{"collection":"philosophy-ethics","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_58583/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_58583","id":"gutenberg_58583","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/58583","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Economics","Category: Encyclopedias/Dictionaries/Reference","Category: Philosophy & Ethics","Category: Politics","Indexes"],"text":"Produced by David Widger\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nINDEX OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG WORKS OF JOHN STUART MILL\n\n\n\nCompiled by David Widger\n\n\n\n\n\nCONTENTS\n\n\nTHE CONTEST IN AMERICA\n\n##  CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT\n\n##  AUTOBIOGRAPHY\n\n##  UTILITARIANISM\n\n##  SOME UNSETTLED QUESTIONS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY\n\nAUGUST COMTE AND POSITIVISM\n\nTHE SUBJECTION OF WOMEN\n\n##  PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY\n\nON LIBERTY\n\n##  7th ED. VOL 1: A SYSTEM OF LOGIC RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE\n\n##  7th ED, Vol. II: A SYSTEM OF LOGIC RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE\n\n##  8th ED: A SYSTEM OF LOGIC RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE\n\nSOCIALISM\n\n##  PHENOMENA OF THE HUMAN MIND\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTABLES OF CONTENTS OF VOLUMES\n\n\n\n\n\nCONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT\nBy John Stuart Mill\n\n\n\nCONTENTS\nPreface\nChapter I \tTo What Extent Forms of Government are a Matter of Choice.\nChapter II \tThe Criterion of a Good Form of Government.\nChapter III \tThat the ideally best Form of Government is Representative Government.\nChapter IV \tUnder what Social Conditions Representative Government is Inapplicable.\nChapter V \tOf the Proper Functions of Representative Bodies.\nChapter VI \tOf the Infirmities and Dangers to which Representative Government is Liable.\nChapter VII \tOf True and False Democracy; Representation of All, and Representation of the Majority only.\nChapter VIII \tOf the Extension of the Suffrage.\nChapter IX \tShould there be Two Stages of Election?\nChapter X \tOf the Mode of Voting.\nChapter XI \tOf the Duration of Parliaments.\nChapter XII \tOught Pledges to be Required from Members of Parliament?\nChapter XIII \tOf a Second Chamber.\nChapter XIV \tOf the Executive in a Representative Government.\nChapter XV \tOf Local Representative Bodies.\nChapter XVI \tOf Nationality, as connected with Representative Government.\nChapter XVII \tOf Federal Representative Governments.\nChapter XVIII \tOf the Government of Dependencies by a Free State.\nFootnotes\n\n\n\n\n\nAUTOBIOGRAPHY\nBy John Stuart Mill\n\n\n\nCONTENTS\nCHAPTER I \t1806-1819 \u2014 CHILDHOOD AND EARLY EDUCATION\nCHAPTER II \t1813-1821 \u2014 MORAL INFLUENCES IN EARLY YOUTH \u2014 MY FATHER'S CHARACTER AND OPINIONS\nCHAPTER III \t1821-1823 \u2014 LAST STAGE OF EDUCATION, AND FIRST OF SELF-EDUCATION\nCHAPTER IV \t1823-1828 \u2014 YOUTHFUL PROPAGANDISM. THE \"WESTMINSTER REVIEW\"\nCHAPTER V \t1826-1832 \u2014 CRISIS IN MY MENTAL HISTORY. ONE STAGE ONWARD\nCHAPTER VI. \t1830-1840 \u2014 COMMENCEMENT OF THE MOST VALUABLE FRIENDSHIP OF MY LIFE\u2014MY FATHER'S DEATH\u2014WRITINGS AND OTHER PROCEEDINGS UP TO 1840\nCHAPTER VII. \t1840-1870 \u2014 GENERAL VIEW OF THE REMAINDER OF MY LIFE.\u2014COMPLETION OF THE \"SYSTEM OF LOGIC\"\u2014PUBLICATION OF THE \"PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY\" \u2014MARRIAGE\u2014RETIREMENT FROM THE INDIA HOUSE\u2014PUBLICATION OF \"LIBERTY\" \u2014\"CONSIDERATIONS ON REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT\"\u2014CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA \u2014EXAMINATION OF SIR WILLIAM HAMILTON'S PHILOSOPHY\u2014PARLIAMENTARY LIFE \u2014REMAINDER OF MY LIFE\nNOTES:\n\n\n\n\n\nUTILITARIANISM\nBy John Stuart Mill\n\n\n\n\nCONTENTS\nCONTENTS.\nCHAPTER I \tGENERAL REMARKS\nCHAPTER II \tWHAT UTILITARIANISM IS\nCHAPTER III \tOF THE ULTIMATE SANCTION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY\nCHAPTER IV \tOF WHAT SORT OF PROOF THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY IS SUSCEPTIBLE\nCHAPTER V \tOF THE CONNEXION BETWEEN JUSTICE AND UTILITY\n\n\n\n\n\nESSAYS ON SOME UNSETTLED QUESTIONS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY\nBy John Stuart Mill\n\n\n\nCONTENTS\nPREFACE.\nCONTENTS.\nESSAY I. \tOf the Laws of Interchange between Nations; and the Distribution of the Gains of Commerce among the Countries of the Commercial World\nESSAY II. \tOf the Influence of Consumption upon Production\nESSAY III. \tOn the Words Productive and Unproductive\nESSAY IV. \tOn Profits, and Interest\nESSAY V. \tOn the Definition of Political Economy; and on the Method of Investigation proper to it\n\n\n\n\n\nPRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY\nBy John Stuart Mill\nContents\nPreface.\nIntroductory.\nA Sketch Of The History Of Political Economy.\nBooks For Consultation (From English, French, And German Authors).\nPreliminary Remarks.\nBook I. Production.\nChapter I. Of The Requisites Of Production.\n\u00a7 1. The requisites of production.\n\u00a7 2. The Second Requisite of Production, Labor.\n\u00a7 3. Of Capital as a Requisite of Production.\nChapter II. Of Unproductive Labor.\n\u00a7 1. Definition of Productive and Unproductive Labor.\n\u00a7 2. Productive and Unproductive Consumption.\n\u00a7 3. Distinction Between Labor for the Supply of Productive Consumption and Labor for the Supply of Unproductive Consumption.\nChapter III. Of Capital.\n\u00a7 1. Capital is Wealth Appropriated to Reproductive Employment.\n\u00a7 2. More Capital Devoted to Production than Actually Employed in it.\n\u00a7 3. Examination of Cases Illustrative of the Idea of Capital.\nChapter IV. Fundamental Propositions Respecting Capital.\n\u00a7 1. Industry is Limited by Capital.\n\u00a7 2. Increase of Capital gives Increased Employment to Labor, Without Assignable Bounds.\n\u00a7 3. Capital is the result of Saving, and all Capital is Consumed.\n\u00a7 4. Capital is kept up by Perpetual Reproduction, as shown by the Recovery of Countries from Devastation.\n\u00a7 5. Effects of Defraying Government Expenditure by Loans.\n\u00a7 6. Demand for Commodities is not Demand for Labor.\nChapter V. On Circulating And Fixed Capital.\n\u00a7 1. Fixed and Circulating Capital.\n\u00a7 2. Increase of Fixed Capital, when, at the Expense of Circulating, might be Detrimental to the Laborers.\n\u00a7 3. -This seldom, if ever, occurs.\nChapter VI. Of Causes Affecting The Efficiency Of Production.\n\u00a7 1. General Causes of Superior Productiveness.\n\u00a7 2. Combination and Division of Labor Increase Productiveness.\n\u00a7 3. Advantages of Division of Labor.\n\u00a7 4. Production on a Large and Production on a Small Scale.\nChapter VII. Of The Law Of The Increase Of Labor.\n\u00a7 1. The Law of the Increase of Production Depends on those of Three Elements-Labor. Capital, and Land.\n\u00a7 2. The Law of Population.\n\u00a7 3. By what Checks the Increase of Population is Practically Limited.\nChapter VIII. Of The Law Of The Increase Of Capital.\n\u00a7 1. Means for Saving in the Surplus above Necessaries.\n\u00a7 2. Motive for Saving in the Surplus above Necessaries.\n\u00a7 3. Examples of Deficiency in the Strength of this Desire.\n\u00a7 4. Examples of Excess of this Desire.\nChapter IX. Of The Law Of The Increase Of Production From Land.\n\u00a7 1. The Law of Production from the Soil, a Law of Diminishing Return in Proportion to the Increased Application of Labor and Capital.\n\u00a7 2. Antagonist Principle to the Law of Diminishing Return; the Progress of Improvements in Production.\n\u00a7 3. -In Railways.\n\u00a7 4. -In Manufactures.\n\u00a7 5. Law Holds True of Mining.\nChapter X. Consequences Of The Foregoing Laws.\n\u00a7 1. Remedies for Weakness of the Principle of Accumulation.\n\u00a7 2. Even where the Desire to Accumulate is Strong, Population must be Kept within the Limits of Population from Land.\n\u00a7 3. Necessity of Restraining Population not superseded by Free Trade in Food.\n\u00a7 4. -Nor by Emigration.\nBook II. Distribution.\nChapter I. Of Property.\n\u00a7 1. Individual Property and its opponents.\n\u00a7 2. The case for Communism against private property presented.\n\u00a7 3. The Socialists who appeal to state-help.\n\u00a7 4. Of various minor schemes, Communistic and Socialistic.\n\u00a7 5. The Socialist objections to the present order of Society examined.\n\u00a7 6. Property in land different from property in Movables.\nChapter II. Of Wages.\n\u00a7 1. Of Competition and Custom.\n\u00a7 2. The Wages-fund, and the Objections to it Considered.\n\u00a7 3. Examination of some popular Opinions respecting Wages.\n\u00a7 4. Certain rare Circumstances excepted, High Wages imply Restraints on Population.\n\u00a7 5. Due Restriction of Population the only Safeguard of a Laboring-Class.\nChapter III. Of Remedies For Low Wages.\n\u00a7 1. A Legal or Customary Minimum of Wages, with a Guarantee of Employment.\n\u00a7 2. -Would Require as a Condition Legal Measures for Repression of Population.\n\u00a7 3. Allowances in Aid of Wages and the Standard of Living.\n\u00a7 4. Grounds for Expecting Improvement in Public Opinion on the Subject of Population.\n\u00a7 5. Twofold means of Elevating the Habits of the Laboring-People; by Education, and by Foreign and Home Colonization.\nChapter IV. Of The Differences Of Wages In Different Employments.\n\u00a7 1. Differences of Wages Arising from Different Degrees of Attractiveness in Different Employments.\n\u00a7 2. Differences arising from Natural Monopolies.\n\u00a7 3. Effect on Wages of the Competition of Persons having other Means of Support.\n\u00a7 4. Wages of Women, why Lower than those of Men.\n\u00a7 5. Differences of Wages Arising from Laws, Combinations, or Customs.\nChapter V. Of Profits.\n\u00a7 1. Profits include Interest and Risk; but, correctly speaking, do not include Wages of Superintendence.\n\u00a7 2. The Minimum of Profits; what produces Variations in the Amount of Profits.\n\u00a7 3. General Tendency of Profits to an Equality.\n\u00a7 4. The Cause of the Existence of any Profit; the Advances of Capitalists consist of Wages of Labor.\n\u00a7 5. The Rate of Profit depends on the Cost of Labor.\nChapter VI. Of Rent.\n\u00a7 1. Rent the Effect of a Natural Monopoly.\n\u00a7 2. No Land can pay Rent except Land of such Quality or Situation as exists in less Quantity than the Demand.\n\u00a7 3. The Rent of Land is the Excess of its Return above the Return to the worst Land in Cultivation.\n\u00a7 4. -Or to the Capital employed in the least advantageous Circumstances.\n\u00a7 5. Opposing Views of the Law of Rent.\n\u00a7 6. Rent does not enter into the Cost of Production of Agricultural Produce.\nBook III. Exchange.\nChapter I. Of Value.\n\u00a7 1. Definitions of Value in Use, Exchange Value, and Price.\n\u00a7 2. Conditions of Value: Utility, Difficulty of Attainment, and Transferableness.\n\u00a7 3. Commodities limited in Quantity by the law of Demand and Supply: General working of this Law.\n\u00a7 4. Miscellaneous Cases falling under this Law.\n\u00a7 5. Commodities which are Susceptible of Indefinite Multiplication without Increase of Cost. Law of their Value Cost of Production.\n\u00a7 6. The Value of these Commodities confirm, in the long run, to their Cost of Production through the operation of Demand and Supply.\nChapter II. Ultimate Analysis Of Cost Of Production.\n\u00a7 1. Of Labor, the principal Element in Cost of Production.\n\u00a7 2. Wages affect Values, only if different in different employments; \"non-competing groups.\"\n\u00a7 3. Profits an element in Cost of Production.\n\u00a7 4. Cost of Production properly represented by sacrifice, or cost, to the Laborer as well as to the Capitalist; the relation of this conception to the Cost of Labor.\n\u00a7 5. When profits vary from Employment to Employment, or are spread over unequal lengths of Time, they affect Values accordingly.\n\u00a7 6. Occasional Elements in Cost of Production; taxes and ground-rent.\nChapter III. Of Rent, In Its Relation To Value.\n\u00a7 1. Commodities which are susceptible of indefinite Multiplication, but not without increase of Cost. Law of their Value, Cost of Production in the most unfavorable existing circumstances.\n\u00a7 2. Such commodities, when Produced in circumstances more favorable, yield a Rent equal to the difference of Cost.\n\u00a7 3. Rent of Mines and Fisheries and ground-rent of Buildings, and cases of gain analogous to Rent.\n\u00a7 4. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 of the laws of value of each of the three classes of commodities.\nChapter IV. Of Money.\n\u00a7 1. The three functions of Money-a Common Denominator of Value, a Medium of Exchange, a \"Standard of Value\".\n\u00a7 2. Gold and Silver, why fitted for those purposes.\n\u00a7 3. Money a mere contrivance for facilitating exchanges, which does not affect the laws of value.\nChapter V. Of The Value Of Money, As Dependent On Demand And Supply.\n\u00a7 1. Value of Money, an ambiguous expression.\n\u00a7 2. The Value of Money depends on its quantity.\n\u00a7 3. -Together with the Rapidity of Circulation.\n\u00a7 4. Explanations and Limitations of this Principle.\nChapter VI. Of The Value Of Money, As Dependent On Cost Of Production.\n\u00a7 1. The value of Money, in a state of Freedom, conforms to the value of the Bullion contained in it.\n\u00a7 2. -Which is determined by the cost of production.\n\u00a7 3. This law, how related to the principle laid down in the preceding chapter.\nChapter VII. Of A Double Standard And Subsidiary Coins.\n\u00a7 1. Objections to a Double Standard.\n\u00a7 2. The use of the two metals as money, and the management of Subsidiary Coins.\n\u00a7 3. The experience of the United States with a double standard from 1792 to 1883.\nChapter VIII. Of Credit, As A Substitute For Money.\n\u00a7 1. Credit not a creation but a Transfer of the means of Production.\n\u00a7 2. In what manner it assists Production.\n\u00a7 3. Function of Credit in economizing the use of Money.\n\u00a7 4. Bills of Exchange.\n\u00a7 5. Promissory Notes.\n\u00a7 6. Deposits and Checks.\nChapter IX. Influence Of Credit On Prices.\n\u00a7 1. What acts on prices is Credit, in whatever shape given.\n\u00a7 2. Credit a purchasing Power, similar to Money.\n\u00a7 3. Great extensions and contractions of Credit. Phenomena of a commercial crisis analyzed.\n\u00a7 4. Influence of the different forms of Credit on Prices.\n\u00a7 5. On what the use of Credit depends.\n\u00a7 6. What is essential to the idea of Money?\nChapter X. Of An Inconvertible Paper Currency.\n\u00a7 1. What determines the value of an inconvertible paper money?\n\u00a7 2. If regulated by the price of Bullion, as inconvertible Currency might be safe, but not Expedient.\n\u00a7 3. Examination of the doctrine that an inconvertible Current is safe, if representing actual Property.\n\u00a7 4. Experiments with paper Money in the United States.\n\u00a7 5. Examination of the gain arising from the increase and issue of paper Currency.\n\u00a7 6. R\u00e9sum\u00e9 of the subject of money.\nChapter XI. Of Excess Of Supply.\n\u00a7 1. The theory of a general Over-Supply of Commodities stated.\n\u00a7 2. The supply of commodities in general can not exceed the power of Purchase.\n\u00a7 3. There can never be a lack of Demand arising from lack of Desire to Consume.\n\u00a7 4. Origin and Explanation of the notion of general Over-Supply.\nChapter XII. Of Some Peculiar Cases Of Value.\n\u00a7 1. Values of commodities which have a joint cost of production.\n\u00a7 2. Values of the different kinds of agricultural produce.\nChapter XIII. Of International Trade.\n\u00a7 1. Cost of Production not a regulator of international values. Extension of the word \"international.\"\n\u00a7 2. Interchange of commodities between distance places determined by differences not in their absolute, but in the comparative, costs of production.\n\u00a7 3. The direct benefits of commerce consist in increased Efficiency of the productive powers of the World.\n\u00a7 4. -Not in a Vent for exports, nor in the gains of Merchants.\n\u00a7 5. Indirect benefits of Commerce, Economical and Moral; still greater than the Direct.\nChapter XIV. Of International Values.\n\u00a7 1. The values of imported commodities depend on the Terms of international interchange.\n\u00a7 2. The values of foreign commodities depend, not upon Cost of Production, but upon Reciprocal Demand and Supply.\n\u00a7 3. -As illustrated by trade in cloth and linen between England and Germany.\n\u00a7 4. The conclusion states in the Equation of International Demand.\n\u00a7 5. The cost to a country of its imports depends not only on the ratio of exchange, but on the efficiency of its labor.\nChapter XV. Of Money Considered As An Imported Commodity.\n\u00a7 1. Money imported on two modes; as a Commodity, and as a medium of Exchange.\n\u00a7 2. As a commodity, it obeys the same laws of Value as other imported Commodities.\nChapter XVI. Of The Foreign Exchanges.\n\u00a7 1. Money passes from country to country as a Medium of Exchange, through the Exchanges.\n\u00a7 2. Distinction between Variations in the Exchanges which are self-adjusting and those which can only be rectified through Prices.\nChapter XVII. Of The Distribution Of The Precious Metals Through The Commercial World.\n\u00a7 1. The substitution of money for barter makes no difference in exports and imports, nor in the Law of international Values.\n\u00a7 2. The preceding Theorem further illustrated.\n\u00a7 3. The precious metals, as money, are of the same Value, and distribute themselves according to the same Law, with the precious metals as a Commodity.\n\u00a7 4. International payments entering into the \"financial account.\"\nChapter XVIII. Influence Of The Currency On The Exchanges And On Foreign Trade.\n\u00a7 1. Variations in the exchange, which originate in the Currency.\n\u00a7 2. Effect of a sudden increase of a metallic Currency, or of the sudden creation of Bank-Notes or other substitutes for Money.\n\u00a7 3. Effect of the increase of an inconvertible paper Currency. Real and nominal exchange.\nChapter XIX. Of The Rate Of Interest.\n\u00a7 1. The Rate of Interest depends on the Demand and Supply of Loans.\n\u00a7 2. Circumstances which Determine the Permanent Demand and Supply of Loans.\n\u00a7 3. Circumstances which Determine the Fluctuations.\n\u00a7 4. The Rate of Interest not really Connected with the value of Money, but often confounded with it.\n\u00a7 5. The Rate of Interest determines the price of land and of Securities.\nChapter XX. Of The Competition Of Different Countries In The Same Market.\n\u00a7 1. Causes which enable one Country to undersell another.\n\u00a7 2. High wages do not prevent one Country from underselling another.\n\u00a7 3. Low wages enable a Country to undersell another, when Peculiar to certain branches of Industry.\n\u00a7 4. -But not when common to All.\n\u00a7 5. Low profits as affecting the carrying Trade.\nChapter XXI. Of Distribution, As Affected By Exchange.\n\u00a7 1. Exchange and money make no Difference in the law of Wages.\n\u00a7 2. In the law of Rent.\n\u00a7 3. -Nor in the law of Profits.\nBook IV. Influence Of The Progress Of Society On Production And Distribution.\nChapter I. Influence Of The Progress Of Industry And Population On Values And Prices.\n\u00a7 1. Tendency of the progress of society toward increased Command over the powers of Nature; increased Security, and increased Capacity of Co-Operation.\n\u00a7 2. Tendency to a Decline of the Value and Cost of Production of all Commodities.\n\u00a7 3. -except the products of Agriculture and Mining, which have a tendency to Rise.\n\u00a7 4. -that tendency from time to time Counteracted by Improvements in Production.\n\u00a7 5. Effect of the Progress of Society in moderating fluctuations of Value.\nChapter II. Influence Of The Progress Of Industry And Population On Rents, Profits, And Wages.\n\u00a7 1. Characteristic features of industrial Progress.\n\u00a7 2. First two cases, Population and Capital increasing, the arts of production stationary.\n\u00a7 3. The arts of production advancing, capital and population stationary.\n\u00a7 4. Theoretical results, if all three Elements progressive.\n\u00a7 5. Practical Results.\nChapter III. Of The Tendency Of Profits To A Minimum.\n\u00a7 1. Different Theories as to the fall of Profits.\n\u00a7 2. What determines the minimum rate of Profit?\n\u00a7 3. In old and opulent countries, profits habitually near to the minimum.\n\u00a7 4. -prevented from reaching it by commercial revulsions.\n\u00a7 5. -by improvements in Production.\n\u00a7 6. -by the importation of cheap Necessaries and Implements.\n\u00a7 7. -by the emigration of Capital.\nChapter IV. Consequences Of The Tendency Of Profits To A Minimum, And The Stationary State.\n\u00a7 1. Abstraction of Capital not necessarily a national loss.\n\u00a7 2. In opulent countries, the extension of machinery not detrimental but beneficial to Laborers.\n\u00a7 3. Stationary state of wealth and population dreaded by some writers, but not in itself undesirable.\nChapter V. On The Possible Futurity Of The Laboring-Classes.\n\u00a7 1. The possibility of improvement while Laborers remain merely receivers of Wages.\n\u00a7 2.-through small holdings, by which the landlord's gain is shared.\n\u00a7 3. -through co-operation, by which the manager's wages are shared.\n\u00a7 4. Distributive Co-operation.\n\u00a7 5. Productive Co-Operation.\n\u00a7 6. Industrial Partnership.\n\u00a7 7. People's Banks.\nBook V. On The Influence Of Government.\nChapter I. On The General Principles Of Taxation.\n\u00a7 1. Four fundamental rules of Taxation.\n\u00a7 2. Grounds of the principle of Equality of Taxation.\n\u00a7 3. Should the same percentage be levied on all amounts of Income?\n\u00a7 4. Should the same percentage be levied on Perpetual and on Terminable Incomes?\n\u00a7 5. The increase of the rent of land from natural causes a fit subject of peculiar Taxation.\n\u00a7 6. Taxes falling on Capital not necessarily objectionable.\nChapter II. Of Direct Taxes.\n\u00a7 1. Direct taxes either on income or expenditure.\n\u00a7 2. Taxes on rent.\n\u00a7 3. -on profits.\n\u00a7 4. -on Wages.\n\u00a7 5. -on Income.\n\u00a7 6. A House-Tax.\nChapter III. Of Taxes On Commodities, Or Indirect Taxes.\n\u00a7 1. A Tax on all commodities would fall on Profits.\n\u00a7 2. Taxes on particular commodities fall on the consumer.\n\u00a7 3. Peculiar effects of taxes on Necessaries.\n\u00a7 4. -how modified by the tendency of profits to a minimum.\n\u00a7 5. Effects of discriminating Duties.\n\u00a7 6. Effects produced on international Exchange by Duties on Exports and on Imports.\nChapter IV. Comparison Between Direct And Indirect Taxation.\n\u00a7 1. Arguments for and against direct Taxation.\n\u00a7 2. What forms of indirect taxation are most eligible?\n\u00a7 3. Practical rules for indirect taxation.\n\u00a7 4. Taxation systems of the United States and other Countries.\n\u00a7 5. A R\u00e9sum\u00e9 of the general principles of taxation.\nChapter V. Of A National Debt.\n\u00a7 1. Is it desirable to defray extraordinary public expenses by loans?\n\u00a7 2. Not desirable to redeem a national Debt by a general Contribution.\n\u00a7 3. In what cases desirable to maintain a surplus revenue for the redemption of Debt.\nChapter VI. Of An Interference Of Government Grounded On Erroneous Theories.\n\u00a7 1. The doctrine of Protection to Native Industry.\n\u00a7 2. -had its origin in the Mercantile System.\n\u00a7 3. -supported by pleas of national subsistence and national defense.\n\u00a7 4. -on the ground of encouraging young industries; colonial policy.\n\u00a7 5. -on the ground of high wages.\n\u00a7 6. -on the ground of creating a diversity of industries.\n\u00a7 7. -on the ground that it lowers prices.\nAppendix I. Bibliographies.\nAppendix II. Examination Questions.\nFootnotes\n\n\n\n\n\nA SYSTEM OF LOGIC RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE--VOLUME I.\nBEING A CONNECTED VIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF EVIDENCE AND THE METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION\nIN TWO VOLUMES\nVOL. I.\nSEVENTH EDITION\nBy John Stuart Mill\n\n\n\nCONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME\n\nINTRODUCTION.\n\u00a7 1. \tA definition at the commencement of a subject must be provisional \t1\n2. \tIs logic the art and science of reasoning? \t2\n3. \tOr the art and science of the pursuit of truth? \t3\n4. \tLogic is concerned with inferences, not with intuitive truths \t5\n5. \tRelation of logic to the other sciences \t8\n6. \tIts utility, how shown \t10\n7. \tDefinition of logic stated and illustrated \t11\n\nBOOK I.\nOF NAMES AND PROPOSITIONS.\n\nChapter I. Of the Necessity of commencing with an Analysis of Language.\n\u00a7 1. \tTheory of names, why a necessary part of logic \t17\n2. \tFirst step in the analysis of Propositions \t18\n3. \tNames must be studied before Things \t21\n\nChapter II. Of Names.\n\u00a7 1. \tNames are names of things, not of our ideas \t23\n2. \tWords which are not names, but parts of names \t24\n3. \tGeneral and Singular names \t26\n4. \tConcrete and Abstract \t29\n5. \tConnotative and Non-connotative \t31\n6. \tPositive and Negative \t42\n7. \tRelative and Absolute \t44\n8. \tUnivocal and \u00c6quivocal \t47\n\t[Pg xii]\nChapter III. Of the Things denoted by Names.\n\u00a7 1. \tNecessity of an enumeration of Nameable Things. The Categories of Aristotle \t49\n2. \tAmbiguity of the most general names \t51\n3. \tFeelings, or states of consciousness \t54\n4. \tFeelings must be distinguished from their physical antecedents. Perceptions, what \t56\n5. \tVolitions, and Actions, what \t58\n6. \tSubstance and Attribute \t59\n7. \tBody \t61\n8. \tMind \t67\n9. \tQualities \t69\n10. \tRelations \t72\n11. \tResemblance \t74\n12. \tQuantity \t78\n13. \tAll attributes of bodies are grounded on states of consciousness \t79\n14. \tSo also all attributes of mind \t80\n15. \tRecapitulation \t81\n\nChapter IV. Of Propositions.\n\u00a7 1. \tNature and office of the copula \t85\n2. \tAffirmative and Negative propositions \t87\n3. \tSimple and Complex \t89\n4. \tUniversal, Particular, and Singular \t93\n\nChapter V. Of the Import of Propositions.\n\u00a7 1. \tDoctrine that a proposition is the expression of a relation between two ideas \t96\n2. \tDoctrine that it is the expression of a relation between the meanings of two names \t99\n3. \tDoctrine that it consists in referring something to, or excluding something from, a class \t103\n4. \tWhat it really is \t107\n5. \tIt asserts (or denies) a sequence, a coexistence, a simple existence, a causation \t110\n6. \t\u2014or a resemblance \t112\n7. \tPropositions of which the terms are abstract \t115\n\t[Pg xiii]\nChapter VI. Of Propositions merely Verbal.\n\u00a7 1. \tEssential and Accidental propositions \t119\n2. \tAll essential propositions are identical propositions \t120\n3. \tIndividuals have no essences \t124\n4. \tReal propositions, how distinguished from verbal \t126\n5. \tTwo modes of representing the import of a Real proposition \t127\n\nChapter VII. Of the Nature of Classification, and the Five Predicables.\n\u00a7 1. \tClassification, how connected with Naming \t129\n2. \tThe Predicables, what \t131\n3. \tGenus and Species \t131\n4. \tKinds have a real existence in nature \t134\n5. \tDifferentia \t139\n6. \tDifferenti\u00e6 for general purposes, and differenti\u00e6 for special or technical purposes \t141\n7. \tProprium \t144\n8. \tAccidens \t146\n\nChapter VIII. Of Definition.\n\u00a7 1. \tA definition, what \t148\n2. \tEvery name can be defined, whose meaning is susceptible of analysis \t150\n3. \tComplete, how distinguished from incomplete definitions \t152\n4. \t\u2014and from descriptions \t154\n5. \tWhat are called definitions of Things, are definitions of Names with an implied assumption of the existence of Things corresponding to them \t157\n6. \t\u2014even when such things do not in reality exist \t165\n7. \tDefinitions, though of names only, must be grounded on knowledge of the corresponding Things \t167\n[Pg xiv]\nBOOK II.\nOF REASONING.\n\nChapter I. Of Inference, or Reasoning, in general.\n\u00a7 1. \tRetrospect of the preceding book \t175\n2. \tInferences improperly so called \t177\n3. \tInferences proper, distinguished into inductions and ratiocinations \t181\n\nChapter II. Of Ratiocination, or Syllogism.\n\u00a7 1. \tAnalysis of the Syllogism \t184\n2. \tThe dictum de omni not the foundation of reasoning, but a mere identical proposition \t191\n3. \tWhat is the really fundamental axiom of Ratiocination \t196\n4. \tThe other form of the axiom \t199\n\nChapter III. Of the Functions, and Logical Value, of the Syllogism.\n\u00a7 1. \tIs the syllogism a petitio principii? \t202\n2. \tInsufficiency of the common theory \t203\n3. \tAll inference is from particulars to particulars \t205\n4. \tGeneral propositions are a record of such inferences, and the rules of the syllogism are rules for the interpretation of the record \t214\n5. \tThe syllogism not the type of reasoning, but a test of it \t218\n6. \tThe true type, what \t222\n7. \tRelation between Induction and Deduction \t226\n8. \tObjections answered \t227\n9. \tOf Formal Logic, and its relation to the Logic of Truth \t231\n\nChapter IV. Of Trains of Reasoning, and Deductive Sciences.\n\u00a7 1. \tFor what purpose trains of reasoning exist \t234\n2. \tA train of reasoning is a series of inductive inferences \t234\n3. \t\u2014from particulars to particulars through marks of marks \t237\n4. \tWhy there are deductive sciences \t240\n5. \tWhy other sciences still remain experimental \t244\n6. \tExperimental sciences may become deductive by the progress of experiment \t246\n7. \tIn what manner this usually takes place \t247\n\t[Pg xv]\nChapter V. Of Demonstration, and Necessary Truths.\n\u00a7 1. \tThe Theorems of geometry are necessary truths only in the sense of necessarily following from hypotheses \t251\n2. \tThose hypotheses are real facts with some of their circumstances exaggerated or omitted \t255\n3. \tSome of the first principles of geometry are axioms, and these are not hypothetical \t256\n4. \t\u2014but are experimental truths \t258\n5. \tAn objection answered \t261\n6. \tDr. Whewell's opinions on axioms examined \t264\n\nChapter VI. The same Subject continued.\n\u00a7 1. \tAll deductive sciences are inductive \t281\n2. \tThe propositions of the science of number are not verbal, but generalizations from experience \t284\n3. \tIn what sense hypothetical \t289\n4. \tThe characteristic property of demonstrative science is to be hypothetical \t290\n5. \tDefinition of demonstrative evidence \t292\n\nChapter VII. Examination of some Opinions opposed to the preceding doctrines.\n\u00a7 1. \tDoctrine of the Universal Postulate \t294\n2. \tThe test of inconceivability does not represent the aggregate of past experience \t296\n3. \t\u2014nor is implied in every process of thought \t299\n4. \tSir W. Hamilton's opinion on the Principles of Contradiction and Excluded Middle \t306\n\nBOOK III.\nOF INDUCTION.\n\nChapter I. Preliminary Observations on Induction in general.\n\u00a7 1. \tImportance of an Inductive Logic \t313\n2. \tThe logic of science is also that of business and life \t314\n\nChapter II. Of Inductions improperly so called.\n\u00a7 1. \tInductions distinguished from verbal transformations \t319\n2. \t\u2014from inductions, falsely so called, in mathematics \t321\n3. \t\u2014and from descriptions \t323\n4. \tExamination of Dr. Whewell's theory of Induction \t326\n5. \tFurther illustration of the preceding remarks \t336\n\t[Pg xvi]\nChapter III. On the Ground of Induction.\n\u00a7 1. \tAxiom of the uniformity of the course of nature \t341\n2. \tNot true in every sense. Induction per enumerationem simplicem \t346\n3. \tThe question of Inductive Logic stated \t348\n\nChapter IV. Of Laws of Nature.\n\u00a7 1. \tThe general regularity in nature is a tissue of partial regularities, called laws \t351\n2. \tScientific induction must be grounded on previous spontaneous inductions \t355\n3. \tAre there any inductions fitted to be a test of all others? \t357\n\nChapter V. Of the Law of Universal Causation.\n\u00a7 1. \tThe universal law of successive phenomena is the Law of Causation \t360\n2. \t\u2014i.e. the law that every consequent has an invariable antecedent \t363\n3. \tThe cause of a phenomenon is the assemblage of its conditions \t365\n4. \tThe distinction of agent and patient illusory \t373\n5. \tThe cause is not the invariable antecedent, but the unconditional invariable antecedent \t375\n6. \tCan a cause be simultaneous with its effect? \t380\n7. \tIdea of a Permanent Cause, or original natural agent \t383\n8. \tUniformities of coexistence between effects of different permanent causes, are not laws \t386\n9. \tDoctrine that volition is an efficient cause, examined \t387\n\nChapter VI. Of the Composition of Causes.\n\u00a7 1. \tTwo modes of the conjunct action of causes, the mechanical and the chemical \t405\n2. \tThe composition of causes the general rule; the other case exceptional \t408\n3. \tAre effects proportional to their causes? \t412\n\nChapter VII. Of Observation and Experiment.\n\u00a7 1. \tThe first step of inductive inquiry is a mental analysis of complex phenomena into their elements \t414\n2. \tThe next is an actual separation of those elements \t416\n3. \tAdvantages of experiment over observation \t417\n4. \tAdvantages of observation over experiment \t420\n\t[Pg xvii]\nChapter VIII. Of the Four Methods of Experimental Inquiry.\n\u00a7 1. \tMethod of Agreement \t425\n2. \tMethod of Difference \t428\n3. \tMutual relation of these two methods \t429\n4. \tJoint Method of Agreement and Difference \t433\n5. \tMethod of Residues \t436\n6. \tMethod of Concomitant Variations \t437\n7. \tLimitations of this last method \t443\n\nChapter IX. Miscellaneous Examples of the Four Methods.\n\u00a7 1. \tLiebig's theory of metallic poisons \t449\n2. \tTheory of induced electricity \t453\n3. \tDr. Wells' theory of dew \t457\n4. \tDr. Brown-S\u00e9quard's theory of cadaveric rigidity \t465\n5. \tExamples of the Method of Residues \t471\n6. \tDr. Whewell's objections to the Four Methods \t475\n\nChapter X. Of Plurality of Causes; and of the Intermixture of Effects.\n\u00a7 1. \tOne effect may have several causes \t482\n2. \t\u2014which is the source of a characteristic imperfection of the Method of Agreement \t483\n3. \tPlurality of Causes, how ascertained \t487\n4. \tConcurrence of Causes which do not compound their effects \t489\n5. \tDifficulties of the investigation, when causes compound their effects \t494\n6. \tThree modes of investigating the laws of complex effects \t499\n7. \tThe method of simple observation inapplicable \t500\n8. \tThe purely experimental method inapplicable \t501\n\nChapter XI. Of the Deductive Method.\n\u00a7 1. \tFirst stage; ascertainment of the laws of the separate causes by direct induction \t507\n2. \tSecond stage; ratiocination from the simple laws of the complex cases \t512\n3. \tThird stage; verification by specific experience \t514\n\t[Pg xviii]\nChapter XII. Of the Explanation of Laws of Nature.\n\u00a7 1. \tExplanation defined \t518\n2. \tFirst mode of explanation, by resolving the law of a complex effect into the laws of the concurrent causes and the fact of their coexistence \t518\n3. \tSecond mode; by the detection of an intermediate link in the sequence \t519\n4. \tLaws are always resolved into laws more general than themselves \t520\n5. \tThird mode; the subsumption of less general laws under a more general one \t524\n6. \tWhat the explanation of a law of nature amounts to \t526\n\nChapter XIII. Miscellaneous Examples of the Explanation of Laws of Nature.\n\u00a7 1. \tThe general theories of the sciences \t529\n2. \tExamples from chemical speculations \t531\n3. \tExample from Dr. Brown-S\u00e9quard's researches on the nervous system \t533\n4. \tExamples of following newly-discovered laws into their complex manifestations \t534\n5. \tExamples of empirical generalizations, afterwards confirmed and explained deductively \t536\n6. \tExample from mental science \t538\n7. \tTendency of all the sciences to become deductive \t539\n\n\n\n\n\nA SYSTEM OF LOGIC RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE, VOLUME II.\nBEING A CONNECTED VIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF EVIDENCE AND THE METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION\nBy John Stuart Mill\nIN TWO VOLUMES\nSEVENTH EDITION\n\n\n\nCONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME\n\nBOOK III.\nON INDUCTION.\u2014(Continued.)\n\nChapter XIV. Of the Limits to the Explanation of Laws of Nature; and of Hypotheses.\n\u00a7 1. \tCan all the sequences in nature be resolvable into one law? \t3\n2. \tUltimate laws cannot be less numerous than the distinguishable feelings of our nature \t4\n3. \tIn what sense ultimate facts can be explained \t7\n4. \tThe proper use of scientific hypotheses \t8\n5. \tTheir indispensableness \t16\n6. \tLegitimate, how distinguished from illegitimate hypotheses \t18\n7. \tSome inquiries apparently hypothetical are really inductive \t25\n\nChapter XV. Of Progressive Effects; and of the Continued Action of Causes.\n\u00a7 1. \tHow a progressive effect results from the simple continuance of the cause \t29\n2. \t\u2014and from the progressiveness of the cause \t33\n3. \tDerivative laws generated from a single ultimate law \t36\n\nChapter XVI. Of Empirical Laws.\n\u00a7 1. \tDefinition of an empirical law \t38\n2. \tDerivative laws commonly depend on collocations \t39\n3. \tThe collocations of the permanent causes are not reducible to any law \t41\n[Pg vi]4. \tHence empirical laws cannot be relied on beyond the limits of actual experience \t41\n5. \tGeneralizations which rest only on the Method of Agreement can only be received as empirical laws \t43\n6. \tSigns from which an observed uniformity of sequence may be presumed to be resolvable \t44\n7. \tTwo kinds of empirical laws \t47\n\nChapter XVII. Of Chance, and its Elimination.\n\u00a7 1. \tThe proof of empirical laws depends on the theory of chance \t49\n2. \tChance defined and characterized \t50\n3. \tThe elimination of chance \t55\n4. \tDiscovery of residual phenomena by eliminating chance \t57\n5. \tThe doctrine of chances \t59\n\nChapter XVIII. Of the Calculation of Chances.\n\u00a7 1. \tFoundation of the doctrine of chances, as taught by mathematics \t61\n2. \tThe doctrine tenable \t63\n3. \tOn what foundation it really rests \t64\n4. \tIts ultimate dependence on causation \t68\n5. \tTheorem of the doctrine of chances which relates to the cause of a given event \t72\n6. \tHow applicable to the elimination of chance \t74\n\nChapter XIX. Of the Extension of Derivative Laws to Adjacent Cases.\n\u00a7 1. \tDerivative laws, when not casual, are almost always contingent on collocations \t78\n2. \tOn what grounds they can be extended to cases beyond the bounds of actual experience \t80\n3. \tThose cases must be adjacent cases \t82\n\nChapter XX. Of Analogy.\n\u00a7 1. \tVarious senses of the word analogy \t86\n2. \tNature of analogical evidence \t87\n3. \tOn what circumstances its value depends \t91\n[Pg vii]\nChapter XXI. Of the Evidence of the Law of Universal Causation.\n\u00a7 1. \tThe law of causality does not rest on an instinct \t95\n2. \tBut on an induction by simple enumeration \t100\n3. \tIn what cases such induction is allowable \t102\n4. \tThe universal prevalence of the law of causality, on what grounds admissible \t105\n\nChapter XXII. Of Uniformities of Coexistence not dependent on Causation.\n\u00a7 1. \tUniformities of coexistence which result from laws of sequence \t110\n2. \tThe properties of Kinds are uniformities of coexistence \t111\n3. \tSome are derivative, others ultimate \t113\n4. \tNo universal axiom of coexistence \t114\n5. \tThe evidence of uniformities of coexistence, how measured \t117\n6. \tWhen derivative, their evidence is that of empirical laws \t117\n7. \tSo also when ultimate \t119\n8. \tThe evidence stronger in proportion as the law is more general \t120\n9. \tEvery distinct Kind must be examined \t121\n\nChapter XXIII. Of Approximate Generalizations, and Probable Evidence.\n\u00a7 1. \tThe inferences called probable, rest on approximate generalizations \t124\n2. \tApproximate generalizations less useful in science than in life \t124\n3. \tIn what cases they may be resorted to \t126\n4. \tIn what manner proved \t127\n5. \tWith what precautions employed \t130\n6. \tThe two modes of combining probabilities \t131\n7. \tHow approximate generalizations may be converted into accurate generalizations equivalent to them \t136\n[Pg viii]\nChapter XXIV. Of the Remaining Laws of Nature.\n\u00a7 1. \tPropositions which assert mere existence \t139\n2. \tResemblance, considered as a subject of science \t141\n3. \tThe axioms and theorems of mathematics comprise the principal laws of resemblance \t143\n4. \t\u2014and those of order in place, and rest on induction by simple enumeration \t145\n5. \tThe propositions of arithmetic affirm the modes of formation of some given number \t146\n6. \tThose of algebra affirm the equivalence of different modes of formation of numbers generally \t151\n7. \tThe propositions of geometry are laws of outward nature \t154\n8. \tWhy geometry is almost entirely deductive \t156\n9. \tFunction of mathematical truths in the other sciences, and limits of that function \t158\n\nChapter XXV. Of the Grounds of Disbelief.\n\u00a7 1. \tImprobability and impossibility \t161\n2. \tExamination of Hume's doctrine of miracles \t162\n3. \tThe degrees of improbability correspond to differences in the nature of the generalization with which an assertion conflicts \t166\n4. \tA fact is not incredible because the chances are against it \t170\n5. \tAre coincidences less credible than other facts? \t172\n6. \tAn opinion of Laplace examined \t175\n\nBOOK IV.\nOF OPERATIONS SUBSIDIARY TO INDUCTION.\n\nChapter I. Of Observation and Description.\n\u00a7 1. \tObservation, how far a subject of logic \t183\n2. \tA great part of what seems observation is really inference \t184\n3. \tThe description of an observation affirms more than is contained in the observation \t187\n4. \t\u2014namely an agreement among phenomena; and the comparison of phenomena to ascertain such agreements is a preliminary to induction \t190\n[Pg ix]\nChapter II. Of Abstraction, or the Formation of Conceptions.\n\u00a7 1. \tThe comparison which is a preliminary to induction implies general conceptions \t193\n2. \t\u2014but these need not be pre-existent \t194\n3. \tA general conception, originally the result of a comparison, becomes itself the type of comparison \t198\n4. \tWhat is meant by appropriate conceptions \t200\n5. \t\u2014and by clear conceptions \t203\n6. \tFurther illustration of the subject \t205\n\nChapter III. Of Naming, as subsidiary to Induction.\n\u00a7 1. \tThe fundamental property of names as an instrument of thought \t209\n2. \tNames are not indispensable to induction \t210\n3. \tIn what manner subservient to it \t211\n4. \tGeneral names not a mere contrivance to economize the use of language \t213\n\nChapter IV. Of the Requisites of a Philosophical Language, and the Principles of Definition.\n\u00a7 1. \tFirst requisite of philosophical language, a steady and determinate meaning for every general name \t215\n2. \tNames in common use have often a loose connotation \t215\n3. \t\u2014which the logician should fix, with as little alteration as possible \t218\n4. \tWhy definition is often a question not of words but of things \t220\n5. \tHow the logician should deal with the transitive applications of words \t224\n6. \tEvil consequences of casting off any portion of the customary connotation of words \t229\n[Pg x]\nChapter V. On the Natural History of the Variations in the Meaning of Terms.\n\u00a7 1. \tHow circumstances originally accidental become incorporated into the meaning of words \t236\n2. \t\u2014and sometimes become the whole meaning \t238\n3. \tTendency of words to become generalized \t240\n4. \t\u2014and to become specialized \t243\n\nChapter VI. The Principles of a Philosophical Language further considered.\n\u00a7 1. \tSecond requisite of philosophical language, a name for every important meaning \t248\n2. \t\u2014viz. first, an accurate descriptive terminology \t248\n3. \t\u2014secondly, a name for each of the more important results of scientific abstraction \t252\n4. \t\u2014thirdly, a nomenclature, or system of the names of Kinds \t255\n5. \tPeculiar nature of the connotation of names which belong to a nomenclature \t257\n6. \tIn what cases language may, and may not, be used mechanically \t259\n\nChapter VII. Of Classification, as subsidiary to Induction.\n\u00a7 1. \tClassification as here treated of, wherein different from the classification implied in naming \t266\n2. \tTheory of natural groups \t267\n3. \tAre natural groups given by type, or by definition? \t271\n4. \tKinds are natural groups \t274\n5. \tHow the names of Kinds should be constructed \t280\n\nChapter VIII. Of Classification by Series.\n\u00a7 1. \tNatural groups should be arranged in a natural series \t284\n2. \tThe arrangement should follow the degrees of the main phenomenon \t285\n3. \t\u2014which implies the assumption of a type-species \t287\n[Pg xi]4. \tHow the divisions of the series should be determined \t288\n5. \tZoology affords the completest type of scientific classification \t289\n\nBOOK V.\nON FALLACIES.\n\nChapter I. Of Fallacies in General.\n\u00a7 1. \tTheory of fallacies a necessary part of logic \t295\n2. \tCasual mistakes are not fallacies \t297\n3. \tThe moral sources of erroneous opinion, how related to the intellectual \t297\n\nChapter II. Classification of Fallacies.\n\u00a7 1. \tOn what criteria a classification of fallacies should be grounded \t301\n2. \tThe five classes of fallacies \t302\n3. \tThe reference of a fallacy to one or another class is sometimes arbitrary \t305\n\nChapter III. Fallacies of Simple Inspection, or \u00e0 priori Fallacies.\n\u00a7 1. \tCharacter of this class of Fallacies \t309\n2. \tNatural prejudice of mistaking subjective laws for objective, exemplified in popular superstitions \t310\n3. \tNatural prejudices, that things which we think of together must exist together, and that what is inconceivable must be false \t314\n4. \tNatural prejudice, of ascribing objective existence to abstractions \t321\n5. \tFallacy of the Sufficient Reason \t322\n6. \tNatural prejudice, that the differences in nature correspond to the distinctions in language \t325\n7. \tPrejudice, that a phenomenon cannot have more than one cause \t329\n8. \tPrejudice, that the conditions of a phenomenon must resemble the phenomenon \t332\n[Pg xii]\nChapter IV. Fallacies of Observation.\n\u00a7 1. \tNon-observation, and Mal-observation \t341\n2. \tNon-observation of instances, and non-observation of circumstances \t341\n3. \tExamples of the former \t342\n4. \t\u2014and of the latter \t347\n5. \tMal-observation characterized and exemplified \t352\n\nChapter V. Fallacies of Generalization.\n\u00a7 1. \tCharacter of the class \t356\n2. \tCertain kinds of generalization must always be groundless \t356\n3. \tAttempts to resolve phenomena radically different into the same \t357\n4. \tFallacy of mistaking empirical for causal laws \t359\n5. \tPost hoc, ergo propter hoc; and the deductive fallacy corresponding to it \t364\n6. \tFallacy of False Analogies \t366\n7. \tFunction of metaphors in reasoning \t373\n8. \tHow fallacies of generalization grow out of bad classification \t375\n\nChapter VI. Fallacies of Ratiocination.\n\u00a7 1. \tIntroductory Remarks \t377\n2. \tFallacies in the conversion and \u00e6quipollency of propositions \t377\n3. \tFallacies in the syllogistic process \t379\n4. \tFallacy of changing the premises \t379\n\nChapter VII. Fallacies of Confusion.\n\u00a7 1. \tFallacy of Ambiguous Terms \t384\n2. \tFallacy of Petitio Principii \t396\n3. \tFallacy of Ignoratio Elenchi \t405\n[Pg xiii]\nBOOK VI.\nON THE LOGIC OF THE MORAL SCIENCES.\n\nChapter I. Introductory Remarks.\n\u00a7 1. \tThe backward state of the Moral Sciences can only be remedied by applying to them the methods of Physical Science, duly extended and generalized \t413\n2. \tHow far this can be attempted in the present work \t415\n\nChapter II. Of Liberty and Necessity.\n\u00a7 1. \tAre human actions subject to the law of causality? \t417\n2. \tThe doctrine commonly called Philosophical Necessity, in what sense true \t418\n3. \tInappropriateness and pernicious effect of the term Necessity \t420\n4. \tA motive not always the anticipation of a pleasure or a pain \t424\n\nChapter III. That there is, or may be, a Science of Human Nature.\n\u00a7 1. \tThere may be sciences which are not exact sciences \t426\n2. \tTo what scientific type the Science of Human Nature corresponds \t429\n\nChapter IV. Of the Laws of Mind.\n\u00a7 1. \tWhat is meant by Laws of Mind \t432\n2. \tIs there a science of Psychology? \t433\n3. \tThe principal investigations of Psychology characterized \t435\n4. \tRelation of mental facts to physical conditions \t440\n\nChapter V. Of Ethology, or the Science of the Formation of Character.\n\u00a7 1. \tThe Empirical Laws of Human Nature \t445\n2. \t\u2014are merely approximate generalizations. The universal laws are those of the formation of character \t447\n[Pg xiv]3. \tThe laws of the formation of character cannot be ascertained by observation and experiment \t449\n4. \t\u2014but must be studied deductively \t454\n5. \tThe Principles of Ethology are the axiomata media of mental science \t455\n6. \tEthology characterized \t459\n\nChapter VI. General Considerations on the Social Science.\n\u00a7 1. \tAre Social Phenomena a subject of Science? \t461\n2. \tOf what nature the Social Science must be \t463\n\nChapter VII. Of the Chemical, or Experimental, Method in the Social Science.\n\u00a7 1. \tCharacters of the mode of thinking which deduces political doctrines from specific experience \t466\n2. \tIn the Social Science experiments are impossible \t468\n3. \t\u2014the Method of Difference inapplicable \t469\n4. \t\u2014and the Methods of Agreement, and of Concomitant Variations, inconclusive \t471\n5. \tThe Method of Residues also inconclusive, and presupposes Deduction \t472\n\nChapter VIII. Of the Geometrical, or Abstract Method.\n\u00a7 1. \tCharacters of this mode of thinking \t476\n2. \tExamples of the Geometrical Method \t478\n3. \tThe interest-philosophy of the Bentham school \t479\n\nChapter IX. Of the Physical, or Concrete Deductive Method.\n\u00a7 1. \tThe Direct and Inverse Deductive Methods \t486\n2. \tDifficulties of the Direct Deductive Method in the Social Science \t489\n3. \tTo what extent the different branches of sociological speculation can be studied apart. Political Economy characterized \t492\n4. \tPolitical Ethology, or the science of national character \t497\n5. \tThe Empirical Laws of the Social Science \t500\n6. \tThe Verification of the Social Science \t502\n[Pg xv]\nChapter X. Of the Inverse Deductive, or Historical Method.\n\u00a7 1. \tDistinction between the general Science of Society, and special sociological inquiries \t506\n2. \tWhat is meant by a State of Society? \t506\n3. \tThe Progressiveness of Man and Society \t508\n4. \tThe laws of the succession of states of society can only be ascertained by the Inverse Deductive Method \t511\n5. \tSocial Statics, or the science of the Coexistences of Social Phenomena \t513\n6. \tSocial Dynamics, or the science of the Successions of Social Phenomena \t521\n7. \tOutlines of the Historical Method \t522\n8. \tFuture prospects of Sociological Inquiry \t525\n\nChapter XI. Additional Elucidations of the Science of History.\n\u00a7 1. \tThe subjection of historical facts to uniform laws is verified by statistics \t529\n2. \t\u2014does not imply the insignificance of moral causes \t532\n3. \t\u2014nor the inefficacy of the characters of individuals and of the acts of governments \t535\n4. \tThe historical importance of eminent men and of the policy of governments illustrated \t540\n\nChapter XII. Of the Logic of Practice, or Art; including Morality and Policy.\n\u00a7 1. \tMorality not a science, but an Art \t544\n2. \tRelation between rules of art and the theorems of the corresponding science \t544\n3. \tWhat is the proper function of rules of art? \t546\n4. \tArt cannot be Deductive \t548\n5. \tEvery Art consists of truths of Science, arranged in the order suitable for some practical use \t549\n6. \tTeleology, or the Doctrine of Ends \t550\n7. \tNecessity of an ultimate standard, or first principle of Teleology \t552\n8. \tConclusion \t554\n\n\n\n\n\nA SYSTEM OF LOGIC, RATIOCINATIVE AND INDUCTIVE\nBEING A CONNECTED VIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF EVIDENCE, AND THE METHODS OF SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION.\nBy John Stuart Mill\nCONTENTS\nPreface To The First Edition.\nPreface To The Third And Fourth Editions.\nIntroduction.\nBook I \tOf Names And Propositions.\nChapter I \tOf The Necessity Of Commencing With An Analysis Of Language.\nChapter II \tOf Names.\nChapter III \tOf The Things Denoted By Names.\nChapter IV \tOf Propositions.\nChapter V \tOf The Import Of Propositions.\nChapter VI \tOf Propositions Merely Verbal.\nChapter VII \tOf The Nature Of Classification, And The Five Predicables.\nChapter VIII \tOf Definition.\nBook II \tOn Reasoning.\nChapter I \tOf Inference, Or Reasoning, In General.\nChapter II \tOf Ratiocination, Or Syllogism.\nChapter III \tOf The Functions And Logical Value Of The Syllogism.\nChapter IV \tOf Trains Of Reasoning, And Deductive Sciences.\nChapter V \tOf Demonstration, And Necessary Truths.\nChapter VI \tThe Same Subject Continued.\nChapter VII \tExamination Of Some Opinions Opposed To The Preceding Doctrines.\nBook III \tOf Induction.\nChapter I \tPreliminary Observations On Induction In General.\nChapter II \tOf Inductions Improperly So Called.\nChapter III \tOf The Ground Of Induction.\nChapter IV \tOf Laws Of Nature.\nChapter V \tOf The Law Of Universal Causation.\nChapter VI \tOn The Composition Of Causes.\nChapter VII \tOn Observation And Experiment.\nChapter VIII \tOf The Four Methods Of Experimental Inquiry.\nChapter IX \tMiscellaneous Examples Of The Four Methods.\nChapter X \tOf Plurality Of Causes, And Of The Intermixture Of Effects.\nChapter XI \tOf The Deductive Method.\nChapter XII \tOf The Explanation Of Laws Of Nature.\nChapter XIII \tMiscellaneous Examples Of The Explanation Of Laws Of Nature.\nChapter XIV \tOf The Limits To The Explanation Of Laws Of Nature; And Of Hypotheses.\nChapter XV \tOf Progressive Effects; And Of The Continued Action Of Causes.\nChapter XVI \tOf Empirical Laws.\nChapter XVII \tOf Chance And Its Elimination.\nChapter XVIII \tOf The Calculation Of Chances.\nChapter XIX \tOf The Extension Of Derivative Laws To Adjacent Cases.\nChapter XX \tOf Analogy.\nChapter XXI \tOf The Evidence Of The Law Of Universal Causation.\nChapter XXII \tOf Uniformities Of Co-Existence Not Dependent On Causation.\nChapter XXIV \tOf The Remaining Laws Of Nature.\nChapter XXV \tOf The Grounds Of Disbelief.\nBook IV \tOf Operations Subsidiary To Induction.\nChapter I \tOf Observation And Description.\nChapter II \tOf Abstraction, Or The Formation Of Conceptions.\nChapter III \tOf Naming, As Subsidiary To Induction.\nChapter IV \tOf The Requisites Of A Philosophical Language, And The Principles Of Definition.\nChapter V \tOn The Natural History Of The Variations In The Meaning Of Terms.\nChapter VI \tThe Principles Of A Philosophical Language Further Considered.\nChapter VII \tOf Classification, As Subsidiary To Induction.\nChapter VIII \tOf Classification By Series.\nBook V \tOn Fallacies.\nChapter I \tOf Fallacies In General.\nChapter II \tClassification Of Fallacies.\nChapter III \tFallacies Of Simple Inspection; Or A Priori Fallacies.\nChapter IV \tFallacies Of Observation.\nChapter V \tFallacies Of Generalization.\nChapter VI \tFallacies Of Ratiocination.\nChapter VII \tFallacies Of Confusion.\nBook VI \tOn The Logic Of The Moral Sciences.\nChapter I \tIntroductory Remarks.\nChapter II \tOf Liberty And Necessity.\nChapter III \tThat There Is, Or May Be, A Science Of Human Nature.\nChapter IV \tOf The Laws Of Mind.\nChapter V \tOf Ethology, Or The Science Of The Formation Of Character.\nChapter VI \tGeneral Considerations On The Social Science.\nChapter VII \tOf The Chemical, Or Experimental, Method In The Social Science.\nChapter VIII \tOf The Geometrical, Or Abstract, Method.\nChapter IX \tOf The Physical, Or Concrete Deductive, Method.\nChapter X \tOf The Inverse Deductive, Or Historical, Method.\nChapter XI \tAdditional Elucidations Of The Science Of History.\nChapter XII \tOf The Logic Of Practice, Or Art; Including Morality And Policy.\nFootnotes\n\n\n\n\n\nANALYSIS OF THE PHENOMENA OF THE HUMAN MIND\nBy James Mill (John Stuart Mill)\n\n\n\nCONTENTS OF THE FIRST VOLUME\n\n\tPAGE\nINTRODUCTION \t1\nCHAPTER I.\nSensation \t2\n\tSECTION \t1. Smell\n7\n\t2. Hearing \t16\n\t3. Sight \t21\n\t4. Taste \t25\n\t5. Touch \t28\n\t6. Sensations of Disorganization, or of the Approach to Disorganization, in any part of the Body \t37\n\t7. Muscular Sensations, or those Feelings which accompany the Action of the Muscles \t40\n\t8. Sensations in the Alimentary Canal \t45\n\nCHAPTER II.\nIdeas \t51\n\nCHAPTER III.\nThe Association of Ideas \t70\n\nCHAPTER IV.\nNaming \t127\n\tSECTION \t1. Nouns Substantive\n134\n\t2. Nouns Adjective \t134\n\t3. Verbs \t151\n\t4. Predication \t159\nxxiv\n\tSECTION \t5. Pronouns\n194\n\t6. Adverbs \t199\n\t7. Prepositions \t201\n\t8. Conjunctions \t212\n\nCHAPTER V.\nConsciousness \t223\n\nCHAPTER VI.\nConception \t233\n\nCHAPTER VII.\nImagination \t238\n\nCHAPTER VIII.\nClassification \t247\n\nCHAPTER IX.\nAbstraction \t294\n\nCHAPTER X.\nMemory \t318\n\nCHAPTER XI.\nBelief \t341\n\nCHAPTER XII.\nRatiocination \t424\n\nCHAPTER XIII.\nEvidence \t428\nAPPENDIX \t440\nCONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME\nCHAPTER XIV.\n\tPAGE\nSome Names which require a particular Explanation \t1\n\tSECTION \t1. Names of Names \t3\n\t2. Relative Terms \t6\n\n\tAbstract Relative Terms \t72\n\t3. Numbers \t89\n\t4. Privative Terms \t99\n\t5. Time \t116\n\t6. Motion \t142\n\t7. Identity \t164\n\nCHAPTER XV.\nReflection \t176\n\nCHAPTER XVI.\nThe Distinction between the Intellectual and Active Powers of the Human Mind \t181\n\nCHAPTER XVII.\nPleasurable and Painful Sensations \t184\n\nCHAPTER XVIII.\nCauses of the Pleasurable and Painful Sensations \t187\n\nCHAPTER XIX.\nIdeas of the Pleasurable and Painful Sensations, and of the Causes of them \t189\n\nCHAPTER XX.\nThe Pleasurable and Painful Sensations, contemplated as passed, or future \t196\nvolume 2 vi\nCHAPTER XXI.\nThe Causes of Pleasurable and Painful Sensations, contemplated as passed, or future \t201\n\tSECTION \t1. The immediate Causes of Pleasurable and Painful Sensations, contemplated as passed, or as future \t201\n\t2. The Remote Causes of Pleasurable and Painful Sensations contemplated as passed, or future \t206\n\tSUB-SECT. \t1. Wealth, Power, and Dignity, and their Contraries, contemplated as Causes of our Pleasures and Pains \t207\n\t2. Our Fellow-Creatures contemplated as Causes of our Pleasures and Pains \t214\n\t1.\u2014Friendship \t216\n\t2.\u2014Kindness \t216\n\t3.\u2014Family \t218\n\t4.\u2014Country \t226\n\t5.\u2014Party; Class \t227\n\t6.\u2014Mankind \t229\n\t3. The Objects called Sublime and Beautiful, and their Contraries, contemplated as Causes of our Pleasures and Pains \t230\n\nCHAPTER XXII.\nMotives \t256\n\tSECTION \t1. Pleasurable or Painful States, contemplated as the Consequents of our own Acts \t256\n\t2. Causes of our Pleasurable and Painful States, contemplated as the Consequents of our own Acts \t265\n\nCHAPTER XXIII.\nThe Acts of our Fellow-creatures, which are Causes of our Pains and Pleasures, contemplated as Consequents of our own Acts \t280\n\nCHAPTER XXIV.\nThe Will \t327\n\nCHAPTER XXV.\nIntention \t396","title":"Index of the Project Gutenberg Works of John Stuart Mill","tradition":"philosophy-ethics","translated_text":null,"word_count":9062}