{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_63157/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_63157","id":"gutenberg_63157","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/63157","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Art","Category: Essays, Letters & Speeches","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Marble sculpture","Mythology, Classical"],"text":"Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this\n      file which includes the original illustrations.\n      See 63157-h.htm or 63157-h.zip:\n      (https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/63157/pg63157-images.html)\n      or\n      (https://www.gutenberg.org/files/63157/63157-h.zip)\n\n\n      Images of the original pages are available through\n      Internet Archive. See\n      https://archive.org/details/mythologyinmarbl0000unse\n\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n\n   \u201cMyths are told and songs are chanted\n    Full of promptings and suggestions.\u201d\n\n\nMYTHOLOGY IN MARBLE\n\nby\n\nLOUIE M. BELL\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEducational Publishing Company\nBoston\nNew York      Chicago      San Francisco\n\nCopyrighted\nBy Educational Publishing Company\n1901\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\n   \u201cAll passes. Art alone\n      Enduring stays to us;\n    The bust outlasts the throne,--\n      The coin, Tiberius;\n\n   \u201cEven the gods must go;\n      Only the lofty rhyme\n    Not countless years o\u2019erthrow,--\n      Not long array of time.\n\n   \u201cPaint, chisel, then, or write;\n      But, that the work surpass,\n    With the hard fashion fight,--\n      With the resisting mass.\u201d\n\n    --Austin Dobson.\n\n\n\n\nIndex\n\n\n  Venus of the Shell                                      _Frontispiece_\n  Jupiter (Vatican)                                                   12\n  Juno (Villa Ludovisi, Rome)                                         16\n  Apollo Belvedere (Vatican)                                          20\n  Niobe (Uffizi, Florence)                                            24\n  Mars (Villa Ludovisi, Rome)                                         28\n  Laocoon (Vatican)                                                   32\n  Venus de Milo (Louvre, Paris)                                       36\n  Farnese Hercules (Naples Museum)                                    40\n  Venus de Medici (Uffizi, Florence)                                  44\n  Hercules and Lichas (Torloni Palace, Rome)                          48\n  Winged Victory (Louvre, Paris)                                      52\n  Three Fates (British Museum, London)                                56\n  Meleager (Vatican)                                                  60\n  Apollo Musagetes (Vatican)                                          64\n  Calliope (Vatican)                                                  68\n  Diana (Vatican)                                                     72\n  Sleeping Ariadne (Louvre, Paris)                                    76\n  Ariadne (Frankfort, Germany)                                        80\n  Minerva (Capitol, Rome)                                             84\n  Euterpe (Louvre, Paris)                                             88\n  Orpheus and Eurydice (Villa Albani, Naples)                         92\n  Bacchus (Naples Museum)                                             96\n  Apollo and Daphne (Villa Borghese, Rome)                           100\n  Proserpine (Villa Ludovisi, Rome)                                  104\n  Cupid (So. Kensington Museum, London)                              108\n  Vulcan (Copenhagen, Denmark)                                       112\n  Perseus (Vatican)                                                  116\n  Hebe (National Gallery, London)                                    120\n  Ganymede and the Eagle (Naples Museum)                             124\n  Cupid Stung (Naples)                                               128\n  Cupid and Psyche (Louvre, Paris)                                   132\n  Mercury (Luxembourg, Paris)                                        138\n  Mercury (Luxembourg, Paris)                                        142\n  Genius of Death (St. Peter\u2019s, Rome)                                146\n  The Graces (Borghese Gallery, Rome)                                150\n  Pan (Luxembourg, Paris)                                            154\n  Hope (Luxembourg, Paris)                                           158\n\n\n\n\nPreface.\n\n   \u201cThey are coming back in might,\n    Olympic gods, to claim their ancient right.\n    Shall then the sacred majesty of old,\n    The grace that holy was, the noble rage,\n    Temper our strife, abate our greed for gold,\n    Make fine our modern age?\u201d\n\n\nIn this practical age it is not to be supposed that busy people in\ngeneral have time to make a thorough study of mythologic science: but\nto share understandingly the love of sculpture now awakened in the\npublic mind, and for a better appreciation of our galleries of casts,\nit is desirable to have at least a suggestive knowledge of the myths\nand legends which have inspired so many artists in the moulding of\ntheir statues, for--\n\n   \u201cEven in ruins of their marble limbs\n    They breathe of that far world wherefrom they came,\n    Of liquid light and harmonies serene,\n    Lost halls of heaven and fair Olympian air.\u201d\n\nIn this book the aim has been to introduce some of the best specimens\nof mythologic sculpture to those who wish to become acquainted with\nthings which add to the resources of a happy imagination, but who find\nit impracticable to study set treatises on \u201cfossil theology,\u201d or to\nconsider the historical development of art.\n\nAn unpretentious exposition of the myths has been given together with\ntheir popular interpretations. The poets, ever the best commentators\non mythology and sculpture, are freely quoted. These metrical lines,\nrelating either to the statues or the stories, may serve to stamp\nindelibly on the mind facts otherwise effaceable.\n\nA table of Greek and Roman synonymous deities and a list of suggestive\nreadings in modern literature are appended.\n\n                                                  --_L.\u00a0M.\u00a0B._\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nThe Gods and Their Makers.\n\n   \u201cWant you the brand and scope of man, he is\n    Maker of Gods. A novice at the trade,\n    He made God out of winds and thunder clouds,\n    The unpropitious seasons, threatening moons,\n    And the invisible ambuscade of death.\n    Poor frightened babe, he worshiped with a wail,\n    Clutching his mother earth, and in her face\n    Burying his fears. Then childlike artist grown\n    He craved for form, and from the shapes around\n    Contorted fair the figure of himself,\n    Moulded his deities in wood and stone\n    Around his bed, his banquet board, his tomb\n    As yet a bungler, but when youth infused\n    Into the sap and marrow of his brain\n    The vernal subtleties of love, he dreamed\n    Of gods as fair as he himself would be,\n    Majestic, abstract, yet with solid power\n    To make a goddess tremble; and behold,\n    Under the yearning passion of his thought\n    The embryonic marble sloughed its shell,\n    And gods of strength and beauty trod the earth,\n    Their foreheads high in heaven.\u201d\n\n    --_Alfred Austin._\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nJupiter.\n\n\u201cThe Father of Gods.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_From the great father of the gods above\n    My muse begins; for all is full of Jove._\u201d\n\n                                       --MILTON.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE KING OF THE HEAVENS.\n\n   \u201cWhen gods began with wrath,\n    And war rose up between their brows,\n    Some choosing to cast Cronus from his throne,\n    That Zeus might king it there, and some in haste,\n    With opposite oaths, that they would have no Zeus\n    To rule the gods forever.\u201d\n\n                                       --_E.\u00a0B. Browning._\n\nCronus, the father of Jupiter, was in the habit of swallowing his\nchildren at birth, but when Jupiter was born his mother, Rhea, hid him\nin a cave and gave to the unnatural father a stone wrapped in swaddling\nclothes which he accepted, unaware of the deception.\n\nJupiter grew up under the care of the nymphs, and, after a mighty\nconflict, overthrew the dynasty of the old gods and took possession of\nthe throne and dominion of Cronus. He was then supreme ruler of gods\nand men, but had viceroys of the sea and the regions of the dead in\nNeptune and Pluto. His lawful wife, Juno, reigned with him in equal\nsovereignty. Their children were Mars, Vulcan and Hebe. Although wedded\nto Juno, Jupiter as the deity of the visible heavens, had brides and\nchildren in many lands. The abode of this wisest and most glorious of\nthe divinities was on Mt. Olympus in the unclouded ether.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nThe strange story of Cronus, who swallowed his own children, has\nreference to the consumption and reproduction continually going on in\nnature.\n\nThe words Jupiter, Zeus, Jove, mean heaven, father, almighty.\n\n\nART.\n\nThis Carrara marble head was found at Otricoli, a small town near Rome,\nin 1775, and is called the most beautiful of all the representations of\nJupiter. The high forehead is made to appear still higher by the lines\nof the hair which meet in the center in a pointed arch. A deep furrow\ndivides the hair from the face. The curled beard seems admirably in\nkeeping with Olympian dignity.\n\nThe work was probably executed in Rome in about the first century.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nJuno.\n\n\u201cThe Ox-eyed Queen.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_Where, O Juno, is the glory\n    Of thy regal look and tread?\n    Will they lay forever more, thee\n    On thy dim, straight, golden bed?\n    Will they queendom all lie hid\n    Meekly under either lid?_\u201d\n\n                             --E.\u00a0B. BROWNING.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE GODDESS OF MARRIAGE.\n\n   \u201cWedding is great Juno\u2019s crown:\n    Oh, blessed bond of board and bed!\n   \u2019Tis Hymen peoples every town;\n    High wedlock then be honored;\n    Honor, high honor and renown,\n    To Hymen, god of every town.\u201d\n\n                             --_Shakespeare._\n\nJuno\u2019s marriage to Jupiter was one of the most auspicious events that\never took place on Mt. Olympus. To their union were traced all the\nblessings of nature and when they met as on Mt. Ida in a golden cloud,\nsweet and fragrant flowers sprang up around them.\n\nIt is recorded, however, that they had many quarrels and wranglings,\nthe blame of which was usually traced to Juno. She was frequently\nangry, jealous and quarrelsome, and her character was proud and not\nfree from bitterness. The Romans believed that every woman had her Juno\nwho protected her through life. The peacock was sacred to Juno.\n\n   \u201cThe white-armed Juno there enthroned was seen,\n    Sovereign of heaven and Jove\u2019s imperious queen;\n    Still near his queen her watchful peacock spreads\n    His thousand eyes, his circling luster sheds;\n    Where\u2019er she bends the living radiance burns\n    And floats majestic as the goddess turns.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Lope de Vega._\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nJuno is the personification of what may be called the \u201cfemale powers of\nthe heavens, that is, the atmosphere with its fickle, yet fertilizing\nqualities.\u201d That phase of her life as bride is obviously associated\nwith the phenomena of the heavens in the spring time when the return of\ndazzling light and warmth spreads everywhere affectionate gaiety and\nblooming of new life.\n\n\nART.\n\nThis marble head is in the Villa Ludovisi, Rome, and is considered the\nmost beautiful of all the representations of Juno. It expresses great\nenergy of character united with the utmost feminine grace and purity.\nThe name of the artist is unknown, but he is presumed to have been an\nAthenian.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nApollo Belvedere.\n\n\u201cAnd the cold marble leapt to life a god.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_\u2018Bright haired Apollo,\u2019 thou who ever art\n    A blessing to the world--whose mighty heart\n    Forever pours out love and light and life._\u201d\n\n                                                 --PIKE.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nA PYTHIAN GOD.\n\nThe slime with which the earth was covered by the waters of the flood,\ncaused so excessive a fertility as to produce every variety of life,\nboth good and bad. An enormous serpent, called Python, crept forth and\nlurking in the caves of Mt. Parnassus, became the terror of the people.\n\nApollo encountered this reptile, and, after a fearful battle, slew him\nwith his arrows. In commemoration of this conquest he instituted the\nPythian games, in which the victor in feats of strength, swiftness of\nfoot or in the chariot race, was crowned with a wreath of beech leaves.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nApollo\u2019s conflict with the serpent, Python, is a symbol of the victory\nof light and warmth over darkness and cold. He used his bright beams\n(arrows) against the demon of darkness (Python). His shafts slay men\nas does sun-stroke. Andrew Lang relates a strange coincidence of a\nGerman scholar, Otfried Muller, who had always opposed Apollo\u2019s claim\nto being a sun-god. He was killed by a sun-stroke at Delphi. The god\nthus avenged himself in his ancient home.\n\n   \u201cThe sunbeams are my shafts\n    With which I kill\n    Deceit, that loves the night\n    And fears the day.\n    All men who do, or even\n    Imagine ill\n    Fly me.\u201d\n\n                             --_Shelley._\n\n\nART.\n\nThis statue is given the highest place of honor in Europe\u2019s most\ncelebrated sculpture gallery, the Belvedere of the Vatican. It was\ndiscovered in 1503, amid the ruins of Antium and was purchased by Pope\nJulius II., who removed it to Rome.\n\nIt is for the modern world one of the most popular statues of the\nancient world. Though it has been much studied and admired there has\nbeen a question as to its exact meaning. Collignon says that the object\nin the hand is a fragment of the \u00c6gis with the Medusa head with which\nApollo routed his enemies. Others think from the position and the\nquiver strap across the breast that the god is represented immediately\nafter his victory over the Python.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nNiobe.\n\n\u201cThe Mater Dolorosa of Antique Art.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_To stone the gods have changed her but in vain;\n    The sculptor\u2019s art has made her breathe again._\u201d\n\n                                                 --GREEK EPIGRAM.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nA FROZEN TRAGEDY.\n\nNiobe, Queen of Thebes, was the daughter of Tantalus and wife of\nAmphion, who was the most famous of mythological musicians. She was\nthe mother of seven sons and seven daughters. She became jealous of\nthe Goddess Leto and commanded the Theban women to cease their worship\nof her, explaining that she considered herself far superior to Leto,\nwho had but two children, while she had seven times as many. This so\nangered Leto that she commanded Apollo and Diana to kill all of Niobe\u2019s\nchildren. The father, Amphion, overwhelmed by this calamity, destroyed\nhimself. The proud mother, thus bereft of husband and children, wept\ncontinually night and day, until Jupiter turned her into stone; yet\ntears continued to flow; and borne on a whirlwind to her native\nmountain, she still remains a mass of rock from which a trickling\nstream flows, the tribute to her never-ending grief.\n\n   \u201cAnd now in Sipylus, amid the rocks\n    And lonely mountains, she, though turned to stone,\n    Broods over wrongs inflicted by the gods.\u201d\n\n                                                 --_Lewis Morris._\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nNiobe is the personification of winter, and the myth signifies the\nmelting of snow and the destruction of its icy offspring under the rays\nof the spring sun.\n\n\nART.\n\nThis statue is attributed to Scopas. It was disinterred in Rome in 1583\nand is now in the Uffizi Gallery, Florence.\n\nIt is part of a group composed of seventeen figures--Niobe and fourteen\nchildren, a pedagogue and a nurse. The figure of the mother clasped\nby the arm of her terrified child is one of the most admired of the\nancient statues. It is the highest instance in sculpture in which the\nbody, itself exempt from pain, so wonderfully reflects the tortured\nsoul. It ranks with the Laocoon and Apollo Belvedere as a work of art.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nMars.\n\n\u201cGod of Dreadful War.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_The mailed Mars shall on his altar sit\n    Up to his ears in blood._\u201d\n\n                                       --SHAKESPEARE.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE WAR GOD.\n\nMars, the son of Jupiter and Juno, was born in Thrace, a country noted\nfor its fierce storms and war-loving people. He had quarrelsome tastes\nand delighted in the din and noise of warfare, never questioning\nwhich side was right. Strife and slaughter were the conditions of his\nexistence. His attendants, Fear, Discord, Alarm, Dread and Terror,\nsympathized with him heartily and readily followed his lead.\n\nBellona, goddess of war, watched over him closely. She drove his\nchariot, warded off dangerous blows, and in other ways protected him.\nThe altars of Mars and Bellona were the only ones given up to human\nsacrifice.\n\nThe shield and sword, the spear and burning torch are the emblems of\nMars. His chosen animals are haunters of the battle field--the vulture\nand the dog.\n\nThe character of this fierce god of battles had a softer side. Although\ninconsistent and capricious, he loved and was beloved by Venus, the\nfair goddess of beauty.\n\nThe principal worshipers of Mars were Roman soldiers who believed that\nhe marched in person at the head of their armies. Their exercising\nground was called the Campus Martius or field of Mars. All the laurel\ncrowns bestowed upon victorious generals were placed on his statues and\na bull was their customary sacrifice to him.\n\n   \u201cThe soldier from successful camps returning\n    With laurel wreathed and rich with hostile spoil,\n    Severs the bull to Mars.\u201d\n\n                                                 --_Prior._\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nThe fury of the storm winds which threw heaven and earth into confusion\nfurnished the conception of the god of war. The phenomena of the\natmosphere with its tumults and uncertainty were well shown by his\ncharacter.\n\n\nART.\n\nThis Mars, one of the most excellent works of ancient art, in the Villa\nLudovisi, Rome, is sometimes ascribed to Scopas.\n\nThe god, with unused sword and shield, is sitting in a careless, easy\nattitude absorbed in reverie. It would seem to us from the little Cupid\nat his feet that it is love for Venus which has overcome the god of\nbattles.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nLaocoon.\n\n   \u201c_Or, turning to the Vatican, go see\n    Laocoon\u2019s torture dignifying pain--\n    A father\u2019s love and mortal agony\n    With an immortal patience blending; Vain\n    The struggle; vain, against the coiling strain\n    And gripe, and deep\u2019ning of the dragon\u2019s grasp,\n    The old man\u2019s clinch; the enormous asp\n    Enforces pang on pang, and stifles gasp on gasp._\u201d\n\n                                                 --BYRON.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nA PLASTIC TRAGEDY.\n\nLaocoon was a priest of Apollo at Troy and endeavored unsuccessfully to\ndissuade the Trojans from admitting into their gates the wooden horse\nwhich the Greeks gave out was intended as a propitiatory offering to\nMinerva, but in fact was filled with Ach\u00e6an chiefs who, by means of\nthis strategem, obtained entrance into the doomed city. Sinon, who had\nbeen left behind when the Greeks pretended to sail away, persuaded the\nTrojans that the horse would prove a blessing and they drew it inside\nthe gates.\n\n   \u201cOh, the enchanting words of that base slave,\n    Made them to think Epeu\u2019s pine-tree horse\n    A sacrifice to appease Minerva\u2019s wrath.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Marlowe._\n\nLaocoon also struck his spear into the side of the monster. His words\nand acts so offended Minerva that she sent two serpents out of the\nsea to destroy him and his sons. They were speedily enveloped in the\ncreatures\u2019 slimy folds and died in great agony.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nMax Muller says that the meaning or root of the name Laocoon is\nsymbolic of Sin the Throttler. The strange fate of Laocoon was readily\nbelieved to be a punishment for the violence he had done the sacred\nhorse.\n\n\nART.\n\n   \u201cLaocoon! thou great embodiment\n    Of human life and human history!\n    Thou record of the past, thou prophecy\n    Of the sad future, thou majestic voice,\n    Pealing along the ages from old time!\n    Thou wail of agonized humanity!\n    There lives no thought in marble like to thee!\n    Thou hast no kindred in the Vatican,\n    But standest separate among the dreams\n    Of old mythologies--alone--alone!\u201d\n\n                                       --_J.\u00a0G. Holland._\n\nThis group is wonderful as a work of sculpture and one of the most\ncelebrated pieces in existence. It was found in the excavations of the\nBaths of Titus, Rome, in 1506, and was at once placed in the Belvedere\nof the Vatican, where it has ever since remained. The period of the\nstatue is not definitely known.\n\nThe right arm of the father has been incorrectly restored. It is\nthought that it was originally bent in such a way that the hand was\nnear the back of the head as then the general outline of the group\nwould be pyramidal, and the summit of the pyramid would be the father\u2019s\nhead.\n\nThe three figures represent three acts of the tragedy. The eldest son\nis still unhurt, and if we did not know the story we might think his\nescape possible.\n\nIn the father is seen the highest tension of forces to free himself\nfrom the coils of the serpents. The straining muscles, the expanded\nchest and head thrown upward and backward, show his terrible effort.\n\nThe struggles of the younger son are weak and pitiable, showing that\nresistance is at an end.\n\nThe expression of physical and emotional pain in this statue is so\nmaterialistic as to be repulsive to sensitive natures. The scene is\nliterally too sensational for sculpture. \u201cIts pathology overpowers its\npathos.\u201d\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nVenus.\n\n\u201cGoddess of Love and Beauty.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_Look, look, why shine\n    Those floating bubbles with such light divine?\n    They break, and from their mist a lily form\n    Rises from out the wave in beauty warm._\u201d\n\n                                                 --SHELLEY.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE BIRTH OF VENUS.\n\nCradled on a great blue wave lay Venus when discovered by the lovely\nsea-nymphs. They immediately assumed her care, tenderly nursed her and\nwatched over her until she became a calm, splendid woman. Her grace and\nbeauty conquered every heart. Oceanides, Tritons and Nereids, all gave\nher rapturous admiration. At length the foster mothers entrusted her to\nZephyrus, who gently wafted her to the island of Cyprus where she was\nmet by the Muses, Hours and Graces and led to the assembly of the gods,\nwho bent in homage to her surpassing beauty.\n\nHer power soon extended over men as well as gods, and temples were\nreared in her honor upon every shore. She had favors for some and\nstrong antipathies for others of the worshipers at her shrines, and\nmany are the stories and romances which cluster round her name.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nVenus is the image of the dawn, the most lovely of the sights of\nnature. In ancient times the power of admiring was one of the greatest\nblessings bestowed on mankind, and the beautiful morning, as embodied\nin Venus, was, therefore, intensely admired and worshiped.\n\n\nART.\n\n   \u201cThrough those calm lips, proud goddess, speak!\n    Portray to us thy gorgeous fane\n    Where Melian suitors thronged to seek\n    Thine aid love\u2019s paradise to gain.\n\n    Vouchsafe at least our minds to free\n    From doubts pertaining to thy charms;\n    The meaning of thy bended knee,\n    The secret of thy vanished arms.\u201d\n\n                                       --_J.\u00a0L. Stoddard._\n\nThis beautiful Greek original, the Venus of Milo, has been called \u201cthe\nmarble realization of the dream of fair women.\u201d While it is universally\nrecognized as a great work of art, nothing is definitely known as to\nthe period or school to which it belongs.\n\nIt was discovered in 1820, by a peasant on the Island of Melos, in\nthe niche of a wall which had long been buried. The French ambassador\nat Constantinople purchased and presented it to Louis XVIII., king of\nFrance, and it is now in the Louvre.\n\nThe statue is made of two blocks of marble joined above the drapery\nwhich envelops the lower limbs. The tip of the nose and the foot which\nprojects beyond the drapery have been restored by modern artists. The\nrestoration of the arms has often been unsuccessfully attempted.\n\nIn spite of the mutilated limbs of this marble Venus, she holds\nundisputed sway over the hearts of all beholders.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nHercules.\n\n\u201cThe Hero.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_I toil no more\n    On earth, nor wield again the mighty strength\n    Which Zeus once gave me for the cure of ills;\n    I have run my race; I have done my work; I rest\n    Forever from the toilsome days I gave\n    To the suffering race of men._\u201d\n\n                                       --WM. MORRIS.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE DEMI-GOD.\n\nHercules is one of the most significant figures in Grecian mythology.\nHe was the son of Jupiter by a mortal maiden named Alcmene. Juno, who\nhated the children of her husband by mortal mothers, declared war\nagainst him from his birth. Through her decrees there were imposed upon\nhim a succession of desperate undertakings which are called the Twelve\nLabors of Hercules. The variety and motives of these labors make up a\nstory which might easily be turned into Christian allegory. Through\nthem we learn not only of the strength of Hercules and his victories\nover monstrous evils, but also of his frailties which he vanquished by\nsuperhuman will.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nHercules is a sun hero, born of the sky (Jupiter) and the dawn\n(Alcmene). His twelve great tasks are interpreted to represent either\nthe twelve signs of the zodiac, the twelve months of the solar year, or\nthe twelve hours of daylight.\n\n\nART.\n\n   \u201cGreat Alcides stooping with his toil\n    Rests on his club.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Pope._\n\nThis colossal statue, called the Farnese Hercules, was found in 1540 in\nthe ruins of the baths of Caracalla, Rome, and is now one of the chief\nattractions of the Naples Museum, where it was placed by the Farnese\nfamily in 1790. There has been much dispute as to its origin, but the\nconclusion to which criticism is now pointing is that it was executed\nby Glycon in the first century.\n\nThe anatomy of the figure, though exaggerated to be in keeping with the\ncharacter of the hero, is well worth study.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nVenus de Medici.\n\n\nA large proportion of the statues of Praxiteles represented the\nidealized beauty of women, and with common consent it is admitted\nthat he created the type of Venus in his celebrated statue called the\nVenus of Cnidus. There is a story that he made two statues of her, one\nclothed and the other unclothed. The choice between the two was offered\nto the people of Cos, who, more modest than artistic, selected the\ndraped statue. The Cnidians most joyfully bought the nude Venus and\nit was said to have made the seaport town so attractive that people\nflocked thither from all parts to view the beautiful marble goddess.\nBut this statue has perished. It was seen in its beauty probably\nabout 150, A. D. All that remain are but feeble echoes of its grace.\nPausanius tells us that it was a portrait of Phryne, who was much\nbeloved by Praxiteles and often served him as a model.\n\n   \u201cPhryne, thy human lips shall pale,\n    Thy rounded limbs decay;\n    Not love nor prayer can aught avail\n    To bid thy beauty stay.\n\n    But there thy smile for centuries\n    On marble lips shall live;\n    For art can grant what love denies\n    And fix the fugitive.\n\n    And there upon the silent face\n    Shall unborn ages see\n    Perennial youth, perennial grace\n    And sealed serenity.\u201d\n\n                             --_W.\u00a0W. Story._\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nThe moral conception of Venus as goddess of the higher and purer love,\nespecially wedded love and fruitfulness as opposed to mere sensual\nlust, was but slowly developed in the course of ages.\n\n\nART.\n\nThe Venus de Medici claims direct descent from the Venus of Cnidus,\nand preserves some of the sweet unconsciousness which must have been\nthe special charm of the original. It belongs to the Gr\u00e6co-Roman\nperiod of sculpture and was executed by Cleomenes. It was found in the\nruins of Portico Octavio, passed at once into the possession of the\nMedici family, and is now in the Tribuna of the Uffizi, Florence. Its\n\u201cdivinity has vanished; the beautiful humanity alone remains.\u201d\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nHercules and Lichas.\n\n   \u201c_And Lichas from the top of \u0152ta threw\n    Into the Euboic sea._\u201d\n\n                                       --MILTON.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nDEATH AND DEIFICATION.\n\n   \u201cTill the god, the earthly part forsaken,\n    From the man in flames asunder taken,\n    Drank the heavenly ether\u2019s purer breath.\n    Joyous in the new unwonted lightness,\n    Soared he upwards to celestial brightness,\n    Earth\u2019s dark, heavy burden lost in death.\n    High Olympus gives harmonious greeting\n    To the hall where reigns his sire adored;\n    Youth\u2019s bright goddess, with a blush at meeting,\n    Gives the nectar to her lord.\u201d\n\n                                                 --_Schiller._\n\nWhen Hercules\u2019 twelve labors were ended he married Dejanira and lived\nin peace with her for three years. One day when they were traveling,\nin crossing a river, the ferryman, a Centaur by the name of Nessus,\nendeavored to carry away Dejanira, but Hercules heard her cries and\npierced the Centaur through the heart with one of his poisoned arrows.\nWith dying accents Nessus professed repentance and begged Dejanira to\ntake his robe and keep it for its magic power.\n\n                                        \u201cTake\n    This white robe. It is costly. See my blood\n    Has stained it but a little. I did wrong:\n    I know it and repent me. If there come\n    A time when he grows cold--for all the race\n    Of heroes wander, nor can any love\n    Fix theirs for long--take him and wrap him in it\n    And he shall love again.\u201d\n\n                                                 --_Wm. Morris._\n\nSoon afterwards the news was brought to Dejanira that Hercules was in\nlove with Iola and she sent to him by his page, Lichas, the robe given\nher by the Centaur. When Hercules donned the robe poison seized upon\nhis frame.\n\n   \u201cClasping each limb the tunic racked each joint,\n    Convulsive pains, but when he felt the accurst\n    Fell serpents\u2019 venom batten in his flesh\n    He cried aloud for Lichas, the ill-starred.\u201d\n\nLichas vainly denied all knowledge of the treacherous deed, but\nHercules, maddened by his agony, seized him by the foot and hair and\nhurled him into space. \u201cLichas congealed like hail in mid air and\nturned to stone, then falling into the Euboic sea became a rock which\nstill bears his name and retains the human form.\u201d Hercules wrenched off\nthe garment, but it stuck to his flesh and with it he tore away whole\npieces of his body. In this condition he ascended Mt. \u0152ta, where he\nbuilt a funeral pyre, and laying himself upon it, commanded his son\nto apply the torch. The flames soon put an end to his suffering and\nhis spirit passed in a thunder cloud to Olympus. Dejanira, seeing the\ncalamity she had unwittingly caused, took her own life.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nThe slaughter of the Centaur by Hercules signifies the dissipation of\nvapors by the sun. Dejanira, \u201cthe destroying spouse,\u201d is daylight,\nIola the beautiful twilight, and the bloody robe a sun cloud, now\nconcealing, now revealing, the mangled body of the sun. Hercules ends\nhis career in one grand flame, the emblem of the sun setting in a\nframework of blazing crimson clouds.\n\n\nART.\n\nThis spirited group by Canova, in the Torloni Palace, Rome, represents\nHercules throwing Lichas into the sky. The poisoned garment clings most\npainfully to his body. The lion skin and club have slipped to the base\nof the altar upon which he was about to offer sacrifice.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nWinged Victory.\n\n\u201cNike the Victorious.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_The herald Nike first,\n    From the dim resting place unfettered burst\n    Winged victory over fate and time and death._\u201d\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nA HEAVENLY MESSENGER.\n\nThe Goddess of Victory was the daughter of the giant Pallas and the\nOceanid nymph Styx. Her attributes were a wreath, a palm branch and a\ntrophy of armor. Sometimes she carried a staff as a sign of her power.\nShe floated in the air with outstretched wings or appeared coming down\nto earth--now pointing the way to a victor, now placing a wreath upon\nhis brow.\n\n   \u201cHaste! haste! bring olive--\n      A people\u2019s tribute for the people\u2019s hour;\n    The gods themselves decree\n      To give the immortal dower.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Annie Fields._\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nVictory was embodied in a winged goddess. In beholding this bold and\ngraceful conception we realize how picturesquely the Greek fancy\npersonified even passing events.\n\n\nART.\n\nThis marble, one of the most noticeable and interesting in the Louvre,\nis a colossal fragment of a winged Victory discovered in 1863 on the\nIsland of Samothrace. The head, arms and feet are lacking. The statue\nmust originally have been at least twelve feet high.\n\nThe figure seems sweeping down through the air and in the very act of\nalighting. Every fold in the floating garment has a direct purpose,\nat first indistinctly manifest, then widening and finally lost in the\ngeneral mass.\n\nThe pediment on which the statue stood represents the prow of a ship,\nand makes it clear that it was executed to commemorate a naval victory\nof the Athenians off Cyprus, 306 B. C. As restored by Zumbusch, Nike\nholds in one hand a trumpet and in the other a rod intended to support\nthe trophies.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nThe Three Fates\n\n\u201cThe Weird Sisters.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_Twist ye, twine ye! even so,\n    Mingle shades of joy and woe,\n    Hope, and fear, and peace, and strife,\n    In the thread of human life._\u201d\n\n                                       --SCOTT.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE DAUGHTERS OF NIGHT.\n\n   \u201cIn their dark House of Cloud\n    The three weird sisters toil till time be sped:\n    One unwinds life; one ever weaves the shroud;\n    One waits to cut the thread.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Thomas Bailey Aldrich._\n\nThe Fates were three sisters, daughters of Night, and were named Clotho\n(Spinner), Lachesis (Alotter), and Atropos (Unchangeable).\n\nThey exercised a great influence over human life from the cradle to\nthe grave. They spent their time spinning a thread of gold, silver\nor wool--now tightening, now slackening, and at last cutting it off.\nThis occupation was so arranged that Clotho put the thread around the\nspindle, Lachesis spun it, and Atropos, the eldest, cut it off--\n\n   \u201cComes the blind Fury with the abhorred shears\n    And slits the thin spun life.\u201d\n\n                                                 --_Milton._\n\nCatullus thus gives a description of their spinning--\n\n   \u201cStill as they span, as they span, was the tooth kept nipping and\n            smoothing,\n    And to the withered lips clung morsels of wool as they smoothed it--\n    Filaments erstwhile rough that stood from the twist of the surface.\n    Close at their feet meantime, were woven baskets of wicker,\n    Guarding the soft white balls of the wool resplendent within them.\n    Thus then, parting the strands, these three with resonant voices\n    Uttered in chant divine, predestined sooth of the future--\n    Prophecy neither in time, nor yet in eternity shaken.\u201d\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nThe three Fates are the embodiment of a doctrine of Necessity which\nhas all things within its inexorable grasp. They represent the birth,\nlife and death of every man--Clotho the birth, as she holds unwound the\nthread on the distaff, Lachesis the life, with the thread just passing\nthrough her fingers, Atropos the death, as she waits, holding the\nshears to cut the thread.\n\n\nART.\n\nThese figures in pentelic marble were taken by the agents of Lord Elgin\nfrom the east pediment of the Parthenon in 1801. They were bought by\nthe English Government and are now in the British Museum, London. There\nare no restorations.\n\nThe \u201cblind decrees of Fate\u201d recline negligently on rocky ground. Two of\nthem seem almost as if about to rise, the third is leaning on the bosom\nof her companion. Their forms are large and robust, but at the same\ntime supple and graceful and expressing perfect maturity of womanhood.\nThe flowing folds of their garments reveal as well as conceal the\ncharming outlines of their limbs. \u201cThe dress is the echo of the form.\u201d\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nMeleager.\n\n\u201cThe Graceful Hunter.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_Rock-rooted, fair with fierce and fastened lips,\n    Clear eyes and springing muscles and shortening limb,--\n    With chin aslant indrawn to a tightening throat,\n    Grave, and with gathered sinews, like a god,--\n    Aimed at the left side his well-handled spear,\n    Grasped where the ash was knottiest hewn, and smote,\n    And with no missile wound, the monstrous boar\n    Right in the hairiest hollow of his hide,\n    Under the last rib, sheer through bulk and bone,\n    Deep in; and deeply smitten, and to death.\n    The heavy horror with his hanging shafts\n    Leapt, and fell furiously, and from raging lips\n    Foamed out the latest wrath of all his life._\u201d\n\n                                                 --SWINBURNE.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE HERO OF THE CALYDONIAN HUNT.\n\nMeleager was the son of \u0152neus and Althea, the king and queen of\nCalydon. When he was born the three Fates foretold that the child would\nlive no longer than a brand then burning upon the hearth. The mother\ncarefully quenched the brand and hid it away and Meleager grew to\nmanhood.\n\nDiana, thinking that she was not duly honored by the people of\nCalydonia, sent a wild boar of enormous size to lay waste the fields.\nThe growing corn, the vines and olive trees were trampled and\ndestroyed; the flocks and herds were driven hither and thither in\nconfusion and slaughtered. Meleager called all the heroes of Greece to\naid him in putting this monster to death. When they assembled for the\nhunt, Atalanta, a famous huntress, appeared, to the surprise of all.\n\n   \u201cArcadian Atalanta, snowy-souled,\n    Fair as the snow and footed as the wind.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Swinburne._\n\nAfter an exciting chase, with many narrow escapes, Atalanta first\npierced the boar which was afterwards slain by Meleager. The hero,\nenamoured with the lovely huntress, bestowed upon her the head of the\nanimal as a trophy of his success. The two uncles of Meleager, brothers\nof Althea, were envious of this act and snatched from the maiden the\ntrophy she had received. Meleager, in a rage at the insult, slew them\nboth.\n\nWhen Althea saw the bodies of her murdered brothers, there came upon\nher a desire for vengeance on her son, and she brought forth the brand\nso carefully preserved all the years, and threw the precious bit of\nwood upon the hearth. The brand was consumed to ashes and as the\nlast spark flickered out, Meleager\u2019s life was \u201cbreathed forth to the\nwandering winds.\u201d In remorse for her deed Althea took her own life.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nMeleager is a solar hero. He slays the boar (drought), loves Atalanta\n(dawn) and is finally slain by his own mother (twilight). The twilight\ncannot long survive the setting of the sun.\n\n\nART.\n\nSince the taste for classic art has existed this statue has attracted\nattention. It is said that Raphael and Michael Angelo were filled\nwith admiration when beholding it. There has never been any attempt\nat restoration of the hand which undoubtedly held a spear. Few heads\nof the hero type can be compared with this for power of expression.\nMeleager\u2019s unparalleled virtues and his morbid passion are both\nrepresented. The statue is probably a Roman copy in marble of some\ncelebrated Greek original in bronze. It is in the Belvedere of the\nVatican.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nApollo Musagetes.\n\n\u201cThe Patron of Music.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_To the sun-god all our hearts and lyres,\n      By day, by night, belong;\n    And the breath we draw from his living fires\n      We give him back in song._\u201d\n\n                                                 --MOORE.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE LEADER OF THE MUSES.\n\n   \u201cWhom all the Muses loved, not one alone;--\n    Into his hand they put the lyre of gold,\n    And crowned with sacred laurel at their fount,\n    Placed him as Musagetes, on their throne.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Longfellow._\n\nApollo was skilled in the art of music and sang hymns of his composing\nto an accompaniment of his own upon a wonderful lyre which Hermes had\nmade for him. He was the dearly loved leader of the nine Muses, and was\nsurnamed Musagetes.\n\nThat he should be the god both of music and poetry does not appear\nstrange, but that medicine should also be assigned to his province may.\nArmstrong, a physician as well as a poet, thus explains--\n\n   \u201cMusic exalts each joy, allays each grief,\n    Expels diseases, softens every pain;\n    And hence the wise of ancient days adored\n    One power of physic, melody and song.\u201d\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nAs the kindly beams of the \u201corb of day\u201d (Apollo) spread light and\nwarmth over nature there are heard everywhere happy, joyful sounds, the\nmusic of his lyre.\n\nThe sun was regarded as the natural restorer of all life and as such\nhis power extended over human ailments and diseases.\n\n\nART.\n\nThis statue was found in the ruins of the so-called Villa of Cassius in\n1774, and was added to the Vatican collection.\n\nThe rich and flowing draperies in which Apollo is clothed give the\nstatue an almost feminine fulness of form. Although only indifferently\nexecuted, it has a graceful movement which renders it impressive. It is\nevidently a copy of a famous original, some critics say of Scopas.\n\nThe god is represented as gliding forward in the dance in which he\nleads the Muses.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nCalliope.\n\n\u201cThe Beautiful Voiced.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_Land of the Muse! within thy bowers\n      Her soul entrancing echoes rang.\n    While on their course the rapid hours\n      Paused at the melody she sang--\n    Till every grove and every hill\n      And every stream that flowed along\n    From morn to night repeated still\n      The winning harmony of song._\u201d\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE MUSE OF POETRY.\n\n   \u201cOffspring of Jove, Calliope, once more\n    To the bright sun thy hymn of music pour.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Shelley._\n\nCalliope, the fairest of the Muses and their chief representative,\noften appeared before the gods and many of them fell victims to the\ncharms of her sweet voice and graceful manner. But of them all she\nloved the bright sun god best, and many were the verses she composed\nand sang in his honor. He returned her love with ardor. She readily\nconsented to their union and became the proud mother of Orpheus, who\ninherited from his parents great musical and poetic gifts.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nCalliope, the personification of the light of day and hence associated\nwith Apollo, the sun god, became naturally, as her voice was song, the\ngoddess of harmony and finally the Muse of epic poetry.\n\n\nART.\n\nThis statue of the Muse, found in 1774 in the ruins of the Villa of\nCassius, and now in the Vatican, is graceful and artistically excellent.\n\nCalliope is seated, her figure slightly bent in meditation. She holds\na tablet in her left hand; while her right is poised in a manner to\nenhance the expression of thought. She seems to be debating just how\nbest to word her song.\n\nThere are few works of art in which the artist\u2019s conception is more\nclearly and admirably shown.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nDiana.\n\n\u201cThe Virgin Huntress.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_Oh! Hunter chaste\n    Of riverside and woods, and healthy waste,\n    Where with thy silver bow and arrows keen,\n    Art thou now forested? O woodland queen,\n    What smoother air thy smoother forehead woos?\n    Where dost thou listen to the wide haloos\n    Of thy departed nymphs? Through what dark tree\n    Glimmers thy crescent?_\u201d\n\n                                       --BEN JONSON.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE MOON GODDESS.\n\n   \u201cGoddess serene, transcending every star!\n    Queen of the sky whose beams are seen afar!\n    By night heaven owns thy sway, by day the grove,\n    When as chaste Dian, here thou deign\u2019st to rove.\u201d\n\n                                                 --_Byron._\n\nDiana was the twin sister of Apollo. She had many lovers, but her heart\nremained cold to all of them until one calm, clear night, in bending\ndown from her moon-car over the shadowy, dream-like earth, she beheld\nEndymion sleeping. At once her heart was warmed by his surpassing\nbeauty, and gliding gently from her chariot, she kissed him and watched\nlovingly over him while he slept.\n\n   \u201cChaste Artemis, who guides the lunar car,\n    The pale nocturnal vigils ever keeping,\n    Sped through the silent space from star to star,\n    And, blushing, stooped to kiss Endymion sleeping.\u201d\n\n                                                 --_Boyesen._\n\nPartly awakened, Endymion rested his eyes for an instant upon the\nbright maiden ere she vanished, but that one glance kindled a great\npassion in his heart. Diana descended night after night to caress\nhim while he slept, and even while wrapped in slumber he watched for\nher coming and enjoyed the bliss of her presence. At last she threw\nover him the spell of eternal sleep and, that none might know of her\npassion, concealed him in a cave, where she continued always to come\nand gaze enraptured upon his face and press soft kisses upon his lips.\n\n   \u201cQueen of the wide air; thou most lovely queen,\n    Of all the brightness that mine eyes have seen;\n    As thou exceedest all things in thy shrine,\n    So every tale does this sweet tale of thine.\u201d\n\n                                                 --_Keats._\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\n\u201cThis story suggests aspiring and poetic love, a life spent more in\ndreams than in reality, and an early and welcome death.\u201d Mueller, the\ngreat authority on philology, says that in ancient language the people\nsaid, \u201cDiana kisses Endymion to sleep,\u201d instead of, \u201cIt is night.\u201d Some\nmythologists consider Endymion the personification of sleep.\n\n\nART.\n\nThis beautiful representation of the gentle goddess of night in the\nBraccio Nuovo of the Vatican, was found in the ruins of Hadrian\u2019s\nVilla, on the Tiber. Diana, in a very graceful attitude, with head\nbowed and hands outstretched, rapturously gazes at her sleeping lover.\nThe forearms are modern, but the restoration is in admirable keeping\nwith the motive and is undoubtedly correct.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nSleeping Ariadne.\n\n   \u201c_High upon the hill of Drios,\n    As the day began to waken,\n    All alone sat Ariadne,\n    Watching, weary and forsaken.\n    And with sighing of the pine-trees\n    By the low wind gently shaken,\n    All day long in mournful snatches\n    Rose the plaint of Ariadne,\n    Watching, weary and forsaken._\u201d\n\n                             --THOMAS DAVIDSON.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE DESERTED PRINCESS.\n\nMinos, the king of Crete, in revenge for the death of his son, slain\nby the Athenians, exacted a yearly tribute from them of youths and\nmaidens. Theseus, a valiant youth of Athens, offered himself as one\nof the victims of this tribute, with the intention of slaying the\nMinotaur, a hideous monster to whom Minos was in the habit of feeding\nhis captives. The cave in which the Minotaur was confined was a\nlabyrinth so constructed that no man who entered could find means to\nescape before he was met and devoured.\n\nThe king\u2019s fair daughter saw and fell in love with Theseus. She gave\nhim a sword and a clue of thread so that he was enabled to slay the\nMinotaur and find his way out of the labyrinth.\n\n   \u201cAnd the slender clue\n    Prepared in secret by the enamoured maid,\n    Through the curved labyrinth his steps conveyed.\u201d\n\n                                                 --_Catullus._\n\nFearing the wrath of her father, Ariadne fled with Theseus to the\nIsland of Naxos. But Theseus, ungrateful and selfish, deserted her\nwhile she was sleeping, and setting sail to his ship, was soon borne\naway.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nTheseus is the sun: he slays the Minotaur (the terrible monster of\ndarkness), and carries off Ariadne (dawn). Ariadne is forced to share\nthe woes of all who love the sun god, and must be abandoned.\n\n\nART.\n\nThe eventful sleep of Ariadne on the Island of Naxos, during which\nTheseus deserted her, is here represented. It is an unquiet sleep\nas denoted by the attitude and the disorder of the beautiful but\ncomplicated drapery. The uneven surface, upon which the body reclines,\ncauses it to be slightly drawn together, and adds to the idea of\nunrest. The gentle droop of the head, the relaxed, curving arms,\nand the languid air of sleep make the figure extremely graceful and\nfeminine, though almost colossal in size.\n\nThe statue has been in the Louvre since the time of Pope Julius II.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nAriadne.\n\n   \u201c_The daughter of a king, how should I know\n    That there were tinsels wearing face of gold,\n    And worthless glass, which in the sunlight\u2019s hold\n    Could shameless answer back my diamond\u2019s glow\n    With cheat of kindred fire? The current slow\n    And deep and strong and stainless, which has rolled\n    Through royal veins for ages, what had told\n    To them that hasty heat and lie could show\n    As quick and warm and red as theirs? Go free!\n    The sun is breaking on the sea\u2019s blue shield\n    Its golden lances: by their gleams I see\n    Thy ship\u2019s white sails. Go free if scorn can yield\n    Thee freedom! Then alone, my love and I,--\n    We both are royal: we know how to die._\u201d\n\n                                                 --HELEN HUNT.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nMARRIAGE OF BACCHUS AND ARIADNE.\n\nThe island where Ariadne was left when deserted by Theseus was a\nfavorite haunt of Bacchus, the young god of wine. In wandering over the\nrocks one day, he came across Ariadne as she sat lamenting her fate.\nHer distress appealed to him, and in consoling her he became charmed\nwith her beauty. His devotion and admiration caused her to forget her\nfaithless lover, and, after a short courtship, Bacchus won her for his\nwife.\n\nThe bridegroom presented the bride with a golden crown adorned with\nseven glittering gems. Shortly after the marriage, however, Ariadne\nsickened and died. The broken-hearted Bacchus took the crown and flung\nit into space, where, growing in brightness, it became a beautiful\nconstellation known as Ariadne\u2019s crown or corona.\n\n   \u201cAnd still her sign is seen in heaven,\n    And, midst the glittering symbols of the sky,\n    The starry crown of Ariadne glides.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Apollonius Rhodius._\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nAs the female semblance of Bacchus, Ariadne appears to have been a\npromoter of vegetation. She alternated between the joy of spring and\nthe melancholy of winter. By some mythologists she is thought to have\nbeen connected with star-worship.\n\n\nART.\n\nThis statue is the most celebrated work of the distinguished German\nsculptor, Dannecker (1758\u20131841). It is known to many people the world\nover through the generosity of Herr Bethmann of Frankfort, who admits\nvisitors to his gallery, and from the many casts and pictures made of\nit.\n\nThe author did not choose the more touching and poetic character in\nwhich to represent Ariadne. She is here no longer the deserted and\ndesolate one, but the triumphant bride of the god of the vintage.\n\nThe figure, which is larger than life, reclines on the back of a clumsy\npanther. The body and limbs are finely modeled, and the attitude is\ngraceful and pleasing. Some critic has remarked that this statue makes\nthe conduct of Theseus inexcusable.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nMinerva.\n\n\u201cThe Wise.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_From his awful head\n    Whom Jove brought forth, in warlike armor drest,\n    Golden, all radiant._\u201d\n\n                                                 --SHELLEY.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE DIVINITY OF ATHENS.\n\n   \u201cHer home was on the radiant shores\n      Where snow-white Athens shines;\n    How beautiful her servitors,\n      How stately were her shrines!\n\n    And how from farthest east and west,\n      And by the unknown sea,\n    What goddess was so well beloved,\n      So much revered as she?\u201d\n\nMinerva was the daughter of Jupiter and was said to have leaped forth\nfrom his brain mature and in complete armor. She was warlike in her\ntendencies, but it was defensive war only with which she was in\nsympathy.\n\nAs a goddess of storms and battles the Greeks called her Athene, and as\nshe also possessed gentle characteristics, she was styled Pallas.\n\nShe was the goddess of wisdom, of weaving and of agriculture, and was\nforever a virgin, scorning the affections which were frequently offered\nher. As the especial divinity of the people of Athens she put to flight\na deity named Dullness, who had ruled there.\n\n   \u201cEre Pallas issued from the Thunderer\u2019s head,\n    Dullness o\u2019er all possessed her ancient right,\n    Daughter of Chaos and Eternal Night.\u201d\n\n                                                 --_Pope._\n\nMany temples and altars were dedicated to Minerva, the most celebrated\nof all being the Parthenon at Athens.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nMinerva is a dawn goddess. Her Greek name, Athene, from the Sanskrit\n_ahana_, means the \u201clight of daybreak.\u201d She springs from the \u201cdark\nforehead of the broad heavens,\u201d searches out the dark corners, and\nfills all with her light. This conception of penetrating scrutiny\npasses readily into the idea of wisdom. The Latin _Minerva_, is\nconnected with _mens_, the English _mind_.\n\n\nART.\n\nIt is easy to recognize statues of Minerva, as she wears an \u00e6gis or\nmantle of goatskin (the emblem of the storm-cloud), the clasp of\nwhich is the head of Medusa, won for her by Perseus. It has been\nsuggested that this head so worn has an inner meaning, and that it is\nintended for a symbol of evil which, though always present, may be made\npowerless by virtue.\n\nThis well executed statue of Minerva in the Capitol, Rome, is a direct\noffspring of the colossal creation in ivory and gold by Phidias which\nstood in the Parthenon. The energetic, warlike figure is short and\nthick-set. The folds of the drapery, especially that of the upper\ngarment, are sharp and angular.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nEuterpe.\n\n\u201cThe Charmer.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_Who can bar the way of song?\n    Who can do the Muse a wrong?\n    Sooner may the stream be reined,\n    Or the noonday sunbeams chained._\u201d\n\n                             --EDITH M. THOMAS.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE NINE MUSES.\n\n   \u201cNine sisters, beautiful in form and face,\n    Came from their convent on the shining heights\n    Of Pierus, the mountain of delights,\n    To dwell among the people at its base.\n    Then seemed the world to change. All time and space,\n    Splendor of cloudless days and starry nights,\n    And men and manners, and all sounds and sights\n    Had a new meaning, a diviner grace.\u201d\n\n                                                 --_Longfellow._\n\nThe Muses were the daughters of Jupiter and Mnemosyne (memory),\nand were born at Pieria on Mt. Olmypus. To each was assigned some\nparticular department of literature, art or science, over which she\nreigned as goddess.\n\nEuterpe presided over the art of music and was called the \u201cmistress of\nsong.\u201d Thalia was Muse of comedy and burlesque, Melpomene of tragedy,\nUrania of astronomy, Terpsichore of dance, Erato of love poetry,\nPolyhymnia of sacred poetry, Calliope of heroic poetry, and Clio of\nhistory.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nEuterpe is the personification of those lofty aspirations of mortals\nwhich find expression in music. The name Euterpe means giver of\npleasure.\n\n\nART.\n\nThis finely executed statue of Euterpe is in the Louvre and is believed\nto be a copy from Scopas. The pose and attitude are remarkable for\nregal grace. The arrangement of the draperies is unique.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nOrpheus and Eurydice.\n\n   \u201c_But give them me, the mouth, the eyes, the brow;\n    Let them once more absorb me! One look now\n    Will lap me round forever, not to pass\n    Out of its light, though darkness lie beyond:\n    Hold me but safe within the bond\n    Of one immortal look! All woe that was,\n    Forgotten, and all terror that may be\n    Defied,--no past is mine, no future: look at me._\u201d\n\n                                                 --BROWNING.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nA PATHETIC LEGEND.\n\n   \u201cSuch notes as warbled to the string\n    Drew iron tears down Pluto\u2019s cheek\n    And made Hell grant what Love did seek.\u201d\n\nOrpheus and his beloved wife, Eurydice, were constant companions, but\none day Eurydice trod upon a poisonous snake, was bitten on the foot,\nand soon died. Her spirit was borne into Hades by Mercury. The husband,\nleft desolate, boldly made his way into the land of shadows, presented\nhimself before the throne of Pluto and Proserpine, and, with the aid of\nhis lyre, persuaded them to again unite the thread of Eurydice\u2019s life.\n\n   \u201cHell consented\n      To hear the Poet\u2019s prayer;\n    Stern Proserpine relented\n      And gave him back the fair.\u201d\n\n                             --_Pope._\n\nEurydice was permitted to return to earth on condition that, as she\nfollowed her husband from the regions of the dead, he should not look\nbehind him. Conducted by Mercury, they had all but passed the fatal\nlimits of that gloomy world when Orpheus, no longer able to restrain\nhis impatience, looked back, and so lost once more and forever his\nbeloved Eurydice.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nEurydice, whose name comes from a Sanskrit word denoting the\nbroad-spreading blush of dawn across the sky, is a personification of\nthat light slain by the serpent of darkness at twilight.\n\nOrpheus is sometimes considered as the sun, and the dawn (Eurydice)\nreappears opposite the place where he disappeared; as the dawn is no\nlonger seen after the sun has fairly risen, the ancients said, \u201cOrpheus\nhas turned round too soon to look at Eurydice, and so is parted from\nthe wife he loves.\u201d\n\n\nART.\n\nThis marble relief, in the Villa Albani, Naples, is a fine illustration\nof one of the leading principles of Greek art--extreme moderation in\nthe expression of passion. The greatest grief is most delicately yet\nmost intensely expressed by a few voiceless gestures.\n\nOrpheus, guided by Mercury, is leading Eurydice back from Hades.\nContrary to his contract, he turns with irresistible longing to look at\nher before they are entirely past the portals. Eurydice lovingly puts\nher hand on his shoulder. But now their parting must come. Orpheus\u2019\nbitterness at his fate is expressed by his hand, which moves toward the\nhand of his beloved. Mercury, sad and pitying, takes her by the other\nhand to lead her again \u201cdown the darkling ways.\u201d\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nBacchus.\n\n\u201cThe God of Many Names.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_The jolly god in triumph comes;\n    Sound the trumpets, beat the drums;\n    Flushed with a purple grace\n    He shows his honest face;\n    Now give the hautboys breath: he comes, he comes,\n    Bacchus, ever fair and young._\u201d\n\n                                                 --DRYDEN.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE GOD OF WINE.\n\n   \u201cIn chorus we sing of wine, sweet wine,\n    Its power benign, and its flavor divine.\u201d\n\n                             --_Martenz de la Rosa._\n\nBacchus, the youngest of the gods, was the son of Jupiter and Semele.\nHis mother, instigated by the jealous Juno, who appeared to her in\ndisguise, demanded of Jupiter that he should reveal himself to her in\nall his power and majesty. Jupiter unwillingly complied and, making his\nthunder bolts milder than usual, appeared before her. The lightning\nwhich played about his head set fire to the palace and Semele was\nconsumed. The child, Bacchus, was snatched from the flames by his\nbrother Mercury and borne away to the nymphs, who guarded him most\nfaithfully.\n\nWhile still a youth Bacchus was appointed god of wine. Spring was a\nseason of gladness for him, winter a time of sorrow. He delighted in\nroaming over the world borne by his followers or riding in his chariot\ndrawn by wild beasts. His train was composed of men and women, nymphs,\nfauns and satyrs who drank wine made from water and sunshine, ate\ngrapes, and sang the praises of their leader.\n\n   \u201cWe follow Bacchus! Bacchus on the wing,\n    A-conquering!\n    Bacchus, young Bacchus! good or ill betide,\n    We dance before him through kingdoms wide.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Keats._\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nSemele is the personification of a fertile soil in spring which brings\nforth the productive vine. Bacchus is regarded as the spiritual form of\nthe new vernal life, the sap of vegetation as manifest in the juice of\nthe grape.\n\nThe orgies were but a poetic incarnation of blithe, spiritual youth.\nThe idea of Bacchus is not a simple one. His many titles have given\nrise to an almost endless number of variations of his story which are\nin many cases inconsistent and complicated.\n\n\nART.\n\nOf the many representations of Bacchus this statue in the Naples Museum\nis considered one of the most lovely. It is full of gladness and is\nsimple, delicate and beautiful. The child Bacchus is carried on the\nshoulders of a faun. He holds a bunch of grapes in one hand and clasps\nthe head of the faun with the other. The faun is playing on cymbals and\nlooks back and up at Bacchus with a happy smile.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nApollo and Daphne.\n\n   \u201c_Was it not well, Apollo, for revenge\n    Of thine, my stronghold should imprison me?\n    Surely thou art content. No dream of thine\n    For mockery, because I loved thee not,\n    Could have matched bitterness with this, this spell\n    That holds me fast in answer to my prayer._\n\n    _Then crown thy lyre, if thou wilt so,\n    With my unwilling leaves. And let them be\n    Symbol to men, of triumph; nay, but hear;\n    To thee, memorial that I whisper now:\n    The eternal thing thou shall not overtake,\n    Token of Daphne whom thou couldst not thrall,\n    And Song that hath the sov\u2019reignty,--not thou._\u201d\n\n                                       --J.\u00a0P. PEABODY.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nAPOLLO\u2019S FIRST LOVE.\n\nOne bright morning Daphne, a charming nymph with flowing hair and\nsparkling eyes, was sporting in the forest. Apollo, passing by, saw\nthe maiden and forthwith fell in love with her. He longed to obtain\nher, but before he could reach her side she fled. He called to her\nto dismiss her fears and listen to his love. He assured her of his\nsincerity, of his standing.\n\n   \u201cYou fly, alas, not knowing whom you fly,\n    No ill-bred swain, nor rustic clown am I.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Prior._\n\nBut Daphne continued her flight, pausing not a moment to listen to his\nplea. Apollo pursued and gained upon her in the race. She called upon\nher father, the river god, for protection. \u201cHelp!\u201d she cried, \u201copen\nthe earth to enclose me or change my form which has brought me into\nthis danger.\u201d A moment more and her feet seemed rooted to the ground.\nA rough bark enclosed her quivering limbs. The woodiness crept upward\nand by degrees invested her whole body. Her trembling hands were filled\nwith leaves. She was changed into a laurel tree. Apollo, reaching out\nto embrace her, clasped the still warm tree and showered kisses on its\nleaves.\n\n   \u201cI espouse thee for my tree;\n    Be thou the prize of honor and renown;\n    The deathless poet and the poem crown:\n    Thou shalt the Roman festivals adorn,\n    But after poets be by victors worn.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Dryden._\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nDaphne is a personification of the morning dew which vanishes beneath\nthe sun\u2019s hot rays and leaves no trace of its passage except in\nluxuriant verdure.\n\n\nART.\n\nThis remarkable group was executed by Bernini--sometimes called Michael\nAngelo the second--when he was but eighteen years old, and is now in\nthe Villa Borghese, Rome. Near the close of his long life Bernini\ndeclared that he had made little progress after its production.\n\nThe flying nymph is seized by the young god and is already being\nchanged into a laurel tree. The upraised hands are terminated by twigs\nand leaves instead of fingers. The wonderful manner in which the lower\nlimbs are barked about is difficult to describe.\n\nThe technical details and mechanical skill of this group excel anything\nof the kind ever attempted, and the work is such as would beforehand\nhave been pronounced an impossibility.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nProserpine.\n\n\u201cThe Maiden.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_What ails her that she comes not home?\n    Demeter seeks her far and wide,\n    And gloomy browed doth ceaseless roam\n    From many a morn till eventide.\n   \u2018My life, immortal though it be,\n    Is naught!\u2019 she cried, \u2018for want of thee,\n    Persephone, Persephone.\u2019_\u201d\n\n                                       --JEAN INGELOW.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE ABDUCTION.\n\n   \u201c\u2019Tis he! \u2019tis he! he comes to us\n    From the depths of Tartarus.\n    For what of evil doth he roam\n    From his red and gloomy home?\u201d\n\n                             --_Barry Cornwall._\n\nPluto, the king of Hades, stole Proserpine from her mother, Ceres,\nwhile she was playing in the flowery fields and bore her away to reign\nwith him as his queen in the gloomy regions of the dead. For days the\nsorrowing mother wandered far and wide searching for her dearly loved\nchild. The earth which had so long obtained her favors was neglected.\nThe cattle died, the seed failed to germinate, there was drought,\nthistles and brambles were the only growth and famine threatened the\npeople.\n\nOne day a water nymph, who heard the lament of Ceres, told her that as\nshe had passed through the lower parts of the earth in her endeavor to\nescape from a too ardent lover, she had seen Proserpine reigning as the\nbride of the monarch there.\n\nCeres hastened to Jupiter and implored him to restore her daughter,\npromising that when she beheld her again the earth should be restored\nto fruitfulness, and\n\n                    \u201cAt last Zeus himself\n    Pitying the evil that was done, sent forth\n    His messenger beyond the western rim\n    To fetch me back to earth.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Lewis Morris._\n\nBut the release of Proserpine was not complete. Jupiter\u2019s law must be\nobeyed, but Pluto, before he let her go, persuaded her to eat a morsel\nof pomegranate by which he cast upon her a spell that would oblige her\nto return to him, for half of the year, while the other half she could\nspend with her mother. As soon as Proserpine returned to earth Ceres\ncheerfully and diligently attended to her duties and all was blessed\nwith plenty. But when six months were gone all nature mourned and wept,\nfor Proserpine left the bright world and returned to the darkness of\nHades.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nPluto, \u201cthe unseen,\u201d \u201cthe wealth giver,\u201d greedily drew all things down\nto his dismal abode. Hades was a prison or storehouse containing the\ngerms of all future harvests, and in spite of its darkness was regarded\nas a land of great riches. Ceres, the earth mother, expresses the\ngloom which falls on the earth during the cheerless months of winter.\nProserpine, spring, typifies the yearly blooming of the flowers and the\ngrowth of the corn from the seed, and hence was obliged to dwell in the\ndismal underworld during the dark days of winter, but could return with\neach spring to give gladness and fertility to the mourning earth.\n\n\nART.\n\nThis group, called the \u201cRape of Proserpine,\u201d the work of Bernini, is in\nthe Villa Ludovisi, Rome. It has received much adverse criticism, but\nhas also been greatly admired. It represents Pluto holding Proserpine\nin his brawny arms and, in spite of her struggles, carrying her off\nto Hades. In artistic excellence it does not compare with \u201cApollo and\nDaphne,\u201d which Bernini executed much earlier in life.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nCupid.\n\n\u201cThe Child Angel of Mythology.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_Though little be the God of love,\n      Yet his arrows mighty are,\n    And his victories above\n      What the valiant reach by war.\n    Nor are his limits with the sky;\n    O\u2019er the Milky Way he\u2019ll fly,\n    And sometimes wound a deity._\u201d\n\n                             --SHIRLEY.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE BOY-GOD OF LOVE.\n\n   \u201cFor Venus did but boast a son,\n    The rosy Cupid was that boasted one.\n    He, uncontrolled thro\u2019 heaven extends his sway,\n    And gods and goddesses by turns obey.\u201d\n\n                                                 --_Eusden._\n\nCupid was the beautiful but mischievous son of Venus. He was never\nwithout his bow and quiver of arrows, and whoever was hit by one of his\nmagic darts straightway fell in love. The wound was at once a pain and\na delight. Some traditions say that he shot blindfold, his aim seemed\nso often at random.\n\n   \u201cWith bandaged eyes he never sees\n    Around, below, above.\n    His blinding light\n    He flingeth white\n    On God\u2019s and Satan\u2019s brood,\n    And reconciles\n    By mystic wiles\n    The evil and the good.\u201d\n\n                             --_Emerson._\n\nAlthough nursed with tender solicitude, he did not grow as other\nchildren, but remained a small, rosy, chubby child with gauzy wings and\ndimpled face. Alarmed for his health, Venus consulted Themis (Law), who\noracularly replied, \u201cHe is solitary; if he had a brother he would grow\napace.\u201d In vain the goddess strove to catch the subtile significance\nof the answer. When Anteros, god of passion, was born, the secret was\nrevealed. When with his brother, Cupid grew until he became a graceful,\nslender youth, but when away from him he always resumed his childlike\nform and bewildering pranks.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nCupid was the lord of the dawn. To a youthful race of men love was like\na \u201cmorn radiating with heavenly splendor over their souls, pervading\ntheir hearts with a glowing warmth, purifying their whole being like a\nfresh breeze, and illuminating the whole world around them with a new\nlight.\u201d To express this feeling, the dawn of love, there was but one\nsimilitude,--the blush of day, the rising of the sun. They said \u201cThe\nsun has risen\u201d where we say \u201cI love.\u201d\n\n\nART.\n\nCupid makes one of the most attractive subjects in sculpture. We know\nhim at a glance, whether beside his mother, with Psyche, or alone.\n\nThe Cupid of the illustration is the work of Michael Angelo. It was\ndiscovered forty years ago hidden away in the cellars of the Ruccelli\nPalace, Florence, and passed by purchase into the possession of the\nEnglish nation and is now in the South Kensington Museum.\n\nCupid is seen in the statue as a well-grown youth, a noble conception\nof the young god. He seems to stand for a love that is determined, for\na love that conquers every obstacle. He has dropped on one knee to take\nan arrow from the ground. In his raised left hand he holds the bow.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nVulcan.\n\n\u201cThe Crippled Artist God.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_He made the gods their golden shoes,\n    And shod their steeds with brass._\u201d\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE GOD OF FIRE.\n\n   \u201cThose who labor\n    The sweaty forge, who edge the crooked scythe,\n    Bend stubborn steel, and harden gleaming armor,\n    Acknowledge Vulcan\u2019s aid.\u201d\n\n                                                 --_Prior._\n\nVulcan, the son of Jupiter, was born lame. He was flung from Olympus\nby his mother, Juno, who hated him for his deformity, and he fell\ninto the sea, where the mother of Achilles found him. He made for her\nson a shield, which was a wonderfully clever piece of handiwork. Many\ncelebrated pieces of metal work were ascribed to Vulcan. In revenge for\nhis mother\u2019s cruel treatment of him, he fashioned a cunningly devised\nthrone which held her by invisible bonds against her will. The thunder\nbolts of Jupiter, the trident of Neptune and the girdle of Venus all\ncame from his workshop.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nThe word Vulcan means the brightness of the flame. Vulcan is\nrepresented as lame and puny at birth because the flame comes from a\ntiny spark. He dwells in the heart of volcanoes where the intense heat\nkeeps the metals malleable so that he can mould them at will.\n\n\nART.\n\n   \u201cAt Venus\u2019 entreaty for Cupid, her son,\n    These arrows by Vulcan are cunningly done.\n    The first is Love, as here you may behold,\n    His feathers, head and body are of gold,\n    The second shaft is Hate, a foe to Love,\n    And bitter are his torments for to prove;\n    The third is Hope, from which our comfort springs,\n    His feathers they are pulled from fortune\u2019s wings;\n    Fourth, Jealousy in basest minds doth dwell:\n    His metal Vulcan\u2019s Cyclops sent from Hell.\u201d\n\n                                                 --_Peake._\n\nThorwaldsen\u2019s favorite branch of sculpture was bas relief, in which he\nexcelled. One of his numerous works in this department shows Vulcan\nforging arrows for Cupid. He is represented as an aged man hammering\nat his forge and indicating by his attitude the lameness with which,\naccording to the myth, he was afflicted, but with such delicacy as in\nno wise to detract from the god-like dignity of his figure.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nPerseus.\n\n\u201cChild of the Morning.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_For now behind her unseen, Perseus passed,\n    And silently whirled the great sword round;\n    And when it fell, she fell upon the ground,\n    And felt no more of all her bitter pain._\u201d\n\n                                       --WM. MORRIS.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE SLAYING OF THE GORGON.\n\nPerseus was sent by the tyrant, Polydictes, to attempt the conquest\nof the Gorgon, Medusa, a terrible monster, whose hair was hissing,\nwrithing snakes, and who possessed petrifying power sufficient to turn\nall beholders into stone.\n\nPerseus, favored by the gods and well equipped by them, sought the home\nof the Gorgons. He was rendered invisible by Pluto\u2019s helmet, and drew\nnear without detection. Minerva had loaned him her mirror-like shield\nand, watching in it the reflected form of Medusa, he severed her head\nand seizing it, bore it swiftly away to Polydictes, who, upon beholding\nit, turned to stone.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nPerseus, the sun, \u201cdestroyer of evil and noxious things,\u201d is forced by\nPolydictes, darkness, to journey to the home of the Gorgons, gloaming,\nand conquer Medusa, the star-lit heaven marred by ghastly vapors which\nstream like dark serpents across it.\n\n\nART.\n\nThis Perseus, by Canova, is in the Belvedere of the Vatican. It is a\nbeautifully finished statue in which the artist evidently imitated the\nApollo Belvedere. The head of Medusa is that of a young and lovely\nwoman, with the serpents arranged about her face like curling hair--yet\nCanova has succeeded in giving her that expression of \u201cfreezing disdain\nwhich pierces the very soul.\u201d\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nHebe.\n\n\u201cThe Ever Young.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_Hebe honored them of all\n    Ministered nectar and from cups of gold\n    They pledged each other._\u201d\n\n                                       --HOMER.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE CUP-BEARER.\n\nHebe was the daughter of Jupiter and Juno. She waited upon the gods and\nfilled their cups with nectar with which it was their wont to pledge\neach other. But one day she awkwardly tripped and fell, and was forced\nto resign her office to Ganymede.\n\nShe married Hercules after he was received among the gods. Later\ntraditions represent her as a divinity who had it in her power to make\naged persons young again.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nHebe, the goddess of youth, embodies the fleeting nature of human\nexistence, particularly the delightful and elusive stage of youth.\n\n   \u201cCoy Hebe flies from those that woo\n      And shuns the hands would seize upon her:\n    Follow thy life and she will sue\n      To pour for thee the cup of honor.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Lowell._\n\n\nART.\n\nThis poetic creation in the National Gallery, London, was executed\nby Canova. The buoyant Hebe is purely beautiful as she springs away\nlike the joy of youth. The light drapery does not interfere with the\nfloating movement. In one hand she lifts high the vase of ambrosia, and\nin the other holds a goblet.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nGanymede and the Eagle.\n\n   \u201c_There too flushed Ganymede, his rosy thigh\n        Half buried in the eagle\u2019s down,\n    Sole as a flying star shot through the sky\n        Above the pillared town._\u201d\n\n                                       --TENNYSON.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nA TROJAN PRINCE.\n\n   \u201cEagle pinions, swift as thought,\n    Ganymede to heaven brought,\n    Stolen from the plains of Troy,\n    Loved of gods, immortal boy!\n    Still a stranger in the skies,\n    Ganymede in heaven sighs.\u201d\n\n                   --_Edith M. Thomas._\n\nJupiter was obliged to go in quest of another cup bearer to replace\nHebe after she resigned her position. To facilitate this search, he\nassumed the form of an eagle and winged his flight over the earth. He\nhad not flown far when he beheld Ganymede, a youth of marvelous beauty,\nalone on Mt. Ida. To swoop down, clutch him in his mighty talons and\nbear him safely off to Olympus, was the work of but a few moments.\nThere the kidnapped youth, the son of the king of Troy, was carefully\ntaught the duties he was called upon to perform.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nLike Hebe, Ganymede personifies youth. Astronomers place him among\nthe stars under the name of Aquarius. There is but little growth of\nmythical tradition about his personality.\n\n\nART.\n\nThis pleasing composition, referred by critics to the Alexandrian\nperiod, now in the Naples Museum, shows Ganymede standing by the side\nof the eagle and passing his arm about the bird\u2019s neck. The eagle is\nplaced on a stump so as to bring his head nearer to a level with the\nboy\u2019s arm.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nCupid Stung.\n\n\n\u201cCupid once upon a bed Of roses laid his weary head; Luckless urchin,\nnot to see Within the leaves a slumbering bee. The bee awaked--with\nanger wild The bee awaked, and stung the child Loud and piteous are\nhis cries; To Venus quick he runs, he flies; \u2018Oh, mother--I am wounded\nthrough--I die with pain--in sooth I do! Stung by some little angry\nthing, Some serpent on a tiny wing--A bee it was--for once I know, I\nheard a rustic call it so.\u2019 Thus he spoke, and she the while Heard him\nwith a soothing smile; Then said, \u2018My infant, if so much Thou feel the\nlittle wild-bee\u2019s touch, How must the heart, ah, Cupid, be, The hapless\nheart that\u2019s stung by thee!\u2019\u201d\n\n                   --_Moore._ (_Anacreon._)\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nCupid and Psyche.\n\n   \u201c_Pallas shall sit enthroned in wisdom\u2019s station\n      Cupid and Psyche be forever wed,\n    And still the primal loveliest creation\n      Yield new delight from ancient beauty bred._\u201d\n\n                                       --E.\u00a0C. STEDMAN.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nA FAIRY TALE.\n\n   \u201cNo dulcet sounds escaped her lyre\n      E\u2019en when the summer nights were nigh;\n    Till Cupid came with glance of fire\n      And taught her all the mystery.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Goethe._\n\nPsyche was the youngest of three daughters of a king and by her beauty\nincurred the jealousy and envy of Venus, who commanded her son, Cupid,\nto slay her. Cupid prepared to obey the command, but became so stricken\nwith Psyche\u2019s beauty that he fell in love with her and sent a Zephyr to\nconvey her to a splendid palace where he became her husband. He visited\nher, however, only when the shades of night fell and entreated her to\nmake no attempt to discover his name or see his face, warning her that\nif she did he would be forced to leave her, never to return.\n\n   \u201cDear, I am with thee only while I keep\n    My visage hidden: and if thou once shouldst see\n    My face, I must forsake thee: the high gods\n    Link Love with Faith, and he withdraws himself\n    From the full gaze of Knowledge.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Lewis Morris._\n\nPsyche promised to respect his wishes and when the first faint streak\nof dawn appeared he bade her farewell to return at night.\n\n   \u201cNow on broad pinions from the realms above\n    Descending, Cupid seeks the Cyprian grove;\n    To his wide arms enamoured Psyche springs\n    And clasps her lover with aurelian wings.\n    A purple sash across his shoulder bends\n    And fringed with gold his quivered shaft suspends.\u201d\n\n                                                 --_Darwin._\n\nWhile the novelty of the situation lasted Psyche was happy, but soon\nher sisters came and filled her bosom with dark suspicions.\n\n   \u201cThey told her that he to whose vows she had listened\n      Through night\u2019s fleeting hours was a spirit unblest;\n    Unholy the eyes that beside her had glistened\n      And evil the lips she in darkness had pressed.\n    When next in thy chamber the bridegroom reclineth\n      Bring near him thy lamp when in slumber he lies,\n    And when the light o\u2019er his dark features shineth\n      Thou\u2019ll see what a demon has won all thy sighs.\u201d\n\n                                                 --_Moore._\n\nPsyche\u2019s curiosity and suspicions overcame her discretion and\naccordingly when Cupid was asleep she took a lamp and, bending over\nhim, beheld not a hideous monster, but the most beautiful of the gods.\nIn the excitement of joy and fear, a drop of hot oil fell from the lamp\nupon his shoulder. He opened his eyes and fixed them full upon her,\nthen spreading his white wings, flew away only stopping long enough to\nsay:\n\n   \u201cFarewell--what a dream thy suspicion hath broken!\n      Thus ever affection\u2019s fond vision is crost.\n    Dissolved are her spells when a doubt is but spoken,\n      And love once disturbed forever is lost.\u201d\n\n                                                 --_Moore._\n\nPsyche, disconsolate, wandered over the earth seeking her lover, and\nat length came to the palace of Venus. Venus retained her as a slave\nand imposed upon her the hardest and most humiliating labors. She would\nhave perished but that Cupid, who still loved her in secret, invisibly\ncomforted her. One day he found her asleep by the roadside with the\nmarks of grief upon her lovely face. He softly kissed her and said:\n\n   \u201cDear, unclose thine eyes,\n    Thou mayst look on me now, I go no more,\n    But am thine own forever.\u201d\n\n                             --_Lewis Morris._\n\nHe bore her away to Mt. Olympus where their union was blessed by the\ngods.\n\n   \u201cSo now in steadfast love and happy state,\n      They hold for aye their mansion in the sky,\n    And send down heavenly peace on those who mate,\n      In virgin love, to find their joy thereby.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Robert Bridges._\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nCupid is an emblem of the heart. The Greek word for butterfly is Psyche\nand the same word means soul.\n\n   \u201cThe butterfly the ancient Grecians made\n    The soul\u2019s fair emblem.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Coleridge._\n\nThe purpose of the story is to illustrate the three stages in the\nexistence of a soul--its pre-existence in a blessed state, its\nexistence on earth, its trials and anguish, and its future state of\nhappy immortality.\n\n\nART.\n\nOne of the most beautiful of the many representations of this\nfascinating story is Canova\u2019s statue in the Louvre of Cupid awakening\nPsyche. We cannot fail to have an exalted conception of true beauty\nafter gazing upon it. It has been said that no kiss in modern art is so\nideal as the one here enjoyed. The youthful figures show grace of form\ncombined with an exalted spirituality. Only a refined nature could have\nconceived the subject so purely.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nMercury.\n\n\u201cThe Master Thief.\u201d\n\n                \u201c_By thy winged cap\n    And winged heels I know thee: thou art Hermes,\n    Captain of thieves! Hast thou again been stealing\n    heifers of Admetus in the sweet\n    Meadows of Asphodel?_\u201d\n\n                                                 --LONGFELLOW.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE THEFT.\n\nMercury was remarkable for his dexterity and cunning. On the day of his\nbirth he stole the \u201cimmortal oxen\u201d of Apollo and drove them off to a\nsecluded spot where he concealed them. When Apollo missed his cattle he\nbegan to search for some clue to their hiding place or to the thief,\nbut found nothing except a few broken limbs and scattered twigs.\n\nSuddenly he remembered that the babe whose birth had been announced\nthat morning in high Olympus, had been appointed god of thieves. He\nsoon discovered the young rogue hidden away in his cradle. Mercury put\non a pretty air of innocence and denied all knowledge of the cattle;\nbut Apollo was not easily deceived. He took the thief to Jupiter, who\nordered him to make restitution. Mercury gave his lyre to Apollo who\npresented him in return with the divining rod, which afterwards became\nthe caduceus, and they were then the best of friends.\n\nAlthough Mercury in his lowest aspects was an accomplished liar and\ncunning thief, he was at the same time a swift and trusted messenger of\nthe gods, the fair youth of whom Homer speaks:\n\n\u201cStraightway beneath his feet he bound his fair golden sandals divine\nthat bore him over the wet sea and o\u2019er the boundless land with the\nbreathings of the wind.\u201d\n\nMercury, when commissioned by the \u201chigh thundering Zeus\u201d to perform an\nerrand much to his distaste, thus soliloquizes:\n\n   \u201cMuch must he toil who serves the Immortal Gods,\n    And I, who am their herald, most of all\n    No rest have I, nor respite. I no sooner\n    Unclasp the winged sandals from my feet,\n    Than I again must clasp them, and depart\n    Upon some foolish errand.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Longfellow._\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nApollo (sun) possessed great herds of cattle (clouds). Mercury (wind),\nborn in the night, after a few hours\u2019 existence waxes sufficiently\nstrong to drive away the clouds and conceal them, leaving no trace of\nhis passage except broken branches and scattered leaves. His swiftness,\nhis strength and his persuasive powers make him an ideal messenger.\n\n\nART.\n\nThis charming composition by J. A. Delorme, in the Luxembourg,\nrepresents Mercury preparing to depart upon some errand for the gods.\nHe is seated upon a rock in an easy, graceful attitude and is binding\non his sandals while he seems to be deliberating upon the nature of the\ntask he is about to perform. His limbs give an impression of strength\ncombined with agility.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nMercury.\n\n   \u201c_Foot-feathered Mercury appeared sublime\n    Beyond the tall tree-tops, and in less time\n    Than shoots the slanted hailstones down he dropt,\n    One moment from his home; only the sward\n    He with his wand light touched, and heavenward\n    Swifter than the flight was gone._\u201d\n\n                                                 --KEATS.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE INVENTOR.\n\nMercury was not only the swift messenger of the gods, but presided\nover commerce, wrestling and other gymnastic exercises, and was the\ngiver of sweet sleep. To him was ascribed the invention of the lyre. He\nfound one day a tortoise of which he took the shell, made holes in the\nopposite edges, drew cords of linen through, and lo, the instrument was\ncomplete. The cords were nine in number in honor of the nine Muses.\n\n   \u201cSo there it lay, through wet and dry,\n      As empty as the last new sonnet,\n    Till by and by came Mercury,\n      And having mused upon it,\n   \u2018Why here,\u2019 cried he, \u2018the thing of things,\n      In shape, material and dimension,\n    Give it but strings and lo it sings,\n      A wonderful invention.\u2019\n    So said, so done; the cords he strained\n      And as his fingers o\u2019er them hovered,\n    The shell disdained a soul had gained,\n      The lyre had been discovered.\n    O empty world that round us lies,\n      Dead shell of soul and thought forsaken,\n    Brought we but eyes like Mercury\u2019s,\n      In thee what songs would waken.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Lowell._\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nMercury was the wind, and the music he invented was the \u201cmelody of\nthe winds which can awaken feelings of joy and sorrow, of regret and\nyearning, of fear and hope, of vehement gladness and of utter despair.\u201d\n\n\nART.\n\nChapu has here shown Mercury as a beautiful, vigorous youth with two\nlight wings quivering on his head and winged sandals on his feet,\nemblematic of his swiftness. He is touching the ground with his magic\nwand round which two serpents entwine themselves.\n\nThe statue is in the Luxembourg.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nThe Genius of Death.\n\n                                  \u201c_This hour\n    Thou art the shadow of life, and as the tree\n    Stands in the sun and shadows all beneath,\n    So in the light of great eternity\n    Life eminent creates the shadow of death;\n    The shadow passeth when the tree shall fall,\n    But I shall reign forever over all._\u201d\n\n                                       --TENNYSON.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHANATOS.\n\nThanatos, or Mors, the god of Death and twin brother of Sleep dwelt\nin a dark cavern near the entrance to Tartarus. His office was to\nintroduce all men to the subterranean abode and reveal to them its\nsecrets. Occasionally he was followed with meekness and submission, but\nmore often his approach was regarded with fear. He performed his task\nwith such relentless severity that at the sight of his gloomy figure\nmen\u2019s hearts trembled and their minds were filled with awful thoughts.\n\n\nART.\n\nThe god of death has often been represented in art as a hideous,\ncadaverous looking deity, clad in a winding sheet and holding an hour\nglass and a scythe. We have a more attractive personification in\nCanova\u2019s \u201cGenius of Death,\u201d a detail of the tomb of Clement XIII., in\nSt. Peter\u2019s, Rome.\n\nThe beautiful, pensive youth is sitting in a quiet, restful attitude\nholding an extinguished torch. The sleeping lion at his feet adds to\nthe general air of repose.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nThe Graces.\n\n\u201cGoddesses of Gracefulness.\u201d\n\n   \u201c_The three on men all gracious gifts bestow\n    Which deck the body or adorn the mind,\n    To make them lovely or well favored show;\n    As comely carriage, entertainment kind,\n    Sweet semblance, friendly offices that bind\n    And all the compliments of courtesy;\n    They teach us how to each degree and kind\n    We should ourselves demean, to low, to high,\n    To friends, to foes; which skill men call Civility._\u201d\n\n                                                 --SPENSER.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHREE CHARITIES.\n\nThree sisters, Euphrosyne, Aglaia, and Thalia, in fair Venus\u2019 train\nwith the \u201crosy bosomed Hours,\u201d were goddesses who enhanced the\nenjoyments of life by refinement and gentleness. They were young\nand modest maidens always dancing, singing or running, or decking\nthemselves with flowers. Their home was on Mt. Olympus where they often\ndanced before the deities. The Greeks believed that labor without\ngracefulness was in vain, and so Minerva, who presided over the serious\nbusiness of life, often called in the aid of the Graces. They also\nassisted Mercury in his capacity of god of oratory.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nThe manifold beauty which the works of nature, especially in spring\ntime, display would seem to have given rise in early times to a belief\nin the existence of certain goddesses at first simply as guardians\nof the vernal sweetness and beauty of nature, and afterward as the\nfriends and protectors of everything graceful and beautiful. Purity\nand happiness in life and gratitude among men were associated with\nthem. The name \u201cGrati\u00e6,\u201d or \u201cCharites,\u201d signifies the exercise of kind\naffection, or the charities of life.\n\n\nART.\n\nThese figures of the Graces by Canova, in the Borghese Gallery, Rome,\nare classic in outline and refined in treatment. They show not a trace\nof sensuality. Many artists have delighted in reproducing this type of\nthe Graces.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nPan.\n\n   \u201c_Who weeps the death of Pan? Pan is not dead,\n    But loves the shepherds still; still leads the fauns\n    In merry dances o\u2019er the grassy lawns,\n    To his own pipes; ...\n    Pan cannot die till Nature\u2019s decease!\n    Full oft the reverent worshiper descries\n    His ruddy face and mischief-glancing eyes\n    Beneath the branches of old forest trees\n    That tower remote from steps of worldly men,\n    Or hear his laugh far echoing down the glen._\u201d\n\n                                                 --J.\u00a0G. SAXE.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nAN ARCADIAN GOD.\n\nPan was god of the woods and fields, flocks and shepherds, and his\nfavorite residence was Arcadia. He was fond of music and led the dances\nof the Hours and Graces.\n\nThe story goes that a coy nymph whom he loved and endeavored to gain\nwas changed into a reed which he cut and fashioned into the Syrinx or\nPan\u2019s pipe. With this he charmed trees and flowers as well as men and\nanimals.\n\n   \u201cMad with love, and laden\n      With immortal pain,\n    Pan pursued a maiden--\n      Pan, the god, in vain.\n\n    For when Pan had nearly\n      Touched her wild to plead,\n    She was gone--and clearly\n      In her place a reed!\n\n    Long the God unwilling\n      Through the valley strayed,\n    Then at last submitting,\n      Cut the reed and made,\n\n    Deftly fashioned seven\n      Pipes, and poured his pain\n    Unto earth and heaven\n      In a piercing strain.\u201d\n\n                   --_Archibald Lampman._\n\nAlthough Pan had a pleasant, cheerful face, he was curiously formed,\nhaving a man\u2019s body and a goat\u2019s legs and feet. He was supposed to\ndelight in inspiring people with sudden and unfounded fears--hence the\nword _panic_.\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nThe character of Pan was symbolic of Nature; the music of his pipes was\nthe gentle, intermittent breeze.\n\nThe lower part of his body was that of a goat on account of the\nrough and rocky nature of his favorite haunts. His leaf-shaped\nears--terminating in little peaks like those of some animals--indicate\nhis wild, forest nature.\n\n\nART.\n\nThe face and figure of Pan as displayed in this statue by Fremiet,\nin the Luxembourg, give an idea of an easy, amiable creature. It is\nimpossible to gaze long at it without conceiving a kindly sentiment\ntowards it. The nose is almost straight, but curves inward slightly,\ngiving the face a good-humored charm. The mouth seems so nearly to\nsmile outright that one involuntarily smiles in return.\n\n\n\n\n[Illustration]\n\nHope.\n\n   \u201c_Oh, may she never,\n    Till life\u2019s lamp is quenched,\n    Turn away from me--\n    That noble reciter,\n    Comforter--Hope._\u201d\n\n                             --GOETHE.\n\n\nSTORY.\n\nTHE PAGAN EVE.\n\n   \u201cDowered with all celestial gifts,\n      Skilled in every art\n    That ennobles and uplifts\n      And delights the heart,\n    Fair on earth shall be thy fame\n      As thy face is fair,\n    And Pandora be the name\n      Thou henceforth shalt bear.\u201d\n\n                             --_Longfellow._\n\nTo Prometheus, a giant who first inhabited the earth, was attributed\nthe creation of man.\n\n   \u201cPrometheus first transmuted\n      Atoms culled from human clay.\u201d\n\n                             --_Horace._\n\nIt is also said that he stole fire from heaven and so cleverly used it\nfor the benefit of humanity that it finally gave man dominion over all\nthe earth.\n\n   \u201cBeautiful is the tradition\n      Of that flight through heavenly portals,\n    The old classic superstition\n    Of the theft and the transmission\n      Of the fire of the Immortals.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Longfellow._\n\nJupiter so grudged fire to mortals that he became furious with anger\nand in revenge ordered Vulcan to fashion a woman out of clay and send\nher to man to bring misery upon him.\n\n   \u201cThe crippled artist god,\n    Illustrious, moulded from the yielding clay\n    A bashful virgin\u2019s image, as advised\n    Saturnian Jove.\u201d\n\n                                       --_Hesiod._\n\nThe woman was named Pandora and on her were bestowed all the charms and\nweaknesses of human nature. Mercury led her to Epimetheus who, though\nwarned by his brother Prometheus not to accept any gifts from the gods,\nsuccumbed at once to her beauty and made her his wife. He conveyed her\nto his home, where all went merrily until Pandora discovered a box\nhidden away in her husband\u2019s house. She was seized with a curiosity to\nknow its contents, but Epimetheus forbade her to meddle with it.\n\n   \u201cYon mysterious chest\n    Attracts and fascinates me. Would I knew\n    What there lies hidden! but the oracle forbids.\u201d\n\n                                            --_Longfellow._\n\nThe allurement proved too great, however. Stealthily she raised the\nlid to take a peep within and lo, out flew a multitude of plagues and\nscattered themselves over the earth to forever torment hapless man with\ndiseases, vices and crimes. All that remained was Hope. After many\nentreaties she came forth to heal the wounds inflicted by her former\nfellow prisoners. \u201cThus entered evil into the world bringing untold\nmisery: thus followed Hope to point to a happier future.\u201d\n\n\nINTERPRETATION.\n\nThe progress of civilization is symbolized by fire and its adaptation\nto the uses of mankind.\n\nPrometheus means forethought or Providence; Epimetheus afterthought.\nTo be wise after an event is often to be wise too late. The temptation\nof Epimetheus came in the form of Pandora (all gifts), and was too\nfascinating to be resisted.\n\nDiseases and evils can do no harm until they are let loose.\n\n\nART.\n\nThorwaldsen possessed in a remarkable degree the genuine antique spirit\nand in this figure of Hope he has embodied the calm simplicity and\ncheerful repose which make the key note of the best Greek sculpture.\nThere is about it a noble charm which seems to be a reflex of an inward\npurity. The smile Hope wears is delicately expressive of her name.\n\n\n\n\nSuggestive Readings.\n\n\n_Jupiter_\n\n  Olympian Gods. \u00a0\u00a0W.\u00a0E. Gladstone, _N.\u00a0A. Review_, April, 1892.\n  Epic of Hades.\u00a0\u00a0Wm. Morris.\n  Jupiter and Dana\u00eb.\u00a0\u00a0J.\u00a0G. Saxe.\n  Jove to Hercules.\u00a0\u00a0Schiller.\n\n\n_Juno_\n\n  Hymn of Terpander to Juno.\u00a0\u00a0Landor.\n  Marble Faun, Chap. I.\u00a0\u00a0Hawthorne.\n\n\n_Apollo Belvedere_\n\n  Apollo and the Fates.\u00a0\u00a0R. Browning.\n  Fable for Critics.\u00a0\u00a0Lowell.\n  Apollo.\u00a0\u00a0E.\u00a0C. Stedman.\n  Apollo Pythias.\u00a0\u00a0R.\u00a0W. Dixon.\n  The Sun\u2019s Darling.\u00a0\u00a0Dekker.\n\n\n_Niobe_\n\n  Songs Unsung.\u00a0\u00a0Morris.\n  Childe Harold.\u00a0\u00a0Byron.\n  Daphne and Other Poems.\u00a0\u00a0Tennyson.\n\n\n_Mars_\n\n  Secular Masque.\u00a0\u00a0Dryden.\n  Faery Queen.\u00a0\u00a0Spenser.\n\n\n_Laocoon_\n\n  Laocoon.\u00a0\u00a0Lessing.\n  Laocoon.\u00a0\u00a0James Sadolet.\n\n\n_Venus_\n\n  Birth of Venus, New Symbols.\u00a0\u00a0Hake.\n  Venus Victrix.\u00a0\u00a0D.\u00a0G. Rossetti.\n  Venus and Vulcan.\u00a0\u00a0J.\u00a0D. Saxe.\n\n\n_Hercules_\n\n  Hercules Spinning.\u00a0\u00a0J.\u00a0D. Saxe.\n  Jove to Hercules.\u00a0\u00a0Schiller.\n\n\n_Neptune_\n\n  Song of the Sirens.\u00a0\u00a0Lowell.\n  Hymn in Praise of Neptune.\u00a0\u00a0Campion.\n\n\n_Three Fates_\n\n  Parc\u00e6.\u00a0\u00a0T.\u00a0B. Aldrich.\n\n\n_Meleager_\n\n  Death of Meleager.\u00a0\u00a0Swinburne.\n\n\n_Muses_\n\n  Prayer to the Muses.\u00a0\u00a0E. Arnold.\n  Spring.\u00a0\u00a0Pope.\n\n\n_Diana_\n\n  Hymn of the Priestess, Diana.\n  To Artemis.\u00a0\u00a0A. Lang.\n  Endymion.\u00a0\u00a0Longfellow.\n\n\n_Ariadne_\n\n  How Bacchus finds Ariadne.\u00a0\u00a0E.\u00a0B. Browning.\n  Hanging of the Crane.\u00a0\u00a0Longfellow.\n\n\n_Minerva_\n\n  Queen of the Air.\u00a0\u00a0Ruskin.\n  On an Intaglio Head of Minerva.\u00a0\u00a0T.\u00a0B. Aldrich.\n\n\n_Orpheus_\n\n  Orpheus: A Masque.\u00a0\u00a0Mrs. Jas. T. Fields.\n  Orpheus.\u00a0\u00a0Shelley.\n  Waking of Eurydice.\u00a0\u00a0Gosse.\n\n\n_Daphne_\n\n  Daphne.\u00a0\u00a0Swift.\n  Daphne.\u00a0\u00a0Tennyson.\n\n\n_Proserpine_\n\n  The Search for Proserpine.\u00a0\u00a0R.\u00a0H. Stoddard.\n  The Appeasement of Demeter.\u00a0\u00a0Geo. Meredith.\n\n\n_Cupid and Psyche_\n\n  Marius the Epicurean.\u00a0\u00a0Walter Pater.\n  Eros and Psyche.\u00a0\u00a0Dr. Paul Carus.\n  Marriage of Cupid and Psyche.\u00a0\u00a0E.\u00a0B. Browning.\n\n\n_Cupid_\n\n  Cupid\u2019s Birth.\u00a0\u00a0_Cosmopolitan_, XX., 189.\n  Death and Cupid.\u00a0\u00a0J.\u00a0G. Saxe.\n  Cupid Stung.\u00a0\u00a0E. Arnold.\n\n\n_Perseus_\n\n  Wonder Book--Gorgon Head.\u00a0\u00a0Hawthorne.\n\n\n_Bacchus_\n\n  Bacchus.\n  Bacchus--Poems.\u00a0\u00a0Emerson.\n  Praise of Dionysus.\u00a0\u00a0Gosse.\n  Dionysus--Greek Studies.\u00a0\u00a0Walter Pater.\n\n\n_Hebe_\n\n  Hebe.\u00a0\u00a0Lowell.\n  Fall of Hebe.\u00a0\u00a0Moore.\n\n\n_Ganymede_\n\n  Palace of Art.\u00a0\u00a0Tennyson.\n\n\n_Mercury_\n\n  Mercury.\u00a0\u00a0Boyesen.\n  Ph\u0153bus and Hermes.\u00a0\u00a0Goethe.\n\n\n_Pan_\n\n  The Dead Pan.\u00a0\u00a0E.\u00a0B. Browning.\n  Pan in Love.\u00a0\u00a0W.\u00a0W. Story.\n  Pan and Pitys.\u00a0\u00a0Landor.\n\n\n\n\nBibliography.\n\n\nBooks recommended should further study be desired:\n\n  Studies of the Gods in Greece.\u00a0\u00a0Dyer.\n  Juventus Mundi.\u00a0\u00a0Gladstone.\n  Myths and Legends of Ancient Greece and Rome.\u00a0\u00a0Berens.\n  Lays and Legends of Ancient Greece.\u00a0\u00a0Blackie.\n  Manual of Mythology in its Relation to Greek Art.\u00a0\u00a0Collignon.\n  Manual of Mythology.\u00a0\u00a0Cox.\n  Classic Myths.\u00a0\u00a0Gayley.\n  History of Sculpture.\u00a0\u00a0L\u00fcbke.\n  Age of Fable; or Beauties of Mythology.\u00a0\u00a0Bulfinch.\n  Handbook of Greek Sculpture.\u00a0\u00a0Gardner.\n  Studies in Greek Art.\u00a0\u00a0Harrison.\n  Greek Studies.\u00a0\u00a0Pater.\n  Myths of Old Greece, I., II., III.\u00a0\u00a0Pratt.\n\n\n\n\nSynonymous Deities.\n\n\n  _Greek._                            _Roman._\n  Zeus (z\u016bs)                        Jupiter (j\u00f6\u00b4pi-ter)\n  Hera (h\u0113\u00b4r\u00e4)                      Juno (j\u00f6\u00b4n\u014d)\n  Ares (\u0101\u00b4r\u0113z)                      Mars (m\u00e4rz)\n  Aphrodite (af-r\u014d-d\u012b\u00b4t\u0113)           Venus (v\u0113\u00b4nus)\n  Artemis (\u00e4r\u00b4t\u0113-mis)               Diana (d\u012b-an\u00b4\u00e4)\n  Athene (a-th\u0113\u00b4n\u0113)                 Minerva (mi-ner\u00b4v\u00e4)\n  Demeter (de-m\u0113\u00b4ter)               Ceres (s\u0113\u00b4r\u0113z)\n  Dionysus (d\u012b-\u014d-n\u012b\u00b4sus)            Bacchus (bak\u00b4us)\n  Eros (\u0113\u00b4ros)                      Cupid (k\u016b\u00b4pid)\n  Hades (h\u0101\u00b4d\u0113z)                    Pluto (pl\u00f6\u00b4t\u014d)\n  Heph\u00e6stus (he-fes\u00b4tus)            Vulcan (vul\u00b4kan)\n  Hermes (her\u00b4m\u0113z)                  Mercury (mer-k\u016b-ri)\n  Leto (l\u0113\u00b4to)                      Latona (l\u0101-t\u014d\u00b4n\u00e4)\n  Nike (n\u012b\u00b4-k\u0113)                     Victoria (vik-t\u014d\u00b4ri-\u00e4)\n  Persephone (per-sef\u00b4\u014d-n\u0113)         Proserpine (pros\u00b4er-pin)\n  Poseidon (p\u014d-s\u012b\u00b4don)              Neptune (nep\u00b4t\u016bn)\n\n\n\n\n      *      *      *      *      *      *\n\n\n\n\nTranscriber\u2019s note:\n\nPunctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a\npredominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they\nwere not changed.\n\nSimple typographical errors were corrected; unpaired quotation\nmarks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left\nunpaired.\n\nPage 63: \u201cunparalleled\u201d was printed as \u201cunparalled\u201d; corrected here.\n\nPage 73: The poem attributed to Ben Johnson was written by John Keates,\nand differs from standard versions of the poem.\n\nPage 167: \u201cHeph\u00e6stus\u201d was printed without the \u201ct\u201d, but the\npronunciation was printed with it.","title":"Mythology in Marble","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":15575}