{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_58925/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_58925","id":"gutenberg_58925","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/58925","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Essays, Letters & Speeches","Category: History - American","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Category: Philosophy & Ethics","Indexes"],"text":"Produced by David Widger\n\n\n\nINDEX OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG\n\nWORKS OF\n\nJOHN FISKE\n\n\nCompiled by David Widger\n\n\n\n\nCONTENTS\n\n\n##  MYTHS AND MYTH-MAKERS\n\n##  THE UNSEEN WORLD AND OTHER ESSAYS\n\nPOLITICAL IDEAS\n\nTHE MEANING OF INFANCY\n\n##  THE BEGINNINGS OF NEW ENGLAND\n\n##  THE DESTINY OF MAN\n\n##  THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE\n\n##  THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, Vol. 1 (of 2)\n\n##  CRITICAL PERIOD AMERICAN HISTORY\n\nLIFE EVERLASTING\n\n##  THROUGH NATURE TO GOD\n\n##  A CENTURY OF SCIENCE AND OTHER ESSAYS\n\n##  THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION\n\nTOBACCO AND ALCOHOL, It Does Pay to Smoke\n\n##  OLD VIRGINIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS, Vol. 1 (of 2)\n\n##  OLD VIRGINIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS, Vol. 2 (of 2)\n\n##  IDEA OF GOD--MODERN KNOWLEDGE\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nTABLES OF CONTENTS OF VOLUMES\n\n\n\n\n\nMYTHS AND MYTH-MAKERS\nOld Tales and Superstitions Interpreted by Comparative Mythology\nBy John Fiske\nCONTENTS\nPREFACE.\nMYTHS AND MYTH-MAKERS.\nI. THE ORIGINS OF FOLK-LORE.\nII. THE DESCENT OF FIRE.\nIII. WEREWOLVES AND SWAN-MAIDENS.\nIV. LIGHT AND DARKNESS.\nV. MYTHS OF THE BARBARIC WORLD.\nVI. JUVENTUS MUNDI. [150]\nVII. THE PRIMEVAL GHOST-WORLD.\nNOTE.\nFOOTNOTES:\n\n\n\n\n\nTHE UNSEEN WORLD AND OTHER ESSAYS\nBy John Fiske\nCONTENTS\nESSAYS.\nI. THE UNSEEN WORLD.\nPART FIRST.\nPART SECOND.\nII. \"THE TO-MORROW OF DEATH.\"\nIII. THE JESUS OF HISTORY.\nIV. THE CHRIST OF DOGMA.\nV. A WORD ABOUT MIRACLES.\nVI. DRAPER ON SCIENCE AND RELIGION.\nVII. NATHAN THE WISE.\nVIII. HISTORICAL DIFFICULTIES.\nIX. THE FAMINE OF 1770 IN BENGAL.\nX. SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS.\nXI. LONGFELLOW'S DANTE.\nXII. PAINE'S \"ST. PETER.\"\nXIII. A PHILOSOPHY OF ART.\nXIV. ATHENIAN AND AMERICAN LIFE.\nFOOTNOTES\n\n\n\n\n\nTHE BEGINNINGS OF NEW ENGLAND\nOr The Puritan Theocracy In Its Relations To Civil And Religious Liberty\nBy John Fiske\n1892\nCONTENTS\nPREFACE.\nDETAILED CONTENTS.\nTHE BEGINNINGS OF NEW ENGLAND.\nCHAPTER I.\tTHE ROMAN IDEA AND THE ENGLISH IDEA.\nCHAPTER II.\tTHE PURITAN EXODUS.\nCHAPTER III.\tTHE PLANTING OF NEW ENGLAND.\nCHAPTER IV.\tTHE NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERACY.\nCHAPTER V.\tKING PHILIP'S WAR.\nCHAPTER VI.\tTHE TYRANNY OF ANDROS.\nBIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE.\nNOTES:\n\n\n\n\n\nTHE DESTINY OF MAN\nVIEWED IN THE LIGHT OF HIS ORIGIN\nBy John Fiske\n1884\nCONTENTS\nMan\u2019s Place in Nature as affected by the Copernican Theory.\nAs affected by Darwinism.\nOn the Earth there will never be a Higher Creature than Man.\nThe Origin of Infancy.\nThe Dawning of Consciousness.\nLengthening of Infancy and Concomitant Increase of Brain-Surface.\nChange in the Direction of the Working of Natural Selection.\nGrowing Predominance of the Psychical Life.\nThe Origins of Society and of Morality.\nImprovableness of Man.\nUniversal Warfare of Primeval Men.\nFirst checked by the Beginnings of Industrial Civilisation.\nMethods of Political Development, and Elimination of Warfare.\nEnd of the Working of Natural Selection upon Man. Throwing off the Brute-Inheritance.\nThe Message of Christianity.\nThe Question as to a Future Life.\n\n\n\n\n\nTHE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE\nBy John Fiske\nWith Maps, Index, And A Biographical Sketch\nCONTENTS\nchap\t\tpage\nBiographical Sketch.\tvii\nI.\tIntroduction.\t1\nII.\tThe Colonies In 1750.\t4\nIII\tThe French Wars, and the First Plan of Union.\t26\nIV.\tThe Stamp Act, and the Revenue Laws.\t39\nV.\tThe Crisis.\t78\nVI.\tThe Struggle for the Centre.\t104\nVII.\tThe French Alliance.\t144\nVIII.\tBirth of the Nation.\t182\nCollateral Reading.\t195\nIndex.\t197\nLIST OF MAPS\nFacing Page\nInvasion of Canada\t92\nWashington's Campaigns in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.\t119\nBurgoyne's Campaign\t130\nThe Southern Campaign\t172\n\n\n\n\n\nTHE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA\nBy John Fiske\nVOL. I (of II)\nCONTENTS\nCHAPTER I.\nANCIENT AMERICA.\n\n page\nThe American aborigines 1\nQuestion as to their origin 2, 3\nAntiquity of man in America 4\nShell-mounds, or middens 4, 5\nThe Glacial Period 6, 7\nDiscoveries in the Trenton gravel 8\nDiscoveries in Ohio, Indiana, and Minnesota 9\nMr. Cresson's discovery at Claymont, Delaware 10\nThe Calaveras skull 11\nPleistocene men and mammals 12, 13\nElevation and subsidence 13, 14\nWaves of migration 15\nThe Cave men of Europe in the Glacial Period 16\nThe Eskimos are probably a remnant of the Cave men 17-19\nThere was probably no connection or intercourse by water between ancient America and the Old World 20\nThere is one great American red race 21\nDifferent senses in which the word \"race\" is used 21-23\nNo necessary connection between differences in culture and differences in race 23\nMr. Lewis Morgan's classification of grades of culture 24-32\nDistinction between Savagery and Barbarism 25\nOrigin of pottery 25\nLower, middle, and upper status of savagery 26\nLower status of barbarism; it ended differently in the two hemispheres; in ancient America there was no pastoral stage of development 27\n(p. xx) Importance of Indian corn 28\nTillage with irrigation 29\nUse of adobe-brick and stone in building 29\nMiddle status of barbarism 29, 30\nStone and copper tools 30\nWorking of metals; smelting of iron 30\nUpper status of barbarism 31\nThe alphabet and the beginnings of civilization 32\nSo-called \"civilizations\" of Mexico and Peru 33, 34\nLoose use of the words \"savagery\" and \"civilization\" 35\nValue and importance of the term \"barbarism\" 35, 36\nThe status of barbarism is most completely exemplified in ancient America 36, 37\nSurvival of bygone epochs of culture; work of the Bureau of Ethnology 37, 38\nTribal society and multiplicity of languages in aboriginal America 38, 39\nTribes in the upper status of savagery; Athabaskans, Apaches, Shoshones, etc. 39\nTribes in the lower status of barbarism; the Dakota group or family 40\nThe Minnitarees and Mandans 41\nThe Pawnee and Arickaree group 42\nThe Maskoki group 42\nThe Algonquin group 43\nThe Huron-Iroquois group 44\nThe Five Nations 45-47\nDistinction between horticulture and field agriculture 48\nPerpetual intertribal warfare, with torture and cannibalism 49-51\nMyths and folk-lore 51\nAncient law 52, 53\nThe patriarchal family not primitive 53\n\"Mother-right\" 54\nPrimitive marriage 55\nThe system of reckoning kinship through females only 56\nOriginal reason for the system 57\nThe primeval human horde 58, 59\nEarliest family-group; the clan 60\n\"Exogamy\" 60\n(p. xxi) Phratry and tribe 61\nEffect of pastoral life upon property and upon the family 61-63\nThe exogamous clan in ancient America 64\nIntimate connection of aboriginal architecture with social life 65\nThe long houses of the Iroquois 66, 67\nSummary divorce 68\nHospitality 68\nStructure of the clan 69, 70\nOrigin and structure of the phratry 70, 71\nStructure of the tribe 72\nCross-relationships between clans and tribes; the Iroquois Confederacy 72-74\nStructure of the confederacy 75, 76\nThe \"Long House\" 76\nSymmetrical development of institutions in ancient America 77, 78\nCircular houses of the Mandans 79-81\nThe Indians of the pueblos, in the middle status of barbarism 82, 83\nHorticulture with irrigation, and architecture with adobe 83, 84\nPossible origin of adobe architecture 84, 85\nMr. Cushing's sojourn at Zu\u00f1i 86\nTypical structure of the pueblo 86-88\nPueblo society 89\nWonderful ancient pueblos in the Chaco valley 90-92\nThe Moqui pueblos 93\nThe cliff-dwellings 93\nPueblo of Zu\u00f1i 93, 94\nPueblo of Tlascala 94-96\nThe ancient city of Mexico was a great composite pueblo 97\nThe Spanish discoverers could not be expected to understand the state of society which they found there 97, 98\nContrast between feudalism and gentilism 98\nChange from gentile society to political society in Greece and Rome 99, 100\n(p. xxii) First suspicions as to the erroneousness of the Spanish accounts 101\nDetection and explanation of the errors, by Lewis Morgan 102\nAdolf Bandelier's researches 103\nThe Aztec Confederacy 104, 105\nAztec clans 106\nClan officers 107\nRights and duties of the clan 108\nAztec phratries 108\nThe tlatocan, or tribal council 109\nThe cihuacoatl, or \"snake-woman\" 110\nThe tlacatecuhtli, or \"chief-of-men\" 111\nEvolution of kingship in Greece and Rome 112\nMedi\u00e6val kingship 113\nMontezuma was a \"priest-commander\" 114\nMode of succession to the office 114, 115\nManner of collecting tribute 116\nMexican roads 117\nAztec and Iroquois confederacies contrasted 118\nAztec priesthood; human sacrifices 119, 120\nAztec slaves 121, 122\nThe Aztec family 122, 123\nAztec property 124\nMr. Morgan's rules of criticism 125\nHe sometimes disregarded his own rules 126\nAmusing illustrations from his remarks on \"Montezuma's Dinner\" 126-128\nThe reaction against uncritical and exaggerated statements was often carried too far by Mr. Morgan 128, 129\nGreat importance of the middle period of barbarism 130\nThe Mexicans compared with the Mayas 131-133\nMaya hieroglyphic writing 132\nRuined cities of Central America 134-138\nThey are probably not older than the twelfth century 136\nRecent discovery of the Chronicle of Chicxulub 138\nMaya culture very closely related to Mexican 139\nThe \"Mound-Builders\" 140-146\nThe notion that they were like the Aztecs 142\nOr, perhaps, like the Zu\u00f1is 143\n(p. xxiii) These notions are not well sustained 144\nThe mounds were probably built by different peoples in the lower status of barbarism, by Cherokees, Shawnees, and other tribes 144, 145\nIt is not likely that there was a \"race of Mound Builders\" 146\nSociety in America at the time of the Discovery had reached stages similar to stages reached by eastern Mediterranean peoples fifty or sixty centuries earlier 146, 147\nCHAPTER II.\nPRE-COLUMBIAN VOYAGES.\n\nStories of voyages to America before Columbus; the Chinese 148\nThe Irish. 149\nBlowing and drifting; Cousin, of Dieppe 150\nThese stories are of small value 150\nBut the case of the Northmen is quite different 151\nThe Viking exodus from Norway 151, 152\nFounding of a colony in Iceland, A. D. 874 153\nIcelandic literature 154\nDiscovery of Greenland, A. D. 876 155, 156\nEric the Red, and his colony in Greenland, A. D. 986 157-161\nVoyage of Bjarni Herjulfsson 162\nConversion of the Northmen to Christianity 163\nLeif Ericsson's voyage, A. D. 1000; Helluland and Markland 164\nLeif's winter in Vinland 165, 166\nVoyages of Thorvald and Thorstein 167\nThorfinn Karlsefni, and his unsuccessful attempt to found a colony in Vinland, A. D. 1007-10 167-169\nFreydis, and her evil deeds in Vinland, 1011-12 170, 171\nVoyage into Baffin's Bay, 1135 172\nDescription of a Viking ship discovered at Sandefiord, in Norway 173-175\n(p. xxiv) To what extent the climate of Greenland may have changed within the last thousand years 176, 177\nWith the Northmen once in Greenland, the discovery of the American continent was inevitable 178\nEar-marks of truth in the Icelandic narratives 179, 180\nNorthern limit of the vine 181\nLength of the winter day 182\nIndian corn 182, 183\nWinter weather in Vinland 184\nVinland was probably situated somewhere between Cape Breton and Point Judith 185\nFurther ear-marks of truth; savages and barbarians of the lower status were unknown to medi\u00e6val Europeans 185, 186\nThe natives of Vinland as described in the Icelandic narratives 187-193\nMeaning of the epithet \"Skr\u00e6lings\" 188, 189\nPersonal appearance of the Skr\u00e6lings 189\nThe Skr\u00e6lings of Vinland were Indians,\u2014very likely Algonquins 190\nThe \"balista\" or \"demon's head\" 191, 192\nThe story of the \"uniped\" 193\nCharacter of the Icelandic records; misleading associations with the word \"saga\" 194\nThe comparison between Leif Ericsson and Agamemnon, made by a committee of the Massachusetts Historical Society, was peculiarly unfortunate and inappropriate 194, 197\nThe story of the Trojan War, in the shape in which we find it in Greek poetry, is pure folk-lore 195\nThe Saga of Eric the Red is not folk-lore 196\nMythical and historical sagas 197\nThe western or Hauks-b\u00f3k version of Eric the Red's Saga 198\nThe northern or Flateyar-b\u00f3k version 199\nPresumption against sources not contemporary 200\nHauk Erlendsson and his manuscripts 201\nThe story is not likely to have been preserved to Hauk's time by oral tradition only 202\nAllusions to Vinland in other Icelandic documents 202-207\n(p. xxv) Eyrbyggja Saga 203\nThe abbot Nikulas, etc. 204\nAri Fr\u00f3dhi and his works 204\nHis significant allusion to Vinland 205\nOther references 206\nDifferences between Hauks-b\u00f3k and Flateyar-b\u00f3k versions 207\nAdam of Bremen 208\nImportance of his testimony 209\nHis misconception of the situation of Vinland 210\nSummary of the argument 211-213\nAbsurd speculations of zealous antiquarians 213-215\nThe Dighton inscription was made by Algonquins, and has nothing to do with the Northmen 213, 214\nGovernor Arnold's stone windmill 215\nThere is no reason for supposing that the Northmen founded a colony in Vinland 216\nNo arch\u00e6ological remains of them have been found south of Davis strait 217\nIf the Northmen had founded a successful colony, they would have introduced domestic cattle into the North American fauna 218\nAnd such animals could not have vanished and left no trace of their existence 219, 220\nFurther fortunes of the Greenland colony 221\nBishop Eric's voyage in search of Vinland, 1121 222\nThe ship from Markland, 1347 223\nThe Greenland colony attacked by Eskimos, 1349 224\nQueen Margaret's monopoly, and its baneful effects 225\nStory of the Venetian brothers, Nicol\u00f2 and Antonio Zeno 226\nNicol\u00f2 Zeno wrecked upon one of the F\u00e6roe islands 227\nHe enters the service of Henry Sinclair, Earl of the Orkneys and Caithness 228\nNicol\u00f2's voyage to Greenland, cir. 1394 229\nVoyage of Earl Sinclair and Antonio Zeno 229, 230\nPublication of the remains of the documents by the younger Nicol\u00f2 Zeno, 1558 231\nThe Zeno map 232, 233\nQueer transformations of names 234-236\n(p. xxvi) The name F\u00e6roislander became Frislanda 236\nThe narrative nowhere makes a claim to the \"discovery of America\" 237\nThe \"Zichmni\" of the narrative means Henry Sinclair 238\nBardsen's \"Description of Greenland\" 239\nThe monastery of St. Olaus and its hot spring 240\nVolcanoes of the north Atlantic ridge 241\nFate of Gunnbj\u00f6rn's Skerries, 1456 242\nVolcanic phenomena in Greenland 242, 243\nEstotiland 244\nDrogio 245\nInhabitants of Drogio and the countries beyond 246\nThe Fisherman's return to Frislanda 247\nWas the account of Drogio woven into the narrative by the younger Nicol\u00f2? 248\nOr does it represent actual experiences in North America? 249\nThe case of David Ingram, 1568 250\nThe case of Cabeza de Vaca, 1528-36 251\nThere may have been unrecorded instances of visits to North America 252\nThe pre-Columbian voyages made no real contributions to geographical knowledge 253\nAnd were in no true sense a discovery of America 254\nReal contact between the eastern and western hemisphere was first established by Columbus 255\nCHAPTER III.\nEUROPE AND CATHAY.\n\nWhy the voyages of the Northmen were not followed up 256\nIgnorance of their geographical significance 257\nLack of instruments for ocean navigation 257\nCondition of Europe in the year 1000 258, 259\nIt was not such as to favour colonial enterprise 260\nThe outlook of Europe was toward Asia 261\nRoutes of trade between Europe and Asia 262\n(p. xxvii) Claudius Ptolemy and his knowledge of the earth 263\nEarly mention of China 264\nThe monk Cosmas Indicopleustes 265\nShape of the earth, according to Cosmas 266, 267\nHis knowledge of Asia 268\nThe Nestorians 268\nEffects of the Saracen conquests 269\nConstantinople in the twelfth century 270\nThe Crusades 270-274\nBarbarizing character of Turkish conquest 271\nGeneral effects of the Crusades 272\nThe Fourth Crusade 273\nRivalry between Venice and Genoa 274\nCentres and routes of medi\u00e6val trade 275, 276\nEffects of the Mongol conquests 277\nCathay, origin of the name 277\nCarpini and Rubruquis 278\nFirst knowledge of an eastern ocean beyond Cathay 278\nThe data were thus prepared for Columbus; but as yet nobody reasoned from these data to a practical conclusion 279\nThe Polo brothers 280\nKublai Khan's message to the Pope 281\nMarco Polo and his travels in Asia 281, 282\nFirst recorded voyage of Europeans around the Indo-Chinese peninsula 282\nReturn of the Polos to Venice 283\nMarco Polo's book, written in prison at Genoa, 1299; its great contributions to geographical knowledge 284, 285\nPrester John 285\nGriffins and Arimaspians 286\nThe Catalan map, 1375 288, 289\nOther visits to China 287-291\nOverthrow of the Mongol dynasty, and shutting up of China 291\nFirst rumours of the Molucca islands and Japan 292\nThe accustomed routes of Oriental trade were cut off in the fifteenth century by the Ottoman Turks 293\nNecessity for finding an \"outside route to the Indies\" 294\n(p. xxviii) CHAPTER IV.\nTHE SEARCH FOR THE INDIES.\nEASTWARD OR PORTUGUESE ROUTE.\n\nQuestion as to whether Asia could be reached by sailing around Africa 295\nViews of Eratosthenes 296\nOpposing theory of Ptolemy 297\nStory of the Ph\u0153nician voyage in the time of Necho 298-300\nVoyage of Hanno 300, 301\nVoyages of Sataspes and Eudoxus 302\nWild exaggerations 303\nViews of Pomponius Mela 304, 305\nAncient theory of the five zones 306, 307\nThe Inhabited World, or \u0152cumene, and the Antipodes 308\nCurious notions about Taprobane (Ceylon) 309\nQuestion as to the possibility of crossing the torrid zone 309\nNotions about sailing \"up and down hill\" 310, 311\nSuperstitious fancies 311, 312\nClumsiness of ships in the fifteenth century 312\nDangers from famine and scurvy 313\nThe mariner's compass; an interesting letter from Brunetto Latini to Guido Cavalcanti 313-315\nCalculating latitudes and longitudes 315\nPrince Henry the Navigator 316-326\nHis idea of an ocean route to the Indies, and what it might bring 318\nThe Sacred Promontory 319\nThe Madeira and Canary islands 320-322\nGil Eannes passes Cape Bojador 323\nBeginning of the modern slave-trade, 1442 323\nPapal grant of heathen countries to the Portuguese crown 324, 325\nAdvance to Sierra Leone 326\nAdvance to the Hottentot coast 326, 327\nNote upon the extent of European acquaintance with (p. xxix) savagery and the lower forms of barbarism previous to the fifteenth century 327-329\nEffect of the Portuguese discoveries upon the theories of Ptolemy and Mela 329, 330\nNews of Prester John; Covilham's journey 331\nBartholomew Dias passes the Cape of Good Hope and enters the Indian ocean 332\nSome effects of this discovery 333\nBartholomew Columbus took part in it 333\nConnection between these voyages and the work of Christopher Columbus 334\nCHAPTER V.\nTHE SEARCH FOR THE INDIES.\nWESTWARD OR SPANISH ROUTE.\n\nSources of information concerning the life of Columbus; Las Casas and Ferdinand Columbus 335\nThe Biblioteca Colombina at Seville 336, 337\nBernaldez and Peter Martyr 338\nLetters of Columbus 338\nDefects in Ferdinand's information 339, 340\nResearches of Henry Harrisse 341\nDate of the birth of Columbus; archives of Savona 342\nStatement of Bernaldez 343\nColumbus's letter of September, 1501 344\nThe balance of probability is in favour of 1436 345\nThe family of Domenico Colombo, and its changes of residence 346, 347\nColumbus tells us that he was born in the city of Genoa 348\nHis early years 349-351\nChristopher and his brother Bartholomew at Lisbon 351, 352\nPhilippa Mo\u00f1iz de Perestrelo 352\nPersonal appearance of Columbus 353\nHis marriage, and life upon the island of Porto Santo 353, 354\nThe king of Portugal asks advice of the great astronomer Toscanelli 355\n(p. xxx) Toscanelli's first letter to Columbus 356-361\nHis second letter to Columbus 361, 362\nWho first suggested the feasibleness of a westward route to the Indies? Was it Columbus? 363\nPerhaps it was Toscanelli 363, 364\nNote on the date of Toscanelli's first letter to Columbus 365-367\nThe idea, being naturally suggested by the globular form of the earth, was as old as Aristotle 368, 369\nOpinions of ancient writers 370\nOpinions of Christian writers 371\nThe \"Imago Mundi\" of Petrus Alliacus 372, 373\nAncient estimates of the size of the globe and the length of the \u0152cumene 374\nToscanelli's calculation of the size of the earth, and of the position of Japan (Cipango) 375, 376\nColumbus's opinions of the size of the globe, the length of the \u0152cumene, and the width of the Atlantic ocean from Portugal to Japan 377-380\nThere was a fortunate mixture of truth and error in these opinions of Columbus 381\nThe whole point and purport of Columbus's scheme lay in its promise of a route to the Indies shorter than that which the Portuguese were seeking by way of Guinea 381\nColumbus's speculations on climate; his voyages to Guinea and into the Arctic ocean 382\nHe may have reached Jan Mayen island, and stopped at Iceland 383, 384\nThe Scandinavian hypothesis that Columbus \"must have\" heard and understood the story of the Vinland voyages 384, 385\nIt has not a particle of evidence in its favour 385\nIt is not probable that Columbus knew of Adam of Bremen's allusion to Vinland, or that he would have understood it if he had read it 386\nIt is doubtful if he would have stumbled upon the story in Iceland 387\nIf he had heard it, he would probably have classed it with such tales as that of St. Brandan's isle 388\n(p. xxxi) He could not possibly have obtained from such a source his opinion of the width of the ocean 388, 389\nIf he had known and understood the Vinland story, he had the strongest motives for proclaiming it and no motive whatever for concealing it 390-392\nNo trace of a thought of Vinland appears in any of his voyages 393\nWhy did not Norway or Iceland utter a protest in 1493? 393\nThe idea of Vinland was not associated with the idea of America until the seventeenth century 394\nRecapitulation of the genesis of Columbus's scheme 395\nMartin Behaim's improved astrolabe 395, 396\nNegotiations of Columbus with John II. of Portugal 396, 397\nThe king is persuaded into a shabby trick 398\nColumbus leaves Portugal and enters into the service of Ferdinand and Isabella, 1486 398-400\nThe junto at Salamanca, 1486 401\nBirth of Ferdinand Columbus, August 15, 1488 401\nBartholomew Columbus returns from the Cape of Good Hope, December, 1487 402, 403\nChristopher visits Bartholomew at Lisbon, cir. September, 1488, and sends him to England 404\nBartholomew, after mishaps, reaches England cir. February, 1490, and goes thence to France before 1492 405-407\nThe duke of Medina-Celi proposes to furnish the ships for Columbus, but the queen withholds her consent 408, 409\nColumbus makes up his mind to get his family together and go to France, October, 1491 409, 410\nA change of fortune; he stops at La R\u00e1bida, and meets the prior Juan Perez, who writes to the queen 411\nColumbus is summoned back to court 411\nThe junto before Granada, December, 1491 412, 413\nSurrender of Granada, January 2, 1492 414\nColumbus negotiates with the queen, who considers his terms exorbitant 414-416\nInterposition of Luis de Santangel 416\n(p. xxxii) Agreement between Columbus and the sovereigns 417\nCost of the voyage 418\nDismay at Palos 419\nThe three famous caravels 420\nDelay at the Canary islands 421\nMartin Behaim and his globe 422, 423\nColumbus starts for Japan, September 6, 1492 424\nTerrors of the voyage:\u20141. Deflection of the needle 425\n2. The Sargasso sea 426, 427\n3. The trade wind 428\nImpatience of the crews 428\nChange of course from W. to W. S. W 429, 430\nDiscovery of land, October 12, 1492 431\nGuanahani: which of the Bahama islands was it? 432\nGroping for Cipango and the route to Quinsay 433, 434\nColumbus reaches Cuba, and sends envoys to find a certain Asiatic prince 434, 435\nHe turns eastward and Pinzon deserts him 435\nColumbus arrives at Hayti and thinks it must be Japan 436\nHis flag-ship is wrecked, and he decides to go back to Spain 437\nBuilding of the blockhouse, La Navidad 438\nTerrible storm in mid-ocean on the return voyage 439\nCold reception at the Azores 440\nColumbus is driven ashore in Portugal, where the king is advised to have him assassinated 440\nBut to offend Spain so grossly would be imprudent 441\nArrival of Columbus and Pinzon at Palos; death of Pinzon 442\nColumbus is received by the sovereigns at Barcelona 443, 444\nGeneral excitement at the news that a way to the Indies had been found 445\nThis voyage was an event without any parallel in history 446\n(p. xxxiii) CHAPTER VI.\nTHE FINDING OF STRANGE COASTS.\n\nThe Discovery of America was a gradual process 447, 448\nThe letters of Columbus to Santangel and to Sanchez 449\nVersification of the story by Giuliano Dati 450\nEarliest references to the discovery 451\nThe earliest reference in English 452\nThe Portuguese claim to the Indies 453\nBulls of Pope Alexander VI. 454-458\nThe treaty of Tordesillas 459\nJuan Rodriguez Fonseca, and his relations with Columbus 460-462\nFriar Boyle 462\nNotable persons who embarked on the second voyage 463\nDeparture from Cadiz 464\nCruise among the Cannibal (Caribbee) islands 465\nFate of the colony at La Navidad 466\nBuilding the town of Isabella 467\nExploration of Cibao 467, 468\nWestward cruise; Cape Alpha and Omega 468-470\nDiscovery of Jamaica 471\nCoasting the south side of Cuba 472\nThe \"people of Mangon\" 473\nSpeculations concerning the Golden Chersonese 474-476\nA solemn expression of opinion 477\nVicissitudes of theory 477, 478\nArrival of Bartholomew Columbus in Hispaniola 478, 479\nMutiny in Hispaniola; desertion of Boyle and Margarite 479, 480\nThe government of Columbus was not tyrannical 481\nTroubles with the Indians 481, 482\nMission of Juan Aguado 482\nDiscovery of gold mines, and speculations about Ophir 483\nFounding of San Domingo, 1496 484\nThe return voyage to Spain 485\nEdicts of 1495 and 1497 486, 487\nVexatious conduct of Fonseca; Columbus loses his temper 487\n(p. xxxiv) Departure from San Lucar on the third voyage 488\nThe belt of calms 489-491\nTrinidad and the Orinoco 491, 492\nSpeculations as to the earth's shape; the mountain of Paradise 494\nRelation of the \"Eden continent\" to \"Cochin China\" 495\nDiscovery of the Pearl Coast 495\nColumbus arrives at San Domingo 496\nRoldan's rebellion and Fonseca's machinations 496, 497\nGama's voyage to Hindustan, 1497 498\nFonseca's creature, Bobadilla, sent to investigate the troubles in Hispaniola 499\nHe imprisons Columbus 500\nAnd sends him in chains to Spain 501\nRelease of Columbus; his interview with the sovereigns 502\nHow far were the sovereigns responsible for Bobadilla? 503\nOvando, another creature of Fonseca, appointed governor of Hispaniola 503, 504\nPurpose of Columbus's fourth voyage, to find a passage from the Caribbee waters into the Indian ocean 504, 506\nThe voyage across the Atlantic 506\nColumbus not allowed to stop at San Domingo 507\nHis arrival at Cape Honduras 508\nCape Gracias a Dios, and the coast of Veragua 509\nFruitless search for the strait of Malacca 510\nFutile attempt to make a settlement in Veragua 511\nColumbus is shipwrecked on the coast of Jamaica; shameful conduct of Ovando 512\nColumbus's last return to Spain 513\nHis death at Valladolid, May 20, 1506 513\n\"Nuevo Mundo;\" arms of Ferdinand Columbus 514, 515\nWhen Columbus died, the fact that a New World had been discovered by him had not yet begun to dawn upon his mind, or upon the mind of any voyager or any writer 515, 516\nILLUSTRATIONS\n page\nPortrait of the author Frontispiece\nView and ground-plan of Seneca-Iroquois long house reduced from Morgan's Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines 66\nView, cross-section, and ground-plan of Mandan round house, ditto 80\nGround-plan of Pueblo Hungo Pavie, ditto 86\nRestoration of Pueblo Hungo Pavie, ditto 88\nRestoration of Pueblo Bonito, ditto 90\nGround-plan of Pueblo Pe\u00f1asca Blanca, ditto 92\nGround-plan of so-called \"House of the Nuns\" at Uxmal, ditto 133\nMap of the East Bygd, or eastern settlement of the Northmen in Greenland, reduced from Rafn's Antiquitates American\u00e6 160, 161\nRuins of the church at Kakortok, from Major's Voyages of the Zeni, published by the Hakluyt Society 222\nZeno Map, cir. 1400, ditto 232, 233\nMap of the World according to Claudius Ptolemy, cir. A. D. 150, an abridged sketch after a map in Bunbury's History of Ancient Geography Facing 265\nTwo sheets of the Catalan Map, 1375, from Yule's Cathay, published by the Hakluyt Society 288, 289\nMap of the World according to Pomponius Mela, cir. A. D. 50, from Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America 304\nMap illustrating Portuguese voyages on the coast of Africa, from a sketch by the author 324\nToscanelli's Map, 1474, redrawn and improved from a sketch in Winsor's America Facing 357\n(p. xxxvi) Annotations by Columbus, reduced from a photograph in Harrisse's Notes on Columbus 373\nSketch of Martin Behaim's Globe, 1492, preserved in the city hall at Nuremberg, reduced to Mercator's projection and sketched by the author 422, 423\nSketch of Martin Behaim's Atlantic Ocean, with outline of the American continent superimposed, from Winsor's America 429\nMap of the discoveries made by Columbus in his first and second voyages, sketched by the author 469\nMap of the discoveries made by Columbus in his third and fourth voyages, ditto 493\nArms of Ferdinand Columbus, from the title-page of Harrisse's Fernand Colomb 515\n\n\n\n\n\nTHE CRITICAL PERIOD AMERICAN HISTORY\n1783\u20131789\nBy John Fiske\n\"I am uneasy and apprehensive, more so than during the war.\"\nJay to Washington, June 27, 1786.\nCONTENTS\nCHAPTER I.\nRESULTS OF YORKTOWN.\nPAGE\nFall of Lord North's ministry\t1\nSympathy between British Whigs and the revolutionary party in America\t2\nIt weakened the Whig party in England\t3\nCharacter of Lord Shelburne\t4\nPolitical instability of the Rockingham ministry\t5, 6\nObstacles in the way of a treaty of peace\t7, 8\nOswald talks with Franklin\t9\u201311\nGrenville has an interview with Vergennes\t12\nEffects of Rodney's victory\t13\nMisunderstanding between Fox and Shelburne\t14\nFall of the Rockingham ministry\t15\nShelburne becomes prime minister\t16\nDefeat of the Spaniards and French at Gibraltar\t17\nFrench policy opposed to American interests\t18\nThe valley of the Mississippi; Aranda's prophecy\t19\nThe Newfoundland fisheries\t20\nJay detects the schemes of Vergennes\t21\nAnd sends Dr Vaughan to visit Shelburne\t22\nJohn Adams arrives in Paris and joins with Jay in insisting upon a separate negotiation with England\t23, 24\nThe separate American treaty, as agreed upon:\n1. Boundaries\t25\n2. Fisheries; commercial intercourse\t26\n3. Private debts\t27\n4. Compensation of loyalists\t28\u201332\nSecret article relating to the Yazoo boundary\t33\nVergennes does not like the way in which it has been done\t33\nOn the part of the Americans it was a great diplomatic victory\t34\nWhich the commissioners won by disregarding the instructions of Congress and acting on their own responsibility\t35\nThe Spanish treaty\t36\nThe French treaty\t37\nCoalition of Fox with North\t38\u201342\nThey attack the American treaty in Parliament\t43\nAnd compel Shelburne to resign\t44\nWhich leaves England without a government, while for several weeks the king is too angry to appoint ministers\t44\nUntil at length he succumbs to the coalition, which presently adopts and ratifies the American treaty\t45\nThe coalition ministry is wrecked upon Fox's India Bill\t46\nConstitutional crisis ends in the overwhelming victory of Pitt in the elections of May, 1784\t47\nAnd this, although apparently a triumph for the king, was really a death-blow to his system of personal government\t48, 49\nCHAPTER II.\nTHE THIRTEEN COMMONWEALTHS.\nCessation of hostilities in America\t50\nDeparture of the British troops\t51\nWashington resigns his command\t52\nAnd goes home to Mount Vernon\t53\nHis \"legacy\" to the American people\t54\nThe next five years were the most critical years in American history\t55\nAbsence of a sentiment of union, and consequent danger of anarchy\t56, 57\nEuropean statesmen, whether hostile or friendly, had little faith in the stability of the Union\t58\nFalse historic analogies\t59\nInfluence of railroad and telegraph upon the perpetuity of the Union\t60\nDifficulty of travelling a hundred years ago\t61\nLocal jealousies and antipathies, an inheritance from primeval savagery\t62, 63\nConservative character of the American Revolution\t64\nState governments remodelled; assemblies continued from colonial times\t65\nOrigin of the senates in the governor's council of assistants\t66\nGovernors viewed with suspicion\t67\nAnalogies with British institutions\t68\nThe judiciary\t69\nRestrictions upon suffrage\t70\nAbolition of primogeniture, entails, and manorial privileges\t71\nSteps toward the abolition of slavery and the slave-trade\t72\u201375\nProgress toward religious freedom\t76, 77\nChurch and state in Virginia\t78, 79\nPersecution of dissenters\t80\nMadison and the Religions Freedom Act\t81\nTemporary overthrow of the church\t82\nDifficulties in regard to ordination; the case of Mason Weems\t83\nOrdination of Samuel Seabury by non-jurors at Aberdeen\t84\nFrancis Asbury and the Methodists\t85\nPresbyterians and Congregationalists\t86\nRoman Catholics\t87\nExcept in the instance of slavery, all the changes described in this chapter were favourable to the union of the states\t88\nBut while the state governments, in all these changes, are seen working smoothly, we have next to observe, by contrast, the clumsiness and inefficiency of the federal government\t89\nCHAPTER III.\nTHE LEAGUE OF FRIENDSHIP.\nThe several states have never enjoyed complete sovereignty\t90\nBut in the very act of severing their connection with Great Britain, they entered into some sort of union\t91\nAnomalous character of the Continental Congress\t92\nThe articles of confederation; they sought to establish a \"league of friendship\" between the states\t93\u201397\nBut failed to create a federal government endowed with real sovereignty\t98\u2013100\nMilitary weakness of the government\t101\u2013103\nExtreme difficulty of obtaining a revenue\t104, 105\nCongress, being unable to pay the army, was afraid of it\t106\nSupposed scheme for making Washington king\t107\nGreene's experience in South Carolina\t108\nGates's staff officers and the Newburgh address\t109\nThe danger averted by Washington\t110, 111\nCongress driven from Philadelphia by mutinous soldiers\t112\nThe Commutation Act denounced in New England\t113\nOrder of the Cincinnati\t114\u2013117\nReasons for the dread which it inspired\t118\nCongress finds itself unable to carry out the provisions of the treaty with Great Britain\t119\nPersecution of the loyalists\t120, 121\nIt was especially severe in New York\t122\nTrespass Act of 1784 directed against the loyalists\t123\nCharacter and early career of Alexander Hamilton\t124\u2013126\nThe case of Rutgers v. Waddington\t127, 128\nWholesale emigration of Tories\t129, 130\nCongress unable to enforce payment of debts to British creditors\t131\nEngland retaliates by refusing to surrender the fortresses on the northwestern frontier\t132, 133\nCHAPTER IV.\nDRIFTING TOWARD ANARCHY.\nThe barbarous superstitions of the Middle Ages concerning trade were still rife in the eighteenth century\t134\nThe old theory of the uses of a colony\t135\nPitt's unsuccessful attempt to secure free trade between Great Britain and the United States\t136\nShip-building in New England\t137\nBritish navigation acts and orders in council directed against American commerce\t138\nJohn Adams tried in vain to negotiate a commercial treaty with Great Britain\t139, 140\nAnd could see no escape from the difficulties except in systematic reprisal\t141\nBut any such reprisal was impracticable, for the several states imposed conflicting duties\t142\nAttempts to give Congress the power of regulating commerce were unsuccessful\t143, 144\nAnd the several states began to make commercial war upon one another\t145\nAttempts of New York to oppress New Jersey and Connecticut\t146\nRetaliatory measures of the two latter states\t147\nThe quarrel between Connecticut and Pennsylvania over the possession of the valley of Wyoming\t148\u2013150\nThe quarrel between New York and New Hampshire over the possession of the Green Mountains\t151\u2013153\nFailure of American diplomacy because European states could not tell whether they were dealing with one nation or with thirteen\t154, 155\nFailure of American credit; John Adams begging in Holland\t156, 157\nThe Barbary pirates\t158\nAmerican citizens kidnapped and sold into slavery\t159\nLord Sheffield's outrageous pamphlet\t160\nTripoli's demand for blackmail\t161\nCongress unable to protect American citizens\t162\nFinancial distress after the Revolutionary War\t163, 164\nState of the coinage\t165\nCost of the war in money\t166\nRobert Morris and his immense services\t167\nThe craze for paper money\t168\nAgitation in the southern and middle states\t169\u2013171\nDistress in New England\t172\nImprisonment for debt\t173\nRag-money victorious in Rhode Island; the \"Know Ye\" measures\t174\u2013176\nRag-money defeated in Massachusetts; the Shays insurrection\t177\u2013181\nThe insurrection suppressed by state troops\t182\nConduct of the neighbouring states\t183\nThe rebels pardoned\t184\nTimidity of Congress\t185, 186\nCHAPTER V.\nGERMS OF NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY.\nCreation of a national domain beyond the Alleghanies\t187, 188\nConflicting claims to the western territory\t189\nClaims of Massachusetts and Connecticut\t189, 190\nClaims of New York\t190\nVirginia's claims\t191\nMaryland's novel and beneficent suggestion\t192\nThe several states yield their claims in favour of the United States\t193, 194\nMagnanimity of Virginia\t195\nJefferson proposes a scheme of government for the northwestern territory\t196\nNames of the proposed ten states\t197\nJefferson wishes to prohibit slavery in the national domain\t198\nNorth Carolina's cession of western lands\t199\nJohn Sevier and the state of Franklin\t200, 201\nThe northwestern territory\t202\nOrigin of the Ohio company\t203\nThe Ordinance of 1787\t204\u2013206\nTheory of folkland upon which the ordinance was based\t207\nSpain, hearing of the secret article in the treaty of 1783, loses her temper and threatens to shut up the Mississippi River\t208, 209\nGardoqui and Jay\t210\nThreats of secession in Kentucky and New England\t211\nWashington's views on the political importance of canals between east and west\t212\nHis far-sighted genius and self-devotion\t213\nMaryland confers with Virginia regarding the navigation of the Potomac\t214\nThe Madison-Tyler motion in the Virginia legislature\t215\nConvention at Annapolis, Sept 11, 1786\t216\nHamilton's address calling for a convention at Philadelphia\t217\nThe impost amendment defeated by the action of New York; last ounce upon the camel's back\t218\u2013220\nSudden changes in popular sentiment\t221\nThe Federal Convention meets at Philadelphia, May, 1787\t222\nMr. Gladstone's opinion of the work of the convention\t223\nThe men who were assembled there\t224, 225\nCharacter of James Madison\t226, 227\nThe other leading members\t228\nWashington chosen president of the convention\t229\nCHAPTER VI.\nTHE FEDERAL CONVENTION.\nWhy the proceedings of the convention were kept secret for so many years\t230\nDifficulty of the problem to be solved\t231\nSymptoms of cowardice repressed by Washington's impassioned speech\t232\nThe root of all the difficulties; the edicts of the federal government had operated only upon states, not upon individuals, and therefore could not be enforced without danger of war\t233\u2013233\nThe Virginia plan, of which Madison was the chief author, offered a radical cure\t236\nAnd was felt to be revolutionary in its character\t237\u2013239\nFundamental features of the Virginia plan\t240, 241\nHow it was at first received\t242\nThe House of Representatives must be directly elected by the people\t243\nQuestion as to the representation of states brings out the antagonism between large and small states\t244\nWilliam Paterson presents the New Jersey plan; not a radical cure, but a feeble palliative\t245\nStraggle between the Virginia and New Jersey plans\t246\u2013249\nThe Connecticut compromise, according to which the national principle is to prevail in the House of Representatives, and the federal principle in the Senate, meets at first with fierce opposition\t250, 251\nBut is at length adopted\t252\nAnd proves a decisive victory for Madison and his methods\t253\nA few irreconcilable members go home in dudgeon\t254\nBut the small states, having been propitiated, are suddenly converted to Federalism, and make the victory complete\t255\nVague dread of the future west\t255\nThe struggle between pro-slavery and anti-slavery parties began in the convention, and was quieted by two compromises\t256\nShould representation be proportioned to wealth or to population?\t257\nWere slaves to be reckoned as persons or as chattels?\t258\nAttitude of the Virginia statesmen\t259\nIt was absolutely necessary to satisfy South Carolina\t260\nThe three fifths compromise, suggested by Madison, was a genuine English solution, if ever there was one\t261\nThere was neither rhyme nor reason in it, but for all that, it was the best solution attainable at the time\t262\nThe next compromise was between New England and South Carolina as to the foreign slave-trade and the power of the federal government over commerce\t263\nGeorge Mason calls the slave-trade an \"infernal traffic\"\t264\nAnd the compromise offends and alarms Virginia\t265\nBelief in the moribund condition of slavery\t266\nThe foundations of the Constitution were laid in compromise\t267\nPowers granted to the federal government\t268\nUse of federal troops in suppressing insurrections\t269\nVarious federal powers\t270\nProvision for a federal city under federal jurisdiction\t271\nThe Federal Congress might compel the attendance of members\t272\nPowers denied to the several states\t272\nShould the federal government he allowed to make its promissory notes a legal tender in payment of debts? powerful speech of Gouverneur Morris\t273\nEmphatic and unmistakable condemnation of paper money by all the leading delegates\t274\nThe convention refused to grant to the federal government the power of issuing inconvertible paper, but did not think an express prohibition necessary\t275\nIf they could have foreseen some recent judgments of the supreme court, they would doubtless have made the prohibition explicit and absolute\t276\nDebates as to the federal executive\t277\nSherman's suggestion as to the true relation of the executive to the legislature\t278\nThere was to be a single chief magistrate, but how should he be chosen?\t279\nObjections to an election by Congress\t280\nEllsworth and King suggest the device of an electoral college, which is at first rejected\t281\nBut afterwards adopted\t282\nProvisions for an election by Congress in the case of a failure of choice by the electoral college\t283\nProvisions for counting the electoral votes\t284\nIt was not intended to leave anything to be decided by the president of the Senate\t285\nThe convention foresaw imaginary dangers, but not the real ones\t286\nHamilton's opinion of the electoral scheme\t287\nHow it has actually worked\t288\nIn this part of its work the convention tried to copy from the British Constitution\t289\nIn which they supposed the legislative and executive departments to be distinct and separate\t290\nHere they were misled by Montesquieu and Blackstone\t291\nWhat our government would be if it were really like that of Great Britain\t292\u2013294\nIn the British government the executive department is not separated from the legislative\t295\nCircumstances which obscured the true aspect of the case a century ago\t296\u2013298\nThe American cabinet is analogous, not to the British cabinet, but to the privy council\t299\nThe federal judiciary, and its remarkable character\t300\u2013301\nProvisions for amending the Constitution\t302\nThe document is signed by all but three of the delegates\t303\nAnd the convention breaks up\t304\nWith a pleasant remark from Franklin\t305\nCHAPTER VII.\nCROWNING THE WORK.\nFranklin lays the Constitution before the legislature of Pennsylvania\t306\nIt is submitted to Congress, which refers it to the legislatures of the thirteen states, to be ratified or rejected by the people in conventions\t307\nFirst American parties, Federalists and Antifederalists\t308, 309\nThe contest in Pennsylvania\t310\nHow to make a quorum\t311\nA war of pamphlets and newspaper squibs\t312, 313\nEnding in the ratification of the Constitution by Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey\t314\nRejoicings and mutterings\t315\nGeorgia and Connecticut ratify\t316\nThe outlook in Massachusetts\t317, 318\nThe Massachusetts convention meets\t319\nAnd overhauls the Constitution clause by clause\t320\nOn the subject of an army Mr. Nason waxes eloquent\t321\nThe clergymen oppose a religious test\t322\nAnd Rev. Samuel West argues on the assumption that all men are not totally depraved\t323\nFeeling of distrust in the mountain districts\t324\nTimely speech of a Berkshire farmer\t325, 326\nAttitude of Samuel Adams\t326, 327\nMeeting of mechanics at the Green Dragon\t327\nCharges of bribery\t328\nWashington's fruitful suggestion\t329\nMassachusetts ratifies, but proposes amendments\t330\nThe Long Lane has a turning and becomes Federal Street\t331\nNew Hampshire hesitates, but Maryland ratifies, and all eyes are turned upon South Carolina\t332\nObjections of Rawlins Lowndes answered by Cotesworth Pinckney\t333\nSouth Carolina ratifies the Constitution\t334\nImportant effect upon Virginia, where thoughts of a southern confederacy had been entertained\t335, 336\nMadison and Marshall prevail in the Virginia convention, and it ratifies the Constitution\t337\nNew Hampshire had ratified four days before\t338\nRejoicings at Philadelphia; riots at Providence and Albany\t339\nThe struggle in New York\t340\nOrigin of the \"Federalist\"\t341\u2013343\nHamilton wins the victory, and New York ratifies\t344\nAll serious anxiety is now at an end; the laggard states, North Carolina and Rhode Island\t345\nFirst presidential election, January 7, 1789; Washington is unanimously chosen\t346\nWhy Samuel Adams was not selected for vice-president\t347\nSelection of John Adams\t348\nWashington's journey to New York, April 16\u201323\t349\nHis inauguration\t350\n\n\n\n\n\nTHROUGH NATURE TO GOD\nBy John Fiske\n\n\nCONTENTS\nThe Mystery of Evil\nI.\tThe Serpent's Promise to the Woman\t3\nII.\tThe Pilgrim's Burden\t8\nIII.\tManich\u00e6ism and Calvinism\t14\nIV.\tThe Dramatic Unity of Nature\t22\nV.\tWhat Conscious Life is made of\t27\nVI.\tWithout the Element of Antagonism there could be no Consciousness, and therefore no World\t34\nVII.\tA Word of Caution\t40\nVIII.\tThe Hermit and the Angel\t43\nIX.\tMan's Rise from the Innocence of Brutehood\t48\nX.\tThe Relativity of Evil\t54\n\nThe Cosmic Roots of Love and Self-Sacrifice\nI.\tThe Summer Field, and what it tells us\t59\nII.\tSeeming Wastefulness of the Cosmic Process\t65\nIII.[Pg xiv]\tCaliban's Philosophy\t72\nIV.\tCan it be that the Cosmic Process has no Relation to Moral Ends?\t74\nV.\tFirst Stages in the Genesis of Man\t80\nVI.\tThe Central Fact in the Genesis of Man\t86\nVII.\tThe Chief Cause of Man's lengthened Infancy\t88\nVIII.\tSome of its Effects\t96\nIX.\tOrigin of Moral Ideas and Sentiments\t102\nX.\tThe Cosmic Process exists purely for the Sake of Moral Ends\t109\nXI.\tMaternity and the Evolution of Altruism\t117\nXII.\tThe Omnipresent Ethical Trend\t127\n\nThe Everlasting Reality of Religion\nI.\tDeo erexit Voltaire\t133\nII.\tThe Reign of Law, and the Greek Idea of God\t147\nIII.\tWeakness of Materialism\t152\nIV.\tReligion's First Postulate: the Quasi-Human God\t163\nV.\tReligion's Second Postulate: the undying Human Soul\t168\nVI.\tReligion's Third Postulate: the Ethical Significance of the Unseen World\t171\nVII.\tIs the Substance of Religion a Phantom, or an Eternal Reality?\t174\nVIII.[Pg xv]\tThe Fundamental Aspect of Life\t177\nIX.\tHow the Evolution of Senses expands the World\t182\nX.\tNature's Eternal Lesson is the Everlasting Reality of Religion\t186\n\n\n\n\n\nA CENTURY OF SCIENCE\nAnd Other Essays\nBy John Fiske\n\n\nCONTENTS\nPAGE\nI. A Century of Science\t1\nII. The Doctrine of Evolution: its Scope and Purport\t39\nIII. Edward Livingston Youmans\t64\nIV. The Part played by Infancy in the Evolution of Man\t100\nV. The Origins of Liberal Thought in America\t122\nVI. Sir Harry Vane\t154\nVII. The Arbitration Treaty\t166\nVIII. Francis Parkman\t194\nIX. Edward Augustus Freeman\t265\nX. Cambridge as Village and City\t286\nXI. A Harvest of Irish Folk-Lore\t319\nXII. Guessing at Half and Multiplying by Two\t333\nXIII. Forty Years of Bacon-Shakespeare Folly\t350\nXIV. Some Cranks and their Crotchets\t405\nNote\t461\nIndex\t467\n\n\n\n\n\nTHE AMERICAN REVOLUTION\nBy John Fiske\nWith Many Illustrations\nTWO VOLUMES IN ONE\n\n\nCONTENTS\nCHAPTER I\nTHE BEGINNINGS\n \tPAGE\nRelations between the American colonies and the British government in the first half of the eighteenth century\t1\nThe Lords of Trade\t2\nThe governors\u2019 salaries\t3\nSir Robert Walpole\t4\nViews of the Lords of Trade as to the need for a union of the colonies\t5\nWeakness of the sentiment of union\t6\nThe Albany Congress\t6\nFranklin\u2019s plan for a federal union (1754)\t7, 8\nRejection of Franklin\u2019s plan\t9\nShirley recommends a stamp act\t10\nThe writs of assistance\t11\nThe chief justice of New York\t12\nOtis\u2019s \u201cVindication\u201d\t13\nExpenses of the French War\t14\nGrenville\u2019s resolves\t15\nReply of the colonies\t16\nPassage of the Stamp Act\t17\nPatrick Henry and the Parsons\u2019 Cause\t18\nResolutions of Virginia concerning the Stamp Act\t19, 20\nThe Stamp Act Congress\t20-22\nDeclaration of the Massachusetts assembly\t22\nResistance to the Stamp Act in Boston\t23\nAnd in New York\t24\nDebate in the House of Commons\t25, 26\nRepeal of the Stamp Act\t26, 27\nThe Duke of Grafton\u2019s ministry\t28\nCharles Townshend and his revenue acts\t29-31\nAttack upon the New York assembly\t32\nParliament did not properly represent the British people\t32, 33\nDifficulty of the problem\t34\nRepresentation of Americans in Parliament\t35\nMr. Gladstone and the Boers\t36\nDeath of Townshend\t37\nHis political legacy to George III.\t37\nCharacter of George III.\t38, 39\nEnglish parties between 1760 and 1784\t40, 41\nGeorge III. as a politician\t42\nHis chief reason for quarrelling with the Americans\t42, 43\nCHAPTER II\nTHE CRISIS\nCharacter of Lord North\t44\nJohn Dickinson and the \u201cFarmer\u2019s Letters\u201d\t45\nThe Massachusetts circular letter\t46, 47\nLord Hillsborough\u2019s instructions to Bernard\t48\nThe \u201cIllustrious Ninety-Two\u201d\t48\nImpressment of citizens\t49\nAffair of the sloop Liberty\t49-51\nStatute of Henry VIII. concerning \u201ctreason committed abroad\u201d\t52\nSamuel Adams makes up his mind (1768)\t53-56\nArrival of troops in Boston\t56, 57\nLetters of \u201cVindex\u201d\t58\nDebate in Parliament\t59, 60\nAll the Townshend acts, except the one imposing a duty upon tea, to be repealed\t61\nRecall of Governor Bernard\t61\nCharacter of Thomas Hutchinson\t62\nResolutions of Virginia concerning the Townshend acts\t63\nConduct of the troops in Boston\t64\nAssault on James Otis\t64\nThe \u201cBoston Massacre\u201d\t65-68\nSome of its lessons\t69-72\nLord North becomes prime minister\t72\nAction of the New York merchants\t73\nAssemblies convened in strange places\t74\nTaxes in Maryland\t74\nThe \u201cRegulators\u201d in North Carolina\t74\nAffair of the schooner Gaspee\t75, 76\nThe salaries of the Massachusetts judges\t76\nJonathan Mayhew\u2019s suggestion (1766)\t77\nThe committees of correspondence in Massachusetts\t78\nIntercolonial committees of correspondence\t79\nRevival of the question of taxation\t80\nThe king\u2019s ingenious scheme for tricking the Americans into buying the East India Company\u2019s tea\t81\nHow Boston became the battle-ground\t82\nAdvice solemnly sought and given by the Massachusetts towns\t82-84\nArrival of the tea; meeting at the Old South\t84, 85\nThe tea-ships placed under guard\t85\nRotch\u2019s dilatory man\u0153uvres\t86\nGreat town meeting at the Old South\t87, 88\nThe tea thrown into the harbour\t88, 89\nMoral grandeur of the scene\t90, 91\nHow Parliament received the news\t91-93\nThe Boston Port Bill\t93\nThe Regulating Act\t93-95\nAct relating to the shooting of citizens\t96\nThe quartering of troops in towns\t96\nThe Quebec Act\t96\nGeneral Gage sent to Boston\t97, 98\nCHAPTER III\nTHE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS\nProtest of the Whig Lords\t99\nBelief that the Americans would not fight\t100\nBelief that Massachusetts would not be supported by the other colonies\t101\nNews of the Port Bill\t101, 102\nSamuel Adams at Salem\t103, 104\nMassachusetts nullifies the Regulating Act\t105\nJohn Hancock and Joseph Warren\t106, 107\nThe Suffolk County Resolves\t108\nProvincial Congress in Massachusetts\t109\nFirst meeting of the Continental Congress (September 5, 1774)\t110, 111\nDebates in Parliament\t112, 113\nWilliam Howe appointed commander-in-chief of the forces in America\t113\nRichard, Lord Howe, appointed admiral of the fleet\t114\nFranklin returns to America\t115\nState of feeling in the middle colonies\t116\nLord North\u2019s mistaken hopes of securing New York\t117\nAffairs in Massachusetts\t101\nDr. Warren\u2019s oration at the Old South\t119\nAttempt to corrupt Samuel Adams\t120\nOrders to arrest Adams and Hancock\t121\nPaul Revere\u2019s ride\t122, 123\nPitcairn fires upon the yeomanry at Lexington\t124, 125\nThe troops repulsed at Concord; their dangerous situation\t126, 127\nThe retreating troops rescued by Lord Percy\t128\nRetreat continued from Lexington to Charlestown\t129\nRising of the country; the British besieged in Boston\t130\nEffects of the news in England and in America\t130-133\nMecklenburg County Resolves\t133\nLegend of the Mecklenburg \u201cDeclaration of Independence\u201d\t133-135\nBenedict Arnold and Ethan Allen\t135\nCapture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point\t136-140\nSecond meeting of the Continental Congress\t141\nAppointment of George Washington to command the Continental army\t142-144\nThe siege of Boston\t145\nGage\u2019s proclamation\t145\nThe Americans occupy Bunker\u2019s and Breed\u2019s hills\t146\nArrival of Putnam, Stark, and Warren\t147\nGage decides to try an assault\t148, 149\nFirst assault repulsed\t149\nSecond assault repulsed\t150\nPrescott\u2019s powder gives out\t150\nThird assault succeeds; the British take the hill\t151\nBritish and American losses\t151, 152\nExcessive slaughter; significance of the battle\t153\nIts moral effects\t154\nCHAPTER IV\nINDEPENDENCE\nWashington\u2019s arrival in Cambridge\t155\nContinental officers: Daniel Morgan\t156\nBenedict Arnold, John Stark, John Sullivan\t157\nNathanael Greene, Henry Knox\t158\nIsrael Putnam\t159\nHoratio Gates and Charles Lee\t160\nLee\u2019s personal peculiarities\t161, 162\nDr. Benjamin Church\t163\nDifficult work for Washington\t164\nAbsence of governmental organization\t165\nNew government of Massachusetts (July, 1775)\t166\nCongress sends a last petition to the king\t167\nThe king issues a proclamation, and tries to hire troops from Russia\t168-170\nCatherine refuses; the king hires German troops\t170\nIndignation in Germany\t171\nBurning of Falmouth (Portland)\t171\nEffects of all this upon Congress\t172, 173\nMontgomery\u2019s invasion of Canada and capture of Montreal\t174, 175\nArnold\u2019s march through the wilderness of Maine\t176\nAssault upon Quebec (December 31, 1775)\t177\nTotal failure of the attempt upon Canada\t178\nThe siege of Boston\t179\nWashington seizes Dorchester Heights (March 4, 1776)\t180, 181\nThe British troops evacuate Boston (March 17)\t182, 183\nMovement toward independence; a provisional flag (January 1, 1776)\t184\nEffect of the hiring of \u201cmyrmidons\u201d\t185\nThomas Paine\t185\nHis pamphlet entitled \u201cCommon Sense\u201d\t186, 187\nFulminations and counter-fulminations\t188\nThe Scots in North Carolina\t188\nSir Henry Clinton sails for the Carolinas\t189\nThe fight at Moore\u2019s Creek; North Carolina declares for independence\t189\nAction of South Carolina and Georgia\t190\nAffairs in Virginia; Lord Dunmore\u2019s proclamation\t190\nSkirmish at the Great Bridge, and burning of Norfolk\t191\nVirginia declares for independence\t192\nAction of Rhode Island and Massachusetts\t192\nResolution adopted in Congress May 15\t193\nInstructions from the Boston town meeting\t194\nRichard Henry Lee\u2019s motion in Congress\t194\nDebate on Lee\u2019s\t195, 196\nAction of the other colonies; Connecticut and New Hampshire\t196\nNew Jersey\t197\nPennsylvania and Delaware\t197-199\nMaryland\t199\nThe situation in New York\t200\nThe Tryon plot\t201\nFinal debate on Lee\u2019s motion\t202\nVote on Lee\u2019s motion\t203\nForm of the Declaration of Independence\t204\nThomas Jefferson\t204, 205\nThe declaration was a deliberate expression of the sober thought of the American people\t206, 207\nCHAPTER V\nFIRST BLOW AT THE CENTRE\nLord Cornwallis arrives upon the scene\t208\nBattle of Fort Moultrie (June 28, 1776)\t209-211\nBritish plan for conquering the valley of the Hudson, and cutting the United Colonies in twain\t212\nLord Howe\u2019s futile attempt to negotiate with Washington unofficially\t213, 214\nThe military problem at New York\t214-216\nImportance of Brooklyn Heights\t217\nBattle of Long Island (August 27, 1776)\t218-220\nHowe prepares to besiege the Heights\t220\nBut Washington slips away with his army\t221\nAnd robs the British of the most golden opportunity ever offered them\t221-223\nThe conference at Staten Island\t223, 224\nGeneral Howe takes the city of New York September 15\t224\nBut Mrs. Lindley Murray saves the garrison\t225\nAttack upon Harlem Heights\t225\nThe new problem before Howe\t225, 226\nHe moves upon Throg\u2019s Neck, but Washington changes base\t227\nBaffled at White Plans, Howe tries a new plan\t228\nWashington\u2019s orders in view of the emergency\t228\nCongress meddles with the situation and muddles it\t229\nHowe takes Fort Washington by storm (November 16)\t230\nWashington and Greene\t231\nOutrageous conduct of Charles Le\t231, 232\nGreene barely escapes from Fort Lee (November 20)\t233\nLee intrigues against Washington\t233, 234\nWashington retreats into Pennsylvania\t234\nReinforcements come from Schuyler\t235\nFortunately for the Americans, the British capture Charles Lee (December 13)\t235-238\nThe times that tried men\u2019s souls\t238, 239\nWashington prepares to strike back\t239\nHe crosses the Delaware, and pierces the British centre at Trenton (December 26)\t240, 241\nCornwallis comes up to retrieve the disaster\t242\nAnd thinks he has run down the \u201cold fox\" at the Assunpink (January 2, 1777)\t242\nBut Washington prepares a checkmate\t243\nAnd again severs the British line at Princeton (January 3)\t244\nGeneral retreat of the British upon New York\t245\nThe tables completely turned\t246\nWashington\u2019s superb generalship\t247\nEffects in England\t248\nAnd in France\t249\nFranklin\u2019s arrival in France\t250\nSecret aid from France\t251\nLafayette goes to America\t252\nEfforts toward remodelling the Continental army\t252-255\nServices of Robert Morris\t255\nIll feeling between the states\t256\nExtraordinary powers conferred upon Washington\t257-258\nCHAPTER VI\nSECOND BLOW AT THE CENTRE\nInvasion of New York by Sir Guy Carleton\t259\nArnold\u2019s preparations\t260\nBattle of Valcour Island (October 11, 1776)\t260-262\nCongress promotes five junior brigadiers over Arnold (February 19, 1777)\t262\nCharacter of Philip Schuyler\t263\nHoratio Gates\t264\nGates intrigues against Schuyler\t265\nHis unseemly behaviour before Congress\t266\nCharges against Arnold\t267, 268\nArnold defeats Tryon at Ridgefield (April 27, 1777)\t269\nPreparations for the summer campaign\t269\nThe military centre of the United States was the state of New York\t270\nA second blow was to be struck at the centre; the plan of campaign\t271\nThe plan was unsound; it separated the British forces too widely, and gave the Americans the advantage of interior lines\t272-274\nGermain\u2019s fatal error; he overestimated the strength of the Tories\t274\nToo many unknown quantities\t275\nDanger from New England ignored\t276\nGermain\u2019s negligence; the dispatch that was never sent\t277\nBurgoyne advances upon Ticonderoga\t277, 278\nPhillips seizes Mount Defiance\t279\nEvacuation of Ticonderoga\t279\nBattle of Hubbardton (July 7)\t280\nOne swallow does not make a summer\t280-282\nThe king\u2019s glee; wrath of John Adams\t282\nGates was chiefly to blame\t282\nBurgoyne\u2019s difficulties beginning\t283\nSchuyler wisely evacuates Fort Edward\t284\nEnemies gathering in Burgoyne\u2019s rear\t285\nUse of Indian auxiliaries\t285\nBurgoyne\u2019s address to the chiefs\t286\nBurke ridicules the address\t286\nThe story of Jane McCrea\t287, 288\nThe Indians desert Burgoyne\t289\nImportance of Bennington; Burgoyne sends a German force against it\t290\nStark prepares to receive the Germans\t291\nBattle of Bennington (August 16); nearly the whole German army captured on the field\t292, 293\nEffect of the news; Burgoyne\u2019s enemies multiply\t294\nAdvance of St. Leger upon Fort Stanwix\t295\nHerkimer marches against him; Herkimer\u2019s plan\t296\nFailure of the plan\t297\nThayendanegea prepares an ambuscade\t298\nBattle of Oriskany (August 6)\t298-300\nColonel Willett\u2019s sortie; first hoisting of the stars and stripes\t300-301\nDeath of Herkimer\t301\nArnold arrives at Schuyler\u2019s camp\t302\nAnd volunteers to retrieve Fort Stanwix\t303\nYan Yost Cuyler and his stratagem\t304\nFlight of St. Leger (August 22)\t305\nBurgoyne\u2019s dangerous situation\t306\nSchuyler superseded by Gates\t306\nPosition of the two armies (August 19-September 12)\t307\nCHAPTER VII\nSARATOGA\nWhy Sir William Howe went to Chesapeake Bay\t308\nCharles Lee in captivity\t308-310\nTreason of Charles Lee\t311-314\nFolly of moving upon Philadelphia as the \u201crebel capital\u201d\t314, 315\nEffect of Lee\u2019s advice\t315\nWashington\u2019s masterly campaign in New Jersey (June, 1777)\t316, 317\nUncertainty as to Howe\u2019s next movements\t317, 318\nHowe\u2019s letter to Burgoyne\t318\nComments of Washington and Greene\t319, 320\nHowe\u2019s alleged reason trumped up and worthless\t320\nBurgoyne\u2019s fate was practically decided when Howe arrived at Elkton\t321\nWashington\u2019s reasons for offering battle\t321\nHe chooses a very strong position\t322\nBattle of the Brandywine (September 11)\t322-326\nWashington\u2019s skill in detaining the enemy\t326\nThe British enter Philadelphia (September 26)\t326\nSignificance of Forts Mercer and Mifflin\t327\nThe situation at Germantown\t327, 328\nWashington\u2019s audacious plan\t328\nBattle of Germantown (October 4)\t329-332\nHowe captures Forts Mercer and Mifflin\t333\nBurgoyne recognizes the fatal error of Germain\t333\nNevertheless he crosses the Hudson River\t334\nFirst battle at Freeman\u2019s Farm (September 19)\t335\nQuarrel between Gates and Arnold\t336-337\nBurgoyne\u2019s supplies cut off\t338\nSecond battle at Freeman\u2019s Farm (October 7); the British totally defeated by Arnold\t338-340\nThe British army is surrounded\t341\nSir Henry Clinton comes up the river, but it is too late\t342\nThe silver bullet\t343\nBurgoyne surrenders (October 17)\t343, 344\nSchuyler\u2019s magnanimity\t345\nBad faith of Congress\t346-349\nThe behaviour of Congress was simply inexcusable\t350\nWhat became of the captured army\t350, 351\n\n\n\n\n\nOLD VIRGINIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS\nBy John Fiske\nVOLUME I (of II)\n\n\nCONTENTS\nVOLUME I.\n\nCHAPTER I.\n\nTHE SEA KINGS.\n\n \tPAGE\nTercentenary of the Discovery of America, 1792\t1\nThe Abb\u00e9 Raynal and his book\t2\nWas the Discovery of America a blessing or a curse to\nmankind?\t3\nThe Abb\u00e9 Genty's opinion\t4\nA cheering item of therapeutics\t4\nSpanish methods of colonization contrasted with English\t5\nSpanish conquerors value America for its supply of precious\nmetals\t6\nAim of Columbus was to acquire the means for driving the\nTurks from Europe\t7\nBut Spain used American treasure not so much against Turks\nas against Protestants\t8\nVast quantities of treasure taken from America by Spain\t9\nNations are made wealthy not by inflation but by production\t9\nDeepest significance of the discovery of America; it opened\nup a fresh soil in which to plant the strongest type of\nEuropean civilization\t10\nAmerica first excited interest in England as the storehouse\nof Spanish treasure\t11\nAfter the Cabot voyages England paid little attention to\nAmerica\t12\nSave for an occasional visit to the Newfoundland fisheries\t13\nEarliest English reference to America\t13\nFounding of the Muscovy Company\t14\nRichard Eden and his books\t15\n[Pg x]\nJohn Hawkins and the African slave trade\t15, 16\nHawkins visits the French colony in Florida\t17\nFacts which seem to show that thirst is the mother of invention\t18\nMassacre of Huguenots in Florida; escape of the painter Le\nMoyne\t18\nHawkins goes on another voyage and takes with him young\nFrancis Drake\t19\nThe affair of San Juan de Ulua and the journey of David\nIngram\t20\nGrowing hostility to Spain in England\t21\nSize and strength of Elizabeth's England\t21, 22\nHow the sea became England's field of war\t22\nLoose ideas of international law\t23\nSome bold advice to Queen Elizabeth\t23\nThe sea kings were not buccaneers\t24\nWhy Drake carried the war into the Pacific Ocean\t25\nHow Drake stood upon a peak in Darien\t26\nGlorious voyage of the Golden Hind\t26, 27\nDrake is knighted by the Queen\t27\nThe Golden Hind's cabin is made a banquet-room\t28\nVoyage of the half-brothers, Gilbert and Raleigh\t28\nGilbert is shipwrecked, and his patent is granted to Raleigh\t29\nRaleigh's plan for founding a Protestant state in America\nmay have been suggested to him by Coligny\t30\nElizabeth promises self-government to colonists in America\t31\nAmidas and Barlow visit Pamlico Sound\t31\nAn Ollendorfian conversation between white men and red men\t32\nThe Queen's suggestion that the new country be called in\nhonour of herself Virginia\t32\nRaleigh is knighted, and sends a second expedition under\nRalph Lane\t32\nWho concludes that Chesapeake Bay would be better than\nPamlico Sound\t33\nLane and his party on the brink of starvation are rescued by\nSir Francis Drake\t33\nThomas Cavendish follows Drake's example and circumnavigates\nthe earth\t34\nHow Drake singed the beard of Philip II.\t34\nRaleigh sends another party under John White\t35\nThe accident which turned White from Chesapeake Bay to\nRoanoke Island\t35\nDefeat of the Invincible Armada\t36, 37\n[Pg xi]\nThe deathblow at Cadiz\t38\nThe mystery about White's colony\t38, 39\nSignificance of the defeat of the Armada\t39, 40\nCHAPTER II\n\nA DISCOURSE OF WESTERN PLANTING\n\nSome peculiarities of sixteenth century maps\t41\nHow Richard Hakluyt's career was determined\t42\nStrange adventures of a manuscript\t43\nHakluyt's reasons for wishing to see English colonies planted\nin America\t44\nEnglish trade with the Netherlands\t45\nHakluyt thinks that America will presently afford as good a\nmarket as the Netherlands\t46\nNotion that England was getting to be over-peopled\t46\nThe change from tillage to pasturage\t46, 47\nWhat Sir Thomas More thought about it\t47\nGrowth of pauperism during the Tudor period\t48\nDevelopment of English commercial and naval marine\t49\nOpposition to Hakluyt's schemes\t49\nThe Queen's penuriousness\t50\nBeginnings of joint-stock companies\t51\nRaleigh's difficulties\t52, 53\nChristopher Newport captures the great Spanish carrack\t53\nRaleigh visits Guiana and explores the Orinoco River\t54\nAmbrosial nights at the Mermaid Tavern\t54\nAccession of James I\t55\nHenry, Earl of Southampton, Shakespeare's friend, sends\nBartholomew Gosnold on an expedition\t55\nGosnold reaches Buzzard's Bay in what he calls North Virginia,\nand is followed by Martin Pring and George\nWeymouth\t55, 56\nPerformance of \"Eastward Ho,\" a comedy by Chapman and\nMarston\t56\nExtracts from this comedy\t57-59\nReport of the Spanish ambassador Zu\u00f1iga to Philip III\t59\nFirst charter to the Virginia Company, 1606\t60\n\"Supposed Sea of Verrazano\" covering the larger part of the\narea now known as the United States\t61\nNorthern and southern limits of Virginia\t62\nThe twin joint-stock companies and the three zones\t62, 63\n[Pg xii]\nThe three zones in American history\t63\nThe kind of government designed for the two colonies\t64\nSome of the persons chiefly interested in the first colony\nknown as the London Company\t65-67\nSome of the persons chiefly interested in the second colony\nknown as the Plymouth Company\t67, 68\nSome other eminent persons who were interested in western\nplanting\t68-70\nExpedition of the Plymouth Company and disastrous failure\nof the Popham Colony\t70, 71\nThe London Company gets its expedition ready a little\nbefore Christmas and supplies it with a list of instructions\t71, 72\nWhere to choose a site for a town\t72\nPrecautions against a surprise by the Spaniards\t73\nColonists must try to find the Pacific Ocean\t73\nAnd must not offend the natives or put much trust in them\t74\nThe death and sickness of white men must be concealed from\nthe Indians\t75\nIt will be well to beware of woodland coverts, avoid malaria,\nand guard against desertion\t75\nThe town should be carefully built with regular streets\t75, 76\nColonists must not send home any discouraging news\t76\nWhat Spain thought about all this\t76, 77\nChristopher Newport starts with a little fleet for Virginia\t77\nA poet laureate's farewell blessing\t77-79\nCHAPTER III\n\nTHE LAND OF THE POWHATANS\n\nOne of Newport's passengers was Captain John Smith, a\nyoung man whose career had been full of adventure\t80\nMany persons have expressed doubts as to Smith's veracity,\nbut without good reason\t81\nEarly life of John Smith\t82\nHis adventures on the Mediterranean\t83\nAnd in Transylvania\t84\nHow he slew and beheaded three Turks\t85\nFor which Prince Sigismund granted him a coat-of-arms\nwhich was duly entered in the Heralds' College\t86\nThe incident was first told not by Smith but by Sigismund's\nsecretary Farnese\t87\n[Pg xiii]\nSmith tells us much about himself, but is not a braggart\t88\nHow he was sold into slavery beyond the Sea of Azov and\ncruelly treated\t88, 89\nHow he slew his master and escaped through Russia and\nPoland\t89, 90\nThe smoke of controversy\t90\nIn the course of Newport's tedious voyage Smith is accused\nof plotting mutiny and kept in irons\t91\nArrival of the colonists in Chesapeake Bay, May 13, 1607\t92\nFounding of Jamestown; Wingfield chosen president\t93\nSmith is set free and goes with Newport to explore the James\nRiver\t93, 94\nThe Powhatan tribe, confederacy, and head war-chief\t94\nHow danger may lurk in long grass\t95\nSmith is acquitted of all charges and takes his seat with the\ncouncil\t96\nNewport sails for England, June 22, 1607\t96\nGeorge Percy's account of the sufferings of the colonists from\nfever and famine\t97\nQuarrels break out in which President Wingfield is deposed\nand John Ratcliffe chosen in his place\t99\nExecution of a member of the council for mutiny\t100\nSmith goes up the Chickahominy River and is captured by\nOpekankano\t101\nWho takes him about the country and finally brings him to\nWerowocomoco, January, 1608\t102\nThe Indians are about to kill him, but he is rescued by the\nchief's daughter, Pocahontas\t103\nRecent attempts to discredit the story\t103-108\nFlimsiness of these attempts\t104\nGeorge Percy's pamphlet\t105\nThe printed text of the \"True Relation\" is incomplete\t105, 106\nReason why the Pocahontas incident was omitted in the\n\"True Relation\"\t106, 107\nThere is no incongruity between the \"True Relation\" and\nthe \"General History\" except this omission\t107\nBut this omission creates a gap in the \"True Relation,\" and\nthe account in the \"General History\" is the more intrinsically\nprobable\t108\nThe rescue was in strict accordance with Indian usage\t109\nThe ensuing ceremonies indicate that the rescue was an ordinary\ncase of adoption\t110\nThe Powhatan afterward proclaimed Smith a tribal chief\t111\n[Pg xiv]\nThe rescue of Smith by Pocahontas was an event of real historical\nimportance\t111\nCaptain Newport returns with the First Supply, Jan. 8, 1608\t112\nRatcliffe is deposed and Smith chosen president\t113\nArrival of the Second Supply, September, 1608\t113\nQueer instructions brought by Captain Newport from the\nLondon Company\t113\nHow Smith and Captain Newport went up to Werowocomoco,\nand crowned The Powhatan\t114\nHow the Indian girls danced at Werowocomoco\t114, 115\nAccuracy of Smith's descriptions\t116\nHow Newport tried in vain to search for a salt sea behind the\nBlue Ridge\t116\nAnas Todkill's complaint\t117\nSmith's map of Virginia\t118\nCHAPTER IV.\n\nTHE STARVING TIME.\n\nHow puns were made on Captain Newport's name\t119\nGreat importance of the Indian alliance\t120\nGentlemen as pioneers\t121\nAll is not gold that glitters\t122\nSmith's attempts to make glass and soap\t123\nThe Company is disappointed at not making more money\t124\nTale-bearers and their complaints against Smith\t124\nSmith's \"Rude Answer\" to the Company\t125\nSays he cannot prevent quarrels\t125\nAnd the Company's instructions have not been wise\t126\nFrom infant industries too much must not be expected while\nthe colonists are suffering for want of food\t127\nAnd while peculation and intrigue are rife and we are in sore\nneed of useful workmen\t128\nSmith anticipates trouble from the Indians, whose character\nis well described by Hakluyt\t129\nWhat Smith dreaded\t130\nHow the red men's views of the situation were changed\t131\nSmith's voyage to Werowocomoco\t132\nHis parley with The Powhatan\t133\nA game of bluff\t134\nThe corn is brought\t135\nSuspicions of treachery\t136\n[Pg xv]\nA wily orator\t137\nPocahontas reveals the plot\t138\nSmith's message to The Powhatan\t138, 139\nHow Smith visited the Pamunkey village and brought Opekankano\nto terms\t139, 140\nHow Smith appeared to the Indians in the light of a worker\nof miracles\t141\nWhat our chronicler calls \"a pretty accident\"\t141\nHow the first years of Old Virginia were an experiment in\ncommunism\t142\nSmith declares \"He that will not work shall not eat,\" but\nthe summer's work is interrupted by unbidden messmates\nin the shape of rats\t143\nArrival of young Samuel Argall with news from London\t143, 144\nSecond Charter of the London Company, 1609\t144\nThe council in London\t145\nThe local government in Virginia is entirely changed and\nThomas, Lord Delaware, is appointed governor for life\t146\nA new expedition is organized for Virginia, but still with a\ncommunistic programme\t147, 148\nHow the good ship Sea Venture was wrecked upon the Bermudas\t149\nHow this incident was used by Shakespeare in The Tempest\t150\nGates and Somers build pinnaces and sail for Jamestown,\nMay, 1610\t151\nThe Third Supply had arrived in August, 1609\t151\nAnd Smith had returned to England in October\t152\nLord Delaware became alarmed and sailed for Virginia\t152\nMeanwhile the sufferings of the colony had been horrible\t153\nOf the 500 persons Gates and Somers found only 60 survivors,\nand it was decided that Virginia must be abandoned\t154\nDismantling of Jamestown and departure of the colony\t154, 155\nBut the timely arrival of Lord Delaware in Hampton Roads\nprevented the dire disaster\t155\nCHAPTER V.\n\nBEGINNINGS OF A COMMONWEALTH.\n\nTo the first English settlers in America a supply of Indian\ncorn was of vital consequence, as illustrated at Jamestown\nand Plymouth\t156\nAlliance with the Powhatan confederacy was of the first importance\nto the infant colony\t157\n[Pg xvi]\nSmith was a natural leader of men\t157\nWith much nobility of nature\t158\nAnd but for him the colony would probably have perished\t159\nCharacteristic features of Lord Delaware's administration\t160\nDeath of Somers and cruise of Argall in 1610\t161\nKind of craftsmen desired for Virginia\t162\nSir Thomas Dale comes to govern Virginia in the capacity of\nHigh Marshal\t163\nA Draconian code of laws\t164\nCruel punishments\t165\nHow communism worked in practice\t166\nHow Dale abolished communism\t167\nAnd founded the \"City of Henricus\"\t167, 168\nHow Captain Argall seized Pocahontas\t168\nHer marriage with John Rolfe\t169\nHow Captain Argall extinguished the Jesuit settlement at\nMount Desert and burned Port Royal\t170\nBut left the Dutch at New Amsterdam with a warning\t171\nHow Pocahontas, \"La Belle Sauvage,\" visited London and\nwas entertained there like a princess\t171, 172\nHer last interview with Captain Smith\t172\nHer sudden death at Gravesend\t173\nHow Tomocomo tried to take a census of the English\t173\nHow the English in Virginia began to cultivate tobacco in\nspite of King James and his Counterblast\t174\nDialogue between Silenus and Kawasha\t175\nEffects of tobacco culture upon the young colony\t176, 177\nThe London Company's Third Charter, 1612\t177, 178\nHow money was raised by lotteries\t178\nHow this new remodelling of the Company made it an important\nforce in politics\t179\nMiddleton's speech in opposition to the charter\t180\nRichard Martin in the course of a brilliant speech forgets\nhimself and has to apologize\t181\nHow factions began to be developed within the London Company\t182\nSudden death of Lord Delaware\t183\nQuarrel between Lord Rich and Sir Thomas Smith, resulting\nin the election of Sir Edwin Sandys as treasurer of the\nCompany\t184\nSir George Yeardley is appointed governor of Virginia while\nArgall is knighted\t185\nHow Sir Edwin Sandys introduced into Virginia the first\nAmerican legislature, 1619\t186\n[Pg xvii]\nHow this legislative assembly, like those afterwards constituted\nin America, were formed after the type of the\nold English county court\t187\nHow negro slaves were first introduced into Virginia, 1619.\t188\nHow cargoes of spinsters were sent out by the Company in\nquest of husbands\t189\nThe great Indian massacre of 1622\t189, 190\nCHAPTER VI.\n\nA SEMINARY OF SEDITION.\n\nSummary review of the founding of Virginia\t191-194\nBitter hostility of Spain to the enterprise\t194\nGondomar and the Spanish match\t195\nGondomar's advice to the king\t196\nHow Sir Walter Raleigh was kept twelve years in prison\t197\nBut was then released and sent on an expedition to Guiana\t198\nThe king's base treachery\t199\nJudicial murder of Raleigh\t200\nHow the king attempted to interfere with the Company's\nelection of treasurer in 1620\t201\nHow the king's emissaries listened to the reading of the\ncharter\t202\nWithdrawal of Sandys and election of Southampton\t203\nLife and character of Nicholas Ferrar\t203-205\nHis monastic home at Little Gidding\t205\nHow disputes rose high in the Company's quarter sessions\t206, 207\nHow the House of Commons rebuked the king\t207, 208\nHow Nathaniel Butler was accused of robbery and screened\nhimself by writing a pamphlet abusing the Company\t208\nSome of his charges and how they were answered by Virginia\nsettlers\t209\nAs to malaria\t209\nAs to wetting one's feet\t210\nAs to dying under hedges\t211\nAs to the houses and their situations\t211, 212\nObject of the charges\t212\nVirginia assembly denies the allegations\t213\nThe Lord Treasurer demands that Ferrar shall answer the\ncharges\t214\nA cogent answer is returned\t214, 215\n[Pg xviii]\nVain attempts to corrupt Ferrar\t215, 216\nHow the wolf was set to investigate the dogs\t216\nThe Virginia assembly makes \"A Tragical Declaration\"\t217\nOn the attorney-general's advice a quo warranto\nis served\t217, 218\nHow the Company appealed to Parliament, and the king refused\nto allow the appeal\t217, 218\nThe attorney-general's irresistible logic\t219\nLord Strafford's glee\t220\nHow Nicholas Ferrar had the records copied\t221, 222\nThe history of a manuscript\t221, 222\nCHAPTER VII.\n\nTHE KINGDOM OF VIRGINIA.\n\nA retrospect\t223\nTidewater Virginia\t224\nA receding frontier\t224, 225\nThe plantations\t225\nBoroughs and burgesses\t226\nBoroughs and hundreds\t227, 228\nHouses, slaves, indentured servants, and Indians\t229\nVirginia agriculture in the time of Charles I\t230\nIncreasing cultivation of tobacco\t231\nLiterature; how George Sandys entreated the Muses with\nsuccess\t232\nProvisions for higher education\t233\nProject for a university in the city of Henricus cut short by\nthe Indian massacre\t234\nPuritans and liberal churchmen\t235\nHow the Company of Massachusetts Bay learned a lesson\nfrom the fate of its predecessor, the London Company\nfor Virginia\t236,237\nDeath of James I\t238\nEffect upon Virginia of the downfall of the Company\t238-240\nThe virus of liberty\t240\nHow Charles I. came to recognize the assembly of Virginia\t241-243\nSome account of the first American legislature\t243, 244\nHow Edward Sharpless had part of one ear cut off\t245\nThe case of Captain John Martin\t245\nHow the assembly provided for the education of Indians\t246\nAnd for the punishment of drunkards\t246\n[Pg xix]\nAnd against extravagance in dress\t246\nHow flirting was threatened with the whipping-post\t247\nAnd scandalous gossip with the pillory\t247\nHow the minister's salary was assured him\t247\nHow he was warned against too much drinking and card-playing\t248\nPenalties for Sabbath-breaking\t248\nInn-keepers forbidden to adulterate liquors or to charge too\nmuch per gallon or glass\t249\nA statute against forestalling\t249, 250\nHow Charles I. called the new colony \"Our kingdom of\nVirginia\"\t251\nHow the convivial governor Dr. Pott was tried for stealing\ncattle, but pardoned for the sake of his medical services\t253\nGrowth of Virginia from 1624 to 1642\t253, 254\nCHAPTER VIII.\n\nTHE MARYLAND PALATINATE.\n\nThe Irish village of Baltimore\t255\nEarly career of George Calvert, first Lord Baltimore\t255, 256\nHow James I. granted him a palatinate in Newfoundland\t256\nOrigin of palatinates\t256, 257\nChanges in English palatinates\t258, 259\nThe bishopric of Durham\t259, 260\nDurham and Avalon\t260\nHow Lord Baltimore fared in his colony of Avalon in Newfoundland\t261\nHis letter to the king\t262\nHow he visited Virginia but was not cordially received\t263, 264\nHow a part of Virginia was granted to him and received the\nname of Maryland\t265\nFate of the Avalon charter\t266\nCharacter of the first Lord Baltimore\t267\nEarly career of Cecilius Calvert, second Lord Baltimore\t268\nHow the founding of Maryland introduced into America a\nnew type of colonial government\t269, 270\nEcclesiastical powers of the Lord Proprietor\t271\nReligious toleration in Maryland\t272\nThe first settlement at St. Mary's\t273\nRelations with the Indians\t274\n[Pg xx]\nProsperity of the settlement\t275\nComparison of the palatinate government of Maryland with\nthat of the bishopric of Durham\t275-285\nThe constitution of Durham; the receiver-general\t276\nLord lieutenant and high sheriff\t276\nChancellor of temporalities\t277\nThe ancient halmote and the seneschal\t277\nThe bishop's council\t278\nDurham not represented in the House of Commons until\nafter 1660\t278\nLimitations upon Durham autonomy\t279\nThe palatinate type in America\t280\nSimilarities between Durham and Maryland; the governor\t281\nSecretary; surveyor-general; muster master-general; sheriffs\t282\nThe courts\t282, 283\nThe primary assembly\t283\nQuestion as to the initiative in legislation\t284\nThe representative assembly\t284, 285\nLord Baltimore's power more absolute than that of any king\nof England save perhaps Henry VIII\t285\nCHAPTER IX.\n\nLEAH AND RACHEL.\n\nWilliam Claiborne and his projects\t286\nKent Island occupied by Claiborne\t287\nConflicting grants\t288\nStar Chamber decision and Claiborne's resistance\t289\nLord Baltimore's instructions\t290\nThe Virginia council supports Claiborne\t290, 291\nComplications with the Indians\t291, 292\nReprisals and skirmishes\t293\nAffairs in Virginia; complaints against Governor Harvey\t293, 294\nRage of Virginia against Maryland\t294, 295\nHow Rev. Anthony Panton called Mr. Secretary Kemp a\njackanapes\t295\nIndignation meeting at the house of William Warren\t296\nArrest of the principal speakers\t296\nScene in the council room\t296, 297\nHow Sir John Harvey was thrust out of the government\t297\n[Pg xxi]\nHow King Charles sent him back to Virginia\t298\nDownfall of Harvey\t299\nGeorge Evelin sent to Kent Island\t299\nKent Island seized by Leonard Calvert\t300\nThe Lords of Trade decide against Claiborne\t301\nPuritans in Virginia\t301, 302\nThe Act of Uniformity of 1631\t303\nPuritan ministers sent from New England to Virginia\t303\nThe new Act of Uniformity, 1643\t304\nExpulsion of the New England ministers\t304\nIndian massacre of 1644\t305\nConflicting views of theodicy\t306\nInvasion of Maryland by Claiborne and Ingle\t306-308\nExpulsion of Claiborne and Ingle from Maryland\t308\nLord Baltimore appoints William Stone as governor\t308\nToleration Act of 1649\t309-311\nMigration of Puritans from Virginia to Maryland\t312\nDesigns of the Puritans\t313\nReluctant submission of Virginia to Cromwell\t314\nClaiborne and Bennett undertake to settle the affairs of\nMaryland\t315\nRenewal of the troubles\t316\nThe Puritan Assembly and its notion of a toleration act\t316\nCivil war in Maryland; battle of the Severn, 1655\t317\nLord Baltimore is sustained by Cromwell and peace reigns\nonce more\t318\nMAPS.\n\nTidewater Virginia, from a sketch by the author\tFrontispiece\nMichael Lok's Map, 1582, from Hakluyt's Voyages to America\t60\nThe Palatinate of Maryland, from a sketch by the author\t274\n\n\n\n\n\nOLD VIRGINIA AND HER NEIGHBOURS\nBy John Fiske\nVOLUME II (of II)\n\n\nCONTENTS\nVOLUME II.\n\n\nCHAPTER X.\nTHE COMING OF THE CAVALIERS.\nPAGE\nVirginia depicted by an admirer\t1\nHer domestic animals, game, and song-birds\t2\nHer agriculture\t2, 3\nHer nearness to the Northwest Passage\t3\nHer commercial rivals\t3, 4\nNot so barren a country as New England\t4\nLife of body and soul were preserved in Virginia; Mr. Benjamin Symes and his school\t5\nWorthy Captain Mathews and his household\t5\nRapid growth in population\t6\nHistorical lessons in names of Virginia counties\t7\nScarcity of royalist names on the map of New England\t8, 9\nAs to the Cavaliers in Virginia; some popular misconceptions\t9, 10\nSome democratic protests\t10, 11\nSweeping statements are inadmissible\t11\nDifference between Cavaliers and Roundheads was political, not social\t12\nPopular misconceptions regarding the English nobility; England has never had a noblesse, or upper caste\t13\nContrast with France in this respect\t13, 14\nImportance of the middle class\t14\nRespect for industry in England\t15\nThe Cavalier exodus\t16\nPolitical complexion of Virginia before 1649\t16, 17\nThe great exchange of 1649\t17, 18\nPolitical moderation shown in Virginia during the Commonwealth period\t18iv\nRichard Lee and his family\t19\nHow Berkeley was elected governor by the assembly\t20\nLee's visit to Brussels\t20\nHow Charles II. was proclaimed king in Virginia, but not before he had been proclaimed in England\t21\nThe seal of Virginia\t22, 23\nSignificant increase in the size of land grants\t23, 24\nArrival of well-known Cavalier families\t25\nAncestry of George Washington\t25\nIf the pedigrees of horses, dogs, and fancy pigeons are important, still more so are the pedigrees of men\t26\nValue of genealogical study to the historian\t26\nThe Washington family tree\t27\nHow Sir William Jones paraphrased the epigram of Alc?us\t28\nHistorical importance of the Cavalier element in Virginia\t28\nDifferences between New England and Virginia were due not to differences in social quality of the settlers, but partly to ecclesiastical and still more to economical circumstances\t29, 30\nSettlement of New England by the migration of organized congregations\t30\nLand grants in Massachusetts\t31\nTownship and village\t31, 32\nSocial position of settlers in New England\t32\nSome merits of the town meeting\t33\nIts educational value\t34\nPrimogeniture and entail in Virginia\t35\nVirginia parishes\t35\nThe vestry a close corporation; its extensive powers\t36\nThe county was the unit of representation\t37\nThe county court was virtually a close corporation\t38\nPowers of the county court\t39\nThe sheriff and his extensive powers\t40\nThe county lieutenant\t41\nJefferson's opinion of government by town meeting\t42\nCourt day\t42, 43\nSummary\t43\nVirginia prolific in great leaders\t44v\nCHAPTER XI.\nBACON'S REBELLION.\nHow the crude medi?val methods of robbery began to give place to more ingenious modern methods\t45\nThe Navigation Act of 1651\t45, 46\nSecond Navigation Act\t46\nJohn Bland's remonstrance\t47\nSome direct consequences of the Navigation Act\t47\nSome indirect consequences of the Navigation Act\t48\nBland's exposure of the protectionist humbug\t49, 50\nHis own proposition\t50, 51\nEffect of the Navigation Act upon Virginia and Maryland; disasters caused by low price of tobacco\t51, 52\nThe Surry protest of 1673\t52\nThe Arlington-Culpeper grant\t53\nSome of its effects\t54\nCharacter of Sir William Berkeley\t55\nCorruption and extortion under his government\t56\nThe Long Assembly, 1661-1676\t57\nBerkeley's violent temper\t57\nBeginning of the Indian war\t58\nColonel John Washington\t59\nAffair of the five Susquehannock envoys\t60\nThe killing of the envoys\t61\nBerkeley's perverseness in not calling out a military force\t62\nIndian atrocities\t62, 63\nNathaniel Bacon and his family\t64\nHis friends William Drummond and Richard Lawrence\t65\nBacon's plantation is attacked by the Indians, May, 1676\t65\nBacon marches against the Indians and defeats them\t66\nElection of a new House of Burgesses\t66\nArrest of Bacon\t67\nHe is released and goes to lodge at the house of \"thoughtful Mr. Lawrence\"\t67\nBacon is persuaded to make his submission and apologizes to the governor\t68, 69\nIn spite of the governor's unwillingness, the new assembly reforms many abuses\t70, 71\nHow the \"Queen of Pamunkey\" appeared before the House of Burgesses\t72-74\nThe chairman's rudeness\t74vi\nBacon's flight\t74\nHis speedy return\t75\nHow the governor was intimidated\t76\nBacon crushes the Susquehannocks while Berkeley flies to Accomac and proclaims him a rebel\t76\nBacon's march to Middle Plantation\t77\nHis manifesto\t78\nHis arraignment of Berkeley; he specifies nineteen persons as \"wicked counsellors\"\t80\nOath at Middle Plantation\t81\nBacon defeats the Appomattox Indians\t82\nStartling conversation between Bacon and Goode\t82-86\nPerilous situation of Bacon\t86\nThe \"White Aprons\" at Jamestown\t87\nBacon's speech at Green Spring\t88\nBurning of Jamestown\t89\nPersons who suffered at Bacon's hands\t89, 90\nBacon and his cousin\t90\nDeath of Bacon, Oct. 1, 1676\t91\nCollapse of the rebellion\t92\nArrival of royal commissioners, January, 1677\t92\nBerkeley's outrageous conduct\t93\nExecution of Drummond\t94\nDeath of Berkeley\t95\nSignificance of the rebellion\t96\nHow far Bacon represented popular sentiment in Virginia\t97\nPolitical changes since 1660; close vestries\t98, 99\nRestriction of the suffrage\t100, 101\nHow the aristocrats regarded Bacon's followers\t102, 103\nThe real state of the case\t104\nEffect of hard times\t104, 105\nPopulist aspect of the rebellion\t106\nIts sound aspects\t106\nBacon must ever remain a bright and attractive figure\t107\nCHAPTER XII.\nWILLIAM AND MARY.\nA century of political education\t108\nRobert Beverley, clerk of the House of Burgesses\t109\nHis refusal to give up the journals\t110\nArrival of Lord Culpeper as governor\t110, 111vii\nThe plant-cutters' riot of 1682\t111, 112\nContracting the currency with a vengeance\t112\nCulpeper is removed and Lord Howard of Effingham comes to govern in his stead\t113\nMore trouble for Beverley\t114\nFor stupid audacity James II., after all, was outdone by George III.\t114, 115\nFrancis Nicholson comes to govern Virginia and exhibits eccentric manners\t115\nHow James Blair founded William and Mary College\t116, 117\nHow Sir Edmund Andros came as Nicholson's successor and quarrelled with Dr. Blair\t118\nHow young Daniel Parke one Sunday pulled Mrs. Blair out of her pew in church\t119\nRemoval of Andros\t119\nThe Earl of Orkney draws a salary for governing Virginia for the next forty years without crossing the ocean, while the work is done by lieutenant-governors\t120\nThe first of these was Nicholson once more\t120\nWho removed the capital from Jamestown to Middle Plantation, and called it Williamsburg\t121\nHow the blustering Nicholson, disappointed in love, behaved so badly that he was removed from office\t122, 123\nFortunes of the college\t123\nIndian students\t124\nInstructions to the housekeeper\t125\nHorse-racing prohibited\t126\nOther prohibitions\t126\nThe courtship of Parson Camm; a Virginia Priscilla\t127, 128\nSome interesting facts about the college\t128, 129\nNicholson's schemes for a union of the colonies\t129, 130\nCHAPTER XIII.\nMARYLAND'S VICISSITUDES.\nMaryland after the death of Oliver Cromwell\t131\nFuller and Fendall\t132\nThe duty on tobacco\t133\nFendall's plot\t134\nTemporary overthrow of Baltimore's authority\t135\nSuperficial resemblance to the action of Virginia\t136\nProfound difference in the situations\t137viii\nCollapse of Fendall's rebellion\t138\nArrival of the Quakers\t138, 139\nThe Swedes and Dutch on the Delaware River\t139\nAugustine Herman\t140\nHe makes a map of Maryland and is rewarded by the grant of Bohemia Manor\t141\nHow the Labadists took refuge in Bohemia Manor\t142, 143\nHow the Duke of York took possession of all the Delaware settlements\t143\nAnd granted New Jersey to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret\t144\nWhich resulted in the bringing of William Penn upon the scene\t144\nCharter of Pennsylvania\t145\nBoundaries between Penn and Baltimore\t145, 146\nOld manors in Maryland\t146\nLife on the manors\t147\nThe court leet and court baron\t148\nChanges wrought by slavery\t148, 149\nA fierce spirit of liberty combined with ingrained respect for law\t149\nCecilius Calvert and his son Charles\t150\nSources of discontent in Maryland\t150\nA pleasant little family party\t151\nConflict between the Council and the Burgesses\t151, 152\nBurgesses claim to be a House of Commons, but the Council will not admit it\t152\nHow Rev. Charles Nichollet was fined for preaching politics\t153\nThe Cessation Act of 1666\t153\nActs concerning the relief of Quakers and the appointment of sheriffs\t153, 154\nRestriction of suffrage in 1670\t154, 155\nDeath of Cecilius, Lord Baltimore\t155\nRebellion of Davis and Pate, 1676; their execution\t156\nHow George Talbot, lord of Susquehanna Manor, slew a revenue collector and was carried to Virginia for trial\t157\nHow his wife took him from jail, and how he was kept hidden until a pardon was secured\t158\n\"A Complaint from Heaven with a Hue and Cry\"\t159\nThe anti-Catholic panic of 1689\t159\nCauses of the panic\t160\nHow John Coode overthrew the palatinate government\t161\nBut did not thereby bring the millennium\t162ix\nHow Nicholson removed the capital from St. Mary's to Annapolis\t162, 163\nUnpopularity of the establishment of the Church of England\t163\nEpiscopal parsons\t164\nExemption of Protestant dissenters from civil disabilities\t165\nSeymour reprimands the Catholic priests\t166\nCruel laws against Catholics\t167\nCrown requisitions\t168\nBenedict Calvert, fourth Lord Baltimore, becomes a Protestant and the palatinate is revived\t168, 169\nChange in the political situation\t170\nCharles Carroll entertains a plan for a migration to the Mississippi Valley\t171\nHow the seeds of revolution were planted in Maryland\t171\nEnd of the palatinate\t172, 173\nCHAPTER XIV.\nSOCIETY IN THE OLD DOMINION.\nHow the history of tobacco has been connected with the history of liberty\t174\nRapid growth of tobacco culture in Virginia\t175\nLegislative attempts to check it\t176\nNeed for cheap labour\t176\nIndentured white servants\t177\nHow the notion grew up in England that Virginians were descended from convicts; Defoe's novels, a comedy by Mrs. Behn, Postlethwayt's Dictionary, and Gentleman's Magazine\t178-180\nWho were the indentured white servants\t181\nRedemptioners\t182\nDistribution of convicts\t183\nPrisoners of war\t184\nSummary\t185\nCareers of white freedmen\t186\nRepresentative Virginia families were not descended from white freedmen\t187\nSome of the freedmen became small proprietors\t187\nSome became \"mean whites\"\t188, 189\nDevelopment of negro slavery; effect of the treaty of Utrecht\t190\nAnti-slavery sentiment in Virginia\t191x\nTheory that negroes were non-human\t192\nBaptizing a slave did not work his emancipation\t193\nNegroes as real estate\t194\nTax on slaves\t194\nTreatment of slaves\t195, 196\nFears of insurrection\t196\nCruel laws\t197, 198\nFree blacks a source of danger\t199\nTaking slaves to England; did it work their emancipation?\t200\nLord Mansfield's famous decision\t201\nJefferson's opinion of slavery\t201\nImmoralities incident to the system\t202, 203\nClasses in Virginia society\t204\nHuguenots in Virginia\t204, 205\nInfluence of the rivers upon society\t206\nSome exports and imports\t207\nSome domestic industries\t208\nBeverley complains of his countrymen as lazy, but perhaps his reproachful tone is a little overdone\t210\nAbsence of town life\t210, 211\nFutile attempts to make towns by legislation\t212\nThe country store and its treasures\t213, 214\nRivers and roads\t215\nTobacco as currency\t216\nEffect upon crafts and trades\t217\nEffect upon planters' accounts\t218\nUniversal hospitality\t219\nVisit to a plantation; the negro quarter\t220\nOther appurtenances\t221\nThe Great House or Home House\t222\nBrick and wooden houses\t222, 223\nHouse architecture\t223, 224\nThe rooms\t224\nBedrooms and their furniture\t225\nThe dinner table; napkins and forks\t226\nSilver plate; wainscots and tapestry\t227\nThe kitchen\t228\nThe abundance of wholesome and delicious food\t228, 229\nThe beverages, native and imported\t229, 230\nSmyth's picture of the daily life on a plantation\t230, 231\nVery different picture given by John Mason; the mode of life at Gunston Hall\t232-234xi\nA glimpse of Mount Vernon\t235\nDress of planters and their wives\t236\nWeddings and funerals\t237\nHorses and horse-racing\t237-239\nFox-hunting\t239\nGambling\t239, 240\nA rural entertainment of the olden time\t240, 241\nMusic and musical instruments\t242\nThe theatre and other recreations\t243\nSome interesting libraries\t243-245\nSchools and printing\t245, 246\nPrivate free schools\t246\nAcademies and tutors\t247\nConvicts as tutors\t248\nVirginians at Oxford\t249\nJames Madison and his tutors\t250\nContrast with New England in respect of educational advantages\t251\nCauses of the difference\t252, 253\nIllustrations from the history of American intellect\t254\nVirginia's historians; Robert Beverley\t255\nWilliam Stith\t255, 256\nWilliam Byrd\t256-258\nJefferson's notes on Virginia; McClurg's Belles of Williamsburg; Clayton the botanist\t259\nPhysicians, their prescriptions and charges\t260\nWashington's last illness\t260\nSome Virginia parsons, their tricks and manners\t261, 263\nFree thinking; superstition and crime\t264\nCruel punishments\t265\nLawyers\t266\nA government of laws\t267\nSome characteristics of Maryland\t267-269\nCHAPTER XV.\nTHE CAROLINA FRONTIER.\nHow South Carolina was a frontier against the Spaniards\t270\nHow North Carolina was a wilderness frontier\t271\nThe grant of Carolina to eight lords proprietors\t272\nJohn Locke and Lord Shaftesbury\t272, 273\n\"Fundamental Constitutions\" of Carolina\t274xii\nThe Carolina palatinate different from that of Maryland\t275\nTitles of nobility\t276\nAlbemarle colony\t276\nNew Englanders at Cape Fear\t277\nSir John Yeamans and Clarendon colony\t277\nThe Ashley River colony and the founding of Charleston\t278\nFirst legislation in Albemarle\t279\nTroubles caused by the Navigation Act\t280\nThe trade between Massachusetts and North Carolina\t281\nEastchurch and Miller\t282\nCulpeper's usurpation\t283\nHow Culpeper fared in London\t284\nHow Charleston was moved from Albemarle Point to Oyster Point\t285\nSeth Sothel's tyranny in Albemarle and his banishment\t286, 287\nTroubles in Ashley River colony\t287\nThe Scotch at Port Royal\t288\nA state without laws\t289\nReappearance of Sothel, this time as the people's friend\t289\nHis downfall and death\t290\nClarendon colony abandoned\t290\nPhilip Ludwell's administration\t290, 291\nJoseph Archdale and his beneficent rule\t291\nSir Nathaniel Johnson and the dissenters\t292\nUnsuccessful attempt of a French and Spanish fleet upon Charleston\t293\nThomas Carey\t294\nPorter's mission to England\t295\nEdward Hyde comes to govern North Carolina\t296\nCarey's rebellion\t296, 297\nExpansion of the northern colony; arrival of Baron Graffenried with Germans and Swiss; founding of New Berne\t297\nAccusations against Carey and Porter of inciting the Indians against the colony\t297\nThese accusations are highly improbable and not well supported\t298\nSurvey of Carolina Indians\t298-300\nAlgonquin tribes\t298\nSioux tribes; Iroquois tribes\t299\nMuscogi tribes\t300\nAlgonquin-Iroquois conspiracy against the North Carolina settlements\t300xiii\nCapture of Lawson and Graffenried by the Tuscaroras; Lawson's horrible death\t301\nThe massacre of September, 1711\t302\nAid from Virginia and South Carolina\t302, 303\nBarnwell defeats the Tuscaroras\t303\nCrushing defeat of the Tuscaroras by James Moore; their migration to New York\t304\nAdministration of Charles Eden\t304, 305\nSpanish intrigues with the Yamassees\t305\nAlliance of Indian tribes against the South Carolinians and nine months' warfare\t306\nAdministration of Robert Johnson\t306\nThe revolution of 1719 in South Carolina; end of the proprietary government in both colonies\t308\nContrast between the two colonies\t308, 309\nInterior of North Carolina contrasted with the coast\t310, 311\nUnkempt life\t311\nA genre picture by Colonel Byrd\t312, 313\nIndustries of North Carolina\t313\nAbsence of towns\t314, 315\nA frontier democracy\t315\nSegregation and dispersal of Virginia poor whites\t316\nSpotswood's account of the matter\t317\nNew peopling of North Carolina after 1720; the German immigration\t318\nScotch Highlanders and Scotch-Irish\t318, 319\nFurther dispersal of poor whites\t319, 320\nBarbarizing effects of isolation\t321\nThe settlers of South Carolina, churchmen and dissenters\t323\nThe open vestries\t323\nSouth Carolina parish, purely English in its origin, not French like the parishes of Louisiana\t324\nFree schools\t325\nRice and indigo\t326\nSome characteristics of South Carolina slavery\t327, 329\nNegro insurrection of 1740\t329\nCruelties connected with slavery\t330\nSocial life in Charleston\t331\nContrast between the two Carolinas\t332, 333\nThe Spanish frontier and the founding of Georgia\t333\nJames Oglethorpe and his philanthropic schemes\t334\nBeginnings of Georgia\t335, 336\nSummary; Cavaliers and Puritans once more\t337xiv\nCHAPTER XVI.\nTHE GOLDEN AGE OF PIRATES.\nThe business of piracy has never thriven so greatly as in the seventeenth century\t338\nPompey and the pirates\t338\nChinese and Malay pirates on the Indian Ocean and Mussulman pirates on the Mediterranean Sea\t339\nThe Scandinavian Vikings cannot properly be termed pirates\t339, 340\nSir William Blackstone's remarks about piracy\t340\nCharacter of piracy\t341\nTo call the Elizabethan sea-kings pirates is silly and outrageous\t341, 342\nFeatures of maritime warfare out of which piracy could grow\t342, 343\nPrivateering\t343\nFighting without declaring war\t344\nLack of protection for neutral ships\t344\nOrigin of buccaneering; \"Brethren of the Coast\"\t345\nIllicit traffic in the West Indies\t346\nBuccaneers and filibusters\t347\nThe kind of people who became buccaneers\t348\nThe honest man who took to buccaneering to satisfy his creditors\t349\nThe deeds of Olonnois and other wretches\t349, 350\nHenry Morgan and his evil deeds\t350, 351\nAlexander Exquemeling and his entertaining book\t352\nHow Morgan captured Maracaibo and Gibraltar in Venezuela\t353\nThe treaty of America of 1670 for the suppression of buccaneering and piracy\t353\nSack of Panama by Morgan and his buccaneers\t354\nHow Morgan absconded with most of the booty\t355\nHow English and Spanish governors industriously scotched the snake\t355\nHow the chief of pirates became Sir Henry Morgan, deputy-governor of Jamaica, and hanged his old comrades or sold them to the Spaniards\t356\nHow the treaty of America caused his downfall\t357\nDecline of buccaneering\t357\nPirates of the South Sea\t358, 359xv\nPlunder of Peruvian towns\t360\nEffects of the alliance between France and Spain in 1701\t360\nPirates in the Bahama Islands and on the Carolina coast\t361\nEffect of the navigation laws in stimulating piracy\t362, 363\nEffect of rice culture upon the relations between South Carolina settlers and the pirates\t363\nWholesale hanging of pirates at Charleston\t364\nHow pirates swarmed on the North Carolina coast\t365\nUntil Captain Woodes Rogers captured the Island of New Providence in 1718\t365\nThe North Carolina waters furnished the last lair for the pirates\t365\nHow Blackbeard, the last of the pirates, levied blackmail upon Charleston\t366, 367\nEpidemic character of piracy; cases of Kidd and Bonnet\t368\nFate of Bonnet and Blackbeard, and final suppression of piracy\t369\nCHAPTER XVII.\nFROM TIDEWATER TO THE MOUNTAINS.\nFamily and early career of Alexander Spotswood\t370\nHe brings the privilege of habeas corpus to Virginia, but wrangles much with his burgesses\t371\nHis energy and public spirit\t372\nHow the Post-Office Act was resisted by the people\t373, 375\nDisputes as to power of appointing parsons\t376\nBeginnings of continental politics in America\t376\nBeginning of the seventy years' struggle with France\t377\nHow the continental situation in America was affected by the war of the Spanish succession\t378, 379\nDifferent views of Spotswood and the assembly with regard to sending aid to Carolina\t379, 380\nHow the royal governors became convinced that the thing most needed in English America was a continental government that could impose taxes\t381\nFranklin's plan for a federal union\t381, 383\nIt was the failure of the colonies to adopt Franklin's plan that led soon afterwards to the Stamp Act\t382, 383\nHow Spotswood regarded the unknown West\t383\nAttempts to cross the Blue Ridge\t384\nHow the Blue Ridge was crossed by Spotswood\t385xvi\nKnights of the Golden Horseshoe\t386\nSpotswood's plan for communicating between Virginia and Lake Erie\t387, 388\nCondition of the postal service in the English colonies under Spotswood's administration\t389\nBrief mention of Governors Gooch and Dinwiddie\t390\nImportance of the Scotch-Irish migration to America\t390, 391\nIn 1611 James I. began colonizing Ulster with settlers from Scotland and England\t391\nIn Ulster they established flourishing manufactures of woollens and linens\t392\nWhich excited the jealousy of rival manufacturers in England\t393\nLegislation against the Ulster manufacturers\t393\nCivil disabilities inflicted upon Presbyterians in Ulster\t393\nThese circumstances caused such a migration to America that by 1770 it amounted to more than half a million souls\t394\nMany Scotch-Irish settled in the Shenandoah Valley, and were closely followed by Germans\t395\nThis Shenandoah population exerted a most powerful democratizing influence upon the colony\t396\nJefferson found in them his most powerful supporters\t396\nLord Fairfax's home at Greenway Court; Fairfax's affection for Washington\t397\nHow the surveying of Fairfax's frontier estates led Washington on to his public career\t398\nThe advance of Virginians from tidewater to the mountains brought on the final struggle with France\t398, 399\nAdvance of the French from Lake Erie\t399\nWashington goes to warn them from encroaching upon English territory\t399\nMAPS.\nWestward Growth of Old Virginia, from a sketch by the author\tFrontispiece\nNorth Carolina Precincts in 1729, after a map in Hawks's History of North Carolina\t276\nA Map of ye most Improved Part of Carolina, from Winsor's America, vol. v. p. 351\t306\n\n\n\n\n\nTHE IDEA OF GOD AS AFFECTED BY MODERN KNOWLEDGE\nBy John Fiske\nCONTENTS\nI.\tDifficulty of expressing the Idea of God so that it can be readily understood\t35\nII.\tThe Rapid Growth of Modern Knowledge\t46\nIII.\tSources of the Theistic Idea\t62\nIV.\tDevelopment of Monotheism\t72\nV.\tThe Idea of God as immanent in the World\t81\nVI.\tThe Idea of God as remote from the World\t87\nVII.\tConflict between the Two Ideas, commonly misunderstood as a Conflict between Religion and Science\t97\nVIII.\tAnthropomorphic Conceptions of God\t111\nIX.\tThe Argument from Design\t118\nX.\tSimile of the Watch replaced by Simile of the Flower\t128\nXI.\tThe Craving for a Final Cause\t134\nXII.\tSymbolic Conceptions\t140\nXIII.\tThe Eternal Source of Phenomena\t144\nXIV.\tThe Power that makes for Righteousness\t158","title":"Index of the Project Gutenberg Works of John Fiske","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":17382}