u2014up where\nbayonets gleam, sabres flash, flesh is ripped, bones snap, brains are\ndashed and blood splashes.\n\nWHY NOT?\n\n-----\n\nFootnote 5:\n\n See Chapter Seven (\u201cFor Father and the Boys\u201d), Sections 14, 15,\n 16\u2014\u201cWere not some of the rich men of today soldiers at one time?\u201d\n\nFootnote 6:\n\n _The Foundations of Sociology_, pp. 220\u2013221.\n\nFootnote 7:\n\n See New York _World_, Nov. 21, 1909. Also Chapter Eight, Section 16.\n\nFootnote 8:\n\n Excellent English translation published by The Macmillan Company, New\n York. Excerpt printed with kind permission of publishers.\n\nFootnote 9:\n\n In Chapter Five, \u201cHell,\u201d Section 1, \u201cModern Murdering Machinery,\u201d is\n plenty of proof that since the war of 1870\u201371 the slaughtering\n equipment has been improved _horribly_\u2014more than a hundredfold. See\n Index: \u201cFranco-Prussian War.\u201d\n\n\n\n\n CHAPTER THREE.\n The Situation\u2014Also the Explanation.\n\n\nThe situation, the \u201clay of the land,\u201d must be clearly seen by every\nmember of the working class who wishes to help himself and his fellow\nworkers avoid the vicious sacrifice of the working class by the\ncapitalist class.\n\nIn Chapter Ten of this book the unsocial nature of the present form and\nstructure of society is explained more fundamentally; but just here\nnotice the clash of _class_ interests in a war. War is a \u201cgood thing\u201d\nfor one class and war is simply hell for the other class.\n\nWho _want_ war?\u2014What for?\n\nWho _declare_ war?\u2014What for?\n\nWho _fight_ the wars?\u2014What for?\n\nGet these questions straight in your mind. First study the Situation;\nthen the Explanation. Now for the Situation. Here it is:\n\n\n CAPITALISTS\u2014\u201cCAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY\u201d\u2014\u201cLEADING CITIZENS\u201d:\u2014\n\n\u201cWe _want_ war.\n\n\u201cMr. Wage-Earner, it is none of _your_ business _why_ we business men\nwant war. You are impudent even to inquire about such things. Little\nboys and working men should be seen and not heard. You poor deluded\nwage-earner, you just keep right on working and sweating till _we_ have\n_you_ ordered to the front.\n\n\u201cHa, ha, when we business men want a war we have a war\u2014whether the\nworking people like it or don\u2019t like it. We just show them some\nbright-colored calico and urge them to _follow the flag_. Then they\npromptly get \u2018behind the gun\u2019 (also in front of the gun). They like it\nall right\u2014we have \u2019em taught to like it.\n\n\u201cThey are so easy.\u201d\n\n\nSTATESMEN\u2014POLITICIANS\u2014\u201cLEADING CITIZENS\u201d:\u2014\n\n\u201cWe _declare_ war.\n\n\u201cMr. Wage-Earner, don\u2019t you ask any impertinent questions about _why_ we\nstatesmen declare war. That\u2019s _our_ business. Attend to your own\nbusiness\u2014working\u2014just working and sweating\u2014till we statesmen order you\nto the front and \u2018sic\u2019 you on some other working people somewhere. When\nwe conclude to declare war, we don\u2019t consult the working men\u2019s wishes.\nWe simply don\u2019t have to.\n\n\u201cThey are so easy.\u201d\n\n\nWORKING CLASS BROTHERS\u2014OFF FOR THE FRONT\u2014TO KILL \u201cTHE ENEMY,\u201d THEIR\nWORKING CLASS BROTHERS:\n\n\u201cWe _fight_ the wars.\n\n\u201cFriend, please _don\u2019t ask us_ to explain why we fight the wars. We\nreally do not know why we fight the wars. We modern wage-earners do just\nas the ancient chattel slaves and serfs did. We meekly do as we are told\nto do by the \u2018best people.\u2019 The sleek, glossy folks tell us to \u2018rush to\nthe front\u2019\u2014so we meekly march right to the front and blaze away. We\nfurnish the tears, blood, cripples and corpses. We are dead easy\u2014and we\ndon\u2019t understand it at all. Of course, we don\u2019t like to shoot and\nbayonet one another. It seems so strange to us that the working men\nshould always be ordered to shoot working men;\u2014but our \u2018betters,\u2019 our\n\u2018social superiors,\u2019 the \u2018men with the brains,\u2019 tell us to \u2018show the\n_stuff_ that is in us\u2019\u2014so it must be all right. Great business men tell\nus frequently, \u2018What this country needs is confidence.\u2019 Well, we working\npeople have the confidence\u2014also the blisters and the lemons and the cold\nlead.\n\n\u201cWe are so easy.\u201d\n\n\n THE EXPLANATION.[10]\n\n\n(A)\u2014CAPITALISTS WANT WAR\u2014BECAUSE\u2014\n\nWar sends up prices\u2014of most things.\n\n[Illustration: LEADING CITIZENS: \u201cWE _want_ WARS\u201d]\n\nWar stimulates business\u2014makes business brisk;\u2014the more blood the more\nbusiness.\n\nWar means more investments and more profits;\u2014the more blood the more\nbonds, more interest; more land and more rent;\u2014more unearned income.\n\nWar helps solve the problem of the unemployed. Simply have the surplus\nworkers go into a big field and kill themselves off\u2014butcher one another.\nIt is so simple and easy.\n\nWar makes the working people clap their hands and yell so loudly they\ncan\u2019t think, and as long as the working people don\u2019t _think_, it is\n_easy_ to keep the bridles and saddles on them. It is surely a\nthoughtful scheme;\u2014really, it is successful.\n\nWar\u2014to advocate war, sometimes makes newspapers vastly more popular and\ntherefore more profitable; for recent example, the Hearst papers for the\nCuban war and the English jingo papers in the Boer war.[11]\n\n[Illustration: LEADING CITIZENS: \u201cWE _declare_ WARS\u201d]\n\nWar makes a larger home market for toys; that is, for fifes and drums\nwith which the working people excite one another and get themselves into\na butchering mood,\u2014\u201cready to die for their homes and country,\u201d the\nUnited States, for example, in which far more than half of all the\npeople have no homes of their own and live in rented houses, and more\nthan one-eighth of all the people live in mortgaged homes,[12] and in\nwhich nearly all of the working class are kept so poor that they can\u2019t\neven have cream\u2014real cream and plenty of it\u2014for their cheap coffee. The\nfife and drum and some patriotic wind stampede the working class easily.\n\n\u201cA nod from a lord is a breakfast for a fool.\u201d\n\nWar\u2014you see in a war soldiers produce nothing, but they consume and\ndestroy vast quantities of many things. Thus soldiers in war create a\nlarger market\u2014though they create nothing whatever for that market. This\nis fine for those capitalists whose puny souls can hope and plan for\nnothing higher than more markets\u2014and thus have more opportunity to sweat\nmore wage-earners simply in order to make more profits. Funerals look\ngood to the coffin trust and the undertaker, and war looks good to the\ncapitalist class.\n\nWar\u2014PREPARATION for war on the huge scale of the present day\u2014furnishes a\nmarket for an enormous amount of commodities for sale by the capitalist\nclass, such as steel, clothing, leather products, lumber, food products,\nhorses, and the like. True, these things are worse than wasted; but just\nas the capitalist class are willing to destroy part of the coffee\ncrop\u2014in Brazil, for example\u2014in order to keep up the price for profit\u2019s\nsake, so also are the capitalist class willing to fan the flames of war\nand urge \u201cpreparation for war,\u201d vast and senseless \u201cpreparation for\nwar,\u201d in order to have a market into which to dump at a profit immense\nstores of commodities.\n\n\u201cThere is money in it.\u201d\n\nWar is a means of opening up or protecting, for modern capitalistic\nexploitation, new territory, such as Egypt, Algeria, Madagascar, South\nAfrica, India, Alaska, The Philippines, Borneo, Hawaii, Cuba, Porto\nRico, China, Korea.\n\nUnited States Senator A. J. Beveredge puts the matter thus:[13]\n\n \u201cEvery progressive nation in Europe today is seeking new lands to\n colonize and governments to administer.\u201d\n\n[Illustration: CITIZENS WHO ARE LED: \u201cWE _fight_ THE WARS\u201d]\n\nJ. H. Rose:[14]\n\n \u201cIn short, the crystallization of national existence at home has\n necessitated the eager exploitation of new lands which forms so\n noteworthy a feature of the life of today.\u201d\n\nThus John Jay:[15]\n\n \u201cIt is too true, however disgraceful it may be to human nature, that\n nations will make war whenever they have a prospect of getting\n anything by it.\u201d\n\nAlexander Hamilton sneers thus at the windy blood-for-profit\nstatesmen:[16]\n\n \u201cHas commerce hitherto done anything more than change the objects of\n war? Is not the love of wealth as domineering and enterprising a\n passion as that of power or glory? Have not there been as many wars\n founded upon commercial motives since that has become the prevailing\n system of nations as were before occasioned by the cupidity of\n territory or dominion? Has not the spirit of commerce, in many\n instances, administered new incentives to the appetite, both for the\n one and for the other?\u201d\n\nProfessor Simon N. Patten (University of Pennsylvania) states the case\nbluntly:[17]\n\n \u201cMost nations have been formed by conquest, and have therefore\n started with a dominant and a subject class. The former seize the\n surplus, and force the latter to work for a bare minimum.\u201d\n\nThe New York _World_ is commendably frank concerning this matter:[18]\n\n \u201cCommerce and conquest have always been the main causes of war. Back\n of most slogans of strife has ever been the commercial\n watchword\u2014\u2018trade follows the flag.\u2019\u201d\n\nAs illustrations of wars due to economic causes, _The World_ mentions\nthe wars of Venice and Genoa, The Crusades, our French-and-Indian-War,\nthe American Revolutionary War, and the American Civil War.\n\nGeneral Fred D. Grant, of the United States Army, threw this into the\nteeth of the lard-and-tallow magnates:[19]\n\n \u201cIt is your statesmen and your people that create wars. First the\n people become irritated, generally through some commercial\n transaction. The statesmen then take hold of the matter and they\n compromise, or try to, if the nations are nearly equal. If they are\n not nearly equal the stronger one slaps the weaker one in the face\n and the soldier is then called in to settle the matter.\u201d\n\nWar _tightens the grip_ of the industrial ruling class on the working\nclass at home and all over the world.\n\nWar\u2014mark this\u2014war absolutely concentrates public attention upon _one\nthing_, the war, the events of the battlefield. This gives the crafty\ncapitalists a _perfect opportunity to sneak_, to do things in the dark,\nwhile the people are \u201cnot looking,\u201d opportunity to slip into city\ncouncil chambers, state legislatures and national legislatures, and\nthere get \u201cgood things\u201d\u2014charters, contracts, franchises and other\nprofitable privileges.\n\n * * * * *\n\nHere is the substance of the matter:\n\nUnder capitalism the worker\u2019s _consuming_ power is _arbitrarily\nrestricted_. Under a CLASS-labor system the worker\u2019s life is always\narbitrarily repressed, the worker is FORCED TO PRODUCE MORE THAN HE IS\nPERMITTED TO CONSUME, leaving a SURPLUS for the ruling class. Under\nchattel slavery, of course, the slave\u2019s life was arbitrarily restricted\nby his master. The chattel slave was a human animal used to produce his\n\u201ckeep\u201d\u2014_and a surplus_. Of course you see that\u2014don\u2019t you? Under serfdom\nthe serf\u2019s life was arbitrarily restricted by his landlord-and-master.\nThe serf was a human animal used to produce his \u201ckeep\u201d\u2014_and a surplus_.\nThat\u2019s easy to see, isn\u2019t it? And now under capitalism the\n_wage_-earner\u2019s life is arbitrarily restricted, limited, by his\nemployer-master who allows the wage-earner a reward called _wages_. The\nwage-earner is used as a human animal to produce his \u201ckeep\u201d\u2014a living for\nhimself and his family\u2014_and a surplus_.\n\nNOTICE: _wages_ will not buy _plenty_ of excellent food. _Wages_ will\nnot buy _plenty_ of good clothing. _Wages_ will not buy _plenty_ of\nthoroughly good shelter. _Wages_ will not buy _plenty_ of high-grade\nfurniture. Though the wage-earner is able and willing to produce and\ndoes produce all these things abundantly, yet his wages will not permit\nhim to _consume_ these things abundantly. _Wages_ will _not_ buy as much\nvalue as wage-paid labor produces.\n\nThus there is a surplus.\n\nIf you will think about this a moment (if you will _think_) you will\nunderstand how it is that a glossy, well-fed employer often smilingly\nasserts that \u201cthere is prosperity\u2014times are good\u2014no cause for\ncomplaint,\u201d and so forth\u2014even tho\u2019 millions of the poor are in sore\nwant. You see _he_ can smile as gently and fraternally as a hyena\u2014_he\nfeels good_; he can smile as long as there is that surplus. That\u2019s his.\nIt\u2019s lovely\u2014for him.\n\nSurplus\u2014fascinating surplus.\n\nSurplus\u2014for \u201cour very _best_ people.\u201d\n\n \u201c... As soon [in the evolution of human industry] as the amount\n produced began at all to exceed the immediate requirements of life,\n the struggle commenced for the possession of the surplus. The\n methods employed were as varied as the human mind was fertile.\u201d[20]\n\nNot alone chattel slaves and serfs, but _wage_-slaves also, are used\nsimply, only, _always_, as domesticated _human animals_ to produce a\nsurplus for their masters.\n\nSlavery was a surplus game.\n\nSerfdom was a surplus game.\n\nCapitalism is also a surplus game.\n\nBy pinching, repressing, restricting the wage-earner\u2019s life the\ncapitalist employer skims off a surplus. By _belittling_ the\nwage-earner\u2019s life the employer _increases_ his own life\u2014with the\nsurplus _legally_ filched from the life of the wage-earner.\n\nThe wage-worker, under capitalism, is forced by the lash of threatening\nstarvation, forced by the fear of the bayonet, forced by the threat of\nthe injunction court\u2014is forced to produce a surplus.\n\nBesides producing the _equivalent of his wages_ and all other necessary\nexpenses of production the worker is compelled to toil on for weary\nhours producing for his capitalist employer THIS SURPLUS. (See Note, end\nof present Chapter.)\n\nThis surplus is the sacred wafer of the capitalist.\n\nThis surplus is the capitalist\u2019s heart\u2019s desire.\n\nThis surplus is the lode-stone, the purpose, the one and only true god\nof the capitalist class.\n\nWith this surplus the capitalist pays the capitalist\u2019s \u201cother expenses,\u201d\nand also pays political party campaign expenses, bribes city councils,\nstate and national legislatures, courts, mayors, governors, and\npresidents\u2014and precinct captains.\n\nWith this surplus the capitalist buys fine wine, beautiful automobiles,\nyachts, opera boxes, and homes\u2014\u201cand so forth.\u201d\n\nWith this surplus the capitalist pets and protects his parasitic\nfavorites, male and female.\n\nThis sacred surplus.\n\nSweet and juicy surplus, bubbling, bubbling, ever bubbling up from the\nwell-springs of capitalism\u2014that is, from certain _\u201csacred\u201d property\nrights_, the right to own PRIVATELY the industrial FOUNDATIONS OF\nSOCIETY.\n\nSurplus\u2014stolen life\u2014by means of the _wage_-system legally pumped from\nthe veins of the wage-paid toilers.\n\nSurplus.\n\nLet that word sink deep into your mind.\n\nFasten your eye upon that surplus.\n\nNow, notice carefully:\n\nFirst\u2014Part of this surplus the capitalists at present consume\npersonally;\n\nSecond\u2014Part of this surplus the capitalists invest profitably;\n\nThird\u2014For a part of this surplus a _foreign_ market must be found. Even\ntho\u2019 millions of honest workers whose labor produced this surplus, even\ntho\u2019 these and millions of their wives and children starve and shiver\nfor the use of this surplus\u2014still part of this surplus must be _shipped\nout of the country_. For the part of the surplus which the capitalist\nclass do not consume personally and cannot invest profitably\u2014for that\npart of the surplus a _foreign_ market must be had tho\u2019 millions suffer\nand sicken for higher WAGES WITH WHICH TO BUY that surplus which is\nbeing shipped abroad. Because your _wages_ will not _permit you_ to buy\nand enjoy even that part of the surplus, a _foreign_ market must be\nfound _and defended_.\n\nAnd now we come to the _bayonet and the Gatling gun_\u2014what they are for.\n\nCommit to memory and _discuss with your fellow workers_ the following:\n\nCapitalists want soldiers, marines, militia, cossacks, Pinkertons,\n\u201ccoal-and-iron police,\u201d and so forth\u2014chiefly for THREE general purposes:\n\nFIRST: TO HOLD DOWN the wage-earners and _force them to consent_ to\nproduce a surplus,\u2014that is, more than their wages will buy;\u2014or, in other\nwords, to _force them to consent_ to produce far more than they are\npermitted to consume. If the employer can\u2019t get a palavering, lying\nprostitute to wheedle the workers to consent\u2014well, there\u2019s the bayonet.\nSee that?\n\nSECOND: TO OPEN UP FOREIGN MARKETS for that part of the surplus which\nthe workers are not permitted to consume and the capitalists do not\nconsume personally or invest profitably;\n\nTHIRD: TO DEFEND THE FOREIGN MARKETS for this part of the surplus.\n\nProfessor. T. N. Carver (Department of Political Economy, Harvard\nUniversity) states the case perfectly:[21]\n\n\u201cWHILE COMPETITION IS ABSENT, COMMERCE IS INDEED A BOND OF PEACE AND\nGOOD WILL BETWEEN THOSE WHO SELL IN RETURN. BUT THE MOMENT THAT TWO\nNATIONS EMBARK EXTENSIVELY IN THE SAME LINE OF INDUSTRY, THAT MOMENT\nCOMMERCE BECOMES A SWORD, DIVIDING AND SETTING AT ENMITY THOSE WHO ARE\nRIVALS FOR THE SAME MARKETS.... THE PROSPERITY OF ONE IS THE OTHER\u2019S\nDESTRUCTION. SUCH NATIONS STAND TO EACH OTHER AS TWO INDIAN TRIBES WHERE\nTHERE IS BUT GAME ENOUGH FOR ONE.\u201d\n\nThus commerce develops into militarism.\n\nA PROTECTIVE TARIFF WALL IS EVIDENCE AND CONFESSION OF THE EXISTENCE OF\nEMBARRASSING NATIONAL SURPLUSES OF PRODUCTS.\n\nThe capitalist employer does not wish the wage-earners to get such\nthings into their minds.\n\n\u201cDon\u2019t say a word,\u201d caution the capitalists,\u2014\u201cthe workers can\u2019t see the\npoint at all. Ha, ha,\u2014all they want is a job. How meek they are. How\nlamblike.... Just suppose they should wake up.... Here! you flunkies,\nyou bribed lecturers, orators and editors, keep _busy_. Keep right on\ntalking to the working people. Tell the working class to be satisfied\nand humble and contented; preach to them that it will be all right in\nthe \u2018sweet bye and bye.\u2019 Oh, ha, ha, ha\u2014all right for the workers \u2018_in\nthe end_.\u2019 Don\u2019t tell them which end. Tell the workers that \u2018_something_\nwill turn up, sometime\u2014_sure_.\u2019 Tell them to be \u2018patient and _hopeful_,\u2019\nto \u2018hope for a home _over there_.\u2019 (See Chapter Eleven.)\n\n\u201cIt is a \u2018cinch.\u2019\n\n\u201cIf the workers go on strike to get a small thin slice of the\nsurplus\u2014why, we CAPITALISTS have the militia, we _capitalists_ have\npolice, we _capitalists_ have the cossacks, we _capitalists_ have the\nmounted State guards, we _capitalists_ have the regular troops and\nmarines, and we _capitalists_ also have the injunction courts and jails\nand \u2018bull-pens,\u2019\u2014we _capitalists_ have all this armed, bribed outfit to\nhelp us starve the workers back to their jobs.\n\n\u201cWe have a \u2018sure thing.\u2019\n\n\u201cLie low. Keep quiet.\n\n\u201c_Let no one speak to the workers about this matter of the surplus._ The\nworker who sees that beautiful thing called surplus, ceases to be a\ntame, blind thing, a humble lump, contented with only _part_ of the\nproduct of his labor.... But whatever happens\u2014we business men control\nthe powers of government\u2014and that gives us the use of all the judges in\ngowns and all the armed men in khaki we need to _defend our surplus\ngame_. A meek, satisfied, contented wage-earner is such a useful\nanimal\u2014just as satisfactory as a _chattel_ slave. Like the slave, he\u2019s\nwilling to produce a surplus. _When he objects we have him whipped and\nkicked_\u2014with a policeman\u2019s club or a bayonet.\u201d\n\nDiscuss _with your fellow-workers_ this also:\u2014\n\nArmed men, MORE AND MORE ARMED MEN, must be had _at once_ for a new and\nspecial reason. A new danger is now growing vast and dark,\u2014like an\nincreasing storm. The _army of the unemployed_\u2014hungry, insulted and\nangry, not permitted to work, not permitted to produce, not permitted to\nenjoy, not even permitted to beg,\u2014this army of eager, disgusted, angry\nmen and women are looking through the masters\u2019 palace windows, where the\nmasters and their pets feast on good things and sneer at the unemployed.\nWith _modern_ machinery, _modern_ methods, _modern_ knowledge, and\n_modern_ skill the workers can produce _vast_ surpluses _so rapidly_\nthat the capitalists _can\u2019t dispose of it all promptly either in home\nmarkets or foreign markets_; and thus cannot\u2014dare not\u2014employ all the\nworkers all the time all the workers are willing to work. Thus some\nfactories are run part time, some are run reduced force, and thus\nmillions of willing workers are snubbed at the mill, snubbed at the\nmine, and snubbed at the factory door where they _coax for permission to\nserve society_ by producing useful things. Millions in danger of losing\ntheir jobs, millions working part time, millions with wages reduced,\nmillions out of work\u2014millions\u2014these millions are growing restless,\nfretful, _thoughtful_; the capitalist fears this meek fretfulness and\nthoughtfulness will grow into a vast, _loud_, BOLD ROAR OF\nPROTEST-AND-DEMAND BY THE WORKING CLASS.\n\nTherefore,\n\nCapitalists want more military legislation\u2014and get it.\n\nCapitalists want the strongest, healthiest jobless men to join the\nmilitia and the army and be ready to crush the other jobless men, ready\nto thrust bayonets into the rag-covered breasts of their weaker brothers\nif they should become loudly desperate with hunger.\n\nTherefore,\n\nCongress in 1907\u201308, legislating, as usual, in the service of the\ncapitalist class, logically, naturally, obediently, _still further\ndeveloped_ the armed guard\u2014the militia, the army and the navy\u2014the\n_fighting machine_, the fist of the capitalist class. In March, 1908,\nthe United States Government suddenly opened up many extra recruiting\nstations in New York City\u2014in the open air in the public parks, where\ntens of thousands of jobless, discouraged, hungry men were to be found.\nThe recruiting officers\u2019 chief argument was \u201cplenty of good food and\nclothing and not much to do.\u201d[22]\n\nCapitalists want working class militiamen and soldiers, in order also to\nkeep them so flattered and excited about \u201cprotecting property\u201d that they\nwon\u2019t notice the fact that the armed defenders of property have no\nproperty of their own to protect.\n\nIt is so simple and easy.\n\nCapitalists do indeed want war and military servants\u2014but the capitalists\nare too shrewd, too self-respecting, too proud to expose their own\nwell-fed glossy bodies to the modern butchering machinery. In time of\nwar or \u201clabor troubles\u201d these \u201cprominent citizens\u201d stay at home, eat\nfine food, wear good clothes, sleep in warm dreamy beds\u2014and secretly\nlaugh at the poor hoodwinked fellows on the firing line eating\n\u201chard-tack\u201d;\u2014they stay at home and plan for more profits\u2014ever more\nprofits from the increasing surplus.\n\nCapitalists band together and stand together. Capitalists are CLASS\nloyal. The capitalist class even hire working-class men to defend the\ncapitalist class with rifles; shrewdly the employers confuse and hire\nthe working class to get \u201cbehind the gun\u201d to murder the working class in\nfront of the gun.\n\n\n(B)\u2014THE POLITICIANS DECLARE WAR:\n\nBecause the capitalists want war.\n\nThe politicians are either capitalists themselves or the political\nlackeys of the capitalists; and these ignoble flunkies take their pay in\noffices and opportunities to get graft. The capitalists pay the campaign\nexpenses of their political flunkies, and, of course, whenever the\ncapitalists _want_ war their political flunkey prostitutes _declare_\nwar.[23] After the war, on great public occasions, the politicians serve\nup some oratorically noisy nonsense to the widows and orphans and the\npoor old broken-down veterans about the \u201cglory\u201d of the war\u2014about the\ngrandeur of slaughtering and being slaughtered. Right here is where the\nfun comes in for the politicians, and sometimes for _some_ ministers,\u2014in\nseeing an opera-houseful or a groveful of working men clap their hands\ntogether and yell when the politicians, or some ministers, sometimes,\nwhoop and yawp and tell the working class all about the glory and\ngrandeur of war. No wonder the politicians secretly laugh. How stupidly\nridiculous!\n\nThe glory of brothers butchering and being butchered\u2014by themselves!\n\nTo \u201cdeclare war\u201d makes statesmen and rulers popular. In our own country\n\u201cwar\u201d presidents, \u201cwar\u201d governors, \u201cwar\u201d congressmen, _are almost\ninvariably re-elected_.\n\n \u201cThe temptations of party politicians are of many kinds.... The\n worst is the temptation to war.... Many wars have been begun or have\n been prolonged in order to consolidate a dynasty or a party; in\n order to give it popularity or at least to save it from\n unpopularity; in order to divert the minds of men from internal\n questions which have become embarrassing, or to efface the memory of\n past quarrels, mistakes or crimes. Experience unfortunately shows\n only too clearly how the combative passion can be aroused and how\n much popularity can be gained from a successful war.\u201d[24]\n\nPoliticians do not join the militia and the army for actual service on\nthe firing line\u2014oh, no! No, thank you. They pass laws \u201cto make the\nservice attractive\u201d\u2014but they are so very careful not to let the\nattractions attract them.\n\nThe fact is, my friend, the \u201ccold shoulder\u201d from superior officers, and\ncold victuals, cold tents, cold lead, cold steel, and a puny fifteen or\ntwenty dollars per month for murdering and being murdered\u2014and the cold,\ncold ground for their own cold corpses\u2014with infinite heartache, sighs,\nsobs, tears, and loneliness for their own dear ones\u2014these things have no\nattraction for the shrewd men who profit by war and the crafty men who\ndeclare war.\n\nCapitalist statesmen\u2014that is, small men with big manners\u2014politicians of\nthe capitalist class, politicians financed by and for the capitalist\nclass\u2014these all band together, stand together. The capitalist\n\u201c_reformer_\u201d always stands for CAPITALISM\u2014tho\u2019 he is willing to spray it\nheavily with perfume. These are CLASS loyal. They manipulate all the\npowers of government\u2014including the department of war\u2014in defence of the\ncapitalist CLASS. They even hire working men\u2014with rifles.\n\n\n(C)\u2014THE WORKING MEN FIGHT THE WAR:\n\nBecause they are meek and modest and humble and docile, and are always\ngullibly ready to obediently do whatever their crafty political and\nindustrial masters order them to do. So, whenever the capitalists want\nwar and the politicians declare war, the flimflammed, bamboozled\n_working_ man straps on a knapsack, shoulders a rifle (or takes a\npoliceman\u2019s club), kisses his wife and children good-bye, and marches\naway to fight a war _he_ didn\u2019t want, a war _he_ didn\u2019t declare, a war\nthat belittles and wrongs _him_ by injuring _his class_,\u2014and marches\naway to butcher _other_ working men whom he _doesn\u2019t know_ and against\nwhom he _has no quarrel_. He yells, kills, and slaughters\u2014because\u2014simply\nbecause\u2014because\u2014some crafty crooks, called \u201cprominent people,\u201d _tell_\nhim to do so. He screams and gets slain, he yells and gets\nslaughtered\u2014simply because he _does not understand_ the sly, devilish\ntrick that is thus being played upon him and his class. Young working\nmen are shrewdly flattered into joining the militia and the army in\norder to help the capitalist class _force the working class to keep\nstill and starve_; or accept _cheap_ food, _cheap_ clothing, _cheap_\nshelter and _cheap_ furniture as _all_ of their share for _all_ their\nwork for _all_ their lives.\n\nSuppose the working man has a son in the local militia company, and\nsuppose Mr. Workingman goes out on strike for two or three more nickels\nper day with which to _buy better food for the young militiaman\u2019s own\nmother and his little brothers and sisters_. This young man in the\nmilitia company can be ordered to shoot or bayonet his own father who,\non strike, is struggling for a few cents more with which to buy better\nfood for the humble mother and hungry little brothers and sisters\u2014if the\nfather _on strike_ doesn\u2019t _keep quiet and remain docile_ while the\nlocal industrial masters starve him back to his old job at his old\nwages. The capitalist holds the whip of hunger over the working class\nfather\u2019s back, and the working class son holds a rifle at his own\nfather\u2019s breast. The father must surrender. Thus the young militiaman\nwrongs his own class, outrages his own father, helps humble his own\nlittle brothers and sisters, and spits in his own mother\u2019s face.\n\nThe war is the _class_ war.\n\nThe militiamen and policemen are _local soldiers_ ready for orders to\nshoot their neighbors, friends and relatives in the struggle for\nexistence. In the industrial civil war the capitalist class starve,\nseduce and bribe the working class to fight BOTH SIDES OF THE BATTLES.\n\nThe rulers rule. They think\u2014and win BY THINKING.\n\nThink it over, young man. Be loyal to your own father and mother and\nyour own brothers and sisters\u2014and your own class. Be class loyal.\n\nThe _working_ class _themselves_ must save the _working_ class.\n\nRead Chapter Ten: \u201cNow, What Shall We Do About It?\u201d\n\n NOTE: It is of the greatest importance that the working class reader\n should learn what his employer does not wish to have him learn\n concerning value, surplus value, rate of surplus value, profit, rate\n of profit, profit to capitalist class, profit to individual\n capitalist employer, division of the spoils of exploitation among\n capitalists, etc., etc. Mr. Joseph E. Cohen\u2019s small book, _Socialism\n for Students_, is a model of clearness for the reader who is too\n busy to read big books and yet wishes to inform himself accurately\n on the secrets of this legalized robbery. This book (published by\n Charles H. Kerr and Company, Chicago) is just what a busy worker\n needs in making a beginning in those economic and sociological\n studies which will give him a large outlook upon the world and a\n deep inlook into the mainsprings of human society.\n\n[Illustration:\n\n Soldiers, cossacks and militiamen are to the capitalist class what\n beaks are to eagles and tusks are to tigers.\n]\n\n-----\n\nFootnote 10:\n\n On the historical _origin_ of war and of the working class, see\n Chapter Eleven.\n\nFootnote 11:\n\n \u201cThe modern newspaper is a Roman arena, a Spanish bull-fight and an\n English prize fight rolled into one. The popularization of the power\n to read has made the press the chief instrument of brutality. For a\n half penny every man, woman and child can stimulate and feed those\n lusts of blood and physical cruelty which it is the chief aim of\n civilization to repress and which in their literal modes of\n realization have been assigned ... to soldiers, butchers, sportsmen,\n and a few other trained professions.... The most momentous lesson of\n the [Boer] war is its revelation of the methods by which a knot of\n men, financiers and politicians can capture the mind of the nation,\n arouse its passion and impose a policy.\u201d\u2014John A. Hobson: _The\n Psychology of Jingoism_, pp. 29 and 107.\n\n \u201cThe Bourses [the European Wall Streets] of the West have made Cairo\n and Alexandria hunting-grounds for their speculation. Their class owns\n or influences half the Press of Europe. It influences, and sometimes\n makes, half the Governments of Europe.\u201d\u2014Frederic Harrison: _National\n and Social Problems_, p. 208. See also John Bascom: _Social Theories_,\n pp. 100\u2013116; and W. J. Ghent: _Our Benevolent Feudalism_, Chapter 7.\n\nFootnote 12:\n\n Census Report, 1900. Vol. II., p. cxcii.\n\nFootnote 13:\n\n _The Meaning of the Times_, p. 131.\n\nFootnote 14:\n\n _The Development of the European Nations_, 1870\u20131900, Vol. II., p.\n 333.\n\nFootnote 15:\n\n _The Federalist_, Number 4. (The numbering of _The Federalist_ papers\n varies slightly in different editions.)\n\nFootnote 16:\n\n _The Federalist_, Number 6.\n\nFootnote 17:\n\n _The Theory of Prosperity_, p. 4.\n\nFootnote 18:\n\n Editorial, Oct. 13, 1909.\n\nFootnote 19:\n\n May 5, 1909, Chicago, Illinois, at banquet given by the Chicago\n Association of Commerce; Press reports.\n\nFootnote 20:\n\n Lester F. Ward, _Dynamic Sociology_, Vol. I., p. 582.\n\nFootnote 21:\n\n _Sociology and Social Progress_, p. 170. Emphasis mine.\u2014G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 22:\n\n See Index: \u201cRecruiting.\u201d\n\nFootnote 23:\n\n For excellent example, see Chapter VI: \u201cTricked to the Trenches\u2014Then\n Snubbed,\u201d Fifth Illustration.\n\nFootnote 24:\n\n W. E. Lecky: _The Map of Life_, pp. 153\u201354.\n\n\n\n\n CHAPTER FOUR.\n The Cost of War\u2014In Blood and In Cash.\n\n\n SECTION I: THE COST IN BLOOD.\n\n \u201cEz fer war\u2014I call it murder.\u201d\u2014James Russell Lowell.[25]\n\n \u201cThe hero is a species of assassin.\u201d\u2014Victor Hugo.[26]\n\nHuman blood, human life, under the present industrial form of society,\nis so cheap that even a sweet child\u2019s life, as a _wage_-earner, in the\nfactory, can be bought for a few cents a day\u2014almost a drug on the\nmarket, the \u201clabor market.\u201d So cheap indeed is the life of the\nwage-working class that the blood cost of war is regarded as\ncomparatively unimportant\u2014considered unimportant by all except those who\nare sneeringly referred to as \u201csentimental people.\u201d These \u201csentimental\npeople\u201d presume to assert that the superiority of a nation\u2019s\ncivilization is more convincingly indicated by its sacred regard for the\npurity and dignity of human blood than by its cheap and swaggering\nboasts about big battleships, \u201cblooded\u201d cattle, \u201cblooded\u201d horses, and\n\u201cyoung men not only willing but _anxious_ to fight,\u201d[27] or by the\nnation\u2019s strutting announcement of our \u201creadiness\u201d to spill the toilers\u2019\nblood at the factory door and on the battlefield.\n\nCheaply spilt human blood surely indicates a civilization fundamentally\ncoarse and cheap.\n\nUntil human blood, human life, becomes too sacred to be sold for cash to\nescape starvation or bought for cash to win a profit on the bartered\nlabor power\u2014too sacred to be thus placed on sale, exchanged in the\n\u201clabor market\u201d as horses and sheep are bought and sold in the\n\u201clive-stock market,\u201d\u2014until then it will simply be impossible to realize\nthe hideousness of the blood cost of war, impossible to compute and\nrealize the vastness of the red crime committed against the working\nclass,\u2014against\n\n \u201cThe poor souls for whom this hungry war opens its vast jaws.\u201d\n\nThe blood cost of war?\n\nWar spills the blood of slain soldiers.\n\nWar spills the blood of non-combatants.\n\nWar weakens the blood of soldiers who are smitten with befouling fevers\nand whose wounds and sores fester unattended on the battlefield or are\nill-attended in rude military hospitals. Disease, in war, strikes with\ndeath four times as many soldiers as are killed with lead and steel.[28]\n\nWar weakens the national blood by selecting the strong-blooded for\nslaughter, thus reversing nature\u2019s method of selecting the weaker\nblooded for destruction.\n\nWar tends to open opportunity in the struggle for existence for the\nrelatively weaker blooded to multiply in disproportionate degree.\n\nWar, it is estimated,[29] prevents, on the average, the birth of one\nchild per soldier slaughtered on the battlefield, or serving three years\nor more in peace or war.\n\nWar weakens the blood of the nation by worse than wasting enormous\nsupplies of food material and thus underfeeding those who toil.\n\nWar weakens the national blood by tainting the blood of great numbers of\nsoldiers and through these tainting the blood of women and children\u2014with\nvenereal diseases contracted in unusual degree near the barracks and\nduring war, and immediately following war. President William H. Taft, as\nSecretary of War, has said:[30]\n\n \u201cVenereal diseases were again by far the most important diseases\n affecting the efficiency of the Army during the year. There were\n constantly on sick report for this class of affections 739 men,\n equal to the loss for the entire year of the service of about eleven\n full companies of infantry.... As a cause for discharge venereal\n diseases were second.\u201d\n\nStill more recently the Secretary of War, Mr. J. M. Dickinson, reports\nthus on the befouling of the blood of soldiers:[31]\n\n\u201c_The diseases causing the greatest non-effective rate are in the order\nof importance: venereal diseases, tuberculosis, malaria, rheumatism,\ntonsilitis, dysentery, diarrhea, bronchitis, measles, typhoid fever._\n\n\u201cVENEREAL DISEASES CAUSE A GREATER SICK RATE THAN ALL THE OTHERS ADDED\nTOGETHER.\u201d\n\nOne of the best known publicists in the world, Mr. William T. Stead,\nputs the matter thus:\n\n \u201cFour out of five of all English soldiers who serve two years or\n more are tainted with venereal diseases.\u201d[32]\n\nIn the present chapter, devoted to the cost of war in blood and in cash,\nthere is for the \u201cblood cost\u201d space for but little more than some\nstatistics sufficient to indicate, for illustrative purposes, the amount\nof blood _actually spilt_ in war during the last three generations. The\nauthority for the statistical matter following is, chiefly,\nChatterton-Hill\u2019s _Heredity and Selection in Sociology_; G. de Lapouge\u2019s\n_Les Selections Sociales_; and J. Bloch\u2019s _The Future of War_.[33]\n\nThe hot, red flood gushing from the torn veins of the working class,\nseduced or forced to attend \u201cDeath\u2019s feast\u201d to slaughter and be\nslaughtered in little more than one brief hundred recent years, may be\nmeasured thus:\n\nIn the French Wars of the Revolution, 1789\u20131795\u2014\n\n Frenchmen 1,800,000\n Other Europeans 2,500,000\n\nWars of the Empire, 1795\u20131815\u2014\n\n Frenchmen 2,600,000\n Other Europeans 3,500,000\n\nIn European and American wars since 1815\u2014\n\n According to Lapouge\u2019s estimate 9,450,000\n Grand (Extremely Grand) Total 19,850,000[34]\n\nThis total does not show the spilt blood of perhaps one hundred million\nmen wounded, in battle, but _not killed_.\n\nIt is specially important to consider also that this enormous total of\ntwenty million\u2014in round numbers\u2014does not include many millions of\n_non-combatants_ who in one way and another were destroyed during the\nwars _and in consequence of the wars_, nor the immense number of\nnon-combatants _wounded_ but not _destroyed_ nor the vast amount of\nblood befouled and weakened with disease.\n\nThe number of men destroyed as combatants in the Franco-German War was\n215,000. Lapouge estimates that for the brief Franco-German War the\nnumber of deaths among the non-combatants _above_ the number that _would\nhave died at the normal death rate_ within the period consumed by the\nwar _if there had been peace_, was 450,000. That is to say, during that\nshort war of 1870\u201371 the number of non-combatants whose death was due to\nthe war was _more than double_ the number destroyed directly in the war.\nNow if this extra death-harvest rate among the non-combatants be\ncalculated as being somewhat less than _half_ true for all the wars of\nthe civilized world for about one hundred years following 1789, we can\nsafely _add_ to the twenty millions slaughtered on the battlefield and\nin the military hospitals\u2014to these, I say, we can add twenty millions\nmore, who, like the four hundred and fifty thousand non-combatants in\n1870\u201371, were smitten with the death-breath of war.\n\n[Illustration: WORN-OUT BOXING GLOVES OF THE RULING CLASS]\n\nThis gives us a \u201cgrand\u201d total of forty millions (40,000,000) men, women,\nand children actually slaughtered or otherwise destroyed as a result of\n_one hundred_ years of \u201csplendid\u201d and \u201cglorious\u201d and, \u201cgrand\u201d and\n\u201cChristianized\u201d war;\u2014_and_ (blessed be the \u201c_mysterious_ will of God who\nreigns\u201d but doesn\u2019t rule under capitalism) these forty million lives\nwere mostly WORKING CLASS LIVES.\n\nForty million lives in one brief century slashed down by Mars, the\n\u201cglorious\u201d god of battles.\n\nOne Christian century\u2014a festival of fiends, a loud ha, ha from Hell.\n\nOne Christian century\u2014a gash in the breast of the working class.\n\nOne Christian century\u2014Mars and Caesar spitting in the face of the nobly\npeaceful Christ.\n\nOne Christian century\u2014a sea of blood.\n\nOne Christian century\u2014an ocean of tears.\n\nOne Christian century\u2014the butchering of brothers by brothers.\n\nOne Christian century\u2014a groan, a sigh, a sob.\n\nMars, god of war, devourer of men, scourge of women and curse of little\nchildren; Mars, \u201cstrife and slaughter ... the condition of his\nexistence,\u201d rushing in \u201cwithout question as to which side is right, ...\non his head the gleaming helmet and floating plume\u201d; Mars,\n\u201cwell-favored, stately, swift, unwearied, puissant, gigantic ... foe of\nwisdom and scourge of mortals\u201d; Mars whose \u201cemblems are the spear and\nthe burning torch, his chosen animals the vulture and the dog\u201d;[35]\nMars, butcher of mankind; Mars fiendishly drunk on the tears of women\nand children; Mars, the mock of mothers,\u2014this race-cursing god, hour\nafter hour, _day and night_, through a whole hundred recent years, has\ndevoured one human being, has drunk more than two gallons of human\nblood\u2014every twenty minutes.\n\nA torrent of blood has gushed from the deep, damned war-wound in the\nbreast of the working class. And in this the morning of the twentieth\nChristian century we _hear_ the mouthings of hypocrisy, but we see the\nstrut and dare of crowned and flattered brutes and buccaneers\neverywhere.\n\n[Illustration: THE HISTORY OF IGNORANCE OBEYING ORDERS]\n\n \u201cBase distrust, the red-eyed hound of hate,\n Rules in a world by phantom foes alarmed.\u201d\n\nEverywhere we see the crowned and consecrated cut-throats preparing for\nwar. Soon again the booming roar of \u201cgun thunder\u201d will terrify the\nworld. Even now in Turkey, in Russia, in Spain and in Africa the blood\nof humble working class brothers is being splashed in the face of\nmankind.\n\nRouse, brothers, rouse!\n\nRefuse! Refuse to paint this sad world red with the blood of the toilers\nfooled by the mocking flattery of gilded cowards.\n\nLet us force Senators, Congressmen, and Presidents\u2014let us force Tsars,\nEmperors, Kings, Lords, Dukes and the Industrial Masters also\u2014let us\nforce every one of these shrewd, proud cowards into the bloody mire of\nthe firing line and compel them to stay there till by spilling their own\nblood they learn what war is\u2014for the working class.\n\nThe capture of the powers of government by the working class for the\nworking class\u2014that is our first move.\n\nThe _working_ class must defend the _working_ class.\n\n\n SECTION II: THE COST IN CASH.\n\nRemember\u2014always remember: All the expenses of all the wars in all the\nworld in all time have been paid with the results of productive labor.\nAlways\u2014finally\u2014the working class pay all the expenses of all wars.\n\nIn a war\n\n (1) Soldiers cease to produce wealth,\n\n (2) Soldiers continue to consume wealth,\n\n (3) Soldiers actively destroy wealth.\n\nA war involves three general items of expense; namely,\n\n Expenses before the war:\u2014preparation\n\n Expenses during the war:\u2014direct expenses, destruction of property,\n loss of producing power, etc.\n\n Expenses after the war:\u2014pensions, interest on bonds, etc.\n\n\u201cIn determining the cost of a war,\u201d says one writer,[36] \u201cthe items to\nbe considered may be set down as follows:\n\n (1) Preparations for prospective wars\n\n (2) Direct expenditures\n\n (3) Indirect losses\n\n (a) Destruction and depreciation of property (b) Labor value\n wasted (c) Damage to trade (d) Displacement of capital\n\n (4) Subsequent expenditures\n\n (a) Compensation for property destroyed (b) Pensions and relief\n for the distressed (c) Interest on debt incurred\n\n (5) Deterioration of population\n\n (6) Moral results and effects on the vanquished.\u201d\n\nNow let us try to get an idea of the actual cash cost of war in general\nby studying, first, the cash cost of one war as a specimen. Let us take\nthe American Civil War. In the statement here following, items (4b) and\n(5) are somewhat over-estimated; item (6) is greatly underestimated. It\nis to be noted also that the following on the Civil War does not include\nall the items of the actual cash cost of that war; for examples, the\neconomic loss in the weakening of the _national_ blood, and the loss of\nthe producing power of the soldiers on both sides _during_ the war, the\nlatter loss being probably more than $2,000,000,000. Two other very\nheavy items omitted here are the more than $2,000,000,000 that must in\nfuture years be paid out as interest on Civil War bonds and as Civil War\npensions; and the $600,000,000 paid out in Civil War pensions from 1906\nto 1910. However, if the omissions are carefully noted, the itemized\nstatement will be found helpful in realizing the cash cost of war.\n\nThe American Civil War\u2014Its Cost in Cash:\n\n (1) Direct expenditures, South $5,000,000,000.00\n (2) Direct expenditures, North 5,000,000,000.00\n (3) Increase in National Debt 2,800,000,000.00\n (4) Interest on National War Debt:\n (a) 1865 to 1898 2,562,619,835.00\n (b) 1898 to 1910 (estimated) 400,000,000.00\n (5) Pensions, total to June 30, 1906 3,259,195,396.60\n (6) Lost labor-power:\n One million selected men, slaughtered in battle\n or destroyed during the war by disease;[37] or\n from wounds and disease rendered wholly or\n partially unproductive for an average term of\n twenty-five years _following_ the war:\u2014an\n average loss to society per man, thus killed\n or weakened, of $500 for twenty-five years for\n one million men 12,500,000,000.00\n \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n Total (\u201cGrand\u201d Total) $31,521,815,231.60\n\nThis sum, more than thirty-one and a half billion dollars, _this_ sum\nlooks different from the \u201cCost of the Civil War\u201d as it is commonly set\nforth in elementary school histories for deludable children.[38]\n\nHere is a suggestion: Have your child or some child of your acquaintance\ndiscuss this matter in the public school. The child should be assisted\nin preparing an attack upon the misrepresentation in the ordinary common\nschool \u201cHistory of the United States.\u201d\n\nThis sum, thirty-one and a half billion dollars, is well worth\nconsideration.\n\nThis sum would pay for a 1700\u2013dollar home and also for 400 dollars\u2019\nworth of furniture for each home\u2014for a total population of 90 million\npeople, estimating six per family in each home; or,\n\nThis sum is equivalent to the total savings of two million farmers for\nthirty weary years, supposing each farmer to save $500 per year;\u2014and\nsufficient besides to establish eighty agricultural colleges and ninety\nteachers\u2019 colleges, _each_ of these one hundred and seventy institutions\nprovided with four million dollars\u2019 worth of land, buildings and\nequipment, each institution also provided with four million dollars as\nendowment fund to pay running expenses;\u2014with a balance sufficient to\nconstruct a double-track railway from New York City to San Francisco at\na cost of more than $48,000 per mile; or,\n\nThis sum is more than equivalent to the total wheat crop worth $1.00 per\nbushel growing on twenty-five million acres of fine land averaging\ntwenty bushels per acre for over sixty-three years; or,\n\nThis sum would pay all the salaries of twenty-five thousand school\nteachers at $625 per year from the birth of Christ to the year 1909, and\nleave sufficient to establish fifty universities, each institution\nprovided with ten million dollars\u2019 worth of buildings and equipment and\neach institution provided also with a ten-million dollar endowment fund\nfor running expenses; or,\n\nThis sum is equal to the total savings of five million wage-earners,\neach saving one dollar per day, three hundred days per year for\ntwenty-one years.\n\nAnd we are not yet through with our Civil War expenses and shall not be\nfor a long time. Professor Albert S. Bolles calls attention to the fact\nthat we are not even yet through with the expenses of our Revolutionary\nWar of more than one hundred years ago. Professor Bolles also says of\nthe Civil War:[39]\n\n \u201cA hundred years are likely to pass before the account books for\n suppressing the Rebellion will be closed.\u201d\n\nThis is a good place to remind the reader that, of course, as soon as\nthe soldiers got home from the Civil War they had to go to work to help\ncreate the wealth to pay the principal and the interest on the war bonds\nheld by the bankers and other leading citizens who were too shrewd to go\nto the war themselves. Professor John C. Ridpath wrote thus of the war\nbond-leech:[40]\n\n \u201cTo him (the capitalist) it is all one whether this world blooms\n with gardens, ripens with oranges, smiles with harvest of wheat, or\n whether it is trodden into mire and blood under the raging charges\n of cavalry and the explosions of horrid shells; that is, it is all\n one to him if his coupons are promptly paid and his bond is\n extended.\u201d\n\nNow, my friend, when the Honorable Mr. Noisy from Washington or your\nlegislature or elsewhere, gets you and your neighbors out in the woods\nnext Thirtieth of May or Fourth of July and proceeds to fill the forest\nfull of cheap and stupid noise about the grandeur and glory of war, you\nshould promptly treat him with the contempt he deserves. You should also\nprotect the young people of your family and community from the savage\nand dangerous suggestions made by many speakers on such\noccasions\u2014protect them by having the \u201cother side\u201d of war presented. The\nliterature of peace-born-of-justice might well be distributed on such\noccasions.\n\nThe cash cost of war is easily made evident by an examination of our\nannual current national bill for militarism. Indeed, the annual cash\ncost of prize-fighter statesmanship, the annual cost of developing the\nnational fist, the annual cash cost of this hypocritical \u201cpreservation\nof peace\u201d by preparing for war, needs special attention.\n\nThe combined average annual expense of militarism, that is, of the\nDepartment of War and the Department of the Navy (the Departments of\nMurder), is, for the United States, as follows:\n\n The Army and the Navy $200,000,000\n The loss of producing power, the worse than lost\n labor-power, of 121,786 \u201cpicked\u201d men (83,286 in\n the Army and 38,500 in the Navy), estimated at\n $600 each per year 73,071,600\n Interest on Public Debt (chiefly an expense of\n militarism), at present 22,000,000\n Pensions (admittedly a war burden) 150,000,000\n Depreciation of forts, arsenals, ships, weapons\n and other war equipments by decay, and from the\n necessary discarding of \u201coutgrown\u201d murdering\n machinery 5,000,000\n \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n Total $450,071,600\n\nSince none of the items here set down is over-estimated and since\nseveral of them are much underestimated, the grand total of four hundred\nand fifty millions must be regarded as an extremely conservative\nestimate of the annual cost (in times of peace) of keeping the national\nfist ready for a fight.[41]\n\nBut four hundred and fifty million dollars means nothing sufficiently\ndefinite to the human mind until it is considered in units larger than\nsingle dollars and smaller than a million dollars. The sum of money\n\u201c_necessary_\u201d to defray a year\u2019s expenses of a _poor_ man\u2019s son or\ndaughter in a high-grade Middle Western college or university\u2014may be\ntaken as a convenient unit of expense in considering the cash cost of\nwar.\n\nMany worthy young men and women in the United States pay their total\nannual expenses in high-grade colleges and universities with $250. This\nestimate is confirmed by the author\u2019s personal observation and by a\nletter of recent date from the President of the University of Iowa to\nthe author.\n\nOUR ANNUAL NATIONAL EXPENSE OF MILITARISM, $450,000,000, WOULD PAY THE\nANNUAL COLLEGE EXPENSES OF 1,800,000 YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN; THAT IS, OF\nNEARLY TWELVE TIMES AS MANY AS THERE WERE IN THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30,\n1908, IN THE FIVE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-THREE COLLEGES, UNIVERSITIES AND\nTECHNOLOGICAL SCHOOLS OF THE UNITED STATES.\n\n_Five per cent. interest_ on $450,000,000 for _six minutes_ would\nprovide $250 for a year\u2019s college expenses.\n\n_Five per cent. interest_ on one year\u2019s expense of militarism in the\nUnited States for _two weeks and three days_ would keep one full\nregiment (1,000) young men in college for _four years_.\n\n_Less than seven per cent._ interest on $450,000,000 for one year would\npay one year\u2019s college expenses for a total number of young men and\nwomen equal to the total number of men in both the Army and the Navy,\nofficers, privates and all.\n\nThe total present-rate cost of militarism in the United States for two\nand a half years is $1,125,000,000. _Three and a half per cent.\ninterest_ for _one_ year on this amount would be $39,375,000. This\ninterest would pay the college expenses of the total number of young men\nand women in all the 573 colleges, universities and technological\nschools in the United States for the one year ending June 30, 1908 (that\nis, for 150,187 students), estimating the average expense at $250 for\nthe year,\u2014with a balance remaining of almost $2,000,000 for extra\nexpenses.\n\nAccording to Mr. E. J. Dillon,[42] \u201cThe cost of each of the new armored\nbattleships planned for the French Navy is estimated at more than\n$15,000,000.\u201d\n\n \u201cChairman Tawney of the House Committee on Appropriations in\n promising to fight against the new $18,000,000 battleships, pledges\n himself to a worthy cause.\u201d[43]\n\n_Six and two-thirds per cent. interest_ for _one_ year on the cost of a\n$15,000,000 battleship would provide a _four-year_ college education for\nthe 1,000 marines on board.\n\n_Six per cent. interest_ for _ten hours_ on the cost of a $15,000,000\nbattleship would pay the total expenses of a young man or woman while\ndoing the _four years\u2019_ work for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in the\ngreat University of Iowa.\n\nONE NEW-TYPE \u201cDREADNOUGHT\u201d OF THE SORT NOW BEING CONSTRUCTED FOR THE\nBRITISH NAVY (WHICH IS TO BE PRACTICALLY DUPLICATED BY ALL THE OTHER\n\u201cGREAT POWERS\u201d)\u2014ONE OF THESE MONSTERS WILL COST THREE TIMES AS MUCH AS\nALL OF THE NOBLE BUILDINGS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ERECTED UP TO\nJUNE 30, 1905; THAT IS, THREE TIMES AS MUCH AS ALL THE BEAUTIFUL HALLS\nCONSTRUCTED DURING THE UNIVERSITY\u2019S FIRST THIRTEEN YEARS OF UNPARALLELED\nACTIVITY IN BUILDING.\n\nThe total value of all gifts and bequests received by all the higher\ninstitutions of learning in the United States in the year ending June\n30, 1908, was $14,820,955; that is, $179,000 less than the cost of one\nfirst class British battleship.[44]\n\nIf there are forty-five State Universities in the United States with a\ntotal of 6,750 teachers (150 each) receiving an average salary of\n$2,000, their combined salaries are less than the cost of one\n\u201cDreadnought.\u201d\n\n_Five per cent. interest_ on the cost of one \u201cDreadnought\u201d would pay the\ncombined salaries of 1,500 country school teachers at $500 per year; or,\nthe combined salaries of 750 country preachers at $1,000 per year. (The\naverage salary of a minister in Massachusetts is less than $800.)\n\nONE PER CENT. INTEREST ON ONE \u201cDREADNOUGHT\u201d WOULD PAY THE COMBINED\nSALARIES OF THE PRESIDENTS OF TWENTY-FIVE OF THE GREATEST UNIVERSITIES\nIN THE UNITED STATES\u2014AT AN AVERAGE SALARY OF $6,000 PER YEAR.\n\nIt is to be remembered, too, that a battleship is out-classed, out of\ndate and useless within fifteen years after it first glides proudly into\nthe water. But education\u2014the systematic development of the intellectual\nand social powers and tastes, the ripening of the appetites for the\ndeeper, higher, finer forms of life, charging the soul with knowledge\nand power for pleasure and achievement\u2014education, which is \u201cto the human\nsoul what sculpture is to a block of marble,\u201d\u2014education, in its glorious\ninfluences, is immortal.\n\nPrize-fighter statesmanship sounds loud and is, therefore, great; looks\nattractive and is, therefore, splendid\u2014in the judgment of the gullible.\nPrize-fighter statesmanship rests upon the gullibility of ignorance.\n\nOf special importance in this connection is the item of information,\nfurnished in a personal letter to the author of the present volume, by\nDr. William T. Harris, who was for many years preceding 1906 our\nNational Commissioner of Education. The information is: _That of all the\nchildren in the United States more than 76 in every 100 never enter even\nthe first year of the high school or schools of the high-school grade._\n\nThink of this matter in still another way.\n\nThe total cost of militarism in the United States for the year 1907\u20138\nwas over _six and a half times as great_ as the total income\n($66,790,924) of all our 464 universities, colleges and technological\nschools _from all sources and for all purposes for that same year_.[45]\n\nTHE TOTAL COST OF MILITARISM IN THE UNITED STATES FOR THE FIFTEEN AND A\nHALF MONTHS ENDING JUNE 30, 1909, WAS GREATER THAN THE TOTAL VALUE OF\nALL THE BOOKS, LIBRARIES, LANDS, GROUNDS, BUILDINGS, FURNITURE,\nSCIENTIFIC APPARATUS, MACHINERY, AND ALL THE ENDOWMENTS, ALL THE\nINVESTMENTS AND ALL \u201cPRODUCTIVE FUNDS\u201d OF ALL KINDS BELONGING TO ALL OUR\n464 HIGHER INSTITUTIONS OF LEARNING.\n\nThere are in the United States 464 colleges, universities and\ntechnological schools admitting men only and both men and women; these\ninstitutions have in their libraries a total of 12,636,656 volumes,\nhaving (according to our Commissioner of Education, in his Report for\nthe year ending June 30, 1908, page 617) a total value of\n$16,262,027\u2014which sum is almost equalled by the cost of one first-class\nmodern murdering machine, one \u201cDreadnought.\u201d\n\nOne 14\u2013inch cannon and equipment costs $170,000. One target-practice\nshot costs as much as President John Adams\u2019s education at Harvard\nUniversity.\n\n \u201cWhether your shell hits the target or not,\n Your cost is six hundred dollars a shot.\n You thing of noise and flame and power,\n We feed you a hundred barrels of flour\n Each time you roar. Your flame is fed\n With twenty thousand loaves of bread.\n Silence! A million hungry men\n Seek bread to fill their mouths again.\u201d[46]\n\nOne broadside from a modern \u201cDreadnought\u201d costs almost $20,000.\n\n \u201cThe fact that we are spending during this fiscal year 72 per cent.\n of our aggregate revenue in preparing for war and on account of past\n wars (pensions, interest and principal payments on war debts),\n leaving only 28 per cent. of our revenue available to meet all our\n other governmental expenditures, including internal improvements,\n the erection of public buildings, the improvement of rivers and\n harbors, and the conservation of our natural resources, is, to my\n mind, appalling.\u201d\u2014Congressman J. A. Tawney.[47]\n\n \u201cFor the fiscal year 1908\u20139 the ordinary income of the United States\n was $604,000,000. Of that sum ... 70 per cent. was spent for past\n wars and preparations for war....\u201d[48]\n\nThis same \u201ccivilized\u201d savagery is rampant everywhere.\n\n \u201cThe great countries are raising enormous revenues ... it is equally\n true that one half of the national revenues of the great countries\n in Europe is being spent on what are, after all, preparations to\n kill each other.\u201d\u2014Sir Edward Grey, Foreign Secretary, British\n Cabinet.[49]\n\nG. de Molinari sums up thus:[50]\n\n \u201cTwo-thirds of their [European nations\u2019] combined budgets are\n devoted to the service of this debt [war debt], and to the\n maintenance of their armed forces by sea and land.\u201d\n\nThe New York _World_ speaks boldly thus:[51]\n\n \u201cThe preparations for war bear with tremendous weight in times of\n peace.... Six million picked men in the flower of youth are in arms\n in Europe. They are all strong men, those who would be most useful\n in industry. Great Britain\u2019s war-costs [today, in times of peace]\n including national debt service, $444,000,000, ... are now nearly\n six times as great as her elementary school costs. An even more\n bitter contest over a greater war deficit which must be met by\n increased taxation is going on in Germany.... Russia runs behind\n $200,000,000 a year in her national finances ... and famine is\n perpetual.\u201d\n\nAll the great governments of the world are increasing their murdering\nequipment\u2014to be \u201cprepared for war\u201d;\u2014that is, prepared to provoke and\ndare. The annual expenses for war in England have doubled within the\nlast ten years, and still the stupidity grows. England has 52\nbattleships, 4 armored cruisers, 16 cruisers, 84 destroyers, 20\nsubmarines, and to these are to be added at once 8 \u201cDreadnoughts\u201d\ncosting from $12,000,000 to $15,000,000 each, and also an \u201cappropriate\u201d\nnumber of auxiliaries\u2014armored and unarmored cruisers, torpedo boats,\netc., the _additions_ to the present naval outfit to cost over\n$300,000,000. France has 21 battleships with an \u201cappropriate\u201d number of\nauxiliaries, and is building 8 more battleships with auxiliaries. In\nGermany militarism amounts to even greater madness. In 1872, immediately\nfollowing a great war, the German Empire spent $73,750,000 as direct\nexpense of militarism; in 1898, not including the loss in labor power,\nthe cost of the departments of murder was $337,500,000. Increases in\nGerman militarism since 1898 have been startling, and so furious is the\nspirit of militarism and so insanely is the government already burdened\nwith \u201cwar charges,\u201d that in the year 1907\u20138 bonds were sold to the\nextent of $25,000,000, as part of a special effort to raise an extra\nfund with which to make additions to her murdering equipment.\n\nAnd thus it is with all the other \u201cgreat\u201d nations.\n\nAlthough Russia now staggers under a four-and-a-half billion dollar\nnational debt, and in 1908 was forced to borrow $75,000,000 to meet\ncurrent expenses (and did her best to borrow $400,000,000); although\nmillions of her citizens face starvation and hundreds of thousands of\nthem are forced into trampdom\u2014yet Russian statesmen and naval experts\nare planning a billion-dollar navy.[52]\n\n \u201cCertain facts will surely, some day, burn themselves into the\n consciousness of thinking men.... The extravagance of the\n militarists will bring about their ruin. They cry for\n battleships ... and Parliament or Congress votes them. But later on\n it is explained that battleships are worthless without cruisers,\n cruisers are worthless without torpedo boats, torpedo boats are\n worthless without torpedo destroyers, all these are worthless\n without colliers, ammunition boats, hospital boats, repair boats;\n and these all together are worthless without deeper harbors, longer\n docks, more spacious navy yards.\n\n \u201cAnd what are all these worth without officers and men, upon whose\n education millions of dollars have been lavished? When at last the\n navy has been fairly launched, the officials of the army come\n forward and demonstrate that a navy, after all, is worthless unless\n it is supported by a colossal land force. Thus are the governments\n led on, step by step, into a treacherous morass, in which they are\n at first entangled, and finally overwhelmed.\u201d[53]\n\nJ. H. Rose, in his _Development of European Nations_, Vol. II., p. 336,\nsurveying the chief events in the evolution of Europe since 1870,\nwrites:\n\n \u201cThe individual is crushed by a sense of helplessness as he gazes at\n the armed millions on all sides of him. Tho\u2019 a freeman in the\n constitutional sense of the term, he has entered into a state of\n military serfdom. There he is but a bondman, toiling to add his few\n blocks to the colossal pyramid of war.... From that life there can\n come no song ... some malignant Fury masquerading in the garb of\n Peace.\u201d\n\nNearly everywhere war debts are piled like mountains upon the backs of\nthe people. Twenty-three years ago (1887) Professor H. C. Adams\n(University of Michigan, Department of Finance) sounded the alarm and\nstated the case strikingly:[54]\n\n \u201cThe civilized governments of the present day are resting under a\n burden of indebtedness computed at $27,000,000,000. This sum, which\n does not include local obligations of any sort, constitutes a\n mortgage of $722 [now about $950] upon each square mile of territory\n over which the burdened governments extend their jurisdiction, and\n shows a per capita indebtedness of $23 upon their subjects. The\n total amount of national obligations is equal to seven times the\n aggregate annual revenue of the indebted states. At the liberal\n estimate of $1.50 per day, the payment of the accruing interest,\n computed at five per cent., would demand the continuous labor of\n three million men.... Previous to the present [nineteenth] century,\n England and Holland were the only nations that had learned by\n experience the weight of national obligations; but at the present\n time the phenomenon of public debts is almost universal....\n\n \u201cIt is all the more difficult to understand this new method of\n financiering, because it has made its appearance while wealth has\n been rapidly increasing. The world is daily growing richer as nature\n yields her forces with ever increasing willingness to serve the\n purposes of men; yet, notwithstanding increased opulence, the\n governments of the world are plunging headlong into debt.\u201d\n\nThe reader should keep in mind that the burdens of debt discussed here\nby Dr. Adams are almost wholly war debts, and that they have, since\n1887, increased heavily\u2014to about $35,000,000,000, _almost three times\nthe total amount of cash in the entire world_.\n\n \u201cReflect for an hour upon the appalling aggregate,\u201d wrote Professor\n Ridpath (De Pauw University),[55] \u201cconsider the pressure of this\n intolerable incubus; try to estimate the horror of this hell; weigh\n the woe and anguish of them who rest under it, and then\u2014despair and\n die.\n\n \u201cTwenty thousand millions of dollars; statesmen, philanthropists,\n preachers, journalists, mouthpieces of civilization, one and all of\n you, how do you like the exhibit? Does it not suffice? Who is going\n to pay the account? The people. Who, without lifting a hand or\n turning in their downy beds, will gather this infamous harvest\n during all of the twentieth century? Plutocracy.\n\n \u201cIt has been the immemorial policy of the Money Power to foment wars\n among the nations; to edge on the conflict until both parties pass\n under the impending bankruptcy; to buy up the prodigious debt of\n both with a pail full of gold; to raise the debt to par; to invent\n patriotic proclamations for preserving the National Honor; and\n finally to hire the presses and pulpits of two generations to\n glorify a crime.\u201d\n\nHenry Ward Beecher put the matter thus:\n\n \u201cMost of the debts of Europe represent condensed drops of blood.\u201d\n\nReflect again:\n\n \u201cIn one short eighteen months the [British] war party now sitting on\n our necks has dissipated [in the Boer War] more money than the\n working class managed to accumulate out of their wages during the\n whole reign of the late Queen Victoria.\u201d (That is, from 1837 to\n 1901.) \u201cThe patient savings of two generations were [in the Boer\n War] dissipated at one cruel swoop.\u201d[56]\n\nThe following table shows the proportion in which the \u201cgreat\u201d capitalist\ngovernments spend the outraged people\u2019s substance for education and for\nmilitarism\u2014in prize-fighter statesmanship:[57]\n\n Education. Militarism.\n England $1.00 $4.25\n France 1.00 4.80\n Germany 1.00 2.57\n Austria 1.00 4.50\n United States 1.00 1.25\n Denmark 1.00 3.66\n Greece 1.00 5.00\n Sweden 1.00 2.25\n Italy 1.00 9.00\n Belgium 1.00 2.00\n Switzerland 1.00 .54\n Russia 1.00 12.00\n\nAn American educator has written thus of the civilized savagery to be\nseen in these worse than wasted treasures of the people:[58]\n\n \u201cThe national debts of Europe represent a series of colossal crimes\n against the people. They were incurred in the prosecution of\n unnecessary wars, and for the support of unnecessary standing\n armies. With relation to these debts the people are divided into\n _two_ classes\u2014one class _owns_ them and the other _pays the\n interest_ on them. This relation comprehends the future generations\n in perpetuity. Every child born in Europe inherits either an estate\n in these debts or an obligation to pay interest upon them. Thus the\n _fruits of a great crime have been transmitted into a vested right\n in one class of people, or a vested wrong in another class_.\n\n \u201cIf the European standing armies and navies had not been raised and\n kept up, and if the revenue devoted to their support had been\n expended for schools, there would not now be an uneducated person in\n Europe. If these standing armies and navies were now disbanded, and\n the revenue at present expended for their support diverted to the\n support of schools, and so applied for half a century, there would\n not be, at the end of that period, an illiterate person in Europe.\u201d\n\nThe following paragraph by Helmuth v. Gerlach is worthy of the\nworkingman\u2019s special consideration:[59]\n\n \u201cOf all the German political parties one, viz., the Social\n Democratic [the Socialist] Party, has always been a consistent\n opponent of militarism. It looks upon militarism as the strongest\n support of the capitalistic r\u00e9gime, and therefore attacks it\n theoretically and actually with equal vigor. Its watchword is: \u2018No\n men and no money.\u2019\u201d[60]\n\nBut everywhere these senseless burdens grow more vast. The end is not\nyet. The insanity of vanity and greed increases alarmingly\u2014everywhere;\nbut worst of all, the people are unwarned by the all-powerful capitalist\npress. Fortunately there are exceptions; for example, the New York\n_World_. Boldly and powerfully the _World_ has recently warned the\npeople. On July 20, 1908, the _World_ said editorially:\n\n \u201cNo more effective peace sermon could be preached than the estimate\n of General Blume, published by the German General Staff, as to the\n probable cost of a modern European war. Putting the number of troops\n that Germany could call to arms at 4,759,000, the cost to Germany,\n he says, of a war with another European power would be [_direct_\n expenses] $1,500,000,000 a year as long as the war lasted. On the\n basis of the war between Russia and Japan, in which the Japanese\n lost in killed and wounded 20 per cent. of their armies, Germany\n would lose in the same length of time approximately 900,000 men....\n\n \u201cThe account in blood and money would be duplicated if Germany were\n engaged with only one power. If three or four or even more powers\n were involved, as seems probable in the light of existing alliances,\n Europe would be \u2018bled white\u2019 and plunged in lasting disaster.\n\n \u201c_This is the other side of the question which public men who talk\n glibly about the war seek to have the people forget._ They do not\n dwell on the immense debt of victorious Japan, and its practical\n impoverishment, nor do they recall to attention the appalling waste\n of Russia\u2019s resources, its rickety finances, its shrunken commerce\n and the tens of millions of starving subjects of the Czar. It will\n be many years before the public credit of Great Britain, proud of\n the national wealth, recovers from the setback caused by the Boer\n War and the government is able to face much-needed reforms at home\n without misgivings about its income.\u201d[61]\n\nStatesmanship!\n\n\u201cDefense of our foreign commerce\u201d is one of the heaviest arguments\noffered by capitalist statesmen in defense of the vast cost of\nmilitarism\u2014with insufferable ignorance neglecting the fact that the\ntotal annual cost of militarism for nineteen European countries and the\nUnited States and Japan (eight billion dollars) is equal to more than 66\nper cent. of the total annual export trade of all the nations of all the\nworld.[62]\n\nStatesmanship!\n\n\u201cGreat\u201d men guiding the \u201cShip of State\u201d\u2014to the rocks!\n\nThus the nations stagger round and round in a stupid circle, the\nstatesmen planning international wholesale butcherings, the working\nclass blinded with blood and sweat and tears. Greater armies, greater\nnavies,\u2014then still greater armies and still greater navies,\u2014and then\nstill more powerful armies and navies: then impossible taxation,\nintolerable burdens: then bankruptcy:\u2014then wrath, rebellion and\nrevolution,\u2014this constitutes the near-future program for at least eight\n\u201cgreat\u201d nations of the world, if they continue, as at present, to\nsurrender to the vanity of kings, tsars, presidents, mikados, and give\nfree rein to the profit-lusting capitalist masters of the world.\nMilitarism is the international political whirlpool. The maelstrom\nopens\u2014the chasm yawns, spreads wide its huge jaws for the capitalist\nship of state.\n\n_Be not deceived_:\n\nIT IS SINCERE, WELL-FOUNDED FEAR OF BANKRUPTCY (AND IT IS NOT\nCONSCIENCE) THAT CHIEFLY INDUCES MANY CAPITALIST STATESMEN TO\nCO-OPERATE, AT PRESENT, SO LOUDLY (AND PIOUSLY) WITH INTERNATIONAL PEACE\nSOCIETIES.\n\nBankruptcy, rebellion, revolution\u2014\n\nIt is time for Caesar to be pious and whine for \u201ca limitation on\narmaments.\u201d\n\nTHE STARVED SLAVE BEGINS TO ASK QUESTIONS OF THE FAT STATESMAN.\n\nThe ship of state begins to rock in the growing storm.\n\nStatesmanship!\n\nIndustrial democracy stands by to seize its opportunity.\n\nThe producers will be the successors to plutocracy.\n\nDespotism is digging its own grave.\n\nAnent this matter a truly great authority, Professor J. E. Thorold\nRogers, says:[63]\n\n \u201cMany parts of the earth were once occupied by rich and industrious\n peoples which are now wholly waste. Such a decline may come from the\n effects of a destructive conquest, of long and ruinous wars. But in\n _almost all cases, the ruin of a race_ is the fault of its\n _government_.... _Nations_ will not ruin themselves, said Adam\n Smith, but _governments_ may ruin them.... I will not say that\n spectacles of this kind will never be seen again, of nations\n perishing by the vices of those who administer their affairs....\n Governments may borrow for the purpose of carrying on a war, or of\n defending themselves against aggression. The government generally\n asserts that it is the latter motive which influences it, when every\n one sees it is the former. Whether their subjects or citizens see it\n or not, governments generally, almost invariably, avow it so\n persistently or savagely that their subjects are brought to agree\n with them.\u201d\n\nWhat is the significance of the present cost of militarism for the world\nannually? No human mind can discern or take in the vast meaning of the\nblood-and-profit-lust politics that holds and damns the world today.\n\n$8,000,000,000\u2014Eight Billion Dollars!\n\nTossed to Mars, the red-stained god of war!\n\nWhile the human race festers in ignorance!\n\n$8,000,000,000\u2014to blind and blindfold the multitude with their own blood\nand rags while their lives are robbed and ravaged by the eminent and\nrespectable profit-glutton parasites of mankind.\n\n$8,000,000,000\u2014this huge sum baffles comprehension. Pronounce it: \u201cEight\nBillion Dollars.\u201d That sum embarrasses not only the mind, but the lips\nand the tongue.\n\nThink that sum for a moment.\n\nNow consider the fact that in twenty-one countries, namely, those of\nEurope and also Japan and the United States, militarism costs more than\neight billion dollars\u2014every twelve months.\n\nONE ITEM ALONE IN THIS COST OF MILITARISM IS ALMOST FOUR BILLION DOLLARS\nPER YEAR. That single item is the wealth that is _not_ produced, but\n_could be produced_ if the six million five hundred thousand strong,\ncarefully selected young men in the standing armies of these twenty-one\ncountries _were_ engaged in producing wealth with _modern_ tools,\n_modern_ machinery, and _modern_ knowledge of production. It is to be\nnoted that in this estimate all of South America, China and other large\nparts of the world are not included.\n\nEight Billion Dollars\u2014$8,000,000,000.\n\nMen and women shudder when the telegraph flashes over the world that a\ncity has suffered a ten-million or a twenty-million dollar fire. Let us\ntry to get an idea of the cost of wealth-wasting militarism by\nexpressing it in terms of loss by the devourer, fire.\n\n$8,000,000,000\u2014Eight Billion Dollars.\n\nThis sum, this expense of bull-dog-and-tiger statesmanship, of\nmilitarism, in twenty-one \u201chighly civilized\u201d countries\u2014for twelve months\nin times of peace\u2014is equivalent to a continuous loss by fire, throughout\nthe year, day and night, of more than $913,000 an hour; or, about\n$15,219 per minute.\n\nThis sum, worse than wasted annually to be \u201cprepared\u201d\u2014to slaughter\u2014is\nequal to a loss by fire, burning day and night throughout the year,\ndevouring seven homes per minute, each home worth $1,700 and each home\ncontaining also $475 worth of furniture.\n\nThe average working class family contains about six members\u2014two parents\nand four children; and the average working class family would consider\nitself in good fortune to have a home worth $1,700 and provided with\n$475 worth of furniture. Seven such homes would contain forty-two\nmembers.\n\nNow imagine an unbroken stream of people\u2014men, women, and little\nchildren, frightened, pale, shuddering, the children screaming, the\nwomen in tears\u2014fleeing past you through the street, driven by fire from\ntheir ruined homes, forty-two people rushing by you every minute, day\nand night, year after year, on and on, an endless stream of humbled and\nsaddened souls, plunged in misery, their happiness swallowed by pitiless\nfire; or,\n\nImagine a fire _rushing_ faster than a strong man at a brisk\nwalk\u2014imagine a fire rushing forward more than _eight miles an hour,\nconsuming fifty such homes per mile_, making each year _thirty-six round\ntrips_, burning going and coming, from New York City to St. Louis,\nMissouri; or one such round trip every ten days\u2014imagine these losses,\nthese annual losses\u2014and you will perhaps have some idea of what it costs\nthese twenty-one countries to brag and strut and piously prepare to\nsettle their disputes as tigers settle theirs\u2014by force.\n\nIt is as if the fiends of hell were crazed and loose on the earth.\n\nAnd this is statesmanship!\n\nEight billion dollars virtually tossed into the flames by the well-fed\nkings, emperors, tsars, presidents, and champagne-guzzlers in the\nnational legislatures of twenty-one \u201chighly civilized\u201d countries\u2014while\ntens of millions of the toilers in these same countries shiver and\nstarve, meanly clothed, meanly housed, meanly fed, their children\ngrowing up in the dull ignorance that renders them the easy tools and\nfools for the firing line.\n\nOne year\u2019s cost of militarism in these twenty-one countries\n($8,000,000,000) would keep thirty-two million students in college for\none year\u2014allowing $250 each.\n\nThe cost of militarism in these twenty-one countries for less than nine\nhours and a half would pay all the expenses of 4,500 students in Harvard\nUniversity for four years, allowing each student $500 per year.\n\nSIX PER CENT. INTEREST ON THIS $8,000,000,000 FOR ONE YEAR WOULD PROVIDE\nA FOUR-YEAR COLLEGE EDUCATION FOR 480,000 YOUNG MEN AND WOMEN, ALLOWING\nEACH STUDENT $250 PER YEAR.\n\n$8,000,0000,000 annually\u2014in time of peace!\n\nClap your hands in stupid glee, O, blind devotees of the blood god Mars!\n\nCelebrate!\n\nScream \u201cHurrah! Hurrah!\u201d\u2014in idiotic glad madness.\n\nYell, fool, yell: \u201cHurrah for hell!\u201d\n\nFor war!\n\nWar! War! War!\n\nIt is great!\n\nIsn\u2019t it?\n\nIt must be great, for \u201c_great_ men\u201d say it is so.\n\n\u201c_Great_ men\u201d never deceive humble, common working men. Never. Of course\nnot.\n\nWhen \u201cgreat men\u201d call: \u201cRally to the flag, boys!\u201d will my toiling\nbrothers become again the fools and tools for such as they who in\nParliaments and Congresses vote for this red-dripping stupidity?\n\n$8,000,000,000 every twelve months on war and preparations for war\u2014and\nyet _not a single silk-hatted snob sleeps in the dingy barracks, or eats\nthe cheap \u201cgrub\u201d fed to the privates, or submits to humiliating insults\nfrom \u201csuperior\u201d officers, or spills his blood on the firing line_\u2014not\none anywhere in all the world.\n\n$8,000,000,000\u2014the annual cost of lust\u2014war lust.\n\nThe annual cost of jungle statesmanship.\n\nTHE COST THE WORKING CLASS PAY FOR BEING MEEK, DOCILE, OBEDIENT\u2014READY TO\nSLAUGHTER THEMSELVES, READY TO BUTCHER THEIR BROTHERS OF THE WORKING\nCLASS.\n\n$8,000,000,000, the price the working class pay for being prejudiced,\nignorant, unwilling to read;\u2014and for cringing, for neglecting to place\nthe _working_ class in the _legislatures of the world_.\n\n$8,000,000,000\u2014this sum proves the moral bankruptcy, proves the colossal\nsavagery\u2014of capitalists who _want_ war, and proves also the intellectual\nand moral bankruptcy, the brainless incapacity and unspeakable villainy\nof the gilt-edged crooks called statesmen who are always ready to\n_declare_ wars and who perpetually bleed society by thus \u201cpreparing for\nwars\u201d in which they themselves, like the \u201cbusiness men,\u201d are too proud\nand cunning to fight on the firing line.\n\nThis sum also shows that the working class, stripped and dulled to\nsupply this annual sum, _ignorantly consenting to and blindly hurrahing\nfor their own destruction_, are in the condition of _hypnotized\nchildren_\u2014almost utterly helpless, their eyes blinded with tears, their\nears stopped with blood, their souls numb and dumb in a living death.\n\nThis sum\u2014all this cash cost\u2014is, in its last analysis, slyly _subtracted\nfrom the lives of the producing class, the working class\u2014sucked from the\nveins of the humble multitude of toilers_, and the workers are so meek\nand weak and bloodless and stunned and stunted\u2014so constantly in a dull,\nprideless stupor\u2014that they are unable to stand erect in holy\nindignation, seize the powers of government and sweep this hell\u2019s\nnightmare from the world.\n\nWar devours the welfare of the workers.\n\nThe _capitalist_ class dare not _place all the facts frankly before the\nworking class_. Everywhere it is: \u201cHush! Hush! The _working_ class must\nnot study the burdens of war.\u201d\n\nThe workers? \u201cThey must not _think_. They must not _think_. They must\n_obey_.\u201d\n\nThat is the word for the working class:\n\nOBEY.\n\nA very eminent authority on war[64] says:\n\n \u201cOnly _once_ in recent history do I remember _any attempt_ on the\n part of a European government to calculate the economic consequences\n of war under _modern_ conditions. It was when M. Burdeau was in the\n French Ministry. He appointed a committee of economists for the\n purpose of ascertaining how the social organism would continue to\n function in a time of war, how from day to day their bread would be\n given to the French population. But _no sooner had he begun his\n investigation than a strong objection was raised by the military\n authorities_, and out of deference to their protest the inquiry was\n _indefinitely postponed_. Hence we are going forward blindfold.\u201d\n\nA real statesman, Senator Charles Sumner, has said:[65]\n\n \u201cAll history is a vain word, and all experience is at fault, if\n large war preparations ... have not been constant provocatives of\n war. Pretended protectors against war, they have been the real\n instigators of war. They have excited the evil against which they\n were to guard. The habit of wearing arms in private life exercised a\n kindred influence.... The Standing Army is to the nation what the\n sword was to the modern gentleman, the stiletto to the Italian, the\n knife to the Spaniard, the pistol to our slavemaster,\u2014furnishing,\n like these, the means of death; and its possessor is not slow to use\n it.\u201d\n\n \u201cWere half the power that fills the world with terror,\n Were half the wealth bestowed on camps and courts,\n Given to redeem the world from error,\n There would be no need of arsenals and forts.\u201d[66]\n\n\u201cWorkers of the world, unite!\u201d Rouse. Think. Rise. Hurl this curse of\nwar from the world.\n\nOn the battlefield of industry unite.\n\nOn the battlefield of politics unite.\n\nSeize the powers of government.\n\nUse these powers of government\u2014in self-defense.\n\nGreat working class multitude, great meek majority! Stand erect in your\nvast class might and become\u2014authority.\n\nThe working class must themselves defend the working class.\n\n\u201cDo not expect your chains to forge themselves into the key of freedom.\u201d\n\nBegin.\n\nBegin now.\n\nBegin a campaign to capture the brain of your working class neighbor for\nthe grand new Movement for the Freedom of the Working Class.\n\nDo something.\n\nBe Somebody.\n\nHelp conquer in our day.\n\nWar costs.\n\nMeekness costs\u2014costs the working class its labor, its blood and tears,\nits happiness\u2014its Life.\n\nLet us defend ourselves\u2014AS A CLASS.\n\n-----\n\nFootnote 25:\n\n Biglow Papers.\n\nFootnote 26:\n\n Lecture on Voltaire.\n\nFootnote 27:\n\n \u201cI want for soldiers young men not only willing but _anxious_ to\n fight,\u201d\u2014that foul and savage saying is one of the choice mouthings of\n Theodore Roosevelt, in a public address in which that cheap,\n distinguished and much flattered Noise disgraced the office of\n President of the American \u201cRepublic.\u201d\n\nFootnote 28:\n\n See Chapter Five, Section Two; Chapter Eight, Section 11; also Index:\n \u201cDisease in the Army.\u201d\n\nFootnote 29:\n\n Chatterton-Hill: _Heredity and Selection in Sociology_, pp. 320\u201322.\n\nFootnote 30:\n\n Annual Report of the Secretary of War, 1907, p. 17.\n\nFootnote 31:\n\n Annual Report of the Secretary of War, 1909, p. 17. Emphasis mine. G.\n R. K.\n\nFootnote 32:\n\n Quoted by Elbert Hubbard in _Health and Wealth_. See _New Age_, Aug.\n 5, 1909.\n\nFootnote 33:\n\n See also President D. S. Jordan\u2019s brilliant sociological studies of\n war, references in Chapter XII. of present volume. Of some interest\n are Victor Hugo\u2019s estimates in _William Shakespeare_, Part Third, Book\n III., Chapter I.\n\nFootnote 34:\n\n Chatterton-Hill in _Heredity and Selection in Sociology_ makes the\n total 21,000,000.\n\nFootnote 35:\n\n See Galey: _Classic Myths of English Literature_, pp. 57\u20138.\n\nFootnote 36:\n\n Restelle: _Arena_, October, 1906.\n\nFootnote 37:\n\n \u201cIn round numbers ... so that it is safe to say that more than 700,000\n men were killed in the war.\u201d\u2014Professor MacMaster: _School History of\n the United States_, p. 422. See Index: \u201cNon-combatants.\u201d\n\nFootnote 38:\n\n See quotation from Preface of Bloch\u2019s _Future of War_ near close of\n present chapter.\n\nFootnote 39:\n\n _Financial History of the United States_, Vol. III., p. 241.\n\nFootnote 40:\n\n _Arena_, Jan., 1897.\n\nFootnote 41:\n\n The appropriations for the Navy alone in 1910 are $134,000,000,\u2014which\n amount is just ten times as great as in 1886. The New York _World\u2019s_\n estimate (editorial, March, 1910) is $500,000,000 as the annual cost\n of militarism in the United States.\n\nFootnote 42:\n\n _The Contemporary Review_, August, 1909.\n\nFootnote 43:\n\n New York _World_, March 1, 1910. See also _The World_, February 1,\n 1910.\n\nFootnote 44:\n\n See Report of Commissioner of Education, 1908, Vol. II., p. 617.\n\nFootnote 45:\n\n See Report of Commissioner of Education for 1908, Vol. II., pp.\n 616\u201317. These 464 admit men only, or both men and women.\n\nFootnote 46:\n\n P. F. McCarthy in the New York _World_.\n\nFootnote 47:\n\n Address delivered at the Peace Banquet, Chicago, May 4, 1909; quoted\n in _Unity_, June 3, 1909.\n\nFootnote 48:\n\n New York _World_, April 4, 1910. See also New York _Times_ editorial,\n February 19, 1910.\n\nFootnote 49:\n\n In the House of Commons, March 29, 1909.\n\nFootnote 50:\n\n _The Society of Tomorrow_, p. 30.\n\nFootnote 51:\n\n Editorial, May 4, 1909.\n\nFootnote 52:\n\n Reference for most of the phrasing of this paragraph has been lost.\n\nFootnote 53:\n\n C. E. Jefferson, in the _Atlantic Monthly_, quoted in _Public Opinion_\n (address?), March 26, 1909.\n\nFootnote 54:\n\n _Public Debts_, pp. 3, 4, 6.\n\nFootnote 55:\n\n _Arena_, January, 1898.\n\nFootnote 56:\n\n See _The Investor\u2019s Review_, London, April, 1901, and _National\n Review_, London, June, 1903, respectively; quoted by Walter Walsh:\n _Moral Damage of War_, pp. 416\u201317.\n\nFootnote 57:\n\n See Bloch\u2019s _Future of War_, pp. 137\u201339; recent _Statesman\u2019s\n Year-Books_, \u201cnational expense\u201d tables; also _Labor Leader_ (London),\n Nov. 1, 1907.\n\nFootnote 58:\n\n Kim: _Mind and Hand_, pp. 290\u201392. Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 59:\n\n _The International_, July, 1908.\n\nFootnote 60:\n\n See Index: \u201cSocialist Party and War.\u201d\n\nFootnote 61:\n\n Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 62:\n\n \u201cThe export trade of all nations combined amounts to less than\n $12,000,000,000 per annum.\u201d Harold Bolce: _The New Internationalism_,\n p. 87.\n\nFootnote 63:\n\n _Economic Interpretation of History_, pp. 393\u201394. Italics mine. G. R.\n K.\n\nFootnote 64:\n\n Bloch: _The Future of War_, Preface, p. XLVIII. Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 65:\n\n _Addresses on War_, p. 292.\n\nFootnote 66:\n\n Henry W. Longfellow: \u201cThe Arsenal at Springfield.\u201d\n\n\n\n\n CHAPTER FIVE.\n Hell.\n\n\n SECTION ONE: MODERN MURDERING MACHINERY.\n\nAh, so you are on your way to the recruiting station, are you? Well,\nthere will be plenty of time to enlist tomorrow, and there are also\nseven days of next week that have not been touched yet. Do not be in a\nhurry to sign your name. Wait a little\u2014wait at least till you have read\nthe first two sections of this chapter.\n\nPerhaps you are feverish.\n\nCool off before you enlist.[67]\n\nGo back to the 60\u2019s and read three or four lines of American Civil War\nhistory before you enlist. Here they are in the words of a distinguished\nauthority, A. S. Bolles:[68]\n\n \u201cWith the swift cooling of the war fever bounties became necessary\n to stimulate enlistment.... In 1861 the highways were filled with\n volunteers eagerly rushing to the front; but in 1865 they went with\n much slower pace and with a much better conception of the hazardous\n game of war.\u201d\n\nThe hateful method called drafting had to be vigorously applied by the\nFederal Government after the young men found out what war really\nmeant\u2014for them.\n\nAnd Professor John B. McMaster (University of Pennsylvania) makes it\nclear that even the hot blood of the young men of the South also cooled\ndown to an extremely rational temperature as the slaughter proceeded. He\nsays:[69]\n\n \u201cQuite as desperate were the shifts to which the South was put for\n soldiers. At first every young man was eager to rush to the front.\n But as time passed ... it became necessary to force men into the\n ranks, to \u2018conscript\u2019 them....\u201d\n\nIn this connection read the words of a great Union soldier, General\nSherman:\n\n \u201cI confess without shame that I am tired and sick of the war. Its\n glory is all moonshine. Even success the most brilliant is over dead\n and mangled bodies, the anguish and lamentations of distant families\n appealing to me for missing sons, husbands and fathers. It is only\n those who have not heard a shot nor heard the shrieks and groans of\n the wounded and lacerated that cry aloud for more blood, more\n vengeance, more desolation.\u201d[70]\n\nIt is especially important that before you enlist you should get a\ndistinct idea of the horrible deadliness of modern butchering machinery.\nSince General Sherman made the comment just quoted on the American Civil\nWar the killing machinery has been improved astonishingly.\n\nIN THE RECENT RUSSIAN-JAPANESE WAR INDIVIDUAL SOLDIERS, AS SHOWN BY\nACTUAL COUNT AND OFFICIAL REPORT, RECEIVED AS MANY AS SEVENTY BULLET\nWOUNDS,\u2014THEY WERE RIDDLED\u2014TORN TO PIECES\u2014WITH LEAD AND STEEL FIRED FROM\nMODERN SLAUGHTERING MACHINES. IF YOU WILL READ ALL OF THE PRESENT AND\nTHE FOLLOWING SECTIONS YOU WILL NO LONGER WONDER WHY THE \u201cVERY BEST\nPEOPLE\u201d DO NOT ENLIST FOR ACTUAL SERVICE\u2014AT THE FRONT.\n\nI would suggest and even urge, brothers, that, before you enlist, you\nvisit your dear pastor and read with him all of the present section on\n\u201cHell,\u201d and then ask him whether he and his sons will probably enlist\nfor actual firing-line-sword-rifle-and-bayonet service. Also have a\nheart-to-heart talk with your loving friend, your banker, who takes care\nof your money for you. Read these paragraphs to him and ask him whether\nhe is eager to rush to the front and whether he is urging his sons and\nsons-in-law to be ready to rush with him to the front for real fighting\ninto \u201cthe grasp of death,\u201d into \u201cthe hurricane\u2019s fiery breath,\u201d where\nsabres flash, bullets hiss, and cannon roar.\n\nBy the way, do you deposit much money in the bank? Do you often visit\nsocially at the banker\u2019s home? Did you ever see a cheap,\nfifteen-dollar-a-month soldier courting the banker\u2019s or the big\nmanufacturer\u2019s daughter?\n\nWell, hardly.\n\nWake up, my working class brother.\n\nThese leading citizens strut before you and fill you full of fierce and\nsplendid talk about becoming \u201cbrave boys behind the gun\u201d; but at the\nsame time they despise you socially. Don\u2019t foolishly get _behind_ the\ngun or in _front_ of the gun\u2014not at least till you have studied the gun.\n\nA high-grade modern rifle can be fired twenty-five times per minute.\nThis gun will pierce 60 pine boards each one inch thick. It will kill a\nman at a distance of four miles. A bullet with sufficient force to\npierce a one-inch pine board will kill a man or a horse. Actual tests\nshow that the best modern rifles will force a bullet through a target\nmade of the following combination:\u2014fifteen folds of cow-hide, sixteen\none-inch pine boards, and one and four-fifths inches of hard beech wood.\nBullets fired from rifles used in the American Civil War would do little\ndamage after passing into or through the bodies of soldiers in the front\nranks. Men in the second and third ranks felt much protected by the\nbodies of men in front of them. ALL IS DIFFERENT NOW. The best modern\nrifles will force a bullet through five horses at 27 yards; four horses\nat 220 yards; two horses at 1,100 yards. Even as recently as the war of\n1870\u201371 and the war of 1877\u201378, bullets from rifles then used in the\nGerman army would not pierce a human skull at a distance of 1,760 yards,\none mile; but with the best modern rifles bullets can be fired through\nthe thick bones of an ox at a range of 3,850 yards, about two and\none-fifth miles. Experiments demonstrate that the best modern rifles\nwill force a bullet through three human bodies at a range of 3,900 feet;\nand through five human bodies at 1,200 feet. In the American Civil War\nbullets for long range work had to be fired high, describing a long high\narch, thus missing all objects on the battlefield between the gun and\nthe object aimed at. A bullet from a modern rifle will fly straight\nacross the field for hundreds of yards with no elevation, even half a\nmile and more with but little elevation, sweeping the whole width of the\nfield between the gun and the target.[71]\n\nThe deadliness of the modern rifle can be made clear in another way.\nSays Bloch:\n\n \u201cAccording to the data of the Prussian general Rohne one hundred\n sharp-shooters will put a battery out of action, firing at a\n distance of 88 yards in the course of two and two-fifths minutes,\n 1,100 yards in the course of four minutes, 1,320 yards in the course\n of seven and a half minutes, 1,650 yards in the course of twenty-two\n minutes.\u201d\n\n \u201cThe new Springfield rifle,\u201d says Fitzmorris,[72] \u201chas a range of\n five miles, the bullet having a velocity of 2,300 feet per second\n leaving the weapon, or sufficient to drive it through four and a\n half feet of white pine.\u201d\n\nThe \u201cattractiveness\u201d of war increases, of course, with the likelihood\nthat the improving marksmanship of the enemy will increase one\u2019s chances\nfor meeting an \u201cattraction.\u201d The accuracy of fire is being rapidly\nimproved by tireless target practice in all the great armies of the\nworld. Says Mr. Wright, Ex-Secretary of War:[73]\n\n \u201cThe results from target practice for the year 1907 and 1908 show\n that the average battery-hitting capacity has been rapidly\n increased.... About sixteen times as many hits were made in 1906\n from the same gun in a given time at the same range as were made in\n 1900.\u201d\n\nUnder no circumstances should the delicate flesh of a big business man\nbe exposed to well-aimed bullets fired from a modern rifle. His flesh\nis, of course, specially sensitive and precious. Moreover, it is wholly\nunnecessary, because he can buy the flesh of a common working class man\nfor bullet stopper purposes very, very cheap, as a substitute. That is a\nmuch better arrangement, the big business man thinks, and, of course,\nthe working men agree with the business men on this matter just as they\ndo on nearly everything else.\n\nThe Danish \u201cRexer\u201d rifle is another instrument ready for use in war and\nin pacifying hungry people on strike. The \u201cRexer\u201d weighs only eighteen\npounds, uses high-power, small-calibre ammunition, is easily and\naccurately operated from a handy, portable \u201crest,\u201d can be conveniently\ncarried on horseback, rushed up front for short distances by infantry,\ncan be fired slowly or, if desired, by simply holding the trigger, 300\ntimes per minute. Equipped with this rifle one full regiment of soldiers\nor militiamen, each firing only 75 shots per minute, could fire into the\nranks of wildly hungry strikers or unemployed one million five hundred\nthousand prosperity slugs in twenty minutes. With this gun ten\nmilitiamen could \u201cquiet\u201d five thousand strikers with twenty-five\nthousand shots in ten minutes.[74]\n\nWith the improved murdering machine called the Maxim gun 700 bullets per\nminute can be fired, bullets that will kill a man at a range of one and\na half miles, bullets that will pacify a striker at a range of two\nmiles. The Gatling gun equipped with an electric motor will discharge\n1,800 death-dealing bullets per minute.[75]\n\n \u201cThe Gatling gun,\u201d says Morris,[76] \u201c... is now, in its perfected\n form, in use all over the world. This consists of a cluster of\n rifle-barrels arranged around a central shaft and rotated by a\n crank. The magazine contains a supply of cartridges, which drop down\n and are rammed home one after another as the barrels rotate. This,\n in the later improved forms, is done with such rapidity that the gun\n can discharge its balls at the rate of 3,000 per minute.... Machine\n guns were designed for service against bodies of men.\u201d\n\nONE MODERN GATLING GUN WILL TEAR A BOARD FENCE TO PIECES A MILE AWAY IN\nFOUR MINUTES, AND AT A RANGE OF ONE MILE IT WILL GNAW OFF A FOOT-THICK\nPINE POST IN SEVEN MINUTES.\n\nDon\u2019t enlist till next week.\n\nNo wonder the politicians and big business men are \u201ctoo busy\u201d to get in\nline on the firing-line\u2014patriotically. And, of course, they do not want\ntheir sons and sons-in-law to get up close in front of a belching\nGatling gun,\u2014in front of a modern murdering machine\u2014patriotically.\n\nIF A BATTERY OF MODERN GATLING GUNS, CONCEALED, USING SMOKELESS POWDER,\nLOCATED OUT OF HEARING A MILE AWAY OR NEARER AND EQUIPPED WITH A MAXIM\nNOISELESS ATTACHMENT,\u2014SHOULD BE TRAINED UPON A REGIMENT OF MEN, EACH GUN\nPOURING ONE THOUSAND BULLETS PER MINUTE INTO AN EXPOSED REGIMENT, THE\nONLY OBSERVABLE RESULT WOULD BE THIS: THE REGIMENT WOULD MELT, STRICKEN\nBY AN UNSEEN, UNHEARD BREATH OF DEATH.\n\nGeneral William P. Duval, of the United States Military Staff and War\nCollege, estimates that the Maxim noiseless attachment for fire-arms\n\u201cwould produce just as much of a revolution in the art of war as did the\nsmokeless powder. Psychologically, this new gun would double the terror\ninspired by the enemy possessing it.... The fear of the enemy would ...\nat least be doubled.\u201d\n\n_Ordering the working class to go to war with the present fire-arms is\nlike ordering a working man to make a gun, load it, dig his own grave,\ncrawl down into it, and there scream \u201cHurrah for death!\u201d and then shoot\nhimself._\n\nPerhaps the best way, at least the safest way, to get an accurate idea\nof the effectiveness of the slaughtering machinery of our day is to read\nwhat these guns accomplish in actual operation on the battlefield,\npouring showers, streams, storms of lead and steel into the ranks of\nmen. The propaganda of peace is powerfully served by books giving\ndistinct impressions of war as it may be seen (and felt) on the field\nwhere modern arms are used. Some specially excellent books for such use\nare: _Human Bullets_, by T. Sakurai, a Japanese soldier;[77] _Port\nArthur, A Monster Heroism_, by Richard Barry;[78] _The Red Laugh_, by\nLeonid Andreief;[79] _The Downfall_, by Emile Zola;[80] _The Future of\nWar_, by Jean Bloch.[81]\n\nHere following are some paragraphs from a vigorous book of this type,\n_Human Bullets_, just noted, passim, which treats of the\nRussian-Japanese War:\n\n \u201cThe dismal horror of it [battle] can best be observed when the\n actual struggle is over. The shadow of impartial Death visits friend\n and foe alike. When a shocking massacre is over, countless corpses\n covered with blood lie flat in the grass and between the stones.\n What a deep philosophy their cold faces tell! When we saw the dead\n at Nanshan, we could not help covering our eyes in horror and\n disgust.... Some were crushed in head and face. Their brains mixed\n with dust and earth. The intestines were torn out and blood was\n trickling from them.... Some had photographs of their wives and\n children in their bosoms, and these pictures were spattered with\n blood.... After this battle we captured some damaged machine-guns.\n This fire-arm was most dreaded by us.... It can be made to sprinkle\n its shots as roads are watered with a hose. It can cover a larger or\n smaller space, or fire to greater or less distance as the gunner\n wills.... If one becomes the target for this terrible engine of\n destruction, three or four shots may go through the same place\n making a wound very large.... And the sound it makes ... is like a\n power-loom. It is a sickening horrible sound! The Russians regarded\n this machine as their best friend. And it certainly did very much as\n a means of defense. They were wonderfully clever in the use of this\n machine. They would wait till our men came very near them, four or\n five ken only, and just as we were ready to shout a triumphant\n \u2018Banzai!\u2019 this dreadful machine would begin to sweep over us the\n besom of destruction, the result being hills and mounds of dead.\n After this battle we discovered one soldier ... who had no less than\n forty-seven shots in his body.... Another soldier of a neighboring\n regiment received more than seventy shots. These instances prove how\n destructive is the machine-gun. The surgeons could not locate so\n many wounds in one body, and they invented a new name [meaning]\n \u2018whole-body-honey-combed-with-gun-wounds.\u2019 ... It was invariably\n this machine-gun that made us suffer most severely.... The bodies of\n the brave dead built hill upon hill, their blood made streams in the\n valley. Shattered bones, torn flesh, flowing blood, were mingled\n with broken swords and split rifles. What could be more shocking\n than this scene! We jumped over or stepped on the heaped up corpses\n and went on holding our noses. What a grief it was to have to tread\n on the bodies of our heroic dead!... What a horrible sight! Their\n bodies were piled up two or three or even four deep.... A sad\n groaning came from the wounded who were buried under the dead. When\n this gallant assaulting column had pressed upon the enemy\u2019s forts,\n stepping over their dead comrades\u2019 bodies, the terrible and skilful\n fire of the machine-guns had killed them all, close by the forts,\n piling the dead upon the wounded.... After a while the shells ...\n began to burst briskly above our heads. Percussion balls fell around\n us and hurled up smoke and blood together. Legs, hands and necks\n were cut into black fragments and scattered about. I shut my\n eyes....\u201d\n\nIn what unqualified contempt do the masters of the world hold the\ntoilers whom they send into such blood-wasting hells. Shakespeare has\nexpressed the masters\u2019 scorn for the common soldier\u2019s flesh and blood\nthus:\n\n \u201cTut, tut; good enough to toss; food for powder; food for powder;\n they\u2019ll fill a pit as well as better.\u201d\n\nHere is a glimpse of the battle of Sedan:[82]\n\n \u201cLet your readers fancy masses of colored rags glued together with\n blood and brains, pinned into strange shapes by fragments of bones.\n Let them conceive men\u2019s bodies without legs, and legs without\n bodies, heaps of human entrails attached to red and blue cloth, and\n disembowelled corpses in uniform, bodies lying about in all\n attitudes with skulls shattered, faces blown off, hips smashed,\n bones, flesh and gay clothing all pounded together as if brayed in a\n mortar, extending for miles, not very thick in any one place, but\n recurring perpetually for weary hours, and then they can not with\n the most vivid imagination come up to the sickening reality of that\n butchery [the battle of Sedan, 1870].\u201d\n\nIT IS RELIABLY ESTIMATED THAT MODERN ARTILLERY IS CAPABLE OF DOING ONE\nHUNDRED AND SIXTEEN TIMES MORE DAMAGE THAN THE ARTILLERY USED BY THE\nGERMAN ARMY IN 1870. Even the simple instrument known as the\nrange-finder adds much to effectiveness,\u2014it enables soldiers to find the\nrange in three minutes and pour death-dealing missiles into the human\ntargets promptly. This instrument weighs about sixty pounds and is being\nrapidly improved.[83] A single battery of modern artillery can hurl\n1,450 rounds upon ten regiments of men while they march one mile and a\nhalf. These 1,450 shells arranged with time fuses to burst at the target\nwould sweep these ten thousand men with 275,000 bullets and ragged iron\nscraps. Bloch says:[84]\n\n \u201cIn 1870 an ordinary shell when it burst broke into from 19 to 30\n pieces. Today it bursts into 240 pieces. Shrapnel in 1870 scattered\n only 37 death-dealing missiles. Now it scatters 340. A bomb weighing\n about 70 pounds, thirty years ago, would have burst into 42\n fragments. Today, when it is charged with peroxilene, it breaks into\n 1,200 pieces, each of which is hurled with much greater velocity\n than the larger lumps which were scattered by a gunpowder explosion.\n It is estimated that such a bomb would destroy all life within a\n range of 200 metres [about 200 yards] of the point of the\n explosion.... With the increase in the number of bullets and\n fragments, and in the forces which disperse them, increases also the\n area which they affect. Splinters and bullets bring death and\n destruction, not only as in 1870, to those in the vicinity of the\n explosion, but at a distance of 220 yards away, and this tho\u2019 fired\n from a distance of 3,300 yards [about two miles].... In a time when\n rifle and artillery fire were beyond comparison weaker than they are\n now, those who were left unhelped on the battlefield might hope for\n safety. But now, when the whole field of battle is covered with an\n uninterrupted hail of bullets and fragments of shells [at night too,\n with a searchlight equipment], there is little place for such hope.\u201d\n\nSurely you can easily see that a business man\u2019s soft, fat flesh won\u2019t do\nfor a bullet-stopper. Here is where the cheap, meek, weak wage-slaves\ncome in handy\u2014the _very stuff for bullet-stoppers_.\n\nIn connection with this subject, remember that a bullet fired from a\nmodern rifle or a Gatling gun rotates over 3,800 times per second. This\nrotary motion produces the effect of an explosion when the bullet\nstrikes the stomach, bladder, or heart\u2014where there are liquids. The\neffect is horrible; with terrible violence \u201cthe liquids are cast on all\nsides with the destructive effect of an explosion.\u201d\u2014(Bloch.)\n\nOf course, the business man knows that _his_ flesh should never be torn\nwith such a horrible thing. He has nothing to fear, however. He will not\ngo to war. He will send a cheap man, a wage-slave substitute. He knows\nit doesn\u2019t make any difference in the case of a cheap wage-earner who is\nonly a working-class slave.\n\nAh, my working-class reader, it _will_ make a difference when the\nworking class become proud enough and shrewd enough to defiantly declare\nthat it _shall_ be different. The business man is too proud and shrewd\nto stand up before these modern flesh-tearing machines.\n\nDon\u2019t be in a hurry to enlist, brother. Wait a few more days. Two weeks\nafter next will do. The \u201cvery _best_ people\u201d in your town are not\nhurrying to enlist. Can\u2019t you see the point? Before you enlist, or\nbefore you consent to have your son or younger brother enlist, be sure\nto read some books describing real war with improved murdering\nmachinery. A brilliant war correspondent, Mr. Richard Barry, thus\ndescribes a modern war-storm in his book, descriptive of the\nJapanese-Russian War, _Port Arthur, A Monster Heroism_, passim:[85]\n\n \u201cToward three o\u2019clock a second advance is ordered ... nearly 15,000\n men close in ... now they are through [the wire fence] ... half\n naked, savage, yelling, even Japanese stoicism gone. Up to the very\n muzzles of the first entrenchments they surge, waver and break like\n the dash of angry waves against a rock-bound coast.... _Officers are\n picked off by sharp-shooters, as flies are flecked from a molasses\n jug_.... So up they go, for the tenth time.... Spottsylvania Court\n House was no more savage.... Thus hand to hand they grapple, sweat,\n bleed, shout, expire. The veneer of culture sloughed as a snake his\n cast-off skin; they spit and chew, claw and grip as their\n forefathers beyond the memory of man.... The cost! The fleeing ones\n left _five hundred corpses in four trenches_. The others paid _seven\n times that price_\u2014killed and wounded\u2014to turn across the page of the\n world\u2019s warfare that word Nanshan.... A hospital ship left every day\n for Japan carrying from 200 to 1,000.... I lay in the broiling sun\n watching the soldiers huddle against the barbed-wire, under the\n machine guns ... only to melt away like chaff before a wind.... The\n \u2018pioneers\u2019 met with the death-sprinkle of the Maxim [guns] ... a\n machine rattled and the shale beyond spattered. I was carried back\n [in memory] to a boiler factory and an automatic riveter. Of all war\n sounds that of the machine gun is least poetic, is most deadly....\n The regiment under fire of the machine guns retreated precipitately,\n leaving _one-half its number_ on the slope.... Overwhelmed on all\n sides, tricked, defeated, _two-thirds of its men killed or\n wounded_ ... for out of that [another] brigade of 6,000 men there\n are ... uninjured but 640.... Moreover in throwing up their\n trenches ... _corpses had to be used to improvise the walls_....\n _The dead were being used to more quickly fill the embankments_....\n Soon dawn came and with it hell. The battle was on again. Within his\n sight were more than a hundred dead and twice as many wounded.\n Groans welled up like bubbles from a pot. Arms tossed feverishly.\n Backs writhed in despair.... Almost crazed by thirst and hunger, he\n [a wounded soldier unattended for days on the battlefield] at length\n severed the arteries of one of his comrades newly dead, and lived on\n [that is, sucked blood from a comrade\u2019s corpse?]. He found worms\n crawling in the wounds of his legs. He tore up the shirt of a corpse\n and bound them.... How like a living thing a shell snarls\u2014as some\n wild beast, in ferocious glee thrusting its cruel fangs in earth and\n rock, rending livid flesh with its savage claws, and its fetid\n breath of poison powder scorching in the autumn winds.... All the\n way up the base of the hill ... they were almost unmolested.... This\n made them confident. But the Russian general ... had ordered his men\n to reserve their fire till we got within close range, and then to\n give it to us with machine guns.... The aim was so sure and firing\n so heavy that _nearly two-thirds of the command was mowed down at\n once_.... Then came the thud of a bullet. It was a different thud\n from any we had heard up to that time, and though I had never before\n heard bullet strike flesh, I could not mistake the sound. It goes\n into the earth wholesome and angry, into flesh ripping and sick with\n a splash like a hoof-beat of mud in the face.... The parapets of\n four forts were alive with bursting shrapnel. A hundred a minute\n were exploding on each (at fifteen gold dollars apiece). The air\n above them was black with glycerine gases of the motor shells, and\n the wind blowing ... held huge quantities of dust.... \u2018No, the truth\n about war can not be told. It is too horrible. _The public will not\n listen._ A white bandage about the forehead with a strawberry mark\n in the center\u2014is the picture they want of the wounded. _They won\u2019t\n let you tell them the truth_ and show bowels ripped out, brains\n spilled, eyes gouged away, faces blanched with horror.... Archibald\n Forbes predicted twenty years ago that the time would come when\n armies would no longer be able to take their wounded from the field\n of battle. That day has come. We are living in it. Wounded have\n existed\u2014how, God knows\u2014on that field out there without help for\n twelve days, while shells and bullets rained about them, and if a\n comrade had dared to come to their assistance, his would have been a\n useless suicide. The searchlight, enginery of scientific trenches,\n machine-guns, rifles point blank at 200 yards with a range of over\n 2,000\u2014these things have helped to make war more terrible than ever\n before in history. Red Cross societies and scientific\n text-books\u2014they sell well and look pretty, but as for \u201chumane\n warfare\u201d\u2014was there ever put into words a mightier sarcasm!\u2019\u201d\n\nRead all of Mr. Barry\u2019s thrilling book and thus learn why the haughty\n\u201cvery best people,\u201d who despise the workingmen, socially, don\u2019t go\nthemselves, up close, to the foul and bloody hell called war.\n\nIn the Russian-Japanese war 275 officers and 1,349 men were treated in a\nsingle hospital for insanity. Says Dr. Awtokratow:\n\n \u201cAs might be anticipated, in the acute insanities, particularly in\n neurasthenic and confusional cases, the influence of the war gave a\n characteristic color to the mental symptoms, phases of panic terror,\n with hallucinations of bursting shells, pursuing enemies, putrefying\n corpses, and so forth, being especially frequent.\u201d[86]\n\nA special despatch in the New York _Times_ of December 11, 1909, reads:\n\n \u201cA carload of insane soldiers from the Philippines passed through\n Pittsburgh [Pennsylvania] today in charge of Major J. M. Kennedy,\n who was taking them to Washington from the Pacific Coast.\u201d[87]\n\nThe soldiers of the American Civil War did not use\u2014had not even heard\nof\u2014the terrible explosives of our day. Melinite, dynamite, cordite,\nindurite, motorite, ecrasite, peroxilene and other explosive compounds\nvastly increase the effectiveness of modern arms and in other ways also\nmultiply the dangers of the modern battlefield.\n\nMr. Charles Morris describes a dynamite gun as follows:[88]\n\n \u201cThe dynamite gun, compressed air usually being employed, while\n forty feet long, has a barrel of three-eighth inch iron, with\n one-eighth inch brass tubing. The projectile is of brass, forty\n inches long, rotation being given it by spiral vanes fixed to its\n base. It has a conical cast-iron point, twelve inches long. At a\n trial in 1895 shells were thrown as far as two thousand five hundred\n yards, and one containing one hundred pounds of dynamite was thrown\n a distance of two miles. Great accuracy of aim was attained. This\n dangerous weapon is an object of dread by naval officers.\u201d\n\nWriting of modern explosives, M. Bloch says, in substance: Such enormous\nenergy is developed in firing cannon using some of these explosives that\ngun, gunners and horses have been dragged a considerable distance. In\nthe case of a shell exploding by slight accident due to excitement the\nbody of the gun was broken into twenty pieces, the carriage and wheels\nwere reduced to a pile of shapeless steel and wooden splinters; single\nfragments of the destroyed gun \u201cweighed 363 pounds and were hurled 99\nyards forward and backward from the place where the gun was fired, and\nnearly 108 yards on either side.\u201d He calls special attention to the\n_dangers due to having such explosives on the field of battle_. He\nsays:[89]\n\n \u201cNotwithstanding the distance between guns, _a single explosion\n might embrace several guns and all their ammunition_.\n\n \u201cNot far from the battery ammunition cases will be placed. If these\n be not exploded by the concussion of the atmosphere they may very\n easily be exploded by some of the heavy fragments which fall upon\n them.\u201d\n\nLet us look for a moment at a new kind of storm\u2014a possible dynamite\nstorm.\n\nA rifle bullet fired into a stick of dynamite will explode the dynamite.\nA bullet accidentally fired from a high-power rifle into a dynamite\nfactory even a mile distant might easily destroy the entire factory and\ndestroy at the same time all life in and within hundreds of yards of the\nfactory, because of the highly explosive nature of the dynamite. The\nsame is true of factories in which other terrible explosives are being\nprepared for use on the battlefield. Such explosive materials in chests\non the field of battle create, of course, enormous danger that\n_thousands may be destroyed with their own ammunition_. One steel\nbullet, or one shell, fired from a modern high-power gun into a chest of\nshells or bombs, loaded as they are with highly explosive material,\u2014one\nsuch bullet or shell thus fired, might set off a chest of shells and\ncarry death to all around, these shells, exploding other chests of\nshells, and these still others, creating a sort of _hell in all\ndirections_. The possibilities thus created by modern highly explosive\nammunition materials are terrible, horrible to contemplate. Suppose ten\nthousand men on the battlefield, and suppose an explosion due to a\nsingle shell crashing into a chest of shells. A series of explosions\nmight follow. The first explosion, caused by one shot, might be\ncommunicated from the first bursting shell to the next, and so on in\nsuccession with startling rapidity. The thundering explosions would\ncause a cyclone of flying splinters of wood and steel, scrap-iron,\ncannon barrels, wagon wheels, the torn carcasses, the mingled flesh,\nblood and bones of dismembered horses and men,\u2014a storm of hopeless and\nhideous confusion, a harvest of death utterly indescribable. Thousands\nof brave young fellows from the farm, factories, mines and other\nindustries would thus be practically annihilated with their own\nammunition.\n\nWhat a place this would be (up close) for \u201cprominent citizens\u201d\u2014bankers,\npriests, preachers, bishops, senators, lawyers and \u201ccaptains of\nindustry\u201d! A storm of blood and steel! No, brother, oh, no. No dynamite\ncyclone for these pulmonary patriots. Hardly. There is plenty of\n\u201ccommon\u201d flesh and \u201ccommon\u201d blood of the \u201cplain people\u201d which can be\nbought cheap, dirt cheap.\n\nReflect for a moment on the horrible possibilities of the airship\ncarrying a light machine gun with a good supply of ammunition, or\ncarrying 1,000 or 1,500 pounds of dynamite aloft over an army, a city,\nor a fleet. The airship, though still very new, is already sufficiently\ndeveloped to make it practicable to work wholesale ruin in this way. In\nMarch, 1909, Count Zeppelin\u2019s dirigible airship, 445 feet long, 50 feet\nin diameter, carrying three motors, a searchlight, and twenty-five\npeople, fifteen of them soldiers, made a hundred-and-fifty-mile trip at\nthe rate of almost forty miles an hour. Hudson Maxim, the inventor and\nexpert in high explosives, torpedo boat-destroyers, noiseless gun\nattachments, and the like, speaks thus of the airship as a fighting\nmachine:[90]\n\n \u201cThe great field for operations with high explosives carried in\n airships will be the raiders\u2019 outfit. Aerial raiders would be able\n to do wide destruction on unprotected inland cities and towns,\n destroying railroads, blowing up bridges, arsenals, public stores,\n powder magazines and powder mills, and in levying ransom on moneyed\n institutions.... In future wars, the fronts of battle will be\n skyline and opposing skyline, and over the stupendous arena missiles\n of death will shriek and roar, while sharp-shooters with silent\n rifles will make ambush in copse and every hedge and highway.\u201d\n\nNow let us look for a moment at the greater cannon.\n\n \u201cA day will come,\u201d said Victor Hugo,[91] \u201cwhen a cannon will be\n exhibited in the public museums, just as an instrument of torture is\n now, and people will be astonished how such thing could have been.\u201d\n\nThe new 14\u2013inch gun fires a 1,600\u2013pound projectile. Used at its maximum\ncapacity it puts itself out of commission in six and one-half hours\nbecause of the frightful wear of the gun\u2019s heavy charges upon\nitself.[92] The 16\u2013inch seacoast gun exhibited at the World\u2019s Fair in\n1904 is officially described as having a \u201cmuzzle energy of\nprojectile ... 76,904 foot tons.\u201d\n\n \u201cThe Masonic Temple in Chicago, until recently the largest office\n building in the world, weighs 30,000 tons. In firing a 14\u2013inch gun,\n sufficient energy is developed to lift the Masonic Temple two feet\n in one second. The force behind a single eight-gun broadside from\n 14\u2013inch guns would raise that building sixteen feet in a single\n second.\u201d[93]\n\nThe United States Government has a 16\u2013inch cannon; it can throw a shot\nweighing 2,000 pounds to an extreme range of twenty-one miles, and has\nan effective range of twelve miles. It has been fired four times.\n\nAnd now think of a murdering machine 50 feet long, weighing 260,000\npounds, consuming 612 pounds of smokeless powder per charge, firing a\nprojectile weighing 2,400 pounds through 23\u00bd inches of Krupp steel\narmor, and having a range of almost nine miles\u2014a monster butchering\nmachine. The United States Government exhibited such a gun at the\nWorld\u2019s Fair, at St. Louis, in 1904,\u2014exhibited this hell\u2019s masterpiece\nwith pride, true, Christian, savage pride.\n\nThis huge gun was exhibited\u2014shrewdly.\n\nWhat for?\n\nMany youths from Christian homes looked upon this mechanical monster and\nthemselves became monsters\u2014in their hearts\u2014eager to butcher, \u201cnot only\nwilling, but _anxious_ to fight.\u201d\n\nHuman slaughter has become a science. The machines are perfect and\nready, all ready, for the _working_ class to use\u2014on the working class.\n\n\n SECTION TWO: THE SILENT DESTROYER\u2014DISEASE.\n\nThe barking rifle, the snarling Gatling gun, and the booming\ncannon\u2014these have also on the battlefield a foul and powerful\nconfederate, Disease. Disease joins in to poison the blood the guns do\nnot spill. On this important matter the reader will appreciate the\nexpert testimony here offered.\n\n \u201cIn every great campaign,\u201d says L. L. Seaman,[94] \u201can army faces two\n enemies: First, the armed force of the opposing foe with his various\n machines for human destruction, met at intervals in open battles;\n and, second, the hidden foe, always lurking in every camp, the\n spectre that gathers its victims while the soldier slumbers in the\n barracks or bivouacs, the greater silent foe\u2014disease. Of these\n enemies, the history of warfare for centuries shows that in extended\n campaigns, the first or open enemy kills twenty per cent. of the\n total mortality; while the second, or silent, enemy kills eighty per\n cent. In other words, out of every hundred men who fall in war,\n twenty die from casualties of battle, while eighty perish from\n disease.... It is in these conditions that we find the true hell of\n war.... Health alone, however, is no guarantee against the insidious\n attacks of the silent foe that lingers in every camp and bivouac. It\n is this foe, as the records of war for the past two hundred years\n have proved, that is responsible for four times as many deaths as\n the guns of the enemy, to say nothing of the vast number temporarily\n invalided or discharged as unfit for duty.... In the Russo-Turkish\n war, the deaths from the battle casualties were 20,000, while those\n from disease were 80,000. In our great Civil conflict ... 400,000\n were sacrificed to disease to 100,000 from battle casualties. In a\n recent campaign of the French in Madagascar 14,000 were sent to the\n front, of whom 29 were killed in action, and over 7,000 perished\n from preventable diseases. In the Boer War in South Africa the\n English losses were ten times greater from disease than from the\n bullets of the enemy. In our recent war with Spain fourteen lives\n were needlessly sacrificed to ignorance and incompetency for every\n man who died on the firing line or from results of wounds.\n\n \u201cIn our Spanish Army we had:\n\n 170,000 men,\n 156,000 hospital admissions in three months,\n 3,976 dead.\n\n \u201cThe remainder were mustered out, most of them, in shrunken and\n shriveled condition which the reader probably remembers. Our Army of\n Invasion numbered 20,000; in 1908 there were 24,000 pensioners; of\n these 24,000, over 19,000 are invalids and survivors of the war; and\n there are over 18,000 claims pending.\u201d\n\nHere is Theodore Roosevelt\u2019s testimony:[95]\n\n \u201cOur army [in Cuba] included the great majority of the regulars, and\n was, therefore, the flower of the American force.... Every officer\n other than myself except one was down with sickness at one time or\n another.... Very few of the men indeed retained their strength and\n energy ... there were less than fifty per cent. who were fit for any\n kind of work.\u201d\n\nDisease as a destroyer appears in the data furnished by C. Goltz, a few\nlines of which interesting facts run thus:[96]\n\n \u201cIt is horrible to see trains packed full with sick soldiers sent\n away from the army.... The loss from sickness is almost incredible,\n and one example is sufficient to prove that these losses may put all\n success at stake. The sanitary conditions of the German army in\n France in 1870 was very favorable; there were no dangerous\n infectious diseases. Nevertheless, 400,000 men were entered at the\n hospitals during the campaign, in addition to those dangerously\n wounded.\u201d\n\nAnitchkow thus testifies:[97]\n\n \u201cIn such a rich country as France, and in such a splendid climate,\n the army lost four times more from disease than from battles.\n [Franco-Prussian War, 1870\u201371.] It is evident that the force of\n modern arms ... presents less danger than infectious diseases and\n other sicknesses inseparable from the rough life of large\n camps.\u201d[98]\n\nAn anonymous author, quoted on a preceding page, calls attention[99] to\na matter of great importance in this connection, namely, the decreasing\nopportunity to carry the wounded off the battlefield and the consequent\nincreasing terrors for the men who lie torn, feverish and unattended on\nthe field lighted at night with searchlights and raked with machine\nguns, not only during the day, but also at night, making prompt rescue\nand surgical attention impossible. He writes:\n\n \u201cOne of the most cruel features in future battles will be the\n contrast between the great improvement in medical service, and the\n increasing difficulty, despite the Red Cross, of giving aid to the\n wounded.... His conclusion [the conclusions of Dr. Bardeleben, who\n was Surgeon-General of the Prussian Army during the Franco-Prussian\n War] was that the whole system of carrying away the wounded on\n litters during the battle must be abandoned as altogether\n impracticable. This I believe has proved to be generally true. And\n now battles last a week or ten days! Something, of course, can be\n done under cover of the night\u2014though the custom of fighting at night\n prevails more and more.... It is probable that, in spite of all\n improvements in medicine and ambulance, the sufferings of the\n wounded in the great battles in Manchuria and at the siege of Port\n Arthur have been as great as, if not greater than, those of any war\n of recent times.\u201d\n\n_Here it is to be emphasized by the young man who is thinking of joining\nthe army that in spite of the loud outcry against the poor fellows of\nour army in the Cuban war in the way of criminally inefficient medical\nservice, our great and extremely patriotic statesmen who love the common\nsoldiers so dearly have in the twelve years since the war made no\nadequate preparation to prevent another such outrage._ Let the following\nstand as evidence of this statement:[100]\n\n \u201c_Under the existing organization it would be impossible to prevent\n a breakdown of the Medical Department_ in case of a war involving\n the mobilization of the volunteer forces, nor would it be possible\n to spare the necessary Regular medical officers to apply in those\n voluntary forces the modern sanitary measures so vital to the health\n and efficiency of the troops, without which unnecessary suffering is\n produced and disaster is invited.\u201d\n\nThus also the New York _Times_:[101]\n\n \u201cThe admission rate into the hospitals for the American Army is [now\n in the time of peace] 1,250 per 1,000 each year. The _British\n Annual_ notes that this enormous rate is well above that for the\n French, German and Austrian armies, while the hospital lists for the\n British Army show a rate of but 324 per thousand.\u201d\n\nHowever, all this, so far as personal danger is concerned, is of _small\nimportance to the leading citizens_, because _they_\u2014these leaders\u2014will\nnever lead or be led to war. They have nothing to fear from hissing\nbullet, burning fever, and the death-grip of devouring diseases in war.\nThe plain, cheap wage-slave, the industrial draft-horses, the common men\nforced to keep books for a poor little salary, the fifteen-dollar-a-week\nclerks, the blistered miners, the tanned railroad men, the\ngrease-stained machinists, the soil-stained farm toilers, these, all\nthese and many others must learn one thing distinctly, and that thing is\nthis: Modern human butchering machinery has been so highly developed,\nand disease in war is so hideous, that \u201cour best citizens,\u201d \u201cour very\n_best_ people,\u201d \u201cour most successful men,\u201d politely (and intelligently)\ndecline all \u201cglorious opportunities\u201d to have their smooth fat bodies\nexposed to the steel-belching machines, or have their health ruined on\nthe battlefield and in the \u201cdead-house\u201d called a military hospital. The\ncommon earth must not drink up their rich aristocratic blood; no rough\narmy surgeon shall carve and slice and saw the \u201cleading citizens\u201d and\ncarelessly toss their severed arms and legs into a bloody heap of flesh\nas a butcher tosses scraps and trimmings from steaks and chops from his\ncutting block. Why, _certainly_ not. It should be remembered that such\npeople as bankers, big manufacturers, mine-owners, Senators,\nCongressmen, great editors and the like, do not have much physical\nexercise and at the same time they eat daintier food. They are not\nstrong in muscle, except for golf, horseback riding, swimming, hunting\ntrips, mountain climbing. They are softer in flesh than the wage-earner.\nThey belong to the \u201cvery _best_ families,\u201d and hence their flesh is\nfiner, their \u201cblue\u201d blood is richer and more sacred than the\nwage-earner\u2019s cheap red ooze. They are the social thoroughbreds, and the\nthoroughbreds believe that the thoroughbreds should be kept well out of\ndanger, while just the common social draft-horses are rushed to the\nfront where the modern butchering machinery is ready to mow down men by\nthe thousands and befouling disease is ready to rot the unspilt blood.\n\nMy working class brothers, mark it well: In the gilded, palatial homes\nof the industrial masters, in their club houses, in their elegant\nbusiness offices, in the legislative halls where \u201cstatesmen\u201d meet,\u2014there\nthe so-called best people, the still-fed, stall-fed snobs and Caesars of\nsociety never for one moment consider the matter of going themselves to\nthe front, never for an instant plan to go themselves into the cyclones\nof lead and steel or into the death-grasp of disease in war.\n\nNever!\n\nTo them the idea is so\u2014well, so _unkind_\u2014also ridiculous.\n\nTheir minds are made up.\n\nThey will not go.\n\nBut you, you brothers of the working class, you who toil on and on for\ncheap clothing, cheap shelter and cheap food\u2014you whose very lives are\nbought and sold on the installment plan, for wages day by day\u2014you who\nare forced to become the socially despised human oxen\u2014you\u2014you will be\nforced to the front, blinded with flattery and confused with gay-colored\nflags and booming drums\u2014you will virtually be forced to cut your own\nthroats\u2014forced to blow out your own brains and blood with these modern\nsteel destroyers, and forced to expose your lives to the grim curse,\nDisease. You will groan and scream and slowly rot and die in a dingy\nhospital tent or shed far from those you love\u2014laughed at (secretly) by\nthe _prominent_ people who have _already_ made up _their_ minds not to\ngo to war.\n\nHow long, O brothers of the working class, how long can you be seduced\nto slay yourselves?\n\nLeading citizens will bring about and brag about the wars.\n\nBut you, my brothers, will fight the wars.\n\nGrim Disease waits ready to give you her slimy embrace.\n\nThe cold steel machines are ready\u2014ready for heated men.\n\nKeep cool.\n\nBeware of the \u201cwar fever.\u201d\n\nNOTICE CAREFULLY:\u2014Your wealthy employers are not enlisting for the\nfiring line. _They are immune from the fool\u2019s fever._\n\nWait a little before you enlist. Think it over\u2014till week after next.\n\nYOU ARE SAFE\u2014(JUST THINK OF IT)\u2014ABSOLUTELY SAFE FROM DEATH IN THE NEXT\nWAR\u2014IF YOU CAN KEEP OFF THE FIRING LINE TILL THE \u201cPROMINENT GENTLEMEN\u201d\nOF YOUR COMMUNITY HAVE BEEN ON THE FIRING-LINE FOR THIRTY DAYS.\n\nOnce again, brother, admit this thought to your brain:\u2014The working class\nmust be the protectors of their own class\u2014always.[102]\n\n\n SECTION THREE: PEACEFUL SLAUGHTER\u2014IN INDUSTRY.\n\nSurely it is bad enough to have the workingmen slaughtered while on the\nbattlefield where each is armed and has his heart full of stupid hate\nfor his fellow workingman of some other country. But it is outrageous\nthat men, women, and little children should be killed and wounded by the\nhundreds of thousands every year in our own country while they are\nengaged in the useful, peaceful pursuits of industry. Let us briefly\nconsider this matter.\n\nThe owner of a _chattel_-slave worker is careful to PROTECT the\nchattel-slave from accident, from sickness and from death. The\nslave-owner buys the slave, buys his _whole_ life, at _one_ purchase;\nand he is interested, therefore, in having the slave alive and well and\nsound as long as possible in order to get out of the slave as much\nlabor-power as possible.\n\nBut the capitalist employer of the WAGE-slave worker does not buy the\nwage-earner _for life_; he buys the wage-earner, the wage-slave, IN\nSECTIONS; that is, for a month, or a week or a day at a time\u2014eight or\nten hours\u2019 labor-power per day. Thus there is _no risk_ for the\ncapitalist if the wage-earner falls sick and dies; he is not responsible\nfor the wage-earner\u2019s health. If the grinding toil ages or sickens the\nwage-earner it is nothing to the employer of the wage-slaves. There are\n_plenty more_ wage-slaves eager to sell their labor-power if some get\nsick or wounded, or die.\n\nOf course it costs the employer, it is expensive to him, it reduces the\nprecious surplus,\u2014it cuts down the profits on the labor-power he buys\nfor wages\u2014to ventilate his factory perfectly, to keep it clean of dust,\nfoul odors and poisonous gases, to arrange safeguards about dangerous\nmachinery in order to protect the wage-earners against accident and\nsickness. Railway companies, for example, are very slow to provide all\npossible safeguards to protect employees\u2014simply because it is expensive,\ncuts down profits, reduces the surplus value. Human life, however, is\nvery cheap under the wage-system. Of course a safety device, a\nventilator, might save a human arm or a human life\u2014of a wage-earner; but\nthe life-saving arrangement costs quite a bit of money. A new human\n_arm_, another human _life_ (another worker) can easily be found to take\nthe place of the lost arm or the destroyed life\u2014and _without extra\nexpense to the capitalist employer_. There are plenty of wage-slaves\nwaiting \u2019round anxious to be hired, and thus a WAGE-slave limb or life\ncan be replaced as easily as a wooden plug or a broken wheel in a\nmachine, and with no such loss as there would be if his workers were\nCHATTEL-slaves. Thus the wage-slave plan is cheaper\u2014more\n_profitable_\u2014and surely more _convenient_.\n\nYou can see that\u2014can\u2019t you?\n\nOf course \u201cit is cruel\u201d\u2014there is no sentiment in such a procedure. But\nthat does not matter, under capitalism: \u201cBusiness is _business_\u201d\u2014and\n\u201c_there is no sentiment in business_,\u201d we are assured of that by leading\nChristian business men.\n\nHence everywhere there is vicious neglect by the capitalist employers in\nthe matter of protecting the health, limb and life of the WAGE-workers,\nthe WAGE-slaves. The wage-system is in this respect far more cruel and\nmurderous than the chattel-slave system. Of course it seems impossible\nthat capitalism is more inhumanly scornful of human life than was\nchattel slavery. But here following is some evidence to show how the\ngreed for profits under the wage-system results in the slaughter of men,\nwomen and children\u2014far worse than under the chattel-slave system, even\nfar heavier slaughter than in actual war, real war in which even\nwholesale butchery with sword, rifle and cannon means magnificent\nsuccess.\n\n \u201cIt is the common consensus of opinion,\u201d says The New York\n _Independent_,[103] \u201camong investigators that industrial casualties\n in this nation number more than 500,000 yearly. Dr. Josiah Strong\n estimates the number at 564,000. As there are 525,600 minutes in a\n year, it may readily be seen that _every minute (day and night) our\n industrial system sends to the grave-yard or to the hospital a human\n being, the victim of some accident inseparable from his toil_. We\n cry out against the horrors of war.... But the ravages ... of\n Industrial warfare are far greater than those of armed conflict. The\n number of killed or mortally wounded (including deaths from\n accidents, suicides and murders, but excluding deaths from disease)\n in the Philippine War from February 4, 1899, to April 30, 1902, was\n 1,573. These fatal casualties were spread over a period of three\n years and three months. But one coal mine alone in one year\n furnished a mortality more than 38 per cent. in excess of this.\n\n \u201cThe Japanese war is commonly looked upon as the bloodiest of modern\n wars. According to the official statement of the Japanese\n Government, 46,180 Japanese were killed, and 10,970 died of wounds.\n Our industrial war shows a greater mortality year by year.\n\n \u201cBut we are all of us more familiar with the Civil War, and we know\n what frightful devastation it caused in households North and South.\n It was, however, but a tame conflict compared with that which rages\n today, and which we call \u2018peace.\u2019 The slaughter of its greatest\n battles are thrown in the shade by the slaughter which particular\n industries inflict today. Ask any schoolboy to name three of the\n bloodiest battles of that war, and he will probably name Gettysburg,\n Chancellorsville and Chickamauga. The loss on both sides was:\n\n Killed. Wounded.\n \u201cGettysburg 5,662 27,203\n Chancellorsville 3,271 18,843\n Chickamauga 3,924 23,362\n \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n Total 12,857 69,408\n\n \u201cBut our railroads, state and interstate, and our trolleys in one\n year equal this record in the number of killings and double it in\n the number of woundings....\n\n \u201cBut whose interest is it that the lives of the workers shall be ...\n guarded? _The employer class has no material interest_ in the\n matter. The worker is \u2018free,\u2019 _legally_, to refuse to work under\n dangerous conditions. If, _economically_, he must accept work under\n these conditions [or starve], that is another matter.\u201d\n\nAnother witness[104] sets forth the murderous carelessness of the lives\nof the workers in modern industry thus:\n\n \u201cIn Allegheny County, Pa., including Pittsburgh, 17,700 persons were\n killed or injured last year in the mills and on the railroads or in\n some of the workshops of that interesting Inferno. This number has\n been recorded and reported, and there were, of course, others whose\n deaths or injuries were not reported.... Life and limb are\n needlessly sacrificed\u2014hundreds of thousands of lives every decade.\n This is one of the penalties that we pay for quick industrial\n success.\u201d\n\n\u201cQuick industrial success\u201d is good, a fine phrase indeed\u2014in the mining\nindustry, for example, in which in the United States from 1889 to 1909\nover 30,000 men were killed.[105] If a war were on in the Philippines\nand 1500 of our men were being slaughtered every year the generals and\ncaptains in charge of our forces would be regarded as failures. Yet the\ncaptains of industry, in the capitalist administration of the mining\nindustry alone, in the United States sacrifice more than 1500 brave men\nof the great industrial army every year.\n\nThat the modern industry, inspired by insane lust for _profits for part\nof the people_ rather than by _welfare for all the people_\u2014that this\nmodern industry is far more deadly than real war on a large scale\u2014this\nseems impossible. Yet it is not at all an impossibility; it is reality;\nit is experience; it is fact; it is the savagery of capitalist\ncivilization.\n\nALL THE PROFIT-MONGERS\u2019 PROUD AND STUPID BOASTING OF THE NOBLE TRIUMPHS\nOF CAPITALIST \u201cPHILANTHROPY\u201d CAN NOT HUSH THE LOUD-SHOUTING FACT THAT\nTHE SICKLE OF DEATH CUTS DOWN THE TOILERS FAR MORE RAPIDLY WHILE\nPEACEFULLY ON DUTY IN THE INDUSTRIES THAN IT SLASHES DOWN IN TIME OF WAR\nON THE FIRING-LINE AND IN THE MILITARY HOSPITAL\u2014FAR MORE THAN THE RIFLE,\nSWORD, BAYONET, AND DISEASE COMBINED.\n\nThis is true, horrible and important. And because it is true, horrible\nand important, all doubt concerning the matter should, as far as\npossible, be dispelled. And, therefore, still more evidence is here\noffered to make the matter clear.\n\nThe eminent publicist, Dr. Josiah Strong, testifies:[106]\n\n\u201cWe might carry on a half dozen Philippine wars for three-quarters of a\ncentury with no larger number of total casualties than take place yearly\nin our peaceful industries.\n\n\u201cTAKING THE LOWEST OF OUR THREE ESTIMATES OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS, THE\nTOTAL NUMBER OF CASUALTIES SUFFERED BY OUR INDUSTRIAL ARMY IN ONE YEAR\nIS EQUAL TO THE AVERAGE ANNUAL CASUALTIES OF OUR CIVIL WAR, PLUS THOSE\nOF THE PHILIPPINE WAR, PLUS THOSE OF THE RUSSIAN-JAPANESE WAR.\n\n\u201cThink of carrying on three such wars at the same time, world without\nend.\u201d\n\nLosses from sickness in war and from sickness contracted in industry\nare, it should be remembered, not included in Dr. Strong\u2019s calculations.\n\nPresident Roosevelt in his Annual Message of 1907 bluntly stated the\nfacts as follows:\n\n\u201cINDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES NOW EXACTS ... A FAR HEAVIER TOLL OF\nDEATH THAN ALL OF OUR WARS PUT TOGETHER.... THE NUMBER OF DEATHS IN\nBATTLE IN ALL THE FOREIGN WARS PUT TOGETHER FOR THE LAST CENTURY AND A\nQUARTER, AGGREGATE CONSIDERABLY LESS THAN ONE YEAR\u2019S DEATH RECORD FOR\nOUR INDUSTRIES.\u201d\n\nIt is inevitable that this slaughter of the toilers both in industry and\nin war will work rapidly and disastrously against the general\nblood-vigor of society. Serious and conservative students of the\nblood-letting and blood-weakening tendencies of capitalistic society are\nbeginning to sound the alarm. The startlingly visible results in British\nsociety serve as excellent illustrative material. For more than two\nhundred years vast numbers of the soundest, strongest British workingmen\nhave been slaughtered or weakened in war; and for more than a hundred\nyears (the era of intense machine production) the British workingmen,\nwomen, and children have been cruelly overworked, underfed and ill-clad\nin the struggle for existence\u2014_in the industrial civil war called\ncapitalism_. And here are some of the results:\n\n \u201cIn Manchester,\u201d says Thomas Burke,[107] \u201cout of 12,000 would-be\n recruits [for the South African War], 8,000 were rejected as\n virtually invalids, and only 1,200 could be regarded as fit in all\n respects.... General Sir Frederick Maurice declared that, according\n to the best evidence he could obtain, it was the fact that for many\n years out of every five recruits only two were found to be\n physically fit after two years\u2019 service.... It was, indeed, a\n startling fact that 60 per cent. of the men offering themselves for\n active service were physically unfit.\u201d\n\nThus the well-known preacher and lecturer, Dr. Newell Dwight Hillis, of\nBrooklyn, New York:[108]\n\n \u201cMany forms of public charity, from a scientific viewpoint, seem a\n curse, while wars and many industries seem the enemies of the blood\n of the nation.... The national physique has suffered an incalculable\n loss. In one factory town [in England] the military commission,\n examining young men for the South African War, rejected nineteen out\n of twenty, because of some defect in the eyes or lungs or legs.\u201d\n\nIt is to be remembered that many thousands of men who report for\nexamination as candidates for military service are so evidently\ndefective that no formal examination is necessary for their prompt\nrejection. It is also important to consider the fact that there are many\nthousands of men who would gladly join the army, but make no\napplication, knowing well, in advance, that they would be rejected as\nunfit. Thus the statistics showing that a large per cent. of those\nreporting to the military department as candidates for the service are\n\u201crejected on examination,\u201d even these statistics do not fully reveal the\nunfortunate condition of affairs. In ten of the largest cities of\nEngland and Scotland in the year ending September 30, 1907, there were\n34,808 applicants for admission to the army. Forty-seven per cent. of\nthese applicants were rejected as physically unfit.[109] Of course, the\npercentage of rejections would have been far heavier if all had applied\nwho would have been glad to join the army.\n\nThe next generation of English working-class people will probably be far\nmore physically defective than the present generation.\n\nIn Westham public school (London) it was recently found:\n\n \u201c... That 87 per cent. of the infants and 70 per cent. of the older\n children were below the normal physique. These were all children of\n the dockers.\n\n \u201cNeglecting the kindly and assuageable problem of rural poverty, we\n seem driven to the conclusion that some seven and a half millions of\n people are at the present moment in England living below the poverty\n line\u2014a problem which if only definitely realized in its squalid\n immensity is surely enough to stagger humanity.\u201d[110]\n\nIn England, because of the physical decline of the working class, the\nGovernment has so much difficulty in finding a sufficient number of\nsound men to fill the ranks that it has been necessary, since the Battle\nof Waterloo, to repeatedly lower the physical requirements for\nenlistment.\n\nThus do our brothers and sisters of the working class decay\u2014driven to\ndeath\u2014in the mills and mines and other industries. And in many parts of\nthe world the fleshless skulls of the toilers slaughtered on the\nbattlefield stare and grin at the present generation of workers\ndecaying, dying in the capitalist industrial warfare. The president of\nStanford University, Dr. David Starr Jordan, writes:[111]\n\n \u201cIt is claimed on authority ... that the French soldier of today is\n nearly two inches shorter than the soldier of a century ago....\n There [in Novara, Italy] the farmers have ploughed up skulls of men\n till they have piled up a pyramid ten to twelve feet high.... These\n were the skulls of the young men of Savoy, Sardinia, and\n Austria,\u2014men of eighteen to thirty-five, without physical blemish so\n far as may be.... You know the color that we call magenta, the hue\n of the blood that flowed out over the olive trees.... Go over Italy\n as you will, there is scarcely a spot not crimsoned with the blood\n of France, scarcely a railway station without its pile of French\n skulls. You can trace them across to Egypt, to the foot of the\n Pyramids. You will find them in Germany, at Jena and Leipzig, at\n L\u00fctzen and Bautzen and Austerlitz. You will find them in Russia, at\n Moskow; in Belgium, at Waterloo. \u2018A boy can stop a bullet as well as\n a man,\u2019 said Napoleon; and with the rest are the skulls of boys ...\n \u2018born to be food for powder,\u2019 was the grim epigram of the day.\u201d\n\nThis vast crime, this phase of hell for the working class, is well\nstated by J. H. Rose:[112]\n\n\u201cAmidst the ever deepening misery they [Napoleon\u2019s army] struggled on,\nuntil of the 600,000 who had proudly crossed the Niemen for the conquest\nof Russia, only 20,000 famished, frost-bitten, unarmed spectres\nstaggered [back] across the bridge of Lorno in the middle of\nDecember.... Despite the loss of the most splendid army ever marshalled\nby man, Napoleon ... strained every effort to call the youth of the\nempire to arms.... THE MIGHTY SWIRL OF THE MOSKOW CAMPAIGN SUCKED IN\n150,000 LADS UNDER TWENTY YEARS OF AGE INTO THE VORTEX.... The peasants\ngave up their sons as food for cannon.... In less than half a year after\nthe loss of half a million men a new army nearly as large was\nmarshalled.... But the majority were young.... Soldiers were wanting,\nyouths were dragged forth.\u201d\n\nPresident Jordan, quoting Mr. Otto Seek, said:[113]\n\n \u201cNapoleon in a series of years seized all the youth of high stature\n and left them scattered over many battlefields, so that the French\n people who followed them are mostly men of smaller stature. More\n than once in France since Napoleon\u2019s time has the [physical] limit\n been lowered.\u201d\n\nThe ancient Romans, a large robust people, spilt so much of the best\nblood of the best men in their \u201cglorious\u201d wars that their modern\ndescendants, the Italians, are conspicuously inferior, physically, to\ntheir ancient ancestors; comparatively they are stunted. The \u201cglorious\u201d\nvictories of Caesar alone cost more than a million picked men on the\nbattlefield.[114]\n\nThese vast, incalculable wrongs thrust into the lives of the working\nclass\u2014will they ever be righted?\n\nDay dawns even now.\n\nThe lust for blood and profits will yet be cheated of its victories and\nvictims\u2014in the hastening future.\n\nOur working class brothers in Europe are already rousing and shaking off\nthe cruel spell of the gilt-braided butchers and silk-hatted capitalist\nstatesmen and industrial Neros; _the toilers in Europe are learning to\nseize the powers of government in self-defense,\u2014quietly and legally, of\ncourse, but_\u2014DEFIANTLY.[115]\n\nWe\u2014driven, robbed and despised in the factory; betrayed, buncoed and\nslaughtered on the battlefield; voiceless in the control of industry,\nvoiceless in the capitalist political party conventions, voiceless in\nthe judiciary, voiceless in state and national legislatures, voiceless\nin the state and national executive councils, ridiculed by \u201chigh\nsociety,\u201d scorned everywhere\u2014we also must learn to defend ourselves. We\nmust seize the powers of government and defend our class\u2014everywhere.\n\nBrothers, my American brothers, brothers of all the world,\u2014if you have\nminds exercise them\u2014for your own class; if you have pride, show it\u2014for\nyour class; if you have loyalty, prove it\u2014for your class; if you have\npower, use it\u2014use it in self-defense\u2014for your class; if you can climb,\nwhy, climb, united with your class altogether\u2014climb out of hell, the\nhell of capitalism.\n\nDivided, your masters despise you.\n\nUnited, your masters dread you.\n\nGet together, brothers, and get up off your knees.\n\nRefuse to go to hell\u2014the hell of war.\n\nRefuse to stay in hell\u2014the hell of capitalist industry.\n\nUnite! For peace and freedom\u2014unite!\n\nForm, toilers, form!\n\nOrganize!\n\nA solid front on the battlefield\u2014of industry.\n\nA solid front on the battlefield\u2014of politics.\n\nA suggestion: Let each one of a hundred thousand men and women patiently\nand repeatedly bear light to the brain of one new man or woman each\nmonth for two years, and _teach each new man to become a teacher of\nother men and women_. Get some good book, a book that burns, a book that\nkindles a passion for freedom and justice; and lend that book to a new\nperson each month _till the book is worn out_.[116]\n\nLight a lamp in your neighbor\u2019s brain.\n\nStrike a fire in your neighbor\u2019s heart.\n\nRevolutionize him.\n\nDare.\n\nToday.\n\nSociety is, and always will be\u2014as free as the majority have sense enough\nand pride enough to make it; or as tyrannical as the majority are meek\nenough to permit it to be.\n\nConditions always express the will or lack of will of the majority.\n\n-----\n\nFootnote 67:\n\n See Index: \u201cDesertion,\u201d also \u201cSuicide, startling increase of, in\n American Army.\u201d\n\nFootnote 68:\n\n _Financial History of the United States_, Vol. III., p. 245.\n\nFootnote 69:\n\n _School History of the United States_, p. 423.\n\nFootnote 70:\n\n Quoted in Mead\u2019s _Patriotism and the New Internationalism_, pp. 18\u201319.\n\nFootnote 71:\n\n See J. Bloch: _The Future of War_, a volume of great value, packed\n with information concerning several different phases of war under\n present conditions. Published by Ginn and Company, New York.\n\nFootnote 72:\n\n _The Making of America_, Vol. IX., Special Article, \u201cArmy and Navy,\u201d\n p. 388.\n\nFootnote 73:\n\n Report for 1908, p. 33.\n\nFootnote 74:\n\n See A. Williams: _Romance of Modern Mechanics_, Chapter 27.\n\nFootnote 75:\n\n McLaren: _Put Up Thy Sword_, p. 127.\n\nFootnote 76:\n\n _The Nation\u2019s Navy_, p. 292.\n\nFootnote 77:\n\n Published by Houghton, Mifflin and Company, Boston.\n\nFootnote 78:\n\n Published by Moffat, Yard and Company, New York.\n\nFootnote 79:\n\n Published by J. Fisher Unwin, London.\n\nFootnote 80:\n\n Published by The Macmillan Company, New York.\n\nFootnote 81:\n\n Published by Ginn and Company, New York.\n\nFootnote 82:\n\n _Arbeiter in Council_ (Anonymous), pp. 155\u201356; published by The\n Macmillan Company, New York. A valuable book.\n\nFootnote 83:\n\n See Bloch: _The Future of War_; also Morris: _The Nation\u2019s Navy_, p.\n 289.\n\nFootnote 84:\n\n _The Future of War, Preface_, p. XXV., also pp. 9 and 157.\n\nFootnote 85:\n\n Published by Moffat, Yard and Company, New York. Italics mine. G. R.\n K. See pp. 82\u201383.\n\nFootnote 86:\n\n See _Literary Digest_, Nov. 9, 1907.\n\nFootnote 87:\n\n See Index: \u201cInsanity in American Army.\u201d\n\nFootnote 88:\n\n _The Nation\u2019s Navy_, pp. 289\u201390.\n\nFootnote 89:\n\n _The Future of War_, pp. 21 and 22. Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 90:\n\n Lecture, \u201cThe War of the Future,\u201d at Amherst College, Dec. 3, 1909.\n\nFootnote 91:\n\n Quoted in Charles Sumner\u2019s _Addresses on War_, p. 138.\n\nFootnote 92:\n\n See _Scientific American_, Sept. 21, 1907.\n\nFootnote 93:\n\n J. F. Haskins, New York _Globe and Commercial Advertiser_, Feb. 1,\n 1909.\n\nFootnote 94:\n\n _Appleton\u2019s Magazine_, April, 1908.\n\nFootnote 95:\n\n _The Rough Riders_, pp. 202, 209.\n\nFootnote 96:\n\n _The Nation in Arms_, p. 376.\n\nFootnote 97:\n\n _War and Labor_, p. 54.\n\nFootnote 98:\n\n But see Professor Mayo-Smith\u2019s _Statistics and Sociology_.\n\nFootnote 99:\n\n _Arbeiter in Council_, pp. 150\u201351.\n\nFootnote 100:\n\n Annual Report of the Secretary of War (William H. Taft), 1907, p. 25.\n Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 101:\n\n Editorial, Oct. 7, 1909.\n\nFootnote 102:\n\n See Index: \u201cAnother War.\u201d\n\nFootnote 103:\n\n March 14, 1907. Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 104:\n\n _World\u2019s Work_, March, 1906.\n\nFootnote 105:\n\n Museum of Safety and Sanitation, Bulletin, issued December, 1909.\n\nFootnote 106:\n\n _North American Review_, Nov., 1906. Emphasis mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 107:\n\n _The Forum_, Jan., 1905.\n\nFootnote 108:\n\n Brooklyn _Daily Eagle_, Feb. 13, 1907.\n\nFootnote 109:\n\n _Labor Leader_, London, July 17, 1908.\n\nFootnote 110:\n\n C. F. G. Masterman: _Contemporary Review_, Jan., 1902.\n\nFootnote 111:\n\n _The Blood of the Nation_, pp. 45\u201347.\n\nFootnote 112:\n\n _The History of Napoleon._ Emphasis mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 113:\n\n In an address, \u201cThe Biology of War,\u201d May 3, 1909, Chicago.\n\nFootnote 114:\n\n Reference for substance and part of phrasing of this paragraph has\n been lost.\n\nFootnote 115:\n\n See Index: \u201cFour Historic Events.\u201d\n\nFootnote 116:\n\n See \u201cWhat to Read,\u201d Chapter Twelve.\n\n\n\n\n CHAPTER SIX.\n Tricked to the Trenches\u2014Then Snubbed.\n\n\n \u201cOn the whole, the patriotism of the average citizen rises and falls\n inversely with the Income Tax; ...\u201d[117]\n\nImagine J. P. Morgan, rifle in hand, doing picket duty on a dark,\nsleet-drizzling night. Imagine J. Ogden Armour, George Gould and Thomas\nF. Ryan with heavy shovels digging trenches, stopping at noon to eat\nsome salt pork, embalmed beef and stale crackers. Imagine Reggie\nVanderbilt as a freighter hurrying rations to the front and taking care\nof six mud-covered horses at night. Imagine the strong younger John D.\nRockefeller on the firing line with his breast exposed to the hellish\nrain of lead from a Gatling gun. Yes, indeed,\u2014just imagine a whole\nregiment of big bankers and manufacturers dressed in khaki, breakfasting\non beans and bacon, then rushing sword in hand to storm a\ncannon-bristled fort belching fire and lead and steel into their smooth,\nsmug faces\u2014for fifty cents a day.\n\nBrother, when you are ordered to the front just glance around and notice\nthe noisily patriotic gentlemen who keep to the rear\u2014at home where it is\nsafe and delightfully quiet. These patriots in the rear will sweetly\nsay, \u201cSee you later!\u201d If you ever get back from the war, they will see\nyou when they flatteringly give you a \u201cwelcome home.\u201d Mark you: When war\nbreaks out these \u201cbest people\u201d do not say, \u201c_Come_ on, boys, come\non\u2014follow us.\u201d Hardly. It is \u201c_Go_ on, boys, go _ahead_, go right on. We\nwill be with you.\u201d That is, they will be with you as far as the railway\nstation, and after that these \u201cprominent people\u201d will give the \u201cbrave\nboys\u201d absent treatment.\n\nThe man in the factory and in the mine is the \u201chand,\u201d the \u201chired hand,\u201d\nof capitalist society; and when he shoulders a rifle for military\nservice he becomes the steel-toothed jaw of capitalist society. SOLDIERS\nARE TO THE CAPITALIST CLASS WHAT TEETH ARE TO TIGERS AND BEAKS ARE TO\nEAGLES. Soldiers are often called the \u201cdogs of war\u201d; and they are,\nindeed, the watchdogs of capitalism\u2014with barracks, armories and tents\nfor kennels. Bankers, manufacturers, mine owners and the like despise\nthe very thought of living themselves in the military \u201cwar-dog\u201d kennels.\nSuch men can not be tricked to the tents and trenches.\n\nIn wheedling young men to join the army and the navy the National\nGovernment is hard put to it; must even make fun of the poverty and\nignorance of the humble toilers in the industries\u2014and openly sneers at\nthem. Here is a sample of the vile means used by the Government to shame\ngreen young fellows into the army and the navy.[118]\n\n \u201cWANTED\u2014for the United States Marine Corps\u2014Able-bodied men who wish\n to see the world....\n\n \u201cRegular pay $12.80\n \u201cPost Mechanics, fifty cents per day 13.00\n \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n \u201cTotal $25.80\n\n \u201cWhich is better for a young man _who can never hope to travel on\n his own account_: to enlist in the Marine Corps for four years ...\n where he will be able to see a great portion of the world and\n perform a loyal duty to his country,\u2014or, to _drudge away on the\n farm, in the shop and various other places, for from ten to fifteen\n hours per day in all kinds of weather_, and at the end of the month\n or better still, of four years, not have as much clear cash to show\n for all his hard and wearisome labor as he would have, had he\n enlisted?... he [the enlisted man] is always _clean_.\u201d\n\nThere you have it, young farmer, young mechanic: the Government throws\nit right into your teeth\u2014the sneer that as a _wage_-earner in the shop\nand mine and on the farm, you are cornered; that with all your toiling\nand sweating you will always be a \u201cdirty-faced tender-foot\u201d living\nhumbly around the old home place, never having opportunity to see the\nworld you live in; that you can not even hope to travel on your own\naccount, simply because as a _wage_-earner you don\u2019t _own_ enough of\n\u201cyour\u201d country\u2014you can not get ahead far enough financially\u2014to enable\nyou to do so. If you want to see the world you will have to join the\nbutchers in the service of the rulers. In its effort to tease and trick\nyou aboard its great warships, into the \u201carmed guard\u201d work, your own\nGovernment makes fun of your humble income and taunts you for always\nstaying around home like a \u201csissy boy.\u201d The Government also tells you\nthat your face is dirty and that a military man\u2019s face \u201cis always\nclean.\u201d The Government\u2019s advertisement just quoted is like the sneer at\nthe soldier\u2019s poverty by that elegant aristocrat, Ralph Waldo\nEmerson:[119]\n\n \u201cWhere there is no property the people will put on the knapsack for\n bread.\u201d\n\nThink of ten million five hundred thousand trained strong men in five\nEuropean countries ready to leap into the trenches at the word of\ncommand. \u2018In a war between the Dual Alliance and the Triple Alliance\nthere would be over ten million men under arms, thus:[120]\n\n Germany 2,500,000\n Austria 1,300,000\n Italy 1,300,000\n France 2,500,000\n Russia 2,800,000\n \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\n Total 10,400,000\u2019\n\nThese would not so much be tricked to the trenches as they would be\nforced to the trenches. Emperor William of Germany at Potsdam, in\nNovember, 1891, addressed the young men who had just been compelled to\ntake the military oath. He said:\n\n \u201cYou are now my soldiers, you have given yourselves to me body and\n soul. There is but one enemy for you, and that is my enemy.... It\n may happen that I shall order you to fire on your brothers and\n fathers.... But in such case you are bound to obey me without a\n murmur.\u201d[121]\n\nThink of ten or fifteen million men ready to be forced or tricked to war\nto _do the bidding of rulers_ whom these _big strong men outnumber ten\nthousand to one_; ready to do the bidding of a coterie of parasitic\ncowards; ready\u2014cheap, weak, humble and contemptible\u2014ready to scramble to\nthe trenches and obey the murderers\u2019 orders: \u201cKill! Kill! Kill! Kill!\nSlay! Slaughter! Butcher!\u201d\n\nThat millions of strong men should, like whipped dogs, grovel on the\nground before their masters and fight at the word of command\u2014this, of\ncourse, is ridiculous; and naturally these millions of meek, weak,\nprideless, grovelling common soldiers\u2014all over Europe\u2014all over the\nworld\u2014are held socially in supreme contempt by the political and\nindustrial masters of society. But whether the soldier is conscripted,\n\u201cdrafted,\u201d or volunteers to serve, the masters\u2019 contempt is complete.\n\nThe soldiers during a war, the workers who support a war, and both the\nsoldiers and the toilers after a war\u2014are held in contempt even by those\nwho praise them most. It will help somewhat in realizing this to make a\nshort study of several actual cases as illustrations. The examples\nfollowing are, most of them, from English and from American history. In\nall the illustrations the mocking insincerity of the profit-lusting,\nlong-distance patriot is easily seen.\n\n\nFIRST ILLUSTRATION: THE ENGLISH IN THE NAPOLEONIC WARS, AND IN THE BOER\nWAR.\n\nNever in modern times did a nation of toilers longer or more loyally\nsupport a war than did the working class of England support the British\nGovernment in the Napoleonic Wars\u2014a fifth of a century of continuous\nblood-letting. Never before or since did the working class of a nation\nlonger or more gladly give up its choicest men to butcher and be\nbutchered than did the English working class for the Napoleonic Wars.\nNever did men serve more loyally or longer or fight more bravely. This\nlong storm of death closed with the awful Battle of Waterloo in 1815.\n\nAfter such service we might expect the patriotic capitalists of England\nto be most thoughtfully and finely kind to the toilers who supported the\nwars and to the veterans who fought the wars.\n\nBut what happened?\n\nAfter the Battle of Waterloo, leaving tens of thousands of their\ncomrades on the skull-strewn plains of the Continent, the hypnotized\nveterans\u2014scarred, ragged and proud\u2014returned home\u2014home from hell\u2014returned\nto England with glad hearts ignorantly and gullibly expecting a joyous\n\u201cwelcome home\u201d by the masters who had flattered, brutalized, ruled, and\nused them. Welcome home! The cruel mockery of it! The hideous irony of\nthe masters\u2019 prompt treatment of them! Promptly these brave and ignorant\nmen from the battlefields were openly scorned and threatened by the\nindustrial masters of England. Never were masters more cruel toward\ndeluded veteran patriots. Never were masters more heartless toward\nmillions of half-starved toilers\u2014than were the British masters toward\nthe half-starved ragged British workers whose labor had supported the\narmy in the field for twenty years.\n\nPromptly at the close of the Napoleonic wars a movement was made in the\nBritish Parliament to relieve the _leisure class_ of one-half the income\ntax, but none was made to ease the burdens of the starving working\nclass. There was biting irony in the fact that\n\n \u201cOne of the first parliamentary struggles [following the war] was\n the proposal of the government to reduce the income tax from 10 to 5\n per cent., and to apply this half [the unremitted half] of it,\n producing about $37,500,000, toward the expense of maintaining a\n standing army of 150,000 men.\u201d[122]\n\nOf course _the purpose_ of this to-be-increased army was to have an\n_armed guard ready to crush the \u201chobo\u201d heroes home from the war and\nunemployed, ready also to hold down the great multitude of poorly paid\nor unemployed toilers_\u2014_all_ now loudly complaining against the\nincreasing misery thrust into their lives.\n\nThe landlords at once advanced the land rents and the house rents so\noutrageously that many thousands of feeble working class veterans were\nforced into trampdom, and were then brutally abused for vagrancy. The\nhuge and hungry army of the unemployed actually found that in some ways\npeace was, at that time, even worse than war\u2014for the working class.\n\nThis outrageous treatment, this brutal contempt for the workers from\ntheir pretentiously patriotic rulers may seem to the reader impossible.\nThe case, however, is so typical as to be worth space for evidence. And\nhere is some testimony from witnesses not prejudiced, perhaps, in favor\nof the workers. Professor J. E. Thorold Rogers writes thus of the\nmatter:[123]\n\n \u201cIn point of fact, the sufferings of the working classes (in\n England) during this dismal period [the first twenty years of the\n nineteenth century] ... were certainly intensified by the harsh\n partiality of the law; but they were due in the main to deeper\n causes. Thousands of homes were starved in order to find means to\n support the great war, the cost of which was really supported by the\n labor of those who toiled on and earned the wealth which was\n lavished freely, and at a good rate of interest for the lenders, by\n the government. The enormous taxation and the gigantic loans came\n from the store of accumulated capital, which the employers wrung\n from the poor wages of labor, or the landlords extracted from the\n growing grains of their tenants. To outward appearance, the strife\n was waged by armies and generals; but in reality the resources on\n which the struggle was based were the stint and starvation of labor,\n the over-taxed and underfed toils of childhood, the underpaid and\n uncertain employment of men. Wages were mulcted in order to provide\n the waste of war, and the profits of commerce and manufacture.\u201d\n\nThe case is summed up by another authority:[124]\n\n \u201cDistress instead of plenty, misery instead of comfort\u2014these were\n the first results of peace.\u201d\n\nThe English historian, J. R. Green, is thus frank:[125]\n\n \u201cThe war enriched the landowner, the farmer, the merchant, the\n manufacturer; but it impoverished the poor. It is indeed from these\n fatal years that we must date that war of the classes, that social\n severance between employers and employed, which still forms the main\n difficulty of English politics.\u201d\n\nS. R. Gardiner furnishes this testimony:[126]\n\n \u201cTowards the end of 1816 riots broke out in many places, which were\n put down.... The government ignored the part which physical distress\n played in promoting the disturbances.... The Manchester Massacre ...\n a vast meeting of at least 50,000 gathered on August 16, 1816, in\n St. Peter\u2019s Field, Manchester.... The Hussars charged, and the\n weight of disciplined soldiery drove the crowd into a huddled mass\n of shrieking fugitives, pressed together by their efforts to escape.\n When at last the ground was cleared many victims were piled one upon\n another.\u201d\n\nThe people who had fed and clothed and armed the soldiers, were now cut\ndown and trampled down in heaps by mounted soldiers. The historians\nBrodrick and Frotheringham summarize the matter as follows:[127]\n\n \u201cFour troops of Hussars then made a dashing charge ... the people\n fled in wild confusion before them; some were cut down, more were\n trampled down; an eye-witness describes \u2018several mounds of human\n beings lying where they had fallen.\u2019\u201d\n\nJustin McCarthy\u2019s statement of the case is instructive:[128]\n\n \u201cThere was widespread distress [in 1816]. There were riots in the\n counties of England arising out of the distress. There were riots in\n various parts of London.... The Habeas Corpus Act was suspended....\n A large number of working men conceived the idea of walking to\n London to lay an account of their distress before the heads of\n government [Perfectly reasonable?].... The nickname of Blanketeers\n was given to them because of their portable sleeping arrangements.\n (Every man carried a blanket.) ... The \u2018Massacre of Peterloo\u2019 ...\n took place not long after.... It was a vast meeting\u2014some 80,000 men\n and women are stated to have been present.... The yeomanry, a\n mounted militia force, ... dashed in upon the crowd, spurring their\n horses and flourishing their sabres. Eleven persons were killed and\n several hundred were wounded. The government brought in ... the\n famous Six Acts. These Acts were simply measures to render it more\n easy to put down and disperse meetings ... and to suppress any\n manner of publication which they chose to call seditious.... It was\n the conviction of the ruling class that the poor and the working\n classes of England were preparing a revolution.... In 1818, a motion\n for annual parliaments and universal suffrage was lost by a majority\n of 106 to nobody.\u201d\n\nSays Professor Jesse Macy:[129]\n\n \u201cBy a series of repressive measures popular agitation was\n arrested.... _Popular agitation was brought to an end by force._ So\n complete was the repression that there occurred no great political\n consequences until the movement which carried the Reform Bill\n [1832].\u201d\n\n\u201cSilence!\u201d is _always_ the order of despotism when the \u201cbruised lips\u201d of\nstarving slaves speak loud for freedom.\n\nThus did the proud, \u201cpatriotic\u201d masters of England spit in the faces of\nthe starving working class who supported the war and laugh to scorn the\nold working class soldiers who had fought the long and horrible war.\nThus were the battle-scarred heroes\u2014and their families\u2014sabred and\nbayoneted. Thus were some of the rights they already had, torn from\ntheir hands. Thus were they denied a voice in the government they\nserved. Thus were the toilers and veterans outraged\u2014duped, despised,\nsnubbed\u2014during and after the \u201cglorious\u201d Napoleonic wars.\n\nThe shameless Caesars who constituted the English government of the time\nheaped wrong upon wrong by sending police spies into the great public\nmeetings of the ragged veterans of war and industry _to stir them up to\nviolence, thus furnishing the government excuse for its brutalities and\nrepressive legislation_.[130]\n\nAn anonymous author furnishes interesting fact and comment:[131]\n\n \u201cThe world will have to revise its notions of patriotism in the\n light of modern commerce.... Look at the strength of the interests.\n Where is the Government that would dare prohibit Birmingham firms\n from executing [filling] orders for a foreign Government? Even in\n our small frontier wars [British] soldiers must expect to be shot at\n with British rifles.\u201d\n\nAt one time in the Napoleonic wars English manufacturers, \u201c_patriotic_\nbusiness men,\u201d of course, filled one order for 16,000 military coats,\n37,000 jackets, and 200,000 pairs of shoes to be used, as the commercial\npatriots knew, by the French army while slaughtering English\nsoldiers.[132] That was about a hundred years ago. But the silk-hat\npatriot is still the same hypocrite, talking loudly about \u201chonoring the\nhero\u201d whom he despises both socially and industrially. British veterans\nof the Boer War of recent years\u2014tens of thousands of them\u2014have cursed\nthe day they enlisted, with the patriotism of ignorance, to serve in\nSouth Africa. The Government broke its promises with them shamelessly\nand wholesale; and many of these veterans, on returning from the war,\nwere scorned at the English factory door, turned down at the shops and\nmines, and had to beg on the streets of London and other cities. It is\nthe old story: duped, tricked, teased to the trenches\u2014then snubbed, as\nusual.\n\nWhen the soldier boys got back to England from the Boer war they were\nweak, poor, ragged and very weary, many hundreds of them scarcely able\nto walk. But no matter: they were at once driven from the ships like\ncattle, forced to fall into line, and march wavering and staggering from\nweakness and weariness\u2014forced to march past the Queen\u2019s reviewing stand,\nto be smiled at and flattered by a bunch of royal and noble parasites\nand thus be \u201chonored\u201d while they starved, \u201chonored\u201d as they staggered\npast in their rags, gazed at by shining gluttons and fat-headed lords\nwho were too shrewd and cowardly to go themselves to South Africa to\nslaughter the Boers, steal gold and diamond mines and otherwise defend\ntheir own capitalist interests.\n\nOn this cruel reviewing march of many weary miles past the Queen of the\nhome-coming butchers a great number of the men fainted in their famished\nweakness. Many eye-witnesses to this outrage were in tears....\n\nThe march ended.\n\nThe guns were put away with pride.\n\nThe blood of Dutch workingmen was wiped from the English swords\u2014with\nBritish pride.\n\nBlood-stained banners were piously placed in libraries, museums, and\nchurches\u2014with true Christian pride.\n\nThe war was over.\n\nThe butchers had come back to \u201c_their_\u201d dear country\u2014and washed their\nhands.\n\nThen\u2014then what?\n\nThen these cheap and stupid assassins of their class went to _look for a\njob_\u2014teased the lordly parasites of England for whom they had been\nfighting\u2014teased them for a job, whined like spaniels at the feet of the\nindustrial masters of England, begged for a job.\n\nAnd received insults.\n\nA JOB IS NOT GUARANTEED BY ANY CAPITALIST CONSTITUTION ON ALL THE EARTH,\nEVEN THO\u2019 A JOB MAY MEAN SALVATION FROM STARVATION..\n\nA hunting dog, having found the shot-mangled bird in the grass and\nbriars, brings the game to his master confident of substantial\nfavors\u2014and gets the favors.\n\nThese English human hunting dogs had obediently hunted human game in\nSouth Africa, and they returned to their masters, their faces shining\nwith the expectancy (and, almost, with the intelligence) of a retriever\nwith a bleeding bird in his mouth.\n\nAnd they were slapped in the face at the factory door with \u201cNot wanted!\u201d\n\nSnubbed.\n\n\u201cHonored.\u201d \u201cReviewed.\u201d Reviewed? Certainly. That is part rule-by-wind\ntrick.\n\nFlattered\u2014then kicked in the face when they asked for permission to work\nand by work save their own lives from the wolves of poverty.\n\n\u201cA nod from a lord is a breakfast\u2014_for a fool_.\u201d\n\n\nSECOND ILLUSTRATION: THE AMERICAN WORKING CLASS REVOLUTIONISTS:\n\nThe American working class soldiers a hundred and twenty-five years ago\nwere also equally despised by the industrial and political masters of\nthat time. The poor men, the working class men, in Washington\u2019s army\nafter fighting for years, half starved, always in rags, sleeping in\nwind-swept tents at night, oftentimes shoeless, making bloody tracks in\nthe snow and on the ice as they marched,\u2014these battle-scarred veterans\nof the working class, after fighting for years in the \u201cgreat\nRevolutionary War for freedom,\u201d\u2014these were not permitted to vote for\nmany years after the war. It was not, indeed, till many years after the\nadoption of the \u201cgreat\u201d new Federal Constitution of the \u201cfree\u201d people\nthat these humble working class veterans were permitted to take part as\nvoters in the government.\n\nThis was contempt supreme. Tricked to the \u201cwar for freedom\u201d\u2014then, after\n\u201cglorious victory,\u201d snubbed, as usual.\n\nOf course, this page of \u201csplendid\u201d Revolutionary War history, this\nbright particular page of unqualified contempt of the so-called \u201cgreat\nleaders\u201d for the working class soldiers after the fighting was all\nover\u2014this page is shrewdly hidden from the working class children in the\ncommon schools, the grammar schools and high schools of the United\nStates,\u2014this page is practically suppressed. The working class child in\nthe public school is wheedled into being a blind devotee of the \u201cgreat\u201d\nConstitution and an ignorant worshipper of the \u201cgreat men\u201d who so\ncordially despised the men of the class to which the child belongs.\nThere is plenty of evidence, however, that these \u201cprominent\u201d and \u201cvery\n_best_ people\u201d of American Revolutionary War times had nothing but\npolitical contempt for the working class veterans. President Woodrow\nWilson (Princeton University) writes:[133]\n\n \u201cThere were probably not more than 120,000 men who had a right to\n vote out of all the 4,000,000 inhabitants enumerated at the first\n census [1790].\u201d\n\nThe political and social contempt felt for the poor men of the times of\nGeorge Washington is made clear by Professor F. N. Thorpe (University of\nPennsylvania) thus:[134]\n\n \u201cAn unparalleled political enfranchisement [from 1800 to 1900]\n extended the right to vote, which in 1796 reposed in only\n one-twentieth of the population, but a century later in one-sixth of\n it\u2014the nearest approach to universal suffrage in history.\u201d\n\nThis same scorn for the thirteen-dollar-a-month men, who do the actual\nfighting, is seen in one form or another in the more recent American\nwars. The purse-proud rulers of the present day are so blatant in their\nexpressions of patriotic admiration for the \u201cbrave boys\u201d that the\nfollowing illustrations are deemed worthy of the space required for\ntheir presentation\u2014in order that the working class reader may not fail\nto recognize the mocking hypocrite in the gold-lust patriotic shouters\nwho now decorate their palaces on holidays with \u201cOld Glory.\u201d\n\n\nTHIRD ILLUSTRATION: THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR\u2014THE BANKERS AND\n\u201cPROMOTERS\u201d\u2014AND THE BOYS IN BLUE:\n\nThousands of Union veterans have declared: \u201cThe American Civil War was a\nrich man\u2019s war and a poor man\u2019s fight. We were duped. But we shall never\nbe duped again.\u201d (See Chapter VII., Sections 14 to 16.)\n\nThe volunteer Union soldiers who, at Lincoln\u2019s first call, hurried to\nenlist for the war, understood distinctly that the government would pay\nthem \u201c_in gold or its equivalent_.\u201d But the soldiers were forced to\naccept even their puny 43 cents a day in greenbacks containing the\nfamous \u201cexception clause,\u201d which clause destroyed from 20 to more than\n65 per cent. of the purchasing power of the money during the war and for\nyears following the war. But the silk-hatted patriots, the \u201cleading\ncitizen\u201d manufacturers, the bankers and the heroic sharks in Congress at\nthe time, these who issued greenbacks and bought Government bonds,\n_these_ noble gentlemen not only _despised the very money they forced\nthe soldiers to take for fighting_, but, at the same time, arranged,\nvirtually, for an iron-clad agreement that not only the principal of,\nbut also the interest on, the Government bonds they \u201cpatriotically\u201d\nbought, must be paid in gold.[135] Gold for the patriot in business\u2014\u201crag\nmoney\u201d for the patriots in the trenches. At one time, owing to the\n\u201cexception clause\u201d on the paper money forced upon the soldiers, one gold\ndollar would buy as much as two dollars and eighty-five cents of paper\nmoney. Of course, the soldiers and the \u201ccommon people\u201d complained\nloudly. Says a high authority:[136]\n\n \u201cMuch opposition was caused by the clause inserted by the Senate,\n which provided for payment of interest on bonds in coin, which\n practically meant discrimination in favor of one class of creditors,\n and, as Stevens said, \u2018depreciated at once the money which the bill\n created.\u2019\u201d\n\nThe Wall Street patriots never miss an opportunity to remind us with\ngreat show of pride that they \u201cfurnished the money with which to carry\non the Civil War.\u201d They did furnish a good deal of money, and like true\npatriotic Shylocks they took blood-sealed, interest-bearing bonds in\nexchange for their cash. On every possible occasion the bonds were\n_bought at such a sacrifice price as to almost bleed the nation to death\nin the presence of its enemies_. Dr. H. C. Adams (University of\nMichigan, Department of Finance) says:[137] That, \u201cestimated on the\naverage price of gold,\u201d the Federal Government, \u201cfor the forty-five\nmonths of the Civil War\u201d realized from public obligations of all sorts\nless than 67 per cent. That is to say, certain bloodless patriots\u2019 lack\nof faith and their desire also to \u201cpush a good thing\u201d and take at least\na \u201cfull pound of flesh\u201d\u2014resulted in their dear Government\u2019s loss of\nblood in its financial transactions to the extent of more than 33 per\ncent.\n\nThis disastrous shrinkage was due unquestionably in a very large measure\nto the bankers\u2019 manipulation of the Government\u2019s financial affairs for\ntheir own private benefit. These glittering Shylocks were beautifully,\neven prayerfully, enthusiastic in their hand-clapping for their dear\ncountry\u2019s welfare; and yet they showed almost perfect emotional\nself-control. Mr. Lincoln hated their gold-lust \u201cpatriotism,\u201d but he was\ncompelled to bow low before their power. The lovingly patriotic embrace\nwhich our country received from the bond-leech capitalists during the\nCivil War clearly revealed their amiable intention to bleed their\ncountry just as nearly to death as possible\u2014and yet not _kill_ it lest\nthe precious goose should cease to lay such interesting eggs.\n\nYour \u201cpatriotic\u201d war-bond buyer is a temperamentally calm person.\n\nSome citizens bleed for their country, others bleed their country.\n\n \u201cGuard against the impostures of patriotism.\u201d\u2014George\n Washington.[138]\n\nProfessor J. E. Thorold Rogers[139] states as follows the spirit of much\nof the argument in the British Parliament, even by many conservatives,\nconcerning the bond-leech patriots who purchased British Napoleonic War\nbonds:\n\n \u201cBut we have to endure, in addition to our misfortunes, the sight of\n the stock-jobbers and fund-holders, who have _fattened on our\n misery_, and are now receiving more than half our taxes. And for\n what? We have put down the Corsican usurper, and restored peace to\n Europe, legitimacy to its thrones. These people [the bondholders]\n not only get under our funding system at par, stock, with a number\n of incidental advantages, in exchange for some \u00a350 or less, but they\n paid [even] this inadequate quota in notes which were constantly at\n a discount of 30 per cent. _It is intolerable, it is unjust, that we\n should redeem such stock under the terms of so monstrous and\n one-sided a bargain._\u201d\n\nPerhaps, reader, you are one of the old gray men who \u201cfought under\nGrant and are proud of it.\u201d I do not criticize you, gray old man. I am\noffering you and younger men things to think about. A distinguished\nhistorian assures us that there were at one time during the War one\nhundred and fifty bankers in Congress. Inside and outside of Congress\nthese, and other leading-citizen Mammonites, connived to bleed you and\nbleed the nation\u2014utterly without shame. They alarmed President Lincoln\nrepeatedly. They never let up in their swinish scramble for gold\nduring the War. And after the War they continued their unholy\nmanoeuvring\u2014patriotically. For example, at one time following the War,\nafter you soldiers had elected your General to the Presidency, these\nblushless blood-suckers sought to corner the gold market and thus\nscoop up a barrel of profits. To accomplish this it was necessary to\nhave the President out of the way for a short time in order to render\nit impossible for him to rush to the rescue with the Federal Treasury.\nRead their plan to \u201cturn the trick\u201d in the words of a Wall Streeter\nhimself, Mr. Henry Clews:[140]\n\n \u201cHe [Grant] was prevailed upon to go to a then obscure town in\n Pennsylvania, named Little Washington. The thing was so arranged\n that his feelings were worked upon to visit that place for the\n purpose of seeing an old friend who resided there. The town was cut\n off from telegraphic communication, and other means of access were\n not very convenient. There the President was ensconced, to remain\n for a week or so about the time the Cabal was fully prepared for\n action.\u201d\n\nMr. Henry Clews\u2019 own case is so finely typical of the\nbanker-buncombe-patriot that a few lines may profitably be given here to\nhim to illustrate his class.\n\nThis glittering patriot, Mr. Clews, was a young man when the Civil War\nbroke out. His young heart\u2014just as a banker\u2019s heart should be, for\nbusiness purposes\u2014was warm with the holy fervor of a patriot. He loved\nthe flag\u2014tenderly, of course, just as a banker always loves an\n\u201cattractive proposition.\u201d The war was an opportunity\u2014a splendid\nopportunity\u2014to \u201c_make money_\u201d or to \u201c_fight for the flag_.\u201d After much\npatriotic (and no doubt prayerful) meditation he reached the conclusion\n(his first fear was confirmed) that if _he_ went to the war he might\nunkindly be crowding out some other young fellow who also wanted to\n\u201cfight for the flag.\u201d So, just as a banker patriot would naturally do,\nhe modestly decided to stay at home and humbly take the opportunity to\n\u201cmake money.\u201d He at once organized a bond-buying, gold-lust syndicate,\nand as its organizer he went to Washington to buy bonds\u2014at a _discount_\n(as he confesses), _tho\u2019 believing there was to be only a mere flurry_\n(as he confesses), and especially to examine _carefully_ (as he\nconfesses) into the _precise degree_ of risk assumed in buying the\nGovernment\u2019s bonds.\n\n_Patriots in the trenches risk all._ Patriots in the bond-buying\nbusiness are not that kind; and they study the risk with great care, and\ncoolly avoid not only the blood risk, but also the money risk\u2014with\nskill, also with patriotism.\n\nCalmly.\n\nIt seems that Mr. Clews went to Washington on a night train. He relates\nthat when he awoke in the morning he raised the car window-shade and\ncautiously peeped out.[141] He saw a long line of cars loaded with\ncannon. He was _astonished_\u2014he confesses. Naturally, a banker is afraid\nof a cannon. \u201cAs I went around collecting information,\u201d he says, \u201cthe\nsight of those cannon that at first had made such an indescribable\nimpression upon me continued to haunt my vision wherever I went.... I\nfelt that the contest would be a long and bloody one.... I was convinced\nthat war to the knife was imminent, and that Government bonds must have\na serious fall in consequence.\u201d He telegraphed his syndicate to \u201csell\nout\u201d and \u201cclear the decks,\u201d \u201cto unload.\u201d[142]\n\nNote that as soon as these far-from-the-firing-line patriots sniffed\ndanger for their gold they were, as Mr. Clews virtually confesses, ready\nto leave the Government in the lurch and let the boys in the trenches\nstarve till the bonds could be bought at a strangle-hold advantage in\nthe way of discounts. Mr. Clews relates, with unmanageable pride, that\nthe Secretary of the Treasury received him with great courtesy and\nsupplied him with a large amount of useful information\u2014information of\nthe \u201cinner\u201d \u201cground-floor\u201d sort so extremely helpful to the organizer of\na bond-buying syndicate; also that the information and suggestions and\nencouragements he received from the Secretary were really the beginning\nof what he, with blushingly modest confession and a caress for himself,\ncalls his \u201cbrilliant career.\u201d\n\nEarly in life Mr. Clews made a profound impression upon himself\u2014a\nlasting impression, as his books and speeches always reveal; a not\nuncommon experience with \u201cprominent people.\u201d\n\nThus Mr. Clews chose the humbler and more healthful r\u00f4le in patriotism.\n\nMany of Mr. Clews\u2019 old neighbors (hot-headed young men of the War time)\nare dead. They have been dead a long time. Cannon balls tore some of\nthem to pieces. Bayonets were thrust through some of them. Some were\nstarved to death in prisons. Their once hot blood is mold now. Long ago\ntheir flesh was eaten by the battle-grave worms. Time is busy in their\nnameless graves gnawing at their bones. But, now fifty years after the\nterrible war began, Mr. Clews is alive and well\u2014he even boasts of his\ngood health and often gives suggestions on how to keep one\u2019s health till\nripe old age.\n\nAnd he is still buying bonds.\n\nHis special delight is giving advice to\u2014mankind.\n\nMr. Clews lectures frequently. His favorite themes are \u201cpatriotism,\u201d\n\u201cthe stars and stripes,\u201d \u201cthe man behind the gun,\u201d\u2014and \u201chow to succeed.\u201d\nHe is a sort of chairman of the committee on wind for patriots in the\n\u201cgreenhorn\u201d stage.\n\nAll this space is given to Mr. Clews simply because he is so _perfectly\ntypical_ of the shrewd and powerful capitalist _class_ who rule\u2014rule by\nwind and a pompous manner when possible and by lead and steel when\n\u201cnecessary.\u201d\n\nHis case should be explained carefully to the boys and girls of the\nworking class. In the South such men are Democrats; in the North,\nRepublicans. In both regions the working men are neither, if they\nunderstand.\n\n\nFOURTH ILLUSTRATION: THE SEVEN DAYS\u2019 BATTLE\u2014THE \u201cBRAINY\u201d PROMOTERS AND\nTHE BOYS IN BLUE:\n\nA nation in tears is the business man\u2019s opportunity.\n\nAny reference by a Thirtieth-of-May orator to the Seven Days\u2019 Battle\nmakes \u201cbig business men\u201d and statesmen throw out their chests, pat their\nsoft white hands and vociferate with perfectly beautiful patriotism. But\nlet us look a little at the record.\n\nIn Chapter Three of the present volume it was briefly stated that one\nreason for the capitalists\u2019 wanting war is that war completely\nconcentrates a nation\u2019s attention upon one thing and one thing only;\nnamely, the war; and that while the people are thus \u201cnot looking,\u201d the\nbusiness man and the politicians have a perfect opportunity to arrange\n\u201cgood things\u201d for themselves. And here I shall present a sample of\nAmerican business men filching \u201cgood things\u201d while the public\u2019s\nattention is wholly absorbed in war. For shameless, treasonable\ncorruption this sample can not be surpassed with the foulest page in the\nhistory of the ancient and rotten pagan Roman Empire.\n\nWashington during the American Civil War was a robber\u2019s roost for\neminently respectable thieves, industrial \u201cbunco-steerers,\u201d and\nprominent and pious \u201ccome-on\u201d financial pirates who were never near the\nfiring line. The very best hotels in the city of Washington were\nconstantly crowded with these patriotic citizens, \u201cbrainy men,\u201d\ndistinguished business men\u2014from all parts of the North\u2014a continuous\nthieves\u2019 banquet by men who socially despised the humble fellows at the\nfront. Cunningly during the entire war these gilt-edged, gold-dust\nbandits, far from danger of the firing line, plotted deals and steals\nand stuffed their pockets with \u201cgood things\u201d\u2014while brave men from the\nfarms, mines and factories bled and died on the battlefield,\u2014while\nworking class wives and mothers agonized in their desolated humble\nhomes. President Lincoln hated and dreaded these \u201chold-up\u201d men, and\nsometimes he vented his splendid wrath against them in immortal words of\nwarning to the people.[143]\n\nWashington is such a pleasant place in the kindly, smiling springtime.\nBusiness men enjoy that town\u2014while Congress is in session.\n\nFor many months preceding July, 1862, a certain group of these\nbroadclothed money-gluttons camped in Washington\u2014alert as hawks, keen as\nhungry tigers sniffing warm blood. This precious group of eminently\nstealthy Christian business men planned and plotted. Cunningly these\npirate patriots arranged a specially \u201cgood thing\u201d\u2014of which I wish to\ntell you here.\n\nThere was, you remember, one battle in the late Civil War called the\nSeven Days\u2019 Battle. Mark the dates very carefully: June 25 to July 1,\n1862\u2014seven days\u2014a bloody, horrible week. For several reasons this battle\nwas regarded as most critical; many thoughtful people, North and South,\nbelieved the Union would stand or fall with this battle. President\nLincoln ordered General McClellan to capture the Confederate capital,\nRichmond, or hurry north and protect Washington. As the conflict came\ncloser and closer capitalists and statesmen grew busier\u2014timing a master\nstroke.\n\nJune 24, the nation watched Virginia: one of the most prolonged and\nsavage struggles in the whole history of mankind was imminent.\n\nJune 24, therefore, was, for certain men, the last day of special\npreparation. The cannon would surely begin next day to roar around\nRichmond.\n\nAll was ready (in Washington).... The understanding was perfect (in\nWashington).\n\n\u201c_Without a single syllable of debate_,\u201d a certain bill (precisely as it\nhad been handsomely amended by the Senate) was passed by the House by a\nvote of 104 to 21. The finishing touch was thus put upon a carefully\nconstructed trap, a trap set by \u201cleading citizens,\u201d a trap for big game.\n\nNext day\u2014June 25\u2014the cannon did begin to boom around the Confederate\ncapital.\n\nThe first day\u2019s struggle\u2014June 25\u2014was awful. The news flashed through the\nland. Millions turned pale.\n\nBut the bandits in Washington were cool. The trap was set. They waited.\n\nThe second day was a slaughter.\n\nMore smiles and confidence in the best Washington hotels.\n\nThe third day of the battle was a butchering contest. The whole people\nwatched, listened. The news flamed north and south. Millions, terrified,\nread the dead roll.\n\nBut the broadcloth gentlemen wept not. They waited\u2014patriotically.\n\nThe fourth day was a storm of blood and iron.\n\nBut the eminent business men, bankers, statesmen, promoters and other\npatriotic looters, safe in Washington\u2014far from the firing line\u2014waited,\ndrank fine wine and very confidently waited\u2014waited as lions wait\u2014to\nspring to the throats of their victims.\n\nMr. Lincoln held back his signature from that \u201ccertain Bill.\u201d He was\ndoing his best for the boys in the trenches, and was justly suspicious\nof the promoter-banker patriotism in Washington.\n\nThe fifth day millions looked toward Virginia\u2014and were sickened with\ngrief.\n\nBut certain prominent gentlemen in Washington cheerfully jested, ate the\nbest food on earth, lolled in easy chairs, gracefully reclined on\nelegantly upholstered sofas, craftily plotted\u2014and waited, in calm\nconfidence waited.\n\nThe sixth day of the battle was \u201cDeath\u2019s feast.\u201d The nation, North and\nSouth, was stupefied with the horror of the war.\n\nBut certain \u201chighly respected leading citizens,\u201d Christian business\nmen\u2014flag-waving patriots all of them\u2014quaffed their wine, chatted gaily,\nplotted, and, like reptiles, coiled to strike\u2014waited, confident.\n\nThe seventh day, the last day, the baptism of blood and fire broke the\nnation\u2019s heart. As morning dawned the nation\u2019s one thought was: The\nwar\u2014the awful battles\u2014the week-long harvest of death in Virginia.\nMillions sobbed and eagerly sought more news. The storm of death\ncompletely absorbed the nation\u2019s attention. The Seven Days of slaughter\nwas the nation\u2019s one heart-gripping thought.\n\nFor this day certain patriots, certain \u201cmen of energy and push and\nenterprise,\u201d certain distinguished business men, had patiently and\ncraftily waited. The psychological moment! The nation was blinded with\nrage, tears and despair. Half insane with an awful joy and a sickening\nsorrow, the people, millions of them, wildly screamed, sobbed and\ncursed\u2014on July 1.\n\nIntense day.\n\nThe Union army in retreat\u2014defeated.\n\nThe President in profound alarm, half crazed with the agony of it all,\ndecided, July 1, to call for 300,000 more soldiers for three years\u2019\nservice.\n\nSupreme moment\u2014for the business man.\n\nNow!\n\nThe people are not looking.\n\nNow!\n\nStrike, viper, strike!\n\nLeap, gold-hungry patriot! Leap! Leap now\u2014leap for your country\u2019s\nthroat!\n\nNot another hour\u2019s delay.... Place the final pressure on the President.\n\n\u201cMr. President! Mr. Lincoln! Sign our bill! Please sign our bill\nnow\u2014right now. Quickly, Mr. President! Don\u2019t delay longer. Now!\u201d\n\nHundreds of cannon were roaring in Virginia. The President was devouring\nthe telegraphic news from the firing line.\n\nBusiness men\u2014Christian business men\u2014including flag-loving Congressmen,\nvery noble Senators, and many other dollar-mark statesmen, were directly\nand indirectly urging that the bill be signed\u2014at once, \u201cfor the\ncountry\u2019s welfare,\u201d of course.\n\nThe President, urged by these money-hungry patriots, urged by these \u201cmen\nof high standing,\u201d thus urged, the President, writhing with grief over\nthe Seven Days\u2019 slaughter of his brave volunteers, almost sweating blood\nin his profound fear,\u2014signed the bill, July 1.\n\nWhat bill?\n\nThe bill that legalized a vast and shameless wrong against the wives and\nchildren of brave men on the firing line; the bill that legalized a rape\nof the National Domain and the Federal Treasury by gilded cowards, while\nfrom the Atlantic Ocean to the Rocky Mountains, hundreds of thousands of\nbrave men, ill fed, ill clothed, faced hell under the flag on the firing\nline; the bill that suddenly made plutocrats of Christian\nstatesmen,\u2014made millionaires of flag-waving traitors piously\nmasquerading as patriots; the bill that created the Union Pacific\nRailway charter, the astounding terms of which are given presently.\n\nThe President was numb and dumb with sadness and a thousand worries.\n\n \u201cThe news [of the Seven Days\u2019 Battle],\u201d says Rhodes,[144] \u201cwas a\n terrible blow to the President. The finely equipped army which had\n cost so much exertion and money, had gone forward with high hopes of\n conquest, and apparently bore the fate of the Union, had been\n defeated, and was now in danger of destruction or surrender. This\n calamity the head of the Nation must face.... The elaborate\n preparations of the North had come to naught.... Lincoln grew thin\n and haggard and his dispatches ... of these days are an avowal of\n defeat.\u201d\n\nBut the business men and the statesmen who were \u201cin on the deal\u201d winked\nwisely, smiled blandly, and made merry as they quaffed their champagne.\nThey had \u201cturned the trick\u201d\u2014they had made a fine bargain.\n\n\u201cBusiness is business.\u201d\n\nJuly 2 came. Certain statesmen and business men in Washington were\nhappy, so very, very happy\u2014far from the firing line.\n\nJuly 2 came. And while a cloud of buzzards circled confidently over the\nSeven Days\u2019 battlefield eager for a feast on the rotting flesh of the\nbrave working class soldier boys; while the torn corpses of humble\nworking class men were hurriedly pitched into the ditches and the dirt\nand gravel were shoveled upon them; while the grave-worms began their\nfeast and revel in the flesh and blood of the men and boys from the\nfarms, mines and factories; while, July 2, the wounded men and boys\nscreamed under the surgeons\u2019 knives and saws in the hospitals; while,\nJuly 2, millions mourned;\u2014at such a time, while the Union army was\nretreating, defeated\u2014the \u201cbig, brainy business men\u201d in Washington\ncelebrated _their_ victory, the securing of the Union Pacific Railway\ncharter. For months these distinguished patriotic sneaks had been\npreparing, hatching this \u201cgood thing,\u201d the Union Pacific charter. After\nmonths of patriotic treason and fox-like watchfulness they had \u201clanded\u201d\ntheir prize.\n\nThey won.\n\nThey celebrated.\n\nA nation in tears is the business man\u2019s opportunity\u2014for bargains.\n\nThis Union Pacific charter was, as shown below, unquestionably one of\nthe most shameless pieces of corruption in the entire history of the\ncivilized, unsocialized world, including even pagan Rome in her most\ndegraded days. The crime was so foul and vast that many of the records\nwere burned later\u2014which, perhaps, saved some eminent gentlemen from\nbeing lynched.\n\nMr. Henry Clews relates:[145]\n\n \u201cThe investigation of the refunding committee of the Pacific\n railroads at Washington brought the most remarkable evidence from\n one of the principal witnesses, who stated that the books connected\n with the construction of the road had been burned or destroyed as\n useless trash involving the superfluous expense of room rent, though\n they contained the record of transactions involving hundreds of\n millions of dollars, a record which became absolutely necessary to\n the fair settlement between the government and its debtors. Also the\n fact was put in evidence that a certain party in the interest had\n testified before another committee, on a former occasion, that he\n was present when $54,000,000 of profits were divided equally among\n four partners, himself and three others. None of the books of record\n containing this valuable information escaped the flames.\u201d\n\nThe charter as originally granted, July 1, 1862, was treasonably\ngenerous; but these far-from-the-firing-line patriots were insatiably\ngluttonous, and they teased and bribed till exactly two years later\n(July 2, 1864, precisely at a time when the war was terribly intense and\nespecially critical), the liberality of the terms of the charter was\nalmost doubled.\n\nStudy the terms\u2014the chief features\u2014of the charter as granted and\namended.\n\nRemember the date, June 24 to July 1, 1862,\u2014the week of the Seven Days\u2019\nBattle. Also look sharply for the patriotism\u2014in the charter.\n\nThe terms, in outline, of the Union Pacific charter:\n\nFIRST: At a time when the nation was straining every nerve to carry on\nthe war, at a time when the soldiers in the trenches were paid only 43\ncents a day, and even that in depreciated paper money, and were given\nsalt pork and mouldy crackers for rations\u2014at such a time, business men\n(cunningly assisted by patriotic Congressmen and noble Senators) dipped\ntheir greedy hands into the National Treasury and took out a government\n\u201cloan\u201d to the railway company of $60,000,000 in interest-bearing\ngovernment bonds worth more than sufficient to build the road. Professor\nW. Z. Ripley (Harvard University) says:[146]\n\n \u201cFrom the books of the Union Pacific and the Credit Mobilier it\n appears that the expenditures by the Union Pacific directly amounted\n to $9,746,683.33; and that the actual expenditures under the Hoxie,\n Ames and Davis contracts were $50,720,957.94, making the total cost\n of the road $60,467,641.27.\u201d\n\nThis good-as-cash loan from the government was \u201cassistance\u201d and\n\u201cincentive\u201d given to the genteel promoters of the Union Pacific Railway:\n$16,000 per mile from the Missouri River to the Rocky Mountains; $48,000\nper mile through the Rocky Mountains; and $32,000 per mile beyond the\nRockies. This was a liberal allowance, surely. Collis P. Huntington,\nlong time president of the Southern Pacific, claimed afterward that the\nroad could be built at an average cost of less than $10,000 per mile.\nMore recently the Union Pacific Railway Company (contending with the\nState of Utah over tax burdens) proved before the Board of Equalization\nat Salt Lake City, by the sworn testimony of engineers, that the average\ncost of the Utah Central line, in a rough country, was only $7,298.20\nper mile.\n\nThe dear capitalist government was rich enough to stuff the pockets of\nthe glistening, flag-waving traitors with $60,000,000 in bonds like gold\nas \u201cassistance\u201d and \u201cincentive\u201d for self-preservation patriotism. But at\nthe same time this dear government could give the \u201cboys in blue\u201d only 43\ncents a day in cheap rag money as \u201cincentive.\u201d These \u201centerprising\nbusiness men\u201d drank champagne and slept in soft beds; but the \u201cboys in\nblue\u201d drank water from muddy horse-tracks and slept on the ground.\n\nSECOND: The Union Pacific Company, it was cunningly arranged, might make\nelsewhere a private, cash, mortgage-bonded loan equal to the government\nloan, $60,000,000.\n\nTHIRD: The noble Christian statesmen in Congress and the noble Christian\nbusiness men (patriots all) cunningly agreed that a _first_ mortgage\nshould be given for the _private_ loan of $60,000,000.\n\nFOURTH: The government (bunco-steerers inside and outside of Congress)\ncunningly agreed to take a _second_ mortgage on the road for the\n_government_ loan of $60,000,000.\n\nFIFTH: It was cunningly arranged by these business men in politics and\nthese politicians in business that ninety-five per cent. of the\ngovernment second mortgage loan should not bear interest _till thirty\nyears later_; but that all the private loans should bear interest at\nonce.\n\nSIXTH: The Railway Company was cunningly given permission to sell\n$100,000,000 in railway stocks.\n\nStocks were sold to Congressmen and very noble Senators.\n\nStocks were sold to these very noble statesmen below the market price.\n\nStocks sold to statesmen\u2014it was cunningly arranged\u2014need not be paid for\ntill after the road was finished and the stocks were paying dividends.\nFor example, Congressman W. B. Allison, afterward Senator Allison, of\nIowa (so sly and stealthy that he became known as \u201cPussy-Foot\u201d), bought\nsome of the stocks \u201con the quiet,\u201d too, from the infamous Ames; he paid\nout nothing for the stocks, but when he had owned the stocks for only a\nbrief time and while the unfinished road was yet in comparatively poor\ncondition, his dividends more than paid for his stocks.[147] The Union\nPacific scandal snuffed out numerous lesser lights and sadly bedimmed\nthe lustre of twenty-two other \u201cgreat\u201d names, such as Blaine, Logan,\nGarfield, Colfax.[148]\n\nThis villainy of the nation\u2019s \u201cgreat\u201d men is worthy of Emerson\u2019s\ninteresting flattery of eminent prostitutes:\n\n \u201cWhen I read the list of men of intellect, of refined pursuits,\n giants in law, or eminent scholars, or of social distinction, men of\n wealth and enterprise in the commercial community, and see what they\n have voted for and what they have suffered to be voted for, I think\n no community was ever so politely and elegantly betrayed.\u201d\u2014(\u201cLecture\n on Woman.\u201d)\n\nOne Congressman was given $500,000 for his assistance in getting the\ncharter granted.\n\n \u201cAnother [expense],\u201d says Professor Ripley (Harvard\n University),[149] \u201cof a worse sort concerned a government\n commissioner, Cornelius Wendell, appointed to examine the road and\n report whether or not it met the requirements of the law, who flatly\n demanded $25,000 before he would proceed to perform his duty ... his\n demand was paid in the same spirit in which it was made\u2014as so much\n blood money.\u201d\n\nAnother authority thus:[150]\n\n \u201cOakes Ames, member of Congress, from Massachusetts, and a promoter\n of the Union Pacific and its bills before the national legislature,\n distributed Credit Mobilier stock to _influential_ Congressmen on\n the understanding that it should be paid for _out of the dividends_,\n which dividends depended largely on the passage of the bills giving\n grants of land and money to the U. P. The bills were passed. The\n dividends of the very first year paid for the stock and left a\n balance to the credit of the donees; and the total _construction_\n profits were $43,925,328 above all expenses, in which profits the\n stock-holding Congressmen who passed the railroad grants had an\n important share.\u201d\n\nSEVENTH: The statesmen-business men cunningly agreed that when the\ngovernment used the road (which it had furnished more than sufficient\nmeans to construct) one-half the regular rate should be paid in cash and\nthe other half should apply as credit on the government loan.\n\nEIGHTH: The Union Pacific Railway Company, including the Central Pacific\n(same system),[151] was cunningly presented\u2014scot free\u2014one-half of all\nthe land within twenty miles of the right-of-way, and \u201call the timber,\niron and coal within six miles\u201d of the right-of-way,\u2014a total of\n25,000,000 acres of land. \u201cAt $2.50 per acre,\u201d says President E. B.\nAndrews (University of Nebraska),[152] \u201cthe land values alone would more\nthan build the road.\u201d The _Northern_ Pacific Company received, just two\nyears later, 47,000,000 acres of land as a gift which a land expert[153]\nestimated to be worth probably $990,000,000 and possibly\n$1,320,000,000,\u2014which gives us some idea of the value of the 25,000,000\nacre gift to the _Union_ Pacific.\n\n It is worth the space to add: That \u201cthe promoters of the Northern\n Pacific, through unfair construction contracts and other frauds,\n made the capitalization of 600 miles of that line constructed down\n to 1874 amount to 143 millions on an actual expenditure of\n twenty-two millions.\u201d[154]\n\nNINTH: Again and again the Union Pacific, when it suited its purpose to\ndo so, refused to comply with the treasonably easy terms of its charter;\nbut always the patriots in Washington and the distinguished railway\ngentlemen cunningly \u201cgot together,\u201d made some \u201cgentlemen\u2019s\nagreement\u201d\u2014and the charter was not revoked.\n\nAs suggested above, this charter, as amended by the Senate and in the\nform signed by the President, July 1, 1862,\u2014was, when it was finally\n\u201cconsidered\u201d in the House of Mis-Representatives, voted 104 to 21\n\u201cwithout a single syllable of debate.\u201d[155]\n\nProfessor Parsons sums up the case thus:[156]\n\n \u201cThe promoters got from Congress more than the cost of the road,\n bonded it again to private investors for all it was worth, issued\n stock also beyond the cost of construction, sold and gave away a\n good deal of it, and still had the road and the control of its\n earnings for themselves.\u201d\n\nThe magnitude of this statesmen-patriot-thieves\u2019 masterpiece (\u201cfor love\nof country and home and God\u201d) can not be realized without a further word\nconcerning the land grants.\n\nSeventy-nine land-grant railroads (twenty-one of them \u201cdirect\nbeneficiaries of Congress\u201d) have been granted 200,000,000 acres of land\n(reduced by forfeiture to 158,286,627 acres).\n\n\u201cOVER ONE-HALF OF THIS ACREAGE WAS GRANTED BY ACTS PASSED BETWEEN 1862\nAND 1864.\u201d[157]\n\nThat is to say, during twenty-four terrible months, just while the\nnation was sweating blood from every pore, while the people were not\nlooking at anything except the war, precisely at that time, patriotic\nstatesmen gave away to railway promoters who shed no \u201cblood for the\nflag,\u201d gave to these \u201cgentlemen of push and enterprise\u201d a sufficient\namount of the people\u2019s lands to provide a hundred and twenty-five-acre\nfarm for every one of the 800,000 men mustered out of the Union armies\nin 1865.\n\nProfessor Parsons says \u201cthe total _national_ land-grants alone have\naggregated 215,000,000 acres\u201d\u2014(15,000,000 acres higher than the estimate\nby Professors Cleveland and Powell).\n\n \u201cIt could be said of more than one railroad company as was said by\n an English capitalist who inspected ... the properties of the\n Illinois Central, \u2018This is not a railway company; it is a land\n company.\u2019\u201d[158]\n\nIt is interesting (and instructive) to note that the charter of the\n_Northern_ Pacific Railway with its 47,000,000 acre land gift, with\nastoundingly liberal amendments to the U. P. charter, was granted July\n2, 1864, _precisely at a time_ when the nation\u2019s attention was again\nriveted to two specially terrible campaigns which absorbed the nation\nwholly in the war: Grant and Lee, with immense armies, were fighting\nbitterly, and Sherman with 98,000 men and Johnston with 45,000 men had\nbeen fighting fiercely and almost continuously from June 10 to July 2,\n1864. As stated above, the Northern Pacific got 47,000,000 acres of\nland.[159]\n\nThe three railways, says Professor Parsons in substance,[160] the Union\nPacific, the Central Pacific and the Northern Pacific, _cost_ somewhat\nless than $132,000,000, and were _capitalized_ at more than\n$383,000,000\u2014that is to say, about $250,000,000 (_two-thirds_ of the\ncapitalization) was fictitious,\u2014a fraud, a lie, _commercial patriotism_.\n\nWhile at wining and dining tables in closely guarded private parlors in\nthe best hotels in Washington this unmatchable plundering was cunningly\narranged (\u201cto develop the country, of course\u201d) working class men and\nboys, half starved and weary, were obediently slaughtering themselves at\nthe word of command\u2014for 43 cents a day, in depreciated paper money\nforced upon them by pirate patriots.\n\nWhile the nation is blinded with tears and the common men\u2019s blood gushes\nfrom their torn veins, the \u201cbusiness\u201d man, with pious patriotism talking\ngrandly of the \u201cglorious flag,\u201d cunningly sneaks to the nation\u2019s\nstore-house, a blushless burglar; he climbs aboard the ship of state, a\nconscienceless pirate.[161]\n\n\nFIFTH ILLUSTRATION: \u201cFREEING CUBA\u201d\u2014\u201cREMEMBERING THE MAINE.\u201d\n\nSo you were\u2014or wished to be\u2014in the Spanish-American War?\n\nWell, I wish to explain why the capitalists excited some young\nmen\u2014carefully excited them\u2014and then sent them to Cuba in 1898.\n\nThere were very strong reasons for their doing so.\n\n(1) American capitalists already had investments in Cuban industries,\nand they knew that if the United States took charge of Cuba, their\ninvestments would be more secure, would thus increase in value\u2014and thus\nyield more profits.\n\n(2) American capitalists wanted Spanish capitalists crowded out in order\nto give still more opportunity to American capitalists to extend their\nAmerican capitalism in Cuba\u2014and thus make more profits.\n\n(3) Some American capitalists and craftily noble statesmen also secured\nsome Cuban Revolutionary bonds at extremely low prices or as gifts, and\nthey hoped and struggled to have the interest and principal guaranteed\nby the United States Government, and thus have these bonds rise in price\nat least to par\u2014which would mean enormous profits.\n\n(4) There was also at least some possibility (seriously discussed by\nprominent statesmen in Washington) that Spanish-Cuban bonds, said by\nsome to aggregate hundreds of millions, already issued by the Spanish\nGovernment against the revenues of the Island of Cuba,\u2014a possibility\nthat these bonds also would be guaranteed by the United States\nGovernment.[162] In case of war these bonds would become doubtful, would\nfall very low in price, and then they could, of course, be bought up for\nalmost nothing. Then, if guaranteed by our Government, they would rise\nhigh in price and become a \u201cgood thing\u201d for those who bought them at a\nsacrifice price and then made all haste to have them thus guaranteed.\n\nHere again the goal was profits.\n\n(5) American capitalists well knew that intervention in Cuba would\ninvolve a costly war\u2014so expensive as to make \u201cnecessary\u201d the issuing of\ninterest-bearing United States bonds, purchasing which, the buyers could\nmilk the nation in interest for a generation or more. House Bill No.\n10,100[163] actually proposed that our Government should issue, \u201cfor\nCuban War expenses,\u201d $500,000,000 in 3 per cent. untaxable bonds, which,\nif purchased at par, would annually yield the purchasers the snug little\nsum of $15,000,000, in profits, besides other immense pecuniary\nadvantages.\n\n \u201cAnd under the authority to borrow conferred by the Act of June 13,\n 1898, $200,000,000 of 3 per cent. bonds were actually sold.... The\n total subscriptions [offers for the bonds] amounted to\n $1,400,000,000.... Within a few months the original holdings passed\n into the possession of a comparatively few persons and\n corporations.\u201d[164]\n\nThat is, the bond-buying patriots who were not at the front eating\ncanned beef were _willing_ to buy _seven times as many bonds as were\noffered_ and thus in tender \u201clove of country,\u201d fasten themselves, like\nleeches, to the social body\u2014profitably.\n\n(6) It was absolutely certain that such a war would vigorously stimulate\nbusiness\u2014and thus increase profits.\n\n(7) A war in Cuba was also certain to make \u201cnecessary\u201d a larger standing\narmy. And an army is very useful to the capitalist class in holding down\nthe working class\u2014in the game of profits.\n\nThus there were seven, or more, patriotic (and profitable) reasons for\nhaving Cuba \u201cfreed.\u201d\n\nThey fooled us\u2014didn\u2019t they? They shouted: \u201cRemember the Maine!\u201d That\nmade our blood hot\u2014stampeded us\u2014didn\u2019t it? But we are cooler now\u2014aren\u2019t\nwe? Let us see: Suppose a great ship should sink in a shallow harbor, as\nthe Maine did, and suppose it had on board three dozen young men from\nthe homes of the leading capitalists of America\u2014_millionaires\u2019 sons_.\nWhat think you\u2014would the vessel be raised or not?\n\nDid you ever think of this? If the Spaniards blew up the Maine with a\nsunken mine, how can you explain the fact that the Maine\u2019s armor-plate\nwas bent _outward_ and not _inward_ at the points of fracture? _Why does\nnot the United States Government push the investigation to the very\nlimit?_ Why stop the investigation very suddenly just as things get\nextremely interesting?\u2014just as it seems likely that information is about\nto come out which would astonish the whole world?\n\nEver think of it? Would it not have been profitable for some American\ncapitalists to have bribed some scoundrel to blow up the Maine from the\ninside? It _was_ profitable for capitalists in the American Civil War to\nfurnish Union soldiers with rifles so defective that thousands of them\nexploded in the hands of the soldier boys. Thousands of the guns _when\nsold to the Government and handed on to the soldiers_ bore the mark\n\u201cCondemned.\u201d Look this matter up in Gustavus Myers\u2019 _History of Great\nAmerican Fortunes_, Vol. II., pp. 127\u201338. Then when you hear some\n\u201cRemember the Maine\u201d music you will not become so violently excited and\neager to enlist.\n\nOf course you were told that the purpose of American interference in\nCuba was to free the poor, suffering, abused Cubans:\u2014the usual dose of\nphilanthropy, flattery and bombast. Some eloquent speeches were made by\nSenators and Congressmen, speeches of unusual power and rare beauty. But\nthe beauty and the power and the eloquence did not induce any of the\neloquent statesmen to go to the war. Hardly.\n\nIf the United States Government had promptly recognized the\nrevolutionary Cubans\u2019 right to become a sovereign nation possessing\n_international rights and privileges_, the Cubans could have freed\nthemselves. France thus recognized the puny, rebellious American\nRevolutionary government in 1778; and that recognition helped us along\nwonderfully.\n\nAmerican capitalists in 1897\u201398 were simply searching the world for an\nopportunity to line their pockets. Excitable young men and boys came in\nhandy as armed hired hands, hired fists; though, of course, these same\nhired men were left in the lurch, got disease, broken health\u2014and\ncontemptuous laughter.\n\nBrothers, you veterans of the Cuban War, crafty men excited you, amused\nyou, confused you, then used you and despised you so thoroughly that\nthey gave some of you horse meat while in camp within five miles of\nWashington on your way to the war\u2014so some of your number have said\u2014and\ngave you on the battlefield embalmed meat canned years before, meat that\neven fizzed with a vile odor when the point of a knife-blade was thrust\ninto the can, meat unfit for a mangy cur or a buzzard.\n\nExcited you?\n\nYes, that is exactly what happened to you.\n\nA man is pretty thoroughly excited and confused\u2014isn\u2019t he?\u2014when he is\nsinging \u201cMy Country! \u2019tis of Thee!\u201d at the very time that country is\nfeeding him meat unfit for a dog. Mr. Roosevelt confesses that a special\neffort was made to excite you, and he also tells us some other\nthings:[165]\n\n \u201cAnd from the moment when the regiment began to gather, _the higher\n officers kept instilling_ into those under them the spirit of\n eagerness for action, of stern determination to _grasp at death_\n rather than forfeit honor ... fever sickened and weakened them so\n that many of them died from it during the few months following their\n return.... We found all our dead and all the badly wounded.... One\n of our own dead and most of the Spanish dead had been found by the\n vultures before we got to them; and their bodies were mangled, their\n eyes and wounds being torn.... A very touching incident happened in\n the improvised open-air hospital after the fight, where the wounded\n were lying.... One of them suddenly began to hum, \u2018My Country, \u2019Tis\n of Thee,\u2019 and one by one the others joined in the chorus, which\n swelled out through the tropic, where the victors lay in camp beside\n their dead.\u201d\n\nHow lovely\u2014so perfectly sweet of them. So extremely touching\u2014\u201c_grasping_\nat death.\u201d\n\nThe buzzards tore out the eyes of some of the brave young fellows and\nfeasted on them; the grave-worms got some of them; vile diseases\nsickened many thousands of them; and many of them came home to \u201ctheir\n_dear_ country\u201d\u2014so poor in purse that they had to beg on the streets of\nPhiladelphia, New York and elsewhere.\n\nTheir dear country.\n\nThey had been \u201cgrasping at death\u201d for their dear country.\n\nRemember: The buzzards and the battlefield grave-worms did not get the\n\u201cprominent people\u201d who actually own this dear country. \u201cHigher officers\u201d\ncan not instill or fill a banker or a manufacturer so full of the\n\u201cspirit of eagerness\u201d that he becomes eager to \u201cgrasp at death\u201d and have\nhis eyeballs ripped out and his shattered body eaten by vultures.\n\nThese men were not excited\u2014not in the least.\n\nThese men were thinking.\n\nThese were not \u201cgrasping at death\u201d; they were grasping for Cuba.\n\nCuba looked good and you looked easy.\n\nThese men needed you in their business. And they got you, you Cuban War\nveterans.\n\nSome items of interest concerning this matter leaked out and got into\nthe papers\u2014into obscure columns of a few of the papers. It improves\none\u2019s enthusiasm for \u201cpatriotism\u201d to read a few of these \u201cleaks.\u201d\nFollowing are a few of the items, from the New York Tribune:[166]\n\n \u201cAccording to the statement given out by the Cuban Junta yesterday,\n the Republic of Cuba issued $2,000,000 of bonds, payable in gold, at\n 6 per cent. interest, ten years after the war with Spain had ended.\n Of this lot $500,000 were sold at an average of 50 per cent....\n Among the purchasers of these bonds were many prominent financiers\n of this city; and now the bonds which were originally sold at 50 per\n cent. of their face value have increased to 60 per cent....\n\n \u201cThe disposition of the bonds of the Cuban Republic has been a\n question discussed in certain quarters during the last few days ...\n and the graver charge has been made that the bonds have been given\n away indiscriminately in the United States to the people of\n influence who would therefore become interested in seeing the\n Republic of Cuba on such terms with the United States as would make\n the bonds valuable pieces of property. Men of business, newspaper\n and even public officials have been mentioned as having received\n these bonds as a gift....\n\n \u201cSome interesting facts were developed before the Foreign Affairs\n Committee of the House today. B. F. Guerra, Deputy-Treasurer of the\n Cuban Republic, appeared with his books, and they were inspected by\n the Committee. He explained that of the $10,000,000 in bonds\n authorized ... the lowest price at which any were sold was 25 cents\n on the dollar.... One million of the bonds were locked up in the\n safe of Belmont and Company, of New York, to be sold when the price\n fixed, 45 cents on the dollar, had been obtained.\n\n \u201c... Mr. Guerra was asked about the Spanish-Cuban bonds issued\n against the revenues of the island. He replied that he did not know\n their amount, which report placed at $400,000,000....\n Deputy-Treasurer Guerra was also before the Senate Committee on\n Foreign Relations today. He said the Cuban bonds which had been sold\n had been disposed of for an average of about 40 cents on the\n dollar....\n\n \u201cSome of the Republicans in Congress ... are investigating the\n question as to whether the United States under international law, if\n it intervened in Cuba and cut off the revenues, could be held\n responsible for the Spanish bonds, said to aggregate $400,000,000,\n which have been issued against the revenues of the island. Mr.\n Bromwell says he is looking into the question, and finds some\n warrant in law for such responsibility....\n\n \u201cCongressman \u2018Blank\u2019[167] in the House on Monday, said he had\n $10,000 worth of Cuban bonds in his pocket ... while H. H. Kohlsaat,\n in an editorial in one of the Chicago papers, charges the Junta with\n offering a bribe of $2,000,000 of Cuban bonds to a Chicago man [to\n one man!] to use his influence with the administration for the\n recognition of the provisional government....\n\n \u201cMr. Guerra made the somewhat startling statement that a man\n representing certain individuals at Washington has sought to coerce\n the Junta into selling $10,000,000 worth of bonds at 20 cents on the\n dollar. \u2018This man practically threatened us that unless we let him\n have the bonds at the price he quoted, Cuba would never receive\n recognition. He said he was prepared to pay on the spot $2,000,000\n in American money, for $10,000,000 of Cuban bonds, but his offer was\n refused.\u2019\u201d\n\nAs the possibility of \u201cgood things\u201d increased, the statesmen\u2019s tender\nhearts were deeply stirred, naturally, and they set up a melodiously\npatriotic howl for intervention. Many powerful newspapers were turned\nupon the public to \u201cwork\u201d the working class, and soon tens of thousands\nof humble fellows of the working class were wild with eagerness to rush\nto the front and \u201chelp the poor Cubans.\u201d\n\nBut a very high authority, Professor McMaster (University of\nPennsylvania), assures us[168] that the outrages committed against the\nCubans by the Spanish Government _had been common for more than fifty\nyears_. \u201cThe Cubans had rebelled _six times in these fifty years_.\u201d But\nnot until American capitalistic interests were well developed did it\nseem \u201cnoble\u201d and \u201cgrand\u201d and \u201cthe will of God\u201d to intervene. But by the\nyear 1895 \u201cupwards of $50,000,000 of American money were invested in\nmines, railroads and plantations there. Our yearly trade with the Cubans\nwas valued at $96,000,000.\u201d\n\nIt was time to weep\u2014profitably.\n\nHence the tearful orations and powerful editorials for intervention. How\nthe orators and business men far from the firing line loved \u201cthe men\nbehind the guns.\u201d Here is some more evidence:[169]\n\n \u201cThe canned roast meat ... a great majority of the men found it\n uneatable. It was coarse, stringy and tasteless and very\n disagreeable in appearance, and so unpalatable that the effort [!]\n to eat it made some of the men sick. Most of them preferred to be\n hungry rather than eat it.... As nine-tenths of the men were more or\n less sick, the unattractiveness of the travel-rations was doubly\n unfortunate.... In some respects the Spanish rations were preferable\n to ours.... We had nothing whatever in the way of proper nourishing\n food for our sick and wounded men during most of the time.... On the\n day of the big fight, July 1, as far as we could find out there were\n but two ambulances with the army in condition to work\u2014neither of\n which did we see.... On several occasions I visited the big\n hospitals in the rear. Their condition was frightful beyond\n description from lack of supplies, lack of medicine, lack of\n doctors, nurses, and attendants.... The wounded and the sick who\n were sent back [to the hospitals] suffered so much that, whenever\n possible, they returned to the front.... The fever began to make\n heavy ravages among our men ... not more than half our men could\n carry their rolls.... But instead of this the soldiers were issued\n horrible stuff called \u2018canned fresh beef.\u2019... At best it was stringy\n and tasteless, at the worst it was nauseating. Not one-fourth of it\n was ever eaten at all even when the men became very hungry.... The\n canned beef proved to be practically uneatable.... When we were\n mustered out, many of the men had lost their jobs, and were too weak\n to go to work at once. Of course there were a few weaklings among\n them; and there were others, entirely brave and self-sufficient, who\n from wounds or fevers were so reduced that they had to apply for\n aid....\u201d\n\nWhile our government was feeding its soldiers on meat unfit for a dog,\nour export trade included millions of pounds of the best meat on\nearth\u2014sent to Europe to be eaten by the aristocratic snobs of the\n\u201c_better_ class.\u201d\n\nShakespeare has asked the thoughtful man\u2019s question:\n\n \u201cWhat would you have me do? Go to the wars, would you? Where a man\n may serve seven years for the loss of a leg, and have not money in\n the end to buy a wooden one.\u201d\n\n\u201cFreeing Cuba\u201d was\u2014was what? A change of masters for the Cuban working\nclass, and a \u201cfool\u2019s errand\u201d for the American working class soldiers, as\nmany of them have confessed\u2014confessed with curses for the crafty\nprominent people who seduced them to the battlefields.\n\n\nSIXTH ILLUSTRATION: STANDING AT ATTENTION FOR CIVILIZED CANNIBALS:\n\nConsider a moment the recent war between Christian Russia and pagan\nJapan, a war for the capitalist control of Manchuria, the working class\nof course doing the fighting\u2014as usual.\n\nIt is well-known that the economic interests of the pagan Japanese\ncapitalists in Manchuria inspired the Japanese statesmen to the recent\nwar with Russia. The Christian Russian capitalists had precisely the\nsame sort of inspiration for the war. Here are presented some facts to\nbe considered by the spiritual followers of Christ who presume to scorn\nthe \u201csordid materialism of the \u2018unsaved\u2019 pagan Japanese\u201d:\n\n(1) For years preceding 1903 the Christian Tsar and the Christian\nEmpress and many of their Christian friends had opposed the threatening\nwar in Manchuria.\n\n(2) In 1903 the Royal Timber Company was organized to scoop up many\nmillions of dollars in profits to be made out of the vast lumber forests\nin the Yalu River valley \u201csecured\u201d from the pagan Corean government.\n\n(3) In 1903 the Tsar and the Empress and many of their friends joined\nthe Royal Timber Company, taking stock to the amount of many millions of\ndollars.\n\n(4) Having become involved in Corea _as capitalists_ with _economic_\ninterests to be protected, the Tsar, the Empress and their friends\nimmediately and completely reversed their position on the question of\nwar\u2014vigorously favored the war which now seemed to be necessary to\nprotect their Yalu River lumber interests. It now, of course, became\nperfectly clear that \u201cthe kingdom of Christ could be advanced among the\nheathen\u201d\u2014on the point of the bayonet.\n\nHence the two years of butchering of brothers by brothers\u2014who were duly\ninformed that they were \u201cenemies.\u201d[170]\n\nIt seems barely possible that the 47,387 Japanese soldiers who were\nkilled in that war could have no proper appreciation of the Tsar\u2019s\nspiritual motives in promoting the war; but, on the other hand, during\nthe war 320,000 sick and wounded were sent from Manchurian battlefields\nto Japan. These, while nursing their festering wounds and their wasting\nhealth, had some leisure to have explained to them the somewhat\nelusively spiritual element of a Christian war inaugurated for \u201cJesus\u2019\nsake\u201d and the protection of a saw-mill enterprise.\n\nThis terrible war lasted two years. But it would certainly have closed\nin six months because of lack of funds\u2014if Christian business men and\ngentle, \u201ccultivated\u201d Christian women of the world had refused to lend\nmoney to the two sleek groups of official brutes in Japan and Russia who\nwere forcing hundreds of thousands of humble working men into Manchuria\nto slaughter one another. Just charge up twenty-four months of that\nferocious blood-spilling\u2014charge it, not only to the Christian barbarians\nthe Tsar and his friends, and the un-Christian Mikado and his pagan\ncapitalist friends, but also to the civilized, fur-lined, orthodox\nsavages of Western Europe and of the United States who were so wolfishly\neager for unearned incomes in interest on war bonds that they were\nwilling, by lending money to fan the flames of war,\u2014willing to foster\nwholesale murder, willing to wet the earth with working class blood and\ntears\u2014willing thus to sink their industrial tusks deep into the\nquivering flesh of the toilers of Japan and Russia. Always there is a\nreason.\n\nAt one time in the war Japanese statesmen offered interest-bearing,\nJapanese national bonds for sale in San Francisco. There was instantly a\nswinish scramble by lily-fingered Christian ladies and gentlemen of that\ncity to buy those pagan blood-wet bonds; the bonds were thus purchased\nimmediately\u2014with the unblushing promptness of greed. The offers of cash\nvastly exceeded the amount of the bonds offered. And now these \u201cleading\nChristian citizens,\u201d having thus stuck out their tongues in scorn at the\nChrist of Peace, having thus given the loud laugh of contempt for the\nnoble sentiment of the brotherhood of man,\u2014these eminently respectable\ncannibals by means of their bond purchases having adjusted their\nscornful lips to the veins of the far-away working class of Japan\u2014_are\nsatisfied_; and for a generation they will suck and tug\u2014like beautiful\ntigers at the throats of common work horses\u2014will suck the industrial\nblood of the working class they despise.\n\nThis blood-sucking process will be called \u201cbusiness.\u201d\n\nThe blood they suck will be called \u201cinterest.\u201d\n\nThese gilt-edged cannibals will continue to be called \u201cthe very best\npeople of San Francisco.\u201d\n\nTheir occasional contribution to Christian missionary work in Japan will\nbe called \u201csplendid generosity.\u201d\n\nTheir \u201cviews\u201d on the \u201charmony of capital and labor\u201d will be quoted in\nmany capitalist newspapers as \u201csound advice.\u201d\n\nAnd, strangely enough, these smooth murderers\u2014particeps criminis\u2014will\nactually go unhung, such is the irony of the present order.\n\nAnd these distinguished abettors of international assassination\nwill\u2014with crafty thoughtfulness\u2014occasionally visit the armories and\nbarracks in San Francisco and carefully flatter the working class\nmilitia and the working class \u201cregulars,\u201d flatter them into the folly of\nstanding guard for those who despise and betray and bleed the working\nclass of the whole world.\n\nBrothers, will _you_ be tricked to the trenches, march in the mud,\nmurder your class and bleed yourselves for such as these? Will you stand\nat \u201cattention\u201d for these international leeches? What about loyalty to\nyour own class?\n\nConcerning these international bond-buying leeches the Reverend Dr.\nWalter Walsh writes:[171]\n\n \u201cBy the very condition of its existence international capitalism has\n no country\u2014save Eldorado; no king\u2014save Mammon; no politics\u2014save\n Business.... Mammon worshippers of all nations forswear every\n allegiance whensoever and in whatsoever part of the world it clashes\n with their allegiance to capital and interest; that heterogeneous\n and polyglot crowd of millionaires, exploiters, money-lenders,\n gamblers ... or the adoring circle of political women who worship\n them\u2014being moved by no other consideration than profit and loss....\n By the transference of its investments from native to foreign\n countries capitalism ceases to be national ... this bloated order of\n capitalism.\u201d\n\nThe English philosopher, Frederic Harrison, hands these international\nprofit-gluttons the following compliment:[172]\n\n \u201cTurn which way we will, it all comes back to this\u2014that we are to go\n to war really for the money interests of certain rich men.... All\n this is very desirable to the persons themselves. But it is not the\n concern of this country to guarantee them these profits, privileges\n and places. It would be blood guilt in this country to enforce these\n guarantees at the cost of war. The interests of these rich and\n adventurous persons are not British interests; but the interests of\n certain British subjects. And between their interests and war and\n conquest, domination and annexation\u2014how vast is the gulf.\u201d\n\n \u201cWar seldom enters but where wealth allures.\u201d\u2014Dryden: \u201cHind and\n Panther.\u201d\n\n \u201cGold and power the chief causes of war.\u201d\u2014Tacitus: _History_, Book\n 4.\n\n \u201cA great and lasting war can never be supported on this principle\n [patriotism] alone.\u201d\u2014George Washington: In a letter to John\n Bannister, April 21, 1778.\n\n \u201cLet the gulled fool the toils of war pursue\n Where bleed the many to enrich the few.\u201d\n \u2014Shenstone: \u201cJudgment of Hercules.\u201d\n\n \u201cWhen wars do come, they fall upon the many, the producing class,\n who are the sufferers.\u201d[173]\n\n\nSEVENTH ILLUSTRATION: THE AMERICAN COSSACK.[174]\n\n\u201cThe man on horseback\u201d has always typified despotism. He means\n\u201cSilence!\u201d to all opposition. He is the assassin of discussion and the\ndestroyer of democracy. Historically he has usually been the ambitious\ngeneral usurping political powers and becoming an autocrat. He has\nalways been dreaded by all who have worked for the progress of freedom.\n\u201cThe man on horseback\u201d has ceased to be a myth in America. He has been\nrecreated by the Neros of American capitalism whom he proudly serves for\nrations and flattery, the pet of the \u201ccaptains of industry.\u201d\n\nThe Tsars of Russia have used the Cossack and recommend him to all the\nrulers of the world.\n\nThe American Cossack has been on duty for several years in some parts of\nthe United States. He is shameless, dangerous, effective. He will\nprobably be multiplied by thousands, in numbers, and by infinity, in\ninsolence,\u2014within the next ten years\u2014in the United States. _He must be\nunderstood\u2014by the working class._ Here is a sample:\n\nIn the anthracite coal strike of 1902, 145,000 humble miners whose\naverage income was $1.29 per day, struggled for a few pennies more for\ntheir toil with which to feed and clothe themselves and their families.\nIn that strike the following brave deed was done by a mounted\nmilitiaman, an American Cossack, in the service of the tyrants who own\nthe vast stores of anthracite coal.\n\nA mounted militiaman, armed with a modern rifle and a powerful revolver,\na double row of cartridges and a club in his belt, rode pompously\nthrough the street of a mining village, bravely daring the unarmed\ntoilers and heroically glaring at the humble women and the helpless\nlittle children at the cabin doors. _Ready_\u2014with him fed, petted, armed,\nmounted and brutal\u2014the _capitalists_ were _ready_, ready though the\ncapitalists themselves were a hundred miles or ten thousand miles away.\nThat AUTOMATIC TUSK of the capitalist class was on duty. Suddenly he\ncried out to an old man, a \u201cmine helper,\u201d on strike, an old veteran of\nthe Civil War: \u201cHalt!\u201d\n\nThen, pointing down the dusty road, \u201cthe man on horseback,\u201d the American\nCossack, said to the hungry old man: \u201cMarch! Git! Damn you, git! Right\ndown that road right now\u2014and keep marching\u2014straight ahead of me! Mind\nyou\u2014I\u2019ll be right behind you, you damned lazy scoundrel! Walk\npretty\u2014damn you! If you make a mis-step or even look side-wise, I\u2019ll put\na bullet through you! Now march!\u201d\n\nThe march began at once. Thus this well-dressed, well-mounted,\nwell-armed young working man, an American Cossack, rode hour after\nhour\u2014for half a day\u2014a few steps behind the weary old wage-slave, a\nveteran of the Civil War,\u2014on and on in the hot sun for many weary miles,\ndown the Susquehanna River (in the direction of Gettysburg). Finally,\nafter the long march, the noble hero on horseback called out to the old\nhero on foot, \u201cHalt! Do you see that trail over yon mountain? Yes? Well,\nnow, you damned old cheap skate, you scratch gravel over that\nmountain\u2014quick, too! And let me tell you one thing\u2014if you ever show your\ndamned skinny old face in the anthracite coal region again, we\u2019ll shoot\nyou like a dog. Now, you old gray-headed \u2014\u2014 \u2014\u2014 \u2014\u2014, git up that\nmountain\u2014git up that mountain and out of sight or I\u2019ll shoot you. Go!\u201d\n\nWearily the old Union veteran climbed the mountain. When he finally got\naway from his noble tormentor he sat down to rest\u2014and think\u2014to think of\n\u201cour free country.\u201d\n\nLong ago that old gray man\u2014when in his excitable youth\u2014had marched\nproudly under the \u201cStars and Stripes\u201d on gory battlefields, risking all,\nall, to defend \u201chis country,\u201d and his dear \u201cOld Glory.\u201d Once, he told\nme, the flag was reddened with his own blood.... But now \u201cOld Glory\u201d\nmocked him. Captains of industry, capitalists, industrial Caesars, had\ncaptured the flag and with devilish craftiness used that same flag to\ndefend their industrial despotism. Sons and grandsons of veterans of the\nCivil War were now shrewdly flattered and bribed into the ignoble r\u00f4le\nof Russianizing America. Sons and grandsons were becoming Cossacks, and\nthey cursed his gray hairs for demanding of American capitalists a few\nmore pennies a day for ill-fed, ill-clad, ill-housed women and children\nin the dismal homes of the miners.... A cursing Cossack wearing khaki\nand flying the flag virtually spat in the old veteran\u2019s face.\n\n \u201cA cold-blooded organization that [Pennsylvania] State\n Constabulary.\u201d[175]\n\nWhen Decoration Day comes, when the Fourth of July is to be celebrated,\nwhen \u201cpatriotic\u201d displays are to be made\u2014at such times\u2014bankers, big\nbusiness men, politicians and statesmen\u2014many of these\u2014should put on\nblack masks, wrap themselves in black flags, and sneak (blushingly, if\npossible) down into dark cellars and stay there during the\ncelebration\u2014with their memories crowded with soldiers, widows and\norphans brutally wronged,\u2014with their memories crowded with congresses\ncorrupted, treasuries looted, lands stolen, charters, privileges and\n\u201cgood things\u201d shamelessly raped from the unseeing public while brave but\ndeluded working men agonized on bloody battlefields.\n\nAnd on such days the working class should shout less and think more.\n\u201cThe man on horseback\u201d should have some special thought.\n\nAnd the working class are thinking today more than ever before. And,\nthinking, they begin to see that hand-clapping, fife-playing,\ndrum-beating and buncombe from a prostituted orator are neither freedom\nnor justice, nor even the _sign_ of such; but are, rather, just what\nMark Twain called them[176]\u2014a \u201cbastard patriotism.\u201d\n\nThe motive of the young men who voluntarily join the army or the militia\nis possibly, in many cases, a good motive. Perhaps they do not see the\ntricks of the string-pullers behind the scenes, the powerful motives of\nthe industrial masters behind the curtains. _It is not always easy for\nthe young man to realize that he is to be used to punish the\nhalf-nourished, pale-faced working class baby that vainly tugs\nweak-lipped at the withered and milkless breasts of the ill-fed,\nill-clothed, discouraged working class mother_. However, the cheap r\u00f4le\nof the armed protector of industrial parasites is becoming more and more\nclearly understood, and consequently more and more disgusting to the\nentire working class\u2014including both the militia and the regulars\nthemselves. LIGHT IS BREAKING IN THE TOILERS\u2019 MIND. THE HIDEOUS BUSINESS\nOF STANDING READY TO BAYONET THE MILLIONS OF MEN AND BOYS AND WOMEN AND\nGIRLS WHOSE LIVES ARE MADE UP OF MEANLY PAID DRUDGERY\u2014THIS VILE BUSINESS\nIS RAPIDLY SINKING BELOW THE LEVEL OF CONTEMPT. STRONG YOUNG FELLOWS IN\nTHE ARMY AND THE MILITIA AND THE NAVY INCLINE MORE AND MORE TO LINE UP\nWITH THEIR OWN CLASS, THE WORKING CLASS, AND REFUSE TO ASSASSINATE THEIR\nBROTHERS WHO ARE STRUGGLING FOR A FEW PENNIES ADVANCE IN WAGES.\n\nThey see the trick.\n\nSome of the militiamen resigned in the anthracite coal strike of 1902,\nresigned when they realized that they were being used simply as\nwatchdogs for industrial masters who were cheating even the little\nten-year-old boys in the coal-breakers, cheating even these little\nfellows whose fingers, worn through the skin, were bleeding on the coal\nthey sorted with their hands.\n\nThat was in Republican Pennsylvania.\n\nNot long ago when the street railway union men were on strike in New\nOrleans some of the militiamen, with splendid contempt and defiance,\nthrew their rifles down on the cobblestones rather than obey orders to\nshoot their old neighbors who were struggling for a larger share of\nlife.\n\nThat was in Democratic Louisiana.\n\nWorkingmen, both Democrats and Republicans, begin to see the trick.\n\nThousands of young men desert\u2014and thousands more would like to\ndesert\u2014the United States army every year. They cannot stand the snubs\nand sneers of their \u201csuperior officers,\u201d and the contempt now\nincreasingly felt by the working class for the armed handy man serving\nas a fist for the ruling class.\n\nSo many young men in America understand the working class soldier\u2019s\ndisloyalty to his own class that the Department of Murder now has much\ndifficulty in keeping the ranks full. The Government now has to tease\nand coax young men to join the army and the navy. In the autumn of 1907,\nthe capitalist press began to discuss boldly the necessity of\n_conscription_ for filling the ranks of our standing army, the European\nplan of forcing young men to assume the r\u00f4le of armed flunkies. But just\nas the capitalist papers began to discuss and commend compulsory\nmilitary service, the panic, the hard times, broke upon the country;\nhundreds of thousands were suddenly thrown out of employment. Instantly\nthe Government and the capitalist papers ceased discussion of\nconscription, knowing well that thousands of jobless men could easily be\nrecruited to save themselves from rags and hunger. At the same time\nCongress _advanced the pay of regular soldiers_\u2014while millions of\ntoilers were out of work, millions were reduced to \u201cpart time,\u201d millions\nhad their wages cut: the destroyers\u2019 wages were advanced, but the\nproducers\u2019 wages were cut down.\n\nThese facts made millions think. Thinking whets the edge of the working\nclass mind. This sharpened mind cuts through the noisy mockery and the\nglittering sham of capitalist patriotism.\n\nThe workers wake. They see the trick.\n\nVolunteers?\n\n\u201cThe British volunteer army is in reality recruited to the extent of 80\nper cent. by the peril of starvation. The yearly average of desertions\nfrom the British Regular Army is 7,000.\u201d[177] The writer of the present\nvolume has heard of young men volunteering for the American Regular Army\nwho enlisted in the fall and deserted in the spring, some of them doing\nthis even three times.[178] The capitalists would not hire them and they\nwere too proud to beg. They \u201cwintered\u201d in the army. But they despised\nthe whole thing.\n\nThey see the trap.\n\n\nA WORKINGMAN\u2019S MEDITATIONS: \u201cWE APPRECIATE IT.\u201d\n\nIn time of peace the \u201cleading citizens\u201d give us horny-handed working\npeople the cold gaze\u2014socially. We are not invited to dine with\nthem\u2014socially, or dance with them\u2014socially, or otherwise visit with\nthem\u2014socially. They say we are ignorant and coarse-grained\u2014socially; and\nthey turn us down \u201ccold and hard\u201d\u2014socially, _in time of peace_. But in\ntime of _war_ these \u201cvery best people\u201d don\u2019t neglect us so much\u2014and we\nappreciate it. _Then_ the \u201cbest people\u201d give us glad, stimulating\nglances and speak up kindly\u2014and we appreciate it. They tell us we are\nbrave and intelligent and patriotic\u2014and we appreciate it. They tell us\nthat soldier clothes look good (on us)\u2014and we appreciate it. When our\nnewly enlisted working class company are ready to go away to war the\nbankers and the other big business men chip in a quarter apiece to get\nthe brass band out to give us a \u201csend off\u201d\u2014and we appreciate it. The\nbankers and the big business men and the band go down to the railway\nstation with us: we grin, then they smile\u2014and we appreciate it. As our\ntrain of dirty old second-class coaches pulls away we look out through\nthe car windows and see the bankers and the other leading citizens\nwaving their soft white hands and sweetly smiling at us, saying, \u201cYou\nare the very _thing_\u201d\u2014and we appreciate it. The \u201cbest people\u201d know we\nare going to feast on embalmed beef and show our patriotism: they wipe\ntheir eyes sympathetically\u2014and we appreciate it. The \u201cbest people\u201d\nmodestly and courteously remain at home in order that we working people\nmay have all the honor and glory of butchering and being butchered\u2014and\nwe appreciate it. The \u201cbest people,\u201d with beautiful forethought, give us\nworking people the blessed privilege of leaving our homes lonely,\nleaving our wives desolate and widowed, our children orphaned\u2014and we\nappreciate it. The \u201cleading citizens\u201d fraternally let us working people\ndo the fighting and the bleeding and the dying for the country\u2014and we\nappreciate it _so_ much. With gracious manner these \u201cprominent people\u201d\nshow us a \u201chot time\u201d and tell us to \u201c_go_ to it\u201d\u2014and we appreciate it.\nWith melting tenderness the \u201c_very best people_\u201d give us working people\nthe \u201chot air\u201d and the \u201cfrosty lemons\u201d\u2014and we begin to appreciate the\ntrick.\n\nWhen the southern slave-driver gave the slave fifteen lashes instead of\nsixteen the slave appreciated it.\n\nReader, in nearly every country in Europe, in America\u2014in all parts of\nthe civilized world\u2014the workers are having their eyes opened. They begin\nto understand the crafty flattery of the dollar-marked patriots who\nnever get on the firing line.\n\n\nA SPECIAL WARNING TO THE WORKING CLASS OF THE UNITED STATES:\n\nOpen wide your eyes, brothers\u2014and sisters.\n\nThe next trick-to-the-trenches is being prepared.\n\nThere is _talk_ of peace\u2014but _preparation_ for war.\n\nFor more than twenty-five hundred years the great sea wars have been\nfought on the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The bottoms of\nthese oceans are strewn with shattered ships and human bones.\n\nBut the vast butcherings at sea in the near future will probably be,\nmost of them, on the Pacific Ocean.\n\nLike hungry wolves hotly eager in sight of prey, like clouds of vultures\nswooping confidently over a field strewn with a vile feast\u2014thus the\ncapitalist nations are gathering together their drums, their rifles,\ncannon, dynamite, lyddite, embalmed beef, hospitals, soldiers, marines,\nbattleships, and boat-destroyers, preparing to assemble on the Pacific\nOcean for bloody struggles.\n\nThere is _talk_ of peace\u2014but _preparation_ for war.\n\nWhat for?\n\nSimply to secure more opportunity to make more profits for more\nmoney-hungry cowards, who will loll at home\u2014safe\u2014while the \u201cbrave boys\u201d\ndo the fighting.\n\nThere is talk of peace\u2014and preparation for war.\n\nWhat for?\n\nEastern Asia is the prize.\n\nWorking-class boys everywhere who are socially snubbed at home\u2014and even\nturned down at the factory\u2014these boys will join the armies and the\nnavies of the world for these future struggles. Huge guns will roar, big\nshells will boom across the waves, splendid ships will shudder, then\nplunge to the bottom of the deep, filled with boys enticed from the\nhomes of the humble. The sharks will send the innocents to the sea.\n\nIt will be \u201cgreat\u201d and \u201cglorious.\u201d Very.\n\nAnd especially profitable: which is the main thing.\n\nPerhaps your own bones or your son\u2019s bones will bleach at the bottom of\nthe Pacific Ocean.\n\nThe _fundamental_ cause of these future wars on the Pacific Ocean and in\nEastern Asia, the cause, will be ignored or concealed by all\nInternational Peace Conferences and Conventions. And, afraid to admit\nthe cause, they can not treat the cause of these wars; they will thus be\nunable to prevent these wars\u2014these wolfish struggles for Eastern Asia as\na capitalist prize. The leading capitalist citizens of the world have no\nconfidence in these International Peace Conferences. Therefore they\ncontinue building more cannon, more battleships and more than ever they\nare teasing the boys\u2014our own younger brothers of the working\nclass\u2014teasing them on board these great butchering machines.\n\nWarn your neighbor\u2014right away.\n\nMore and more defiantly the purpose is announced. In the year 1908 the\nPresident of the great American \u201cRepublic\u201d uttered an imperial fiat\u2014and\nlo! 18 battleships, 8 armored cruisers and a flock of torpedo-boat\ndestroyers, with thousands of cheap and humble young fellows on board,\u2014a\nfleet of butchering machines with the butchers aboard\u2014pompously steamed\n\u2019round the earth on a forty-five thousand-mile cruise and carouse,\nmeaning\u2014meaning what? Precisely this:\n\nThe capitalists of the United States are prepared with \u201ccivilized\u201d\nweapons, a shark\u2019s appetite and a tiger\u2019s methods, to conquer a lion\u2019s\nshare of the vast profits to be wrung from Eastern Asia if they can find\nenough gullible jackies to do the fighting.\n\nBe warned\u2014you toilers in the mills and mines and on the farms.\n\n \u201cDuring the last half century,\u201d writes Dr. Josiah Strong,[179]\n \u201cEuropean manufactures have risen from $5,000,000,000 to\n $15,000,000,000. This increase of production has led the European\n Powers to acquire tropical regions nearly one-half greater than\n Europe. But while European manufactures were increasing threefold,\n ours increased sixfold, and we, too, must find an outlet.\n\n \u201cAll this means that the great manufacturing peoples are about\n entering on an industrial conflict which is likely to be much more\n than a \u2018thirty years\u2019 war,\u2019 and like all war will cause measureless\n misery and loss.\u201d\n\nThe interocean Panama Canal, costing our country hundreds of millions of\ndollars, is simply _one part_ of the American plutocrats\u2019 plan to\ndominate the Pacific, bleed Asia, convert the \u201cRepublic\u201d into a still\nless veiled despotism for conquest, commerce and profits to stuff the\npockets of the modern Caesars who talk of patriotism and always lust for\ngold.\n\nMr. William H. Taft, in an interview, spoke thus threateningly in 1908:\n\n \u201cThe foremost issue of the coming campaign will be the question of\n expansion and the affairs of our insular possessions.\n\n \u201cThe American Chinese trade is sufficiently great to require the\n government of the United States to take every legitimate means to\n protect it against diminution or injury by any political preference\n of any of its competitors.\n\n \u201c_The merchants of the United States are being aroused to the\n importance of their Chinese export trade and will view political\n obstacles to its expansion with deep concern. This feeling of theirs\n would be likely to find its expression in the attitude of the United\n States Government._\n\n \u201cThe Japanese have no more to do with our policy as a people than\n any other nation. If they have or develop a policy that conflicts\n with ours, that is another matter....\n\n \u201cI am an advocate of a larger navy.\u201d[180]\n\nThere is _talk_ of peace\u2014but _preparation_ for war.\n\nBut mark it well, brothers of the working class: Mr. Taft\u2019s sons will\nnot be butchered as cheap American marines fighting on the Pacific Ocean\nfor a larger market for American capitalists. No capitalist shark shall\nmake a sucker of his sons and tease them to the sea. Mr. Roosevelt\u2019s\nsons, Mr. Bryan\u2019s sons, and the sons of Senators and of Congressmen, the\nsons of bankers, great merchants and manufacturers\u2014the flesh of these\nwill never rot at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. No, oh, no. Scarcely.\nThey are too proud and shrewd to do anything of the sort\u2014for fifty cents\na day. The mothers and sisters and sweethearts of these thoroughbred\nboys will never weep in homes made desolate by the thoughts of skulls of\nloved ones shining and grinning at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.\n\nBrothers, I warn you.\n\n \u201cTell them who are so fond of touring around the globe to import\u2014(I\n would rather say to inflict)\u2014their civilization on the backward\n nations and tribes,\u201d says Mr. Frederic Harrison,[181] \u201ctell them\n that you want civilization here at home, if you can get it\n genuine.... Tell them that there are fifty burning social questions\n at home to solve.... Tell these noisy philanthropists ... whilst\n \u2018civilization\u2019 is making the tour of the world on board iron-clads,\n with eighty-ton guns, civilization is terribly wanted ... at\n home.... Therefore it is, I say, that peace, international justice,\n and quiet relations with all our neighbors, are first of all the\n interest of the workingmen ... they lose most heavily by war, both\n in what they immediately suffer and in what they have to surrender.\n They may leave their bones to wither in distant lands, but they\n bring back no fortunes, no honors ... no new honors for their class.\n They only can speak out boldly and with the irresistible voice of\n conscience, because they only have no interest in injustice, nothing\n to gain by conquest, and everything to lose by interference.\u201d\n\nRefuse, brothers, refuse. Be proud. Refuse. Stand by your own class.\nRefuse. Bankers refuse. Manufacturers refuse. All the shrewd \u201cprominent\npeople\u201d refuse. You also should refuse to let your flesh rot and your\nbones bleach at the bottom of the ocean in the interest of these\ninternational leeches.\n\nLift up your meek faces, you tricked toilers of the world. The war\ntrenches are yawning for your lives\u2014a gulf in which the hopes, the\nhappiness, the blood and the tears of your class will be swallowed.\n\nRefuse.\n\nWhen you understand, brothers, you will defend yourselves.\n\nThe day is dawning when the working class will not only shrewdly refuse\nto be tricked to the trenches, but will also proudly seize all the\npowers of government in defense of the working class. The working class\nmust defend the working class. The state, the school, the press, the\nlecture platform, and even part of the church, all these powerful\ninstitutions, are at present used to fasten and hold the burdens of toil\nand the curse of war on the backs of the brutalized and despised\nworking-class producers and the working-class destroyers.\n\nIt is our move, brothers. Have we sense enough for self-defense? See\nChapter Ten: \u201cNow What Shall We Do About It?\u201d\n\n-----\n\nFootnote 117:\n\n J. H. Rose: _The Development of the European Nations, 1870\u20131900_, Vol.\n II., p. 328.\n\nFootnote 118:\n\n Copied from a Government advertisement in front of recruiting\n headquarters in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, September 7, 1907. Italics\n mine. G. R. K. This same form of advertisement has also been used in\n many other cities.\n\nFootnote 119:\n\n \u201cLecture on War.\u201d\n\nFootnote 120:\n\n See Bloch: _Future of War_, Preface XXXII.\n\nFootnote 121:\n\n See Charles Seignobos: _The Political History of Europe Since 1815_,\n p. 504.\n\nFootnote 122:\n\n See Brodrick and Frotheringham: _The Political History of England_,\n Vol. XI., p. 172, et seq.\n\nFootnote 123:\n\n _Work and Wages_, p. 507.\n\nFootnote 124:\n\n Jephson: _The Platform\u2014Its Rise and Progress_, Vol. I., p. 283.\n\nFootnote 125:\n\n _History of the English People_, Vol. IV., p. 377.\n\nFootnote 126:\n\n _A Student\u2019s History of England_, pp. 877\u201380.\n\nFootnote 127:\n\n _The Political History of England_, Vol. XI., Ch. 8.\n\nFootnote 128:\n\n _Sir Robert Peel_, Ch. 3.\n\nFootnote 129:\n\n _The English Constitution_, p. 423. Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 130:\n\n See, for example, J. F. Bright: _A History of England_, Period III.,\n p. 1352.\n\nFootnote 131:\n\n _Arbeiter in Council_, p. 501.\n\nFootnote 132:\n\n _Bourienne\u2019s Memoirs_, Vol. VII., c. 20. Reference in _Arbeiter in\n Council_, p. 499. For cases equally monstrous in the American Civil\n War history, see Myers\u2019 _History of Great American Fortunes_, Vol.\n II., pp. 127\u201338, 291\u2013301; Chapters 11 and 12; Vol. III., pp. 160\u2013176.\n\nFootnote 133:\n\n _History of the American People_, Vol. III., p. 120.\n\nFootnote 134:\n\n _A History of the American People_, p. 556.\n\nFootnote 135:\n\n \u201cApart from the phraseology of the statutes it appears during the\n early years of the War the possibility of the payment of the bonds in\n other than coin was hardly raised. According to the explicit statement\n of Garfield in 1868, when the original five-twenty bond bill was\n before the House in 1862, all who referred to the subject stated that\n the principal of these bonds was payable in gold, and coin payment was\n the understanding of every member of the committee of ways and\n means.... It thus became practically an unwritten law to pay the\n obligations of the United States in coin.\u201d\u2014Dewey: _Financial History\n of the United States_, paragraph 148.\n\nFootnote 136:\n\n Hepburn: _The Contest for Sound Money_, p. 188.\n\nFootnote 137:\n\n _Finance_, p. 540, also _Public Debts_, p. 131.\n\nFootnote 138:\n\n Rice: _The Father of His Country\u2014Year Book_.\n\nFootnote 139:\n\n _The Economic Interpretation of History_, p. 454. Italics mine. G. R.\n K.\n\nFootnote 140:\n\n _Twenty-Eight Years_ (new edition _Fifty Years_) _of Wall Street_, p.\n 194.\n\nFootnote 141:\n\n Mr. Clews relates this whole matter in detail in his _Twenty-Eight\n Years in Wall Street_ (new edition _Fifty Years_, etc.), in which\n noble tome naive conceit and the pleasures of self-contemplation beget\n an almost equal degree of incautious loquacity and innocent candor.\n\nFootnote 142:\n\n By \u201cclear the decks,\u201d and \u201cunload,\u201d when financial storms threaten,\n bankers mean that any soon-to-shrink stocks and bonds held by them are\n to be at once sold to (dumped upon) somebody else, to let somebody\n else stand the certain loss\u2014just as a sinful deacon might sell to his\n neighboring fellow-worshipper a horse he was sure would die next day,\n or as an enterprising grocer might sell a rotten lemon to a blind\n child. It is \u201clegitimate.\u201d It is \u201copportunity.\u201d It is \u201cbusiness.\u201d And\n conscience is a nuisance to some people when there is \u201copportunity\u201d to\n do \u201cbusiness.\u201d\n\nFootnote 143:\n\n \u201cIt is a well-known fact that the War of the Rebellion was prolonged\n as a result of the manipulations of the speculators who invested in\n bonds. While the boys in blue were baring their breasts to the enemy\n in a heroic struggle to save the Union, for $13 per month, the bond\n sharks were speculating upon their necessities and the necessities of\n the Government. At one time President Lincoln was so exasperated by\n their greedy and unpatriotic actions that he declared they \u2018ought to\n have their devilish heads shot off.\u2019\u201d\u2014Congressman Vincent, of Kansas,\n in the House of Representatives, April 18, 1898.\n\nFootnote 144:\n\n _History of the United States_, Vol. IV., pp. 44\u201356.\n\nFootnote 145:\n\n _The Wall Street Point of View_, p. 29.\n\nFootnote 146:\n\n _Railway Problems_, p. 95.\n\nFootnote 147:\n\n See Davis: _The Union Pacific Railway_, p. 187.\n\nFootnote 148:\n\n Davis: pp. 89\u2013202.\n\nFootnote 149:\n\n _Railway Problems_, p. 94.\n\nFootnote 150:\n\n Professor Frank Parsons (Boston University): _The Railways, the Trusts\n and the People_, p. 64. And see Report of the Wilson Investigating\n Committee, pp. III, IV, et seq., and Parsons\u2019 Chapter on \u201cRailroad\n Graft.\u201d Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 151:\n\n \u201cSimilar franchises and subsidies were at the same time given to the\n Central Pacific Railroad Company.\u201d\u2014Parsons: _The Railways, the Trusts\n and the People_, p. 128.\n\nFootnote 152:\n\n _The United States in Our Own Time_, p. 103.\n\nFootnote 153:\n\n Wilson, for several years Land Commissioner for the Illinois Central\n Railway Company, cited by Andrews.\n\nFootnote 154:\n\n Parsons: _The Railways, the Trusts and the People_, p. 106.\n\nFootnote 155:\n\n Davis: _The Union Pacific Railway_.\n\nFootnote 156:\n\n _The Railroads, the Trusts and the People_, p. 128.\n\nFootnote 157:\n\n Professors Cleveland and Powell (University of Pennsylvania):\n _Railroad Promotion and Capitalization_, p. 250. Emphasis mine. G. R.\n K.\n\nFootnote 158:\n\n See Professors Cleveland and Powell: _Railroad Promotion and\n Capitalization_, pp. 250, 255.\n\nFootnote 159:\n\n See Lalor\u2019s _Cyclopedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and\n United States History_, Vol. III., p. 514.\n\nFootnote 160:\n\n _The Railways, the Trusts and the People_, p. 107.\n\nFootnote 161:\n\n The Fourth Illustration was prepared before the appearance of Mr.\n Gustavus Myers\u2019 _History of Great American Fortunes_, in which the\n reader can find much concerning the land steals. Myers\u2019 three volumes\n are brimful of bombshells for the \u201cnoble record\u201d of the glistening\n barnacles that have clung to the body politic ever since George\n Washington was under indictment for swearing off his taxes. Mr. Myers\n has sadly bedimmed the glory of the illustrious \u201csolid men of\n business.\u201d The work serves as a great contribution to the literature\n on _social parasitism_ concerning which the wage-earner should make\n all haste to get all possible information.\n\nFootnote 162:\n\n See discussions in Congressional Record of the period.\n\nFootnote 163:\n\n See Congressional Records.\n\nFootnote 164:\n\n D. R. Dewey: _The Financial History of the United States_, p. 467.\n\nFootnote 165:\n\n _The Rough Riders_, passim. Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 166:\n\n April 1, 6, 9, and 20, 1898.\n\nFootnote 167:\n\n See _Tribune_ for real name in full.\n\nFootnote 168:\n\n _School History of the United States_, p. 476.\n\nFootnote 169:\n\n Roosevelt: _The Rough Riders_, passim.\n\nFootnote 170:\n\n See _McClure\u2019s Magazine_, Sept., 1908.\n\nFootnote 171:\n\n _The Moral Damage of War_, pp. 332\u201333.\n\nFootnote 172:\n\n _National and Social Problems_, pp. 211\u201312.\n\nFootnote 173:\n\n Gen. U. S. Grant. Compare also Grant\u2019s comment on the cause of the\n Mexican War: _Memoirs_, Vol. I.\n\nFootnote 174:\n\n See Chapters Seven, Section 7\u201312.\n\nFootnote 175:\n\n _New York Evening Sun_, Editorial, Feb. 24, 1910.\n\nFootnote 176:\n\n In an address, New York, May 25, 1908.\n\nFootnote 177:\n\n British authority for this statement; but exact citation unfortunately\n lost.\n\nFootnote 178:\n\n But see Index: \u201cDesertion.\u201d\n\nFootnote 179:\n\n _Expansion_, pp. 101\u20132.\n\nFootnote 180:\n\n Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 181:\n\n _National and Social Problems_, pp. 186\u201388.\n\n\n\n\n CHAPTER SEVEN.\n For Father and the Boys.\n\n\nFollowing are \u201cTopics for Discussion,\u201d commended especially to working\nmen as themes for conversations by fathers (and mothers) and sons,\ndaughters also. It is hoped, too, that many of these themes may be\nbrought up for discussion by labor union bodies.\n\nThe reader will kindly refer to the footnote on page 13.\n\nThe divisions\u2014or \u201csections\u201d\u2014of the present chapter and of the succeeding\nchapter are not always materially related, and for the author\u2019s purpose\nit is not necessary that they should be. The section numbering is for\nconvenience in cross reference and for indexing.\n\n\n(=1=) The Tsar of Russia and Germany\u2019s famous general Von Moltke\npositively refused to permit the young soldiers to see Verestchagin\u2019s\npictures of war. Why? Because the pictures are true: they look like\nhell. Hell is not alluring.\n\n \u201cIf my soldiers should think carefully, not one of them would\n remain, in the ranks.\u201d\u2014Frederick II.\n\nDid you ever notice the attractive pictures of well-dressed, well-fed\nsoldiers and marines displayed as our government\u2019s advertisements for\narmy and navy recruits? The pictures are lovely. They are intended to\nmake war look good to the young and hungry wage-earners, especially to\nthose out of a job. But let me tell you: Recently when a crowded\ntransport reached San Francisco back from the Philippines, some of the\nsoldiers, on seeing again the advertising pictures displayed as decoys\nin San Francisco, shook their fists at the pictures and loudly and\nbitterly cursed them as part of the bait used to lure them to the hell\nof war. They had been thinking it all over. A good time to think it over\nis _before_ you enlist\u2014before you agree to go to hell.\n\n\n(=2=) Comment on war:\n\nGerman proverb: \u201cWhen war comes the devil makes hell larger.\u201d\n\nThe Rev. Doctor Albert Barnes: \u201cWar resembles hell.\u201d\n\nBishop Warburton: \u201cThe blackest mischief ever breathed from hell.\u201d\n\nLord Clarendon: \u201cWar ... an emblem of hell.\u201d\n\nWilliam Shakespeare: \u201cO, War, thou son of hell.\u201d\n\nGeneral W. T. Sherman: \u201cWar is hell.\u201d\n\nWell, really, it does seem as if the workingmen should at least be sharp\nenough to stay out of hell.\n\nNow, since \u201cwar is hell\u201d and the business men want hell and the\npoliticians declare hell\u2014why not let these gentlemen go to hell?\n\n\n(=3=) Suppose we should have two laws passed and suppose we were in\npolitical position to rigidly enforce these two laws:\u2014\n\nFIRST LAW,\u2014Requiring that when Congressmen and Senators are elected\nthere shall be elected at the same time an alternate for each and every\none of the Congressmen and Senators elected\u2014to fill easily and promptly\nany vacancies that may occur from any cause.\n\nSECOND LAW,\u2014Requiring that all Senators and Congressmen who vote for war\nand thus \u201cdeclare war\u201d shall be forced, according to this law, to\ninstantly resign their offices, and, by special draft provided for in\nthis law, be forced to join the army immediately, infantry department,\nand, with the common instruments of war (rifles, swords, etc.), fight on\nthe firing line, as privates, without promotion, till the war is\nfinished or till they themselves are slaughtered.\n\nIt is significant that:\n\n \u201cUniversal military service, adopted by all the great states on the\n Continent, in imitation of Germany [following the Franco-Prussian\n War], has, by making the young men of wealthy families join the\n army, personally interested the members of the governments and\n parliaments in avoiding war.\u201d[182]\n\nWhen, in 1909, the Spanish War in Africa became intense and dangerous,\nthe Spanish government renewed an old \u201cexemption\u201d law permitting wealthy\nand \u201cnoble\u201d and elegant Spanish gentlemen to send substitutes to the war\nand thus avoid the hell of the firing line themselves.[183]\n\nOur \u201cDick\u201d Military Law, passed by Congress in 1903, exempts\nCongressmen, Senators, judges, etc.,\u2014also (by agreement with the State\nlaws) preachers and priests\u2014exempts all these from the clutches of the\nWar Department, though that same law _sweeps millions of other men_\u2014all\nable-bodied, male citizens over eighteen and under forty-five years of\nage\u2014_sweeps millions more than before_ into the absolute control of the\nDepartment of Slaughter. (See Section 11, below.)\n\nDoes it not seem that if war is good enough to vote for or pray for it\nis good enough to go to rifle in hand? If not, why not?\n\nThose who vote for or pray for blood-stained victories should be forced\nto go after them. (See Chapter Eight, Section 14.)\n\n\n(=4=) Mr. Workingman, would you for any reason permit any statesman or\nother leading citizen to compel you personally and individually to go\nout into a neighboring pasture-field and open fire with a Winchester\nupon your neighbor who had done you no injury, against whom you felt no\nenmity? Scorn the thought!\n\nWell, suppose you are multiplied by 500,000 and your neighbor is also\nmultiplied by 500,000, and instead of a neighboring pasture-field you\nhave a neighboring territory on the other side of some national boundary\nline, and no quarrel, no enmity, no injury to be righted between the two\ngroups of 500,000 workingmen\u2014what then? Can\u2019t you see the point\u2014till you\nhave a bayonet thrust into you?\n\nSuppose the Congress of the United States and the Diet of Japan should\ndeclare war against each other. Why not have all the fighting and the\nbleeding and the dying done by the Mikado and the national legislature\nof Japan and our President and our national legislature? Simply have\nthese two small groups of glistening strutters forced to face each other\nwith rifles, swords and Gatling guns out on some nice level county\nfair-ground or big cornfield\u2014forced to furnish the blood, cripples,\ncorpses and funerals. This plan would be far more fun and less worry and\nless work\u2014for the working class; it would require so much less time and\nmoney and blood and tears.\n\nTake the last great war between Germany and France, in 1870\u201371. The King\nof Prussia and the Emperor of France had a personal quarrel about who\nshould be or who should not be the new King of Spain\u2014which was none of\ntheir business. They got \u201creal mad.\u201d War was declared. The \u201chonor\u201d of\nthis precious pair of handsome parasites was at stake. Nothing but blood\nwould wash out the stain upon their \u201chonor.\u201d Of course, royal blood was\ntoo precious for this laundering process. \u201cNoble blood\u201d was, of course,\nnot available\u2014for such purposes. The blood of common working class men\nwould do very well for these two brutes to do their washing in. They\nwere too cowardly to take each a sword and a Winchester and go out\nbehind the barn or into the woodshed and \u201csettle it,\u201d risking their own\nputrid blood.... No\u2014oh, no! The red ooze of kings and nobles is not to\nbe wasted as long as a lot of cheap wage-slaves are standing around\nwilling to be butchered\u2014with pride,\u2014for the experience and honor of it.\n\n\u201cTo the front! To the front! A million men to the front!\u201d\n\nInstantly a multitude of the strong men of the working class blindly\nrushed to the front\u2014as ordered, and _asking no more questions_ about the\n_justice_ of the war than the cavalry horses asked.[184]\n\nDid the working people of France and Germany have any grudge against one\nanother? Not the slightest. But they butchered one another by the tens\nof thousands.\n\nIt is true that the King of Prussia and the Emperor of France were\nactually in this war, \u201cat the front\u201d (somewhat\u2014or \u201cas it were\u201d). But the\nworking class reader should not be deceived by that fact. The King and\nthe Emperor were rarely in any danger whatever\u2014up _very_ close. They\n\u201c_enjoyed_\u201d the battles from the high ground overlooking the\nslaughter\u2014watching bravely through telescopes.\n\n\u201cHow, then, did the Germans capture the Emperor at the Battle of Sedan?\u201d\n\nHis troops were overwhelmed by the Germans. His soldiers swept\nback\u2014crowded into Sedan. Five hundred German cannon pounding the town\nmade the Emperor long for home. He did his grandest deeds of heroism\u2014in\ntrying to escape. He hadn\u2019t time to get out of the way. Bravely he\ndressed _in women\u2019s clothes_ in order not to be recognized, hoping by a\nperfectly ladylike manner to get back to his throne on which his heroism\nwould be more apparent and his martial spirit more assertive.\n\n\n(=5=) Well-paid federal injunction judges, well-paid generals and naval\nofficers (and their widows) are provided with liberal old-age government\npensions\u2014to make sure that _their_ last years may be _absolutely\nsecured_ against toil and worry and the humiliation and social damnation\nof poverty. Now if these well-paid men, receiving salaries of from\n$2,000 to $12,500 a year for many years,\u2014if these and those they love\nshould be carefully protected against want and worry in their gray old\nage, then why should not useful industrial workers who serve long and\nwell in the mills and mines and on the farms and railroads for a meagre\nliving where their lives are full of risk\u2014why should not these also be\nmade absolutely secure when the sunset of their lives draws near? Why\nnot?\n\nThe present annual cost of our two Departments of Murder\u2014the Army and\nthe Navy\u2014(including interest on war bonds and the loss of the \u201cregular\u201d\nsoldiers\u2019 labor-power, but _not_ including the military pensions) would\nfurnish an annual old-age industrial pension of more than $290 each for\none million four hundred and fifty thousand people. You old men and old\nwomen of the working class, wouldn\u2019t it give you a feeling of peace and\nconfidence if you were absolutely certain that, after a life of useful\nlabor in the grand army of industry, you, every pair of you, would\nreceive yearly, not as charity, but as a right provided for all, over\n$580? The lives of many working class men and women are today filled\nwith fear of hunger and rags and shelterless, helpless days when they\npass the capitalists\u2019 deadline, the employers\u2019 \u201cage-limit.\u201d\n\nSays the New York _World_:[185]\n\n \u201cThe unemployed of New York ask that on Decoration Day there be a\n service in the honor of the workingmen who have lost their lives at\n the post of duty. Not much attention has been paid to the\n suggestion.... These are the legacies which a people devoted to\n industry have received from an ancestry devoted to war. The heroes\n most honored in all ages have been warriors, and yet every\n generation has produced countless examples of devotion and sacrifice\n remote from the field of carnage.\n\n \u201cMore than any other great nation this republic might be expected to\n glorify the martyrs of industry, whose lives have been as truly for\n progress as any of those sacrificed in the ranks of armies. There\n are many dangerous callings in which the risks are as great as those\n of war. _There are hundreds of thousands of working men and women\n fighting fiercer battles daily than many a soldier ever knew._ On\n the _industrial_ firing line, _where no quarter is given to the\n invalid or the incompetent_, courage is not sustained by excitement\n and passion, and there are no illusions of fame to strengthen the\n faltering toiler when he comes face to face with defeat and death.\n\n \u201cIt is well that we should remember the fine patriotism of our\n citizen soldiers, but even they were workers before they were\n warriors. _If we would celebrate heroism it is to be found all about\n us in the humble stations among the men and women\u2014even the\n children\u2014who toil._\u201d\n\nThink about this matter, carefully, you men and women of the working\nclass. Discuss it with your children and your neighbors.\n\n\n(=6=) The owner of a factory, protected by law, by the constitution, by\nthe flag, by the politicians and the soldiers and militia, can \u201cturn\ndown\u201d a skilful, effective wage-earner because his hair is gray, because\nhe is \u201ctoo old,\u201d is \u201cpast the age limit\u201d\u2014even though his old wife starve\nfor support. The \u201cglorious flag\u201d protects even such vile industrial\ntyranny. The flag that the old man has worshipped, the constitution he\ndefended, and the politicians he voted for\u2014all these are no protection\nfor him. Thus our old industrial soldiers are helpless even though the\nindustrial tyrant spit on their gray beard.\n\n\n(=7=) The patriotic militiamen and the \u201cregulars\u201d often say: \u201cWe believe\nin protecting property in time of strikes.\u201d\n\nHow much property have you? And what kind of property is it? Is your\nproperty in danger? Indeed, was your property even remotely threatened?\nDo those who own the property you protect actually help you in\nprotecting their property\u2014help you in actual struggles where the lead\nflies?\n\nAmerican capitalists often refer to the \u201csplendid service\u201d of the\nmilitia and the regular troops in Chicago in 1894 in \u201cprotecting railway\nproperty from being burned by the strikers.\u201d But let us see:\n\nCertain railway companies in 1894 knew that the government of Chicago\ncould be forced or \u201cpersuaded\u201d to pay for all the cars destroyed within\nthe city limits during the strike by claiming insufficient protection of\nproperty had been furnished. If, then, hundreds of old worn-out cars\nworth \u201cold-iron\u201d prices could be destroyed by fire within the city\nlimits during the strike, and if the railway companies could by trickery\ncollect from the city, say, $500 for each such car burnt, it would be\n\u201cgood business\u201d to have such cars set on fire by paid incendiaries. The\nburning of this precious property would also create powerful sentiment\nagainst the strikers when \u201cplayed up\u201d luridly by the capitalist\nnewspapers. Thus there was powerful motive for having the precious\nproperty burnt. It would be both awful and profitable. Employees of some\nof the railways entering Chicago have told the writer that old worn-out\ncars from railway shop towns far out in Iowa were actually hauled to\nChicago and burnt within the city limits in 1894.\n\nDid you know that in 1895 in court the railway union men were charged\nwith burning the cars during the strike; and did you know that when the\nunion men brought into court the proof that detectives were caught in\nthe act of setting fire to cars, _court adjourned_, and the case has\nnever been called since, though there has been a standing challenge to\nthe courts to do so? Thousands of such facts as these are suppressed.\n\n \u201cIt is in evidence and uncontradicted,\u201d says Carroll D. Wright,[186]\n \u201cthat no violence or destruction of property by strikers or\n sympathizers took place in Pullman [Illinois], and that until July\n 3d [when the federal troops came upon the scene] no extraordinary\n protection was had from the police or military against even\n anticipated disorder.\u201d\n\n\n(=8=) In 1907 there was a bitter strike at the iron mines in northern\nMinnesota. In all the \u201cstrike\u201d mining towns, _except one_, armed men,\n\u201cspecial guards,\u201d were officially placed on duty at once\u2014ready to \u201ckeep\norder,\u201d ready to \u201cquell the riots,\u201d etc. In Sparta, an iron-mining town,\nthere were over three hundred men on strike, hotly eager to win the\nstrike. But the strikers and the town officials united in an urgent\nrequest that no special armed guards be sent to Sparta. The strikers and\nthe town officials agreed that \u201cthe guards only stir up trouble,\u201d and\nwithout the guards they could and would keep order themselves.\n\nGuards were sent to all the \u201cstrike\u201d towns but Sparta.\n\nTurmoil and bitterness promptly broke out and continued for weeks in\nevery \u201cstrike\u201d town except Sparta.\n\nThere was no trouble whatever in Sparta during the entire strike. The\nonly man arrested in Sparta for disorder during the entire strike was a\nspecial guard that sneaked into the town and got viciously drunk. He was\npromptly thrust into jail by the police, with the glad sanction of the\nstrikers, and on the following morning he was escorted to the town\nlimits and forced to get away and stay away. Another day during the\nstrike several special guards came to the borders of the town, plainly\nseeking trouble. They were promptly forced to leave.\n\nWell-fed, well-paid, well-armed men in a strike town ready to bayonet\npoor fellows struggling for crusts against a brutal corporation\u2014simply\nstir up trouble. And the capitalist employers know this well.\n\nSurely you have noticed that during troublous times of strike the chief\nuse made of police, militia, cossacks and \u201cregulars\u201d is to protect the\nhaughty employer who blurts out: \u201cNothing to arbitrate!\u201d He would\npromptly come to terms\u2014there would instantly be \u201csomething to\narbitrate\u201d\u2014if he did not feel sure that the toilers would be promptly\njailed or shot if they became maddened in their fear and hunger and\nhumiliation.\n\n\n(=9=) You must have noticed that in turbulent strike times in your\ncommunity hungry, humiliated, angry men never for a moment think of\ndoing the least damage to the publicly-owned school houses, the\npublicly-owned libraries and the publicly-owned art galleries and the\nState University and the publicly-owned park. You see, the workers are\nin a more _social relation_ to this _social property_. And if the mills,\nmines, factories, and railways and the like were socially owned and\nsocially controlled, the workers would also be in a far more social\nrelation toward this _socialized industrial property_. Then there would\nbe no _class_ war raging around the mines and shops. Then this property\nwould need no protection from cheated, hungry, humiliated, maddened\nworking people nor from detective crooks in the service of capitalists\nas incendiaries. Then the workers could not be haughtily turned down\nwith the brutal \u201cNothing to arbitrate!\u201d Then indeed there would be no\nindustrial kings and emperors to demand: \u201cBring out the Gatling guns and\nthe cossacks! This is _our_ business!\u201d\n\nNotice:\n\nPolitical justice is impossible under a political despotism.\n\nPolitical democracy is the _only_ known cure for political despotism.\n\nIndustrial justice is impossible under an industrial despotism.\n\nIndustrial democracy is the only cure for industrial despotism.\n\nIndustrial democracy would end the civil war in industry.\n\n\u201cThe right to rule the political state is _mine_!\u201d\u2014says the king.\n\n\u201cYou are wrong!\u201d answer the most enlightened people.\n\nThe king steps down. He must.\n\nThe people step\u2014up\u2014to power. They must.\n\nThis is progress.\n\n\u201cThe right to rule in industry is _ours_!\u201d say the capitalist industrial\nmasters, the industrial kings.\n\n\u201cYou are wrong!\u201d is the increasing answer of the increasing multitude of\nthe increasingly intelligent members of the working class.\n\nThe kings of capitalism will come down. They must.\n\nThe working class will go up\u2014to industrial democracy. They must.\n\nThis will be progress.\n\nIF DESPOTISM IS ALL WRONG IN POLITICS, IT CAN NOT BE ALL RIGHT IN\nINDUSTRY.\n\nINCREASING DEMOCRACY IS ON THE INCREASING PROGRAM OF MANKIND.\n\nThe master of ceremonies is the _political party_ of the working _class_\nto secure, to inaugurate, to \u201crender the next number on the\nprogram,\u201d\u2014industrial democracy.\n\nThis is the \u201croad to power.\u201d\n\nForward! Forward! On!\u2014to the last great battle in the civil war in\nindustry.\n\n\u201cEvolution makes hope scientific.\u201d\n\nEvolution leads to revolution.\n\nThat is a law of nature.\n\nLaws of nature cannot be ignored, suspended, amended or repealed.\n\nLearn the road to power, great splendid multitude of toilers.\n\nThe world is ours just as soon as we learn the road to power.\n\nPrepare for the revolution\u2014and Life.[187]\n\n(=10=) That there is civil war in industry under capitalism has concrete\nillustration in the facts of strikes and lockouts. Here are some of them\nfor a short term of years\u2014in our own country:\u2014\n\nFrom 1881 to 1901 there were in the United States 22,793 strikes, which\ninvolved 117,509 establishments, threw 6,105,694 persons out of\nemployment for an average of 21 and 8/10\n\n[Illustration:\n\n\n THE WAR\n IS THE\n CLASS WAR\n]\n\ndays, lost these workers in wages $257,863,478, consumed $16,174,793 in\nassistance from labor organizations, and lost to the employers over\n$122,731,121. Of these strikes less than 51 per cent. succeeded,\nslightly more than 13 per cent. partly succeeded, and over 36 per cent.\nfailed altogether. During these same years there were 1,005 lockouts\nwhich involved 9,933 establishments, threw 504,307 persons out of\nemployment for an average of 97 days, lost $48,819,745 in wages, cost\n$3,451,745 in assistance from labor organizations, lost for the\nemployers $19,927,983. About 51 per cent. of these lockouts succeeded,\nless than 7 per cent. partly succeeded, and about 43 per cent.\nfailed.[188]\n\n \u201cIn legalizing labor wars,\u201d says Waldo F. Cook,[189] \u201cthe state\n virtually recognizes industrial classes as belligerents; and enough\n time has now elapsed to enable one to say that the long series of\n these wars and their highly probable continuance for an indefinite\n period under present conditions, establishes the presumption that\n the wage-system is a failure and must sometime be replaced by\n another, which will not produce industrial classes with hostile\n interests and exacerbate society by their class antagonisms and\n hates. For the labor war, no less than the war between nations,\n cultivates prejudice, bitterness and hatred\u2014only these feelings\n affect classes within a nation rather than the nations themselves in\n their relations with each other.... Law makes violence by nations\n right; law makes violence by strikes wrong.\u201d\n\n \u201cWar is a collision of interests.\u201d\u2014General Von der Goltz. (Quoted by\n Mr. Cook, above.)\n\n\n(=11=) THE DICK MILITIA LAW: A QUIET REVOLUTION. Everywhere our\ncapitalist government prepares to serve the capitalist interests in the\n\u201ccollision of interests,\u201d\u2014in the civil war in industry.\n\nThe highest literary honor that can come to an officer of the United\nStates Army is the Gold Medal of the Military Service Institution. This\nhonor was won in the year 1908 by Captain Bjornstad of the Twenty-Eighth\nInfantry\u2014with an essay urging a standing army of 250,000 men and a\nreserve army of 750,000 men.\n\nWould not the following be a fruitful subject for discussion in the\nlabor union halls: What is the connection between the threatening\nincrease in the insulted, starving army of the unemployed and the\nthreatening increase of the bribed standing army?\n\nStudy and discuss this matter till our class realize that strong men of\nthe working class are bribed with bread to slay those who earn bread.\n\nAll working men should read the Annual Report made by Mr. Elihu Root,\nSecretary of War, in 1902\u20133. Mr. Root, shrewd, shameless and powerful\nlackey of the capitalist class, forcibly set forth in his Report the\ngreat advantages that would result (to the capitalist class) from\ncertain almost revolutionary changes that could be easily made by vastly\nincreasing the \u201cState\u201d militia forces and at the same time constituting\nthese \u201cState\u201d forces as an organic, instantly commandable part of the\nnational army\u2014to be used precisely like \u201cregular\u201d troops for any purpose\ndesired by the capitalists in control of the national government. Mr.\nRoot\u2019s Report attracted instant wide and favorable attention. The\ncapitalists were delighted. The workers were deluded. Immediately the\nReport became the basis of the \u201cDick Militia Law\u201d which was passed in\n1903.\n\nThe author of _War\u2014What For?_ has urged capitalist editors all over the\nUnited States to publish this law. He has offered to pay for space at\nliberal advertising rates in which to print from ten to one hundred\nlines of this law. He has not succeeded in finding a capitalist editor\nwho would thus reveal the treachery of his class lurking in this law.\nThis law is a rough-ground sword against the rousing, rising working\nclass in the United States, a law more important to the working class\nthan any other law passed since the middle of the nineteenth century.\nThis law is loaded with death for the workers when in future years the\narmy of the unemployed or the ill-paid toilers gather around the mines\nand factories and roar for work or bread. Instead of work they will get\nsneers. Instead of bread they will get lead and steel\u2014provided for by\nthis Dick Militia Law.\n\nThe capitalists do not dare permit the working class to read and study\nthis \u201cDick\u201d law in the newspapers. Note some of the features of this\nlaw:\n\nThe purpose: \u201cAn Act to promote the efficiency of the militia and _for\nother purposes_.\u201d\n\nWhat is meant by \u201cother purposes\u201d will become clearer as the army of the\nunemployed grows larger. \u201cOther purposes\u201d\u2014exactly: food for reflection\nwhen out of work and hungry.\n\nSECTION 1,\u2014\u201cThe militia shall consist of every able-bodied male citizen\nof the respective States, Territories, and the District of Columbia ...\nwho is more than eighteen and less than forty-five years of age.\u201d\n\n The males of military age, all from eighteen to forty-five\n inclusive, in 1890 numbered 13,230,168.[190]\n\nSECTION 4,\u2014\u201c... It shall be lawful for the President to call forth for a\nperiod not exceeding nine months such number of the militia as _he_ may\ndeem necessary ... and to issue his orders ... as he may think proper.\u201d\n\nThe law was amended with an iron hand during the winter and spring of\nthe hard times of 1907\u20138, when millions were thrown out of employment\nand into the muttering, angry army of the unemployed. For example, the\nnine-months limit was struck out of Section 4, which is more food for\nreflection\u2014for any one who has brains enough to reflect with.\n\nSECTION 7,\u2014\u201cAny officer or enlisted man of the militia who shall refuse\nor neglect to present himself to such mustering officer upon being\ncalled forth ... shall be subject to trial by court martial, and shall\nbe punished as such court martial may direct.\u201d\n\nThe law creates a vast reserve army now rapidly being perfected. The\nlaw, especially as amended recently, gives the President power greater\nthan is possessed by some of the most dangerous and hated tyrants on\nearth today. Issuing a general order by telegraph and post, the\nPresident could suddenly place under orders from five to ten millions of\nthe strongest men in the land\u2014including the strikers themselves; and to\nneglect or refuse to obey such orders would mean a \u201ccourt-martial\u201d trial\nwith rigorous punishment. A court-martial jury is not noted for\ngentleness; famously different from a jury of one\u2019s \u201cold neighbors.\u201d\n\nSECTION 9,\u2014\u201cThe militia, when called into actual service of the United\nStates, shall be subject to the same rules and articles of war as the\nregular troops.\u201d That is to say, for the time they are \u201con call,\u201d they\nare virtually federal soldiers.\n\nThe law as amended by Congress in May, 1908, provides \u201cthat every\nofficer and enlisted man of the militia who shall be called forth in the\nmanner hereinbefore prescribed shall be mustered for service _without\nfurther enlistment_.\u201d [Italics in Report.]\n\n\u201cThe call of the President will, therefore, of itself accomplish the\ntransfer of the organized militia which is called forth by him from its\nstate relations to its federal relations. It becomes part of the Army of\nthe United States and the President becomes its commander-in-chief.\n\n\u201cThe _President_ is the _exclusive judge_ of the existence of an\nemergency which would justify the calling forth of the Organized\nMilitia.\u201d[191]\n\nThis law contains twenty-six sections, every one of which should be\nstudied carefully by the working class of the United States. The Union\nlabor bodies should urge local newspapers to publish parts of the law\nselected by the unions. The more the law is examined the more food for\nreflection will be found in it.[192]\n\nThe English capitalist government has also recently enacted a new\nmilitary law, a species of \u201cDick\u201d law, called the Territorial Force Act.\nThis law transforms a \u201cvoluntary citizen soldier\u201d into a \u201cregular\u201d\nsoldier. Says _Justice_:[193]\n\n \u201cUnder the new act the Volunteer must \u2018enlist\u2019 and serve under\n \u2018military law.\u2019 He will be as much a regular soldier as a Life Guard\n or a Lancer, and can be called out to shoot down strikers in labor\n disputes as was actually done at Featherstone ... and at Belfast\n only a few months ago.\u201d\n\n \u201cThe Volunteer,\u201d says the _Morning Post_, \u201cwill no longer be a\n citizen soldier, he will be a soldier without the blur of\n citizenship.... He may be mechanic; many of the best Volunteers are\n mechanics. If there is a strike in his works, ordered by the trade\n union to which he subscribes, and if the Mayor is afraid of the\n Strikers, and wants soldiers to shoot them, in case of need, the\n Volunteer, renamed \u2018man of the Territorial Force,\u2019 is just the man\n he wants; and the bill empowers the Mayor to call him out for the\n purpose.\u201d\n\nThe \u201cDick\u201d law was passed by capitalist \u201cfriends of labor,\u201d of course,\nboth Republicans and Democrats; and the \u201cTerritorial Force Act\u201d was\nsimilarly passed by capitalist \u201cfriends of labor,\u201d both Liberals and\nConservatives. As the unarmed army of the unemployed grows threateningly\nlarger and the armed army of bribed butchers grows larger\u2014ready to\nmurder those who starve\u2014it is in order, in \u201cOld England,\u201d in \u201cNew\nAmerica,\u201d everywhere in order, for the working class to give more\ncareful attention to the \u201cgood men\u201d who are so tearfully and fearfully\n\u201cfriendly to labor.\u201d\n\n\n(=12=) Why should the working class give the capitalist governments a\nfree hand in the murder of the workers? Why not rigorously restrict the\npower to call millions of men to arms?\n\nWhat would happen if the working class should refuse to fight?\n\n \u201cThat \u2018the government can not put the whole population in prison,\n and if it could, it would still be without material for an army, and\n without money for its support,\u2019 is an almost irrefutable argument.\n We see here [\u2018in passive resistance, not simply in theory, but in\n practice\u2019] at least the beginnings of a sentiment that shall, if\n sufficiently developed, make war impossible to an entire\n people....\u201d[194]\n\nFive points to be emphasized here:\n\n(1) Require all the school teachers to teach all the children to despise\nand hate war.\n\n(2) Arm everybody or nobody.\n\n(3) Train everybody or nobody.\n\n(4) \u201cThe right of the people to bear arms shall not be\ninfringed.\u201d\u2014_Constitution of the United States: Third Amendment._\n\n(5) The working class should diligently study the folly of requiring one\nregiment of the working class to fight the united and class-loyal\ncapitalist class in strikes.\n\nThese five propositions suggest a plan that would, even under\ncapitalism, render the working class far less helpless and hopeless than\nthey are at present in their class struggle against the capitalist class\nof masters who may legally order the working class soldiers to fire on\nthe working class.\n\nHowever, the triumphantly effective work can be accomplished in this\nmatter when\u2014and not until\u2014the working class have seized the powers of\ngovernment. (See Chapter Ten, which is wholly devoted to the\nfundamentals of \u201cWhat to do.\u201d)\n\nIt is significant that the first Secretary of War, Henry Knox, appointed\nby President Washington, made a Report January 18, 1790, on the proper\nbasis for the military defense of the United States. His plan was \u201cto\nreject a standing army, as possessing too fierce an aspect and being\nhostile to the principles of liberty.\u201d\n\nA scholar of world-renown, Francis Lieber, German-American soldier,\nhistorian, economist and publicist, has this to say of standing\narmies:[195]\n\n \u201cStanding armies are not only dangerous to civil liberty because\n depending upon the executive. They have the additional evil effect\n that they infuse into the whole nation ... a spirit directly opposed\n to that which ought to be the general spirit of a free people\n devoted to self-government. Habits of disobedience and contempt for\n the citizens are produced, and a view of government is induced which\n is contrary to liberty, self-reliance, self-government.... Where the\n people worship the army, an opinion is engendered as if courage in\n battle were really the highest phase of humanity; and the army, in\n turn, more than aught else, leads to the worship of one man\u2014so\n detrimental.\u201d\n\n\n(=13=) \u201cFor the French and Italians and especially the German and\nRussian adolescent of the lower classes ... the army is called ... the\npoor man\u2019s university.\u201d[196]\n\n\u201cThe poor man\u2019s university!\u201d\u2014in which he is drilled and kicked into\nspineless subserviency and is taught the noble art of killing himself,\nhis class, scientifically. The degraded, docile, and despised millions\nof the working class men of the standing armies of the world are indeed\neducated when they are willing to wade in their own blood in defense of\nthe parasitic capitalist class who rule, ride and ruin the toilers of\nall the world.\n\nA standing army is a joke and a yoke on the working class. A standing\narmy is a compound human machine educated to spank the working class\nwhen it cries for milk\u2014and bread and meat. A soldier, a militiaman, is\nan educated boot with which the employers kick the working class.\n\n\n(=14=) Do not rich men\u2019s sons sometimes voluntarily join the militia?\n\nYes, sometimes\u2014but very, very rarely. One of the bluest-blooded\nVanderbilts of New York was recently a captain in a specially handsome\nRegiment. But, mark you\u2014in ninety-nine cases in a hundred, well-armed,\nwell-trained militiamen fight unarmed, untrained workingmen (and women),\nwhich is not so very, very dangerous\u2014for the militiamen. To an\nintelligent rich man an unarmed wage-earner on strike for an extra\nnickel to buy bread, as \u201cthe enemy,\u201d and an armed trained soldier whose\nbusiness is murder, as \u201cthe enemy,\u201d\u2014these look different, you know.\n\nFor years New York millionaires and all the other \u201cbest people\u201d\n\u201cpointed with pride\u201d to the famous Seventh Regiment of the National\nGuard, the \u201crich men\u2019s regiment,\u201d the \u201cgilt-edged regiment\u201d of\nlovely young millionaires, many of whom rode to the armory for drill\nin their automobiles. This regiment of the American nobility of\nlard-and-tallow-steel-coal-and-railway millionaires, ready at any\nmoment to defend and save the dear country from \u201cthe enemy,\u201d\u2014this\nregiment was, indeed, the pride of the village called New York.\nThese glistening patricians taught the common people patriotism. \u201cSo\nthey did.\u201d\n\nUntil the Spanish War broke out.\n\nThen these fakir patriots\u2014what did they do\u2014then?\n\nResigned.\n\nOr they did what amounted to the same thing\u2014_voted_ not to go to the\nwar.\n\nCertainly they did. Promptly, too\u2014and intelligently.\n\nWhy not?\n\nSurely you do not expect a lot of _intelligent_ men to leave their happy\nhomes, go to hell and make themselves ridiculous, do you? Why, the cost\nof a rubber tire for one wheel of an automobile would pay the war wages\nof a cheap man of the \u201clower classes\u201d for six months.\n\n\n(=15=) \u201cDidn\u2019t one millionaire go to the war in Cuba?\u201d\n\nYes. Out of our six thousand patriotic, flag-waving millionaires, one,\njust one, a young green one, went to the war in Cuba\u2014\u201cfor a little\nexcitement and a lark,\u201d he said. He found large quantities of excitement\n\u201call right,\u201d and some cold lead. He was killed. As a millionaire\n\u201cpatriotically\u201d going to war his case is an exception, clearly an\nexception, a conspicuously lonely, vain and stupid exception; and that\nexception will never be imitated. Too much intelligence\u2014among the\nmillionaires. Even his millionaire friends laughed at him for going to\nwar. But he wanted a \u201chot time.\u201d He got the \u201chot time\u201d\u2014and the cold\nlead.\n\nThere were several thousand other millionaire flag-wavers instructively\nconspicuous in that war\u2014by their intelligent patriotic absence.\n\nIT IS INSTRUCTIVELY SIGNIFICANT THAT THE CAPITALIST NEWSPAPERS GAVE MORE\nTHAN A HUNDRED TIMES AS MUCH SPACE TO THE DEATH OF THE ONE MILLIONAIRE\nSOLDIER IN THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR AS THEY GAVE TO THE DEATH OF ANY\nHUNDRED HUMBLE WORKING CLASS SOLDIERS WHO WERE SLAUGHTERED IN THE SAME\nWAR.\n\n\n(=16=) Were not some of the rich men of today soldiers at one\ntime\u2014\u201cyears ago\u201d?\n\nYes. Some of the rich men of today were soldiers at one time\u2014years ago;\nbut they are not soldiers now when they are rich, and they were not rich\nwhen, years ago, they were soldiers.\n\n\n(=17=) If politicians do not go to war, what about Mr. Bryan\u2019s case?\nDidn\u2019t Mr. Bryan patriotically go to the war in Cuba?\n\nNo. Mr. Bryan did not go _to_ the war in Cuba. He simply went _toward_\nthe war.\n\nMr. Bryan was, of course, patriotic, fervently, noisily so; but, like\nthe intelligent people of his class, he always had his enthusiasm under\nperfect control. Mr. Bryan at no time showed an unmanageable desire to\nget _up close in front, on the firing line_. And his class was true to\nhim, respected his strong preference for war five hundred miles from the\nflaming, snarling Gatling gun; and, accordingly, his class\u2014in power at\nWashington\u2014kept him well out of danger. At one time he got the\nimpression he was in danger of being sent to the front. At once he cried\nout, \u201cIt\u2019s politics!\u201d and promptly resigned his noble command, double\nquick, patriotically. Mr. Bryan, mounted on a splendid horse, with\nuplifted sword in hand, grandly vowing to \u201cdefend the flag against the\nenemy\u201d as he headed his noble braves, assembled for review, and\nadmiration, before the _Omaha Bee_ building, ready to start _toward_ the\nfront\u2014at that sublime moment Colonel William Jennings Bryan was, well,\nsimply beautiful, not to say pretty. As the golden tones of this\nNebraskan Achilles, this Alexander from the Platte Valley, rolled forth\nin his heroic vow to bleed (if necessary) for his flag, the nation was\ncomforted\u2014felt saved already.\n\nPatriotism _is_, after all, _worth all it costs_\u2014that is, worth all it\ncosts Mr. Bryan. Mr. Bryan, like Mr. Hearst and many others, is\npatriotic, even intemperately so\u2014with his mouth.\n\nBut the reader may ask, \u201cWas not Mr. Roosevelt in the Cuban War a case\nof a politician actually on the firing line?\u201d\n\nClearly an exception. Name a few other \u201cgreat statesmen\u201d or\ninternational noises who went to the Cuban War\u2014to the actual firing\nline.\n\nMr. Roosevelt loves excitement and danger. And what indescribable\ndangers there were for the Americans in the Cuban War! The mightiest\n\u201crepublic\u201d on earth was pitted against the most toothless, decadent old\npolitical grandma in Europe. The dangers?\u2014equal to those that threaten\nan armed, athletic hunter alone and face to face with a sucking fawn.\nMr. Roosevelt himself has heroically\u2014and carefully\u2014recounted and printed\nhis own brave deeds in that war. With Christian love and humility, with\ncharming modesty and delicacy, with the diffident ingenuousness of a\nblushing schoolgirl, characteristic of him, Mr. Roosevelt tenderly\nrecites one of his noble deeds as follows:[197]\n\n \u201cLieutenant Davis\u2019s First Sergeant, Clarence Gould, killed a\n Spaniard with his revolver.... At about the same time I also shot\n one.... Two Spaniards leaped from the trenches ... not ten yards\n away. As they turned to run I closed in and fired twice, missing the\n first and killing the second [Oh, joy!].... At the same time I did\n not know of Gould\u2019s exploit, and I supposed my feat to be unique.\u201d\n\nSurely it requires courage, rare and noble courage, for a wealthy\ngraduate of Harvard University to boast in print that he shot a poor,\nignorant fleeing Spanish soldier\u2014very probably a humble working man\ndrafted to war, torn from his weeping wife and children\u2014that he shot\nsuch a man, _in the back_. Oh, bliss\u2014elation\u2014ecstasy divine! \u201cI _got_\nhim! with my _revolver_ too! in the _back_!\u201d Manly pastime of an\nAmerican gentleman, a mongrel mixture of patrician and brute. Yes,\nreader, Mr. Roosevelt, politician, was in the Cuban War\u2014with a purpose;\nand secured a military title and a \u201cwar record\u201d worth at least 75,000\nvotes in his campaign for the governorship of New York which immediately\nfollowed the war. For details consult _The Rough Rider_. With shrewd\npatriotism, political foresight, rare courage\u2014and girlish\nbashfulness\u2014Mr. Roosevelt\u2019s picture is repeatedly presented in the book,\nthe poses expressing his usual audible modesty and ferocious gentleness.\n\nEmerson finely says: \u201cEvery hero becomes a bore at last.\u201d\n\n\n(=18=) The noble Professor Paulsen (Berlin University) wrote:[198]\n\n \u201cHate impels men to seek quarrels, and pride turns their heads....\n Nay, arrogance and hatred are really always the signs of an\n irritable, diseased self-consciousness.... [That] selfish, arrogant,\n vain and narrow-minded self-conceit, which the flatterers of the\n popular passion call patriotism.\u201d\n\nThe distinguished Italian historian, G. Ferrero, has written:[199]\n\n \u201cThus in destroying or creating, man can procure for himself strong\n emotions, and persuade himself of his own superiority.... Two\n passions have divided the human heart throughout the annals of human\n history: the divine passion for creation, and the diabolical passion\n for destruction.... Nineteenth-century man may seek after violent\n and inebriating emotions that permit him to assert his superiority\n over his fellows....\u201d\n\nRobert G. Ingersoll understood the hero-brute mongrel:\n\n \u201cCourage without conscience is a wild beast. Patriotism without\n principle is the prejudice of birth, the animal attachment to\n place.\u201d\n\nThus Victor Hugo:[200]\n\n \u201cTo be, materially, a great man, to be pompously violent, to reign\n by virtue of the sword-knot and cockade ... to possess a genius for\n brutality\u2014this is to be great, if you will, but it is a coarse way\n of being great.\u201d\n\nThe cannon\u2019s roar, the bayonet\u2019s thrust, the crush of flesh, the splash\nof blood,\u2014such things in battle make men gentle, tender, gallant, even\nheroic, fit subjects for the adoration of women.[201] For example: When\nthe Christian heroes captured Magdeburg:\n\n \u201cNow began a scene of massacre and outrage which history has no\n language, and poetry no pencil, to portray. Neither the innocence of\n childhood nor the helplessness of old age, neither youth nor sex,\n neither rank nor beauty, could disarm the fury of the conquerors.\n Wives were dishonored in the very arms of their husbands, daughters\n at the feet of their parents, and the defenseless sex exposed to the\n double loss of virtue and life.... Fifty-three women were found in\n one church with their heads cut off. The Croats amused themselves by\n throwing children into the flames, and Pappenheim\u2019s Walloons with\n stabbing infants at their mothers\u2019 breasts.\u201d[202]\n\nBut it may be said that those things were done far back in the\nseventeenth century. Consider, then, the fact that in the French civil\nwar of 1871 the government\u2019s noble heroes, having conquered the\nrevolutionists, took thousands of unarmed prisoners\u2014men, women, and\nchildren\u2014to an open space at the city limits of Paris and shot them,\nchildren and all; in many cases the brave, armed ruffians stood up rows\nof helpless prisoners one behind the other and amused themselves by\ntesting their rifles on living human flesh, noting how many men, women\nand children could be butchered with one bullet. Many of the \u201cbetter\nclass,\u201d \u201crefined ladies and gentlemen,\u201d \u201cleading citizens,\u201d conspicuous\nby their elegance of manners and dress, were present _watching the fun_,\nsmiling encouragement and making helpful suggestions to the \u201ccivilized\u201d\nbutchers.\n\nAnd still more recently:\n\nA British hero thus describes a \u201cfunny\u201d incident in the South African\nwar: \u201cReally, sir, I never saw anything quite so funny in all my life.\nJust fancy, I saw a Kaffir woman pick up the headless body of her baby\nand strap it on her back. Funny, oh, Lord! It makes me laugh when I\nthink of it now.\u201d The same authority (the _Westminster Review_, quoted\nby Walter Walsh) also gives the following case of Christian military\nheroism: \u201cA contingent of German scouts [in South Africa] took five\nnative women prisoners ... an officer ordered ten men to fix bayonets.\nFive stood in front and five behind the women, and stabbed the women to\ndeath.\u201d _Ten armed, Christian heroes_ with bayonets ripping the breasts\nof _five unarmed women_. Great! Isn\u2019t it? At least it is war. One\nscarcely knows which to despise the more\u2014the soldiers or the lazy\nparasites for whom they committed a thousand crimes of basest cruelty\nand cowardice. Dr. Walter Walsh[203] lets the soldiers tell in their own\nheroic language of their manly deeds\u2014thus:\n\n \u201c\u2018Our progress was like the old-time forays in Scotland two\n centuries ago.... We moved on from valley to valley ... burning,\n looting and turning out the women and children to sit and cry beside\n the ruins of their once beautiful farmsteads ... my men fetched\n bundles of straw. The women cried, and the children stood holding to\n them and looking with large frightened eyes at the burning house....\n The people had thought we had come for refreshments, and one of them\n went to get milk.... We then set the whole place on fire. They\n dropped on their knees and prayed and sang, weeping bitterly the\n while. One of the poor women went raving mad. When the flames burst\n from the doomed place the poor woman threw herself on her knees,\n tore open her bodice, and bared her breasts, screaming, \u201cShoot me,\n shoot me, I\u2019ve nothing to live for, now that my husband is gone, and\n our farm is burnt, and our cattle taken!\u201d\u2019\u201d\n\nThese foul deeds are samples of thousands.\n\n\u201cWar, is it?\u201d says Dr. Walsh. \u201cBe it war: then an army is a manufactory\nfor cowards and a school for cowards.\u201d\n\n \u201cA war hero,\u201d says the distinguished Roman Catholic Bishop John\n Spaulding,[204] \u201csupposes a barbarous condition of the race; and\n when all shall be civilized, they who know and love the most shall\n be held to be the greatest and the best.\u201d\n\nAnd Robert Ingersoll thus:\n\n \u201cEvery good man, every good woman, should try to do away with war,\n to stop the appeal to savage force. Man in a savage state relies\n upon his strength, and decides for himself what is right and what is\n wrong.\u201d[205]\n\n\u201cNothing is plainer,\u201d says Emerson, \u201cthan that sympathy with war is a\njuvenile and temporary state.\u201d[206]\n\nDr. John Fiske, historian and philosopher, makes the following\nobservations on the slow grand march from brutality to brotherhood.[207]\n\n \u201cFor thousands of generations, and until very recent times, one of\n the chief occupations of men has been to plunder, bruise and kill\n one another. The ... ugly passions ... have had but little\n opportunity to grow weak from disuse. The tender and unselfish\n feelings, which are a later product of evolution, have too seldom\n been allowed to grow strong from exercise ... the whims and\n prejudices of militant barbarism are slow in dying out.... The\n coarser forms of cruelty are disappearing and the butchery of men\n has greatly diminished ... in the more barbarous times the hero was\n he who had slain his thousands.... And thus we see what human\n progress means. It means throwing off the brute inheritance,\n gradually throwing it off through ages of struggle that are by and\n by to make struggles needless. Man is slowly passing from a\n primitive social state ... toward an ultimate social state in which\n his character shall have become so transformed that nothing of the\n brute can be detected in it. The ape and the tiger in human nature\n will be extinct.\u201d\n\nHow encouraging! We can confidently look forward to a time when not even\na pervert candidate for the presidency of a great Christian \u201crepublic\u201d\nwill be either tiger enough to butcher a human being or peacock and\nmonkey enough to brag of doing so.\n\n \u201cWho loves war for war\u2019s own sake\n Is fool, or crazed, or worse.\u201d\u2014Tennyson.\n\n \u201cOne of the commonest popular mistakes is to confound aggressiveness\n and belligerency with genius. These qualities are almost in inverse\n proportion.... But usually great energy and determination, and\n especially combative qualities are associated with rather meagre\n abilities.\u201d[208]\n\nThere is really too much bull-dog greatness.\n\n \u201cNo blood-stained victory, in story bright,\n Can give the philosophical mind delight;\n No triumph please, while rage and death destroy:\n Reflection sickens at the monstrous joy.\u201d[209]\n\n \u201cCursed is the man, and void of law and right;\n Unworthy property, unworthy light,\n Unfit for public rule, or private care,\u2014\n That wretch, that monster, who delights in war.\u201d[210]\n\nImagine a Sioux Indian chief, pagan Alexander, pagan Caesar, Christian\nNapoleon, also the Christian bullies Emperor William and Theodore\nRoosevelt, also the quiet Christ\u2014imagine these seven \u201cnot only willing,\nbut anxious to fight,\u201d mounted on foam-stained horses galloping across a\nbloody battlefield strewn with wounded and slaughtered men and boys,\nimagine these seven galloping, bravely and boisterously galloping,\nwaving red-stained swords, yelling, squawking, yawping, hurrahing for\nwar, \u201cglorious\u201d war\u2014the iron-shod hoofs of their rushing horses crushing\ninto the breasts and faces of dead and dying young men and boys.\n\nThe savage Sioux, the immortal pagan brutes Alexander and Caesar, the\nrenowned Christian bullies Napoleon, William and Theodore\u2014these six\n\u201cgeniuses,\u201d these coarse-grained, blood-stained egotists fit that\npicture perfectly, as a shark fits the ocean, as a wolf fits the forest,\nas a tiger fits the jungle, as a savage fits a cannibal feast,\u2014as the\nDevil fits Hell.\n\nBut Christ, Christ in whose breast lurked no tiger and no savage,\u2014Christ\nwith a long sword, a hero\u2019s butcher-knife in hand, plunging it into the\nbreast of his brothers, screaming like the \u201cdee-lighted\u201d brute, calling\nit \u201cgreat,\u201d \u201csplendid,\u201d \u201cbully!\u201d\u2014\n\nImpossible!\n\nBut why impossible for Christ and \u201cdee-lightful\u201d for the other six?\n\nBecause, simply because, these six blood-lusting heroes are savage or at\nbest only civilized; but Christ was socialized.\n\nSocialization opposes assassination\u2014both wholesale and retail.\n\nChrist is immortal\u2014by his wide love and brotherhood.\n\nThe \u201cgreat general\u201d is promoted and immortalized for his narrow hates\nand brilliant brutalities.\n\n\n(=19=) Has not war been natural and necessary in the life of the human\nrace, and has not war been a potent factor in the intellectual\ndevelopment of mankind?\n\nProfessor Ferrero has this to say:[211]\n\n \u201cThus the duty of every well-meaning man today is to diffuse\n knowledge of the fact that war no longer serves the purpose it once\n served in the struggle for civilization.\n\n\u201cWar necessary to civilization?\u201d\n\nWell, for a long time in the life of the human race nature was so ill\nunderstood, man had such insufficient knowledge and control of nature,\nthat it was extremely difficult to get a living for all. Our ancestors\nnaturally quarreled; perhaps it was necessary for some of them to kill\nothers in order that some of them might live\u2014ignorant as the people were\nin those times of how to make nature yield bountifully and easily for\nall. And no doubt the struggle developed the race\u2014the part that did not\nget killed. In those struggles were developed, at first, strong muscles,\nskin-ripping claws or knife-like finger-nails, tusks in the mouth, and\nthick skins; and, later, clubs, spears, cross-bows, bows-and-arrows; and\nstill later, rifles, cannon, battleships and lignite shells, and also\nthe methods and tactics of struggle;\u2014all these were developed. Always,\ntoo, cunning, deception, malignance, egoism, egotism, coarse-grained\ndispositions, cheap ambitions, swaggering manners, fierce eyes, and the\nsoft, bull-like military voices and hero worship\u2014all these were\ndeveloped.\n\nThe muscles and the mentality thus developed are still extremely useful.\nIndeed, the mentality, developed in war (but neither wholly nor chiefly\nin war), is worth all it cost, whatever it did cost, because with this\ngodlike mentality, and only with this mentality, we can now have the\nhigher and finer forms and phases of life, the pleasures that\ndistinguish man from the brutes; that is, with this mentality we can\nhave these more glorious forms of life: _Provided_, that the low\ncunning, deception, malignance, egoism, egotism and the coarse-grained\nstrain of the ancient brute are not even yet too strong in our veins and\ncharacters. In spite of one\u2019s intelligence he may be \u201cnot only willing,\nbut anxious to fight.\u201d Such a person may no longer have the skin-ripping\nfinger-claws, but he has the skin-ripping disposition that was developed\nwhen the skin-ripping finger-claws were developed, and developed in the\nsame way.\n\nNow, of course, we still need the muscle and the intelligence, every one\nof us. But we do not any longer need the skin-rippers, or the tusks, or\nthe club, the \u201cbig stick,\u201d the spear, the bow and arrow, the rifle and\nthe battleship; nor do we any longer need the arrogant egotism, the\ncheap cunning, the prize-fighter ambitions or the tiger\u2019s readiness to\ntake blood. Nor should we any longer need the ancient method of\nstruggle, every-fellow-for-himself, in the industrial process of life\u2014in\na _rationally_ organized society, with our _present_ control of nature.\nAnd we should no longer enjoy any of these brute means and methods if we\nwere civilized in the noblest sense, that is, if we were decently\nsocialized.\n\n\u201cAre you ready for the question?\u201d This is the question:\n\nCan you use, do you prefer to use\u2014your developed mentality like a brute,\nlike a savage, or like a truth-seeking, socialized man? Are you \u201cnot\nonly willing, but anxious to fight,\u201d or are the business and the methods\nof the brute disgusting to you? What o\u2019clock is it in your personal\nevolution? Do you prefer a library to an armory, books rather than\nbayonets? Is a fight natural, or necessary, or helpful in your personal\ndevelopment? If a fight, actual part in a fight rifle-in-hand, is not\nnecessary to the preacher, the senator, the professor, the banker or the\nmanufacturer, why should it seem necessary in your case\u2014and why should\nyou permit these \u201cbetter class\u201d citizens to have you ordered and led\naround like a prize-winning bull-dog to fight in the international\nprize-ring called the struggle for the world market? War as a developer\nand a civilizer is a flat failure _in your case_ if the capitalist class\ncan seduce you for fifty cents a day to fight for a foreign market for\nAmerican porter-house steak while you and your father and mother are fed\non third-rate meat, beans, cheap syrup and mock-coffee without cream.\nBrother, you may indeed be a \u201cbrave boy,\u201d and a \u201cgood shot,\u201d and you may\nhave heroically stained your hands in other men\u2019s blood; but, really,\nthe \u201cupper class\u201d have marked you as an easy victim, a useable cheap\n\u201cguy\u201d of the \u201clower class.\u201d\n\n\n(=20=) John Ruskin keenly appreciated the capitalist\u2019s craftiness and\nthe workingman\u2019s buffoonery in \u201ca war for civilization.\u201d He wrote:[212]\n\n \u201cCapitalists, when they do not know what to do with their money,\n persuade the peasants that the said peasants want guns to shoot each\n other with. The peasants accordingly borrow guns, out of the\n manufacture of which the capitalists get a percentage, and men of\n science much amusement and credit. Then the peasants shoot a certain\n number of each other until they get tired, and burn each other\u2019s\n houses down in various places. Then they put the guns back into\n towns, arsenals, etc., in ornamental patterns, and the victorious\n party put also some ragged flags in churches. And then the\n capitalists tax both annually, ever afterwards, to pay interest on\n the loan of the guns and powder.\u201d\n\nThe Italian historian Ferrero sees the swinish snout of the ruling class\ngreed in the wars of three thousand years of \u201ccivilization.\u201d He\nwrites:[213]\n\n \u201cDuring those thirty centuries from which dates our historical\n knowledge, war has been more a social system than a cruel pastime\n for kings\u2014the first most violent and brutal means adopted by ruling\n minorities to acquire wealth.\u201d\n\n\n(=21=) Is it said that wars always have been and always will be?\n\nThat wars always have been is an unproved proposition.[214]\n\nThat \u201cwars always will be\u201d depends upon the working class. The clouds of\nconfusion are clearing from the mind of the working class. A revolution\nis ripening in the toilers\u2019 thought on war.[215]\n\n\n(=22=) Is it said by the leading citizens that wars are necessary in\norder to kill off the surplus population?\n\nIf wars are necessary for such purpose, why not have Mr. Leading Citizen\nand his friends classified as a part of the surplus population on the\nground that they are criminally unsocial, and have them taken out to the\nbattlefield and forced to shoot one another? The theory of having the\nsurplus population killed off would thus quickly lose its popularity\nwith the \u201cupper classes.\u201d\n\n\n(=23=) It may be said that the Napoleonic wars removed more than\n7,500,000 men from competition in the labor market;[216] and it might be\nargued by the working man that since war reduces the competition among\nthe workers, the working class should on this account welcome war.\n\nLet us see: If four men are competing for two jobs, should two of them\nbe satisfied, and even glad, to have the competition for the jobs\nreduced by having the other two climb upon their backs and cease to bid\nfor the jobs? It should be kept distinctly in mind that the workers who\ndo not go to war support those who do go to war\u2014always, everywhere,\nabsolutely no exceptions.\n\n\n(=24=) There is a somewhat popular, and simian, assumption that in\nwar\u2014even in beautiful Christian war\u2014the results are \u201cthe survival of the\nfittest,\u201d meaning, in the case of modern wars, the survival of \u201cthe more\nhighly civilized,\u201d also the biologically \u201cbest.\u201d\n\nOf course a \u201cbullet carefully selects its victim.\u201d\n\nAnd do not statesmen tell us on the Fourth of July all about the\n\u201csplendid intelligence\u201d and the \u201cnoble spirit\u201d and the \u201csuperiority\u201d of\nthe \u201cbrave boys who _died_ in battle\u201d?\n\nDoes not the recruiting officer try to get the _soundest_ men for\nslaughter?\n\nLet the orthodox worshippers answer: Is pagan Japan more fit for\nsurvival than Christian Russia?\n\nWhat show for survival would Belgium have in a contest with Turkey,\nSpain or Russia?[217]\n\n\n(=25=) A kindred and stupid assumption in all wars is this: _Might makes\nright._\n\nBut if might makes right between two warring nations, then why does not\nmight make right when a strong man by force compels a weaker man to hand\nover his pocket-book?\n\n\n(=26=) A Scotch philosopher on the \u201cbrave boys\u201d:[218]\n\n \u201cOmitting much, let us impart what follows: Horrible enough! A whole\n march-field strewed with shell-splinters, cannon-shots, ruined\n tumbrils and dead men and horses; stragglers remaining not so much\n as buried. And those red mound-heaps: aye, there lie the Shells of\n Men, out of which the life and virtue have been blown; and now they\n are swept together and crammed down out of sight, like blown\n Eggshells!... How has thy breast, fair plain, been defaced and\n defiled! The green sward is torn up, hedge-rows and pleasant\n dwellings blown away with gunpowder, and the kind seed-field lies a\n desolate Place of Skulls. Nevertheless, Nature is at work ... all\n that gore and carnage will be shrouded in, absorbed into manure....\n\n \u201cWhat, speaking in quite unofficial language, is the net purport and\n upshot of the war? To my own knowledge, for example, there dwell and\n toil, in the British village of Dumrudge, usually some five hundred\n souls. From these, by certain \u2018natural enemies\u2019 of the French, there\n are successively selected, during the French war, say thirty\n able-bodied men: Dumrudge, at her own expense, has suckled and\n nursed them; she has, not without difficulty and sorrow, fed them up\n to manhood, and even trained them up to crafts, so that one can\n weave, another build, another hammer, and the weakest can stand\n under thirty stone avoirdupois. Nevertheless, amid much weeping and\n swearing, they are selected; all dressed in red and shipped away, at\n the public charges, some two thousand miles, or say only to the\n south of Spain, and fed there till wanted. And now to that same spot\n in the south of Spain, are thirty similar French artisans\u2014in like\n manner wending their ways; till at length, after infinite effort,\n the two parties come into actual juxtaposition, and thirty stand\n facing thirty, each with his gun in hand. Straightway the word\n \u2018Fire!\u2019 is given, and they blow the souls out of one another; and in\n the place of sixty brisk, useful craftsmen, the world has sixty dead\n carcasses, which it must bury, and anew shed tears for.\n\n \u201cHad these men any quarrel? Busy as the Devil is, not the smallest!\n They lived far enough apart; were the entirest strangers; nay, in so\n wide a universe, there was even, unconsciously, by commerce, some\n mutual helpfulness between them.\n\n \u201cHow then?\n\n \u201cSimpleton! Their governors had fallen out; and instead of shooting\n one another, had these poor blockheads shoot.\u201d\n\n\n(=27=) In that part of biology treating of parasitic life the technical\nterms \u201chost\u201d and \u201cguest\u201d are used. The host is the living thing that\nfurnishes a living not only for itself, but also for the life-filching\nintruder which fastens itself upon the body of the \u201chost.\u201d The intruder,\nthe robber residing upon the body of the \u201chost,\u201d is the \u201cguest,\u201d that\nis, the parasite.\n\nNow one of the strangest things in the entire live world is this: When\nin some life-forms a certain stage of parasitism is reached, when the\nguest has permanently fastened itself upon the body of the host and the\nhost has become thoroughly accustomed to and adjusted to the parasitic\narrangement, the host stupidly inclines to _defend the parasitic guest_.\nIt is remarkable (and discouraging) that this law of nature, this\ntendency, is found in operation in the social life of man. For thousands\nof years multitudes of men, women and children have been held in the\ngrip of this law, mentally strangled in their effort to think Justice\nand Freedom; the vast majority of the working class are always quickly\nand easily rendered \u201cpeaceful,\u201d \u201claw-abiding,\u201d and \u201csatisfied,\u201d and\n\u201cpatriotic.\u201d Millions of chattel slaves have \u201cloyally\u201d defended their\nparasitic masters. Millions of serfs have \u201cloyally\u201d defended their\nlandlords-and-masters. And today tens of millions of wage-earners\nstrongly incline to \u201cloyally\u201d defend their parasitic employer masters.\nMoreover, the employer, by craftily praising the wage-earner, can induce\nthe wage-earner to ignorantly, blindly, stupidly praise and defend not\nonly the employer, but also the whole wage-system of robbery and social\nparasitism. Not only that, the employers, by controlling certain\ninstitutions such as the school, the library, the press, and the lecture\nplatform, can have the wage-earning hosts taught to teach their own\nchildren to defend and praise the parasitic employer guests and the\nparasitic social system under which their lives are belittled by being\nsucked up as rent, interest and profits and fed to the parasitic\ncapitalist class.\n\nWhat the employer calls a contented and loyal working man is simply a\nstupidly acquiescent \u201chost,\u201d biologically considered. And a working\nclass man with a rifle in his hand defending the class that, as social\nparasites, rob the working class\u2014such a workingman is the best possible\nillustration of the fact that the great laws of nature are careless of\nthe so-called \u201cdignity of man,\u201d totally careless of the ridiculous\nspectacle of a human being reverting to the behavior of creatures far,\nfar down below even the simian cousins of the human race. Nature does\nnot care whether a man behaves like a crab or a sucker, a tiger or a\nmonkey, a sycophantic slave or a defiantly self-respecting man.[219]\n\n\n(=28=) Toward the prideless working class as a social \u201chost\u201d defending\nthe ruling class, the defended ruling class take nature\u2019s contemptuous\nattitude. And the working-class soldier as professional defender of the\nparasitic capitalist class, tho\u2019 much flattered, is cordially despised.\n\nWhat the United States government thinks of the soldier may be seen, for\nexample, in the fact that a Civil Service employee, in the Weather\nDepartment, travelling about on duty on long trips, is allowed one\ndollar, and even more than a dollar per meal in his expense account;\nwhile the \u201cbrave boys\u201d in khaki who agree to stand ready to butcher\ntheir brothers for a living are lucky if they get a thirty-cent meal at\nany time. In this connection the following from Mr. Taft\u2019s Report as\nSecretary of War for 1907 (p. 92\u201393) is of interest. Under the head of\n\u201cRations\u201d we find:\n\n \u201cThe present ration, while _liberal and suitable_, falls\n considerably short of the Navy ration in variety. Butter, milk and\n molasses, or _syrup, at least_, should be _added_ to the garrison\n ration. These are articles _almost_ necessary in the preparation of\n desserts.... They are part of the ration in Alaska and they should\n be everywhere.\u201d[220]\n\nThe present ration \u201cliberal and suitable,\u201d yet lacking butter, milk and\nmolasses and even syrup. Such things are \u201c_almost_ necessary!\u201d\n\nThe reckless epicureanism thus proposed by \u201cthe great secretary\u201d in\noffering some _cheap syrup_ as an _addition_ to the _dessert_ gives us\nan illuminating suggestion as to the War Department\u2019s estimate of the\ncheapness of the hungry greenhorn who can be lured into the rulers\u2019\n\u201cservice\u201d with cheap syrup. An _ordinary_ house fly can be coaxed into a\ntrap with syrup\u2014good syrup.\n\nThe United States soldier\u2019s meals are estimated by the War Department to\nbe worth six and two-thirds cents apiece, as will appear from the\nfollowing passage taken from the Report of the War Department for 1907,\npage 85: \u201cThe pay of the private, at present, is 43 and one-third cents\na day. Adding the [daily] cost of his ration as 20 cents, clothing\nallowance and right to quarters each at 15 cents, and his remaining\nprivileges at, say, six and two-thirds cents, his present pay still\nfalls 25 cents short of the average laborer throughout the United\nStates.\u201d This is the War Department\u2019s estimate of the soldier\u2019s average\ntotal daily income in cash and allowances, made by the Department in\norder to compare the soldier\u2019s incentive with that of the _farm hand and\ngeneral day laborer_. On page 84 of the same Report is the Government\u2019s\nestimate of the average daily income of the \u201cfarm and the general\nlaborer\u201d: For 1902 the average for these two classes was (according to\nthe Report) $1.20 a day; and \u201callowing for the increase in wages since\n1902\u201d _the government\u2019s estimate for the \u201cfarm and general laborer\u201d in\n1907 was $1.25 per day_. This, the Report says, is $7.50 per month\nbetter than the soldier\u2019s incentive in 1907.\n\nIt is matter of common knowledge that the United States soldiers and\nmarines are forced to spend a considerable portion of their cash incomes\nfor food that the Government is too stingy to furnish. That is, the\nruling class have such contempt for their human \u201cwatch dogs\u201d that they\nfurnish them a meaner living than is received by the most meanly paid\ngroup of the working class over whom they stand guard and stand ready to\nmurder if they strike and struggle for more.\n\nIn the same Report, under the heading \u201cQuarters,\u201d is this:\n\n \u201cThe fact that he is living in a $40,000 building impresses the\n soldier less if he finds in it only iron bunks, cheap chairs, and\n unpainted tables\u2014the absolute necessities for his use and nothing\n for his comfort. The barrack is the home of the soldier while he\n remains in the service. It is possible that he might think oftener\n of continuing there if it presented more the appearance of a home.\n So far as the squad rooms are concerned, mere room adornment is\n neither necessary nor advisable [!] ... The squad rooms are sleeping\n rooms only. There is space only for bunks, lockers and a few chairs;\n but these last might in part be something more than the present\n cheap and uncomfortable article. But it is the reading and amusement\n rooms that are meant particularly. There is no reason why they\n should not be made habitable. [Indeed! Really, Mr. Taft! How daring\n of you!] A few barrack chairs and rough tables, with possibly a\n billiard table, ordinarily constitute their furniture now. There is\n little to tempt a man to stay there. [\u201cTempt\u201d is good.] ... These\n rooms might be made comfortable and pleasant. A rug on the floor, a\n few prints on the walls, substantial chairs, a few writing tables\n and writing materials could all be supplied at no serious expense to\n the United States.... There is nothing degenerating in such\n furnishings; there is much that is homelike.\u201d [Like _whose_ home?]\n\n\u201cA few prints\u201d\u2014not many of course, and cheap ones, let us say about ten\ncents each; and \u201ca rug\u201d\u2014a dull, unexciting mat of rags\u2014simply these and\nnothing more, lest the degenerating influences of fine art should soften\nthe syrup-baited lads\u2019 blood-lusting temper too much for the more\nglorious art of butchering. As Mr. Taft profoundly remarks, \u201cThere is\nlittle to tempt a man to _stay_ there\u201d at present; but, as he\nsagaciously suggests, about 98 cents expended in baiting the bunk-room\ntrap with a few original Italian, or, say, Dutch, masterpieces, and a\nfew imported Persian fascinations of emotional red\u2014this 98 cents for the\nseductions of fine art added to a nickel\u2019s worth of skimmed milk and\nmolasses _would_ be an effective allurement for the khaki heroes to\nre-enlist and \u201cstay there.\u201d\n\nRecently Congressmen and Senators advanced their own salaries from\n$5,000 up to $7,500 per year. This is one sign of self-respect. This\nadvance of $2,500 per year will of course be sufficient to provide a\nfair quality of syrup and skimmed milk for the statesmen\u2019s dessert.\n\nDoes it seem probable that cheap molasses added to the dessert of the\nsoldier\u2019s ration and a few ten-cent prints hung on the walls of the\nsoldiers\u2019 living rooms will attract Taft\u2019s sons or Roosevelt\u2019s sons or\nthe sons of Senators and Congressmen and the sons of the \u201cbetter class\nleading citizens\u201d to the dreary, barren barracks provided for men who\nstand ready to slaughter for less than 50 cents a day and cheap \u201ckeep\u201d?\n\nSays Major-General J. F. Bell, Chief of Staff:[221]\n\n \u201cThat men enlist believing they will love the life is likely, but\n their mental picture is oftentimes so different from the reality\n that disappointment is the almost inevitable consequence.\u201d\n\nFifty-eight per cent. of all the desertions from the military service in\nthe year 1906 were desertions of men in their first year of service, and\nconsiderably more than half of these desertions were during the first\nsix months of service.[222]\n\n_Twenty-six times as many_ enlisted men in our army committed suicide in\n1908 as in 1907, and _thirty-nine times_ as many of the \u201ctempted\u201d and\ntrapped young men in our army committed suicide in 1909 as in 1907. No\nsuicides are reported for the years 1901 to 1906 inclusive. The record\nfor the three years 1907, \u201908, \u201909 is 1, 26, 39, respectively.[223]\n\nIt would seem likely that a young fellow whose loathing for the army\nlife had become unendurable would desert rather than commit suicide to\nescape the hideous business. But no doubt the following line from the\nReport of the Secretary of War, Mr. Wright, in 1908, will help explain\nsomewhat the increase of suicide in the army. Mr. Wright says (page 19):\n\u201cAn elaborate system ... now almost perfected is well calculated to\nsecure _swift and certain apprehension and punishment of deserters_ and\nwill ... have a marked effect in reducing the crime to a minimum.\u201d[224]\nAn illustrative feature of this \u201chighly perfected system\u201d is to furnish\nthe run-away soldiers\u2019 pictures to the police of a city to which the\nlads can be traced, and offer the police $50 a head cash for the arrest\nof the soldiers. The $50 results in a human \u201cbloodhound\u201d search. This\n\u201chighly perfected system\u201d makes a young man\u2019s enlistment a good deal\nlike swallowing a barbed fish-hook. A great number of the boys go\ninsane. In 1908 _insanity ranked third_ in the long list of causes of\ndischarge from the army for disability.[225]\n\nArmy service, even in time of peace, is not exactly a picnic dream. On\nthis point General Frederick Funston offers some helpful information,\nthus:[226]\n\n \u201cThere is too much of the everlasting grind of drill and practice\n marches, and at some of the posts too much \u2018fatigue\u2019 in the way of\n keeping the reservations in apple-pie order. It is pretty much of a\n shock to many of the men who have entered the army service to taste\n the delights of military life to find that, from the standpoint of\n the post-commanders, the most important part of their training\n consists in cutting brush and weeds.\u201d\n\nIn his Report of 1907, page 14, Mr. Taft said:\n\n \u201cA noteworthy feature in the recruitment of the Army under present\n conditions is the increasing number of men who fail to re-enlist and\n of those who leave the Army before the expiration of their term of\n service by purchasing their discharge.... The fact cannot be\n disregarded nor explained away that for some reason or other the\n life of the soldier as at present constituted is not one to attract\n the best and most desirable class of men.\u201d\n\nIn the excerpt just quoted Mr. Taft makes it pretty clear that in his\njudgment the present enlisted men in the \u201cregular\u201d army are \u201cundesirable\ncitizens.\u201d Hence the \u201cgreat secretary\u2019s\u201d recommendation of\nmilk-and-syrup additions to the soldier\u2019s dessert, a few cheap prints on\nthe walls, and a coat of paint on the tables used by the soldiers\u2014in\norder to catch a better and more desirable class of men; that is, a\nbetter and more desirable class of workingmen; for be it remembered the\nGovernment does not expect to get any well-fed capitalist class men into\nthe army by means of cheap syrup and cheap milk and cheap \u2018print\u2019\npictures and the like. \u201cThe soldier in peace,\u201d says the Report just\nquoted, \u201cis better fed and better clothed than the average man of _his\nclass_ in civil life.\u201d[227] How interesting and instructive!\n\nIn 1905 almost 73 per cent., and in 1906 almost 74 per cent. of the\napplicants for examination for enlistment in our army \u201cwere rejected as\nlacking either mental, moral or physical qualifications.\u201d[228]\n\nPresident Roosevelt, in his Message of December, 1907, virtually\nridiculed the patriotism of the men in the army and those who may\ncontemplate entering the army. He wrote:\n\n \u201cThe prime need of our present Army and Navy is to secure and retain\n competent non-commissioned officers. The difficulty rests\n fundamentally on the question of pay.\u201d\n\n\u201c_Fundamentally on the question of pay._\u201d How suggestively patriotic!\nDid Colonel Roosevelt join the army for the cash there was in it? \u201cOh,\ncertainly not.\u201d But why should he insultingly say that, for other men,\njoining the army is fundamentally a question of cold cash?\n\nThe War Department, with Mr. Taft at the head, in 1907, joined Mr.\nRoosevelt in his sneering contempt for the soldier\u2019s motive in joining\nthe army. The Report runs:[229]\n\n \u201cUnder a voluntary system men enlist either to aid their country or\n to promote their own ends; that is, through self-sacrifice or\n self-interest.... Self-sacrifice of this sort is patriotism, an\n emotion necessary to arouse.... To keep it through long periods of\n peace at a pitch high enough to maintain an army would be\n impossible.... _Self-interest_ is, therefore, the _only_ cause of\n enlistment necessary to consider; ...\u201d[227]\n\nIt thus appears that, in the judgment of the \u201cgreat secretary,\u201d now\nPresident, patriotism is not at all a matter of brains, of reason\nsteadily sustained by logic, but is, on the contrary, a matter of\nemotion, passion, \u201cbrain-storm,\u201d induced with fife and drum and\nsustained with godlike sky-climbing aspiration to have one\u2019s stomach\nfilled with \u201cbutter, milk and molasses, or syrup, at least\u201d\u2014as\n\u201cdessert.\u201d The two Presidents, the anti-labor injunction judge and the\nlion-hunting monkey murderer,[230] agree that what _looks_ like\npatriotism in the long-service \u201cregular\u201d is after all simply a matter of\ngetting less than fifty cents a day and \u201ckeep.\u201d Of course, such things\nas this are not mentioned on the Fourth of July nor in campaign speeches\nwhen the \u201cgreat secretary\u201d or his chattering predecessor is courting the\n\u2018brave boys\u2019 for their votes.\n\n\n(=29=) When a young man joins the army or the navy he virtually agrees\nto pocket his pride and submit to a series of insults from his\n\u201csuperior\u201d officers for a term of years. The recruiting officer is to\nsome degree, at least temporarily, a man of pleasant manners, and the\ncallow patriot taking the bait in the recruiting office is treated\nalluringly. But when the youth signs his name in the books and becomes a\nsoldier patriot, matters take a change. It is a case of being \u201cstuck\u201d or\n\u201cstung.\u201d For following the hour of his enlistment, humble, prideless\nsubmission to strutting, swaggering bosses is the soldier\u2019s portion.\nFrom \u201csuperior\u201d officers he must meekly accept insults for which, in\nprivate life, he would promptly knock a man down. In the service he must\nbend his neck and take the yoke for years. Here is a sample of the\nspirit of the haughty airs assumed by the \u201csuperiors.\u201d\n\nMr. Taft, speaking as Secretary of War, February 14, 1908, to the young\nmen at West Point Military School, said:\n\n \u201cThe plainest of your duties is to keep your mouths shut and obey\n orders. As a soldier you must forego the privilege of free\n speech.... You will meet with injustices, others will get all to\n which they seem entitled. Your wives will have heart-burnings. Your\n children will have heart-burnings. In spite of all that you must do\n your duty, honestly and devotedly.\u201d\n\nHere is a soldier\u2019s letter:[231]\n\n \u201c... We are supposed to work eight hours a day, but we get dismissed\n when the officers see fit to let us go\u2014all for fifty-two cents a\n day. The negroes working at Panama get more money and are better\n treated than the enlisted men out here. Our \u2018little brown brothers\u2019\n are treated better over here. And to cap the climax, over comes a\n high statesman [Mr. Taft?] and makes a speech to a mob of our\n \u2018little brown brothers\u2019 and tells them not to judge the Americans by\n the enlisted men, as the enlisted men are composed of the roughest\n elements in the States....\u201d\n\nPresident David Starr Jordan (Leland Stanford University) writes of the\ncontemptuous treatment of the men in the ranks by the \u201csuperior\u201d\nofficers:[232]\n\n \u201cOne soldier [in the Philippines] says, \u2018If the United States were\n on fire from end to end, I would never raise my hand to put it out.\u2019\n Another would \u2018toss in a blanket the officials at Washington, as we\n toss a cheating corporal.\u2019 Another says in print, referring to the\n abuse of the soldiers by their superiors in pay: \u2018Yes, I knew that\n war would be hell before I got into it. But I did not know that war\n would be hell deliberately and fanatically inflicted. I expected to\n sleep in mud puddles with my head on a stone for a pillow, and go\n hungry for days on forced marches and away from a base of supplies.\n But I never dreamed that I would have to sleep in a leaky and\n exposed shed when there was plenty of good shelter elsewhere, and\n when thirty officers had fine apartments in which there was room for\n five hundred men; neither did I expect to be fed on coffee-grounds\n and foul canned meat for weeks when we were right next to a base of\n supplies, and when our officers lived on the choice of the\n commissary\u2019s department.\u2019\u201d\n\nBut the question naturally occurs to one: Why shouldn\u2019t the working\nclass soldiers be treated thus? Surely it is to be expected that the\ngreat majority class will _get what they permit_ from their \u201csuperiors.\u201d\n\nNote how the soldier boys are snubbed and bull-dozed in the German army.\nSays Dr. Walsh:[233]\n\n \u201cIn a trial reported Dec. 17, 1903, a lieutenant of the infantry has\n been convicted of 618 cases of maltreatment and 57 cases of improper\n treatment of soldiers under him, and a sergeant in another regiment\n has been convicted of 1,520 cases of maltreatment and 100 cases of\n improper treatment.... The men deposed were so afraid, that nobody\n ventured to complain.\u201d\n\nThere is a yearly average of 7,000 desertions from the English regular\narmy. Quite naturally. Frozen, starved and despised, the thirty-cent\npatriots make a break for bread and freedom from the \u201cnoble\u201d snobbery of\nthe aristocratic pets in control.\n\nThe record of desertions from the American Army is, for the years 1907,\n1908, and 1909, respectively, 4,534, 4,525, 5,023.\n\n\n(=30=) How is it possible to interest young men in the brutal business\nof war?\n\nThere are some paragraphs on this matter in the chapter following, \u201cFor\nMother and the Boys.\u201d Here the matter of military parades is suggested\nfor consideration by \u201cfather and the boys.\u201d\n\nSometimes the boys\u2019 interest in war begins in so simple a thing as a\nparade. A military parade is a trap\u2014for the working class. A writer in\nthe New York _Tribune_, April 22, 1908, makes several artful suggestions\nas to the value of military parades in snaring young toilers into the\narmy. He suggests:\n\n That \u201cparades, so far as circumstances permit, be through or\n near ... sections [of the city] ... where they may encourage\n enlistment among a ... class of prospective recruits ... instead of\n on Riverside Drive [where the \u2018better classes\u2019 live], to which the\n public has access with difficulty and which is not frequented by the\n class of young men to whom the National Guard appeals.... These\n suggestions reflect the views of many citizens ... with whom the\n writer has conferred.\u201d\n\nThe writer also points out that bright-colored uniforms for the paraders\nhave excellent effect on the imagination of the prospective recruits.\n\nThere can be no doubt that the masters are well aware of the hypnotizing\ninfluence of marching loud, gay-colored bands, festively uniformed\ninfantry, and fascinating cavalrymen through the streets where they may\nbe seen and admired by the working class, admired by many thousands of\nill-fed, ill-clothed, meanly sheltered young men and women whose lives\nare dull and sad, consumed with the killing monotony and hurry of the\nfactory. A cavalry captain in the United States Army, a part of whose\nbusiness is to wheedle the gullibles into the dreary army life, has this\nto say of parades:\n\n \u201cThe good influence in popularizing the army by having it stationed\n in large cities is exemplified in London. The various guards and\n other bodies of troops marching through the streets, preceded by\n their gorgeously dressed bands, all the uniforms recalling\n traditions of brave, gallant deeds, gain friends every time.\u201d\n\nThe best known butcher of modern times (Napoleon) also understood this\nmatter.\n\n\u201cYou call these toys? Well, you manage men with toys!\u201d said that\nred-stained egoist, speaking of the ribbons and crosses and other\ngewgaws of his Legion of Honor.[234]\n\nWhen at the street-side a boy of seven, watching a military parade,\nshouts in gleeful admiration and claps his small hands in happy hurrahs,\nMars, the bloody god of war, begins to fasten his clutches on the little\nfellow, the child\u2019s imagination takes fire with visions and hopes, his\nsoul begins to thrill with the kill-lust, then and there he is being\nprepared to enlist\u2014when he \u201cgets big.\u201d How different it would be for the\nsmall boys if, when soldiers were marched through a city, these armed\nslayers of their kind should march at night with all lights out and with\nthe rumble of drums and the frequent boom of cannon in the darkness\nmaking the air tremble. The working class mother might well consider\nthis matter. She has all to lose.[235]\n\nIn the average parade-and-review the workingman is made ridiculous. Did\nyou ever see prominent bankers or other \u201cbetter class\u201d business men in\nlarge numbers trudging along afoot in the middle of the dusty or muddy\nstreet, marching and sweating miles and miles past a gay-colored\nreviewing-stand to be \u201creviewed\u201d and grinned at by a bunch of\nsugar-coated crooks in the \u201creviewers\u2019 stand\u201d? No! And you never will.\nThe trudging and the sweating, as usual, are handed over to the \u201ccommon\npeople,\u201d chiefly the wage-slaves. When the \u201cvery _best_ people\u201d do take\npart in the parading before the \u201cgrand-stand,\u201d they ride, up front, in\ncarriages or on horseback. They laugh and chat and gaily enjoy the\nstupid gullibility of the working men as the humble fellows are thus\n\u201cbell-weathered\u201d through the dirt and heat. On the occasion of a recent\ngreat parade in New York City a well-known capitalist gliding along in a\nhandsome automobile swaggeringly called out, \u201cWe\u2019ve got the ships, we\u2019ve\ngot the men, and we\u2019ve got the money too!\u201d A seedy, hungry-looking young\nman proudly answered back, \u201cYou bet we have!\u201d On the same occasion\nthousands of ten-dollar-a-week clerks and factory workers were charmed\ninto hand-clapping as the gaudily dressed soldiers marched by carrying\nthe very rifles they were ready to use to crush the admiring toilers if\nthey should strike and struggle for justice.\n\nThe usual \u201creview\u201d is a pompous occasion on which hundreds or thousands\nof meek, ill-fed, cotton-lined, callous-palmed working men \u201choof it\u201d for\nan hour or so past a \u201creviewing-stand\u201d occupied by some grinning,\nwell-fed, silk-lined, lily-fingered, decorated \u201cgreat\u201d men who scorn\neven the thought of the working class having a political party of their\nown for their own self-defense.\n\n\n(=31=) A great many fathers and sons are thinking a good deal about an\n\u201cera of peace\u201d to be ushered in mainly through the good offices of peace\nsocieties. The Hague Peace Conference is, in the judgment of many\npeople, \u201cthe hope of the world.\u201d[236]\n\nThe first meeting of the Hague Conference was called\u2014in Jesus\u2019 name, of\ncourse\u2014by the most infamous blood-stained butcher of feeble old men and\nwomen and thoughtful, aspiring young men and women, in all the\nworld,\u2014that is, by the Tsar of Russia. The sincerity of this crowned\nmurderer may in some measure be realized by a brief study of his gross\ninconsistency in the year 1903 and in the years immediately preceding.\n(See Chapter Six, and Sixth Illustration.)\n\nThe second meeting of the Society was held in 1907, and another is\nscheduled for the year 1915.\n\nThe serene confidence the world\u2019s rulers have in the Society is easily\nseen in their frantic efforts to increase their armies and navies. They\nare bleeding their people white with taxes to make the enormously\nexpensive preparations for what is likely to be the most vast and\nterrible butchering of the working class by the working class that has\never horrified mankind. Secretly the crowned and uncrowned ruling\nbutchers of the world have nothing but contempt for the Conference at\nThe Hague. Very naturally, however, they are all shrewd enough to make a\nlarge and beautiful profession of faith and desire for peace through the\nConference, while at the same time they all \u201cwant for soldiers young men\nwho are not only willing, but anxious to fight.\u201d The man who inaugurated\nthe Conference promptly scorned the Conference when he believed his\ninterests would be served by a war with Japan. The famous French\nanti-militarist G. Herv\u00e9 shrewdly pointed out the hopelessly weak place\nin the \u201cauthority\u201d of the capitalist Hague Peace Court:[237]\n\n\u201cGovernments so far are unanimous in _withdrawing from The Hague\nTribunal all questions affecting \u2018the honor and vital interests of the\ncountry,\u2019_ a convenient formula permitting them to _refuse_ arbitration\nwhen they please.\u201d\n\nAnd here is a frank admission:\n\n \u201cThe Hague Tribunal has nothing compulsory about it; all its members\n are left in perfect freedom as to whether they submit questions to\n it or not.... In all treaties hitherto the Great Powers have\n retained power to withhold submission of questions affecting \u2018their\n honor or vital interest.\u2019\u201d[238]\n\n\u201cHonor and vital interests,\u201d\u2014convenient phrase\u2014a matter of business\u2014cash\nand commerce, \u201cplain dollars and cents,\u201d\u2014under capitalism.\n\nIt is of interest to note that another peace society, The Peace Society,\nfounded in London in 1816, has been busy for almost a hundred years\ntrying to mop up the blood, so to speak, never daring, or not knowing\nhow, to uncover the fundamental cause of war.\n\nIn at least some respects a \u201cConference\u201d of The Hague Peace Society is,\nitself, hopelessly ridiculous and, in appearance, wickedly insincere.\nFor example, at the \u201cConference\u201d of 1907 the delegates learnedly and\nlaughably discussed the \u201cHumanizing of War,\u201d[239] and, after much\nbrain-fagging effort, the delegates to the fakirs\u2019 feast duly and\nheavily concluded as follows:\n\n \u201cIt is especially prohibited to employ poison or poisoned arms.\u201d\n\nWELL BE IT KNOWN:\u2014\n\nTHAT KLEPTOMANIACS\u2019 PERIODICAL LUNCHEON, OR \u201cTHIEVES\u2019 SUPPER,\u201d CALLED\nTHE HAGUE CONFERENCE, WOULD HAVE NO MORE WORK TO DO FOR THE NEXT\nTHOUSAND YEARS, WOULD NEVER AGAIN HAVE ANYTHING WHATEVER TO MEET FOR, IF\nALL BULLETS AND ALL SWORDS AND ALL BAYONETS USED IN ALL THE ARMIES WERE\nDIPPED IN A DEADLY POISON; FOR, IN THAT CASE, THE WORKING CLASS OF THE\nWHOLE WORLD WOULD FLATLY REFUSE TO VOLUNTEER OR BE DRAFTED TO SERVE IN\nANY WAR ANYWHERE UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES. AND, OF COURSE, THE\nSOFT-VOICED, WELL-FED \u201cHUMANIZERS OF WAR\u201d WOULD NOT GO TO WAR\u2014POISON OR\nNO POISON. THE UNIVERSAL USE OF POISONED BULLETS, SWORDS AND BAYONETS\nWOULD MAKE WAR ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE, BECAUSE THE INAUGURATION OF SUCH A\nPOLICY WOULD MAKE THE WORKING CLASS THINK.\n\nA thinking slave is the terror of the plunder-bloated rulers of the\nworld\u2014always.\n\nWhen the workers once think about war they will promptly do two things:\n\n_First_, They will refuse to go to war;\n\n_Second_, They will find the cause of war, and will remove it.\n\nOf course, it requires the deep and prayerful investigation of \u201cgreat\u201d\nand \u201cprominent Christian\u201d gentlemen in peace conference assembled to\ndiscover that it _is_ wrong for men to butcher men with swords and\nbullets dipped in poison, but that it is _not_ wrong for men to destroy\nmen with clean lead and clean steel, their souls charged with hate as an\nadder\u2019s fang jetting venom into its victim\u2019s flesh; to discover that it\n_is_ wrong to have soldiers thrust poison-dipped bayonets into one\nanother\u2019s stomachs, but that it is _not_ wrong for a \u201cChristian business\nmen\u2019s\u201d government to feed its soldiers on poisoned canned beef. The poor\ndupes who butcher one another at the word of command are, of course, too\n\u201ccommon\u201d and ignorant to understand the logical legerdemain of these\nprayerfully discovered distinctions; but the learned and prominent\ngentlemen in peace conference assembled, far, far from the battle line,\nsmoking 50\u2013cent cigars, quaffing the world\u2019s costliest champagne\u2014these\nnoble braves, these bottle-scarred heroes, can tell us all about it.\n\nCertainly.\n\nWith thoughtful tenderness many Christian governments, influenced by\npeace societies, have made an international agreement that, in case of\nwar, no bullet used weighing 14 ounces or less shall be an explosive\nbullet,\u2014that is, a bullet that easily expands, flattens and shatters\n_when it strikes flesh_. However, these same \u201cmore refined and\ncivilized\u201d nations are all at perfect liberty to use a cannon bullet, or\nshell, weighing hundreds of pounds, charged with explosives,\nflesh-tearing materials and deadly gases, arranged with time-fuses in\norder to explode over the heads of, or among, a great body of men on the\nfield, or in the midst of men when it has pierced the armor of a war\nvessel.\n\nIt is not definitely known how these wise Christian statesmen and\nscholars discovered that a three-hundred pound explosive bullet might\nproperly and lovingly be used by gently sensitive Christian butchers,\nbut that a thirteen-ounce explosive bullet might not with propriety be\nused by these loving followers of the gentle Jesus. Possibly the\ndiscovery was made by some deep-seeing pot-house statesmen and scholars\nafter a prayerful study of the Sermon on the Mount,\u2014with champagne on\nthe side.\n\nWar is \u201chuman\u201d or \u201cinhuman\u201d according to the orations, discussions,\nconfusions, delusions, conclusions, decisions and provisions of these\nperfumed, patent-leathered fighters after a long fast\u2014on terrapin,\nporter-house and \u201cMumm\u2019s Extra Dry.\u201d\n\nThe eloquence of the Hague Peace Conference literature concerning its\nlong list of extremely \u201cglorious achievements\u201d would lead the\nuninstructed to suppose that till this organization came on the field\nthere had never been a dispute settled without war. It modestly claims\neverything in view.\n\nNote here the fact that:\n\n_\u201cThere is no period known to history in which instances are not found\nof arbitration as a substitute for force, and we can only wonder when we\nconsider the historical antiquity of the former that the latter should\nhave maintained its hold so long, so constantly and so fiercely.\u201d_[240]\n\n \u201cWhere are thy portents, Peace?\n What sign on land or sea\n Of thy great coming, of thy rule to be?\n The fighting and the drumming do not cease;\n Gun-thunder smites the air,\n And shakes the earth beneath.\n Bait we not the war-dogs in their lair,\n And toil at harvesting of dragon\u2019s teeth?...\n\n Must it forever be a poet\u2019s dream\u2014\n The land secure, the mind at rest,\n The cut-throat tamed and laboring at an oar,\n The braggart silent and ashamed,\n The toiler as a monarch seem,\n The woman with her baby at her breast,\n Aglow with joy that war shall be no more?...\u201d\n \u2014J. I. C. Clarke, in New York _Times_.\n\nProminent people\u2014prominent chiefly because they are elevated upon the\nshoulders of the working class\u2014have been _talking_ about peace for a\nlong time. But peace born of _justice_, peace founded upon\n_fairness_,\u2014that is neither thought of nor talked of, by the ruling\nclass, in the pompous and pretentious peace conferences; it is not on\nthe program.\n\nFather and the boys of the working class will themselves have to place\npeace on the program of mankind. And one of the first things to do is to\nbring up the subject of war and peace in every working class\norganization in the world\u2014_for discussion_. (See pages 272, 283\u2013289.\nIndex: \u201cCarnegie.\u201d)\n\n\n =A Special Notice to the Hague Peace Society:=\n\n As to \u201climited armaments\u201d\u2014whether the swords are long or short, the\n working class more and more clearly see that you intend that the\n working class shall continue to do all the fighting in case of war.\n\n\n =A Special Challenge to the Hague Peace Society:=\n\n That all delegates to the Conferences shall discuss, not the\n problems of \u201cdisarmament,\u201d but (1) the problem of striking the bands\n from the wrists of the wage-slaves; (2) the artificial arbitrary\n restriction placed upon the consuming power of the wage-earners, out\n of which fact grows the imminent world-struggle for the\n \u201cworld-market.\u201d\n\n\n =A Second Special Challenge to the Hague Peace Society:=\n\n That the Society shall frankly announce in all its Conferences, in\n all its Reports, in all its leaflets, in all its lectures and\n sermons, that the Socialist Party\u2019s method of preventing war is to\n frankly and loudly WARN THE VICTIMS OF WAR, the working class, just\n what war always means to the working class; and that this method has\n succeeded in preventing two wars in recent years in cases where the\n Hague Peace Society was powerless.\n\n\n =A Third Special Challenge to the Hague Peace Society:=\n\n That the Society shall explain why the Capitalist masters of the\n Hague Peace Society will not _permit_ their vassals in the\n Conferences to accept the Second Challenge.\n\n[Illustration: THE BENEFICIARIES OF HELL, FLIRTING WITH \u201cHEAVEN\u201d]\n\n The author of WAR\u2014WHAT FOR?, in the summer of 1910, attended a\n National Peace Conference in New York City. The Conference was\n attended by some of the most distinguished peace-wishers in the\n United States, including capitalists, orators and college\n professors. The author was given the floor to address the\n Convention. Everything went well until the author began to urge that\n all who want peace should make every possible effort to WARN THE\n VICTIMS of war, the working class, of what war means to the working\n class. Instantly there was manifest discomfort all through the\n audience, and very soon the chairman left his seat, came close to\n the speaker and urged that the speech be concluded at once. No other\n speaker was thus interrupted.\n\n[Illustration]\n\n-----\n\nFootnote 182:\n\n Charles Seignobos: _Political History of Europe Since 1815_, p. 819.\n\nFootnote 183:\n\n Similar practice was common in our Civil War.\n\nFootnote 184:\n\n But see Index: \u201cFour Historic Events.\u201d\n\nFootnote 185:\n\n May 21, 1909. Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 186:\n\n Report of the United States Pullman Strike Commission: Carroll D.\n Wright, Chairman.\n\nFootnote 187:\n\n See Chapter Ten on \u201cWhat Shall We Do About It?\u201d\n\nFootnote 188:\n\n See article by Labor Commissioner C. D. Wright: _North American\n Review_, June, 1902; also R. T. Ely: _Outlines of Economics_, Edition\n of 1908, pp. 397\u201398.\n\nFootnote 189:\n\n _International Journal of Ethics_, April, 1908.\n\nFootnote 190:\n\n C. D. Wright: _Practical Sociology_, p. 38.\n\nFootnote 191:\n\n See Report of Secretary of War, 1908, p. 155. Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 192:\n\n An excellent edition of the law with notes, analysis, history, and\n suggestions by Mr. Ernest Untermann, can be had for 5 cents, of any\n Socialist literature agent.\n\nFootnote 193:\n\n London, March 21, 1908.\n\nFootnote 194:\n\n Miss Jane Addams: _Newer Ideals of Peace_, p. 232.\n\nFootnote 195:\n\n _Civil Liberty_, pp. 116\u2013117.\n\nFootnote 196:\n\n G. Stanley Hall: _Adolescence_, Vol. I., pp. 222\u201323.\n\nFootnote 197:\n\n _The Rough Riders_, p. 139. Found in Edition of 1899, published by\n Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons; page 152, as published by G. P. Putnam\u2019s\n Sons.\n\nFootnote 198:\n\n _System of Ethics_, p. 660.\n\nFootnote 199:\n\n _Militarism_, pp. 60\u201361.\n\nFootnote 200:\n\n _William Shakespeare_, Pt. 3, Bk. 3, Ch. I.\n\nFootnote 201:\n\n See Chapter Eight, Section 11,\u2014of special interest to women who\n incline to be \u201cperfectly delighted\u201d with soldiers.\n\nFootnote 202:\n\n Quoted by Thomas E. Will, _Arena_, Dec., 1894.\n\nFootnote 203:\n\n _Moral Damage of War_, pp. 146\u201347.\n\nFootnote 204:\n\n _Education and the Higher Life_, p. 171.\n\nFootnote 205:\n\n _Works_, Vol. IV., Dresden Edition, p. 124.\n\nFootnote 206:\n\n \u201cLecture on War.\u201d\n\nFootnote 207:\n\n _The Destiny of Man_, pp. 100\u2013103.\n\nFootnote 208:\n\n Lester F. Ward: _Applied Sociology_, p. 264.\n\nFootnote 209:\n\n Bloomfield: \u201cFarmer\u2019s Boy.\u201d\n\nFootnote 210:\n\n Pope\u2019s Homer\u2019s \u201cIliad.\u201d\n\nFootnote 211:\n\n _Militarism_, p. 316.\n\nFootnote 212:\n\n Quoted by John A. Hobson: _John Ruskin: Social Reformer_, p. 346.\n\nFootnote 213:\n\n _Militarism_, p. 317.\n\nFootnote 214:\n\n See Chapter Eleven.\n\nFootnote 215:\n\n See Chapter Ten, also Index: \u201cRevolution of Opinion.\u201d\n\nFootnote 216:\n\n See McCabe and Darien: _Can We Disarm?_ p. 56.\n\nFootnote 217:\n\n See Index: \u201cWhat War Decides\u201d; also \u201cBlood Cost of War.\u201d\n\nFootnote 218:\n\n Thomas Carlyle: _Sartor Resartus_, Book II., Chapter 8.\n\nFootnote 219:\n\n See Index: \u201cParasites.\u201d\n\nFootnote 220:\n\n Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 221:\n\n _Report_, 1907, p. 73.\n\nFootnote 222:\n\n See Report of Department of War, 1906.\n\nFootnote 223:\n\n See Annual Reports of the Secretaries of War for the years named; also\n Preface of the present volume.\n\nFootnote 224:\n\n Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 225:\n\n See _Report of the War Department_, 1908, p. 21; see also Index:\n \u201cInsanity.\u201d\n\nFootnote 226:\n\n _The World\u2019s Work_, May, 1907.\n\nFootnote 227:\n\n Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 228:\n\n See Reports of the Department of War for the respective years.\n\nFootnote 229:\n\n _Report of the Secretary of War_, 1907, p. 72.\n\nFootnote 230:\n\n Mr. Roosevelt\u2019s kill-for-pleasure hunting trip in Africa in 1909\u201310\n included, according to the press reports, \u201ca splendid time,\u201d \u201ca\n corking time,\u201d shooting monkies\u2014murdering his ancestral cousins, so to\n speak\u2014\u201ca careful count being kept of the exact number\u201d of the jolly,\n playful little creatures butchered for the brave and noble gentleman\u2019s\n amusement on his \u201cold home\u201d trip.\n\nFootnote 231:\n\n A private, writing from the Philippines, in _Everybody\u2019s Magazine_,\n April, 1908.\n\nFootnote 232:\n\n _Imperial Democracy_, p. 272.\n\nFootnote 233:\n\n _The Moral Damage of War_, pp. 150\u201351.\n\nFootnote 234:\n\n Quoted by Professor E. A. Ross, in his _Social Control_, p. 89.\n\nFootnote 235:\n\n See Chapter Eight: \u201cFor Mother and the Boys,\u201d Section 1.\n\nFootnote 236:\n\n See Index: \u201cBankruptcy, Danger of.\u201d\n\nFootnote 237:\n\n _The International_, July, 1908. Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 238:\n\n _Documents of the American Association for International\n Conciliation_, 1907\u201308, p. 22.\n\nFootnote 239:\n\n See _The Peace Conference at The Hague_, pp. 93\u2013120, and 151.\n\nFootnote 240:\n\n _Harper\u2019s Magazine_, Vol. 87. See International Conciliation\u2014Documents\n of the American Association for International Conciliation, 1907\u201308:\n Third Paper\u2014\u201cA League of Peace.\u201d\n\n\n\n\n CHAPTER EIGHT.\n For Mother and the Boys and Girls.\n\n\nTopics for consideration, especially by the mothers in the working\nclass.[241]\n\n\n(=1=) \u201cWill there be, indeed, more wars?\u201d\n\nYes, undoubtedly.[242]\n\n\u201cWhat shall be done about it?\u201d\n\nThere are two things to be done, by the mother, right away: Think about\nwar and talk about war with other mothers and the boys\u2014also with the\ngirls.\n\nLet us see:\n\nIn the next war whose sons shall be shot?\n\nThe aristocrat\u2019s wife is not worrying about whose children are to be\ndestroyed in the next war. She knows already that her sons will not be\ndestroyed in battle; her sons will not stand before Gatling guns; her\nsons will not be torn and lie bleeding, groaning, screaming and cursing\non the steel-swept battlefield by day or through the long night; her\nsons will not fester and sicken and die in dismal battlefield hospitals;\nshe knows that her sons will not be pitched into nameless\ntrenches\u2014buried like dogs; her flesh and blood, her slain sons, will not\nbe brought home to mock her aching heart.\n\nThat is settled\u2014positively.\n\nShe belongs to the _ruling_ class.\n\nThe ruling class protect her and the men and boys she loves\u2014loyally.\n\nBut the working class mother\u2014the humble mother of wage-slaves\u2014she feels\nno such security. Herod and Mars invade her home to steal the men and\nboys she loves. The rude fist of war is ever ready to crush her. This\nhumble woman is wholly unprotected against war by the ruling class. She\nis also unprotected against war by the voting men of her own class.\n\nThis woman must protect herself\u2014for the present.\n\nLet it be remembered that in the gentle heart of a humble mother whose\nloving sons have been butchered in battle, it is always winter. The\ncheap rhetoric and hypocritical compliments of the coarse-grained\npolitical orator, the honeyed words of any man in any profession\u2014sacred\nor secular\u2014craftily exempted from the war which slew her loved ones,\nthese can not charm the wintry desolation of her life into rare June\nweather. Nor can the wound in her mother heart be healed with a stingy\nquarterly allowance of filthy money called a pension. When her loved\nones were slaughtered her joys were slain.\n\nThis woman must indeed protect herself; and she can protect herself,\nsomewhat,\u2014if she will.\n\nShe can do this: She can teach her child to hate\u2014to hate war.[243]\n\n\n(=2=) Mother, is your five-year-old son strong, healthy and handsome?\nYes? Well, that is fine. But think of him at the age of twenty in\nslaughtering clothes, being transformed into a swaggering armed bully.\nMother, if he should be tricked into the army and butchered and his torn\ncorpse should be brought home to you, you would then know what _other_\nmothers feel when their boys, whom your son butchers, are brought home\nto them. Then, perhaps, war would seem quite different\u2014far less \u201cgreat\u201d\nand \u201cglorious\u201d to you. You see, mother, in a war _some_ mothers\u2019 boys\nmust be butchered. Perhaps a false patriotism has been taught to\nyou\u2014just as a false patriotism is taught your sons. Both the mother and\nher sons are confused. To get the working class boy ready for war the\ncapitalist must first confuse and trick the mother.\n\nKings, emperors, presidents, tsars, and capitalists of all lands are\nlovingly interested in the problem of \u201crace suicide,\u201d the problem of\nsmall families,\u2014interested in the \u201cfood-for-powder\u201d crop, the\n\u201cbullet-stopper\u201d crop,\u2014EAGER THAT EVERY WORKING CLASS MOTHER SHOULD\nBECOME A BREEDER. After Napoleon Bonaparte had had multitudes of the men\nand boys of France butchered, making it difficult to find soldiers, he\nimpatiently exclaimed, \u201cWhat France needs is mothers!\u201d What he meant was\nthat France needed more human breeders flattered into bearing and\nrearing more butchers for Napoleon. Of course Napoleon was shrewd enough\nto confuse the humble mothers with plenty of cheap flattery concerning\ntheir \u201cpatriotism.\u201d[244] Capitalists today want larger working class\nfamilies for more soldiers, also for a larger army of unemployed\u2014in\norder that the capitalists may, in the industrial civil war, more\ntyrannically dictate the wage terms to the workers and also more easily\nsecure substitutes in case of a war.\n\nAnd to this end the capitalists are willing to pay the price; that is,\nwilling to pay for the social chloroform, for the false teachings,\nnecessary to beget a slave\u2019s blind enthusiasm for the master that\nbetrays him\u2014called patriotism.\n\n\n(=3=) Thomas Carlyle called working class soldiers simpletons. A person\nof good mind, however, _if caught young_, can be confused till he will\nactually volunteer to butcher his fellowman. This can be done in many\nways; for example, take Fitchburg, Massachusetts, May 29\u201330, 1908. The\nvery small children, also ten-year-olds, and those still older, were\nassembled, according to age, in halls, churches, the Young Men\u2019s\nChristian auditorium, and elsewhere, May 29; and for long weary hours\ngory stories of \u201cbravery\u201d in war were recited to them, horrible pictures\nwere displayed before them, blood-curdling suggestions were urged upon\nthem, cheap lusts for cheap glory were inspired in the helpless\nyoungsters,\u2014just as a savage might teach his little sons to rip the\nscalp from a screaming victim\u2019s skull. And humble mothers of the working\nclass were tricked into co-operating in this anti-social \u201cpatriotism.\u201d\n\nSuch abominable performances stunt the children. Their social\ndevelopment is arrested. They become jingoists, ignorant little\nbigots\u2014utterly incapable of sincere international love. Their political\nphilosophy is a shallow and silly \u201cHurrah!\u201d Their \u201cpatriotism\u201d becomes a\nbelittling conceit and a readiness for cruel deeds.\n\nEverybody, of course, loves a frank, finely social child. International\nand national murder is a coarse and unsocial thought; and when parents,\nteachers, preachers, or lecturers, speak enthusiastically of wholesale\nmurder or of famous national and international murderers in the presence\nof a child, the child\u2019s social development is checked, stunted; when a\nfew suggestions of international jealousy and malice have been\nignorantly (or cunningly) thrust into a child\u2019s mind it becomes simply\nimpossible for the child to develop into an \u201cinternational man,\u201d a\nfinely social person sincerely loving his fellowmen. This would be a\ncharming world if all men and women were social\u2014socialized, unblasted,\nunstung by shriveling national jealousy and malice; but everywhere the\nvile business of blasting the social nature of the rising generation is\nbeing extended. The school, even, is invaded. The Rev. Dr. Walter Walsh\nwarns parents thus:[245]\n\n \u201cThe school has become not only the training ground, but actually a\n recruiting ground for the army. The British War Office issues a\n circular pressing secondary schools to teach boys over twelve the\n use of the rifle; issues Morris tube carbines to schools having\n suitable ranges; and supplies ammunition at cost price. The\n inevitable next step is the formation of cadet corps in the schools,\n with inspection by military chiefs.... The capture of the schools by\n the militarists is one of the most ominous signs of the times. The\n militarist has long looked with wistful eye at this happy hunting\n grounds.... Parliaments have already been strongly urged to make\n military drill compulsory in all public schools.... The scholar is\n rapidly transformed into the conscript.\u201d\n\nThe shameless audacity of using a socializing institution, the school,\nto cultivate national malice in the helpless children!\n\n\n(=4=) If only the children could get one good look at the hell behind\nthe curtain it would be more difficult to beguile and betray them.\n\nLet the wonderful Zola tell what the boys in the public schools are\n_not_ taught and are _not permitted to realize_ till later when they are\ngrown up and are seduced to the battlefield with the crafty cry, \u201cFollow\nthe flag!\u201d\n\nHere following are some paragraphs on the battlefield hospital. A\nmilitary hospital, it may be said, is an institution in which sick and\nshell-torn men are hastily repaired in order that they may go again to\nthe battle line\u2014perchance to faint or be ripped to pieces again. Thus\nZola:[246]\n\n \u201c... Outside in the shed the preparations were of another nature:\n the chests were opened and the contents arranged in order.... On\n another table were the surgical cases with their blood-curdling\n array of glittering instruments, probes, forceps, bistouries,\n scalpels, scissors, saws, an arsenal of implements of every\n imaginable shape adapted to pierce, cut, dice, rend, crush.... The\n wagons kept driving up to the entrance in an unbroken stream.... The\n regular ambulance wagons of the medical department, two-wheeled and\n four-wheeled, were too few in number to meet the demand ...\n provision vans, everything on wheels that could be picked up on the\n battlefield, came rolling up with their ghastly loads; and later in\n the day carrioles and market-gardeners\u2019 carts were pressed into the\n service and harnessed to horses that were found straying along the\n roads.... It was a sight to move the most callous to behold the\n unloading of those poor wretches, some with the greenish pallor on\n their faces, others suffused with the purple hue that denotes\n congestion; many were in a state of coma, others uttered piercing\n cries of anguish ... the keen knife flashed in the air, there was\n the faint rasping of the saw barely audible, the blood spurted in\n short sharp jets.... As soon as the subject had been operated on\n another was brought in, and they followed one another in such quick\n succession that there was barely time to pass the sponge over the\n protecting oil-cloth. At the extremity of the grass plot, screened\n from sight by a clump of lilac bushes, they had set up a kind of\n morgue whither they carried the bodies of the dead, which were\n removed from the beds without a moment\u2019s delay in order to make room\n for the living, and this receptacle also served to receive the\n amputated legs and arms, whatever d\u00e9bris of flesh and bone remained\n upon the table.... Rents in tattered, shell-torn uniforms disclosed\n gaping wounds, some of which had received a hasty dressing on the\n battlefield, while others were still raw and bleeding. There were\n feet, still encased in their coarse shoes, crushed into a mass like\n jelly; from knees and elbows, that were as if they had been smashed\n by a hammer, depended inert limbs. There were broken hands, and\n fingers almost severed, ready to drop, retained only by a strip of\n skin. Most numerous among the casualties were the fractures; the\n poor arms and legs, red and swollen, throbbed intolerably and were\n as heavy as lead. But the most dangerous hurts were those in the\n abdomen, chest, and head. There were yawning fissures that laid open\n the entire flank, the knotted viscera were drawn into great hard\n lumps beneath the tight-drawn skin, while as the effect of certain\n wounds the patient frothed at the mouth and writhed like an\n epileptic.... And finally the head, more than any other portion of\n the frame, gave evidence of hard treatment; a broken jaw, the mouth\n a pulp of teeth and bleeding tongue, an eye torn from its socket and\n exposed upon the cheek, a cloven skull that showed the palpitating\n brain beneath.... Although the sponge was kept constantly at work\n the tables were always red.... The buckets ... were emptied over a\n bed of daisies a few steps away.... Some seemed to have left the\n world with a sneer on their faces, their eyes retroverted till\n naught was visible but the whites, the grinning lips parted over the\n glistening teeth, while in others with faces unspeakably sorrowful,\n big tears still stood on the cheeks. One, a mere boy, short and\n slight, half whose face had been shot away by a cannon ball, had his\n two hands clasped convulsively above his heart, and in them a\n woman\u2019s photograph, one of those pale, blurred pictures that are\n made in the quarters of the poor, bedabbled with his blood. And at\n the feet of the dead had been thrown in a promiscuous pile the\n amputated arms and legs, the refuse of the knife and the saw of the\n operating table, just as the butcher sweeps into a corner of his\n shop the offal, the worthless odds and ends of flesh and bone....\n Bourouche, brandishing the long, keen knife, cried: \u2018Raise him!\u2019\n seized the deltoid with his left hand and with a swift movement of\n the right cut through the flesh of the arm and severed the muscle;\n then, with a deft rear-ward cut, he disarticulated the joint at a\n single stroke, and, presto! the arm fell on the table, taken off in\n three motions.... \u2018Let him down!\u2019 ... he had done it in thirty\n seconds.... Their strength all gone, reduced to skeletons, with\n ashen, clayey faces, the miserable wretches suffered the torments of\n the damned.... The patients writhed and shrieked in unceasing\n delirium, or sat erect in bed with the look of spectres.... There\n were others again who maintained a continuous howling.... Often\n gangrene kept mounting higher and higher, and the amputation had to\n be repeated until the entire limb was gone.\u201d\n\nAnd that is hell\u2014for which your children are prepared.\n\nThis phase of war is shrewdly kept from the children. No child\u2019s mind\ncould be poisoned, no child\u2019s imagination could be set on fire for war,\nno child\u2019s heart could be made to lust for the \u201cglory\u201d of the\nbattlefield of carnage\u2014if he were shown _this_ side of war.\n\nBut the child is an easy victim. Even some cheap jingo jingle called\npatriotic poetry renders the working class the easy, fooled tool of\ndespots. The victimizing of the helpless child is rendered especially\neasy when the mother, blindfold with flattery, gullibly lends assistance\nin strangling the child\u2019s sociability. (See Chapter Seven, Section 30.)\n\n\n(=5=) Here is a specimen of the poison craftily used in the public\nschools under the control of the capitalist class:\n\n \u201cA soldier is the grandest man\n That ever yet was made.\n He\u2019s valiant on the battlefield\n And handsome on parade.\n By strict attention to my drill\n It should not take me long\n For me to be an officer\n When I am big and strong.\n Then, when my country needs me,\n In case of war\u2019s alarms,\n I\u2019d run and get my uniform[247]\n And call the boys to arms!\n With sword in hand I\u2019d lead the charg\n My orders I would yell\n Above the noise of cannon\u2019s roar\n And storms of shot and shell.\n We\u2019d dash upon the foreign foe,\n As Teddy did of yore,\n Who took the hill while covered with\n Dust, victory and gore!\n With banners gay, while bugles play,\n We\u2019d seek our native land.\n Upon a horse I\u2019d ride that day,\n The General in Command!\u201d[248]\n\nWill the mothers protect their children\u2019s nature against the unsocial\nsmall souls who are always ignorantly or maliciously ready to thrust\nfangs and venom into the generous natures of frank and social children\nby having them recite stupid praise of distinguished human butchers and\n\u201cfamous victories\u201d?\n\nAn American literary man of great eminence, Dr. Edward Everett Hale,\nthus rebuked the poisoners of school children:\n\n \u201cBut even now, think how much more care you give to the study of the\n histories of war than to the histories of peace. There are ten times\n as many people who know who commanded at the Battle of New Orleans\n as there are who could tell me the name of the great apostle who\n made freedom the law for Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin,\n Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota and Michigan. This man died\n leaving no memorial.\u201d[249]\n\n\n(=6=) The working class should speedily get control of public libraries\nand throw out and keep out books written especially to exalt war and\npuff the brilliant butchers who have guided millions of working men to\ndeath on blood-soaked battlefields,\u2014throw out and burn all books\ndesigned to praise the Christian or pagan cannibalism, or the civilized\nsavagery called war. LABOR UNIONS AND ALL OTHER WORKING CLASS BODIES\nSHOULD MAKE FORMAL AND VIGOROUS PROTEST AGAINST HAVING ANYTHING SAID IN\nTHE PUBLIC SCHOOLS IN PRAISE OF WAR AND IN PRAISE OF DISTINGUISHED\nBUTCHERS. Let them reflect too that military drills, given _as such_,\nwith martial songs and war tales, cultivate blood lust in the children,\nblind them to the true meaning of war, make them an easy prey, later, to\nthe crafty cowards who will seek to use them in future savage contests,\nand are thus an outrage on the children. For a dozen reasons the working\nclass should get control of local school boards.[250]\n\n\n(=7=) The following lines from a poem written by an elegant coward, are\noften used in the primary grades of the public schools:\n\n \u201cForm! Form! Riflemen, form!\n Ready! be ready to meet the storm!\n Riflemen! Riflemen! Riflemen, form!\u201d\n\nA SCHOOL TEACHER CAN MAKE A FOOL AND A MURDERER OF A BOY OF EIGHT OR TEN\nYEARS WITH SUCH LINES. REMEMBER THAT POETS AND TEACHERS WHO FURNISH THE\nWAR-SONG CHLOROFORM FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN USUALLY \u201cSIDE-STEP\u201d WHEN THE\nSTORM BREAKS\u2014NO RIFLE BUSINESS FOR THEM\u2014THEY LET OTHERS \u201cMEET THE STORM\u201d\nWHICH THEIR POETRY AND TEACHING HELPED STIR UP. THE WAR-SONG POET AND\nTHE WAR-SONG SCHOOL TEACHER, IF YOU PLEASE, ARE TOO \u201cCULTIVATED AND\nRESPECTABLE\u201d TO BE PATRIOTICALLY BUTCHERED.\n\nUnder no circumstances should a working class father and mother keep\nsilent while a public school teacher or a Sunday-school teacher thrills\nthe children\u2019s blood and blasts the glorious sentiments of human\nbrotherhood with recitals of war-tales and fulsome praise of men whose\n\u201cglory\u201d is red with the blood of tens of thousands of working class men.\nSuch stories and such praise scar and brutalize the social natures of\nthe children as distinctly as a hot branding iron would disfigure their\ntender faces.\n\n\n(=8=) The little lovers, the children, who are conceived in love, born\nin love, and live on love, who hunger for love, long to love, glorify\nthe home with love and make the sad world hope for\u2014almost mad for\u2014love,\none generation of these sweet little lovers, these prattling sweethearts\nof mankind, would, when grown up, fill the world with an international\nlove, _if they were not bitten by the viper of petty, local patriotism_.\n\nThe mother who will think about this matter somewhat will promptly\nrealize that there is something disastrously wrong with the education\nwhich stings her little lovers with a murderer\u2019s aspiration. There is\nsomething wrong when the gracious neighborliness and charming\nsociability of children give way to swaggering insolence and savage\nblood-lust.\n\nLet the mother think of it: Even their playthings, their toys, are\ncraftily used to sting, to debauch the imagination of the children, to\nwrite the hopes of brutes in the hearts of gentle children. Lately there\nhas been enormous increase in the business of manufacturing toy\nsoldiers, toy cavalry horses, toy cannon and toy Gatling guns, also\nkhaki soldier clothing for children. \u201c120,000 bales of scrap tin from\nthe Puget Sound canneries were sent recently to Hamburg, Germany, to be\nmade into toy soldiers.\u201d[251] There can be no doubt about the results of\nusing such garb and playthings. That the child is thus scarred is\nrevealed when the tiny boy assumes the attitudes and the strut and\nswagger of the professional man-slaughterer. His very conversation with\nhis military toys shows he is marked\u2014_ready_.[252]\n\nWilliam Lloyd Garrison wrote:\n\n \u201cMy country is the world, my countrymen are all mankind.\u201d\n\nBut the stung child can not learn the meaning of Garrison\u2019s noble words.\n\n\n(=9=) Boy, kill one human being, and you will be called a\nmurderer\u2014despised and hanged. But kill a thousand human beings in\nwar\u2014and you become \u201cgreat\u201d! Deluded women smile upon you, little\nchildren gape at you, preachers praise you, politicians pet you, orators\nglorify you, capitalists grin at you, universities honor you, and the\nGovernment medals and pensions you;\u2014but lonely, war-orphaned children\nand war-robbed widows, _these despise you exactly in proportion as they\nunderstand you_.\n\nRemember, boy, the soldier\u2019s sword reaches through the slaughtered\nfather to others\u2014reaches the hearts of helpless women and helpless\nchildren.\n\nWhich would you rather be, boy, a dead and useless slaughterer of men,\nor a live and useful man of peace?\u2014a dead butcher or a live brother?\n\n\n(=10=) Here, of course, the thought of patriotism occurs.\n\nA great American, Ralph Waldo Emerson, wrote:\n\n \u201cWe hesitate to employ a word so much abused as patriotism, whose\n true sense is almost the reverse of the popular sense. We have no\n sympathy with that boyish egotism, hoarse with cheering for one\n side, for one state, for one town; the right patriotism consists in\n the delight which springs from contributing our peculiar legitimate\n advantages to the benefit of humanity.\u201d\n\nAnd thus James Russell Lowell:[253]\n\n \u201cThere is a patriotism of the soul whose claim absolves us from our\n other and terrene fealty.... When, therefore, one would have us\n throw up our caps and shout with the multitude, \u2018Our country,\n however bounded!\u2019 he demands of us that we sacrifice the larger to\n the less, the higher to the lower, and that we yield to the\n imaginary claims of a few acres of soil our duty and privilege as\n liegemen of Truth. Our true country is bounded on the north and the\n south, on the east and the west, by justice.... Veiling our faces,\n we must take silently the hand of Duty to follow her.\u201d\n\nThe fallacy of false patriotism is exploded in the following quotation\nby James Mackaye:[254]\n\n \u201cThere is a school of patriotism more or less popular which teaches\n that a man owes to his country a duty which he owes to no other\n aggregate of the human race, and that he should render service to\n the constituted authorities thereof, whatever policies they may\n choose to pursue. The motto of this school is \u2018My country, right or\n wrong.\u2019 Had this been the motto of Washington and his compatriots\n the United States would still be a part of the British Empire. The\n particular aggregate of men which constitutes a nation is a matter\n of the merest accident.... Indeed the patriotism whose dictum is \u2018My\n country, right or wrong\u2019 is but one degree of egotism, for if my\n country right or wrong, why not my state right or wrong; if my state\n right or wrong, why not my town ... my neighborhood ... my\n family ... my great uncle ... or why not myself right or wrong?\u201d\n\nGeorge Washington was disloyal to his own government, the greatest\nnational government in the world in his day, simply because that\ngovernment did not do things to suit _him_. Washington _took up arms\nagainst his own government_ because it did not suit him. Washington was\n_unpatriotic_ toward his great national government because it did not\nplease him. Washington _even trampled upon the flag_ of his own national\ngovernment because that government\u2019s policy did not suit him.\n\nBut Washington was loyal to his own interests. He was patriotic toward\nthe new _revolutionary_ government that did suit him. He _transferred\nhis allegiance_ to a _new_ flag and a _new_ constitution and a _new_\ngovernment and thus _protected his economic interests_.\n\nAnd all these things are true, strictly true, of almost every _great_\nAmerican in the times of Washington. Nearly every \u201cleading citizen\u201d in\nEngland at that time thought the behavior of the great Americans was\n\u201csimply awful,\u201d \u201coutlandishly anarchistic.\u201d\n\nThe \u201cpatriotic\u201d great men in England were protecting their _economic_\ninterests and _used their government_ to protect those interests.\n\nThe \u201cunpatriotic\u201d Americans were protecting their economic interests,\nand they despised the government that would not protect their interests,\nand they straightway constructed a government which they _could_ use in\nprotecting their interests. Then they became patriotic toward the new\ngovernment which they were using to protect their interests.\n\nAlways those in possession of the powers of government use the\nGovernment to protect themselves\u2014that is, to protect their interests;\nand they never fail to shrewdly shout, \u201cPatriotism!\u201d and teach\n\u201cpatriotism\u201d; nor do they ever fail to shout, \u201cUnpatriotic!\u201d at any\ngroup or class who seek to reorganize government in self-defense.\n\n\u201cPatriotism!\u201d \u201cLove of our country!\u201d Yes, indeed! But, doesn\u2019t the\naverage American working class man look ridiculous shouting, \u201cHurrah for\nour country\u2014our land of the free\u201d? He has no voice in the control of the\nfactory where he works; has no voice as to the use of the militia and\nthe soldiers; has _no right to demand a job and thus defend his life_;\nhe could not have the service of one petty village marshal, to open up a\n\u201cshut-down\u201d factory, even though the opening of the factory would save\nhim and five thousand other men and their twenty-five thousand women and\nchildren from starvation; in the mill and mine and factory he has no\nvoice as to who shall be his foreman or superintendent any more than\nblack chattel slaves in Georgia cotton fields in 1850.\n\nOur country! Land of the free! Where the president of the American\nFederation of Labor could be clapped into jail if he should use the\n\u201cfreedom of the press\u201d to publish even a short list of boycotted\nindustrial tyrants; where the officers of the Western Federation of\nMiners were kidnapped and the kidnapping was declared to be\nconstitutional by the highest court in the land, and the untried\nprisoners (constitutionally entitled to all the presumptions of\ninnocence) were declared guilty by the cheap President of the political\nmockery called a \u201cfree republic.\u201d\n\n\n(=11=) Mothers and fathers are not permitted to learn of many of the\nfoul things happening at barracks or far away whither their sons have\nbeen \u201cflimflammed\u201d for bullet-stoppers.\n\nFor President William H. Taft\u2019s official testimony on the sexual\ndegradation of the soldier sons of loving mothers, see Chapter Four,\nSection One, of the present volume.\n\n \u201cOn the 17th of July, 1899, the staff correspondents of American\n newspapers stationed in Manila stated unitedly in public protest:\n\n \u201c\u2018The [Press] censorship has compelled us to participate in this\n misrepresentation by excising or altering uncontroverted statements\n of fact, on the plea, as General Otis said, that \u201cthey would alarm\n the people at home,\u201d or \u201chave the people of the United States by the\n ears.\u201d\u2019\u201d[255]\n\nSome things, you know, must be concealed. President D. S. Jordan (Leland\nStanford University) writes:[256]\n\n \u201cDoes the _Outlook_ [editor] know what Manila is becoming under\n military rule? We hear of four hundred saloons on the Escolta, where\n two were before; that twenty-one per cent. of our soldiers are\n attacked with venereal disease, that according to the belief of the\n soldiers, \u2018even the pigs and dogs have the syphilis.\u2019\u201d\n\nFollowing the Spanish war, venereal diseases as cause of ineffectiveness\nand cause for discharge from the army increased two and a half fold;\nthat is, _two hundred and fifty per cent_.[257] The statement by the\nSecretary of War, Mr. Dickinson (Report for 1909, p. 17) is sufficient\nto disgust and anger every woman in the land with the entire filthy\nbusiness of militarism. For the startling statement see Chapter Four,\nSection One, of present volume.\n\nIn this connection read the words of an officer in the Department of\nWar, Col. John Van Rensselaer:[258]\n\n \u201cI have but one word to say. I am an officer of the Medical Corps of\n the Army, and will speak on this important subject from that\n standpoint.\n\n \u201cEvery soldier excused from duty on account of sickness of any kind\n has a record made of his case. By reason of this fact, I believe I\n may safely say that military vital statistics, including venereal\n diseases, are the most complete extant.\n\n \u201cThe authorities observing that there has been in recent years a\n progressive increase of these diseases in the Army, until the\n non-efficiency from them with us now exceeds that of any other army,\n and despairing of help from the civil control of prostitution, have\n instituted a plan within the service by which they hope to reduce\n the excessive non-efficiency from venereal. Medical officers are\n required to instruct the men in the nature and dangers of these\n diseases, the non-necessity of exposure to them....\n\n \u201cSuch instruction is valuable to a certain extent, but only to a\n certain extent.... We cannot, therefore, expect all of our men, so\n many of whom are at the age of highest virility, to avoid exposure\n by reason of any moral suasion we may bring to bear. Some certainly\n will not, so we say to them, \u2018Be continent, but if you cannot, then\n protect yourself!\u2019 _And we tell them how to do it._\u201d\n\n[Illustration:\n\n PREPARING BOY-SCOUT HIRED HANDS.\n\n (See sample of \u201cfinished product\u201d of a Boy Scout, pages 51, 53 and,\n especially, opposite page 207.)\n]\n\nHow splendid, how grandly noble, it must have been to see a regular army\nphysician, wearing the official professional uniform marked \u201cU. S.,\u201d\ngoing, officially, at stated intervals, to the officially \u201csegregated\u201d\nhouses of prostitution in Manila to officially examine the condition of\nprofessional prostitutes, and, having examined them, officially report\nthem \u201cunfit\u201d (for whom?)\u2014or \u201cfit\u201d (for whom?). How sublime! How\npatriotic! How lovingly Christian! Great flag-waving, constitutional\ngovernment, performing a noble function nobly and, of course,\nconstitutionally! All in the name of Christ, of course\u2014for \u201cThis is a\nChristian nation\u201d\u2014officially.\n\nLife on board a war vessel is unnatural. So far as social and sex\nrelations are concerned the men are virtually kept in solitary\nconfinement for weeks, even months, at a time. _Under such profoundly\nunnatural conditions human beings behave unnaturally._ Many strong\ncharacters and all the weak ones collapse, utterly collapse; and the\nwild, ugly, worse than brute monster, _Perverted_ Sex Appetite, has a\nvile festival weeks at a time, enticing, embracing, befouling, devouring\nmany of the finest youths in the land.\n\nIt is said to be common knowledge with many who know and with many it is\na source of horrible jest\u2014that under such unnatural conditions on board\na battleship men _sexually_ associate _with men_ in ways worse (if\npossible) than the most degrading ways mentioned (and cursed) in the Old\nTestament. And when, after weeks or months at sea, the warship touches\nat a port for a few days or weeks, there is a wild rush of unfortunate\nboys for unfortunate women whose diseased condition is an unspeakable\nabomination. And this should be known too: Certain Christian and\nun-Christian governments\u2019 officials _provide the boys with certain\npreventive chemicals_ (_as they leave the ship for a \u201clark\u201d on shore_),\nknowing that the boys, many of them, are _sure to be the victims of\nvictims reeking with disease_.\n\nAnd then if the reader could witness the \u201cround-up\u201d the night before the\nship sets out to sea again,\u2014could see scores of fine young marines,\npride of loving mothers,\u2014if the reader could see them taken on board\ndead drunk and horribly befouled, taken on board in wheel barrows and\ndumped like big lumps of diseased, drunken, snoring and slobbering\nflesh, to be sobered up and \u201ctreated\u201d when the ship gets out to sea,\u2014if\nthe reader could see all this and very much more, for example in New\nYork harbor, he would then better understand why very few of \u201cour very\n_best_ people\u201d of the \u201cupper class\u201d are not easily wheedled into giving\nup their own sons to defend our great and glorious country on board a\nbig steel fighting machine called a battleship\u2014to cruise and carouse\naround the world. Just in proportion as the working class mother thinks\nabout this matter her sons will be safer from the wheedling seductions\nof the recruiting officer.\n\nMothers, what is the blind sentiment that makes you clap your hands in\nadmiration of the \u201cgreat statesmen\u201d or the \u201cgreat government\u201d that has\nprostitutes examined for the sons you bore and carefully reared and\ntenderly love?\n\n\u201cLEAD US NOT INTO TEMPTATION,\u201d SAID JESUS CHRIST. YET A \u201cCIVILIZED\u201d\nCHRISTIAN GOVERNMENT RECENTLY NOT ONLY EXAMINED, BUT PROVIDED\nPROSTITUTES FOR THE SOLDIER BOYS. THE GREAT BRITISH GOVERNMENT WITHIN\nRECENT YEARS PROVIDED PROSTITUTES FOR HER SOLDIERS IN INDIA. Circular\nmemoranda were sent to all the cantonments of India by Quarter-Master\nGeneral Chapman, in the name of the commander-in-chief of the army of\nIndia (Lord Roberts). Here are three excerpts from those documents and\nfrom official reports:[259]\n\n \u201cIn regimental bazaars it is _necessary_ to have a _sufficient\n number_ of women; to take care that they are SUFFICIENTLY\n ATTRACTIVE; to _provide_ them with proper houses, and above all to\n insist upon means of ablution being always available [to prevent\n venereal diseases].... If _young_ soldiers are _carefully advised_\n in regard to the _advantages_ of ablution, and recognize that\n _convenient arrangements exist in the regimental bazaar_ (that is,\n in the chacla, or brothel), they may be expected to avoid the risks\n involved in association with women who are not recognized [that is,\n not examined and licensed] by the regimental authorities.\u201d\n\nAnother commanding officer writes in his report:\n\n \u201cPLEASE SEND YOUNG AND ATTRACTIVE WOMEN AS LAID DOWN IN THE\n QUARTER-MASTER GENERAL\u2019S CIRCULAR, NO. 21A.... THERE ARE NOT WOMEN\n ENOUGH; THEY ARE NOT ATTRACTIVE ENOUGH. MORE AND YOUNGER WOMEN ARE\n REQUIRED.... I HAVE ORDERED THE NUMBER OF PROSTITUTES TO BE\n INCREASED ... AND HAVE GIVEN SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS AS TO ADDITIONAL\n WOMEN BEING YOUNG AND OF ATTRACTIVE APPEARANCE.\u201d\n\nAnd this: \u201cThe total number of admissions to hospital of cases of\nvenereal diseases amongst troops in India rose in 1895 to 522 per\n1,000.\u201d\n\nAnd this from another authority:[260]\n\n \u201cIn 1902, in India, the enormous number of 12,686 men were admitted\n into hospitals suffering from sexual diseases alone; more than 1,000\n military victims were always in the hospital\u2014and the report from\n which these figures are taken deals with the healthiest year for 20\n years past. In the Home Army ... in a single period of twelve\n months, of 154,000 troops, there were 24,176 sexual complaint\n cases\u2014or one in every six. In the author\u2019s judgment, 80 per cent. of\n the entire British Army in India, and a proportion slightly smaller\n for the Home Army, have been at some time affected.\u201d\n\n\u201cThe worst of war and war service is that the soldier is a ruined\nman.\u201d[261]\n\nGeneral Sherman has spoken on the refining influences of war:\n\n \u201cLong after the Civil War, General Sherman, defending the conduct of\n his troops in South Carolina, said to Carl Schurz: \u2018Before we got\n out of that state the men had so accustomed themselves to destroying\n everything along the line of march that sometimes, when I had my\n headquarters in a house, that house began to burn before I was\n fairly out of it. The truth is\u2014human nature is human nature. You\n take the best lot of young men\u2014all church members if you please\u2014and\n put them into an army and let them invade an enemy\u2019s country and let\n them live upon it for any length, and they will gradually lose all\n principle[262] and self-restraint to a degree beyond the control of\n discipline. It has always been so and always will be so.\u2019\u201d[263]\n\n\n(=12=) An anonymous author writes thus:[264]\n\n \u201cReal war is a very different thing from the painted image that you\n see at a parade or review. But it is the painted image that makes it\n popular. The waving plumes, the gay uniforms, the flashing swords,\n the disciplined march of innumerable feet, the clear-voiced trumpet,\n the intoxicating strains of martial music, the pomp, the sound, and\n the spectacle\u2014these are the incitements to war and to the profession\n of the soldier. They are not what they are. But they still form a\n popular prelude to a woeful pandemonium. And when war bursts out it\n is at first, as a rule, but a small minority even of the peoples\n engaged that really sees and feels its horrors. The populace is fed\n by excitements; the defeats are covered up; in most countries the\n lists of killed and wounded are suppressed or postponed; victories\n are magnified; successful generals are acclaimed, and the military\n hero becomes the idol of the people. The over-fed, seedy malingerers\n of a small society join with the starving loiterers about the gin\n palace in applauding the execution of ruin. If their heroes are\n successful, what are their trophies?\u2014prisons crowded with captives,\n hospitals filled with sick and wounded, towns sacked, farms burnt,\n fields laid waste, taxes raised, plenty converted to scarcity or\n famine, and vast debts accumulated for posterity. Then when these\n [military] heroes have done their work, the heroes of peace ...\n appear, and by long and patient labor amid scenes of universal\n lamentation seek to mitigate the suffering of their repentant\n fellow-countrymen.\u201d\n\nThe poet Byron was in a war and described war thus:\n\n \u201cAll the mind would shrink from of excesses;\n All the body perpetrates of bad;\n All that we read, hear, dream, of man\u2019s distresses;\n All that the devil would do if run stark mad;\n All that defies the worst which pen expresses;\n All that by which hell is peopled, or is sad\n As hell\u2014mere mortals who their power abuse\u2014\n Was here (as heretofore and since) let loose....\n War\u2019s a brain-spattering art.\u201d[265]\n\n\n(=13=) In connection with the foregoing section 12 examine Chapter\nSeven, Section 18.\n\n \u201cWar! War! War!... God send the women sleep in the long, long night,\n when the breasts on whose strength they leaned heave no more.\u201d[266]\n\nWives and mothers of the working class, as soon as the government has\nhad your choicest sons slaughtered, the government is _through with\nyou_\u2014except to send you a miserable, blood-stained, silver sop, a sort\nof cash bribe, once a quarter. Then as you receive the vile cash, you\ncan, in imagination, hear the shrieks of your dead loved ones. The\ngovernment seeks to win your approval and to silence your hearts\u2019\nprotests against human butchery with the cheap jingle of some filthy\ndollars\u2014as if you had sold your sons and husbands for a price. Such a\npension is a form of hush money.\n\n \u201cIf the stroke of war fell certain on the guilty heads, none\n else ... but alas!\n\n That undistinguishing and deathful storm\n Beats heaviest on the exposed and innocent;\n And they that stir its fury, while it raves\n Safe at a distance send their mandates forth.\u201d\u2014Crowe.\n\nRobert G. Ingersoll wrote:[267]\n\n\u201cNations sustain the relations of savages to each other....\n\n\u201cNo man has imagination enough to paint the agonies, the horrors, the\ncruelties, of war. Think of sending shot and shell crashing through the\nbodies of men! Think of the widows and orphans! Think of the maimed, the\nmutilated, the mangled!...\u201d\n\nLet the working class mothers beware of crafty and cowardly politicians\nand business men seeking to excite them with the shallow cry: \u201cThe flag!\nOur country! Our homes!\u201d For the mothers\u2019 sake it is worth the space to\nrestate the fact here: _That more than half of all the mothers in the\nUnited States have no homes of their own and must live in rented homes,\nand more than one-eighth of them live in mortgaged homes_.[268] And vast\nnumbers of the mothers in the United States live in mean, small houses\nwith scarcely a single modern convenience.\n\nMothers, keep your eyes on the bankers and the manufacturers and the\nother \u201cleading citizens\u201d: they and their sons and sons-in-law are not\nshedding a large quantity of their \u201cblue\u201d blood for \u201cour\u201d country and\n\u201cour\u201d homes and \u201cour\u201d flag; _and they can not be wheedled into doing\nso_. Watch them closely, mothers, both before a war and during a war.\nDon\u2019t get excited. Remember Christ\u2019s \u201cPut up thy sword.\u201d\n\nSt. Paul said, \u201cFollow peace with all men.\u201d\n\nYou have heard of this doctrine: \u201cThou shalt not kill.\u201d\n\n\u201cWar has no pity,\u201d said Schiller.\n\n\u201cGod is forgotten in war, and every principle of Christianity is\ntrampled under foot,\u201d said Sidney Smith.\n\n \u201cTo be tender-minded\n Does not become a sword.\u201d\u2014Shakespeare.\n\n\u201cWar is one of the greatest plagues that can afflict humanity; it\ndestroys religion ... it destroys families. Any scourge, in fact, is\npreferable to it.... Cannon and fire-arms are cruel and damnable\nmachines.\u201d\u2014Martin Luther.\n\nThe gentle and charming lover of little children, Eugene Field, wrote:\n\u201cI hate wars, armies, soldiers, guns, and fireworks.\u201d[269]\n\n \u201cAnd he shall judge among the nations, and he shall rebuke many\n people. And they shall beat their swords into ploughshares and their\n spears into pruning hooks: nation shall not lift sword against\n nation, neither shall they learn war any more.\u201d[270]\n\nJames Russell Lowell:[271]\n\n \u201cThe laborin\u2019 man and laborin\u2019 woman\n Have one glory and one shame;\n Ev\u2019y thin\u2019 thet\u2019s done inhuman\n Ingers all on \u2019em the same.\u201d\n\nAnd Tolstoi thus:[272]\n\n \u201cEvery war\u2014even the briefest\u2014with its accompaniment of ruinous\n expenses, destruction of harvests, thefts, plunder, murders, and\n unchecked debauchery, with the false justifications of its necessity\n and justice, the glorification and praise of military exploits, of\n patriotism and devotion to the flag, with the pretense of care for\n the wounded, etc.,\u2014will, in one year, demoralize men incomparably\n more than thousands of thefts, arsons and murders committed in the\n course of centuries by individual men under the influence of\n passion.\u201d\n\nLet the women\u2019s literary clubs and circles, many of them devotees of\nJohn Ruskin, consider the following lines from his pen:[273]\n\n \u201cBut Occult Theft\u2014Theft which hides itself even from itself, and is\n legal, respectable, and cowardly,\u2014corrupts the body and soul of man,\n and to the last fibre of them. _And the guilty thieves of Europe,\n the real sources of all deadly war in it, are the Capitalists_,\u2014that\n is to say, those who live by percentages on the labor of others.\u2014The\n _Real_ war in Europe\u2014is between these thieves and the workman, _such\n as these thieves have made him_. They have kept him poor, ignorant,\n and sinful, that they might without his knowledge gather for\n themselves the produce of his toil. At last a dim insight into the\n fact of this begins to dawn upon him.\u201d\n\nAs to thieves: Think of stealing several years of a man\u2019s life when he\nis in the prime of young manhood, by tearing him from his own friends\nand loved ones, forcing a rifle into his hands, and compelling him for\nyears to learn the vile science and art of human butchery. Thus are the\nbest years of millions of the choicest young men in Europe stolen\u2014stolen\nby a class,\u2014a class of prominent kidnappers, industrial and political\nthieves, \u201cleading citizens\u201d hypocritically wearing a mask called\n\u201cPatriotism.\u201d Think of many millions thus stolen\u2014stolen from their\nparents, stolen from their brothers and sisters, stolen from their wives\nand children.\n\nWhen the working class think about war and see the vast theft of their\nlives they will astound the world with their protest.\n\nAnd the mothers will take part in this protest.\n\n\n(=14=) Didn\u2019t Christ say in substance: \u201cI came not to send peace, but a\nsword?\u201d\n\nYes. At least that is what some of the gentle Christ\u2019s followers are\nsaid to have reported that they heard he had been reported to have been\nheard to say. And it is true, too, that tyrants, hypocritically mumbling\n_interpolated_ malignance _ascribed_ to Christ, draw the sword to combat\nthe brotherhood of man\u2014as, doubtless, Christ expected they would do. But\nit is worse than blasphemous nonsense to teach children\u2014young or\nold\u2014that Christ, the Great Lover of Mankind, was a cheap jingoist,\nrecommended the sword and counseled wholesale butchery of brothers by\nbrothers. The distinguished intellectual prostitutes who argue Christ\ninto the same butchers\u2019 list with Alexander, Caesar, Napoleon and the\nTough Rider, are pridelessly down on their faces in the dust cringing\nbefore their industrial masters; they are simply betraying Christ again\nfor \u201cthirty pieces\u201d of blood-stained silver called salaries.[274]\n\nChrist, according to the reports, also said: \u201cBlessed are the\npeacemakers: for they shall be called the children of God.\u201d Also: \u201cYe\nhave heard it hath been said: \u2018An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a\ntooth\u2019; but I say unto you: \u2018That ye resist not evil.\u2019\u201d And this: \u201cThey\nthat take up the sword, shall by the sword perish.\u201d\n\nAnd this on authority: \u201cThou shalt not steal.\u201d\n\nOne of the most eminent bishops in the United States went, in the winter\nof 1907\u20138, before a Congressional Committee and argued eloquently for a\nlarge cash donation from Congress for a certain \u201cboys\u2019 academy\u201d managed\nby his church. His chief argument was that the little fellows \u201care\ncarefully trained _in the use of arms_ and would be _ready for use in\ncase of trouble_.\u201d\n\nMany schools thus prepare boys to murder hungry working men who are out\non strike for a few pennies a day to feed their families\u2014which is a\n\u201ccase of trouble.\u201d Now imagine Christ training tender boys for human\nbutchery and teasing the brutal government of his time for cash with\nwhich to buy spears and swords for the children!\n\n\u201cThere is a powerful section of the Christian church which teaches its\nentire membership that the Church has a right to exempt them\u2014the\nclergy\u2014from the usual duties of citizenship, and especially from\nmilitary duty.\u201d[275]\n\nNow, it does not matter what church we may or may not be members of, all\nthe men and all the women of the _working_ class\u2014_in all the churches\nand out of the churches_\u2014should band together in a _world-wide\nfellowship and effort_ of the _working_ class to drive war from the\nworld and thus protect the helpless women and children. Remember,\nmothers, it is not fair that your husbands and sons should be torn from\nyour homes, have cruel rifles thrust into their hands, and be forced\ninto a war where they may be destroyed,\u2014and you be thus widowed and your\nyounger children be left fatherless; and, at the same time, the minister\nwho by prayer and public speech exerted powerful influence to bring\nabout the war,\u2014that _he_ should be exempted from the horrors of the\nbattlefield, the horrors _up close_, where human blood and brains are\npounded into the mud by cannon balls and the hoofs of horses. Remember,\ntoo, that tens of thousands of ministers have no wives and no children\nto be desolated. Does it not seem rather that these wifeless, childless\nmen who want war should themselves go to the war instead of having your\nlovers go?\n\nIt should be repeated:\n\nNO MATTER WHAT DENOMINATION THEY BELONG TO, THOSE MEN WHO PRAY FOR WAR\nOR PRAY FOR VICTORIES IN WAR, OR HELP TRAIN BOYS FOR WAR\u2014THOSE MEN\nSHOULD GO AND FIGHT THE WAR.\n\nIF A WAR IS GOOD ENOUGH TO PRAY FOR IT IS GOOD ENOUGH TO GO TO. THOSE\nWHO WANT \u201cGREAT VICTORIES\u201d SHOULD BE FORCED TO GO AFTER THEM, RIGHT UP\nTO THE FRONT TOO, WHERE CANNON SHELLS BURST STRIKING HUNDREDS WITH\nDEATH\u2014UP TO THE FRONT, INTO \u201cHELL\u2019S HURRICANES.\u201d\n\nHow does this matter seem to you, mother? Won\u2019t you think it over and\nbring up the subject for friendly and earnest _discussion in your\ncommunity_? Why not urge all women everywhere to take up this\nsubject\u2014and thus _chain the attention of society to this subject of the\ndegradation and slaughter of the men you love_?\n\n\n(=15=) In _The Westminster Review_ of July, 1907, is the following\nsuggestion of a topic suitable for discussion in women\u2019s societies and\nnewspapers:\n\n \u201cThere is another insidious form of Militarism that is very\n widespread and popular. I refer to the Lads\u2019 Brigades [in England]\n which are attached to so many churches of different denominations.\n Under pretext of giving them physical training, boys are taught the\n spirit of submission to another\u2019s will, and to love the trappings of\n Militarism.... This coupling together of military training with\n religion has been well described by the Rev. Dr. Aked of Liverpool\n [now of New York], as \u2018preaching heaven and practicing hell.\u2019\u201d\n\nThe American mother can not solace herself with the thought that what\nDr. Aked referred to was a practice in far-away England and does not\nmuch concern her. For this new crucifixion of Jesus and the degradation\nof the little boys, a strong society exists in the United States. The\nUnited Boys\u2019 Brigade is an organization for training the trigger-fingers\nand the blood-lusts of boys nine years and upward in the basement rooms\nof Christian churches. \u201cThe object of the organization,\u201d as announced in\nthe monthly magazine of the organization, _The American Brigadier_, is\n\u201cto ... promote reverence and discipline ... to create in them a love\nfor their country ... and while the boys are _thoroughly drilled in\nmilitary discipline and tactics_, it only serves to make them true\nChristian _soldiers_.\u201d[276] _The American Brigadier_ announces\nofficially that \u201cthere is nothing equal to it in drawing them into the\nSabbath School.\u201d Thus the church is to be made like a prize-fighting\nring in order to make it look good to the little boys. _The American\nBrigadier_, of December, 1907, gives away its secret in a lengthy\naccount, headed, \u201cSecuring a New Recruit,\u201d as follows:\n\n (One boy says to another): \u201cWe go to Bible drill every Saturday\n night and have setting-up exercises and Bible drill, and sometimes\n we visit other companies. Gee! but our company can show them how to\n drill. And we go camping in summer, and we have a bully time....\n Bible drill?... Gee! but there are some bully stories in the\n Bible.... We read about Samson, the strong man that beat Sandow all\n hollow, and King David, the siege of Jericho, and last week we read\n about a shepherd boy killing a giant with a sling-shot....\u201d\n\nIn _The Brigadier_ of November, 1907, is an article, \u201cWhat it Means to\nbe a Soldier,\u201d in which is the following:\n\n \u201cThere is but one word that covers all, and that is obedience:\n obedience to orders and strict discipline. The foundation of all\n military organizations rests upon this one basis.\u201d\n\nPrecisely: _obedience_.\n\nThat is to say, an innocent little fellow who has been drilled thus for\nseveral years to forget that _he_ has a brain and a will of _his own_,\ndrilled to obey _all_ orders _instantly_\u2014such a boy at the age of twenty\nwill, of course, _automatically_ and stupidly obey _any_ order\u2014_no\nmatter how vile_\u2014even the order: \u201cFire! Charge!\u201d\u2014though \u201cthe enemy,\u201d the\ntarget, be little silk-mill wage-slave girls ten or twelve years old who\nmust toil a whole week for $1.60, and are out on strike for a dime more\nper week, and while out on strike are _starved_ into being \u201criotous.\u201d\n\nArmed rowdies\u2014with riot guns\u2014for starving, \u201crioting\u201d children!\n\n_The American Brigadier_ is primarily a religious magazine, so they say;\nbut it offers a breech-loading Springfield rifle as a premium to the boy\nwho will send in the most subscribers. Imagine Christ making his cause\npopular with little boys by offering them a weapon with which to murder!\n_The Brigadier_ wins the boys to Jesus by seductively baiting the savage\nthat still lurks in the \u201ccivilized\u201d breast; the magazine gives pictures\nof armories, battle monuments, gun drills, military parades, camp life,\ngay military uniforms, little boys with guns, swords, tents, banners,\ncannon, pictures also of pompous-looking, gilt-braided \u201cbig men,\u201d famous\nprofessional human butchers. The magazine prints alluring stories of\narmy-and-navy life; and makes a specialty of advertising military arms,\nmilitary clothing, West Point story books, and so forth.\n\nThis organization works in and through the church. It is strong and is\ngaining ground. It boasts of having branches in many states. In the\n\u201cCity of Churches,\u201d Brooklyn, N. Y., the society is specially strong.\nMuch of the military drill work is done openly in the streets, when the\nweather permits. Many pastors, \u201cin the name of Jesus,\u201d of course, are\nenergetically\u2014and patriotically\u2014hustling for the movement, some of them\nproudly (and craftily) having their pictures taken with the training\ncompanies. The pastors\u2019 poses in these pictures make the pastors look\nlike valuable assets to the capitalists of their churches, but the poses\nsomehow do not suggest the quiet and gentle Jesus. \u201cPut up thy sword\u201d is\nout of date with these kerosened procurers political.[277]\n\nThere are many thousands of innocent little church boys thus in\ntraining. October 5, 1907, twenty-five hundred of these little fellows\nmarched on Fifth Avenue, New York City, carrying guns and swords, four\nof the betrayed children dragging a light cannon.\n\nThe Federal Government at Washington, by a \u201cjudicious mingling\u201d of winks\nand smiles, is heartily encouraging this \u201cChristian soldier\u201d enterprise.\nSays the Commander-in-Chief, H. B. Pope, in his Report:[278]\n\n \u201cIn general ... it can be said that in the quarters where we have\n desired to obtain recognition, our influence is greater, and the\n respect tendered to us is much more cordial than ever before. Our\n own Government has paid special attention in several directions to\n the work of this organization ... and our development [is] carefully\n followed by those highest in authority, who appreciate the\n possibilities of the splendid soldiery which the organization is\n making, should the necessity ever arise when this body might be\n needed [in a strike for example].... Drill should never be allowed\n to take the place of religious exercises. At the same time a\n judicious mingling of both constitutes means through which we can\n obtain highest results.\u201d\n\nAnd the following is from a report on a meeting of the organization held\nin Calvary Methodist Episcopal Church, New York City, May 13, 1907:\n\n \u201cThere were also present a number of Army Officers, National Guard\n officers and veterans of the Civil War.... The Church was\n beautifully decorated with flags.... General Campbell presided and\n presented messages of good will and good wishes from the President\n of the United States, from Colonel Fred Grant ... and from many\n other influential men.\u201d\n\nHow interestingly consistent\u2014\u201cGood will and good wishes\u201d from the\npresidential chairman of the executive committee of the capitalist class\nin America; that is, the National Government,\u2014\u201cgood will and good\nwishes\u201d to the seducers of small boys to serve as fist and tusk for the\nruling class.\n\nThe \u201cBoy Scout\u201d movement is the latest manifestation of this christened\nand kerosened cunning to seduce the innocent small boys for the\nblood-and-iron embrace of Mars and Mammon. Mothers, take notice. Be\nwarned. _Defend yourselves._\n\nPresident Roosevelt (international mentor) also furnished bewildering\nflattery to the boys themselves who show skill in the use of the deadly\nrifle. The Philadelphia _Public Ledger_, and many other newspapers about\nthe same date, July 16, 1907, printed the following cunning letter\nwritten by President Roosevelt to a Brooklyn school boy. The news item\nwith the letter runs thus:\n\n \u201cOyster Bay, July 17. President Roosevelt has put his hearty\n approval on public school rifle practice. In a letter of\n congratulation to Ambrose Scharfenberg, of Brooklyn, winner of the\n shooting trophy of the Public School Athletic League, he takes\n occasion to encourage the system of rifle practice inaugurated by\n General George B. Wingate, retired.\n\n \u201cThat the letter to young Scharfenberg may have as far-reaching\n influence as possible, it was made public at the President\u2019s\n direction today. It is as follows:\n\n \u201c\u2018My Dear Young Friend:\u2014I heartily congratulate you upon being\n declared by the Public School Athletic League to stand first in\n rifle shooting among all the boys of the High Schools of New York\n City who have tried during the last year. Many a grown man who\n regards himself as a crack rifle shot would be proud of such a\n score. Your skill is a credit to you, and also to your principal,\n your teachers, and to all connected with the manual training school\n which you attend, and I know them all. [The usual diffident\n confession of omniscience.]\n\n \u201c\u2018Practice in rifle shooting is of value in developing not only\n muscles, but nerves.... It is a prime necessity that the volunteer\n should already know how to shoot.... The graduates from our schools\n and colleges should be thus trained so as to be good shots with the\n military rifle. When so trained they constitute a great addition to\n our national strength and great assurance for the peace of the\n country.\u2019\u201d\n\nThat is to say: Tho\u2019 the capitalists should refuse to employ 5,000,000\nmen and virtually spit in their faces and order these willing-to-work\nmen out of the factories and mines to shiver and starve in rags, and\nthus infinitely humiliate millions of working class wives and daughters\nwith the terrors of poverty\u2014no matter, the rifle-practiced graduates of\nhigh schools, colleges and universities will be \u201cready for use,\u201d ready\nto crush the unemployed if they loudly protest, ready to help the master\nclass thrust all the injustices of a _class_-labor system into the lives\nof the working class, ready to thrust bayonets into the out-of-work\nwage-slaves who cry aloud for work, for bread, for justice in the\nindustrial civil war of capitalism.\n\nBright and early every school day, in New York City, about 600,000\nchildren are _compelled_ to salute the flag and recite some mocking lies\nabout the \u201cglorious freedom they have\u201d and the \u201cbounteous blessings they\nenjoy\u201d\u2014under the \u201cfriendly folds of the Stars and Stripes\u201d\u2014tho\u2019 a whole\nhalf million of the children _have no homes of their own and in a\nhundred ways are stung with the lash of poverty_.\n\n\n(=17=) Many additional instructors in military tactics have in recent\nyears been appointed to service in high schools, colleges and\nuniversities. United States Army officers are now in ninety-three\nuniversities, colleges and schools, drilling 22,910 students in\n\u201cmilitary departments.\u201d\n\nImproved rifles, riot cartridges, and killing equipment are being\ndistributed among the State militia forces; local armories are being\nimproved and made attractive,\u2014all made \u201cready for use\u201d when needed to\npacify the out-of-work wage-earners. Recently in one State, Colorado,\nmilitary training was being systematically taught in the high schools of\nsix of the largest cities. The Secretary of War in 1909 reported\nforty-four schoolboy rifle clubs. In the newspapers and magazines, in\nthe sermons and speeches and especially in the public school,\u2014by all\nsuch means\u2014the size and perfection of rifles, cannon, battleships and\nthe like, are held up to the children for their admiration and as\nevidences of our superiority and of our \u201csplendid civilization.\u201d The\nchildren are taught to clap their hands for our readiness to engage in\nsome great international butchering contest. But the children are _not_\ntaught what arsenals, armories, cannon, rifles, soldiers, militia, riot\nguns and riot cartridges\u2014what all these things mean and what war means\nfor the _working_ class. Never!\n\n\n(=18=) Let a philosopher speak to the mother and her children in plain\nlanguage:\n\n \u201cEurope is still in arms: each nation watching every other with\n suspicion, jealousy, or menace.... And what is the result? Russia\n overwhelmed with a military cancer, a prey to social confusion such\n as has not been seen in this century. Germany, with her intelligence\n and industry, bound in the fetters of military service, governed as\n if she were a camp, as if the sole object of peace were to prepare\n for war. France staggering.... Italy weighted with a useless army,\n uneasy, intriguing, restless.... Spain weak from the drain of a\n series of wars.... England uncertain, divided in action, continually\n distracted and dishonored by an endless succession of miserable wars\n in every quarter of the globe.\n\n \u201cSuch is the picture of Europe after a generation of imperialism and\n aggressive war.\n\n \u201cWho is the gainer? Is the poor Russian moujic, torn from his home\n to die in Central Asia or on the passes of the Balkans, doomed to a\n government of ever deepening corruption and tyranny? Is the workman\n of Berlin the better, crushed by military oppression and industrial\n recklessness? Who is the gainer\u2014the ruler or the ruled? Is the\n French peasant the gainer now that Alsace and Lorraine are gone, and\n nothing exists of the empire but its debt, its conspirators, and its\n legacy of confusions?\n\n \u201c... Who is the gainer by this career of bloodshed and ambition?...\n We hear the groans of the millions\u2014the working, suffering\n millions\u2014who are yearning to replace this cruel system, none of\n their making, none of their choice, by which they gain nothing, from\n which they hope nothing.\u201d[279]\n\nWho indeed is the gainer? The workers lose; and the mothers lose most of\nall\u2014their children. Yet everywhere complete contempt for the working\nclass mothers of the whole world, absolute scorn for the blood of men\nand the tears of women\u2014of the _working_ class.\n\nWhat magnificent protest will roll round this world when the working\nclass is roused to think of these things!\n\n\n(=19=) In the dollar-hunting spirit of the age it may be inquired:\nDoesn\u2019t war make business brisk, and thus furnish work for the\nwage-earners?\n\nYes, certainly. But so also would a lunatic in the streets armed with a\nrepeating shotgun shooting down the children at play: he would make\nbusiness brisk for the coffin trust, the undertakers and their\nemployees\u2014and the grave-digger.\n\n\n(=20=) Following are several special suggestions for the mothers and\nfathers of the working class:\n\n(1) Teach the children anti-war recitations and declamations.\n\nFaithfully and patiently help the boys and girls master a half dozen or\nmore passages of the strongest prose and poetry to be found against war;\nhelp them in this work till they understand\u2014till their eyes kindle, till\ntheir hearts burn, till their imagination is aflame with disgust and\ndetestation for war and for the foul r\u00f4le of the armed guard of the\nruling class. (See page 350, _last two lines_.)\n\n(2) Teach the children the pledge on the first page of Chapter One of\nthe present volume. Teach them to teach that pledge, or some similar\npledge, to other children.\n\n(3) Teach the boys and girls the _historical origin_ of the working\nclass. (See Chapter Eleven.)\n\n(4) Explain to the boys and girls, page by page, all of Chapter Ten, and\n_urge them to explain the matter to other children_.\n\n(5) Patiently and clearly explain the meaning and the purpose of the\nlocal militia and the army.\n\n(6) Interest the children in a circulating anti-war library, and\n_co-operate with them in promoting the enterprise_.\n\n(7) A Ten-Dollar Cash Prize for the best definition of a militiaman who\nis willing to shoot the fathers and brothers of the little working class\nchildren of his neighborhood when those fathers and brothers are on\nstrike struggling to better the condition of the mothers and the\nchildren\u2014such a prize contest would induce a great amount of helpful\nthoughtfulness and discussion.\n\n(8) Further suggestions will be found at the opening of Chapter Twelve.\nSee also Index: \u201cSuggestions.\u201d\n\n\n(=21=) Following are several passages suitable for children as\ndeclamations. Also see Index, \u201cDeclamations.\u201d\n\n\n(=A=) The Soldier\u2019s Creed:[280]\n\n \u201cCaptain, what do you think,\u201d I asked,\n \u201cOf the part your soldiers play?\u201d\n But the captain answered, \u201cI do not think;\n I do not think, I obey!\u201d\n\n \u201cDo you think you should shoot a patriot down,\n Or help a tyrant slay?\u201d\n But the captain answered, \u201cI do not think;\n I do not think, I obey!\u201d\n\n \u201cDo you think your conscience was made to die,\n And your brain to rot away?\u201d\n But the captain answered, \u201cI do not think;\n I do not think, I obey!\u201d\n\n \u201cThen if this is your soldier\u2019s creed,\u201d I cried,\n \u201cYou\u2019re a mean unmanly crew;\n And for all your feathers and gilt and braid,\n I am more of a man than you!\n\n \u201cFor whatever my place in life may be,\n And whether I swim or sink,\n I can say with pride, \u2018I do not obey;\n I do not obey, I _think_!\u2019\u201d\n\n\n(=B=) ROBERT G. INGERSOLL\u2019S MUSINGS AT THE TOMB OF NAPOLEON:[281]\n\n\u201cA little while ago I stood by the grave of the old Napoleon\u2014a\nmagnificent tomb of gilt and gold, fit almost for a deity dead\u2014and gazed\nupon the sarcophagus of rare and nameless marble, where rest at last the\nashes of that restless man. I leaned over the balustrade and thought\nabout the career of the greatest soldier of the modern world.\n\n\u201cI saw him walking upon the banks of the Seine, contemplating suicide. I\nsaw him at Toulon\u2014I saw him putting down the mob in the streets of\nParis\u2014I saw him at the head of the army of Italy\u2014I saw him crossing the\nbridge of Lodi with the tricolor in his hand\u2014I saw him in Egypt in the\nshadows of the pyramids\u2014I saw him conquer the Alps and mingle the eagles\nof France with the eagles of the crags. I saw him at Marengo\u2014at Ulm and\nAusterlitz. I saw him in Russia, where the infantry of the snow and the\ncavalry of the wild blast scattered his legions like winter\u2019s withered\nleaves. I saw him at Leipsic in defeat and disaster\u2014driven by a million\nbayonets back upon Paris\u2014clutched like a wild beast\u2014banished to Elba. I\nsaw him escape and retake an empire by the force of his genius. I saw\nhim upon the frightful field of Waterloo, where Chance and Fate combined\nto wreck the fortunes of their former king. And I saw him at St. Helena,\nwith his hands crossed behind him, gazing out upon the sad and solemn\nsea.\n\n\u201cI thought of the orphans and widows he had made\u2014of the tears that had\nbeen shed for his glory, and of the only woman who had ever loved him,\npushed from his heart by the cold hand of ambition. And I said, I would\nrather have been a French peasant and worn wooden shoes. I would rather\nhave lived in a hut with a vine growing over the door, and the grapes\ngrowing purple in the amorous kisses of the autumn sun. I would rather\nhave been that poor peasant, with my loving wife by my side, knitting as\nthe day died out of the sky\u2014with my children upon my knee and their arms\nabout me\u2014I would rather have been that man, and gone down to the\ntongueless silence of the dreamless dust, than to have been that\nimperial impersonation of force and murder, known as Napoleon the\nGreat.\u201d\n\n\n(=C=) VICTOR HUGO\u2019S REFLECTIONS ON WAR:[282]\n\n \u201cThe antique violence of the few against all, called right divine,\n is nearing its end.... A stammering, which tomorrow will be speech,\n and the day after tomorrow a gospel, proceeds from the bruised lips\n of the serf, of the vassal, of the laboring man, of the pariah. The\n gag is breaking between the teeth of the human race. The patient\n human race has had enough of the path of sorrow, and refuses to go\n farther.... Glory advertised by drumbeats is met with a shrug of the\n shoulder. These sonorous heroes have, up to the present day,\n deafened human reason, which begins to be fatigued by this majestic\n uproar. Reason stops eyes and ears before those authorized\n butcheries called battles. The sublime cut-throats have had their\n day.... Humanity, having grown older, asks to be relieved of them.\n The cannon\u2019s prey has begun to think, and, thinking twice, loses its\n admiration for being made a target.\u201d\n\n * * * * *\n\n \u201cWhoever says today, \u2018might makes right,\u2019 performs an act of the\n Middle Ages, and speaks to men a hundred years behind their times.\n Gentlemen, the nineteenth century glorifies the eighteenth century.\n The eighteenth proposed, the nineteenth concludes. And my last word\n shall be a declaration, tranquil but inflexible, of progress.\n\n \u201cThe time has come. Right has found its formula:\u2014human federation.\n\n \u201cToday force is called violence, and begins to be judged; war is\n arraigned. Civilization, upon the complaint of the human race,\n orders the trial, and draws up the great criminal indictment of\n conquerors and captains. The Witness, History, is summoned. The\n reality appears. The fictitious brilliancy is dissipated. In many\n cases, the hero is a species of assassin. The people begin to\n comprehend that increasing the magnitude of a crime can not be its\n diminution; that, if to kill is a crime, to kill much can not be an\n extenuating circumstance; that if to steal is a shame, to invade can\n not be a glory; that Te Deums do not count for much in this matter;\n that homicide is homicide; that bloodshed is bloodshed; that it\n serves nothing to call one\u2019s self Caesar or Napoleon; and that in\n the eyes of the eternal God, the figure of a murderer is not changed\n because, instead of a gallow\u2019s cap, there is placed upon the head an\n Emperor\u2019s crown.\n\n \u201cAh! let us proclaim absolute truths. Let us dishonor war. No;\n glorious war does not exist. No; it is not good, and it is not\n useful, to make corpses. No; it can not be that life travails for\n death. No; O, mothers who surround me, it can not be that war, the\n robber, should continue to take from you your children. No; it can\n not be that women should bear children in pain, that men should be\n born, that people should plow and sow, that the farmer should\n fertilize the fields, and the workmen enrich the city, that industry\n should produce marvels, that genius should produce prodigies, that\n the vast human activity should, in the presence of the starry sky,\n multiply efforts and creations, all to result in that frightful\n international exposition called war.\u201d\n\n\n(=D=) INGERSOLL\u2019S VISION OF WAR:[283]\n\n \u201cThe past rises before me like a dream.... We hear the sound of\n preparation, the music of boisterous drums\u2014the silver voices of\n heroic bugles. We see thousands of assemblages, and hear the appeals\n of orators. We see the pale cheeks of women, and the flushed faces\n of men, and in those assemblages we see all the dead whose dust we\n have covered with flowers. We lose sight of them no more.... We see\n them part with those they love. Some are walking for the last time\n in quiet, woody places, with maidens they adore. We hear the\n whisperings and the sweet vows of eternal love as they lingeringly\n part forever. Others are bending over cradles, kissing the babes\n that are asleep. Some are receiving the blessings of old men. Some\n are parting with mothers who hold them and press them to their\n hearts again and again, and say nothing. Kisses and tears, tears and\n kisses\u2014the divine mingling of agony and love! And some are talking\n with wives, and endeavoring with brave words, spoken in the old\n tones, to drive from their hearts the awful fear. We see them part.\n We see the wife standing in the door with the babe in her\n arms\u2014standing in the sunlight sobbing. At the turn of the road a\n hand waves\u2014and she answers by holding high in her loving arms the\n child. He is gone,\u2014and forever....\n\n[Illustration: FOUR VICTIMS OF CHEAP PATRIOTISM]\n\n \u201cWe go with them, one and all. We are by their side on all the gory\n fields\u2014in all the hospitals of pain\u2014on all the weary marches. We\n stand guard with them in the wild storm and under the quiet stars.\n We are with them in ravines running with blood\u2014in the furrows of old\n fields.... We see them pierced by balls and torn with shell, in the\n trenches, by the forts, and in the whirlwind of the charge....\n\n \u201cWe are at home when the news comes that they are dead. We see the\n maiden in the shadow of her first sorrow. We see the silvered head\n of the old man bowed with the last grief....\n\n \u201cThey sleep ... under the solemn pines, the sad hemlocks, the\n tearful willow and the embracing vines. They sleep beneath the\n shadows of the clouds, careless alike of sunshine or storm, each in\n the windowless Palace of Rest....\u201d\n\n\n(=E=) INGERSOLL\u2019S VISION OF THE FUTURE.[284]\n\n \u201cA vision of the future rises: ... I see a world where thrones have\n crumbled and where kings are dust. The aristocracy of idleness has\n perished from the earth.\n\n \u201cI see a world without a slave. Man at last is free. Nature\u2019s forces\n have by science been enslaved. Lightning and light, wind and wave,\n frost and flame, and all the secret subtle powers of the earth and\n air are the tireless toilers for the human race.\n\n \u201cI see a world at peace, adorned with every form of art, with\n music\u2019s myriad voices thrilled, while lips are rich with words of\n love and truth; a world in which no exile sighs, no prisoner mourns;\n a world on which the gibbet\u2019s shadow does not fall; a world where\n labor reaps its full reward, where work and worth go hand in hand,\n where the poor girl, trying to win bread with a needle\u2014the needle\n that has been called \u2018the asp for the breast of the poor,\u2019\u2014is not\n driven to the desperate choice of crime or death, of suicide or\n shame.\n\n \u201cI see a world without the beggar\u2019s outstretched palm, the miser\u2019s\n heartless, stony stare, the piteous wail of want, the livid lips of\n lies, the cruel eyes of scorn.\n\n \u201cI see a race without disease of flesh or brain\u2014shapely and fair,\n married harmony of form and function, and, as I look, life\n lengthens, joy deepens, love canopies the earth; and over all in the\n great dome, shines the eternal star of human hope.\u201d\n\nThese golden words, these words of immortal beauty, are, \u201clike love,\nwine for the heart and brain.\u201d They fire the soul, especially the\nmother\u2019s soul, with a glorious joy, a splendid vision of unstained,\nuntroubled pleasure: Mankind at Peace\u2014Socialized. The children safe. The\nfuture vast and beautiful and kind for her and for those that call her\nMother.\n\nBut again and yet again the cannon\u2019s roar will banish the vision. The\nfuture holds agony for the mother, especially for the humble mother in\nthe working class. Her husband and her older sons will go to war. They\nwill even thoughtlessly sink to the level of joining the local militia\nfor local war\u2014for strike service. The men she loves have been\npoisoned\u2014poisoned with the base teaching that brutality is bravery, that\nthe drawn sword marks the patriot. They are ready, ready now, at the\nword of command from a cheap commander to murder the men of their own\nclass, and break the hearts and mock the tears of the wage-slave mothers\nof the world.\n\nThese mothers must defend themselves\u2014for the present.\n\nThese mothers can defend themselves only through their younger sons and\ndaughters\u2014by teaching them a class loyalty which is a new patriotism\nthat will close the local armory, shame the assassin back to the\nfactory, to the farm, to the mine, and silence all the cannon on all the\nearth.\n\n-----\n\nFootnote 241:\n\n See footnote on page 13; and also introductory paragraph, Chapter\n Seven, preceding Section 1.\n\nFootnote 242:\n\n See Index: \u201cAnother War.\u201d\n\nFootnote 243:\n\n See Chapter Seven, Section 30.\n\nFootnote 244:\n\n See Index: \u201cNapoleon.\u201d\n\nFootnote 245:\n\n _The Moral Damage of War_, pp. 97\u201399.\n\nFootnote 246:\n\n See _The Downfall_, passim, Part II., also p. 446. This powerful story\n (published by the Macmillan Company, New York) is here again heartily\n commended to all readers of _War\u2014What For?_ Again the author thanks\n the publishers for reprint privileges.\n\nFootnote 247:\n\n Precisely! Never stopping to inquire: Who declared this war? or what\n for?\n\nFootnote 248:\n\n Quoted by George Allan England, in _New York Daily Call_, Dec. 2,\n 1909.\n\nFootnote 249:\n\n See Lucia A. Mead\u2019s _Patriotism and the New Internationalism_, p. 22.\n\nFootnote 250:\n\n Read Walter Walsh\u2019s _Moral Damage of War_, Chapter Three on the \u201cMoral\n Damage of War to the Children.\u201d The chapter is of startling\n importance.\n\nFootnote 251:\n\n New York _World_, editorial, May 6, 1910.\n\nFootnote 252:\n\n See New York _Times_, October 31, 1908, long article on the increasing\n manufacture of such toys.\n\nFootnote 253:\n\n Quoted by Walter Walsh: _Moral Damage of War_, p. 380.\n\nFootnote 254:\n\n _The Economy of Happiness_, pp. 519\u201320.\n\nFootnote 255:\n\n Walter Walsh: _Moral Damage of War_, p. 376.\n\nFootnote 256:\n\n _Imperial Democracy_, p. 270.\n\nFootnote 257:\n\n See Annual Report of the Secretary of War, 1908, p. 22.\n\nFootnote 258:\n\n See _Social Diseases_, p. 24, March, 1910; Contents\u2014A Symposium\n concerning a phase of venereal diseases, being addresses and\n discussions at a meeting of the American Society of Sanitary and Moral\n Prophylaxis, held at the New York Academy of Medicine, December 9th,\n 1909. Address: Social Diseases, 9 East 42d Street, New York. Italics\n mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 259:\n\n See Walter Walsh: _Moral Damage of War_, pp. 151\u201352. Emphasis mine. G.\n R. K.\n\nFootnote 260:\n\n Edmondson: _John Bull\u2019s Army from Within_.\n\nFootnote 261:\n\n Elbert Hubbard: _Health and Wealth_, quoted in the _New Age_, August\n 5, 1909. See Index: \u201cVenereal Diseases.\u201d\n\nFootnote 262:\n\n See Chapter Seven, Section 18.\n\nFootnote 263:\n\n _International Journal of Ethics_, April, 1908.\n\nFootnote 264:\n\n _Arbeiter in Council_, pp. 38\u201339.\n\nFootnote 265:\n\n _Don Juan_, VIII., IX.\n\nFootnote 266:\n\n E. C. Stedman: \u201cAlice of Monmouth.\u201d\n\nFootnote 267:\n\n _Works_, passim.\n\nFootnote 268:\n\n See Census Report, 1900, Vol. 2, p. CXCII.\n\nFootnote 269:\n\n _Autobiographical Note._\n\nFootnote 270:\n\n Isaiah: Chapter II., par. 4.\n\nFootnote 271:\n\n \u201cBiglow Papers.\u201d\n\nFootnote 272:\n\n The Kingdom of God.\n\nFootnote 273:\n\n Quoted by John A. Hobson: _John Ruskin\u2014Social Reformer_, p. 346.\n Italics mine except for \u201cThe _Real_ War.\u201d G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 274:\n\n See Index: \u201cChrist.\u201d\n\nFootnote 275:\n\n See _The World To-Day_, p. 956, Sept., 1905.\n\nFootnote 276:\n\n Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 277:\n\n See Chapters Nine and Eleven.\n\nFootnote 278:\n\n _American Brigadier_, November, 1907.\n\nFootnote 279:\n\n Frederic Harrison: _National and Social Problems_, pp. 237\u201340. Written\n in 1880.\n\nFootnote 280:\n\n Ernest Crosby: _Swords and Ploughshares_. Published by Funk and\n Wagnalls, New York.\n\nFootnote 281:\n\n See _Prose-Poems and Selections from the Writings and Sayings of\n Robert G. Ingersoll_. Published by C. P. Farrell, New York.\n\nFootnote 282:\n\n See _William Shakespeare_, Part Third, Book III; M. B. Anderson\u2019s\n Translation. Published by A. C. McClurg and Company, Chicago; and _An\n Oration on Voltaire_, delivered in Paris, May 30, 1878. It is worthy\n of remark that the orator was repeatedly applauded while delivering\n the oration, and at the close the entire audience rose and wildly\n cheered. In the declamation, as here arranged in two parts (to be\n given together, if desired), the excerpt from the oration begins,\n \u201cWhoever says today.\u201d\n\nFootnote 283:\n\n Slightly abbreviated excerpt from an Oration at the Soldiers and\n Sailors\u2019 Reunion, Indianapolis, September 21, 1876. Reprinted from\n _Prose-Poems and Selections from Writings and Sayings of Robert G.\n Ingersoll_. Published by C. P. Farrell, New York.\n\nFootnote 284:\n\n Very slightly abbreviated excerpt from a Decoration Day Oration,\n delivered at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York City, May 30,\n 1888. Reprinted from Vol. IX., p. 453, Dresden Edition of _Ingersoll\u2019s\n Complete Works_. Published by C. P. Farrell, New York.\n\n\n\n\n CHAPTER NINE.\n The Cross, the Cannon, and the Cash-Register.\n\n\n \u201cNever land long lease of empire won whose sons sat silent while\n base deeds were done.\u201d\u2014James Russell Lowell.\n\n\nSpeak! Speak!\u2014you leaders of the toil-stained multitude whom the Great\nChrist of Peace so boldly defended.\n\nSpeak!\n\nRebuke the brutes who betray Christ\u2019s humble followers!\n\nSpeak! There is no excuse for silence\u2014on your part.\n\nSpeak defiantly\u2014and _clearly_.\n\nYou have for nearly two thousand years held the brain of vast portions\nof the human race in your hands. Have you taught peace\u2014_effectively_?\n\nLook\u2014see that gaping war-stab in the breast of the working class.\n\nTHE CASH COST OF MILITARISM IN THE WORLD FOR FORTY-EIGHT HOURS WOULD BE\nSUFFICIENT TO PROVIDE A 150\u2013PAGE BOOK AGAINST WAR FOR EVERY PERSON ON\nEARTH WHO CAN READ.[285] THREE SERMONS PER YEAR AGAINST WAR IN EVERY ONE\nOF 160,000 CHURCHES OF THE UNITED STATES COULD BE PAID FOR, AT THE RATE\nOF $50 PER SERMON, WITH LESS THAN THE COST OF TWO FIRST-CLASS\nBATTLESHIPS.\n\n \u201cNothing can be clearer than that the leaders of Christianity\n immediately succeeding Christ, from whom authentic expressions of\n doctrines have come down to us, were well assured that their Master\n had forbidden the Christians the killing of men in war or enlisting\n in the legions. One of the chief differences which separated Roman\n non-Christians and Christians was the refusal of the latter to\n enlist in the legions and be thus bound to kill their fellows as\n directed.\u201d[286]\n\n[Illustration: IN MY NAME! AFTER NINETEEN HUNDRED YEARS!]\n\nEagerly we search the world for relief from the hell\u2019s horror of war.\n\nThere! There is the Church\u2014the Church with her vast influence!\u2014and she\nbreathes, \u201cPeace, good will to all men.\u201d\n\nThe Church?\n\nWill the Church save us from war?\n\nWe shall see.\n\nReader, let us always open wide our souls to every man and to every\ninfluence great enough to make us socially wholesomer.\n\nSincerely, I admire every great Priest, every great Rabbi, and every\ngreat Preacher of our time who is too fine, too proud, too nobly social\nand international to rent his eloquent voice to the captains of industry\nfor the blood-spilling business of conquering the markets of the world\nwith sword and cannon and for the equally brutal business of\nbenevolently stealing large sections of the earth to be swinishly\nexploited by money-greedy capitalists.\n\nThese men are masculine\u2014unafraid. Let us salute them: \u201cGood cheer, noble\nfriends!\u201d\n\nBoldly these greater Priests refuse to toady to industrial and political\nmasters and thus refuse to scream for war.\n\nDefiantly these greater Rabbis refuse to inflame the tiger lurking in\nevery human breast and thus refuse to prepare men for war.\n\nNobly these greater Preachers refuse Caesar and Shylock, and thus they\nstand by the Man of Peace and abhor war.\n\nBut, unfortunately, these grand bold souls are in helpless minority\u2014at\npresent.\n\nAnd thus again we find the following question burning for an answer:\n\nWhich way shall the working class turn for deliverance from the curse of\nwar?\n\nWho will rescue the working class from these cyclones of lead and steel?\n\nThe Church? The Clergy?\n\nLet us study this matter.\n\nLong ago when the deluded soldiers of an \u201cestablished\u201d church\n\u201cpatriotically\u201d murdered the Great Carpenter, the \u201cestablished\u201d church\nof his locality hypocritically stood by the pagan Roman government,\nlending assistance to the pagan government and urging the pagan soldiers\nto slay Jesus Christ. And today the Christian church flatters the\nsoldiers, \u201cstands by the government,\u201d\u2014any and all \u201cChristian\u201d\ngovernments,\u2014in any and all wars, and thus refuses to protect the\nworking class from the sword and cannon; refuses to draw the bayonet\nfrom the breast of the humble working man; refuses to defend the working\nclass woman from the blood and tears of war; refuses to shield the faces\nof the little children of the working class from the steel-shod hoofs of\nthe galloping war horse.\n\nThis Chapter is a discussion of one of mankind\u2019s _misfortunes_, to show\nthe despotism of the dollar,\u2014TO SHOW THE TYRANNY OF THE ECONOMIC ELEMENT\nOF HUMAN LIFE; and let me here give most sincere assurance that this\nChapter is written with not even the slightest degree of malice toward\nthe Church. However, the Church taught me: \u201c_Speak the truth_.\u201d\n\nWell, here is a truth, a truth to be stripped naked and expressed\nbecause it is so vitally important to hundreds of millions who toil:\u2014\n\nThe three mighty hosts of the Peace-Preaching Christ, the Greek Catholic\nChurch, the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Church, these,\nbitterly at war with one another and defending the industrial despotism\ncalled capitalism,\u2014refuse, flatly refuse, to _unite_ their powerful\nvoices in a defiant and _effective_ declaration against war; refuse thus\nto help lift the huge burden and curse of war from the toil-bent\nshoulders of the working class; refuse to remove the thorn-crown of war\nfrom the brow of labor. The working class, millions of them loving\nChrist sincerely as I do, must learn and face the fact that the Church\nof the Great Carpenter Christ refuses to save the working class from the\nperiodic baptisms of blood and fire called war.\n\n\u201cPut up thy sword,\u201d said Christ.\n\n\u201cBusiness is business! There is no sentiment in business! We must\nconquer the markets of the world,\u201d say the capitalists.\n\nAnd there is the parting of the ways for toads and men, for the\ntime-server and the prophet, for the emasculate and the masculine.\n\nIn 1898 a certain man lived in a small western \u201ccity\u201d\u2014and took notes. A\nlocal company of working class volunteers was organized to go to Cuba to\nslaughter the working men in the Spanish army and thus secure greater\nopportunity for American capitalists. On the day of departure of the\nvolunteer company the people, thousands of them, assembled on a wide\npublic square, surrounding the local volunteers. Suddenly, when interest\nwas intense, a high table was rushed to the center of the square, a\nbanker thoughtfully assisting. Hastily a meek and lowly follower of the\nPeaceful Jesus\u2014a preacher\u2014took his place upon this table, his eyes\nflashing hate and his chest bulging heroically. All hats were off. All\nheads, but two, were bowed in prayer. With head erect and eyes open the\npreacher, in prayer, addressed\u2014the audience. With his eyes to the sky,\nthe preacher, praying, used the name of God and the ears of the people.\nThere was no \u201cpraying in secret\u201d about that \u201celoquent effort.\u201d The\nprayer was \u201cpowerful.\u201d That prayer was an assault\u2014an assault upon the\nfinest sentiments that bloom in the human heart, the sentiments of the\nbrotherhood of man.\n\nBut what of that? \u201cBusiness is business.\u201d\n\nThat eloquent prayer electrified the vast audience. The preacher became\nan incendiary\u2014he committed arson. His ferocious rhetoric set on fire the\ngullible souls of young men, humble women, innocent small boys and\ntender little girls. With crafty eloquence he petted the working class\nvolunteers till they stood more erect in manly pride and licked their\nlips for the blood of almost equally ignorant Spanish working men; with\nflattering phrases he seductively praised the plain women who bore these\n\u201cbrave boys\u201d now ready to butcher, praised them till these gentle,\nhumble mothers were warm with an elation known only to mothers of strong\nmen, praised them till they were keen with a savage gladness that they\nhad borne these men now burning to slaughter humble toilers from the\nworking class homes in Spain. With artful power of phrase and voice the\npreacher praised the small boys present, praying for \u201cmore brave boys in\nfuture years to stand by the flag\u201d\u2014caressed them thus till the poor\nlittle fellows longed to be men in order that they too might rend the\nflesh of humble working-class men in war\u2014somewhere, anywhere, somehow,\nsometime. And then with cunning suggestiveness and with vulgar boldness\nthis handsome panderer to capitalist masters rudely invaded the holy of\nholies, the innocent imagination of tender little girls present,\nbrutally outraged the sacred instincts of kindness natural to these\ndainty little maids till these young doll-lovers were half excited with\na dim but horrible hope, till their faces flushed in anticipation of the\npatriotic part they too in future years might have in sending their\nassassin sons to the front.\n\nThe prayer ended. The preacher rolled his fine dark eyes and fervently\nbellowed, \u201cAmen!\u201d\n\nHe had done _his_ work. He had played _his_ part. Souls had been\nbranded. Human brotherhood had been suffocated in the hearts of gullible\nworking men\u2014strangled with elegant (and pious) eloquence.\n\nThen the thousands of humble working class people moved off, \u201choofing\nit,\u201d marching behind the soldiers to the railway station. A half dozen\nbankers, a dozen lawyers, and many other \u201cleading business men\u201d\nlingered, left their carriages, surrounded the preacher and\ncongratulated him on his \u201csplendid effort\u201d;\u2014and that was part of his pay\nfor his eloquent ferocity. Well-dressed women of the \u201cbest families in\nthe city\u201d gave the preacher their gloved right hands and practically\nembraced him with the virtuous and caressing fondness in their eyes;\u2014and\nthat was part of his pay for scarring the souls of men, women, and\nlittle children with the branding-iron of Old Testament ferocity. That\nsavage prayer made him more popular in the city;\u2014and that was part of\nhis pay for his noble ferocity. He was now more secure in his job;\u2014and\nthat was part of his pay for his ecclesiastical buncombe and\nflap-doodle,\u2014for his jungle growl of civilized ferocity. The collections\nwere for some time larger in his church;\u2014and that, yea, that also, was\npart of his pay for serving the cash-register and thus playing the r\u00f4le\nof betrayer of the Prince of Peace.\n\nThe handsome preacher had performed a miracle. He had so fixedly riveted\nthe attention of the \u201cbrave boys\u201d upon the Spaniards that the gullible\nvolunteers noticed nothing strange in the fact that strong, healthy\nbankers, lawyers, merchants and preachers (patriots all of them of\ncourse)\u2014with the stealthy quiet of a cat on a carpet\u2014remained at home\njust at the very time when \u201cgreat deeds of glory and patriotism\u201d and\nmanly heroism were to be done.\n\nDoubtless many a shot-torn boy soldier wallowing in his own blood, his\nchest half crushed with the hoofs of galloping cavalry horses, his\nsplintered bones grinding together at every move, the roar of cannon and\nthe din of curses, prayers, yells, sobs and groans of dying comrades\ncrowding into his ears\u2014thinks of his well-fed, soft-voiced pastor at\nhome far away (and safe), the _good_ man, the _nice_ man, who fired his\nand his fellow-fighters\u2019 hearts with \u201clust of death and vulgar\nslaughter,\u201d who helped betray him and his fellows to the human\nbutchering field. No doubt many working class people fondly hope that\nthe ministers of the Christ of Peace will presently _combine_ and use\ntheir vast influence against war\u2014to drive the red demon from the earth\nthat it may no longer desolate the homes of the humble.\n\nVain hope.\n\nLong ago the cynical, shrewd (and carefully baptized) Napoleon Bonaparte\nremarked, with biting irony, \u201cGod is always on the side of the heaviest\nbattalions.\u201d\n\nToday it is easy to see that not Christ,[287] but the Church of Christ,\nis on the side of the business man and the politician concerning war.\n\nAnd thus the bayonet still sticks in the breast of the working class.\n\nThus the Cross dips to the cannon.\n\nReally, will not the followers of the gentle Christ of Peace presently\nsweep war from the world?\n\nThey most certainly will do nothing of the kind\u2014as long as war is\nprofitable for the \u201cleading citizens.\u201d\n\n\u201cLeading citizens\u201d actually lead. They are the capitalists. Industrially\nand politically the capitalists have the world by the throat. They force\ntheir ambitions, their purposes, and their policies upon both the\npreacher and the wage-earner. Their purpose is: profits, more profits\nand still more profits. Their policy is: more markets and more\nterritory\u2014for more profits, at all hazard, in absolute defiance of\nConfucius, in defiance of Buddha, in defiance of Christ, in shameless\ndefiance of the sacredness of human blood. They will, if need be,\u2014that\nis, if business, commercial exigencies, require it\u2014they will order the\nhigh-salaried generals to wash the earth with the blood of the socially\ndespised working class, while safe in their palatial homes these\n\u201cleading citizens\u201d will masquerade as patriots, and on the \u201choly Sabbath\nday\u201d they will virtually force their salaried pastors to pray and shout\nfor blood-dripping victory.\n\nThis is the industrial rulers\u2019 history.\n\nThis is the industrial rulers\u2019 present politics.\n\nThis is the industrial rulers\u2019 future program.\n\nAnd the preacher must therefore salute the cash-register and baptize the\ncannon\u2014_or lose his job just like any other hired man_ who fails to\nplease his _economic_ master.\n\n\u201cBusiness is business,\u201d\u2014_that_ is \u201cthe law and the gospel\u201d of\ncapitalism.\n\nLet us study the matter a little further.\n\nWhen a war is on the world\u2019s stage the bright lights are so confusing\nthat it is difficult to see the \u201cleading citizens\u201d in the background,\n\u201cin the wings,\u201d so to speak. For example:\n\nThe American people are still clapping their hands and hurrahing for\n\u201cour noble Christian President\u201d for his part in bringing about peace\nbetween Russia and Japan. But why\u2014just why\u2014did not the \u201cnoble Christian\nPresident\u201d nobly interfere many months before he did interfere? The\nblood of tens of thousands of humble working-class soldiers in both\narmies was running down the hillsides in Manchuria in streams\u2014months\nbefore. But no interference by the \u201cnoble Christian President\u201d (recently\nso boisterously boastful of \u201chis\u201d own noble slaughtering on San Juan\nHill).\n\nLet us understand.\n\nFor many months it seemed that Christian Russia would surely win the war\nand still be able to pay interest and principal of _American investments\nin Russia_. Later the Russian Government and Russian credit became very\nunsteady. Immediately the capitalist actors in the background, with\nmoney invested in Russian enterprises, put on the pressure, applied\n\u201cinfluence,\u201d to our government, and then, and not till then, did\nPresident Roosevelt rush to the footlights of the world\u2019s stage and\nwhine and scream for peace.\n\nFor many months, while the blood of Japanese and Russian working class\nmen was gushing from a million wounds, while the humble wives and\nchildren of these \u201ccommon\u201d men were wild with grief\u2014all the while \u201cour\nnoble Christian President,\u201d _like all other Christian rulers_, was as\nsilent as a fish; but when principal and interest of American parasites\ngot in danger, our \u201cnoble Christian President\u201d promptly became nobly\nnoisy and craftily pious and peaceful.\n\nAnd that is a fair sample of a \u201cChristian government\u2019s\u201d influence for\npeace.\n\nAt no time did the Church urge or demand peace, and at no time did the\nChurch throw its powerful influence upon our President or upon the head\nof any other government to bring about peace.[288]\n\nOur gentle Christian President, Mr. Roosevelt, head of the greatest\nChristian republic on earth, said recently to a hand-clapping Christian\naudience, \u201cI want for soldiers young men not only willing but _anxious_\nto fight\u201d; that is, anxious to murder. That foul sentiment should have\nbeen drowned with hisses. The ferocious Christian Tsars of Russia, the\nblood-thirsting Caesars of the ancient pagan Roman Empire, the chiefs of\nsavage tribes and modern republics,\u2014all the ancient and modern, savage\nand civilized hero rulers who have sat on thrones and stood on the necks\nof nations\u2014all these bullies have always been eager to have for soldiers\n\u201cyoung men not only willing but anxious to fight\u201d\u2014that is, willing and\nanxious to cut the throats of their fellowmen in an intertribal or\ninternational festival of blood called a patriotic war.\n\nAnd always, since society was first organized on a _class_-labor plan,\nthe organized \u201cspiritual guides\u201d of society have \u201cstood by the\ngovernment,\u201d leagued with the hero ruler for the ruling class.\n\nMr. Roosevelt, for the moral improvement and spiritual guidance of small\nboys who may read his heroic record as a patriotic warrior, sets it down\nwith evident pride that he shot a Spanish soldier (probably a humble\nworkingman) in the back as the poor, ignorant, frightened fellow fled\nfrom the bloody field.[289] Mr. Roosevelt, as related in Chapter Eight,\nSection 16, urged in an Annual Message that rifle-practice ranges be\nprovided in the public schools for young school boys\u2014presumably that the\nlittle fellows may become \u201cnot only willing but anxious to fight.\u201d And\nthe Church of the Peaceful Christ did not dare rebuke the \u201cgreat\nChristian President\u201d for urging such a barbarous outrage upon the\nschoolboys\u2019 dawning social consciousness and their finer sentiments of\nthe brotherhood of man.\n\nRecently a school teacher in the city of Washington, where this\nswaggering-bull-pup patriotism has been most effectively suggested,\nasked her school children: \u201cWhat is patriotism?\u201d She got the answer:\n\u201cKilling Spaniards!\u201d Thus have the little people been outraged with\nbefouling suggestions that cheap race-hatred is patriotism. But the\nChurch does not dare cry out, in defense of \u201cthese little ones\u201d: \u201cStop\nthat! You noisy betrayer! Cease pouring venom into the hearts of these\nhelpless little children!\u201d\n\n \u201cWith a hero at head and a nation\n Well gagged and well-drilled and well cowed,\n And a gospel of war and damnation,\n Has not an empire a right to be proud?\u201d[290]\n\nQuite naturally no protest is made.\n\nThe working man wonders why,\n\nThe working woman wonders why,\n\nThe children wonder why\u2014\n\nWhy do not the Christian emperors, and Christian kings, the Christian\ntsars and Christian presidents, the Christian Parliaments, congresses,\ndiets and cabinets of the whole Christian world promptly call a world\nconvention of the Christian rulers of the Christian world, and in this\nconvention declare at once that never, never again, _under any\ncircumstances_, shall there be a war between Christian nations?\n\nYes, indeed, why not?[291]\n\nFor this reason:\u2014The Christian nations are capitalist nations managed\nfor the capitalist class. Each great Christian nation knows that it must\nfind a foreign market for the EMBARRASSINGLY LARGE SURPLUS of goods\nwhich its capitalists do not consume or invest and its working class is,\nby the wage-system, not permitted to consume. Each and all these nations\nknow that this FOREIGN MARKET MUST BE FOUND OPENED AND PROTECTED\u2014with\nChristian sword and cannon if need be\u2014in order that the capitalists of\nthese countries may make more profits. Indeed, when markets must thus be\nhad, Christians, Jews, Mohammedans, Buddhists, Confucians\u2014with lust for\nprofits\u2014trample down all things fine, sand-bag everything noble, spit in\nthe face of every man of peace, and shout, \u201cStand back! Stand back!\nBring on the cannon! Business is business! There is no sentiment in\nbusiness! To hell with the mollycoddles! We are in business for\n_profits_!\u201d\n\nWith noble exceptions, at such times Christian preachers, priests, and\nbishops of the warring nations, with the swagger and pomp of cheap\n\u201cfighting parsons,\u201d step briskly to the front of the stage, consecrate\nthe cannon, \u201cbless\u201d the sword, baptize the butcher, and, on both sides,\nwith pious savagery scream to the \u201cGod of battles,\u201d also to the \u201cGod of\npeace,\u201d for victory \u201cin this _righteous_ war,\u201d for victory in this\n\u201carmed _crusade for Christ_,\u201d for victory in this \u201cglorious effort to\n_advance His kingdom_,\u201d\u2014always, always, of course, some lofty name, some\nswelling phrase, to veil the huge and pious murder.\n\nSacred wholesale assassinations\u2014for the Peaceful Jesus\u2019 sake!\n\nEven every massacre of the peaceful Jews in Russia is sanctioned by the\nGreek Christian Church,\u2014and the Roman and the Protestant churches and\nthe Christian governments of the world do _not_ unite and demand peace\nfor the peaceful Jews.\n\n\u201cGod moves in a _mysterious_ way his wonders to perform,\u201d we are piously\ntaught.\n\nMysterious. Very.\n\nBut it is _not_ mysterious why pro-war preachers, priests, and bishops\nare not slaughtered on the battleline and then eaten by buzzards when\nthe cannon\u2019s feast is finished. These men are too intelligent\u2014too\ncunning\u2014for the buzzards\u2019 banquet.\n\nEvery distinguished professional butcher in modern times has been a\n\u201cmember in good standing\u201d in his denomination and his blood-stenched\nfame is recited with pride.\n\nThat mysterious?\n\nAll soldiers are blessed as they march away to \u201cDeath\u2019s feast.\u201d\n\nThe preacher consecrates the cut-throat.\n\nThe bayonet is prepared\u2014with prayer\u2014to be thrust into the bowels of the\ntoilers.\n\nAll wars are somehow pronounced \u201cmysteriously the will of God\u201d; and the\ncannoneers who hurl shot and shell into a city or village and cannonade\nhelpless women and children\u2014these are \u201cthe servants of the\nLord\u201d\u2014mysteriously.\n\nAnd thus to the appalling music of the cannon\u2019s roar the Cross is\ndragged down into the bloody mire where men die cursing the preachers\nsafe at home who helped trick them to the hell called war. And thus,\ntoo, the spirit of the great fraternal Christ is banished from the lives\nof the betrayers and the betrayed\u2014and Christ is crucified anew.\n\nBecause it is profitable.\n\nThus in all Christian nations the Cross dips obsequiously to the\nred-throated cannon\u2014and to the cash-register.\n\nBusiness is business; the rulers rule; and gold is God.\n\nThat is, under capitalism.\n\nReader, name one \u201ccivil\u201d war or one international war of modern times\npowerfully, effectively hindered by the Church of the Man of Peace.[292]\n\nJust one.\n\nBut no matter! Since long before the slaughter of the Carpenter our\nbrothers of the working class have furnished the blood and tears\u2014cheap\nblood, cheap tears,\u2014about forty cents a day for American \u201cregulars\u201d in\nthe \u201cyear of our Lord\u201d 1910.\n\nLearn this, you toilers: The capitalists have the preacher cornered and\nshackled. The working class must be their own saviors from the horrors\nof war. In Chapter Ten I shall explain how this can be done and even now\nbegins to be done by the working class.\n\nBut the workers should learn from history and keep distinctly in mind\nthis great lesson: With noble individual exceptions the ministry, the\nreligious leaders, have in times past _defended chattel slavery_ with\nits unspeakable horrors for the _working_ class; and have _defended\nserfdom_ with its hell for the _working_ class; and have ignobly\ndefended all Christian national and international wars of modern\ncapitalism praying on both sides to the \u201cGod of battles\u201d for \u201cglorious\nvictory\u201d regardless of the blood spurting from a million wounds in the\ntorn breast of the _working_ class.\n\nThe path of human progress in modern times is steep and slippery with\nthe carcasses and blood of the socially despised working men\u2014and the\nChurch has not _defied_ the cash-register idolater and _demanded_ peace.\n\nUnrebuked, right proudly the cash-register devotee, the business man,\nblurts out: \u201c_There is no sentiment in business_.\u201d\n\nThat proposition, \u201cNo sentiment,\u201d is enough to make a cannibal blush.\nYet that doctrine is at the heart of capitalism.\n\n_If there is no sentiment in business, then there is no brotherhood in\nbusiness, for brotherhood is a sublime and beautiful sentiment._\n\n_And if there is no brotherhood in business there can not be Christian\nfellowship in business._\n\nThus business banishes Christ and the Cross retreats before the\nonslaughts of the cash-register.\n\nBut it is actually and sadly _true_ that business, competitive business,\nis too little and belittling, too wolfishly fierce, for deep and loyal\nbrotherhood. This is also true of the great _class_ competition, the\n_class struggle_, the embittering clash of _industrial class interests_.\n\nAnd where there is no deep and loyal brotherhood, no great _socializing\nunity of interest_ stretching from the centre to the rim of society,\nincluding all, _peace is impossible_.\n\nThus it is that in the great competitive business world, like\nquarrelsome dogs, every business man\u2019s hand is against every other\nbusiness man\u2019s hand competing in the \u201csame line,\u201d to \u201cput him out of\nbusiness\u201d and thus \u201cget more business.\u201d\n\nThus local neighbors are at war in a Christless scramble for business.\n\nThus nations also, fiercely struggling for markets and territory, are at\nwar\u2014commercial war\u2014sometimes needing sword and cannon. (See pp. 40\u201341.)\n\nNow, notice: Christian business men in this brotherless, Christless\nscramble called business _must have the scramble made \u201crespectable.\u201d_\nFor this purpose the minister is most serviceable. The business men need\nthe minister\u2014\u201cneed him in their business\u201d\u2014to consecrate and sanctify the\nways and means, even the sword, the cannon and the vast human\nslaughterings called war.\n\n\u201cPut up thy sword,\u201d said Christ.\n\n\u201cBusiness is business! Bless the butcher! Grind sharp the sword,\u201d\ncommands the business man.\n\nBut \u201cno man can serve two masters.\u201d\n\nHere the minister, just like the \u201ccommon working man,\u201d is face to face\nwith the MOST DOMINEERING FACT AND FORCE IN HUMAN LIFE; namely, ECONOMIC\nNECESSITY. The preacher and the plumber, the rabbi and the sweat-shop\ntailor, the priest and the hod-carrier\u2014these must _live_; they must\n\u201c_get a living_.\u201d But the capitalist controls the opportunities to \u201cget\na living.\u201d The \u201ccommon working man\u201d is embarrassed. The minister is also\nembarrassed\u2014_tho\u2019 he may be\u2014and very often is\u2014one of the noblest men in\nthe world, he is embarrassed_. This ECONOMIC force grips them both like\na vise. They must live. To live they must kneel before the king\u2014the\nkings in industry.\n\nOBEY OR STARVE.\n\nThe inevitable follows:\n\nThe plain common working man and the haughty and cultivated\nminister\u2014both of them\u2014bow their heads and submit their necks to the\ncruel yoke, the yoke of capitalism.\n\nThe rulers rule.\n\nCapitalism, internationally, is\u2014for capitalists\u2014a struggle for a\nstrangle hold among jealously competing, unneighborly neighbors, a\nstruggle for business.\n\nCapitalism thus becomes a stupid snarl of \u201cforeigners\u201d\u2014to each nation\nall other nations are \u201cforeigners.\u201d\n\nAnd thus the world is petty, unsocial, \u201cforeign,\u201d\u2014a war always possible\nand threatening between \u201cforeigners,\u201d\u2014the unfortunate ministers, most of\nthem, not to the contrary.\n\nBUT, READER, THERE ARE NO \u201cFOREIGNERS\u201d\u2014FOR ME AND MY INTERNATIONAL\nFRIEND CHRIST AND MY INTERNATIONAL COMRADES.\n\nThen why should a group of Christless, plutocratic political crooks and\nflunky-champagne-guzzlers in Paris or Tokio, in Berlin or London, in\nMadrid or Washington\u2014why should any such group of political\nbunco-steerers by a pompous declaration of assassination officially\ndecide for you and me and our brothers of some so-called \u201cforeign\nnation\u201d\u2014that we working class brothers are \u201cenemies\u201d and that we must\nlay down the instruments of production and take up the weapons of\ndestruction and butcher ourselves by the tens of thousands?\n\nWhy should we permit a band of cheap \u201cstatesmen\u201d to order us to tear one\nanother\u2019s throats like dogs?\n\nWhy should _we_ fight?\n\n_We_ have no quarrels.\n\nThe thing is ridiculous\u2014utterly ridiculous, is it not?\n\nAnd an equally important question is:\u2014Why should we working class\nbrothers of all the world ever permit any ecclesiastical savages to fan\nthe flames of international hatred in our souls by means of pious\nprayers and sermons in favor of war?\n\nEven more ridiculous, isn\u2019t it?\n\nLet us refuse to murder. The blood-spilling business is too small for\nbrothers, too savage for socialized men, no matter what their religious\nfaith may be.\n\nPerhaps, brother, you and I do not agree on Christ. But we can be good\nfriends any way, can\u2019t we?\n\nNow, I will tell you frankly, the Peaceful Christ seems to me to be so\nmuch grander than a war-preaching preacher, so much nobler than a flunky\n\u201cfighting parson,\u201d that he gains my sincere admiration. Such a great\nbrave brother he was.\n\nChrist was the most defiant preacher that ever walked the earth or\nflashed as a character conception in the human brain.\n\nChrist, the historical revolutionary Christ, or Christ, splendid\ncreation of imagination, or Christ divine\u2014whichever or whatever he\nwas\u2014he wins and compels my gratitude:\n\nBecause he was neither an automaton nor a tool;\n\nBecause official ruffians even before his mockery of a trial viciously\npronounced him an \u201cundesirable citizen\u201d;\n\nBecause \u201cleading citizens\u201d could not use him, could not rent his\ninfluence;\n\nBecause he scorned the opportunity to become \u201csuccessful in life\u201d in the\ncontemptible r\u00f4le of intellectual prostitute;\n\nBecause he despised the lusting devotees of Mammon;\n\nBecause he forgave the \u201cduly convicted\u201d crucified thieves and whipped\nthe unconvicted bankers from the temple;\n\nBecause with stinging words he lashed the whited sepulchres called \u201cthe\nvery _best_ people\u201d;\n\nBecause he was so fine and great he promptly became extremely unpopular\nwith coarse and savage little \u201cprominent people\u201d;\n\nBecause he was so gentle and terrible that the noisy and cruel\n\u201claw-abiding leading citizens\u201d in their swaggering ignorance and\nmalignance decided he was an anarchist and proceeded to shut off his\nfree speech;\n\nBecause he was neither narrow enough to be national nor ignorant enough\nto be orthodox;\n\nBecause on the last morning of his life be so proudly despised the\nofficial political bull-pups who teased him and insulted him\u2014and could\nnot understand him;\n\nBecause, on the same morning, he so finely scorned the bigoted little\northodox holy bullies who hindered him and wolfishly screamed for the\nCarpenter\u2019s blood;\n\nBecause children charmed him;\n\nBecause the humble \u201ccommon people\u201d swarmed around him and loved him\u2014in\nspite of their pious and orthodox \u201cspiritual advisers\u201d;\n\nBecause he scorned the \u201cdignity\u201d of some men and saw the Dignity of Man;\n\nBecause he came from the bottom up and never forgot\u2014_never hesitated to\ndefend_\u2014\u201ceven the least of these,\u201d including his sad, shamed, outlawed\nsister;\n\nBecause he did not whimper and cringe when certain religiously eminent\nsmall souls spat in the face of the World Soul;\n\nBecause the great wholesome brother was a true Social Soul, loving all\nmankind;\n\nBecause, especially because, he so finely forgave the thoughtless\nworking class soldiers who mocked him, forced a thorn crown upon his\nhead, drove nails through his flesh, sneered at his agonies, and thrust\na spear into their working class Brother Carpenter;\n\nBecause he said, \u201cPut up thy sword,\u201d regarded no man as \u201cforeigner,\u201d and\ndied for International Fraternalism.\n\nA Social Man.\n\nA Sample.\n\nI love him.\n\nLet us, too, brother, be social and international.\n\nLet us bury the hatchet, break the rifle, spike the cannon, despise the\nsword, accept the Sermon on the Mount for its spirit of peace, and scorn\nany sermon that urges us to war against our own class brothers. Let us\ndetest any sermon that stirs and fosters the tiger within us and arrests\nour social development.\n\nSocial development.\n\n\u201cSocial development,\u201d did I say? Yes, reader, that is what we need,\nsocial development.\n\nMan on his long march upward\u2014up from the jungle\u2014has been impeded by a\nheavy burden\u2014in his blood. He has carried the menagerie\u2014in his veins.\n\nHere permit me to use a very homely metaphor, a figure of speech neither\nto your taste nor to mine, yet needed and defensible:\n\nIn its social development the world is hindered by too much bull-pup.\n\nA bull-pup is at a disadvantage\u2014socially. His social development is\nstunted. The malignant wrinkles of his prize-fighter face obstruct his\nvision. His outlook is restricted. Thus his notion of the world is\nsmall. Hence the bull-pup is narrow, local and unsocial. Being socially\nlocal and mean\u2014and therefore petty and pugnacious\u2014he enjoys a fight. In\nthe world of dogs he is a tough, a \u201crough-rider\u201d and a \u201cwar-lord.\u201d All\nother dogs are \u201cforeigners,\u201d \u201cguilty,\u201d and \u201cundesirable citizens.\u201d\n\nPeace is too large and fine for the bull-pup. War is \u201cdee-lightful,\u201d\n\u201cjust bully\u201d\u2014for the bull-pup.\n\nThus even the humble dog world is worried and hindered by the socially\nnarrow and pugnaciously strenuous bull-pups\u2014\u201cgreat\u201d and \u201csuccessful,\u201d in\ntheir estimation.\n\nThus littleness and localism hinder even brutes in their social\ndevelopment.\n\nAnd it is thus in the human world also.\n\nConfucius was a great man.\n\nBut Confucius is hindered\u2014hindered by littleness\u2014little Confucians.\n\nChrist? Christ is great, fascinatingly, commandingly great.\n\nBut Christ is hindered\u2014hindered by the pettiness of pugnacity, hindered\nby littleness, little Christians.\n\nLet us be brothers? Let us have peace?\n\nNot yet. We can\u2019t. We must wait. Strange, but true, we must wait for the\nmost reasonable thing in the world\u2014peace.\n\nPeace is on the program\u2014next number.\n\nFrom the warring tribes of the long, long ago, up, up, upward to the\nfederated races of the world,\u2014that is the first number on the program\u2014a\nlong steep climb for the human mind, up, up through the hundreds of\ncenturies, a half million years consumed in expanding the human heart,\nin refining the human affections, in strengthening the social vision to\nsee all the way \u2019round the world, in widening the diameter of Society,\nin creating, revising, and re-creating a definition of \u201cBrother,\u201d\u2014the\nrace generating the Social Man, the World Patriot, the International\nCitizen.\n\nThe arithmetic of history\u2014Given: Life. To find, or produce, or deduce,\nthe god, the god of aspiring intelligence, the god of a socialized race.\nA puzzling problem\u2014how to subtract the brute, add the brother and\nmultiply the brains; how to proceed to the next number on the\nprogram\u2014Peace; how to move our bruised lips to say: \u201cPut up thy sword.\nWe are of one blood.\u201d\n\nWe are hindered.\n\nBrotherhood and peace\u2014divinely high thought!\n\nBut, alas! the thought is too high for low-browed strenuosity of the\ntough-rider type; the thought is too large and fine for the poor brain\nof a bull-dog or a human bully or a socially blunted holy man or any\nother breed of stunted runts.\n\nThe strutting, thin-brained rooster in the farmyard crows, \u201cHurrah for\nthis our very own dunghill, the finest filth pile on earth.\u201d Thus this\nspurred and feathered patriot virtuously cultivates his vanity by\nboisterously challenging \u201cthe enemy\u201d in the neighboring farmyards.\n\n\u201cHurrah for our tribe,\u201d screams the savage\u2014patriotically.\n\n\u201cHurrah for our village of Squeedunk,\u201d yells the local human shrimp.\nMore patriotism.\n\n\u201cHurrah for our great city!\u201d squeals the boastfully \u201cmetropolitan\u201d small\nman sweltering in unspeakable corruptions.\n\n\u201cHurrah for the nation\u2014right or wrong!\u201d yelps the patriotic national\nmongrel.\n\nAnd thus these socially puny creatures, these social runts, stand ready,\nas it were, to \u201cpatriotically\u201d throw carbolic acid at their national and\ninternational neighbors.\n\n\u201cHurrah for Mankind, hurrah for Life!\u201d finely calls the socially\ndeveloped man, the Increasing International Man.\n\nReally, reader, the narrow-visioned provincial, the local sniveling, the\nsocial shrimp, the pugnacious nationalist, the racial bigot, and the\nstunted, sacerdotal manlet\u2014really, these unsocial people are, as yet,\ntoo local and little and narrow for a federated world, for an\ninternationally social Christ. Really, these unsocial human runts can\nnot sincerely and effectively carry \u201cto all the world\u201d any magnificent\nsocial gospel of \u201cpeace on earth, good will toward all men,\u201d and \u201cmake\nof one blood all nations\u201d\u2014even tho\u2019 they be baptized.\n\nNow please do not misunderstand me. I do not belittle the rite of\nbaptism.\n\nBut baptism has no effect on a declaration of war by an extremely narrow\nlocal bull-dog, whether he be a humble canine wearing a brass collar, or\na strutting puny human being wearing a \u201cPrince Albert,\u201d or a\nlard-and-tallow millionaire worshipping a cash-register. None of these\nis emotionally and socially fine. As usual, the world is embarrassed\nwhen trying to make a silk purse of a sow\u2019s ear.\n\nA Christian assassin mounted on the throne of Russia remains an\nassassin\u2014in spite of his baptism.\n\nA Christian bully elevated to the throne of the German Empire or to\nAmerican presidential distinctions, remains a pugnacious ruffian,\nspoiling for trouble, always \u201cnot only willing but anxious to fight.\u201d\n\nSacerdotal ceremonies have no effect on a leopard\u2019s spots, a tiger\u2019s\nstripes, a bull-pup disposition, or a cash-register ambition.\n\nWar among brothers is civil war.\n\nAll men are brothers.\n\nTherefore all war is civil war.\n\nBut peace is hindered by local littleness\u2014especially by the belittling,\nlocalizing effects of the sacred cash-register and its smaller unsocial\ntime-servers.\n\nThe Confucian capitalist, the Christian capitalist, and all other kinds\nof capitalists of the whole world stand behind their blessed and\nbelittling cash-registers, plot in their Wall Street dens, cheating,\ncheating, cheating\u2014and snarling at one another. And this unsocial\nsnarling is called business, and this Christless business is morally\nlegitimated, \u201cmade respectable,\u201d by too many unsocialized \u201cspiritual\nadvisers.\u201d Some of the holy men are finely social, nobly large,\nsplendidly fearless; and these great social souls refuse, proudly\nrefuse, to \u201csic\u201d or urge the \u201cdogs of war.\u201d But unfortunately these\ntruly greater holy men are too few and they are threatened and bullied\nby the over-fed, fat-pursed industrial Caesars in the best pews of the\nhouse of God; and, moreover, these greater holy men are abused and\noutvoted in the church conventions by their less developed brethren, if\nthey oppose a war\u2014especially if there is a \u201cnational crisis.\u201d\n\nAnd there is always a \u201cnational crisis\u201d imminent when greater markets\nmust be had and new territory is to be scrambled for by the capitalists\nof the world.\n\nWhenever there is a \u201ccrisis on,\u201d whenever the cash-register captains,\nthe politicians and unsocial \u201cspiritual leaders\u201d believe, or announce,\nthat there is a \u201ccrisis upon us,\u201d\u2014at such times Christ, the peaceful,\nnobly social Christ, is thrust to the rear of the stage and forced to be\nsilent, while the \u201cfighting parsons\u201d and the politicians and the\nmoney-mongers and some glory-hunting buccaneers rush to the front of the\nstage and scream for war\u2014a \u201cpatriotic war.\u201d\n\n_And more and more the actual necessity for a larger foreign market\nproduces a \u201ccrisis.\u201d_\n\nIt is coming\u2014another war.[293]\n\nThen for brotherhood\u2014a sneer.\n\nThen for the man of peace\u2014a scornful \u201cMollycoddle!\u201d\n\nThen for Christ\u2014coarse jeers.\n\nThen for markets, for profits\u2014blood and tears.\n\nThen will the malignant manikins patriotically and profitably shout for\n\u201cnational honor.\u201d\n\nThen Christ must wait.\n\nPeace must wait.\n\nBrotherhood must wait.\n\nInternational federation, social grandeur, the human race, must wait.\n\nAll these must wait for the poor little fellows to get the emotions of\nthe prize-fighter and the savage heat and hate of the bull-pup out of\ntheir veins; all these must wait, too, while the cash-register devotee\nand his man Friday get the money\u2014and \u201cdivide up.\u201d\n\nPossibly, reader, some of these paragraphs seem unfair.\n\nVery well; perhaps it will seem fair to let a _clergyman_ speak with\nfrankness on this matter. Here following are some paragraphs from a\npowerful book, _The Moral Damage of War_, by the fearless Dr. Walter\nWalsh, a distinguished and eloquent clergyman of Dundee, Scotland.[294]\nIn the chapter, \u201cThe Moral Damage of War to the Preacher,\u201d Dr. Walsh\nspeaks to his clerical brethren with the courage and directness of the\nancient Jewish prophets. Here are some illustrative paragraphs\n(reprinted with kind permission of publishers):\n\n \u201cThe belief that Christianity is incompatible with war, was designed\n to abolish war ... was held by all the Christians of the first three\n centuries.... Christianity is the religion of peace. How then is\n Christendom still at war? We naturally turn to the professional\n teachers of religion for an answer.\n\n \u201cThe paid teachers of Christendom are numbered by hundreds of\n thousands: Priests, bishops, ministers, catechists and so on,\u2014while\n their lay helpers\u2014deacons, church-wardens, elders, Sunday-school\n teachers, missioners, lay preachers\u2014may be counted by the million\n and _it is incomprehensible that war should continue to exist in\n Christendom unless by first demoralizing these formers of religious\n opinion_. The fact also that all Christian countries alike compete\n in the equipment and spoils of war can be understood only as a proof\n of a corrupt or undeveloped conscience. The reason why Christendom\n is today in such straits and that so many countries wallow in debt,\n waste, ignorance, covetousness, poverty and misery unspeakable, is\n chiefly that the paid teachers of Christianity with their hosts of\n unpaid assistants have capitulated to the war god.... War is never\n pure, but is hell; and it can never be permissible to inaugurate\n heaven by the help of hell.... Here and there a smaller Elijah\n refuses to bow the knee to the military Baal, a faithful Micaiah,\n tho\u2019 smitten on the mouth, continues to bear his testimony to the\n true significance of the gospel.... \u2018For centuries the church met\n the hostility of a pagan and unscrupulous world and never\n flinched.... No revenge or bitterness marred the security of her\n soul.\u2019... The appalling nature of the preacher\u2019s defection is seen\n by the contrast with the magnificent opportunity war time affords\n him, than which prophet or apostle never had a greater.... _A trial\n of strength between conflicting nations is also a trial of the\n preacher\u2019s moral character_; the height of noble opportunity to\n which it lifts him has its counterpart in the base opportunism to\n which he may descend. He may temporize like a politician.... He may\n accept the carnal policies of the parliament as limitations of his\n gospel and hang his head like a dumb dog when statesmen fling\n Christianity incontinently out of the house of legislation. He may\n soothe his conscience with the lie that war is a matter of politics,\n having nothing to do with the preaching of the gospel, and slide\n gently down into the dastard, blind equally to _the humor and the\n atheism of his position_. Between the churches which cry, \u201cNo\n politics in the gospel!\u201d and parliaments which cry, \u201cNo gospel in\n politics!\u201d the Son of Man is hard put to it to maintain a footing in\n modern affairs.... Few invocations to the Prince of Peace are heard\n [in time of war], but many to the God of battles.... The conscience\n [of ecclesiasticism] lies limp and voiceless before the uplifted\n sword, bribed by gold, paralyzed by fear ... shielding itself....\n The federated tribes of Israel slink to their tents, murmuring some\n safe platitudes about peace and prayer meetings whilst the world\n triumphs, the flesh riots and the devil grins with infinite\n content.... It were hard to say which is worse,\u2014the silence of the\n pulpit or the timidity or wickedness of its speech when it does find\n tongue.... A dumb dog is bad, but a bloodhound baying upon the trail\n is worse.... What is to be said of a preacher, who, when the war\n spirit and the peace spirit are trembling in the balance, either can\n not speak or speaks only to blaspheme his own gospel?... _It can not\n be doubted that the church, exerting herself in accordance with her\n principles, could make all bloodshed impossible, and could have\n averted every war of recent times_; yet on many such occasions the\n multitude of ministers stir no finger, preach no sermon, sign no\n petition, sound no note that the government, willing enough to know\n the temper of a nation, can interpret as hostile to their\n project.... The appalling truth has to be faced: that the church,\n contrary to every expectation that might be formed from her\n principles and the character of the Being she worships, is always,\n as a whole, for the war of the day. It is true that when peace is\n the popular cry, the preachers are also for peace. If there is a\n peace crusade on hand which excites the shallow enthusiasms of the\n fashionables, the preachers will also catch the excitements of the\n hour; but when the white banner yields to the red, the pastors beat\n the drums for the fighters as furiously as they had previously\n denounced the savagery of armed conflict.... Organized Christianity\n divests herself of her robe of righteousness and her garments of\n meek humility to clothe herself in khaki.... A thousand pulpits are\n manned by Bible bullies who cite every obsolete and bloody precedent\n of the wars of the Jews and show themselves destitute of the\n elementary humanities and of the faculties necessary to discriminate\n between Judaism two thousand years before Christ and Christianity\n two thousand years after him.... What can mankind do with a church\n that peels itself like a pugilist and reveals the murdering pagan\n instead of the martyred Christian; which for carnal reasons cancels\n the Sermon [on the Mount], contradicts the Beatitudes, flatly denies\n the gospel, repudiates every specific Christly ideal, and unseats\n Jesus in order to elevate Mars to the throne of conscience?... At\n frequent intervals the cross with its suffering victim recedes and\n out of the blood-red mist emerges the foul idol of war erect on his\n crimson chariot.... The sanctification of revenge is, indeed, the\n vilest function performed by a war-poisoned, blood-stained\n church.... It is thus that the masses are kept from seeing the\n degenerate nature of the thing.... Their pastors lead them into the\n blood-red fields of Jahveh when the politicians give the word, and\n into the green pastures of the Nazarene only when there is no\n national scheme of murder and robbery afoot.... The churches as they\n are today can not prevent war. Their palsied lips can not echo,\n however feebly, the words of the master, \u2018Put up again thy sword\n into its place!\u2019 There is not spiritual power left in organized\n Christianity to insure the substitution of reason for brute\n force.... Alas! it has hitherto been impossible to get Christianity\n to obey Christ.\u201d[295]\n\nThat is the language of a brave Christian preacher. In connection with\nthe reverend Doctor Walsh\u2019s chastisement of the church in the morning of\nthe twentieth century it is interesting to read on the same subject the\nwords of a philosopher of the eighteenth century, Voltaire.[296]\n\n \u201cThis universal rage which devours the world.... The most wonderful\n part of this infernal enterprise [war] is, that each chief of\n murderers causes his colors to be blest, and solemnly invokes God\n before he goes to exterminate his neighbors.... A certain number of\n orators are everywhere paid to celebrate these murderous days....\n All of them speak for a long time, and quote that which was done of\n old in Palestine.... The rest of the year these people declaim\n against vices.... All the united vices of all ages and places will\n never equal the evils produced by a single campaign. Miserable\n physicians of souls! you exclaim for five quarters of an hour on\n some pricks of a pin, and say nothing on the malady which tears us\n into a thousand pieces.... Can there be anything more horrible\n throughout nature?\u201d\n\nAnd now let us get at this matter from the point of view of a political\neconomist, a really great economist, John A. Hobson\u2014who puts the case\nthus:[297]\n\n \u201cWhen has a Christian nation ever entered on a war which has not\n been regarded by the official priesthood as a sacred war? In England\n the State Church has never permitted the spirit of the Prince of\n Peace to interfere when statesmen and soldiers appealed to the\n passions of race-lust, conquest and revenge. Wars, the most insane\n in origin, the most barbarous in execution, the most fruitless in\n results have never failed to get the sanction of the Christian\n Churches.... _There is no record of the clergy of any Church having\n failed to bless a popular war, to find reasons for representing it\n as a crusade._\u201d\n\nThe following lines from a British philosopher, Frederic Harrison,[298]\nare to the point for the workingman\u2019s instruction:\n\n \u201cThe official priests of the old faiths accept without questioning\n the authorized judgment of the political government. They are\n engaged ... in calling upon their God of Battles (can it be, their\n God of Mercy?) to keep the British soldiers\u2014the invaders, the\n burners of villages, the hangmen of [native] priests\u2014in his good and\n holy keeping.... A system of slavery prepares the slave-holding\n caste for any inhumanity that may seem to defend it.... If it\n hardens our politicians, it degrades our churches. The thirst for\n rule, the greed of the market, and the saving of souls, all work\n together in accord. The Churches approve and bless whilst the\n warriors and the merchants are adding new provinces to empire; they\n have delivered the heathen to the secular arm.... Christianity in\n practice, as we know it now, for all the Sermon on the Mount, is the\n religion of aggression, domination, combat. It waits upon the\n pushing trader and the lawless conqueror; and with obsequious\n thanksgiving it blesses his enterprise.\u201d\n\nWho, indeed, shall deliver us from war?\n\nOur pastors?\n\nHardly.\n\nThe pastors\u2019 economic masters will not permit them to do so.\n\nTho\u2019 the machine guns mow down a million of the world\u2019s choicest working\nmen, pile up windrows of human carcasses and desolate the huts, flats,\nhovels and \u201chomes\u201d of the poor; tho\u2019 ten million pairs of calloused\nhands of agonizing working class women be stretched toward well-fed,\ncomfortable pastors, begging for a _united, effective declaration_\nagainst war; tho\u2019 these ten million humble working class mothers, their\neyes streaming with tears, on their knees beseech the \u201choly men of God\u201d\nto unitedly cry aloud against the accursed \u201cDeath\u2019s feast\u201d where their\ndear ones are devoured; tho\u2019 multitudes of little working class children\nin mute despair dread the roar of the belching cannon that slay their\nfathers and brothers; still the pastors (most of them) will \u201cstand by\nthe administration\u201d in any and all wars, as usual.\n\n\u201cThe administration,\u201d \u201cthe government,\u201d under capitalism, is simply the\n_executive committee of the capitalist class_.\n\nThe capitalist class are internationally struggling for the world\nmarket.\n\nIn these international struggles the capitalists need the support of\npublic opinion.\n\nPublic opinion can be created and controlled by the pastor.\n\nThe pastor must therefore be controlled by the capitalist.\n\nThe campaign begins\u2014to capture the market and the minister.\n\nThe soldier goes to war and the capitalist goes to church.\n\nThe soldier takes a gun, the capitalist takes gold.\n\nThe soldier slays.\n\nThe capitalist prays\u2014by proxy.\n\nBeing \u201cthe will of God\u201d it is, of course, \u201cmysterious.\u201d\n\nThe capitalist occupies the very best pew in the house of God\u2014and lays\nbeautiful bank-bills in the collection plate.\n\nThe minister is embarrassed\u2014and impressed.\n\nThe pastor and his master divide up.\n\nThe war? Isn\u2019t _war hell_?\n\nIt beats hell.\n\nBut it is \u201call for the best\u201d\u2014mysteriously.\n\nWith conscience \u201cseared as with a hot iron\u201d the preacher joins the\npolitician; and the precious pair unite their rented voices in patriotic\nmelody in support of the capitalist class.\n\nBrother,\u2014you of the working class,\u2014Jew, Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic,\nProtestant, peaceful Buddhist or peaceful Confucian, or what\nelse,\u2014wherever you are, whatever you are in religion, worshipping,\nsearching, groping through the universe for God, worship as you prefer,\nworship whom you prefer: I do not seek to break your church allegiance.\nBut, sir, to save your life, to save your own wife\u2019s tears, to defend\nyour own children, to protect your own working class, I do wish to have\nyou realize _distinctly_ that:\u2014\n\n_The working class must draw the bayonet from its own breast._ So far as\n_war_ is concerned the working class must band together and stand\ntogether against war. The working class must themselves protect the\nworking class against the industrial system through which they are\n_robbed and betrayed_.\n\nThe workers of the world need a political party of their own class\u2014and\nas wide as the world, International, and committed to _justice and\ntherefore to peace._\n\nListen to the confession of the editor of a very powerful capitalist\nnewspaper:\n\n \u201cIt is significant that the Socialists of different races, and\n speaking different tongues, strangers in blood and customs, in\n Germany, France, Great Britain, Austria, and Italy, constitute the\n _one great peace party of the world_.\u201d[299]\n\nListen again\u2014to the best-known and the best loved Christian woman in the\nUnited States, Miss Jane Addams, of Hull House, Chicago:[300]\n\n \u201cThe Socialists are making almost the sole attempt to preach a\n morality _sufficiently all-embracing and international_ to keep pace\n with even the material internationalism which has standardized\n [even] the threads of screws and the size of bolts, so that machines\n become interchangeable from one country to another.... Existing\n commerce has long ago reached its international stage, but it has\n been the result of business aggression and constantly appeals for\n military defense and for the forcing of new markets.\u201d\n\nYou, you who are to be tricked and shot at the factory door and on the\nbattlefield, go to your public library and get _Christianity and the\nSocial Order_, and read there the words of a preacher great enough for\nthe City Temple of London, great enough to be the worthy successor of\nthe world-known Joseph Parker, read the Reverend Dr. R. J. Campbell\u2019s\nsplendid tribute to the Socialist Party as the only political party in\nthe world today scorning the belittling jealousies of capitalist\nstatesmen and working effectively for international brotherhood.\n\nReader, you working class reader, a special word here:\n\nPerhaps your working class neighbor\u2019s son is at this moment falling into\na patriotic trance, gullibly planning to join the local militia or the\nstanding army or the navy, meditating on butcheries. Go to him. With a\nfirm grasp on his mind (if he has one) wake him, rouse him, from that\nrace-cursing dream, rouse him from the spell that for thousands of years\nhas damned his class. Be kind. Be patient. But\u2014wake him. Wake him for\nthe _world_ movement for the _working_ class. _Wake him for the war_\u2014the\nwar without a sword, the war without a cannon; the war with a printing\npress, the war with a book. _Teach him that salvation is through\ninformation._ Teach him that the \u201ctruth will make him free.\u201d In his\nbrain kindle a fire, a divine unrest, a desire that can not die, the\ndesire for peace born of justice.\n\nOtherwise, beware lest your neighbor\u2019s son be wheedled at any moment\ninto the militia or the standing army or the navy\u2014_ready_ to be\nconsecrated, sanctified, blessed,\u2014for wholesale assassination, _ready_\nas a militiaman, as a Cossack, as a soldier, to stain his consecrated\nsword with the blood of his neighbors and brutally\u2014patriotically\u2014laugh\nat the tears of women and children.\n\nRead to your neighbor the next Chapter: \u201cNow, What Shall We Do About\nIt?\u201d\n\n-----\n\nFootnote 285:\n\n See Chapter Four, Section Two, \u201cThe Cost of War in Cash.\u201d\n\nFootnote 286:\n\n \u201cDocuments of the American Association for International\n Conciliation,\u201d 1907\u201308.\n\nFootnote 287:\n\n See Chapter Eight, Section 13 and 14.\n\nFootnote 288:\n\n It is mildly encouraging to reflect that very heavy and very general\n international investments in national and industrial bonds would have\n at least some tendency to dampen the bond-buying capitalists\u2019\n enthusiasm for war; because, in some cases, a disastrous war might\n result in the repudiation of bonds and, in most cases, might easily\n result in a great temporary reduction of dividends from industrial\n investments. Another thing to be noted here is that sometimes the\n investors in the bonds of an unstable nation about to go to war, may\n regret the threatening war and urge against it and even decline to buy\n war bonds, _before the war is declared_, in order to protect their\n investments already made. But after the war is once entered upon these\n same regretful investors feel almost compelled to purchase the new\n issue of war-bonds in order to make victory more certain for the\n nation whose bonds they already hold, and thus protect the market\n value of their original investments. French investors in Russian bonds\n and enterprises to the extent of more than a billion dollars found\n themselves in this predicament in the case of the recent\n Russian-Japanese war. See Index: \u201cBankruptcy, Danger of.\u201d\n\nFootnote 289:\n\n See Chapter Seven, Section 17.\n\nFootnote 290:\n\n Swinburne: \u201cA Word for the Country.\u201d\n\nFootnote 291:\n\n See Index: \u201cThe Hague Peace Conference.\u201d\n\nFootnote 292:\n\n See Chapter Four, Section One.\n\nFootnote 293:\n\n See Index: \u201cAnother War.\u201d\n\nFootnote 294:\n\n Published by Ginn and Company, New York.\n\nFootnote 295:\n\n Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 296:\n\n _Voltaire\u2019s Philosophical Dictionary._\n\nFootnote 297:\n\n _The Psychology of Jingoism_, pp. 41, 133.\n\nFootnote 298:\n\n _National and Social Problems_, pp. 252\u201353.\n\nFootnote 299:\n\n The New York _World_, editorial, August 15, 1907. Italics mine. G. R.\n K.\n\nFootnote 300:\n\n _Newer Ideals of Peace_, pp. 114\u201315. Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\n\n\n\n CHAPTER TEN.\n Now What Shall We Do About It?\n\n\n \u201cNo people will toil and sweat to keep a class in idleness unless\n _cajoled_ or _compelled_ to do so.... There are various devices by\n means of which a body of persons may sink their fangs into their\n fellows and subsist upon them. Slavery ... is the primary form of\n the parasitic relation. By modifying this into serfdom the parasitic\n class, without the least abating its power of securing its\n nourishment from others, places itself in a position more convenient\n to it and less irritating to the exploited.... Finally, the\n institution of property is so shaped as to permit a slanting\n exploitation under which a class is able to live in idleness. The\n parasitic class is always a ruling class, and utilizes as many as it\n can of the means of control.\u201d\u2014Professor Edward A. Ross, Department\n of Sociology, University of Wisconsin.[301]\n\n \u201cThe various institutions, political, ecclesiastical, professional,\n industrial, etc., including the government, are devices, means,\n gradually brought into existence, to serve interests that develop\n within the State.\u201d\u2014Professor Albion W. Small, Head of Department of\n Sociology, University of Chicago.[302]\n\n \u201cThe non-industrial or _parasitic_ classes are often the most\n active.... They are wonderfully successful in _creating the belief_\n that they are the most important of all the social elements.\u201d\u2014Dr.\n Lester F. Ward, Department of Sociology, Brown University.[303]\n\nThe preceding chapters have, it is hoped, been of some assistance to the\nreader in realizing in what unqualified contempt the working class are\nheld in our boasted civilized society,\u2014how utterly the working class are\ntricked and betrayed, brutalized and bled, degraded and despised,\nrobbed, starved and stung,\u2014their flesh torn, their blood spilt, their\nbodies tossed to the buzzards and grave-worms, and even the widows and\norphans insulted with thirty dirty pieces of silver in payment for the\nlife and love and joy lost in war. Having tried to make this, and more,\nclear, now let me explain \u201cwhat to do about it.\u201d\n\nWhat, indeed, shall the working class do to rid themselves of the curse\ncalled war?\n\nWe can do nothing, absolutely nothing, with sweeping effectiveness, till\nwe understand the industrial structure and purpose of the present order\nof society, and, as a class, also understand the art of\nself-defense\u2014political and industrial class-defense.\n\nRepeatedly in preceding chapters I have written of two classes.\n\nAre there indeed two classes?\n\n_Get distinctly in mind the three following propositions stating the\nthree largest facts of all concerning the present order of society_:\n\n=First Proposition=: In the present capitalist form society is divided\ninto two classes, two industrial classes: the capitalist class and the\nworking class.\n\n=Second Proposition=: Industrially, society is organized and managed for\nthe _special_ benefit of _part_ of society\u2014for one class, the capitalist\nclass.\n\n=Third Proposition=: Each of these two classes has industrial interests\n_as a class_; these class interests conflict; and there is, therefore,\nas a part of and because of the _class_ form of society, a constant\nclass conflict, a _class struggle_.\n\nLet me try to make these three propositions clear. Please note carefully\nthe exact wording of the propositions to be explained.\n\nThe explanation,\u2014first proposition:\n\nOf course you wish to live and be comfortable. To live and be\ncomfortable you must consume useful things. But before you can consume\nuseful things they must be produced. And since this is true of all the\nmembers of society it is readily seen that the first task of society,\nthe primary social function, is production.\n\n_Production, industry, is the foundation of society._\n\nNow, in performing this industrial work, in doing this first thing, we\nuse raw materials, mines, forests, fields, mills, factories, tools,\nmachinery, railways, etc., etc.; and these things are called the MEANS\nOF PRODUCTION. We make use of these things, these means of production,\nin _applying our labor-power_\u2014that is, in producing the things society\nwishes to consume.\n\nBut:\u2014\n\nOne class privately own the coal mines and iron mines and buy\nlabor-power;\n\nThe other class work in the coal mines and iron mines and sell\nlabor-power.\n\nOne class privately own lumber forests and marble quarries, and buy\nlabor-power;\n\nThe other class work in the lumber forests and marble quarries, and sell\nlabor-power.\n\nOne class privately own cotton mills, steel mills, and flour mills,\netc., and buy labor-power.\n\nThe other class work in cotton mills, steel mills, and flour mills,\netc., and sell labor-power.\n\nOne class privately own railroads and buy labor-power;\n\nThe other class work on railroads and sell labor-power.\n\nOr, to say it briefly,\n\nOne class, the _capitalist_ class, privately OWN the chief material\nmeans of production\u2014and BUY labor-power.\n\nThe other class, the _working_ class, USE the chief material means of\nproduction\u2014and SELL labor power.\n\nSurely you can see that there are two _industrial classes_.\n\n There are, under capitalism, not only two industrial classes, but\n also two social classes. Industrial classes become social classes.\n\n Johan Kaspar Bluntschli, one of Germany\u2019s most eminent writers on\n political science, has this to say:\n\n \u201cClasses have very often been founded on the basis of property. In\n these constitutions ... property becomes the determining political\n force, and citizens are valued by amount of their income.... The\n Proletariate ... consists mainly of the waste of other classes, of\n those fractions of the population who, by their isolation and their\n poverty, have no place in the established order of society.\u201d [That\n is, they are in no _commanding relation_ to the industrially vital\n property.][304]\n\n \u201cConversely, social rank depends on economic conditions; the state\n is made ... conservative ... by the economic interests at its\n foundation....\n\n \u201cPerhaps its [property\u2019s] most important social effect has come to\n be the fact that the possession of property is so generally the\n basis of social differentiation. In earlier times, physical force,\n later, institutions of caste, were the basis of differentiation in\n society; wealth is the most universally recognized source of power,\n so that social rank is often determined by the possession of\n wealth.\u201d\u2014Professor Fairbanks, Yale University.[305]\n\nAnd now the _second_ proposition: Are these industries and the other\nindustries really operated for the _special benefit_ of _part_ of\nsociety? The answer is clear in the following illustration:\n\nIf the profits on all these industries should, during the next twelve\nmonths, _rise two billion dollars higher than usual_, would the _wages_\nof the workers engaged in these industries be _increased_ in _that\nproportion_? Most certainly they would not. You know very well they\nwould not. But why not? Simply because these industries, like all other\nindustries, are, under capitalism, operated for the special benefit of\nthose, the capitalist class, who privately own these industries and buy\nlabor-power, and, by this arrangement, live on profits,\u2014on surplus\nvalue.[306]\n\nAnd, finally, the third proposition: Do the industrial interests of\nthese two industrial classes fundamentally _conflict_? Perhaps the\nanswer will be clear in the following homely illustration:\n\nIf you are selling a horse, you wish to sell him for\u2014say $300. But the\nbuyer of the horse wishes to buy the horse for, say, $150.\n\nClearly there is a conflict of interests between the buyer of the\n_horse_ and the seller of the _horse_.\n\nA wage-earner selling labor-power wishes to sell, say, eight hours\nlabor-power for $6.\n\nThe capitalist employer buying labor-power wishes to buy, say, nine\nhours labor-power for $2.50\u2014in order to get the surplus value\u2014that\nfascinating _surplus_.\n\nThus there is a fundamental conflict between the industrial interests of\nthis buyer of labor power and the industrial interests of this seller of\nlabor-power.\n\nAnd it is just so with the two industrial classes.\n\nThere is a fundamental conflict of industrial interests between the\nemployer class buying labor-power and the working class selling\nlabor-power.\n\nBetween these two industrial classes there is a struggle, a class\nstruggle\u2014to defend their conflicting industrial interests.\n\nThis class struggle takes on many different forms\u2014but it is _always_ the\nsame thing down at the bottom\u2014a class struggle _in industry_.\n\n * * * * *\n\nThe three propositions explained above are most important. A clear\nunderstanding of these three propositions always\u2014always\u2014revolutionizes\nthe _political_ thinking of the working class man, or woman, who has\nnot, before, understood them. These three truths destroy old political\nprejudices and customs, cut the reins by which the political tricksters\nmisguide the workers, clear the air of \u201chot air,\u201d reveal the blind\nalleys of old party politics, point the road to power and freedom for\nthe working class, and make a rock-bottom foundation for a working class\npolitical philosophy and policy and tactics.\n\n_The capitalist class (who rule and ruin the toilers) regard these three\ntruths as more dangerous than any other, or all other, teachings that\never reach the working class mind._ It is to the capitalists\u2019 interest\nthat the workers should not learn these three truths. But it is to the\ninterest of the working class that the working class should learn these\nthree truths.\n\nWith these three primary facts of present society clearly in mind let us\nproceed.\n\nIn addition to their powerful position as capitalist OWNERS OF THE MEANS\nOF PRODUCTION, the capitalist class have three _special advantages_ over\nthe working class in this class struggle:\n\n\n(=1=) The capitalist class are more _class conscious_ than the working\nclass are\u2014at present. That is, the capitalists more _distinctly realize_\nthat, as capitalists, they _constitute a class_\u2014with _class interests_\nto defend.\n\n\n(=2=) The capitalists, because they are more class conscious, are,\nnaturally, more _class loyal_ than the working class are\u2014at present. In\nobedience to the _biological law of self-preservation_, a _class_, as\nwell as an individual, will defend themselves, as a class\u2014that is, will\nbe class loyal\u2014in proportion as they are class conscious, or in\nproportion as they are aware of and understand the interests of their\nclass. Tho\u2019 the capitalists understand that they are a class with class\ninterests, they are always cooing softly to all workers who are ignorant\nenough to listen, cooing sweetly about \u201cno classes,\u201d \u201call in the same\nboat,\u201d \u201charmony of interests,\u201d \u201cCapital and Labor are brothers,\u201d etc.\n\n\n(=3=) The capitalists _study_ tactics of class warfare\u2014tactics of\nindustrial struggle, far more than the working class do\u2014at present.\nBeing more class conscious and therefore more class loyal and\nconsequently more eager, as a class, for self-defense, the capitalist\nclass naturally study more patiently the ways and means for their own\nclass defense. And _because they do study more they really know more_\u2014at\npresent\u2014about politics, about the game called the class struggle, about\nthe art of self-defense, _class defense in industry_.[307]\n\n In all the modern forms of this unhappy class struggle, one phase of\nwhich is called war, the capitalist class are awake and watchful, united\nand victorious\u2014seated in the saddle of power at the head of the\nprocession; and the working class are drowsy and confused, divided and\ndefeated\u2014limping afoot and ridiculous at the tail end of the grand march\nof the world\u2019s affairs.\n\nAll great military leaders in all wars\u2014in all struggles\u2014in all time have\nalways used the two following tactics:\n\nFIRST: Divide the enemy, if possible, and have them crush one another;\nor,\n\nSECOND: If circumstances hinder the first tactics, then divide the enemy\nand crush them one part at a time.\n\nAnd the captains of industry, the capitalists, right now employ these\ntactics with success. They themselves band together, but they divide and\nrule the working class. More class conscious, more class loyal and more\nstudious of the ways and means of struggle than the working class are,\nthe capitalist class proceed as follows:\n\n=(A) On the Economic Field= the capitalists divide the working class and\nhave them fight one another; and thus the capitalist class are easily\nable to defeat and fleece the workers all the time, everywhere. The\nworkers, having no part in the ownership of the means of production and\nbeing thus divorced from a commanding relation to the economic\nfoundations of society, craftily fooled with false teaching of\n\u201ccapital-and-labor-harmony-of-interests,\u201d sore and humble with\ndisappointment, whipped with the lash of hunger, stung to desperation,\nconfused and traduced by bribed pets, spies and traitors,\u2014the workers\nangrily, blindly, split up into jealous groups, shamefully turn against\none another, fight one another, under-bid one another, \u201cscab\u201d on one\nanother, desert one another,\u2014defeat one another. Moreover one part of\nthe working class is flattered and cheaply bribed into volunteering to\norganize and arm themselves and proudly stand guard over their brothers\nand against their brothers; and thus the workers spy and inform on one\nanother, arrest one another, jail one another, \u201cbull pen\u201d one another,\nbayonet one another and shoot one another\u2014under the capitalist\nsystem\u2014the present class-labor system.\n\nThe working class, of course, are thus easily defeated and robbed\nindustrially.\n\nThe busy human bees sting themselves\u2014and lose the honey of their own\nindustry.\n\nAnd all this is entirely satisfactory to the industrial masters\u2014great\nand small. (See page 175, [5].)\n\nThe rulers rule.\n\n=(B) On the Political Field= the capitalist class divide the working\nclass into two or more groups and have them politically antagonize\nthemselves, have all the workers all the time politically sting and\ndefeat one another\u2014that is,\u2014have them cancel the political _class_-power\nof the working class.\n\nOne part of the working class vote one capitalist class party ticket,\nanother part of the working class vote another capitalist class party\nticket, another another, and so on. Thus millions of the confused\nworking class politically defeat the working class and politically\nsupport their industrial masters by politically supporting _political\nparties_ (variously and craftily labeled) _which unanimously stand for\nthe capitalist system_.\n\nThus the confused working class are easily defeated _politically_\u2014which\nmakes it far easier to rob them _industrially_.\n\nBy electing to political power _any_ political party standing for _any_\nform of the capitalist _class_-labor system the working class give the\n_capitalist class complete control_ not only of all the political\ninstitutions, but also of all other institutions useable by a class in\nself-defense; because _the control of political institutions carries\nwith it the legal right to control all other institutions_. In this\npolitical confusion, division and eclipse, the working class are as\nhelpless as sheep, and, like sheep, are shorn by their political and\nindustrial shepherds.\n\nAnd this also is entirely satisfactory to the masters of industry\u2014both\ngreat and small.\n\nThe rulers rule.\n\nWe must learn this: Everywhere, always and under all circumstances the\nworking class must _stand together_ in the use of _all_ forms of power\nwe have in defense of our _class_.\n\nHaving distinctly in mind, then, these important preliminaries,\u2014and\nespecially the fact that whatever we do in self-defense we must do _as a\nclass banded together_, let us consider still further the source\u2014the\nfountain-head\u2014of the trouble called the class struggle, one form of\nwhich is commonly called war.\n\n_Society has many functions to perform. In order to perform these\nfunctions society must be organized._\n\n_Always, it is most important to note, society is organized primarily\nwith respect to the function of wealth production, because the\nproduction of things to live on comes before every other social\nfunction._\n\n_For the performance of this function of wealth production society,\ndeveloped beyond tribal communism, can be organized in two ways and only\ntwo ways_:\n\n=First Possible Form of Social Organization=: On the =Plan of\nMutualism=\u2014under which the INDUSTRIAL FOUNDATIONS of society are PUBLIC\nPROPERTY.\n\nSociety can be organized for the performance of this great industrial\nfunction of production on the plan of mutualism\u2014_all_ of the people\nhaving Joint-ownership and joint-control of the _chief material means of\nproduction_, all of the people of proper age and condition of health\nperforming useful, necessary social service,\u2014there being no industrial\nmaster class and no industrial dependent class,\u2014the industrial\nindependence of all the members of society being due to the fact that\neach is an owner, a joint owner, of the chief material means of\nproduction. Every one is thus _commandingly related_ to the absolutely\nnecessary _means of life_. With equality in ownership and equality in\ncontrol of _the things used in getting a living_ the people become\n_equals in opportunity_ to get a living,\u2014that is, industrially free. The\ndominant institution would be the institution of public property in the\ndominant means used in performing the dominant social function. This\nwould render impossible the domination of society by a _group_ or\n_class_ within society\u2014ALL the members of society _would have their feet\nfirmly planted upon the foundations of life_, the means of life, the\nmeans of production; and _could not be crowded off the foundations_ and\nrobbed by private owners of these foundations.\n\nThis form of society may properly be called an industrial democracy.\n\nThe _purpose_ of this form of society is the _welfare of all_ the\nmembers of society.\n\nUnder this form of society there would be no industrial classes; and\ntherefore, class robbery would _not_ be and could _not_ be organized,\nlegalized and easy.\n\n=Second Possible Form of Social Organization=: On the =Plan of\nAntagonism=\u2014that is, with a _Class_-Labor System\u2014under which the\nINDUSTRIAL FOUNDATIONS of society are PRIVATE PROPERTY,\u2014privately owned\nby one class and productively used by the other class.\n\nSociety can, indeed, be organized for the performance of this great\nindustrial function of production on the plan of a class-labor\nsystem\u2014one part of society being in the strategic position of industrial\nmasters, a ruling class, their mastery being due to the fact that they\nown as private property the _chief material means of production_;\u2014the\nother part of society being in the helpless position of industrial\ndependents, a working class,\u2014their industrial dependence being due to\nthe fact that they have no effective share in the ownership and control\nof the chief material means of production.\n\nThis form of society we may properly call an industrial despotism.\n\nThe _purpose_ of this form of society is the _special welfare of part_\nof the members of society.\n\nUnder this class-labor form of society, class robbery is _organized,\nlegalized, and easy_.\n\nThe _foundation institution of all despotism_ is the institution of\nprivate property in the economic foundations of society\u2014that is, in the\nmeans of production. This is the rock-bottom of organized, legalized and\neasy robbery of the workers by the shirkers.\n\nHistorically society has been organized in a class-labor form in three\ndifferent ways,\u2014as follows:\n\n\n(=1=) CHATTEL SLAVERY, instituted thousands of years ago, was a\n_class_-labor system,\u2014an organized, legalized opportunity for wholesale\nclass robbery; and under that form of class-labor system, with class\nrobbery legally _arranged_ for, class robbery was, of course,\nrespectable, profitable and easy\u2014and therefore inevitable.\n\nPeace was impossible.\n\nThe _purpose_ of this form of society was _unsocial_.\n\nUnder this form of society the masters were in legal possession of the\nmeans of production and also of the forts, courts, and legislatures\n(such as existed); and were thus _in perfect position_ to defend and\nextend their industrial robbery.\n\nThe chattel slave owners were thus parasites, aggressive social\nparasites.\n\nThat is admitted.[308]\n\n\n(=2=) SERFDOM, common in Europe only a hundred years ago, was also a\nclass-labor system\u2014an organized, legalized opportunity for wholesale\nclass robbery; and under that form of class-labor system, with class\nrobbery legally arranged for, class robbery was, of course respectable,\nprofitable and easy\u2014and therefore inevitable.\n\nPeace was impossible.\n\nThe _purpose_ of this form of society was _unsocial_.\n\nUnder this form the masters were still in legal possession of the means\nof production and also of the forts, courts and legislatures, and were\nthus _in perfect position_ to defend and extend their industrial\nrobbery.\n\nThe landlords-and-masters of the ancient serfs were thus also parasites,\naggressive social parasites.\n\nThat is admitted.\n\n\n(=3=) CAPITALISM, the present system, is also a class-labor system, an\norganized, legalized opportunity for wholesale class robbery; and under\nthis form of class-labor system, with class robbery legally arranged\nfor, class robbery is, today, of course, altogether respectable,\nabundantly profitable and temptingly easy\u2014and therefore, naturally,\ninevitable.\n\nThe purpose of the present capitalist form of society is the special\nwelfare of only a part of society, the capitalist class, and is,\ntherefore, an unsocial purpose.\n\nPeace is impossible\u2014while capitalism lasts.\n\nUnder this form of society the masters, the capitalist class, are in\npossession of the means of production; that is, in legal possession of\nthe industrial foundations of society, and also in legal control of the\narsenals, cannon, soldiers, forts, courts and legislatures, and are thus\n_in perfect position_ to defend and extend their industrial robbery.\n\nThe capitalists (_so far as they receive social incomes without\nrendering equivalent social service_) are thus parasites, aggressive\nsocial parasites. (See footnote, pages 298\u201399.)\n\nThat is admitted. That is admitted, explained and condemned even by the\nPresident of the American Sociological Society, Dr. Lester F. Ward,\nProfessor of Sociology in Brown University.[309]\n\n_This parasitism of capitalism is easily seen in this way_:\n\n_Wealth equivalent to three hundred and sixty-nine tons of gold\n($200,000,000) was given by inheritance to William H. Vanderbilt\u2019s eight\nchildren._[310]\n\n_If the daughter of John D. Rockefeller, senior, should by inheritance\nreceive one-half of the present six-hundred-million-dollar fortune, she\nwould receive, without rendering any service whatever, wealth equivalent\nto five hundred and fifty-three tons of gold._\n\nBillions of dollars\u2019 worth of mines, railways, factories, forests and\nother means of production, will, _by inheritance, without\nfunction_,\u2014that is, without service\u2014legally fall into the hands of the\nchildren of the present capitalist class, whether those children are\nintelligent, virtuous and industrious, or stupid, vicious and lazy. And\nthus, like the children of kings and nobles, they will be _in position\nto win the race of life without running_, in position to _prey upon\nothers_ in the struggle for existence, in legal position to procure\n_substance without service_.\n\nThis whole vast scheme of robbery\u2014social parasitism\u2014is \u201ccorrect\u201d and\n\u201cproper,\u201d\u2014that is, the process is ELABORATELY LEGALIZED.\n\n_Parasitism is robbery._\n\n_Parasitism does not cease to be parasitism, nor does robbery cease to\nbe robbery, when, like chattel slavery, it shrewdly gets itself\norganized, baptized and legalized as an \u201ceminently respectable\u201d and\nprofitable righteous institution for committing perpetual grand\nlarceny._[311]\n\nThus at present, as in the past under slavery, as in the past under\nserfdom, the ruling class, as intelligent parasites, prepare for class\naggression, prepare for class robbery. They as a class create and secure\ntheir opportunity for legally robbing the producing class by arranging\nto _control the industrial structure_ of society and thus control the\n_performance_ of the _industrial function_\u2014that is, the fundamental\nfunction, the _first_ function, of society.\n\nThe ruled and robbed working class must get it in mind distinctly and\nunforgettably that the foundation of all class-labor forms of society,\nthat which gives to _part_ of society the _control of society_, the\nfoundation upon which industrial parasitism rests, the substructure of\nall despotism\u2014is the _institution of private_ property in the _chief\nmaterial means of production_. This institution SPLITS SOCIETY INTO TWO\nCLASSES, namely, the producers and the parasites. Political parties do\nnot create classes. Political parties are a _consequence_ of industrial\nclasses and are intended to _defend_ industrial classes. Sometimes, to\nmake sure of victory, the capitalist class have several political\nparties in the field\u2014under shrewdly _confusing names_.\n\nA class-labor system, any class-labor system, all class-labor\nsystems\u2014_provide, by means of institutions_, the LEGAL conditions and\nopportunities at the industrial foundations of society for part of\nsociety, a class, to act directly or indirectly as parasites; and it is\n_entirely natural_ that that part of society, in pursuing their own\ninterests, should use their opportunity to act like parasites. And it is\n_entirely natural_ also that there should be resistance by the\nproducers, and therefore class struggle, class war. Indeed all\nclass-labor forms of society are industrially so _brutally unjust and\ntherefore so irritating_ that the _largest_ fact in such societies is an\neternal, internal, infernal conflict of industrial class interests\u2014an\nendless civil war in industry, a class war, a class struggle, _around\nand around the industrial foundations of society._ (See pages 167\u201370.)\n\n_Antagonism_ is thus in the _Structure_ of _class_-form society.\n\nThis helps to an understanding of past and present conflicts.\n\nIt becomes evident that the source of war is to be found at the\nindustrial foundations of society.\n\nWar\u2014war broadly considered\u2014the class struggle, throughout the history of\ncivilized society is no more and no less than the natural aggressive\nrobbery by a part of society provided with an opportunity to rob and the\nnatural resistance of the class that is robbed.\n\nWAR, THE WAR, IS AGGRESSION AND RESISTANCE\u2014ROBBERY AND\nRESISTANCE\u2014PLUNDER AND PROTEST:\u2014\n\n(1) The aggressive industrial robbery by one class, and\n\n(2) The resistance to industrial robbery by the other class.\n\nNot only in the history of civilized peoples everywhere for thousands of\nyears, but also in our own present-day capitalist society everywhere, we\nsee this natural aggression and natural resistance.\n\nThe result today\u2014as in the past\u2014is struggle, war, class war\u2014between the\nparasites and the producers.\n\n_The_ war is the _class_ war.\n\nModern \u201cforeign\u201d wars are simply contests between different groups of\ncapitalists (the workers of course doing the fighting and bleeding) _to\nextend the area of opportunity for industrial class robbery_, and are\nthus simply _phases_ and _extensions_ of the class war.\n\nWar, then, begins with aggression, continues with aggression; and is at\npresent extended by aggressive foreign wars of industrial or commercial\nconquest.\n\n_To summarize._\n\n(_a_) _War, conflict, class aggression and class resistance, are\ninherent in all class-labor forms of society._\n\n(_b_) _Capitalism is a class-labor form of society._\n\n(_c_) _Therefore, under capitalism there will be, there must be as long\nas capitalism lasts\u2014class aggression and class resistance, class\nconflict\u2014class war._\n\nTHE CONCLUSION CANNOT BE DODGED: PEACE IS IMPOSSIBLE\u2014UNDER CAPITALISM.\n\nA million sermons and a million peace talk-fests cannot heal the\nsmarting wounds in the robbed toiler\u2019s breast; cannot pull the fangs of\nthe capitalists from the flesh of the toilers, _as long as capitalism\nlasts_. Organized eloquence can not stop a cannon ball or persuade the\nrulers to resign.\n\nUnder capitalism, as under slavery and serfdom, the employers are in a\nposition _down at the industrial foundations of society_ to legally\nfilch their livings from the working class\u2014thus:\u2014the capitalists\nprivately own and privately control the means of production\u2014the things\nthe workers must use in getting a living. Like leeches the capitalist\nclass are thus fastened to the very foundations of society. Here at the\nindustrial foundations of society the industrial blood of society,\nwealth, is produced. And here are the leeches; and here they are in\nabsolute control of the industrial blood of society. And it is natural,\nentirely natural, that here, in such position with such opportunity,\nthey should, like leeches, suck this industrial blood, that is, behave\nlike parasites.\n\nThe capitalists\u2014with society arranged in this manner\u2014are indeed in\nposition to rob the world wholesale, in position to hold up all the\nweary producers on all the earth.\n\nThis organized, legalized hold-up and the resistance to this\nhold-up\u2014this is war, _the_ war.\n\nThe policeman, the militiaman, the cossack and the soldier are all\nalways ready to rush upon the world\u2019s stage to serve.\n\nTo serve whom?\n\nIn all the conflicts due to class-labor forms of society, the ruling\nclass, as already indicated, have always a heavy social fist, a social\nweapon\u2014an _armed guard_, such as militia, heavy police forces, and\nstanding armies to extend the robbery and to protect the industrial\nruling class in their unjust, unsocial position of legalized robbers of\nthe working class. All talk, all hope, all prayer, for peace and quiet\nand harmony are idle as long as society is unjustly organized\u2014that is,\nunsocially organized, down at its very foundations, one part of society\nbeing in the position of industrial masters, the other part of society\nbeing in the position of industrial dependents. The _yawning chasm_ in\nsociety thus created between the two warring classes\u2014_can never be\nbridged with wishes, hopes and prayers, nor by peace conferences\ndominated by profit-stuffed masters and their well-fed intellectual\nserfs who dare not admit the fundamental cause of war_.[312]\n\nTHUS IT BECOMES CLEAR WHAT THE FUTURE HAS FOR THE WORKING CLASS\u2014WHILE\nCAPITALISM LASTS:\n\nIn spite of all the sincere and insincere hopes and prayers for peace\nthere will always be, under capitalism, legalized wholesale plundering\nof the workers by the capitalist employers\u2014a form of aggressive social\nparasitism by the employers and _vigorous resistance by the workers in\nproportion to their realization of the robbery_;\u2014and consequently there\nwill be wage struggles, wage reductions, compulsory under-consumption,\n\u201cover-production,\u201d unemployment, bread lines, soup kitchens, rent riots,\nevictions, \u201cdemand-work\u201d marches, strikes, picketing, \u201cscabbing,\u201d\nboycotting, lockouts, injunctions, \u201cbull-pens,\u201d blacklisting, interstate\nkidnapping; and also anti-picket thugs,\u2014policemen, Pinkertons, deputy\nsheriffs, constabulary, cossacks, militiamen and the \u201cregulars\u201d shooting\ndown underpaid, underfed workers; everywhere the belittled lives and the\nspilt blood of the working class.[313]\n\nAnd there will be increasing opposition to free assemblage, opposition\nto free speech, opposition to free press\u2014in order to silence discussion\nand stop the spread of knowledge of what is fundamentally wrong.\n\nAlso there will continue to be, from time to time, naturally, under\ncapitalism, wars of conquest to widen the field of exploitation\u2014to\nenlarge the opportunity for aggressive social parasitism,\u2014wars to open\nup foreign markets, wars to protect foreign markets for products which\nthe producers\u2019 wages will not permit them to consume and the employers\nare not able to consume;\u2014and everywhere the world will be stormy with\nthe stirring trumpet call, \u201cTo arms! To arms!\u201d\u2014stormy with the crafty\nand confusing cry, \u201cTo the front! To the front! The flag!\u201d\u2014stormy with\nthe shrilling fife, the roll of drums, the rattle of musketry, the flash\nof swords, the booming roar of cannon, burning cities, sinking warships\nand the thundering tread of galloping cavalry horses,\u2014the class struggle\nin a thousand visible bitter forms,\u2014and everywhere windrows and\nditchfuls of dead men, dead working men, everywhere the torn flesh, the\nslit veins, the streaming blood and tears of the working class: hell\neverywhere except in the homes of our \u201cvery _best_ people\u201d who in times\nof trouble as in times of peace are always calmly feeding (like leeches\never feeding) on the surplus legally filched from the working class.\n\nThus capitalist society is everywhere cursed with a festering social\nsore, an unhealable sore, poisoning, withering the best things in\nsociety, blasting the finer forms and feelings of brotherhood and peace.\nEverywhere the lives of the toilers are vulgarized and brutalized and\nwasted. And all these things will always be natural and unescapable\nfacts and parts of any class-labor form of society, an unsocially\norganized society, with injustice organized, legalized and easy, down\ndeep in the industrial foundations of society,\u2014ever an endless civil war\nin industry between the two, the only two, industrial classes.\n\nNow what shall we do about it?\n\nIt is as plain as \u201ca, b, c.\u201d\n\nWar and all the forms of the class struggle are excessive social\ninflammation.[314]\n\n * * * * *\n\n(a) Injustice violently inflames society.\n\n(b) Social parasitism is monstrously unjust.\n\n(c) Social parasitism therefore inflames society\u2014and should be\ndestroyed.\n\n * * * * *\n\n(a) Any form of society that produces and protects a class of social\nparasites will always inflame society, and should therefore be\ndestroyed.\n\n(b) Capitalism produces and protects a class of social parasites, and\nthus inflames society.\n\n(c) Capitalism must therefore be destroyed.\n\n * * * * *\n\nJustice soothes society.\n\nSociety must be organized with justice _in its structure_.\n\nWe must search for justice\u2014for a new _social structure_.\n\nWe must construct a form of society that will \u201cmake it easier to do\nright and more difficult to do wrong.\u201d[315]\n\nShall we be non-resistant?\n\nNo, emphatically, no.\n\nNon-resistance is not natural (especially for the class conscious\nworkers)\u2014for workers who _understand their interests as a class_; and\nnon-resistance is not reasonable, is not safe, and is not possible.\nNon-resistance would mean defeat and degradation for the working\nclass\u2014forever.[316]\n\nThen is peace a childish dream and is war to be an endless wrangle and\nblood-spilling nightmare\u2014for the working class?\n\nNo\u2014not necessarily.\n\nWe must resist.\n\nBut we should not resist first and only by physical force.\n\nThe working class must THINK\u2014or they will have to struggle and bleed and\nweep and wait forever,\u2014wait and whimper like babies in the woods for\n\u201csome one\u201d or some \u201cgood people\u201d to come and \u201csave\u201d them.\n\nThe workers must _think till they find a form of social organization_ in\nwhich the fundamental cause of war, that is, _class_ robbery, will have\n_no opportunity_, and will therefore cease to exist.\n\nWhat Dr. Ward calls the \u201cspirit of aggression\u201d will fade and finally\nexpire when the _condition_ (the parasitic opportunity) which\n_cultivates_ the \u201cspirit of aggression\u201d is _destroyed_.\n\n_The founders of the American republic resisted fearlessly, by force\ntoo. But the working class in the United States at present should not,\nand cannot now, with advantage, resist by force and force alone, and\nthat for very good reasons_:\n\nFIRST:\u2014We of the working class in the United States have now for our own\nclass defense another, and better, form of power, a form of power less\ndangerous, less expensive, quieter and more legal and therefore more\nstrategic,\u2014_a form of power that makes the capitalist class dread the\nawakening of the working class_; namely, our political power\u2014our united\nballots.\n\nSECOND:\u2014Until we are intelligent enough to strategically defend our\nclass with our united ballots we shall be too dull, even if it should be\nnecessary, to use force of arms successfully in defense of our class. It\nseems unwise to counsel the use of the ruder methods of armed force\nuntil, having developed the necessary intelligence, we have by trial\n_fairly tested our peace powers_, our political powers\u2014our united\nballots. (See special paragraph, page 303.)\n\nTHIRD:\u2014We are not politically prepared,\u2014that is, we are not legally in\npossession of the powers of government, and therefore we are not in\nstrong position to protect our class with all our forms of power\nlegally. And until we are prepared we shall be used and abused.\n\nThus it is evident we can not, with advantage, use physical force.\n\nWhat must we do?\n\nWe must destroy capitalism and close the class struggle.\n\nIn all the variations of the struggles or wars of capitalism the working\nclass are hired, flattered, fooled, or forced to do all the actual\nfighting.\n\nThis must cease\u2014as soon as possible\u2014as a preliminary.\n\nThis will cease\u2014when the conscious workers successfully _explain\ncapitalism and war_ to the confused and deluded workers. War will cease\nwhen we have explained the national and international conspiracy of the\ncapitalist class.\n\nWar will cease when we rouse the workers of the world _by explaining_.\n\nBy explaining we inform.\n\nBy informing we increase intelligence.\n\nBy increasing intelligence we increase self-respect and the passion for\na greater life and for the freedom necessary for a greater life.\n\nTherefore,\n\n_Explain_\u2014inside and outside the ranks\u2014everywhere\u2014in shop, mill, mine\nand on the farm.\n\n_Explain_ till emperors and presidents _dread their own conscripted and\n\u201cvolunteer\u201d armies_.\n\n_Explain_ till murder for board and clothes and $16 a month looks vile.\n\n_Explain_ till young working-class men inside and outside the ranks see\nthe light.\n\n_Explain_ till an advertisement for human butchers and military fists\nbecomes utterly disgusting to the working class.\n\n_Explain_ till our class becomes class conscious\u2014till it sees itself,\nsees its class interest and its class power.\n\n_Explain_ till our class can not be fooled, hired, flattered or forced\nto butcher or be butchered.\n\n_Explain_ till our class, like the capitalist class, understand the\npolitical method of class defense.\n\n_Explain_ till millions of the roused workers of all political parties\nclasp hands at the ballot box in a political party of their own class\nfor the defiant self-defense of their own class.\n\n_Explain_ till our class clearly sees and proudly declares that we must\ndestroy the capitalist class-labor form of society and _reconstruct\nsociety on a plan of rational mutualism_.[317]\n\nAll such explanations, all such teachings tend powerfully to rouse the\nworking class to a consciousness of themselves, make them eager to\ndefend themselves, both on the _industrial_ field and on the _political_\nfield\u2014with _all their forms of power_.\n\nChattel slavery has been destroyed. Certainly. Why not?\n\nSerfdom has been destroyed. Of course. Why not?\n\nCapitalism must be destroyed. Of course\u2014\u2014\n\nWhat! Shall we destroy the rich men, the capitalists?\n\nNo, of course not.\n\nThat would not be fair. Capitalists are capitalists _legally_\u2014permitted\nby the working class.\n\nBy politically created laws and institutions capitalists are legally in\nposition to rule and rob the working class.\n\nAnd by politically created laws and institutions the ruling class shall\ncease to be in that position.\n\nThe _personal_ destruction of thousands, or hundreds of thousands of\ncapitalists would not in the least degree mend matters. The children of\nchattel slave owners became slave owners by the politically created laws\nof inheritance. Just so the children of capitalists become capitalists\nthrough neither virtue nor vice of theirs\u2014they become capitalists\nthrough politically created laws of inheritance.\n\nThe legal right to own privately the industrial foundations of society\nmust be destroyed, legally. _If the capitalists should become anarchists\nand illegally resist legal methods they could not reasonably object to\nhaving their own laws against anarchists applied to themselves\nvigorously._\n\nOf course it is true that the capitalists fleece the workers of surplus\nvalue all the time, and many of the capitalists are malignant and cruel\ntoward the workers and by a thousand persecutions invite their own\npersonal destruction. Some of the capitalists have destroyed themselves,\nhave committed suicide, to escape the disgrace of their crimes. Some\ncapitalists are now in the penitentiary; many more capitalists should be\nin the penitentiary\u2014as many of their own class confess; a far larger\nnumber of capitalists, if the laws were enforced, would promptly leave\nthe country to keep out of the penitentiary\u2014some have done so; and a\nlarge number of capitalists are also bribing juries and prosecuting\nattorneys in order to avoid the penitentiary; many prominent business\nmen, trust magnates, have had the anti-trust law changed to enable them\nto more easily avoid the penitentiary\u2014so President Taft said in\nColumbus, Ohio, August 19, 1907.[318]\n\nAnd the capitalist class outrage the working class in a thousand ways.\nThis is all true. The multitude of capitalist outrages are sufficient to\nprovoke revenge. But we do not seek revenge. Revenge is not fine.\nRevenge is not noble. Moreover we cannot escape war by means of revenge,\nand, still more important, rich men and women are not a _form_ of\nsociety. They are _members_ of society and they behave _naturally\u2014under\nthe circumstances_; that is, being a ruling class in a _class-form_\nsociety, they behave as masters.\n\nCapitalism as a form of society must be destroyed.\n\nIs it meant that we shall destroy the means of production\u2014the mills,\nmines, forests, railroads and such things?\n\nCertainly not. The means of production are material, mechanical things.\nThey are not a form of society.\n\nWhat then? Are we to \u201cdestroy society\u201d? Are we to turn society upside\ndown, inside out and \u201cother end to,\u201d\u2014suddenly\u2014\u201csome dark night,\u201d so to\nspeak?\n\nNot at all.\n\nHere is what we must do:\u2014Rapidly, just as rapidly as possible we must\ndestroy the present class-labor form of society called capitalism,\u2014and\nto do this we must _strike at and strike out_ the foundation of the\ncapitalist _form_ of society.\n\nBut what is the foundation of this capitalist _class_-labor form of\nsociety?\n\nAs already pointed out, the foundation of capitalism is the institution\nof _private_ property _in the means of production_.\n\nThe capitalists, the employers, the ruling class, stand legally between\nthe means of production and the users of the means of production; thus a\n_legal obstruction_ is raised between the workers and the things they\nwork with in getting a living.\n\nThe capitalist class legally _control the conditions under which the\nworkers may use the means of production_.\n\nThe capitalist class are in a legalized _parasitic relation_ or\nconnection _to the means of production_.\n\nThis _relation_ is the key-stone in the arch of capitalism; this\nrelation is the prime element in the present form of society.\n\nThis parasitic relation enables the capitalists to rule, rob and ruin\nthe working class all the time everywhere.\n\nThis relation must be destroyed; this despotic, parasitic relation must\nbe cut.\n\nThe capitalist class must be legally pared off, legally pushed off,\nlegally shorn from, the chief material means of production\u2014as PRIVATE\nowners.\n\nYes, this robbery, this organized, legalized robbery called\ncapitalism\u2014must be destroyed.\n\n \u201cThe vast individual and corporate fortunes, the vast combinations\n of capital, which have marked the development of our industrial\n system, create _new conditions and necessitate a change_ from the\n old attitude of the state and nation _toward property_.\u201d[319]\n\nThe case, the circumstances, require _unflinching social surgery_.\n\nYou believe in surgery, don\u2019t you. Of course you do. Surgery is\nrecognized the world over as a rational and necessary means of saving\nlife, the life of the individual.\n\nWell, _extend the application of the principle and practice of surgery\nto society_\u2014to the _social_ body.[320]\n\nParasites never voluntarily let go their grasp on the source of their\nlives, never voluntarily let go the living things from which they suck\ntheir livings. And the parasitic capitalist class will stick to the\nmeans of production, as private owners, till they are legally\ndislodged\u2014shorn from the means of production. What is here written\nconcerning social parasites should not be misunderstood as malicious\nreflection on the ancient slave owner or the ancient feudal landlord or\nthe modern capitalist. In the course of human evolution the appearance\nand activity of social parasites has been\u2014and is now\u2014as natural as the\nappearance and activity of parasites in the lower animal world and in\nthe vegetable world. And the effort to dislodge human parasites from\nsociety should be, as far as is humanly possible, _free from personal\nmalice_.[321]\n\nHowever, on the farm, in the care of plants and animals no matter how\nsmall or helpless or innocent or beautiful parasites may be which\ninterfere with the wheat crop or the flock of sheep, the parasites must\nbe dislodged\u2014rigorously and promptly. And, in society, no matter how\nhandsome, polite, pious, learned, philanthropic, or ancestrally\ndistinguished and blue-blooded a human parasite may be who lives on the\nlabor of the workers, that parasite, old or young, male or female, must\ndismount promptly, must be forced from the shoulders of the working\nclass. Those who, at the time of social reconstruction, endeavor to\ndefend themselves by polishing their family coat-of-arms and climbing\ntheir ancestral trees in search of credentials, will simply be making\nmonkeys of themselves. They will be even more ridiculous than the\nRoyalists in the American Revolution. Those of \u201cgentle breeding\u201d will\nhave to learn the gentle art of getting a living by _producing_ a\nliving; that awful saying, \u201cIf he will not work, neither shall he eat,\u201d\nwill mean more and more.\n\nThe working class must, then, legally, do whatever is necessary to\nprotect themselves from the strangling clutches of the capitalist class.\n\nAnd here is what is necessary:\n\nThe working class must themselves become _organized political\nauthority_, must seize the powers of government\u2014and thus secure legal\ncontrol of sovereign political power which carries with it the _legal\nright_[322] to control, or revise, or abolish, or reorganize industrial\ninstitutions; must thus secure the legal right (and power) to construct\nand inaugurate that industrial form of society which will destroy\ncapitalism with its organized, legalized opportunity for class robbery,\nand which will, at the same time, substitute organized, legalized\nopportunity for every member of society to make a living without being\nrobbed, opportunity to live without wasting and vulgarizing his life in\na struggle against his fellow men. _And this destruction of unsocial\ncapitalism and the construction, at the same time, in place of\ncapitalism, the necessary social substitute, can be accomplished by the\nindustrial reorganization of society on the following plan_\u2014\n\n\nThe Plan of Rational Mutualism:\n\n\n(=1=) The SOCIAL ownership of _the means of production_.\n\n\n(=2=) The SOCIAL control of _the means of production_.\n\n\n(=3=) Equality of OPPORTUNITY TO USE _the means of production_, under\nregulations made _by the workers themselves_.\n\n\n(=4=) The production of goods primarily for SOCIAL SERVICE OF\nALL,\u2014instead of primarily for PROFITS FOR A PART OF SOCIETY.\n\n\n(=5=) The SELF-EMPLOYMENT of all who are willing to do useful work,\u2014by\nvirtue of the fact of their joint ownership and joint control of the\nthings the workers must collectively use in production, the reward of\neach to be undiminished by rent, interest or profits.\n\n\n(=6=) THE POSSESSION AND CONTROL OF THE POWERS OF GOVERNMENT BY AND IN\nBEHALF OF THOSE WHO SEEK THE FREEDOM OF THE WORKING CLASS, BY THOSE WHO\nSEEK TO DESTROY THE TYRANNICAL CAPITALIST WAGE-SYSTEM AND THUS SECURE\nINDUSTRIAL LIBERTY.\n\nThis plan connects every life with the source of life.\n\nThis plan plants firmly the feet of all members of society upon the\nindustrial foundations of society.\n\nSafe.\n\nUnafraid.\n\nFree.\n\nThis mutualism in industry will not interfere with such private affairs\nas religious life, family life and social life,\u2014any more than the mutual\nownership of the public library now interferes with such private\naffairs.\n\nThus we must, in short, SOCIALIZE SOCIETY,\u2014by socializing the\n_ownership_, socializing the _control_, socializing the _management_,\nand socializing the _purpose_ of the industrial foundations of society.\n\nThis would be the destruction of that class-labor system called\ncapitalism which now rests on the institution of private property in the\nmeans of production; and this would, _at the same time_, also constitute\na rational substitute\u2014social in its nature.\n\nMUTUALISM would thus be in the STRUCTURE of society.\n\nThe purpose of this form of society would be a fundamentally social\npurpose, namely, the welfare of all the willing-to-be-industrious\nmembers of society.\n\nThe capitalist class, as such, would cease to exist.\n\nThe working class, as such, would cease to exist.\n\nAll\u2014all the people would be in full, vital, unhindered, unrobbed\nconnection with the industrial foundations of society, the chief\nmaterial means of production. All people of proper age and condition of\nhealth would become workers. Industrial class lines would disappear.\nIndustrial mastery would disappear. Industrial dependence would\ndisappear.\n\nThis would be the foundation of industrial democracy.\n\nThis would be reorganization.\n\nThis would be revolution.\n\nA revolution is a rapid, fundamental change in a _fundamental_\ninstitution.\n\nThe rapid _reorganization_ of industry into the form called the _trust_\nis a revolution\u2014now in process.\n\nThe trust magnates are revolutionists\u2014_so far as it suits their economic\ninterests_.\n\nRevolutions are neither noisy nor bloody, _unless there is violent\neffort to prevent the growth of society_.\n\nAs to the matter of being afraid of revolutions: Why should we clap our\nhands in praise of the American Revolutionists (who employed sword,\nrifle, bayonet and cannon in their revolution) and then harshly condemn\nthe peaceful Socialists who stand for peace in all parts of the world\nand always urge the orderly methods of procedure in accomplishing the\nrevolution (the fundamental change) they seek to effect.\n\nDon\u2019t be afraid.\n\n_Fortunately millions of American school boys and girls are required to\ncommit to memory the following words of splendid defiance and\nself-respect_:\n\n\u201cWe hold these truths to be self-evident: ... That governments are\ninstituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the\ngoverned; that whenever _any form_ of government becomes destructive of\nthese ends (the inalienable rights ... life, liberty and the pursuit of\nhappiness) _it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it_, and\nto _institute_ a NEW government, laying its foundation on such\nprinciples, and organizing its powers in such form as to _them_ shall\nseem MOST LIKELY to effect their safety and happiness.... _When a long\ntrain of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object,\nevinces a design to reduce them under an absolute despotism, it is\ntheir_ RIGHT, _it is their_ DUTY, _to_ THROW OFF SUCH GOVERNMENT _and to\nprovide_ NEW _guards for their future security_.\u201d\u2014American Declaration\nof Independence.\n\nDon\u2019t be afraid.\n\n \u201cThe State must from time to time readjust the relation of\n government to liberty.... As the people of the State advance in\n civilization, the domain of liberty must be widened.\u201d\u2014Professor John\n W. Burgess, Head of Department of Political Science, Columbia\n University.[323]\n\nDon\u2019t be afraid.\n\nThe time has come for the workers to use their _political_ liberty to\nsecure _industrial_ liberty\u2014to \u201cwiden the domain of liberty,\u201d to secure\na fair race, to secure equality of opportunity.\n\nEquality? Yes,\u2014equality of opportunity. Certainly. Why not?\n\n \u201cA race that is fair requires an equal start.... The state must aim\n at perpetual renewal of the opportunities of life in every man and\n class of men.\u201d\u2014Dr. John Bascom, Ex-President of the University of\n Wisconsin.[324]\n\nDon\u2019t be afraid.\n\nThere will be no noise, no bloodshed; all will be orderly, legal and\nsociable\u2014unless the capitalists anarchistically refuse to obey the law.\nIn that case, of course, the roused, proud and powerful working class\nwill do _whatever is made necessary_ by the anarchistic capitalists.\n\nBE IT REMEMBERED\u2014DISTINCTLY:\n\nTHE ROUSED WORKING CLASS, ROUSED TO SELF-RESPECT, ROUSED TO CLEARNESS OF\nVISION BY THE STUDY OF THE FACTS, ROUSED TO REALIZE THE WRONGS THRUST\nINTO THE LIVES OF THE WORKERS PAST AND PRESENT, ROUSED TO SEE THEIR\nRIGHTS AND REALIZE THEIR POWER AS A CLASS,\u2014SUCH A WORKING CLASS WILL BE\nA WHOLLY DIFFERENT CLASS FROM THE PRESENT MEEK, WEAK, CHEATED GRATEFUL\nSLAVES.\n\nDon\u2019t be afraid.\n\nWe are weary of Antagonism.\n\nWe seek Mutualism.\n\nThe American Revolutionists said plainly in their Declaration that it is\na DUTY to reorganize society, under certain circumstances.\n\nWe recognize our duty.\n\nWe make no cheap and noisy boast of insulting defiance.\n\nWe see our goal\u2014Peace and Freedom.\n\nWe shall build Peace and Freedom into the Structure of Society.\n\nWe scorn any wheedler who would betray us from the correct, direct path\nto our goal.\n\nWe accept any challenge from those who would by force defeat us.\n\n_Social reconstruction_\u2014that is our plain duty.\n\nThus we of the working class must, to this extent, unify,\u2014that is,\nmutualize, socialize,\u2014society.\n\nThe class aggression of the capitalist class would cease with the\ndisappearance of the capitalist class in the reconstructed society. And\nthe class resistance by the working class would cease with the\ndisappearance of the robbing of the workers in the reconstructed\nsociety.\n\nThus would disappear the unsocial clashing of class interests\u2014the class\nstruggle. And thus also would disappear the dominant motives for\n\u201cforeign\u201d wars and \u201ccivil\u201d wars.\n\nThus the working class could remove war\u2014both from the shop and from the\nbattlefield.\n\nThus we would inaugurate peace simply by removing the cause of war.\n\n_Is a political party of the working class necessary for this political\nwork of the working class?_\n\nTo accomplish the work of industrial reconstruction we must first secure\nthe political powers of government and thus secure the right, the legal\nright, and legal power to do this work.\n\nA POLITICAL PARTY IS SIMPLY A LEGITIMATED ORGANIZATION WITH WHICH TO\nSEIZE AND USE SOVEREIGN POWER\u2014TO BECOME AUTHORITY. (See page 280.)\n\nThe political power and privilege necessary to accomplish this\nindustrial reconstruction of society\u2014this political power and\nprivilege\u2014can be secured only by means of a political party; and that\nparty must, of course, be a party _wholly committed_ to this industrial\n_reconstruction_ of society.[325]\n\nOnly a political party _of the working class_ can be SINCERELY committed\nto this work of industrial reconstruction _for the working class_.\nINDEED, NO POLITICAL PARTY STANDING FOR ANY FORM OF CAPITALISM WILL\nPERMIT ITSELF TO BE SINCERELY COMMITTED TO THIS PROMPT, THOROUGH\nINDUSTRIAL RECONSTRUCTION.\n\nTherefore, banded together in a political party of the working class the\nworkers\n\nmust seize the political powers to make laws,\n\nmust seize the political powers to interpret laws,\n\nmust seize the political powers to enforce laws.\n\nThen and then only shall we _be in position by legally possessing the\npower_ to defend ourselves, our class.\n\nThen and then only shall we be _in position_ to destroy the parasitic\nclass aggression, the class robbery, out of which grows the class\nstruggle\u2014the civil war in the shop, and the war, the civil war, of the\ntoil-stained brothers of the working class on the battlefield.\n\nThen, and then only, shall we be in best position to declare war against\nwar.\n\nThen we shall cease forever to foolishly wet the earth with our blood\nand tears and cease to be robbed in the shop and factory; and then we\nshall claim our own, a greater life.\n\nThe only safety therefore for the working people in all lands is to\norganize themselves into a political party, an international political\nparty, of the working class, _and patiently build their party big\nenough_ for each national group of workers to seize the political powers\nof government in their own country\u2014always, everywhere, loudly declaring\nwar against war.\n\nThere is but one working class political party on all the earth. That\nparty sincerely proclaims: \u201cFreedom for the working class! No more war!\u201d\nAnd loudly and patiently that party sounds an immortal call of\nbrotherhood to all the workers on all the blood-stained\nearth:\u2014\u201cWorkingmen of all countries, unite. You have nothing to lose but\nyour chains; you have a world to gain.\u201d\n\nThat working-class party is the Socialist Party.\n\nAlready this working class party, loudly calling, \u201cFreedom in the shop\nand freedom from the battlefield\u201d\u2014already this party is beginning to\nsave the blood and tears and homes and joys of the working class.\n\nEvery working man and woman should learn\u2014and teach the children to\nrecite at school\u2014the following page of history, four historic events:\n\nFIRST EVENT: In 1847 two men, geniuses, wrote a very small, but powerful\nbook.[326] The book was published in 1848. Kings, emperors, tsars and\npresidents have turned pale when their common people began to understand\nthat small book. The first proposition in that astonishing book is: \u201cThe\n[recorded] history of all hitherto existing society is the history of\nclass struggles.\u201d That is a great fact. Pack it into your mind. That\nsentence has opened wide the mental windows of millions of working\nmen\u2014and women. The last sentence of that book of social lightning is\nthis:\u2014\u201cWorkingmen of all countries, unite. You have nothing to lose but\nyour chains, you have a world to gain!\u201d That is a sublime call. That\ncall has thrilled millions of weary working-class people. Every year it\nthrills millions more. _Some day that call will enter your soul._ Then\nyou will know the meaning of this next event.\n\nSECOND EVENT: In 1870 two distinguished crowned assassins sent hundreds\nof thousands of working men to the boundary between France and Germany\nto butcher and be butchered.[327] Even then\u2014forty years ago\u2014the\n_shrewdest_ workers in Germany, France and other European countries\nrealized what war meant for the _working_ class. These men were banded\ntogether in the International Working-Men\u2019s Association. These keen,\nstudious toilers warned the working class against the war. In 1870 they\nsent out this general announcement: \u201cThey (the members of the\nInternational Working-Men\u2019s Association) feel deeply convinced that\nwhatever turn the impending horrid war may take, the alliance of the\nworking classes of all countries will ultimately kill war.\u201d The Paris\nbranch of the International issued an address saying: \u201cFrench, German,\nSpanish working men! Let our voices unite in a cry of reprobation\nagainst war.... Working men of all countries! Whatever may be the result\nof our common efforts, we members of the International Association of\nWorking-Men, who know no frontiers, we send you, as a pledge of\nindissoluble solidarity, the good wishes and the salutation of the\nworkingmen of France.\u201d The Berlin section of the International finely\nresponded: \u201cWe join with you heart and hand in protestation.... Solemnly\nwe promise you that neither the noise of drums nor the thunder of\ncannon, neither victory nor defeat, shall turn us aside from our work\nfor the union of the workingmen of all countries.\u201d German delegates at\nChemnitz, Saxony, representing fifty thousand workingmen also made noble\nreply: \u201cWe are happy to grasp the fraternal hand stretched out to us by\nthe workingmen of France.... We shall never forget that the workingmen\nof all countries are our friends, and the despots of all countries our\nenemies.\u201d\n\nThe grand old International has become the Socialist Party of our day.\nThe Socialist Party is indeed the political party of the working class.\n\nIn recent years election returns show in one country, the best educated\ncountry in Europe, this political party of the working class, the\nSocialist Party, with over three million four hundred thousand serious,\nloyal workingmen banded together voting solidly together. Every year a\nlarger and larger number of them _take their seats in the world\u2019s\nleading legislatures_. In ten countries in Europe this party has from\none to eighty members of the working class in the national legislatures\nin legal position to defend the working class. And right vigorously\nthese brave working-class comrades have defended the working class in\nevery possible way they could. With the increasing election victories of\nthis working-class party, the working class have increasing power to\ndefend themselves. And everywhere this party is down on war. The\ninfluence of this party has already been effectively exerted against\nwar. The vast influence of this party against war is admitted by the\nmost bitter and powerful enemies of the working class.\n\nTHIRD EVENT: In 1905\u20136 the Norwegian and the Swedish armies (working\nmen, of course) were ordered to the front to butcher one another. They\nwere assembled at the national boundary. Tens of thousands of homes were\ndesolate. Fear was an agony in the hearts of a multitude of women and\nchildren. Reporters were present from all parts of the world to flash\nthe news of the butchery around the earth. The capitalist coffin trust\nwas exceedingly glad, business was about to pick up. Gilt-braided\nbuccaneer commanders were about to shout: \u201cForm! Fire! Charge!\nSlaughter!\u201d\n\n\u201cEverything was ready\u201d\u2014it seemed.\n\nThen something happened\u2014something sublime and new in the sad and \u201csomber\nmarch of mankind.\u201d\n\nNo sword was drawn.\n\nNo cannon roared.\n\nNo Gatling gun mowed down thousands.\n\nNo wild cavalry charged.\n\nNo hospital became a hell of cursing, groaning, screaming, mangled men.\n\nYet \u201ceverything was ready\u201d\u2014ready to defend the sacred honor of \u201croyal\u201d\nand \u201cnoble\u201d coward parasites.\n\nEverything was ready _except one thing_\u2014the consent of the working\nclass.\n\nThe conscripted _Socialist_ soldiers in both armies and the _Socialists_\neverywhere throughout both countries had _passed the sign of\nworking-class brotherhood_ all through _both armies_ and through _both\ncountries_: \u201cWe working class men are brothers. Let us not slit the\nveins of our own class simply to satisfy the vicious pride of snobbish\nmasters. Let us save our own blood and tears.\u201d\n\nThis international brothers\u2019 cry was like a splendid flash of lightning\nat midnight. Brothers saw brothers, working-class brothers, in the\nnight, the midnight of capitalism. The soul of the working class in both\nthese countries flashed response: \u201cBrothers! Brothers! We understand!\u201d\nThe human race seemed to smile. The Swedish and the Norwegian soldiers\nmingled. These armed workers fraternized. Armed men embraced armed men.\nThey shouted and wept\u2014for joy.\n\nThey sneered at the frowns of their commanders. Proudly and promptly\nthey refused to butcher and be butchered.[328]\n\nThat settled it. There was no war.\n\nThere can not be war unless the working class agree to it.\n\nNo working men were butchered, and the international misunderstanding\nhad to be settled without opening the blood vessels of the toilers. For\nof course you know, reader, that the broadclothed capitalist snobs of\nthese countries were too cowardly to fight the war themselves.\n\nAnd now there are many more happy homes, happy wives, happy mothers and\nhappy children in Norway and Sweden than there would have been if the\nhumble working people of these two countries had permitted a precious\nlot of gilt-edged cowards to excite them and confuse them and then \u201csic\u201d\nthem at one another\u2019s throats.\n\nFOURTH EVENT: Very recently, in 1906\u20137, the Socialist Party in Germany\nand France prevented war between Germany and France over the \u201cMorocco\naffair.\u201d This is admitted even by distinguished European enemies of the\nSocialist Party. This threatened war might easily have cost five hundred\nthousand lives\u2014working-class lives\u2014and five billions of treasure and\ndesolated hundreds of thousands of homes and darkened both countries\nwith an international hatred lasting half a century.\n\nBut the Socialists blocked the game.\n\nAgain and again in their International Congresses the Socialists have\nprotested against war and militarism as being, for the working class,\nnothing but a burden and a curse.[329]\n\nPolitical masters and industrial masters on all the earth\u2014_these_\nrecognize the Socialist Party as the Working-Class Political Party.[330]\n\nYou, my brother, should also recognize the Socialist Party as your own\nWorking-Class Political Party.\n\nReread propositions numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, p. 300.\n\nThe outline of industrial reconstruction there given in the six\npropositions is the outline of the constructive platform and program of\nthe working-class political party, the Socialist Party, everywhere.[331]\n\nBecause the Socialist Party recognizes and points out the clash of class\ninterests in the present class-labor system;\n\nBecause the Socialist Party proposes industrial freedom for the working\nclass;\n\nBecause the Socialist Party proposes the destruction of the class-labor\nsystem called capitalism;\n\nBecause the Socialist Party proposes that every person who renders\nuseful social service shall have the value of his service\u2014undiminished\nby the modern legalized forms of filching, namely, rent, interest and\nprofits;\n\nBecause the Socialist Party proposes that the working class band\ntogether and save themselves;\n\nFor such reasons the Socialist Party is the Political Party of the\nWorking Class.\n\nThe Socialists urge:\n\nThat no longer shall the workers whimper for the protecting wings of\nthat strange political bird, that large male angel, called a \u201cgood man\u201d;\n\nThat no longer shall the workers childishly accept the treacherous\nadvice from political stalking horses, called \u201cpolitical reformers,\u201d and\n\u201cpolitical saviors\u201d;\n\nThat no longer shall the workers rest in dull dependence upon the advice\nof eager-to-be-elevated capitalist \u201cleaders of the people\u201d;\n\nThat no longer shall the workers go gullibly chasing after still-fed\n\u201cstatesmen\u201d on election day;\n\nThat no longer shall the workers in stupid expectation meekly linger at\nthe back door of legislative halls, teasing smooth, stall-fed capitalist\n\u201cstatesmen\u201d for labor legislation;\n\nThat the workers band together and emancipate themselves from war, from\nthe wholesale robbery, tyranny and blood-letting of Capitalism.\n\nWith heads and hearts and hopes together the working class should read\ntogether, study together, reason together, band together, struggle\ntogether, and altogether in a political party of the working class stand\ntogether and vote together and capture the power of government for the\nfreedom and protection of the working class.\n\nLet us respect our own working class.\n\nLet us have faith in our own working class.\n\nLet us protect ourselves.\n\n\u201cLet us get up off our knees\u2014and our masters won\u2019t seem so tall.\u201d\n\nDown with industrial despotism and its wars!\n\nUp with industrial democracy and its peace!\n\n * * * * *\n\n(Before reading the following paragraphs examine last four Pages of\nChapter Six, paragraph headed: \u201cA Special Warning to the Working Class\nof the United States.\u201d)\n\nOne more word here:\n\nBrothers, beware!\n\nWith pride and defiance hold up your heads\u2014and think.\n\nPrepare to say: \u201cWE REFUSE.\u201d\n\nBeware. Another war is brewing.\n\n\u201cAnother war is necessary!\u201d\u2014your betrayers will presently tell you.\n\nTrue! From the capitalist\u2019s point of view another war will, indeed,\npresently be necessary; another war becomes more and more imperatively\nnecessary\u2014and for a new and increasing reason.\n\nThe much plundered working people are beginning to think. Thought is\nrevolutionary. A thought is a file, a keen saw, with which a soul may\nescape from the gloomy dungeon of prejudice. Thought is intellectual\nnitroglycerine for blasting the flinty mountains of prejudice. Thought\nutterly destroys mental rubbish. Thought kills what ought to die.\nThinking slaves promptly become defiant and dare to do for freedom.\nThought kills\u2014kills slavery.\n\nThought, however, can still be prevented. Even the splendid thought of\npeace and freedom can still be strangled in a wild delirium called\n\u201cpatriotic\u201d war. Hence every purchasable educated human thing with\ninfluence must play its prostitute part in resurrecting and perpetuating\nthe ferocious thirst for war.\n\nFor capitalist purposes another war is necessary.\n\nTherefore strangle brotherliness.\n\nTherefore stifle man\u2019s grand sweet dream of peace.\n\nA fat living of domineering idleness for industrial pirates and their\npampered pets and shameless hangers-on is not much longer possible,\nunless the masters as usual can set the working people clutching at one\nanother\u2019s throats, draining one another\u2019s sweat and blood in a hateful\nspasm of international epilepsy called \u201cpatriotic\u201d war.\n\nTherefore drug the working people.\n\nTherefore read again to the weary multitude the goriest pages of\nhistory, and declare to them that an act must be soaked in a brother\u2019s\nblood before it is magnificent. The people must lust again for another\nsavage storm of stupid wrath called war.\n\nTherefore we see the war-flag of capitalism shrewdly waved before the\nbulging, easily inflamed eyes of the multitude: \u201cGood fighters\u2014war\u201d;\n\u201cyoung men not only willing, but anxious to fight\u2014war\u201d; \u201cheroes,\nheroes\u2014war\u201d; \u201cglory, military glory\u2014war\u201d; \u201cnoble, noble soldiers\u2014war\u201d;\n\u201cours the most improved arms in the world\u2014war\u201d; \u201cgreatest navy on\nearth\u2014war\u201d; \u201csplendid victories\u2014war\u201d; \u201cbetter militia\u2014larger army\u2014war\u201d;\n\u201cour national honor\u2014war\u201d; \u201cwe never surrender\u2014war\u201d; \u201cAmerica in the\nOrient\u2014war\u201d; \u201cwe must defend our foreign markets\u2014war\u201d; \u201csee the brave\nboys behind the guns\u2014war\u201d; \u201csend the fleets around the earth and dare\nthe world to war\u201d; \u201cwe are all ready for war, war, war\u201d;\u2014over and over\nthis oratorical flag, this Christless vocabulary of blood-spilling\ncruelty, on and on, year after year\u2014till these disgusting phrases steam\nin memory with the spurting blood of the long-mourned slain.\n\nAnother war is necessary.\n\nTherefore fill the trenches with the carcasses of citizens and with\nfixed bayonets march on\u2014on\u2014on to noisy glory, on to the red madness of\nthe brutal battlefield. This is the pagan text of literary and\noratorical hirelings before a nation of Christians and peaceful Jews;\nthis is the loveless refrain bellowed before blushing school girls; this\nis the Alexandrian slogan before excitable, impressible boys; this is\nthe gore-stained banner to be gallantly flaunted on holidays before the\ntear-wet eyes of the sad old widows and the hobbling cripples of the\nCivil War; this is the race-cursing call to ninety millions of people\nsick of stupidly disputing with sword and cannon, longing to embrace one\nanother in caressing fraternalism. Hideous echoes of the cruel voice of\nCaesar, savage whoop from the tomb of Napoleon, the assassin of France,\nbarbarous yell from the war-cursed plains of the long, long\nago\u2014this\u2014yes, this is the sublime height reached by the average orthodox\nteacher and preacher of patriotism.\n\nAnd from all parts of this thinly veiled despotism of foxy, industrial\ntsars, _comes enthusiastic approval of all such teaching_;\u2014approval from\nthe profit-stuffed leeches whose pouting lips suck and tug at the veins\nof the toiling multitude; approval from the supercilious snobs at Palm\nBeach, Newport and Monte Carlo; approval from the editorial intellectual\nprostitutes of a subsidized press; approval from the \u201cleading citizens\u201d\nthat roll contemptuously along carefully smoothed streets in\nrubber-tired carriages and from those who sneer through the palace car\nwindows at the common \u201chired hands\u201d who man the trains and keep the\ntrack in repair; approval from the masters who own the mills and mines\nand stick out their tongues in scorn at the hundreds of thousands out of\nwork or on strike for a few cents more a day; approval from the \u201cgreat\nbusiness men\u201d who search the earth for markets for goods produced by the\nsweating wage-slaves shrewdly kept too poor to buy what their own weary\nminds and their puffed and blistered hands create; and, saddest of all,\napproval from the millions of shame-faced wage-earners viciously seduced\nwith ironically empty \u201cprosperity\u201d phrases, chloroformed with pompous\nmilitary rhetoric, stupefied with the proud strut and cheap swagger of\n\u201cprominent\u201d and \u201ccultivated\u201d vulgarians\u2014yes, approval also from these\nmodest modern slaves through whose veins seems to slip the inherited\ntaint of long, low-bowing servitude.\n\nAnother war is \u201cnecessary.\u201d\n\nTherefore from Mississippi to Minnesota and from Florida to Oregon there\nis a wide-grinning chuckle of lip-smacking satisfaction in the palaces\nand club-houses of America\u2019s industrial masters when the easily deceived\nmultitude clap their calloused palms in thoughtless approval as the\nbribed orator makes fierce visaged War stalk with hypnotic fascination\nacross the stage before the plain deludable people. The people\u2019s delight\nin arms is thus artfully deepened;\u2014and thus and therefore both the walls\nof prejudice and the defiant fortresses of glittering steel\u2014behind which\nthe gorged masters of the multitude have for ages fattened and\nthreatened in security\u2014these fortresses of prejudice and force are with\nincreasing diligence made stronger with every possible opportunity, made\nstronger by every possible means.\n\nAnother war?\n\nExpect it and prepare for it by resolving not to go to the next war till\nthe bankers and statesmen have been bleeding on the firing line for at\nleast six weeks.\n\nYes\u2014yes, it is true that the employers\u2019 fortress of riot-guns is still\nstrong, defiantly strong. No doubt the rent-interest-and-profit game,\nthe game of gouge and grab and keep, will be played securely yet a while\nby the plunder-bloated masters of our great and glorious country.\nUndoubtedly millions of our thoughtless young working class men are\nstill ready for plutocratic Senators and Congressmen and uncrowned\ncruelty in the White House to craftily yell: \u201cSic \u2019em, boys, sic \u2019em.\u201d\n\nBut light breaks.\n\nEverywhere, every day the toilers of the world listen\u2014listen more\nrespectfully, listen more intelligently, listen more gratefully to the\nglad new gospel of justice and peace.\n\nThe change comes and come it must. That cruel spell wrought over the\nmind of the multitude by the bribed orator, by the purchased writer, by\nthe blood-lusting \u201cman on horseback,\u201d and by the far-looking masters of\nindustry\u2014that spell will be, must be, broken. The iron shackles on the\nwrists and ankles of the toilers have already been broken. The\nwage-slaves\u2019 shackles also must be rended, not only the industrial, but\nthe mental slavery of the modern workers must be destroyed.\n\nAnd comes now swiftly forward that soft-toned, but all-conquering gospel\nof peace and freedom\u2014freedom for the dumb, voiceless multitude, now\ndeadened with the deafening roar of machinery, deadened with the\nstifling dust and withering heat of the mills, deadened with the\npoisonous gases in the mines, freedom for the multitude soon to be glad,\nhappy, loving, laughing in the commonwealth of cooperation, of\nmutualism, of fraternalism\u2014of Socialism.\n\nCourage, courage. Put the strong shoulders of your twelve million\nballots to the \u201cstalled world\u2019s wheel\u201d and push. Strike. March.\nDawn-ward toward peace.\n\nKnow this, you toil-tormented horde: That shrewd juggler\u2019s word war\u2014word\nwith which the swinishly selfish masters have for ages seduced the\ngullible multitude into the ditches across which those same masters have\nthen rolled on sneering, snickering and safe, that spell-working word\nreeking with the blood-rotting stench of centuries, that word war and\nall that that word war now stands for must be stricken from the language\nof brothers, struck from the affairs of mankind,\u2014forgotten\nforever\u2014forever replaced by the sweetening peace and the sane abiding\npower of warless Socialism.\n\nBrothers of the working class, wherever you are on all the earth, let us\nall say, altogether:\n\nPeace is patriotism to mankind.\n\n_We do not want other people\u2019s blood and we refuse to waste our own._\n\nFor thousands of years the ruling class have bled us pale. All cannon\nhave always been aimed at us\u2014by us.\n\nWe did not see. Our eyes were blinded with our own blood; our minds were\nparalyzed with lies.\n\nBut now we see. Now we understand. And therefore now we stand erect in\nself-respect. Now in sincere fellowship we extend the right hand of\nbrotherhood to all the working men\u2014and to all the women and to all the\nchildren\u2014of the whole world; and to all these we promise:\n\nWe will not fight.\n\nWe refuse to plunge bayonets into one another\u2019s breasts.\n\nWe refuse to slay the fathers of tender children.\n\nWe refuse to murder the brothers and lovers of women.\n\nWe refuse to butcher the husbands of devoted wives.\n\nWe refuse to \u201cHurrah\u201d over victories that break the heart and blind the\nworld with tears.\n\nWe refuse the cheap r\u00f4le of Armed Guard\u2014as the salaried assassins in the\nservice of the plunder-bloated coward ruling class.\n\nIf the masters want blood let them cut their own throats.\n\n-----\n\nFootnote 301:\n\n _Social Control_, pp. 376\u201379. Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 302:\n\n _General Sociology_, p. 233.\n\nFootnote 303:\n\n _Dynamic Sociology_, Vol. I., p. 582. Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 304:\n\n See _The Theory of the State_, Bk II., Chs. 17, 18.\n\nFootnote 305:\n\n _Introduction to Sociology_, pp. 132\u201336.\n\nFootnote 306:\n\n See Chapter Three, The Explanation.\n\nFootnote 307:\n\n \u201cClasses differ in readiness to twist social control to their own\n advantage.... In general, the more distinct, knit together, and\n self-conscious the influential minority, the more likely is social\n control to be colored with class selfishness.\u201d\u2014Professor E. A. Ross,\n Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, _Social Control_, p.\n 86.\n\nFootnote 308:\n\n See Chapter Eleven for suggestions on the origin of large-scale\n parasitic aggression; and on the origin and history of the working\n class and of the class-labor form of society.\n\nFootnote 309:\n\n See _Dynamic Sociology_, Vol. I., pp. 581\u201397; _Psychic Factors in\n Civilization_, Chapter 24.\n\n Note carefully the quotation on methods of social parasites at the\n head of the present chapter from Dr. Ross\u2019s _Social Control_.\n Professor Ross is generally recognized as one of the most profound and\n brilliant writers on Sociology.\n\n It is important to consider, too, that, as a Socialist, Dr. Franklin\n H. Giddings, Head of Department of Sociology in Columbia University,\n recognizes the capitalist class\u2019s parasitic relation to society. Dr.\n Giddings is recognized in all the universities of the world as having\n few equals as a sociologist.\n\n The social parasites of the world will never forgive the learned\n Socialist, Dr. Thorstein Veblen, recently of the University of\n Chicago, for writing his bold and astonishing book, _The Theory of the\n Leisure Class_. The screaming mockeries and glittering pretensions of\n the \u201cprincely-fortune\u201d parasites of capitalism are mercilessly\n explained by him.\n\n It is noteworthy too that the Editor-in-Chief of the American Journal\n of Sociology, and Head of the Department of Sociology in the\n University of Chicago, Dr. Albion W. Small, has for many years been\n calling attention, in lectures, to the parasitic nature of _one_ of\n the forms of capitalist income, thus: \u201cThere is no moral justification\n for the taking of interest incomes.\u201d In his _General Sociology_, pp.\n 268\u201369, Dr. Small says: \u201cIn the first place, capital produces nothing.\n It earns nothing.\u201d See also his suggestions on social parasites on\n page 266, where he is clearly in considerable degree in agreement with\n Dr. Ward.\n\n Gustavus Myers\u2019 _History of Great American Fortunes_ is here again\n commended as an extraordinary record of remarkable social parasitism\n in American history.\n\nFootnote 310:\n\n See _Twenty-Eight Years in Wall Street_, p. 388; by Henry Clews, a\n very well known banker of Wall Street.\n\nFootnote 311:\n\n See Chapter Three, \u201cExplanation\u201d\u2014Surplus.\n\nFootnote 312:\n\n Andrew Carnegie is a sample of a profit-stuffed tyrant whose parasitic\n industrial income is tens of millions per year without rendering\n industrial service, whose legally parasitic heirs, rendering no\n industrial service, will, like leeches, suck up many millions per\n year. The audacity of his hypocrisy is typical of his class. In recent\n international peace congresses Carnegie has been steadily grinning and\n chattering in the spot light. But study this man for a moment:\n\n (1) In the Homestead industrial civil war, in 1892, Pinkertons\n received $5 per day and expenses for murdering Carnegie steel workers.\n\n (2) The Carnegie Company furnished the Russian Government steel armor\n for warships at about one-half the price the same company\n _patriotically_ charged Carnegie\u2019s own dear, dear country.\n\n (3) \u201cOur records show that the companies governed by Mr. Carnegie\n received more rebates [_in anarchistic defiance of his country\u2019s\n laws_] during the time when rebates were given by our road, than any\n other shipper in any line of business.\u201d\u2014First Vice-President Green of\n the Pennsylvania Railway Company. Quoted in the New York\n _Independent_.\n\n (4) This same crafty gentleman recently provided enormous old-age\n pension funds for college and university professors. This will perhaps\n tightly seal the lips of thousands of teachers on the raging civil war\n in industry in which war Carnegie is already a blood-stained tzar.\n Fearing to lose their old age pensions, teachers may find it easier\n and more \u201crespectable\u201d to desert the working class in its struggle\n against the capitalist class\u2014Carnegie\u2019s class. (See Index: \u201cHague\n Peace Conference\u201d; also Chapter Two, pages 24\u201325.)\n\nFootnote 313:\n\n \u201cIf, however, there occurs some general industrial disturbance of a\n serious sort, such as a condition of over-production, ... it is likely\n to turn out that these _vocational_ groupings will be weakened or even\n destroyed. In their place the _economic classes_ will enter the\n _political_ arena, and carry on the conflict with great energy.... It\n may be that the standard of life of an industrial class may be so\n seriously threatened that this class struggle will reach the extreme\n of absolute hostility.\u201d\u2014Professor Albion W. Small, Head of Department\n of Sociology, University of Chicago: _General Sociology_, p. 264.\n Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 314:\n\n Reread first page of Preface.\n\nFootnote 315:\n\n William E. Gladstone.\n\nFootnote 316:\n\n \u201c... Non-resistance would be fatal.... If ever war is done away, it\n will be when the spirit of aggression, not of protection, shall have\n been quenched.\u201d\u2014Lester F. Ward: _Dynamic Sociology_, Vol. I., p. 684.\n\nFootnote 317:\n\n See Chapter Seven, Section 12.\n\nFootnote 318:\n\n William Howard Taft: _Present-Day Problems_, pp. 162\u201363:\u2014\n\n \u201c... It is also true that had the Elkins bill never been passed, the\n same acts could and doubtless would have been prosecuted ... under the\n Interstate Commerce Act of 1889 which the Elkins law supplanted....\n Under the 1889 amendment, however, the individuals convicted could\n have been sent to the penitentiary, whereas under the Elkins Act the\n punishment by imprisonment was taken away.... The chief effect of the\n Elkins law had on these particular prosecutions ... was ... to save\n the guilty individual perpetrators from imprisonment.\n\n \u201cIt was well understood that the Elkins bill was passed without\n opposition by, and with the full consent of, the railroads, and the\n chief reason was the elimination of the penitentiary penalty for\n unjust discriminations.... The imprisonment of two or three prominent\n officers of a railway company, or a trust ... would have greater\n deterrent effect for the future than millions in a fine.\u201d\n\n Theodore Roosevelt knows a good deal about the capitalist class. He\n wrote on pages 5, 6, 9, 10 of his book, _American Ideals_, as follows:\n\n \u201cThe people that do harm in the end are not the wrong-doer whom _all_\n execrate.... The career of Benedict Arnold has done us no harm as a\n nation.... The foes of order harm quite as much by example as by what\n they actually accomplish. So it is with the _equally dangerous\n criminals of the wealthy classes_. The conscienceless stock speculator\n who acquires wealth by swindling his fellows, by debauching judges,\n and corrupting legislatures, and who ends his days with the reputation\n of being among the richest men in America, exerts over the minds of\n the rising generation an influence _worse than that of the average\n murderer or bandit_, because his career is even more dazzling in its\n success, and even more dangerous in its effects upon the community.\n Any one who reads the essays of Charles Francis Adams and Henry Adams,\n entitled _A Chapter of Erie_, and the _Gold Conspiracy in New York_,\n will read about the doings of men whose influence for evil upon the\n community is more potent than that of any band of anarchists or train\n robbers.... Too much cannot be said against men who sacrifice\n everything to getting wealth. There is not in the world a more ignoble\n character than the mere money getting American, insensible to every\n duty, regardless of every principle, bent only on amassing a\n fortune ... whether ... to speculate in stocks and wreck railroads\n himself, or to allow his son to lead a life of foolish and expensive\n idleness and gross debauchery, or to purchase some scoundrel of high\n social position, foreign or native, for his daughter. _Such a man is\n only the more dangerous if he occasionally does some deed like\n founding a college or endowing a church_ which makes those good\n people, who are also foolish, forget his real iniquity.\u201d Italics mine.\n G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 319:\n\n Theodore Roosevelt: in a speech at the State Fair, Minneapolis,\n Minnesota, September 3, 1901.\n\nFootnote 320:\n\n \u201cIf the public economy of a people be an organism, we must expect to\n find that the perturbations, which affect it, present some analogies\n to the diseases of the body physical. We may, therefore, hope to learn\n much that may be of use in practice, from the tried methods of\n medicine.\u201d Roscher: _Political Economy_, Vol. I., pp. 85\u201386.\n\nFootnote 321:\n\n It must be added for the sake of clearness (and fairness):\n\n (1) That _some_ members of the capitalist class detest the capitalist\n system; that these regret their unsocial relation to the social body;\n and that while they are living under the capitalist system they are in\n somewhat the same difficulty that a democrat is in Russia. One can\n _believe_ in democracy in Russia, but he can not _practice_ democracy\n under the autocratic form of Russian government. So under Capitalism:\n one may believe in industrial democracy, but he cannot practice it\n under an industrial despotism.\n\n (2) That some members of present society belong partly to the\n capitalist class and partly to the working class.\n\n (_The Theory of the Leisure Class_, a brilliant book by Dr. Thorstein\n Veblen, helpful in understanding social parasites, is urged upon the\n reader\u2019s attention. Also W. J. Ghent\u2019s _Mass and Class_.)\n\nFootnote 322:\n\n \u201cThe government which has the right to do an act and has imposed upon\n it the duty of performing the act, must, according to the dictates of\n reason, be permitted to select the means.\u201d\u2014Supreme Court of the United\n States, March 7, 1819. See Supreme Court Reports, Vol. 17, pp. 409,\n 430.\n\nFootnote 323:\n\n _Political Science and Constitutional Law_, Vol. I., p. 87.\n\nFootnote 324:\n\n _Sociology_, pp. 45, 47.\n\nFootnote 325:\n\n \u201cIt is the peculiarity of the social struggle that it must be\n conducted by a collective whole ... EVERY SOCIETY [OR CLASS] MUST\n SECURE SOME SUITABLE ORGAN FOR CONDUCTING THE SOCIAL STRUGGLE.\n\n \u201cThus the ruling classes, through their parliaments, exercise the\n legislative power and are able, by legal institutions, to further\n their interests at the cost of others.... Thus the rulers\n themselves forge the weapons with which the ruled and powerless\n classes successfully attack them and complete the natural\n process.\u201d\u2014Gumplowitz: _Outlines of Sociology_, pp. 145\u2013146.\n Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 326:\n\n _The Communist Manifesto._\n\nFootnote 327:\n\n Reread Chapter Seven, Section 4.\n\nFootnote 328:\n\n Fearing that the powerful suggestion might reach and rouse the\n slumbering working class the _capitalist_ press of the world kept\n silent as an oyster on the behavior of the clear-visioned soldiers of\n Norway and Sweden. Only the _working_-class press properly reported\n the sublime event. (See Challenge, page 206 et seq.)\n\nFootnote 329:\n\n For an excellent and convenient discussion of the Socialist Party\u2019s\n opposition to war and militarism, see Werner Sombart\u2019s _Socialism and\n the Socialist Movement_, pp. 193\u2013211; Morris Hillquit\u2019s _Socialism in\n Theory and Practice_, pp. 296\u2013302.\n\nFootnote 330:\n\n \u201cIt is no easy task to detect and follow the tiny paths of progress\n which the unencumbered proletarian with nothing but his life and\n capacity for labor is pointing out for us. These paths lead to a type\n of government founded upon peace and fellowship as contrasted with\n restraint and defence.... From the nature of the case, he who would\n walk these paths must walk with the poor and oppressed, and can only\n approach them through affection and understanding. The ideals of\n militarism would forever shut him out from this new fellowship.\u201d\u2014Miss\n Jane Addams, of Hull House, Chicago: _Newer Ideals of Peace_, p. 30.\n\nFootnote 331:\n\n The class who despise you so thoroughly that they would be willing to\n have you murdered on the battlefield\u2014_would these hesitate to tell you\n a lie?_ Certainly not. And they have lied to you about \u201cdifferent\n kinds of Socialism,\u201d \u201cSocialists don\u2019t seem to know what they want,\u201d\n etc., etc. But secretly the capitalists are worrying because they know\n that the Socialists of all the world _do_ know what they want and also\n know how to organize the necessary power to get what they want.\n\n\n\n\n CHAPTER ELEVEN.\n A Short Lesson in the History of the Working Class.\n\n\n(A very careful distinction should always be made between those who\nabuse and those who nobly use great offices and powers.)\n\n \u201cWe have repeatedly pointed out that every social institution weaves\n a protecting integument of glossy idealization about itself like a\n colony of caterpillars in an apple-tree. For instance, wherever\n militarism rules, war is idealized by monuments and paintings,\n poetry and song. The stench of the hospitals and the maggots of the\n battlefield are passed in silence, and the imagination of the people\n is filled with waving plumes and the shout of charging\n columns.\u201d\u2014Professor Walter Rauschenbusch, Rochester Theological\n Seminary.[332]\n\nKNOWLEDGE OF THE HISTORY OF THE WORKING CLASS, WHICH INCLUDES THE\nHISTORY OF WAR, WILL CEMENT THE WORKERS INSEPARABLY TOGETHER\u2014SOCIALLY,\nINDUSTRIALLY AND POLITICALLY, AND WILL THUS MANY TIMES MULTIPLY THEIR\nPOWER FOR SELF-DEFENSE.\n\nWhen the working class understand the history of the working class, a\nbronze monument erected in honor of a great general will look to the\nworkers like a vote of thanks to the Superintendent of Hell, and an\nornamental cannon in a public park will look like a viper on a banquet\ntable spread for a feast of brothers.\n\nIn the public schools of the world the history of the working class is\nalmost wholly neglected. No text-book gives the facts, and no teacher is\npermitted to tell the truth\u2014clearly\u2014about the martyrdom of labor since\nthe dawn of class-form, \u201ccivilized\u201d society. The union labor men and\nwomen of the world could with great advantage to the working class\ndevote a few thousand dollars for the expense of a five-hundred-page\nbook summarizing: The History of Labor\u2014The Tragedy of Toil.\n\n(At this point please reread first two pages of the preface of the\npresent volume.)\n\nThe following pages are offered as suggestions for a half-hour lesson\nchiefly on the origin of the working class. It is suggested to the\nworking class reader that he teach this lesson to the children of his\nfamily and of his neighborhood.\n\nNow, no living thing can be understood without a study of its history,\nand the study of the history of a living thing requires special\nattention to the origin of the thing studied. The working class are a\nliving reality, and in order to understand themselves the working class\nmust study their class history\u2014with the very special attention to their\norigin as a class.\n\nLong, long ago\u2014thousands of years ago\u2014our ancestors lived in tribes.\nThese tribes grew, expanded till finally the pressure of population\nforced the tribes to enlarge their territories; and thus the tribes\ntrespassed\u2014aggressed upon one another\u2019s territory.\n\nThis caused wars\u2014intertribal wars.\n\nThis was the origin of war.\n\nThis led to the opening of hell\u2014for the workers.\n\nAfter a while a working class arose\u2014and began to fall into hell. Here is\nthe way it came about:\n\nFor a long time in these intertribal wars it was the practice to take no\nprisoners (except the younger women), but to kill, kill, kill, because\nthe conquerors had no use for the captive men. When, however, society\nhad developed industrially to a stage enabling the victors to make use\nof live men as work animals, _that new industrial condition produced a\nnew idea_\u2014one of the greatest and most revolutionary ideas that ever\nflashed in the human brain; and that idea was simply this:\u2014A live man is\nworth more than a dead one, if you can make use of him _as a work\nanimal_. When industrially it became practicable for the conquerors to\nmake use of live men captured in war, it rapidly became the custom to\ntake prisoners, save them alive, beat them into submission\u2014tame them\u2014and\nthus have them for work animals, human work animals.\n\nHere the human ox, yoked to the burdens of the world, started through\nthe centuries, centuries sad with tears and red with blood and fire.\n\nThus originated a class of workers, the _working class_.\n\nThus also originated the _ruling_ class. Thus originated the \u201cleading\ncitizens.\u201d\n\nThus, originally, in war, the workers fell into the bottomless gulf of\nmisery. It was thus that war opened wide the devouring jaws of hell for\nthe workers.\n\nThus was human society long ago divided into industrial classes,\u2014into\n_two_ industrial classes.\n\nOf course the interests of these two classes were in fundamental\nconflict, and thus originated the class struggle.\n\nOf course the ruling class were in complete possession and control of\nall the powers of government\u2014and of course they had _sense enough to use\nthe powers of government to defend their own class interests_.\n\nOf course the ruling class made all the laws and controlled all\ninstitutions in the interest of the ruling class\u2014naturally.\n\nOf course the ruling class socially despised the slaves\u2014that is,\ndespised the working class; this \u201cupper\u201d class felt contempt for the\n\u201clower\u201d class\u2014naturally; and thus originated the social degradation, the\nsocial stigma that still sticks to the working class, so clearly clings\nto the workers that, for example, the banker\u2019s daughter does not marry\nthe wage-earning carpenter; the mine-owner\u2019s son does not marry the\nwage-earning house-maid; the rank and file of union labor are not\nwelcome in the palatial parlors and ball-rooms where the \u201cvery best\npeople\u201d are sipping the best champagne and are rhythmically hugging\nthemselves in the dance; the servants, both white and black, in a\nhigh-grade (high class, \u201cupper\u201d class) hotel are not even permitted to\ntake a drink of water at the guests\u2019 water fountain tho\u2019 the guest-list\nmay include scores of blas\u00e9 old reprobates, scores of polygamous\nparasites, scores of the most infamous, dollar-lusting, law-breaking\ndisreputables in the world. The working class are indeed even yet openly\nor secretly despised socially by their \u201cbetters.\u201d\n\nIt was thus and there and then that, long ago, _in war_, originated the\nfirst class-labor form of society, the institution called slavery.[333]\nA class of despised human work animals and a class of domineering\nmasters thus appeared; and these two classes developed, this METHOD OF\nPRODUCTION developed, to such vast proportions that this CLASS-labor\nsystem became the FUNDAMENTAL THING IN THE INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE OF\nSOCIETY. It was in this manner that, long ago, one part of society\nclimbed upon the shoulders of the other part of society and became\nparasites, social parasites, and as a class sunk their parasitic beaks\ninto the industrial flesh of those who had become a working class.\n(Reread carefully the three quotations at the head of Chapter Ten. They\nare specially important.)\n\nOf course the industrial blood of the workers tasted good to the\nmasters\u2014that is to say, the more work the slaves did the less work the\nmasters had to do,\u2014and that was lovely, for the masters, for the\n\u201cleading citizens.\u201d The \u201cleading citizens\u201d knew they had a bright\nidea\u2014just like a \u201cleading citizen\u2019s\u201d idea of course. The new idea became\npopular, extremely so\u2014of course. The \u201cleading citizens\u201d were _so_\npleased\u2014with themselves and their \u201cbrainy\u201d idea. They were \u201csuperior\u201d\npeople\u2014their idea proved that, of course. At that point in human history\na ruling class began to flatter themselves and talk in a loud and\nhandsome manner about \u201cthe _best_ people,\u201d \u201cthe _right to ride inferior\npeople_,\u201d \u201cthe progressive, enterprising part of society,\u201d and so forth.\nThe \u201cleading citizens\u201d knew very well that they had a \u201cgood thing\u201d\u2014for\nthe \u201cleading citizens,\u201d for the upper class who thus became _so very\npleasantly located as an upper class_\u2014that is, upon the industrial\nshoulders of the \u201clower class,\u201d the working class. (Note carefully the\nquotation from Dr. Ward at Head of Chapter Ten.)\n\nVery naturally the ruling class at once busied themselves _promoting and\nprotecting_ their new class-work plan, their new idea. The idea was\n_their_ idea and it was such a splendid idea. Indeed slavery was such a\nperfectly delightful idea\u2014for the rulers\u2014that, being \u201cgentlemen of push\nand enterprise,\u201d they _eagerly studied the problem of developing ways\nand means of extending their new advantage_. They thought. They\nplanned\u2014to manage the new human mule.\n\nTheir first idea was\u2014force.\n\nKick the mule\u2014and rule.\n\nAn institution, an _armed_ guard, was, therefore, promptly organized for\nholding down the slaves, the \u201clower class,\u201d by force,\u2014to hold the\ntoilers, as it were, by the wrists. But an armed guard was expensive,\nand it was expensive simply because _one_ armed guard could not hold\n_many_ slaves to their tasks\u2014by force. Now, the ancient slave-holding\nruling class, like the modern capitalist ruling class, were, of course,\neager to \u201creduce expenses and increase efficiency.\u201d Thus the rulers had\nanother idea, a big bright idea. Mark well the masters.\n\nTheir second idea was\u2014fraud.\n\nFool the mule\u2014and rule.\n\nThe brilliant idea of using _fraud_ in ruling slaves, that is, in ruling\nthe working class, was simply this: to have an _unarmed_ guard _teach_\nthe human horse to \u201cstand hitched,\u201d as it were, or, rather, to work like\na trained horse without requiring an armed driver to whip him, to force\nhim to his tasks. This unarmed guard was to hold the workers to their\ntasks by getting a grip on their minds, on their brains, rather than on\ntheir wrists.\n\nThis was more \u201crefined.\u201d\n\nThis was also much cheaper. _This method has always been cheaper._ It is\ncheaper for this reason: One _unarmed_ deceiver acting as a guard by\nholding the mind, the _brain_, of the workers, can hold to their tasks\n_hundreds of times as many_ as one _armed_ guard can hold by force. This\nwas a most happy idea\u2014for the ruling class.\n\nA new era opened.\n\nThe ruler smiled at the deceiver. The deceiver smiled at the ruler. They\nunderstood\u2014each other, and agreed upon \u201c_the best interests of\nsociety_.\u201d\n\nPrecisely so.[334]\n\nHere originated the vile r\u00f4le of the intellectual prostitute, the cheap\npart of the chloroformer of the working class, the contemptible business\nof the professional palaverer. Here, right at this point in human\nhistory, the perfumed intellectual prostitute joined the blood-stained\nsoldier,\u2014in the ruler\u2019s service of _holding down the robbed and ruined\nworking class_. The palaverer taught the toil-cursed workers to be\nobedient and grateful and humble and meek and lowly and contented, to\n\u201cforget it\u201d that they have poverty here and keep in mind that \u201cit will\nbe all right over there\u201d\u2014\u201cup above\u201d (over in behind beyond the stars)\nwhere they will be \u201crichly rewarded, in the sweet bye and bye, for all\ntheir sufferings in this world\u201d; taught them that they should not be\n\u201cresentful,\u201d but \u201cin patience bear all sufferings,\u201d\u2014bear even the agony\nof having their daughters raped by rulers, and their sons run through\nwith spears.\n\nThus the toiler was kept in his \u201cproper place\u201d (at work) by the soldier\nand the palaverer, compelling and cajoling the domesticated human work\nanimal.\n\nThey held him fast.\n\nOne seized his wrists, the other seized his reason; one used force, the\nother used fraud; one used a lash, the other used a lure; one used a\nclub, the other used chloroform; one frowned threateningly, the other\nsmiled seductively. With curses and cunning these two have taught the\ntoiler LAW AND ORDER\u2014THE LAW AND THE ORDER MADE BY THE MASTERS FOR THE\nMASTERS.\n\nBoth guards were \u201cnecessary\u201d\u2014in the business of robbing the working\nclass. Both have served the ruling class long and well. Through the long\nsad centuries these three, the ruler and his two \u201cstandbys,\u201d the soldier\nand the palaverer, have ridden the human beast of burden, the working\nclass. The mailed fist of the hired assassin and the soft voice of the\nbribed palaverer have held the worker utterly helpless while the ruler\nrobbed him.\n\nBoth guards have been rewarded\u2014with provender and flattery, with pelf\nand popularity. The whipper and the wheedler of the toiler, the slayer\nand the seducer of the working class, have been the specially petted\npatriots whose ignoble r\u00f4le has been to help defend the class-labor\nsystem.\n\nThe workers have been kicked and tricked for ten thousand years, but\nchiefly tricked, _betrayed into helpless consent and stupid approval_.\nThe more fraud the less force.\n\n_Undoubtedly far more important than the physical conquest over the\nworking class was the conquest over the mind of the working class.\nUndoubtedly the idea of teaching the slave to be a slave and to be\nsatisfied with slavery and thus make the slave, the serf, the\nwage-earner, an_ AUTOMATIC _human ox to bear and draw the burdens of the\nworld in brainless obedience and dull humility\u2014undoubtedly that idea has\ndone more solid service in the successes of injustice than any other\nidea ever born in the brain of tyrants_.\n\nThe ruling class have always carefully secured the services of many of\nthe world\u2019s ablest men to play Judas to the carpenters\u2014to the working\nclass. Profound men, gifted men, trained men, eloquent men, enjoying the\nworld\u2019s choicest food, blissfully happy with the world\u2019s finest wine,\nliving in homes of comfort and splendor, dressed in softest raiment,\nmany of these have traduced the slave, the serf and the wage-earner\nwithout shame. Tho\u2019 the splendid Christ said: \u201cThe _truth_ shall make\n_you free_,\u201d these Judases have taught the working class that learning\nis a useless or an evil thing for the _working_ people;[335] that the\ntoilers\u2019 poverty is the will of God, that unrewarded toil in this world\nwould reap a \u201c_specially_ rich reward beyond the grave.\u201d These paid and\npowerful human things, palavering about the \u201cdignity of honest toil,\u201d\npalavering about the \u201cjoy of the hope of good things beyond\u201d (always\n_beyond_)\u2014these themselves have been practical and careful to take\ncash-down-good-things for their collect-on-delivery services, careful to\ntake a rich and prompt reward _here_ and _now_ in _this_ world, while at\nthe very same time they were advising and urging the slave, the serf,\nand the wage-earner to accept unsigned cheques payable in heaven.\n\nAlways this for the worker: \u201c_Your_ turn will come _next_\u201d\u2014that is, in\nthe next world.\n\nFollowing this vanishing lure, hundreds of millions of toilers have, as\nit were, walked barefoot on broken glass and lain down in their beds of\nmisery _mentally paralyzed on the subject of justice_. Hundreds of\nmillions of toilers have not only accepted these teachings; but, saddest\nof all, have been tricked into teaching these same things to their\nchildren.\n\nThus it was that almost the entire working class were tamed and trained\nfor many centuries into spineless meekness, into the docility of\nhumility\u2014helpless\u2014policed by prejudice and fear founded on _shrewdly\nperpetuated ignorance_.\n\n\u201cSlaves, obey your masters,\u201d has been taught in a thousand ways for ten\nthousand years by the stuffed prophets for the profit-stuffed rulers of\nthe robbed and ruined workers of the world.\n\nThis perhaps will make it somewhat easier to understand the _present\nintellectual condition of the working class_. It thus becomes easier to\nunderstand why the workers were taught (and are taught now) to be\n\u201csatisfied with their lot,\u201d taught the \u201cidentity and harmony of\ninterests of capital and labor.\u201d This explains the meekness of the\nmultitude, the docility of the majority, and their _political modesty_.\n\nSheepish meekness, self-contempt and prideless obedience long ago took\nthe place of defiant and splendid rebellious self-respect\u2014in the\n_character_ and the _thinking_ of the working class.\n\nIn every possible way the shackles have been riveted to the wrists and\nbrains of the working class\u2014what for?\u2014_in order to perpetuate the\nclass-labor system_. Under slavery, under serfdom and under capitalism,\nlaws, constitutions, customs, religious teachings, secular teachings,\nand all the social institutions have been _shrewdly conformed or\nadjusted to_ THE PREVAILING METHOD OF PRODUCTION for the PROTECTION of\nthat method of production _in order thus to_ SUPPORT THE CLASS _who, in\nthe struggle for existence, have had_ GROSSLY UNFAIR ADVANTAGE BY MEANS\nOF THAT METHOD OF PRODUCTION.[336]\n\nFerocious _wrongs_ were studiously developed into vast _institutions_.\nFor example, man-stealing and slave-breeding became the chief business\nof the mightiest of the ancient pagan societies, the Roman Empire, and\nwas also a flourishing enterprise under the most highly developed modern\nChristian societies, the British Empire and the American Republic.\nChristian Queen Anne, of England, unrebuked by her \u201cspiritual adviser,\u201d\nwas a pious stockholder in a slave-hunting corporation composed of\nprominent and pious Christian ladies and gentlemen.[337] The Christian\nchurches, colleges, newspapers, of the United States not long ago, North\nand South, were almost unanimous in their eloquent and pious defense of\nhuman slavery.[338] The business was eminently respectable, the business\nof legally (and piously) sucking the industrial blood out of one\u2019s\nfellowmen\u2014living like a parasite,\u2014the business of producing nothing and\nliving upon the results of the worker\u2019s labor-power.\n\nThus keep in mind:[339]\n\n(1) The origin of the working class,\n\n(2) The origin of the first class-labor system,\n\n(3) The origin of the class struggle,\n\n(4) The origin of the social degradation, the socially \u201cdown-and-out\u201d\ncondition, the loss of social standing\u2014of the working class people,\n\n(5) The origin and growth of the humility of the working class, of the\nsheepish meekness of the working class, the meekness which today shows\nitself in the politics of most working men\u2014always suspecting and\ndespising their own working-class political party, always in our day\ntagging along after some smooth, well-dressed crook candidates on\ncapitalist class party tickets.\n\n(6) The perpetuation of ignorance\u2014in the working class.\n\n(7) The origin of the intellectual prostitute, the moral emasculate.\n\nNow, help your satisfied fellow worker, help _him_ understand _why he is\nsatisfied_.\n\nWithout malice, without anti-culture prejudice, without anti-religious\nhatred, without anti-church spite, but _with knowledge of the\nnaturalness of human behavior domineered by economic necessity_, with\nknowledge of the great _historical process_, with your vision clear,\nyour heart kind, your courage high, and your purpose fraternal\u2014explain,\nexplain this matter of meekness to your humble, contented wage-slave\nneighbor. Explain: That long ago the working man was forced and taught\nto be docile and meek. Under slavery, later under serfdom and still\nlater under capitalism\u2014for thousands of years\u2014he industrially, socially,\nand politically _surrendered_. He was compelled to do so. He was taught\nto do so.\n\nHe got the habit.\n\nHe had the manhood and the courage beaten out of him, kicked out of\nhim\u2014and coaxed out of him.\n\nHe lost heart.\n\nHe humbly took his place\u2014as a chattel-slave class, as a serf-slave\nclass, as a wage-slave class.\n\nHe has produced wealth.\n\nHe has reproduced slaves.\n\n_The wings of his aspiration have been clipped._ He can hope no higher\nthan a job\u2014for himself. He hopes no higher than a job\u2014for his children.\n\nThe top of the plans of his life is\u2014toil.\n\nAnd therefore even now as a wage-slave he teaches his own children to\n\u201crespect their betters\u201d\u2014their employer masters.\n\nHe forgets.\n\nHe is so cringingly grateful for a job that he forgets he should have\nnot only the right to breathe the air, the right to look at the sun, the\nright to read in the library, the right to walk on the highway, and the\nright to sit in the park,\u2014but also the _right to work_, _the right to\nwork unrobbed_, _the right to work under dignifying conditions_, and\nthus maintain himself on this earth at the _upmost levels of life_,\nenjoying the full result of his applied labor power,\u2014and _without\nwhining for permission to do so_.\n\nHe forgets.\n\nHe is still so very humble.\n\nHe is, under the wage-system, forced to obey orders all his life in the\nfactory, the shop and the mine. He is thus habitually so obedient that\nhe will obey any order. He prides himself on his obedience. Under orders\nhe will even plunge a bayonet into the breast of his fellow workers\u2014in\nthe interest of the capitalist class. He forgets the thousand wrongs\nthrust into his weary life and into the life of his class.\n\nHe does indeed forget.\n\nHe is still in a dull, dumb slumber.\n\nBut he is _beginning to rouse_ from the slumber of meekness\u2014from the\nsocial damnation of brainless obedience.\n\n_He is beginning to study the history of his own working class; and\ntherefore he is rousing, waking, rising._\n\nFollowing are some additional short paragraphs on the history of the\nworking class from books by distinguished writers and teachers. It is\nhoped that these quoted paragraphs will induce further working class\nstudy of working class history. These passages confirm the main points\nof this lesson. (See Chapter Twelve, Suggestion 4.)\n\nProfessor Lester F. Ward (Brown University):[340]\n\n \u201cStill, the world has never reached a stage where the physical and\n temporal interests have not been largely in the ascendant, and it is\n these upon which the economists have established their science.\n _Self-preservation has always been the first law of nature_ and that\n which best insures this is the greatest gain.... _All considerations\n of pride or self-respect will give way to the imperious law of the\n greatest gain for the least effort._ All notions of justice which\n would prompt the giving of an equivalent _vanish_ before it....\u201d\n\nThus wrote Sir Henry Maine:[341]\n\n \u201cThe simple wish to use the bodily powers of another person, as a\n means of ministering to one\u2019s own ease or pleasure, is doubtless the\n foundation of slavery.\u201d\n\nAnd thus Professor W. G. Sumner (Yale University):[342]\n\n \u201cThe desire to get ease or other good by the labor of another and\n the incidental gratification to vanity seem to be the fundamental\n principles of slavery, when philosophically regarded, after the rule\n of one man over others has become established.... It appears that\n slavery began historically with the war captive, if he or she was\n not put to death, as he was liable to be by the laws of war.... It\n seems to be established that it [slavery] began where the economic\n system was such that there was gain in making a slave of a war\n captive, instead of killing him.... The defeated [in war] were\n forced to it [slavery] and _learned to submit to it_.... It seemed\n to be good fun, as well as wise policy, to make the members of a\n rival out-group do these tasks, after defeating them in war....\n Inasmuch as slavery springs from greed and vanity, it appeals to\n primary motives and is at once entwined with selfishness and other\n fundamental vices.... _It rises to an interest which overrules\n everything else_.... The motive of slavery is base and cruel from\n the beginning.... The _interests_ normally control life.... Slavery\n is an instinct which is sure to break over all restraints and\n correctives.... It is a kind of _pitfall for civilization_.\u201d\n\nHere are a few lines from Professors Ely and Wicker (University of\nWisconsin, Department of Economics):[343]\n\n \u201cIt follows from the need of larger territories [in the hunting\n stage] that war becomes an economic necessity wherever there is not\n an abundance of unoccupied land. This same condition of things gives\n us one of the causes of cannibalism. The pressure of increasing\n numbers bringing people continually to the verge of starvation, they\n fall, little by little, into the custom of eating enemies, taken in\n war.... Captives later came to be recognized as of use in serving\n their captors, and thus slavery succeeds cannibalism....\n\n \u201cThe Origin of a Working Class. Perhaps the most important result of\n the change which produced the agricultural stage was the growth of\n slavery as an institution. As we have said, slavery had its\n beginnings in the preceding periods [hunting and pastoral], but it\n is only in the agricultural stage that it becomes an important,\n almost a fundamental, economic institution. Tending the herds did\n not call for persistent labor, but the prose of tilling the soil is\n undisguised work, and primitive men were not fond of work.... It is\n not strange then that they should have saved the lives of men\n conquered in battle with the design of putting upon them the tasks\n of tilling the soil.\u201d\n\nOn the origin of slavery the eminent French sociologist, Gabriel Tarde,\nwrites:[344]\n\n \u201cWhat do all our modern inventions amount to in comparison with this\n capital invention of domestication. This was the first decisive\n victory over animality. Now, of all historic events the greatest and\n most surprising is, unquestionably, the one which alone made history\n possible, the triumph of man over surrounding fauna [animals of the\n region].... To us the trained horse that is docile under the bit is\n merely a certain muscular force under our control.... The idea of\n reducing men to slavery, instead of killing and eating them, must\n have arisen after the idea of training animals instead of feeding on\n them, for the same reason that war against wild beasts must have\n preceded that against alien tribes. When man enslaved and\n domesticated his own kind, he substituted the idea of human beasts\n of burden for that of human prey.\u201d\n\nAnd this from Wallis:[345]\n\n \u201cBut whatever its merits, the consideration of slavery introduces a\n much larger subject\u2014the place of class relations in social\n development as a whole. In its material aspect, property in men is\n an institution by means of which one class of people appropriates\n the labor product of another class without economic repayment. _This\n relation is brought about [also] by other institutions than\n slavery._ For instance, if a class engross the land of a country and\n force the remainder of the population to pay rent, either in kind or\n in money, for the use of the soil, such a procedure issues, like\n slavery, in the absorption of labor products by an upper class\n without economic repayment.\n\n \u201cWe have observed the origin of the social cleavage into upper and\n lower strata on this general basis at the inception of social\n development. If we scrutinize the field carefully, it is evident\n that one of the greatest and far reaching facts of ancient\n civilization, as it emerges from the darkness of prehistoric times,\n as well as one of the most considerable facts of subsequent history\n is just _this cleavage into two principal classes_.\u201d\n\nHerbert Spencer has written:[346]\n\n \u201cThe sequence of slavery upon war in ancient times is shown us in\n the chronicle of all races....\n\n \u201cReady obedience to a terrestrial ruler is naturally accompanied by\n ready obedience to a supposed celestial ruler; ... Examination\n discloses a relation between ecclesiastical and political\n governments ... and in societies which have developed a highly\n coercive secular rule there habitually exists a high coercive\n religious rule....\n\n \u201cThe Clergy were not the men who urged the abolition of slavery, nor\n the men who condemned regulations which raised the price of bread to\n maintain rents. Ministers of religion do not _as a body_ denounce\n the unjust aggression we continually commit on weaker societies.\u201d\n\nDr. Ward writes:[347]\n\n \u201cPassing over robbery and theft, which, though prevalent everywhere,\n are not recognized by society, let us consider war for a moment as a\n non-industrial mode of acquisition. In modern times, most wars have\n some pretext besides that of aggrandizing the victorious parties\n engaged in them, although in nearly all cases this latter is the\n real casus belli [justification of war]. This shows that the world\n is so far advanced as to be ashamed of its motives for its conduct,\n but not enough so to affect that conduct materially. In olden times\n no secret was made of the object of military expeditions as the\n acquisition of the wealth of the conquered people.... We may regard\n war, then, strictly considered, as a mode of acquisition.... War,\n then, when waged for conquest, is simply robbery on so large a scale\n that in the crude conceptions of men it arouses the sentiments of\n honor.\u201d\n\nIn Dealy and Ward\u2019s _Text Book of Sociology_, pp. 86\u201388, is this\nluminous passage:\n\n \u201cThe stage of race antagonism is reached and the era of war begins.\n The chase for animal food is converted into a chase for human flesh,\n and anthropophagous [cannibal] races arise, spreading terror in all\n directions.... The use of the bodies of the weaker races for food\n was, of course, the simplest form of exploitation to suggest itself.\n But this stage was succeeded by that social assimilation through\n conquest and subjugation. The profound inequality produced by\n subjugation was turned to account through other forms of\n exploitation. The women and the warriors were enslaved, and the\n system of caste that arose converted the conquered race into a\n virtually servile class, while this service and the exemptions it\n entailed converted the leaders of the conquering race into a leisure\n class.\n\n \u201cSuch was the origin of slavery, an economic institution which is\n found in the earlier stages of all the historical races.\u201d\n\nThe next selected paragraph is from Professor Simon Patten (University\nof Pennsylvania), Ex-President of the American Academy of Political and\nSocial Science:[348]\n\n \u201cThe human hordes turned upon each other, and their prowlings about\n the precarious supplies of food evolved in the course of time the\n \u2018wars of civilization.\u2019 There was little peace where nature was most\n productive, and the conquering populations of the better lands,\n governing and protecting by conquest, built up whole states on the\n traditions and practice of fighting.... _Statesmen and philosophers\n set forth the necessity and beneficence of destruction. It was in\n such a world, where a man\u2019s death was his neighbor\u2019s gain, that_ OUR\n _social institutions were grounded_.... Predatory habits, which\n originated in the hunting of game, developed a zest for hunting men\n as soon as conquests and the possession of slaves made the\n agricultural resources of the valleys more desirable than those of\n the mountain or upland plain.... The contests evolved social\n institutions, which do perpetuate and conserve, and which do not\n improve, man\u2019s adjustment to nature. Here arises the distinction\n between the _social_ institutions ... and the _economic_\n institutions.... The former establish status and the rights of\n possession and exploitation; the other increase nobility of men and\n goods, promote industry, and give each generation renewed power to\n establish itself in closer relations with nature.\n\n \u201cThe result of these conditions is two kinds of obstacles that\n hinder advance. On the one hand are the obstacles economic,\n maladjustments between man and _nature_, which forced men in the\n past to submit to a poverty they did not know how to escape; and on\n the other hand are the obstacles _social_ which do not originate in\n nature, but in those _past [social] conditions retaining present\n potency_ that have aligned men into antagonistic classes at home and\n into hostile races abroad. The _economic_ obstacles are being slowly\n weakened by the application of knowledge, science and skill; but the\n _social_ obstacles will never be overcome until an intellectual\n revolution shall have freed men\u2019s minds from the stultifying social\n traditions that hand down hatreds, and shall have given to thought\n the freedom that now makes industrial activity. _The extension of\n civilization downward does not depend at present so much upon\n gaining fresh victories over nature, as it does upon the\n demolishment of social obstacles which divide men into classes and\n prevent the universal democracy that unimpeded economic forces would\n bring about._ The _social_ status, properly determined by a man\u2019s\n working capacity, has now _intervened between him and his relations\n with nature_ until OPPORTUNITY, which should be impersonal and\n self-renewed at the birth of a man, has dwindled and become\n partisan.\u201d[349]\n\nThus Professor Patten, tho\u2019 a conservative and a nonsocialist, frankly\npoints out the necessity of such social reorganization as will destroy\nthe _artificial_ barriers to equality of opportunity for each to secure\nan abundance. And it is certainly true, as Dr. Patten suggests, that we\nhave arrived at that stage in our knowledge of nature and in our\nindustrial evolution, which renders industrial reconstruction of society\nlogically necessary\u2014both to avoid war and to secure industrial justice\nand freedom for the working class.\n\nAnent this matter one of America\u2019s noblest and most scholarly women,\nMiss Jane Addams, writes as follows:[350]\n\n \u201cExisting commerce has long ago reached its international stage, but\n it has been the result of business aggression, and constantly\n appeals for military defense and for the forcing of new markets....\n It has logically lent itself to warfare, and is indeed the modern\n representative of conquest. As its prototype rested upon slavery and\n vassalage, so this commerce is founded upon a contempt for the\n worker, and believes that he can live on low wages. It assumes that\n his legitimate wants are the animal ones, comprising merely food and\n shelter and the cost of its replacement.\u201d\n\nFrederic Harrison thus:[351]\n\n \u201cWithin our social system there rages the struggle of classes,\n interests, and ambitions; the passion for wealth, the restlessness\n of want. The future of industry, the cause of education, social\n justice, the very life of the poor, all tremble in the balance in\n our own country, as in other countries; this way or that way will\n decide the well-being of generations to come.\u201d\n\nThe wars of long ago originated because it was extremely _difficult_ to\nget a living out of nature\u2019s store-house of supplies\u2014when men were\nignorant of nature\u2019s resources and ignorant of how to make nature yield\nabundantly. Those wars were due chiefly to ignorance of physical nature,\ndue to our _inability to get into right relations_ WITH PHYSICAL NATURE.\nBut the wars of the present are carried on, and the wars of the future\nwill be carried on, chiefly because of the following _combination_ of\ncircumstances:\n\n(a) We have so much knowledge of nature\u2019s forces and resources that it\nis easy, now, to get livings from nature\u2019s store-house, easy to produce\nabundantly; and\n\n(b) Under the _wage_-system the worker\u2019s power to produce abundantly is\nso much greater than his permitted consuming power that the surplus\nproduct becomes so large as to make a foreign market, a world-market,\nnecessary; and,\n\n(c) Since many nations have reached and more nations are rapidly\napproaching this stage of development in production, yet still remain\nunder the wage-and-profit plan of distribution, THE WORLD MARKET IS\nINSUFFICIENT FOR ALL OF THEM.\n\nHence there will be wars, if the working class permit them.\n\nThe future wars will be due chiefly to ignorance of social nature, due\nto our _inability to get into right relations_ WITH ONE ANOTHER\n_industrially_.\n\nWar produced slavery, chattel slavery. Chattel slavery evolved into\nserf-slavery. Serf-slavery evolved into wage-slavery. And wage-slaves\nproduce so much and are permitted to consume so small a proportion of\nwhat they produce, that the capitalists must order the wage-slaves to\nfight for a foreign market for what the wage-slaves produce and the\ncapitalist employers do not consume or invest and the wage-slaves are\nnot permitted to consume. War thus originated slavery and now slavery\n[wage-slavery] ends in war.\n\n_War, conflict, struggle, Antagonism is in the social structure wherever\nthere is slavery._\n\nSlavery is fundamentally unsocial\u2014anti-social.\n\nNow, the capitalist employer insists that the wage-earner and the\nemployer are in _proper_ relation to each other. The capitalist is\nsatisfied to have had the first two class-labor forms of society\n(slavery and serfdom) pass away. But he accepts the _present_\nclass-labor form of society (the wage-system) as _correct_; it is\nsatisfactory\u2014to him. And he craftily has it taught in the high schools,\ncolleges and universities that the employer and the wage-earner are at\npresent in proper relation to each other.\n\nThe capitalist enjoys his own freedom _at the expense of the worker\u2019s\nfreedom_.\n\nHe is eager to have the wage-earner _believe_ that he too is free; and\nthat, being free, he should be satisfied AND KEEP QUIET.\n\nThe capitalists explain that the wage-earners are free because the\nwage-earners have the _privilege of making a contract_, a contract to\n_work for wages_; that the wage-earners being thus at last free to make\na contract, they have reached their final status, an ideal status; and\nthat thus (Blessed be the Lord!) _evolution has finally finished its\ngreat work_\u2014the work is done and _well_ done.\n\n_Capitalists and the intellectual flunkies of the capitalist class do\nall possible to have the world believe the following proposition_:\n\nTHE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN RELATIONS IS FINISHED\u2014PERFECT\u2014IN INDUSTRY; AND,\nTHEREFORE, THE WAGE-EARNERS ARE FOOLISH AND UNGRATEFUL TO BE\nDISCONTENTED, AFTER HAVING DEVELOPED TO THEIR PRESENT STAGE OF\nINDUSTRIAL FREEDOM.\n\nFollowing is a sample of the familiar soothing congratulation on our\nhaving reached the present noble form of industrial freedom and\ncivilization. Professor Fairbanks (Yale University) writes thus:[352]\n\n \u201cWhen captives taken in war could be utilized for work instead of\n being destroyed or eaten, a genuine means of production was\n secured.... Feudalism marked a decided advance on slavery.... The\n serf had certain interests of his own, not wholly identical with his\n lord\u2019s.... Then masters gradually learned that hired labor [the\n wage-system] was more profitable than forced labor, and the\n principle of serfdom, like that of slavery before it, had to give\n way to a higher form of organization for production [the\n wage-system]....\n\n \u201cThe laborer [at present under the wage-system] is bound to his\n master by no tie except such as he voluntarily assumes.\u201d\n\nHow frankly profits are admitted to have been the motive inspiring the\norigin of the wage-system.\n\nAnd how entertainingly ridiculous is the last proposition quoted above.\nWhat cheap palavering about freedom. What clownish antics pleasing to\nthe kings\u2014the industrial kings. It certainly pleases the industrial\nCaesars to have the Professor turn intellectual somersaults to induce\nthe wage-slave to smile sweetly and admire the slave-bands on his own\nwrists. Are not those bands plainly marked \u201c_Free_\u201d?\n\nNotice that Professor Fairbanks uses the words \u201cmaster\u201d and \u201cbound\u201d\nin referring to the relation between the employer and the\n\u201cfree-contracting\u201d wage-earner.\n\nA _free_ man does not _voluntarily_ BIND himself to a _master_.\n\nWith the lash of hunger cutting him and the wolf of want at the throats\nof his wife and children, the \u201cfree-contracting\u201d hired laborer, the\nwage-earner, promptly and voluntarily seeks an employer\u2014\u201cmaster,\u201d and\n\u201cvoluntarily\u201d \u201ccontracts\u201d to produce a dollar\u2019s worth of value for\ntwenty or forty cents in wages and thus \u201cvoluntarily\u201d degrades himself\nand thus \u201cvoluntarily\u201d submits to have his wife and little children\nrobbed of the abundant livings he wishes to provide for them. This is\nthe freedom, the free contract, of the wage-system, the present (the\nthird) form of _class_-labor system. This _glorious_ freedom of the\nmodern wage-slave is _easily_ seen in the picture _opposite the\ntitle-page of this book_.\n\nThe \u201cfreedom\u201d of the wage-earner in thus making a contract, with\nstarvation behind him, vagrancy laws reaching for him, police, militia,\nsoldiers, jails and bull-pens ready for him, this freedom is about as\ncomplete as that of a citizen facing an armed and threatening highwayman\nwho commands, \u201cHands up!\u201d The wage earner and the held-up citizen are\nfree to comply, free to surrender and free to be robbed, and _also_ free\nto decline _and take the consequences_\u2014all \u201cvoluntarily\u201d of course.\n\nNO ONE IS FREE INDEED TILL HE IS FREE IN THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL ACTIVITY\nOF LIFE, THE ACTIVITY OF GETTING A LIVING.\n\nIn the evolution of mankind the worker has, in some parts of the world,\nsecured:\n\nFreedom to investigate,\n\nFreedom of thought,\n\nFreedom of assemblage,\n\nFreedom of speech,\n\nFreedom of the press,\n\nFreedom of suffrage\u2014for male workers,\n\nFreedom of political party organization and association.\n\nThis indicates the stage at which we have arrived in the development of\nfreedom for the working class. These _preliminary_ forms of freedom are\n_the means with which, if we have pride enough, we shall secure freedom\nindeed\u2014freedom in getting a living_, freedom from capitalist employers\nwho, with soldiers and the lash of starvation, force us into wage\ncontracts, freedom from the blue-blood social parasites who despise our\ncommon blood in social relations, suck our blood in industrial\nrelations, and waste our blood in war.[353]\n\nIn the evolution of mankind the ancient free barbarian, taken prisoner\nin war, loudly and grandly protesting, became a chattel slave without\nany kind of freedom; the chattel slave became a serf without industrial\nfreedom or any other kind in reality and completeness; the serf became a\nwage-earner, a wage-slave, without industrial freedom\u2014that is, without\nthe _fundamental_ freedom, freedom in getting a living. However, in very\nrecent times the wage-earner has come into the possession of several of\nthose extremely _important forms of freedom with which he can defend\nhimself_ as soon as he has sufficient self-respect to do so.\n\nThus and therefore the QUESTION OF OUR DAY is this:\n\nARE THE WORKING CLASS PROUD AND KEEN ENOUGH TO USE THE FREEDOM THEY\nHAVE, TO SECURE THE FREEDOM THEY NEED MOST\u2014NAMELY, FREEDOM IN INDUSTRY,\nFREEDOM IN GETTING A LIVING IN A SOCIALIZED SOCIETY, A SOCIETY WITH\nEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY FOR ALL, ALL OF US WITH OUR FEET FIRMLY PLANTED\nON THE COLLECTIVELY OWNED INDUSTRIAL FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIETY, A SOCIETY\nOF RATIONAL MUTUALISM, WITH JUSTICE, PLENTY AND PEACE?\n\nReader, if you are with us in our peaceful struggle to win the world for\nthe workers, start a fire\u2014in your neighbor\u2019s mind (if he has one)\u2014hand\nhim a torch, a torch of truth. Let us shake hands and fight\u2014the\nenemy\u2014with light.\n\nWith the truth we shall halt the galloping cavalry, silence the cannon,\n\u201cground arms,\u201d and close the class struggle\u2014in a co-operative\ncommonwealth.\n\nWith a dollar\u2019s worth of literature you can reach a hundred brains.\n\nIt is your move.\n\n-----\n\nFootnote 332:\n\n _Christianity and the Social Crisis_, p. 350.\n\nFootnote 333:\n\n It is true that even before this time woman occupied a servile\n position and virtually constituted an industrial class. See August\n Bebel\u2019s _Woman\u2014Past, Present and Future_.\n\nFootnote 334:\n\n Professor E. A. Ross (Department of Sociology, University of\n Wisconsin) gently hints thus (_Social Control_, p. 86):\n\n \u201cUnder the ascendency of the rich and leisured, property becomes more\n sacred than persons, moral standards vary with the pecuniary status,\n and it is felt that \u2018God will think twice before He damns a person of\n quality.\u2019\u201d\n\nFootnote 335:\n\n Even great literatures, regarded as divinely inspired and boasted to\n be The Truth, have been kept from the _free_ access of the people\u2014the\n \u201cplain people,\u201d too plain to _understand_ the literature said to have\n _life_ in it. Such literature has been hidden from the people for many\n hundreds of years\u2014or \u201crightly divided\u201d and diluted.\n\nFootnote 336:\n\n The inauguration of human slavery was a profound change in human\n relations\u2014the greatest possible \u201cchange in circumstances\u201d\u2014down at the\n very foundations of society. Vast _fundamental_ changes\n resulted\u2014inevitably\u2014in changed, and even _new_, institutions.\n\n \u201cInstitutions must change with changing circumstances, since they are\n of the nature of an habitual method of responding to stimuli which\n these changing circumstances afford.... The institutions are, in\n substance, prevalent habits of thought with respect to particular\n relations and particular functions of the individual and of the\n community....\u201d\u2014Thorstein Veblen: _The Theory of the Leisure Class_, p.\n 190. See quotation from Dr. Small at the head of Chapter Ten. Also\n consult Ross\u2019s _Social Control_.\n\nFootnote 337:\n\n See Thomas\u2019s _History of the United States_, p. 68.\n\nFootnote 338:\n\n See Hyndman: _The Economics of Socialism_, Lecture 1, Methods of\n Production.\n\nFootnote 339:\n\n And get these things into the minds of the children. If the teacher at\n your nearest school does not know these things, have the children\n teach the teacher.\n\nFootnote 340:\n\n _Pure Sociology_, p. 61. Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 341:\n\n _Ancient Law_, p. 164.\n\nFootnote 342:\n\n _Folkways_, pp. 262\u20133 and 307. Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 343:\n\n _Elementary Economics_, pp. 27\u201333.\n\nFootnote 344:\n\n _Laws of Imitation_, Parson\u2019s translation, pp. 277\u201379.\n\nFootnote 345:\n\n _American Journal of Sociology_, May, 1902, pp. 764\u201365. Italics mine.\n G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 346:\n\n _Principles of Sociology_, Vol. III., pp. 84, 92, 148, 448; Appleton\u2019s\n Edition, 1899. See also Lester F. Ward: _Dynamic Sociology_, Vol. I.,\n pp. 287\u201390. (Italics mine. G. R. K.)\n\nFootnote 347:\n\n _Dynamic Sociology_, Vol. I., pp. 583\u201385.\n\nFootnote 348:\n\n _The New Basis of Civilization_, pp. 67, 69. Italics mine. G. R. K.\n\nFootnote 349:\n\n See discussion of parasites in Chapter Ten.\n\nFootnote 350:\n\n _Newer Ideals of Peace_, pp. 115\u201316.\n\nFootnote 351:\n\n _National and Social Problems_, p. 255.\n\nFootnote 352:\n\n _Introduction to Sociology_, pp. 136\u201339.\n\nFootnote 353:\n\n For a powerful argument showing the intellectual equality of the\n working class and the ruling class see Professor Lester F. Ward\u2019s\n _Applied Sociology_. The political foolishness of the working class is\n not due to lack of brains, but to lack of books\u2014books that tell the\n truth, the truth that clears the vision and rouses the passion for\n freedom and points the way.\u2014Suggestions, next chapter.\n\n\n\n\n CHAPTER TWELVE.\n More Suggestions and What to Read.\n\n\n(1) Invite your pastor to preach against war, urge him to do so, and\nrender him any assistance you can in the way of literature on war. Help\nget out an audience to hear the sermon. Urge others to do likewise.\n\n(2) Inform your own children and other children concerning the class\nstruggle and war, and urge them to talk about the class struggle and\nagainst war, at school. Teach them the cause of war. See also Chapter\nEight, Section 20, and Index, \u201cRecitations.\u201d _Rouse the children._\n\n(3) Wherever possible\u2014in colleges, high schools, labor unions, fraternal\norganizations, women\u2019s clubs, churches, Sunday schools, at picnics, and\nso forth\u2014have debates, declamations and essays on war. Help the\ndebaters, writers and speakers, find literature on war, and, if\npossible, get the subject presented from a working-class point of view,\nshowing especially the fundamental cause of war and what war always\nmeans for the working class. (See page 350, _last two lines_.)\n\n(4) Have as many persons as possible call at your public library for\nbooks on war, and suggest books on war to be called for. Suggest books\nfor purchase by your public library management. If the books you urge\nfor the library are not purchased, _discuss_ the reason. All the\nsociological works quoted in Chapter Eleven should be in your public\nlibrary.\n\n(5) Get articles and letters on war into your local newspapers and labor\nunion journals.\n\n(6) On the 30th of May, the 4th of July and other \u201cgreat\u201d days, when the\nblood-steaming praise of human butchery is poured forth by the noisy\n\u201cpatriotic\u201d orators, pass around all possible literature helpful in\ncounteracting the befouling suggestions commonly thrust into the minds\nof the people at such times. Chapter Two and other selections from\n_War\u2014What For?_ making an inexpensive sixteen-page booklet, may be had,\nprinted separately, for such purpose.\n\nIt is possible to compel an entire community to think about the vast\noutrages against the working class. As long as the workers have the\nprivilege of spreading the printed page, one of their highest pleasures\nand powers will be found in _forcing society to consider the case of the\nworking class_. The first thing on the program in every community is to\ntake the community by the shoulders, so to speak, and _compel it to\nconsider the most vital subject of the hour_.\n\n(7) A Ten-Dollar Cash Prize for the best essay or debate, or declamation\non _war as a phase of the class struggle_ by local school-children under\neighteen years of age would create much interest in the vicious\nslaughter of men of the working class and in the new working class\npolitics, if the proper literature were brought to the young people\u2019s\nattention. See Chapter Eight, Section 20, Suggestion (7).\n\n(8) It would be easy to make here a pretentious parade of a\ndiscouragingly long list of books on war. But _War\u2014What For?_ is\nprimarily for the class of readers who are usually too busy in the\npresent warlike struggle for existence to find time to read a roomful of\nbooks on war. However, it is hoped that the present volume may also have\nreaders with opportunity to make extensive studies of the subject. Such\nreaders will find abundant bibliographies already prepared. Excellent\nbook lists for the student of war are as follows:\n\n(a) _The Political Science Quarterly_, December, 1900: over 200 titles,\nat the close of an elaborate article of great worth, \u201cWar and Economics\nin History and in Theory,\u201d by Edward Van Dyke Robinson.\n\n(b) A pamphlet, _International Peace, a list of Books with References to\nPeriodicals_: 600 titles with comment on contents, published by the\nBrooklyn Public Library, 1908.\n\n(c) A well selected list of readings in _The Arena_, December, 1894.\n\nFollowing is a list of pamphlets, magazine articles and books, directly\nor indirectly on the subject of social conflict, of which war is a\nphase. The list is short, tho\u2019 sufficient, it is hoped, to make a\nhelpful beginning, a short reading course, for any one who would\nunderstand the subject of social conflicts, that is, would understand,\nnot the science of war, but the cause, the meaning and results of class\nstruggles and war.\n\nThere is a vast amount of worthless, or worse than worthless, literature\non war: worthless because of the writers\u2019 neglect of the heart of the\nproblem, namely, the _industrial structure_ of all class-labor forms of\nsociety, with their _unsocial purpose and method of production_,\nresulting in the class struggle.\n\nWhoever would understand war must give special attention: (1) to the\n_economic interpretation of history_; (2) to the _class struggle_,\nconsidered historically and currently; and (3) to _surplus value_,\nproduced by the workers, but legally escaping from their control to the\ncapitalist class\u2014as a result of the institution of private ownership and\nprivate control of the collectively used means of production. The fact,\nthe method, the purpose, and the result of the _legal confiscation_ of\nthat part of the world\u2019s wealth which the workers produce and are not\npermitted to enjoy\u2014must have careful study. In the light of such\nstudies, national and international policies, politics and war can be\nunderstood. And as war is thus understood we can make rapid headway\nagainst war. Pretty little speeches and essays on the beauties of peace,\nwith \u201cplease-be-good\u201d perorations,\u2014such efforts, however carefully\nprepared, tearfully punctuated, elegantly printed and prayerfully\ndelivered, will result in\u2014nothing. That is to say, occasional literary\nand oratorical snowballs ignorantly, gracefully and grammatically tossed\nin the direction of hell will have no effect on the general temperature\nof that warlike region. (See Index: \u201cAnother War,\u201d \u201cThe Hague Peace\nConference,\u201d and \u201cThe Explanation.\u201d)\n\nA Reading Course.\n\nIn the following list of readings those indicated by parenthesis thus ()\nwould serve as a shorter course.\n\n (1) Kautsky: _The Capitalist Class_; _The Working Class_; _The Class\n Struggle_; _Ethics and the Materialistic Conception of History_; and\n _The Road to Power_, Chapters 8 and 9.\n\n (2) Simons: _The Man Under the Machine_, and _Class Struggles in\n America_.\n\n (3) Marx: _Wage-Labor and Capital_; Marx and Engels: _The Communist\n Manifesto_.\n\n (4) Massart and Vandervelde: _Parasitism\u2014Social and Organic_.\n\n (5) Myers: _History of Great American Fortunes_, entire work is an\n account of social parasitism in America; special references: Vol.\n II., pp. 127\u201338, 291\u2013301; Chapters 11 and 12; Vol. III., pp.\n 160\u2013176.\n\n (6) Veblen: _The Theory of the Leisure Class_.\n\n (7) Ross: _Social Control; The Foundations of Sociology_, pp.\n 219\u201323, 272\u201376; _Social Psychology_, Chapters on Suggestibility, The\n Crowd, and Mob Mind.\n\n (8) L. F. Ward: _Dynamic Sociology_, Vol. I., pp. 565\u2013597; _Psychic\n Factors in Civilization_, Chapters 33 and 38; _Applied Sociology_,\n pp. 224\u2013295, 300\u2013302, 307\u2013313, 319\u2013326; _Pure Sociology_, pp.\n 266\u201372; \u201cSocial Classes in the Light of Modern Sociological Theory,\u201d\n _American Journal of Sociology_, March, 1908; _Education and\n Progress_, Address delivered before the \u201cPlebs\u201d League, Oxford,\n England, August 2, 1909.\n\n 9 W. G. Sumner: _Folkways_, Chapter 6.\n\n (10) Morgan: _Ancient Society_, pp. V.-VIII.; Pt. I. Chs. 1\u20133; and\n all of Pt. IV.\n\n (11) J. O. Ward: _Ancient Lowly_, Chapter\u2014\u201cSpartacus.\u201d\n\n 12 Shoaf: _The Story of the Mollie McGuires_.\n\n 13 Hanford: _The Labor War in Colorado_.\n\n 14 \u2014\u2014: \u201cSecret Army Guards New York Against a Traffic Strike,\u201d New\n York _Herald_, Mag. Section, March 20, 1910.\n\n (15) Debs: _Class Conflict in Colorado_.\n\n (16) Wright, U. S. Commissioner of Labor: _A Government Report on\n the Great Strike in Colorado_.\n\n 17 Darrow: _Speech to the Jury in the Haywood Case_.\n\n (18) Untermann: _The Dick Militia Law_ (U. S., 1903).\n\n 19 Commons: \u201cIs Class Conflict in America Growing and Is It\n Inevitable?\u201d * * * Carver: \u201cThe Basis of Social Conflict\u201d; * * *\n Keasby: \u201cCompetition.\u201d _American Journal of Sociology_, March, 1908.\n See also Papers and Proceedings of the American Sociological\n Society, Vol. II., Special Topic: \u201cSocial Conflicts.\u201d\n\n 20 Small: _General Sociology_, Chapters 26 and 27.\n\n (21) Shaler: \u201cThe Natural History of War,\u201d _International\n Quarterly_, Sept., 1903; also _The Neighbor_.\n\n 22 Ridpath: \u201cPlutocracy and War,\u201d _Arena_, Jan., 1898.\n\n (23) Jordan: \u201cThe Biology of War,\u201d an Address, Chicago, 1909,\n reported in _Unity_, June 10, 1909; _Imperial Democracy_, Chapters\n 1, 2, 3, and 7; _The Human Harvest_; _The Blood of the Nation_.\n\n 24 Chatterton-Hill: _Heredity and Selection in Sociology_, pp.\n 316\u201324. Thompson: _Heredity_, pp. 532\u201334.\n\n (25) Jefferson: \u201cThe Peace-at-any-Price Men,\u201d _The Independent_,\n Feb. 4, 1909; \u201cThe Delusions of the Militarist,\u201d _Atlantic Monthly_,\n March, 1909.\n\n (26) Charles Edward Russell: _Why I Am a Socialist_.\n\n 27 Tolstoi: _Bethink Yourselves; Patriotism and Christianity_, and\n _Thou Shalt Not Kill_.\n\n (28) Robinson: \u201cWar and Economics in History and in Theory,\u201d\n _Political Science Quarterly_, Dec., 1900.\n\n (29) Ghent: _Mass and Class_.\n\n (30) London: _The War of the Classes_; _Revolution_, Chapter, \u201cThe\n Yellow Peril\u201d; also, \u201cRevolution,\u201d _Contemporary Review_, Jan.,\n 1908.\n\n (31) W. T. Mills: _The Struggle for Existence_, Chapters 4\u201323.\n\n (32) Hillquit: _Socialism in Theory and Practice_, pp. 36\u201365,\n 153\u2013167, 296\u2013302.\n\n (33) Spargo: _Socialism_, Chapters 4, 5, 6, and _Common Sense of\n Socialism_, Chapters 2\u20137.\n\n (34) Ferri: _Socialism and Modern Science_, Chapter 7.\n\n 35 Seligman: _The Economic Interpretation of History_.\n\n 36 Boudin: _The Theoretical System of Karl Marx_, Chapters 1\u20135,\n 8\u201310.\n\n 37 Patten: \u201cThe Economic Causes of Moral Progress,\u201d _Annals of Amer.\n Soc. Pol. and Soc. Sci._, Sept., 1892.\n\n (38) Engels: _The Origin of the Family, Property and the State_,\n special attention to Chapters 8, 9; and _Socialism\u2014Utopian and\n Scientific_.\n\n (39) Hobson: _The Evolution of Modern Capitalism_; _Imperialism_,\n special attention to first six chapters; _The Psychology of\n Jingoism_; _The War in South Africa_, Part II.; and _John\n Ruskin\u2014Social Reformer_, Chapters 3\u20138 inclusive, and Appendix 1.\n\n 40 Ferrero: _Militarism_.\n\n 41 Liebknecht: _Militarismus und Anti-Militarismus_.\n\n 42 B\u00fcchner: _Industrial Evolution_ (Wickett\u2019s translation), Chapters\n 4\u20135.\n\n (43) Robinson and Beard: _The Development of Modern Europe_, Vol.\n II., Chapters 18, 30\u201331.\n\n (44) Weale: _The Coming Struggle in Asia_, special attention to\n Parts II. and III.\n\n 45 \u2014\u2014: \u201cPeace on Earth,\u201d _Public Opinion_, Dec. 4, 1908, p. 635.\n\n 46 Schierbrand: _America, Asia and the Pacific_.\n\n 47 Harrison: _National and Social Problems_, Part I., Chapters 1,\n 6\u201311.\n\n (48) Strong: _Expansion_, Chapters 2, 3, 4.\n\n 49 Bolce: _The New Internationalism_, Chapters 1\u20136 inclusive, and\n 15.\n\n 50 Fisk: _International Commercial Policies_, Chapters 13\u201316.\n\n 51 Reinsch: _World Politics_.\n\n 52 Asakawa: _The Russo-Japanese Conflict_.\n\n 53 Kennan: \u201cThe Military and Political Memoirs of General\n Kuropatkin,\u201d _McClure\u2019s Magazine_, Sept. 1908.\n\n 54 Smith: _The Spirit of American Government_, Chapters 4, 11, 12.\n\n 55 McCabe and Darien: _Can We Disarm?_\n\n 56 Carver: _Sociology and Social Progress_, pp. 132\u201373.\n\n 57 Jaur\u00e8s: \u201cSocialism and International Arbitration,\u201d _North\n American Review_, Aug. 1908.\n\n 58 Broda: \u201cThe Federation of the World,\u201d _The International_, July,\n 1908.\n\n (59) Herv\u00e9: \u201cAnti-Militarism,\u201d _The International_, July, 1908;\n _Anti-Patriotism_; _My Country\u2014Right or Wrong_.\n\n 60 Edmondson: _John Bull\u2019s Army from Within_.\n\n 61 Mead: _Patriotism and the New Internationalism_.\n\n 62 Kampffmeyer: _Changes in the Theory and Tactics of the (German)\n Social Democracy_ (Gaylord\u2019s Translation), Chapter 3.\n\n (63) Sombart: _Socialism and the Socialist Movement_ (Epstein\u2019s\n Translation), Sixth Enlarged Edition, pp. 175\u2013223.\n\n (64) Stoddard: _The New Socialism_, Chapters 14, 15.\n\n (65) Campbell: _Christianity and the Social Order_, pp. 176\u2013230.\n\n 66 Warner: _The Ethics of Force_.\n\n 67 Wallace: _The Wonderful Century_, Chapters 19, 20.\n\n 68 (Anonymous:) _Arbeiter in Council_.\n\n (69) Walsh: _The Moral Damage of War_.\n\n 70 McLaren: _Put Up Thy Sword_.\n\n (71) Bloch: _The Future of War_.\n\n 72 Molinari: _The Society of Tomorrow_.\n\n 73 Brooks: _The Social Unrest_, Chapter 6.\n\n (74) Kim: _Mind and Hand_, Chapters 2, 17, 21, 22, 24.\n\n (75) Seidel: _Industrial Instruction_.\n\n (76) Eastman: _Work-Accidents and the Law_; Oliver: _Dangerous\n Trades_.\n\n 77 Addams: _The Newer Ideals of Peace_.\n\n 78 Anitchkow: _War and Labor_.\n\n 79 Cooley: _Human Nature and the Social Order_, Chapters 1, 3, 4, 7,\n 12.\n\n 80 Lloyd: _Man the Social Creator_, Chapters 1, 6, 11.\n\n 81 Kropotkin: _Mutual Aid_.\n\n 82 Bellamy: _Equality_, Chapters 22\u201327 and first half of 33.\n\n 83 Henry George: _Progress and Poverty_, Book 10, Chapter 3.\n\n 84 Amos: _Political and Legal Remedies for War_, Chapters 1, 2.\n\n 85 Charles Sumner: _Addresses on War_.\n\n 86 Fiske: _The Destiny of Man_.\n\n 87 Kelly: _Government and Human Evolution_, Vol. II.\n\n (88) Barry: _Siege of Port Arthur\u2014A Monster Heroism_.\n\n (89) Sakurai: _Human Bullets_.\n\n (90) Von Suttner: _Lay Down Your Arms_.\n\n (91) Andreief: _The Red Laugh_.\n\n (92) Zola: _The Downfall_.\n\n (93) Wells: _The War in the Air_.\n\n 94 Channing: _Lectures on War_.\n\n (95) Hugo: _Les Mis\u00e9rables_\u2014the Battle of Waterloo; also _William\n Shakespeare_, Anderson\u2019s translation, pp. 294\u2013312, 341\u201348, 384\u201395.\n\n 96 Sienkiewicz: _With Fire and Sword_.\n\n (97) Crosby: _Captain Jinks\u2014Hero_, and _Swords and Ploughshares_.\n\n 98 Mr. Dooley: _In Peace and War_.\n\n 99 Kipling: _Barrack-Room Ballads_\u2014\u201cTommy.\u201d\n\n 100 Mrs. Browning: _Mother and Poet_.\n\nThe various \u201cpeace societies\u201d have published considerable literature on\nwar and peace\u2014in most cases with good intentions, no doubt. However,\nthere could be no peace between a chattel slave and a chattel slave\u2019s\nmaster; nor can there be peace between a wage-slave and a wage-slave\u2019s\nemployer\u2014if the wage-slave be awake; nor between the wage-slave class\nand the capitalist class. Until \u201cpeace societies\u201d cry out against\ncapitalism,\u2014the heart of which is the wage-system,\u2014until then their\nliterature will be discouragingly ineffective.\n\nReread first page of Chapter Nine, paragraph beginning \u201cThe cash cost of\nmilitarism.\u201d\n\nThe one war sublime is: Light against Darkness.\n\nThe printing press is the machine-gun for the slaves against slavery.\n\nIt is a high privilege to make a human brain ferment\u2014with facts.\n\n\n THE END.\n\n\n\n\n INDEX.\n\n\n Abuse of Soldiers, 191\u2013199, 219\u2013223\n\n Advertisements for Soldiers, 108, 199\u2013201, 293\n\n Aggression and Robbery, Social, 273\u2013337\n\n Airships, Dirigible, 90\n\n \u201cAll War, Civil War,\u201d 264\n\n \u201cAmerican Brigadier, The,\u201d Church Militarism, 230 et seq.\n\n American Civil War, 139\n\n American Civil War, Cash Cost of, 55\u201358\n\n American Revolutionists, Resistance by Force, 292\n\n American Revolutionary War, Betrayal of Working-Class Soldiers in,\n 117\u2013118\n\n Anarchists, Capitalists as, 295\u2013296, 303\n\n Andreief, Leonid,\u2014\u201cThe Red Laugh\u201d, 18\u201319, 83\n\n Another War, 30\u201343, 97, 154\u2013158, 207, 217, 265, 284, 287, 289\u2013290,\n 312\u2013316, 333\u2013334,\n\n Antagonism in Present Social Structure, 273\u2013337\n\n Antagonism\u2014Mutualism\u2014in the Social Structure, 281 et seq.\n\n Antagonism\u2014Second Possible Plan of Social Organization, 282\n\n Antagonism, Social, Basis of, 282\n\n Anti-patriotism of George Washington, 217\u2013218\n\n Arbitration, 202\u2013206, 308\u2013309\n\n Arbitration, \u201cNothing to Arbitrate,\u201d 166\u2013167\n\n Aristocrats, Roman, Avoiding Infantry, 22\n\n Armed Guard, Rapidly Increasing, Necessity of, New Danger, 42, 164\u2013174\n\n \u201cArm Everybody or Nobody,\u201d 175\n\n Arms, Defective, Provided Union Soldiers, 139\n\n Arms, Modern, Improved, 77\u201397\n\n Arms, Rapid Improvement of, 26\n\n Arms, Right to Bear, 175\n\n Army, Composed of Working-Class, General Army Staff Quoted, 10\n\n \u201cArmy, the Poor Man\u2019s University,\u201d 176\n\n\n Bankruptcy, 64\u201373\n\n Barry, Richard, 82\u201383, 88\n\n Battles in Industry Compared With Battle in War, 164\n\n Bayonet, a Stinger, 12\n\n Births Prevented by Life in Military Service, 48\n\n Block, J., 49, 56, 75, 80, 85, 89, 109\n\n Blood Cost of War, in General, 47\u201354;\n in Manchuria, 145\n\n Blood Lust, Fostering of, in Children, 213 et seq.\n\n Boer War, 32, 67, 93, 181 et seq.\n\n Bond Leech, International, 146\u2013148\n\n \u201cBoys in Blue,\u201d The, 118 et seq.\n\n \u201cBoy Scout\u201d Movement, The, 228\u2013233\n\n British Government, Its Betrayal of Soldiers in Napoleonic Wars and in\n the Boer War, 110\u2013118\n\n Brutality of Soldiers, 180 et seq.\n\n Bryan, W. J., 21\n In Cuban War, 178\u2013179\n Sons of, 157\n\n Bullets, Dumdum, 204\u2013205\n\n Business and Government in Impending War, 156\u2013157\n\n \u201cBusiness Is Business,\u201d 244\u2013272\n\n\n Caesar\u2019s Victories, 105\n\n Capitalism, 30\u201346, 283 et seq.\n\n Capitalism, Destruction of, 291 et seq.\n\n Capitalism, Peace Impossible Under, 286\u2013289\n\n \u201cCapital Produces Nothing,\u201d 284\u2013285\n\n Canned Beef for Soldiers, 137\u2013144\n\n Cannibals, \u201cCivilized,\u201d 144\u2013148\n\n Carlyle, Thomas, on the \u201cBrave Boys,\u201d 189\u2013190\n\n Carnegie, Andrew, 289\n\n Carnegie Steel Company, Patriotism of, 289\n\n Cause of War, Chap. Three, Six, Ten, Eleven\n\n Challenge to Hague Peace Society, 206 et seq.\n\n Chattel Slave, Protection of, 97\u201399\n\n Chattel Slavery, 282 et seq.\n\n Children, 207\u2013243, 338\u2013339\n\n Chinese Export Trade, 156\u2013157\n\n Christ, 21, 52, 144 et seq., 184, 226\u2013278, 244, 259\u2013260\n\n Characterization of, 260\u2013261\n\n Christian Governments in the R\u00f4le of Procurers, 220\u2013223\n\n \u201cChristianized\u201d War, 52\n\n Church, The, and War, 244\u2013272\n Defense of Chattel Slavery, Serfdom and Capitalism, 256 et seq.\n Training Children for Strikes and War, 228\u2013232\n\n \u201cCivil War, All War Is,\u201d 264\n\n Civil War, American, 54\u201358, 100\u2013101, 118\u2013124\n\n Civil War\u2014in Industry, 37\u201346, 168\u2013174\n Origin and Perpetuation of, 318\u201337\n See also Chapter Ten\n\n Classes\u2014Industrial, 274 et seq.\n\n Classes\u2014Industrial, Property as Basis of, Professors Bluntschli and\n Fairbanks, 275\u2013276\n\n Classes, Social\u2014What Creates, 286\n See Civil War in Industry.\n\n Class Interests\u2014Clash of, 29\u201346, 273\u2013337\n\n Class War, Raging Around Unsocialized Industrial Property, 167 et seq.\n See Civil War in Industry.\n\n Clergy and War, The, 228\u2013234, 244\u2013272\n\n Clews, Henry, 121\u2013124, 285\n\n Commander-in-Chief, Insult From, 10\n\n \u201cCome On! or Go Ahead!\u201d, 107\n\n Commerce Develops into Militarism, 29\u201346, 137\u2013158\n\n Competition and War, 40\n Laborers Relieved of, by War, 188\n\n Conciliation, See Arbitration.\n\n Conscription, in Caesar\u2019s Time, 22, 77, 152\n For Napoleon\u2019s Armies, 104\u201305\n\n Conservatives, Liberals, 173\u2013174\n\n Constabulary, The State, 148\u2013153, 170\u2013175\n\n Corruption of Soldier Youths, Taft, Dickinson, Jordan, Col. Van\n Rensselaer, General Sherman and others, 219\u2013227\n\n Cossack, The American, See Constabulary.\n\n Cost of War, in Blood 100 years following 1789, total, 50\n\n Cost in Cash, of War, 54 et seq.\n In Manchuria, 145\n\n Cost of War in Cash, 54\u201376\n\n Credit Mobilier, 124\u2013137\n\n Crosby, Ernest, 237\n\n \u201cCross, Cannon, and Cash Register,\u201d 244\u2013272\n\n Cruelty of Soldiers, 180 et seq.\n\n Cuban War, 32, 94, 137\u2013144\n\n Cyclone of Dynamite, etc., on Battlefield, 89\u201390\n\n\n Debts, War, 47, 54\u201376\n\n Decadence, Physical, 45\u201354, 92\u2013106\n\n Declamations for Children, 237 et seq.\n\n Declaration of Independence, American, 302\n\n Democracy, Increasing, 70, 167\u2013168, 273\u2013316, 335\u2013337\n\n Deserters, System for Catching, 7, 77, 153, 193, 199\n\n Despotism, Foundation, and Historical Forms, of, 282 et seq.\n Also Chapter Eleven.\n\n \u201cDick\u201d Militia Law, The, 161, 170 et seq.\n\n Disappointment of Young Soldiers, 194 et seq.\n\n Disarmament, 206 et seq.\n\n Disease in War, 48, 92\u201397, 220\u2013223\n\n \u201cDreadnoughts,\u201d 60\u201365\n\n Dumdum Bullets, 204\u2013205\n\n\n Economic Determinism\u2014Applications and Illustrations of, Chapters Six,\n Nine, Ten, Eleven\n\n Education and Militarism, 24\u201325, 59\u201376\n\n $8,000,000,000, 69\u201374\n\n Elkins Law, 295\u2013296\n\n Employer Class, Interest of, Josiah Strong, 100\n\n Enlistment, 77\u201386, 97, 102\u2013103, 107\u2013109\n\n Expansion of Capitalism, 34\n\n Exemptions, Substitutes, 160\u2013161, 228\u2013230\n\n \u201cExplain!\u201d, 293\u2013294\n\n Explosives, Modern, 77\u201392\n\n\n Father and the Boys, 159 et seq.\n\n Ferrero, G., on Roosevelt Type of Greatness, 180, 187\n On War as a Promoter of Civilization, 185\n\n \u201cFighting Parsons\u201d, 244\u2013273\n\n Firing Line, the Industrial, 164\n\n Fiske, John, on Evolution of Social Man, 183\n\n Fittest, Survival of, in War, 47\u201354, 188\u201391\n\n Force, Resistance By, 291\u2013293\n\n \u201cForeigners\u201d, 257\u2013264\n\n Foundation of Democracy, 281 et seq.\n\n Foundations of Society, Privately Owned, 39;\n See Chapter Ten\n\n Foreign Markets, 30\u201346, 155\u2013157, 254\u2013255, 333\u2013334\n\n Four Great Events, 306 et seq.\n\n Franchise, Right of, in America, 117\u2013118\n\n Franco-Prussian War, 26, 93, 160\u2013163, 210\n\n Freedom, Evolution of, 334\u2013337\n Foundation of, 273\u2013316\n\n \u201cFreeing Cuba\u201d, 137\u2013144\n\n French Wars of the Revolution, 49\n\n Functions, Social\u2014Organization Necessary for, 281\n\n Future Wars, See \u201cAnother War.\u201d\n\n\n Garrison, William Lloyd, on Patriotism, 216\n\n \u201cGovernments Destroy Nations\u201d, 70\n\n Government\u2019s, the Federal, Sneer at the Poverty of the Working Class,\n 108\u2013109\n\n Government, Use of, in Defense of Interests, by Washington and Others,\n 217\u2013219;\n Discussion and Suggestion of, Frequent.\n\n\n Habit, Force of in Working Class, 326 et seq.\n\n Hague Peace Conference, 201\u2013205, 214, 289\u2013290\n\n Hale, Edward Everett, Rebukes Teachers of Blood Lust, 214\n\n Harvard University, \u201cFashionable Cavalry\u201d, 23\n\n Hearst (Newspapers), 32\n\n Hearst, Mr., Patriotic, 178\n\n Hell, 77\u2013106\n\n Heroes, 180\u2013184\n\n _History of Great American Fortunes_, Gustavus Myers, 137, 139\n\n Humanizing War, 203\u2013204\n\n\n Illinois Central Railway Company, Lands Secured by, 135\u2013136\n\n Impending War, See \u201cAnother War.\u201d\n\n Income-Tax and Patriotism, 107\n\n Industrial Function\u2014Society Always Organized Primarily with Reference\n to, 281 et seq.\n\n Industrial Despotism, Historic Forms and Foundation of, 282 et seq.\n\n Ingersoll, R. G., 180, 182, 225, 235, 237\u2013238\u2013241\n\n Insanity Among Soldiers, 6\u20137, 88, 195\n\n Institutions, Origin of, Illustrations, 317\u2013337\n\n International Citizens, 262\u2013264\n\n\n Japanese-Russian War, 99, 144\n\n Jingoism, The Beginning of, 209\u2013210\n\n Jordan, President D. S., 104\u2013105, 198\n\n\n Kidnapping and Militarism, 227\n\n\n Labor Market, See Labor-power.\n\n Labor-power, Buying and Selling of, 29\u201347, 97\u201399, 106, 274\u2013275, 333\u2013337\n\n Lad\u2019s Brigade, The, 230 et seq.\n\n \u201cLand-Grant\u201d Railroads, Land Gifts, etc., 124, 137\n\n Law and Order, 6, 321\u2013322\n\n Liberals, Conservatives, 173\u2013174\n\n Limitation of Armaments, 69\u201370;\n See Hague Peace Society, The.\n\n Lincoln, President, and the Wall Street Patriots, 118\u2013137\n\n Lockouts, Strikes, Statistics of, 168\u2013169\n\n \u201cLove of Country\u201d, 217\u2013219\n\n\n \u201cMan on Horseback, The\u201d, 148 et seq.\n\n Marines, 108, 154\u2013158, 221\u2013222\n\n Markets, See Foreign Markets, and Labor-power.\n\n Medical Service, U. S. Government\u2019s Criminal Neglect of, Utterly\n Inadequate, 94\u201395, 143\u2013144\n\n Meditations of a Workingman, 153 et seq.\n\n Mexican War, 148\n\n \u201cMight Makes Right\u201d, 21\u201328, 185\u2013190\n\n Militarism, 29\u2013106;\n In Public Schools, Chapter Eight.\n\n Militarism and Education, 59\u201376\n\n Militarism and Kidnapping, 227\n\n Militarism in Churches, 228\u2013233\n\n Military Tactics, Applied in Politics, 278\u2013280\n\n Militia and Army\u2014Rich Men\u2019s Sons in, 160, 176\u2013177\n\n Militiamen and Soldiers, 25, 40, 45, 46, 148, 151\u2013152\n\n Millionaires in Cuban War, 176\u2013178\n\n Ministers and War, 6, 20, 22, 24, 27, 28, 41, 44, 78, 244\u2013272\n\n Modern Machinery, Knowledge, Methods, Specially Import Result, 42\n\n Moral Decline of Youth in Army, 180\u2013187, 219\u2013227\n\n Morocco-affair, The, 309\n\n Moskow Campaign, 104\u2013105\n\n Mother\u2014and the Boys and Girls, 207\u2013243\n\n Mothers, Special Suggestions for, 236 et seq.\n\n Murdering Machinery, Modern, 77\u201392\n\n Mutualism\u2014Antagonism in the Social Structure, 281 et seq.\n\n \u201cMy Country is the World, My Countrymen All Mankind\u201d, 216\n\n\n Napoleon, 104\u2013105, 110\u2013115, 124, 200, 208\u2013209, 237\n\n Naturalness of Social Parasites\u2019 Behavior, 286 et seq.\n\n Naval Life, Unnaturalness of and Disastrous Moral Results, 221\u2013222\n\n Navy, 58\u201359, 69, 108, 191\n\n Next War, The\u2014How to Avoid Being Wounded in, 97\n\n Non-Combatants, Destruction of, in Time of War, 48\u201350\n\n Non-Resistance, 291 et seq.\n\n Northern Pacific Railway Company, Land Gifts to, 134\u2013136\n\n Norwegian-Swedish War, See \u201cFour Great Events.\u201d\n\n \u201cNo Sentiment in Business\u201d, 244\u2013272\n\n Notice, Special, to Hague Peace Society, 206 et seq.\n\n\n \u201cObey or Starve\u201d, 257\u2013258, 334\u2013337\n\n \u201cOff for the Front\u201d, 30\n\n \u201cOld Glory,\u201d Abuse of, 150\n\n Old Veteran and Young Cossack,, 148 et seq.\n\n One Christian Century of War, 52\u201353\n\n Opportunity, Equal Basis of, 281\n\n \u201cOur Country!\u201d, 218\u2013219, 225\u2013226\n\n Over-production, 37\u201342, 333\u2013335\n\n\n Panic of 1907\u2014Regular Soldiers\u2019 Pay Advanced in by Congress, 152\u2013153\n\n Parades, Military, Purpose and Results, 199 et seq.\n\n Parasites, 7, 17, 137, 190\u2013191, 273\u2013337\n\n Parents, Suggestions to, 207\u2013243\n\n Patriotism, 227, 196\u2013197\n\n Patriotism a Matter of Cash. W. H. Taft and T. Roosevelt, 196\u2013197\n\n Patriotism, Capitalist, Specimens of, 107\u2013158\n\n Patriotism, Fallacy of False, Exploded by James Mackaye, 217\n\n Patriotism, False, Taught to Children, 208 et seq.\n\n \u201cPatriotism is Killing Spaniards,\u201d, 252\u2013253\n\n Patriotism of Buyers of War Bonds, 118\u2013124\n\n Patriotism\u2014of George Washington, 217\u2013218\n\n Patriotism\u2014Lowell, J. R., on, 217\n\n Patriotism, Petty, Interferes With Social Evolution of Child, 213, 215\n et seq.\n\n Patriotism, Professor Paulsen on, 180\n\n Patriotism, R. G. Ingersoll on, 180\n\n Patriotism, R. W. Emerson on, 217\n\n Patriots, Some Petty, 262\u2013264\n\n Peaceful Slaughter\u2014in Industry, 97\u2013106\n\n Peace Impossible Without Socializing Unity of Interest, 257 et seq.,\n 282 et seq.\n\n Peace on the Program, 262\u2013263\n\n Peace Societies, 201\u2013205\n\n Peace, Talk of, but Preparation for War, 154 et seq.\n\n Peace, The Hague Conference, 201\u2013205\n\n Penitentiary for the Rich, 295\u2013296\n\n Pensions, 55\u201359\n Industrial Pensions and Military Service Pensions, 163\u2013165\n\n Perverted Sex-Appetite in Life at Sea, 221\u2013222\n\n Philippines, A Soldier\u2019s Letter from the, 198\n\n Philippine War, 99\u2013101\n\n Pledge to Working Class, 11\n\n Poetry that Poisons, 213, 214\n\n Poisoned Arms, A Revolution Produced by, 203\u2013204\n\n Political Logic, Elementary, 167 et seq.\n\n Political Parties\u2014Do Not Create Classes, 286\n\n Political Party, Definition of, 304\n\n Political Resistance, 293 et seq.\n\n Politics, Elementary, Chap. Ten.\n\n Politics, Military Tactics Applied in, 278\u2013280\n\n Poverty of Soldiers Following War, 110\u2013117, 137\u2013144\n\n Power, the Road to, 167\u2013168\n\n Powers of Government, Necessity of Capturing, 25, 41\u201342, 75\u201376,\n 105\u2013106, 159\u2013206, 273\u2013316\n\n Preachers on the Firing Line, 228\u2013230\n\n \u201cPreaching Heaven, Practising Hell\u201d, 230\n\n Preparation for War, 34, 54\u201376\n Talk of Peace and Preparation for War, 154\u2013155\n\n Press, The, 24, 32, 177\u2013178, 336\u2013337, 338\u2013344\n\n Prevention of War, 24\u201325, 105\u2013106, 158, 160, 174\u2013176, 201\u2013206, 235\u2013243,\n Chapters Nine, Ten;\n \u201cFour Great Events,\u201d pp. 306 et seq.\n\n Prize-Fighter Statesmanship, 58\u201376\n\n Procurers, Christian Governments as, 220\u2013223\n\n Progress Promoted by War, 184 et seq.\n\n Property Basis of Social Classes\u2014Professors Bluntschli and Fairbanks,\n 275\u2013276\n\n Property Rights, \u201cSacred\u201d, 39, 322\u2013325\n\n Property, Socialized, 167\u2013168\n\n Prostitutes Furnished by Christian Governments to Their Soldiers,\n 219\u2013223\n\n\n Quarters, Soldiers\u2019, 192 et seq.\n\n\n Race Suicide, 207\u2013209\n\n Rag-Money for \u201cBoys in Blue,\u201d, 119\u2013120\n\n Rations\u2014For Soldiers, 191 et seq.\n\n \u201c_Real_ War, The,\u201d Ruskin, J., 227\n\n Rebellion, 69\u201370\n See Washington.\n\n Recitations, Declamations, Selections from Chapters One, Two, Four,\n Five, Six, Eight, Nine, Ten. See Suggestions Chapter Twelve.\n\n Recruiting, 42, 43\n\n Recruiting\u2014Devices, 108\n\n Red Cross Society, 88\n\n \u201cRemembering the Maine,\u201d See \u201cFreeing Cuba.\u201d\n\n Resistance by all Forms of Power, 292\u2013294\n\n Revolution, 300\u2013303\n\n Revolutionary War, American, 57\n\n Revolutionists, American, 217\u2013218, 292, 302\u2013303\n\n Revolution of Opinion, 152\u2013153, 187\n\n Revolution, Prepare For, 167\u2013168\n\n Revolution, Produced by Poisoned Arms, 203\u2013204\n\n Rifle Practice Clubs in Public Schools, 233 et seq.\n\n Rifle Ranges in Public Schools, 210 et seq.\n\n \u201cRighteous War\u201d, Chapter Nine\n\n Risks in War\u2014At the Front and in Wall Street. See \u201cClews.\u201d\n See also, 163\u2013164\n\n Road to Power, The, 167\u2013168\n\n Robbery, Institutional, 282 et seq.\n\n Romans, Decadence of, 105\n\n Roosevelt, T., 21, 47, 93, 102, 141\u2013143, 157, 179\u2013180, 197, 233,\n 251\u2013253\n\n Rough Riders, The, 140\n\n Royal Timber Company, The, 144 et seq.\n\n Russian-Japanese War, 18\u201319, 68\u201369, 86\u201388, 101, 144 et seq.\n\n\n School Children, Deception of, 56\n\n Schools, Public, Abuse of, by Militarists, Chapter Eight\n\n Schools, Use of, to Betray and Poison Children, 213 et seq.\n\n Sedan, Battle of, 84, 85, 163\n\n Senate, U. S., Dignity and Nobility of, 124\u2013137\n\n \u201cSentiment in Business\u201d, 244\u2013272\n\n Seven Days\u2019 Battle, 124 et seq.\n\n Seventh Regiment (N. Y.), The, 176\u2013177\n\n \u201cSilence!\u201d The Command of Despotism, 113\u2013114, 148\n\n Silent Destroyer, Disease, The, 92\u201397\n\n Slavery as a Revolution, 318\n\n Slavery, Serfdom, Capitalism, Purpose of, 38\n\n Socialist Party and War, 68, 270\u2013272, Chapter Ten, 336\u2013337\n\n Social Organization\u2014Mutualism, Antagonism, Two Possible Social Forms,\n 281 et seq.\n\n South-African War, 103\n\n Spanish-American War, 93, 176\u2013177\n\n Special Warning, A, 154 et seq.\n\n Standing Army, A, 109\u2013110, 170\u2013176\n\n Statesmen, Politicians, in War, 30\n Temptations of, 44\n\n Strikes, 17\n Militiaman\u2019s Cheap R\u00f4le in, 45\u201346, 1894, 165\u2013166\n At Iron Mines in Minnesota, 1907, 166 et seq.\n \u201cGreat Coal Strike\u201d, 148 et seq.\n Strikes, Lockouts, Statistics of, 168\u2013169\n Schoolboys Prepared for Strikes, 233\u2013235\n\n Substitutes, Exemptions, 160\u2013161\n\n Suggestions, 25, 54, 56, 58, 68, 74\u201376, 97, 105\u2013106, 174\u2013175, 184,\n 210\u2013214, 236 et seq., 293\u2013294; Chapters Eleven, Twelve\n\n Suicide, 6\u20137, 77, 194 et seq.\n\n Surgery Applied to Society, 298\u2013299\n\n Surplus, 37\u201343\n\n Surplus Products, Embarrassingly large, 254, 255\n\n Swedish-Norwegian War, See \u201cFour Great Events\u201d, 306 et seq.\n\n\n Taft, W. H., 10, 48, 154\u2013157, 191 et seq., 195 et seq., 219, 295\u2013296\n\n Teachers, School, Their Power to Blast or Develop Social Nature of\n Child, 209\u2013216\n\n Teaching Youths How to Avoid Venereal Disease in Associating With Women\n (U. S. Government and British Government), 219\u2013223\n\n Temptations Frankly Offered by Federal Government, 192 et seq.\n\n Territorial Force Act (English), \u201cDick\u201d Law, 173\u2013174\n\n The Hague Peace Society, 202 et seq.\n\n \u201c_The_ War is the Class War\u201d, 37\u201346, 286\n\n \u201cTo Arms! To Arms!\u201d, 13\u201317, 289\u2013291\n\n \u201cTopics for Discussion\u201d, 159\u2013243\n\n Toys, Military, 216\n\n \u201cTrain Everybody or Nobody\u201d, 175\n\n \u201cTrade Follows the Flag\u201d, 36\n\n Trust Laws, 295\u2013296\n\n Tsar of Russia, and The Hague Peace Conference, 201\u2013202\n\n Tyranny Protected by the Flag, Chapter Six, Seventh Illustration, and\n 148\u2013153, 164\u2013165\n\n\n \u201cUndesirable Citizens,\u201d Soldiers as, W. H. Taft, 195 et seq., 260\u2013262\n\n Unemployed, The, 42, 152\u2013153\n\n Union Pacific Railway Charter, 124\u2013137\n\n Universal Military Service, Chapter Seven (3), (11), (12)\n\n\n Venereal Diseases, 48, 49, 219\u2013223\n\n \u201cVision of the Future,\u201d Ingersoll\u2019s, 242\n\n \u201cVision of War,\u201d Ingersoll\u2019s, 240\u2013241\n\n Volunteers, 77\n\n\n Wage-System, See Labor-power, Buying and Selling of.\n\n Wall Street Patriots, 118\u2013124\n\n Walsh, Dr. Walter, 147, 182, 199, 210, 222\u2013223, 266 et seq.\n\n \u201cWar a Collision of Interests,\u201d General Von der Goltz, 170\n\n War and Industry, Comparative Destruction of Life in, 77\u201392\n\n War, and the Survival of the Fittest, 188\n\n War and Women, 207\u2013243\n\n War as Hell, Chap. Five, 160, 289\u2013291\n\n War as a Relief to Competition Among Laborers, 188\n\n War as a System of Exploitation, Ferrero, 187\n\n War, Comment on, 160\n\n War, Definition of, 21\n\n Ward, Lester F., 38, 183, 284, 292, 328\n\n War, Explanation of, Motives and Occasions of, Chaps. Three, Six, Ten,\n Eleven\n\n \u201cWar is Hell\u201d, 159\u2013160\n\n War Necessary to Progress, 184 et seq.\n\n War, Origin of, 317\u2013337\n\n Warning, Special, 14, 17, 154\u2013158, 288\u2013290, 311\u2013316\n\n \u201cWar\u201d Statesmen, Popularity of, 44\n\n War\u2014The Class Struggle, 286 et seq.;\n See Classes\n\n War, The Next, See \u201cAnother War.\u201d\n\n War, What is Determined By, 21\u201328, 185\u2013188\n\n War\u2014What to Do About It, 159\u2013243, 273\u2013316; passim\n\n War, Who Want, Who Declare, Who Fight, 29 et seq.\n\n Washington, Anti-Patriot, 217\u2013218\n Letter to John Bannister on Patriotism, 148\n\n Waterloo, Battle of, 110\u2013111\n\n \u201cWelcome Home!\u201d, 107\u2013158\n\n \u201cWintering\u201d in the Army, 153\n\n Women and War, 18, 26, 207\u2013243\n\n Working Class, Self-Defense of, 1\u2013344\n\n Wounded, the Difficulties in Attending to in Modern War, 94\n\n\n \u201cYoung Men Not Only Willing but Anxious to Fight,\u201d Origin of Saying, 47\n\n Youth, Conscription of, for Napoleon\u2019s Armies, 104\u2013105\n\n\n Zeppelin\u2019s, Count, Airship, 90\n\n Zola, Emile, _The Downfall_, 26, 83, 211\u2013212\n\n[Illustration: \u2018Isaac]\n\n\n\n\n SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT:\n\n\nDiscussion destroys wrongs and develops rights. Hence the absolute\nimportance of discussion.\n\nThe =Three Great Rights= are:\n\n Freedom of Assemblage (for discussion),\n Freedom of Speech (for discussion), and\n Freedom of the Press (for discussion).\n\n\u201cWhy are these the three great rights?\u201d\n\nBecause with _these_ three rights we =hold= these three rights and other\nrights we already =have=, and also =get= _any other_ and _all other_\nrights we =need=.\n\n_It is most unwise and dangerous for any one to hesitate for one moment\nin defending these three rights for everybody and for anybody and for\nall organizations._\n\nSalvation comes and can come only through information. Information is\nmultiplied and spread through discussion.\n\n=War\u2014What For? was written, in part, to discuss what the Government dare\nnot admit and is challenged to deny.=\n\nThe author has been informed from several sources that the suppression\nof this book has been seriously considered.\n\nThis book has been excluded from several public libraries. This book has\nbeen excluded from Fort Myer, Virginia (near Washington). A dozen copies\ncirculated in Fort Snelling (near Minneapolis, Minn.) produced\nremarkable results alarming to the officers in command. Distinguished\nofficers of the Army have been overheard _cursing this book bitterly_\u2014so\nthe author has been informed by a well-known Army officer in New York\nCity.\n\n=The power of this book has been admitted. (See following pages.) You\ncan help circulate this book very, very easily. Thus:=\n\nA large, handsome, two-color circular with _full information relative to\nthe book, and_ =twenty-five facts that challenge and create discussion\nof the War Department=, will be sent =free= to any address furnished to\nthe publisher. _A post card request is sufficient._ Address:\n\n =Publisher of WAR\u2014WHAT FOR?=\n Box 293, West La Fayette, Ohio. Care of J. M. K.\n\n\n\n\n TWO LETTERS\n\n\n \u201c1426 Hoyt Ave., Everett, Washington, April 21, 1911.\n\n \u201cPublisher of WAR\u2014WHAT FOR? West La Fayette, Ohio.\n\n \u201cDEAR SIR: Enclosed find $8.40 for which send me 12 copies of\n WAR\u2014WHAT FOR? Every one who tastes the book buys it if he can, and\n those who have not the price to buy it outright, rent it at a small\n sum per week. One person told me that he knew of six boys that were\n going to enlist in the Army, but after reading WAR\u2014WHAT FOR? they\n had all the war they wanted without getting into the Army. So let us\n keep up the good work of spreading the book wherever we can.\n\n \u201cYours for no more war,\n (Signed) \u201cMRS. HELEN ROEDER.\u201d\n\n=Why should a boy enlist, when even the Commander-in-Chief publically\nsneers at those who are already in the Army? (See pages 10 and 191\u2013199\nof this book.)=\n\n \u201cSmith Building, Auburn, New York, May 25, 1911.\n\n \u201cDEAR MR. KIRKPATRICK:\n\n \u201cI know you will be more than gratified to hear that your invaluable\n book, WAR\u2014WHAT FOR? is fulfilling its mission among the farmers in\n this section.\n\n \u201cOver four months ago a farmer called and asked me if I had anything\n to place in the hands of a boy which would \u2018take the Army Bug out of\n his head.\u2019 The boy was about to join the Regular Army. His mother\n and father had appealed to him\u2014had tried to talk the idea out of the\n boy\u2019s mind.\n\n \u201cOn my table was a copy of WAR\u2014WHAT FOR? I said, \u2018Here is a book\n that will sterilize the love for murder instinct.\u2019 A week later he\n called and informed me that the boy had read the book and now it is\n \u2018_No Army for me!_\u2019\n\n \u201cBoth parents also read the book. It has been going the rounds among\n the farmers ever since. Each week Mr. Marquis calls and asks to\n extend the loan of your book. He says that some farmers stay up all\n night reading its contents. Parents are thanking Marquis, with tears\n in their eyes, for placing the book in their hands.\n\n \u201cSo far as I can learn, no farmer boy in this section has joined the\n Army since WAR\u2014WHAT FOR? found its way into the farm houses.... I\n hear the work is never laid aside, but having been read by someone,\n in a few days it is in the hands of a new reader....\n\n (Signed) \u201cFraternally, E. H. GOHL.\u201d\n\n\n\n\n COMMENT\n\n\n=The Springfield, Mass., Republican= (over half column review): \u201c...\nBrimful of indictment of war ... a valuable book.... Much startling\ninformation which ought to be widely disseminated. Peace advocates might\nwell have Mr. Kirkpatrick\u2019s book in their knapsacks. The book is crowded\nwith facts and figures, official reports and other authoritative\ndocuments being freely quoted....\u201d\n\n=The Chicago Evening Post= =(two-thirds column review):\u2014\u201cBut it\n[War\u2014What For?] is, in fact, exquisitely designed to capture the\ninterest and win the belief; it is as well calculated to impress its\nreaders as Paine\u2019s \u2018Rights of Man.\u2019\u201d=\n\n=The Louisville, Kentucky, Herald= also frankly ranks WAR\u2014WHAT FOR?\nequal to Paine\u2019s _Rights of Man_ in its power to impress its readers.\n\n=Charles Edward Russell=, well known to a million readers of\n_Everybody\u2019s Magazine_: \u201c... The most powerful blow ever dealt against\nthe insanity of militarism. A remarkable book. No one can escape the\nlogic of its massed-up facts.\u201d\n\n=New York American= (review by Mr. Edwin Markham, poet): \u201c... He tatters\nall the shibboleths that influence men to go to war. He masses his facts\nin a cumulative horror.... His style is telegraphic ... breathless; and\nhe certainly makes a black case against militarism....\u201d\n\n=The Progressive Journal of Education=: \u201cHere is a book certainly worth\nwhile. It is unique\u2014something that stands wholly in a class by\nitself.... The array of facts ... concerning war, here gathered\ntogether, is something more than remarkable....\u201d\n\n=The Trenton, New Jersey, Sunday Advertiser=: \u201c... A remarkable book on\nthe futility, the brutality and the criminality of war....\u201d\n\n=The St. Louis Post-Despatch= (editorial on WAR\u2014WHAT FOR?): \u201c... the\nforces now working for universal peace\u2014to mention but one, there is\nGeorge R. Kirkpatrick, an American, who has written a book entitled\nWAR\u2014WHAT FOR? which appears to be making a genuine sensation.... It is\nwell illustrated, is stuffed full of facts and figures.... The jingos of\nthe world will have to get busy and meet thought with thought, and fact\nwith fact.\u201d\n\n=The New York Independent=: \u201c... The volume shows evidence of much study\nand research, and certainly makes interesting reading....\u201d\n\n=The Religious Telescope=: \u201cWAR\u2014WHAT FOR? is a remarkable book no matter\nhow you take it. The logic of its mass of facts furnishes food for\nreflection; trenchant discussion of the war question, ... burning vigor,\nbiting sarcasm, ... gruesome illustrations and hideous word\npictures\u2014simply command attention and get it. The author ... intensifies\nevery aspect of woe attaching to every phase of militarism, which it\nknocks down and out.... It is a strange and striking book and you cannot\npooh-pooh it....\u201d\n\n=The Platform, Chicago= (full column editorial review): \u201c... If at this\nmoment we had the power to put one book into the hands of each man,\nwoman and child on earth, that book would be WAR\u2014WHAT FOR?... The most\npowerful, convincing and humane book that has ever fallen into ye\neditor\u2019s hands....\u201d\n\n=Upton Sinclair, Author of the Jungle=: \u201c... Take my advice about this\nbook and get it ... a most extraordinary book ... a perfect cyclopedia\nof ... material, the most effective material that can be imagined, and\npresented with extraordinary fire and conviction....\u201d\n\n=Rev. Peter Molyneaux, Pastor of First Unitarian Church, Wheeling, W.\nVa.=: \u201cLet me thank you for writing WAR\u2014WHAT FOR?... The spirit of a\ntoiling, suffering, upward struggling humanity speaks from its pages.\u201d\n\n=Eugene V. Debs=: \u201c... This wonderful book\u2014the book of an epoch, an\nimmortal achievement. WAR\u2014WHAT FOR? has set fire to all the blood in my\nveins....\u201d\n\n=Timothy Walsh, Assistant Financial Editor of the New York World=: \u201cA\nbook that should be in the hands of every parent in the land....\u201d\n\n=Appeal to Reason=: \u201c... It is the most scathing indictment of war, and\nthe most terrible impeachment of the powers and personalities\nresponsible for war ever written....\u201d\n\n=St. Louis Labor=: \u201cA powerful indictment of war....\u201d\n\n=International Socialist Review=: \u201cThis book is a denunciation, an\nexposition, a revelation and a terrible indictment of war ... a wealth\nof data....\u201d\n\n=Rev. J. Alexander Cairns, D.D., Newark, N. J.=: \u201c... A masterpiece....\nThis book is worthy the struggle and toil of a lifetime....\u201d\n\nCirculars free to names and addresses furnished.\n\n\n\n\n IT IS UP TO THE GOVERNMENT!\n\n\n=Karl Liebknecht was recently imprisoned for eighteen months by the\nGerman government as punishment for writing his book against the\nbrutalities, stupidities, and villainies of war and militarism.=\n\n=Gustave Herv\u00e9 is now serving a four-year sentence in a French prison\nfor writing his book on the same subject.=\n\nJust what there is in store, in this line, for the author of WAR\u2014WHAT\nFOR? he does not know. He has at least had plenty of hints, suggestions,\nwarnings and veiled threats of dire things, but just as long as there is\nan intelligent degree of popular appreciation of the three great rights\nmentioned on page 350 of this book, and as long also as =working\nmen\u2014inside and outside the Army=\u2014give the author plenty of assurance, as\nthey do, that in =their= judgment this book is manifestly written in\n_fraternal sincerity to protect them and those they love_,\u2014these hints\nand warnings will be accepted as simply too ridiculous to be\ninteresting.\n\nThe author of WAR\u2014WHAT FOR? is neither inviting, nor avoiding, nor\nexpecting, nor afraid of persecution on account of this book. _We have\nthe facts and we also have the three great rights of discussion._\n\n\n\n\n NOTICE TO AGENTS!\n\n\nWAR\u2014WHAT FOR? is, at the present time, the bestselling, non-fiction,\ncloth-bound book in American revolutionary literature. _In selling\nWAR\u2014WHAT FOR? stick to the facts. The burning facts in the book sell the\nbook._ Present the facts to parents. Present the facts to the boys.\nPresent the facts to organized and unorganized workers. Present the\nfacts to farmers. Present the facts to professional people. Present\nsimply a few of the many facts to be easily found in the book\u2014and the\nbook will sell itself.\n\n\n\n\n BE YOUR OWN EMPLOYER!\n\n\nThere are about 2,700 counties in the United States where a great number\nof employed and unemployed persons could _employ themselves_ selling\nWAR\u2014WHAT FOR?\n\nA book that defends the working class and is at the same time thoroughly\nsuitable as a book for solicitors\u2014such a book presents a very unusual\nopportunity for those who wish to feel _safe while they fight_ for a\nliving and for freedom.\n\n\n=Send for Agents\u2019 Rates, Circulars and Suggestions\u2014not only for\nyourself, but also for two or three friends.=\n\n Address: The Publisher of WAR\u2014WHAT FOR?\n West La Fayette, Ohio. Care of J. M. K.\n\n------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\n\n\n\n TRANSCRIBER\u2019S NOTES\n\n\n 1. P. 173, Added \u201cFootnote 197: _The Rough Riders_, p. 139. Found in\n Edition of 1899, published by Charles Scribner\u2019s Sons; page 152,\n as published by G. P. Putnam\u2019s Sons.\u201d [Footnote from 4th and 6th\n editions to correct a typo in the 5th edition.]\n 2. Silently corrected typographical errors and also variations in\n spelling.\n 3. Retained anachronistic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as\n printed.\n 4. Added (e.g. \"example,...\" changed to \"example, ...\") and removed\n spaces (e.g., \"example ,\" to \"example,\") but otherwise retained\n non-standard punctuation as printed. Many paragraphs do not end\n with terminal punctuation.\n 5. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.\n 6. Enclosed bold font in =equals=.","title":"War\u2014What For?","tradition":"philosophy-ethics","translated_text":null,"word_count":116440}