{"collection":"myth-cosmogony","full_text_available":true,"graph_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/api/page/gutenberg_68769/graph","html_url":"https://unchartedknowledge.5gfusion.net/v2/page/gutenberg_68769","id":"gutenberg_68769","license":"Public Domain (US)","rights_basis":"gutenberg_metadata_copyright_false","source":"gutenberg","source_url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/68769","summary":null,"tags":["Category: Encyclopedias/Dictionaries/Reference","Category: History - Ancient","Category: Mythology, Legends & Folklore","Classical dictionaries"],"text":"A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY\n\n\n\n\n \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\n \u2502 \u2502\n \u2502 Transcriber\u2019s Notes \u2502\n \u2502 \u2502\n \u2502 \u2502\n \u2502 Punctuation has been standardized. \u2502\n \u2502 \u2502\n \u2502 To facilitate usage by modern readers, most abbreviated \u2502\n \u2502 Latin words and names have been expanded to their common \u2502\n \u2502 non-abbreviated form. (Example: Hom. expanded to Homer; \u2502\n \u2502 Hor. expanded to Horace.) Also, labels have been added to \u2502\n \u2502 references for book (bk.), chapter (ch.), line (li.), and \u2502\n \u2502 letter (ltr.) for clarity. \u2502\n \u2502 \u2502\n \u2502 Characters in small caps have been replaced by all caps. \u2502\n \u2502 \u2502\n \u2502 Non-printable characteristics have been given the following \u2502\n \u2502 Italic text: --> _text_ \u2502\n \u2502 bold text: --> =text=. \u2502\n \u2502 \u2502\n \u2502 This book was written in a period when many words had \u2502\n \u2502 not become standardized in their spelling. Words may have \u2502\n \u2502 multiple spelling variations or inconsistent hyphenation in \u2502\n \u2502 the text. These have been left unchanged unless indicated \u2502\n \u2502 with a Transcriber\u2019s Note. \u2502\n \u2502 \u2502\n \u2502 The symbol \u2018\u2021\u2019 indicates the description in parenthesis has \u2502\n \u2502 been added to an illustration. This may be needed if there \u2502\n \u2502 is no caption or if the caption does not describe the image \u2502\n \u2502 adequately. \u2502\n \u2502 \u2502\n \u2502 In the listings, the alphabetical order of topics has been \u2502\n \u2502 corrected, but no topics have been added or removed. The \u2502\n \u2502 letters \u201cI\u201d and \u201cJ\u201d, and the letters \u201cU\u201d and \u201cV\u201d, are \u2502\n \u2502 considered synonymous and alphabetized together by the author.\u2502\n \u2502 \u2502\n \u2502 Footnotes are identified in the text with a superscript \u2502\n \u2502 number and are shown immediately below the paragraph in which \u2502\n \u2502 they appear. \u2502\n \u2502 \u2502\n \u2502 Transcriber\u2019s Notes are used when making corrections to the \u2502\n \u2502 text or to provide additional information for the modern \u2502\n \u2502 reader. These notes are identified by \u2666\u2660\u2665\u2663 symbols in the \u2502\n \u2502 text and are shown immediately below the paragraph in which \u2502\n \u2502 they appear. \u2502\n \u2502 \u2502\n \u2502 Some of the tables at the end are extra wide and may require \u2502\n \u2502 scrolling to the right to see the entire table. \u2502\n \u2502 \u2502\n \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\n\n\n\n\n LEMPRIERE\u2019S CLASSICAL DICTIONARY.\n\n\n\n\n A\n CLASSICAL DICTIONARY\n\n CONTAINING A COPIOUS ACCOUNT\n OF ALL THE PROPER NAMES\n MENTIONED IN ANCIENT AUTHORS\n\n WITH\n\n THE VALUE OF COINS, WEIGHTS, AND MEASURES\n USED AMONG THE GREEKS AND ROMANS\n\n AND\n\n A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE\n\n\n BY\n\n J. LEMPRIERE, D.D.\n\n\n Illustration: (\u2021 Colophon)\n\n\n LONDON\n GEORGE ROUTLEDGE AND SONS, LIMITED\n NEW YORK: E. P. DUTTON AND CO.\n 1904\n\n\n Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.\n At the Ballantyne Press\n\n\n\n\n PREFACE\n\n TO THE ORIGINAL EDITION.\n\n\nIN the following pages it has been the wish of the author to give\nthe most accurate and satisfactory account of all the proper names\nwhich occur in reading the Classics, and by a judicious collection of\nanecdotes and historical facts to draw a picture of ancient times, not\nless instructive than entertaining. Such a work, it is hoped, will not\nbe deemed a useless acquisition in the hands of the public; and while\nthe student is initiated in the knowledge of history and mythology,\nand familiarized with the ancient situation and extent of kingdoms and\ncities that no longer exist, the man of letters may, perhaps, find it\nnot a contemptible companion, from which he may receive information,\nand be made, a second time, acquainted with many important particulars\nwhich time, or more laborious occupations, may have erased from his\nmemory. In the prosecution of his plan, the author has been obliged\nto tread in the steps of many learned men, whose studies have been\ndirected, and not without success, to facilitate the attainment of\nclassical knowledge, and of the ancient languages. Their compositions\nhave been to him a source of information, and he trusts that their\nlabours have now found new elucidation in his own, and that, by a\ndue consideration of every subject, he has been enabled to imitate\ntheir excellences, without copying their faults. Many compositions of\nthe same nature have issued from the press, but they are partial and\nunsatisfactory. The attempts to be concise, have rendered the labours\nof one barren and uninstructive, while long and unconnected quotations\nof passages from Greek and Latin writers, disfigure the page of\nthe other, and render the whole insipid and disgusting. It cannot,\ntherefore, be a discouraging employment now, to endeavour to finish\nwhat others have left imperfect, and with the conciseness of Stephens,\nto add the diffuse researches of Lloyd, Hoffman, Collier, &c. After\npaying due attention to the ancient poets and historians, from whom the\nmost authentic information can be received, the labours of more modern\nauthors have been consulted, and every composition distinguished for\nthe clearness and perspicuity of historical narration, or geographical\ndescriptions, has been carefully examined. Truly sensible of what he\nowes to modern Latin and English writers and commentators, the author\nmust not forget to make a public acknowledgment of the assistance he\nhas likewise received from the labours of the French. In the Si\u00e8cles\nPayens of l\u2019Abb\u00e9 Sabatier de Castres he has found all the information\nwhich judicious criticism, and a perfect knowledge of heathen mythology,\ncould procure. The compositions of l\u2019Abb\u00e9 Banier have also been useful;\nand in the Dictionnaire Historique, of a literary society, printed at\nCaen, a treasure of original anecdotes, and a candid selection and\narrangement of historical facts, have been discovered.\n\nIt was the original design of the author of this Dictionary to give a\nminute explanation of all the names of which Pliny and other ancient\ngeographers make mention; but, upon a second consideration of the\nsubject, he was convinced that it would have increased his volume in\nbulk, and not in value. The learned reader will be sensible of the\npropriety of this remark, when he recollects that the names of many\nplaces mentioned by Pliny and Pausanias occur nowhere else in ancient\nauthors; and that to find the true situation of an insignificant\nvillage mentioned by Strabo, no other writer but Strabo is to be\nconsulted.\n\nThis Dictionary being undertaken more particularly for the use of\nschools, it has been thought proper to mark the quantity of the\npenultimate of every word, and to assist the student who can receive\nno fixed and positive rules for pronunciation. In this the authority\nof Smethius has been followed, as also Leede\u2019s edition of Labbe\u2019s\nCatholici Indices.\n\nAs every publication should be calculated to facilitate literature,\nand to be serviceable to the advancement of the sciences, the author\nof this Dictionary did not presume to intrude himself upon the public,\nbefore he was sensible that his humble labours would be of some service\nto the lovers of the ancient languages. The undertaking was for the\nuse of schools, therefore he thought none so capable of judging of\nits merit, and of ascertaining its utility, as those who preside\nover the education of youth. With this view, he took the liberty to\ncommunicate his intentions to several gentlemen in that line, not\nless distinguished for purity of criticism, than for their classical\nabilities, and from them he received all the encouragement which the\ndesire of contributing to the advancement of learning can expect. To\nthem, therefore, for their approbation and friendly communications,\nhe publicly returns his thanks, and hopes that, now his labours are\ncompleted, his Dictionary may claim from them that patronage and that\nsupport to which, in their opinion, the specimen of the work seemed\nto be entitled. He has paid due attention to their remarks, he has\nreceived with gratitude their judicious observations, and cannot pass\nover in silence their obliging recommendations, and particularly the\nfriendly advice he has received from the Rev. R. Valpy, master of\nReading School.\n\nFor the account of the Roman laws, and for the festivals celebrated\nby the ancient inhabitants of Greece and Italy, he is particularly\nindebted to the useful collections of Archbishop Potter, of Godwyn,\nand Kennet. In the tables of ancient coins, weights and measures,\nwhich he has annexed to the body of the Dictionary, he has followed\nthe learned calculations of Dr. Arbuthnot. The quoted authorities have\nbeen carefully examined, and frequently revised: and, it is hoped, the\nopinions of mythologists will appear without confusion, and be found\ndivested of all obscurity.\n\nTherefore, with all the confidence which an earnest desire of being\nuseful can command, the author offers the following pages to the\npublic, conscious that they may contain inaccuracies and imperfections.\nA Dictionary, the candid reader is well aware, cannot be made perfect\nall at once; it must still have its faults and omissions, however\ncautious and vigilant the author may have been; and in every page there\nmay be found, in the opinion of some, room for improvement and for\naddition. Before the candid, therefore, and the impartial, he lays his\npublication, and for whatever observations the friendly critic may make,\nhe will show himself grateful, and take advantage of the remarks of\nevery judicious reader, should the favours and the indulgence of the\npublic demand a second edition.\n\n\n\n\n A\n CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE,\n FROM\n THE CREATION OF THE WORLD\n TO\n THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE\n IN THE WEST, AND IN THE EAST\n\n \u00b9In the following table, I have confined myself to the more\n easy and convenient eras of before (B.C.) and after (A.D.)\n Christ. For the sake of those, however, that do not wish the\n exclusion of the Julian period, it is necessary to observe\n that, as the first year of the christian era always falls on\n the 4714th of the Julian years, the number required either\n before or after Christ will easily be discovered by the\n application of the rules of subtraction or addition. The\n era from the foundation of Rome (A.U.C.) will be found with\n the same facility, by recollecting that the city was built\n 753 years before Christ; and the Olympiads can likewise be\n recurred to by the consideration that the conquest of Cor\u0153bus\n (B.C. 776) forms the first Olympiad, and that the Olympic\n games were celebrated after the revolution of four years.\n\n Before\n Christ.\u00b9\n The world created in the 710th year of the Julian period 4004\n\n The deluge 2348\n\n The tower of Babel built, and the confusion of languages 2247\n\n Celestial observations are first made at Babylon 2234\n\n The kingdom of Egypt is supposed to have begun under\n Misraim the son of Ham, and to have continued 1663\n years, to the conquest of Cambyses 2188\n\n The kingdom of Sicyon established 2089\n\n The kingdom of Assyria begins 2059\n\n The birth of Abraham 1996\n\n The kingdom of Argos established under Inachus 1856\n\n Memnon the Egyptian said to invent letters, 15 years\n before the reign of Phoroneus 1822\n\n The deluge of Ogyges, by which Attica remained waste above\n 200 years, till the coming of Cecrops 1764\n\n Joseph sold into Egypt by his brethren 1728\n\n The chronology of the Arundelian marbles begins about this\n time, fixing here the arrival of Cecrops in Attica, an\n epoch which other writers have placed later by 26 years 1582\n\n Moses born 1571\n\n The kingdom of Athens begun under Cecrops, who came from\n Egypt with a colony of Saites. This happened about 780\n years before the first Olympiad 1556\n\n Scamander migrates from Crete, and begins the kingdom of\n Troy 1546\n\n The deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly 1503\n\n The Panathen\u00e6a first celebrated at Athens 1495\n\n Cadmus comes into Greece, and builds the citadel of Thebes 1493\n\n The first Olympic games celebrated in Elis by the Id\u00e6i\n Dactyli 1453\n\n The five books of Moses written in the land of Moab, where\n he dies the following year, aged 110 1452\n\n Minos flourishes in Crete, and iron is found by the Dactyli\n by the accidental burning of the woods of Ida, in Crete 1406\n\n The Eleusinian mysteries introduced at Athens by Eumolpus 1356\n\n The Isthmian games first instituted by Sisyphus king of\n Corinth 1326\n\n The Argonautic expedition. The first Pythian games\n celebrated by Adrastus king of Argos 1263\n\n Gideon flourishes in Israel 1245\n\n The Theban war of the seven heroes against Eteocles 1225\n\n Olympic games celebrated by Hercules 1222\n\n The rape of Helen by Theseus, and, 15 years after, by Paris 1213\n\n Troy taken, after a siege of 10 years. \u00c6neas sails to Italy 1184\n\n Alba Longa built by Ascanius 1152\n\n Migration of the \u00c6olian colonies 1124\n\n The return of the Heraclid\u00e6 into Peloponnesus, 80 years\n after the taking of Troy. Two years after, they divide\n the Peloponnesus among themselves; and here, therefore,\n begins the kingdom of Laced\u00e6mon under Eurysthenes and\n Procles 1104\n\n Saul made king over Israel 1095\n\n The kingdom of Sicyon ended 1088\n\n The kingdom of Athens ended in the death of Codrus 1070\n\n The migration of the Ionian colonies from Greece, and their\n settlement in Asia Minor 1044\n\n Dedication of Solomon\u2019s temple 1004\n\n Samos built 986\n\n Division of the kingdom of Judah and Israel 975\n\n Homer and Hesiod flourished about this time, according to\n the marbles 907\n\n Elias the prophet taken up into heaven 896\n\n Lycurgus, 42 years old, establishes his laws at Laced\u00e6mon,\n and, together with Iphitus and Cleosthenes, restores the\n Olympic games at Elis, about 108 years before the era\n which is commonly called the first Olympiad 884\n\n Phidon king of Argos is supposed to have invented scales\n and measures, and coined silver at \u00c6gina. Carthage built\n by Dido 869\n\n Fall of the Assyrian empire by the death of Sardanapalus, an\n era placed 80 years earlier by Justin 820\n\n The kingdom of Macedonia begins, and continues 646 years,\n till the battle of Pydna 814\n\n The kingdom of Lydia begins, and continues 249 years 797\n\n The triremes first invented by the Corinthians 786\n\n The monarchical government abolished at Corinth, and the\n Prytanes elected 779\n\n Cor\u0153bus conquers at Olympia, in the 28th Olympiad from the\n institution of Iphitus. This is vulgarly called the first\n Olympiad, about 23 years before the foundation of Rome 776\n\n The Ephori introduced into the government of Laced\u00e6mon by\n Theopompus 760\n\n Isaiah begins to prophesy 757\n\n The decennial archons begin at Athens, of which Charops is\n the first 754\n\n Rome built on the 20th of April, according to Varro, in the\n year 3961 of the Julian period 753\n\n The rape of the Sabines 750\n\n The era of Nabonassar king of Babylon begins 747\n\n The first Messenian war begins, and continues 19 years, to\n the taking of Ithome 743\n\n Syracuse built by a Corinthian colony 732\n\n The kingdom of Israel finished by the taking of Samaria by\n Salmanasar king of Assyria. The first eclipse of the moon\n on record March 19th, according to Ptolemy 721\n\n Candaules murdered by Gyges, who succeeds to the Lydian\n throne 718\n\n Tarentum built by the Parthenians 707\n\n Corcyra built by the Corinthians 703\n\n The second Messenian war begins, and continues 14 years, to\n the taking of Ira, after a siege of 11 years. About this\n time flourished the poets Tyrt\u00e6us and Archilochus 685\n\n The government of Athens intrusted to annual archons 684\n\n Alba destroyed 665\n\n Cypselus usurps the government of Corinth, and keeps it for\n 30 years 659\n\n Byzantium built by a colony of Argives or Athenians 658\n\n Cyrene built by Battus 630\n\n The Scythians invade Asia Minor, of which they keep\n possession for 28 years 624\n\n Draco established his laws at Athens 623\n\n The canal between the Nile and the Red sea begun by king\n Necho 610\n\n Nineveh taken and destroyed by Cyaxares and his allies 606\n\n The Ph\u0153nicians sail round Africa, by order of Necho. About\n this time flourished Arion, Pittacus, Alc\u00e6us, Sappho, &c. 604\n\n The Scythians are expelled from Asia Minor by Cyaxares 596\n\n The Pythian games first established at Delphi. About this\n time flourished Chilo, Anacharsis, Thales, Epimenides,\n Solon, the prophet Ezekiel, \u00c6sop, Stersichorus 591\n\n Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 9th of June, after a\n siege of 18 months 587\n\n The Isthmian games restored and celebrated every first and\n third year of the Olympiads 582\n\n Death of Jeremiah the prophet 577\n\n The Nem\u00e6an games restored 568\n\n The first comedy acted at Athens by Susarion and Dolon 562\n\n Pisistratus first usurped the sovereignty at Athens 560\n\n Cyrus begins to reign. About this time flourished Anaximenes,\n Bias, Anaximander, Phalaris, and Cleobulus 559\n\n Cr\u0153sus conquered by Cyrus. About this time flourished\n Theognis and Pherecydes 548\n\n Marseilles built by the Phoc\u00e6ans. The age of Pythagoras,\n Simonides, Thespis, Xenophanes, and Anacreon 539\n\n Babylon taken by Cyrus 538\n\n The return of the Jews by the edict of Cyrus, and the\n rebuilding of the temple 536\n\n The first tragedy acted at Athens on the waggon of Thespis 535\n\n Learning encouraged at Athens, and a public library built 526\n\n Egypt conquered by Cambyses 525\n\n Polycrates of Samos put to death 522\n\n Darius Hystaspes chosen king of Persia. About this time\n flourished Confucius the celebrated Chinese philosopher 521\n\n The tyranny of the Pisistratid\u00e6 abolished at Athens 510\n\n The consular government begins at Rome after the expulsion\n of the Tarquins, and continues independent 461 years, till\n the battle of Pharsalia 509\n\n Sardis taken by the Athenians and burnt, which became\n afterwards the cause of the invasion of Greece by\n the Persians. About this time flourished Heraclitus,\n Parmenides, Milo the wrestler, Aristagoras, &c. 504\n\n The first dictator, Lartius, created at Rome 498\n\n The Roman populace retire to mount Sacer 493\n\n The battle of Marathon 490\n\n The battles of Thermopyl\u00e6, August 7th, and Salamis, October\n 20th. About this time flourished \u00c6schylus, Pindar, Charon,\n Anaxagoras, Zeuxis, Aristides, &c. 480\n\n The Persians defeated at Plat\u00e6a and Mycale on the same day,\n 22nd September 479\n\n The 300 Fabii killed at Cremera, July 17th 477\n\n Themistocles, accused of conspiracy, flies to Xerxes 471\n\n The Persians defeated at Cyprus, and near the Eurymedon 470\n\n The third Messenian war begins, and continues 10 years 465\n\n Egypt revolts from the Persians under Inarus, assisted by\n the Athenians 463\n\n The Romans send to Athens for Solon\u2019s laws. About this\n time flourished Sophocles, Nehemiah the prophet, Plato\n the comic poet, Aristarchus the tragic, Leocrates,\n Thrasybulus, Pericles, Zaleucus, &c. 454\n\n The first Sacred war concerning the temple of Delphi 448\n\n The Athenians defeated at Ch\u00e6ronea by the B\u0153otians 447\n\n Herodotus reads his history to the council of Athens, and\n receives public honours in the 39th year of his age.\n About this time flourished Empedocles, Hellanicus,\n Euripides, Herodicus, Phidias Artemones, Charondas, &c. 445\n\n A colony sent to Thurium by the Athenians 444\n\n Comedies prohibited at Athens, a restraint which remained\n in force for three years 440\n\n A war between Corinth and Corcyra 439\n\n Meton begins here his 19 years\u2019 cycle of the moon 432\n\n The Peloponnesian war begins, May the 7th, and continues\n about 27 years. About this time flourished Cratinus,\n Eupolis, Aristophanes, Meton, Euctemon, Malachi the\n last of the prophets, Democritus, Gorgias, Thucydides,\n Hippocrates, &c. 431\n\n The history of the Old Testament finishes about this time.\n A plague at Athens for five years 430\n\n A peace of 50 years made between the Athenians and\n Laced\u00e6monians, which is kept only during six years and\n ten months, though each continued at war with the other\u2019s\n allies 421\n\n The scene of the Peloponnesian war changed to Sicily. The\n Agrarian law first moved at Rome 416\n\n Egypt revolts from the Persians, and Amyrt\u00e6us is appointed\n king 414\n\n The Carthaginians enter Sicily, where they destroy Selinus\n and Himera, but they are repulsed by Hermocrates 409\n\n The battle of \u00c6gospotamos. The usurpation of Dionysius 405\n\n Athens taken by Lysander, 24th of April. The end of the\n Peloponnesian war, and the appointment of 30 tyrants over\n the conquered city. About this time flourished Parrhasius,\n Protagoras, Lysias, Agathon, Euclid, Cebes, Telestes, &c. 404\n\n Cyrus the younger killed at Cunaxa. The glorious retreat\n of the 10,000 Greeks, and the expulsion of the 30 tyrants\n from Athens by Thrasybulus 401\n\n Socrates put to death 400\n\n Agesilaus of Laced\u00e6mon\u2019s expedition into Asia against\n the Persians. The age of Xenophon, Ctesias, Zeuxis,\n Antisthenes, Evagoras, Aristippus of Cyrene, and Archytas 396\n\n The Corinthian war begun by the alliance of the Athenians,\n Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against Laced\u00e6mon 395\n\n The Laced\u00e6monians, under Pisander, defeated by Conon at\n Cnidus; and, a few days after, the allies are defeated\n at Coron\u00e6a, by Agesilaus 394\n\n The battle of Allia, July 17th, and the taking of Rome by\n the Gauls 390\n\n Dionysius besieges Rhegium, and takes it after 11 months.\n About this time flourished Plato, Philoxenus, Damon,\n Pythias, Iphicrates, &c. 388\n\n The Greek cities of Asia tributary to Persia, by the peace\n of Antalcidas, between the Laced\u00e6monians and Persians 387\n\n The war of Cyprus finished by a treaty, after it had\n continued two years 385\n\n The Laced\u00e6monians defeated in a sea-fight at Naxos,\n September 20th, by Chabrias. About this time flourished\n Philistus, Is\u00e6us, Isocrates, Arete, Philolaus, Diogenes\n the cynic, &c. 377\n\n Artaxerxes sends an army under Pharnabazus, with 20,000\n Greeks, commanded by Iphicrates 374\n\n The battle of Leuctra, July 8th, where the Laced\u00e6monians\n are defeated by Epaminondas the general of the Thebans 371\n\n The Messenians, after a banishment of 300 years, return to\n Peloponnesus 370\n\n One of the consuls at Rome elected from the plebeians 367\n\n The battle of Mantinea gained by Epaminondas, a year after\n the death of Pelopidas 363\n\n Agesilaus assists Tachos king of Egypt. Some of the\n governors of Lesser Asia revolt from Persia 362\n\n The Athenians are defeated at Methone, the first battle\n that Philip of Macedon ever won in Greece 360\n\n Dionysius the younger is expelled from Syracuse by Dion. The\n second Sacred war begins, on the temple of Delphi being\n attacked by the Phocians 357\n\n Dion put to death, and Syracuse governed seven years by\n tyrants. About this time flourished Eudoxus, Lycurgus,\n Ibis, Theopompus, Ephorus, Datames, Philomelus, &c. 354\n\n The Phocians, under Onomarchus, are defeated in Thessaly by\n Philip 353\n\n Egypt is conquered by Ochus 350\n\n The Sacred war is finished by Philip taking all the cities\n of the Phocians 348\n\n Dionysius recovers the tyranny of Syracuse, after 10 years\u2019\n banishment 347\n\n Timoleon recovers Syracuse and banishes the tyrant 343\n\n The Carthaginians defeated by Timoleon near Agrigentum.\n About this time flourished Speusippus, Protogenes,\n Aristotle, \u00c6schines, Zenocrates, Demosthenes, Phocion,\n Mamercus, Icetas, Stilpo, Demades 340\n\n The battle of Cheron\u00e6a, August 2nd, where Philip defeats\n the Athenians and Thebans 338\n\n Philip of Macedon killed by Pausanius. His son Alexander,\n on the following year, enters Greece, destroys Thebes, &c. 336\n\n The battle of the Granicus, 22nd of May 334\n\n The battle of Issus in October 333\n\n Tyre and Egypt conquered by the Macedonian prince, and\n Alexandria built 332\n\n The battle of Arbela, October 2nd 331\n\n Alexander\u2019s expedition against Porus. About this time\n flourished Apelles, Callisthenes, Bagoas, Parmenio,\n Philotas, Memnon, Dinocrates, Calippus, Hyperides,\n Philetus, Lysippus, Menedemus, &c. 327\n\n Alexander dies on the 21st of April. His empire is divided\n into four kingdoms. The Samian war, and the reign of the\n Ptolemies in Egypt 323\n\n Polyperchon publishes a general liberty to all the Greek\n cities. The age of Praxiteles, Crates, Theophrastus,\n Menander, Demetrius, Dinarchus, Polemon, Neoptolemus,\n Perdiccas, Leosthenes 320\n\n Syracuse and Sicily usurped by Agathocles. Demetrius\n Phalereus governs Athens for 10 years 317\n\n Eumenes delivered to Antigonus by his army 315\n\n Seleucus takes Babylon, and here the beginning of the era\n of the Seleucid\u00e6 312\n\n The conquests of Agathocles in Africa 309\n\n Democracy established at Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes 307\n\n The title of kings first assumed by the successors of\n Alexander 306\n\n The battle of Ipsus, where Antigonus is defeated and killed\n by Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Cassander. About\n this time flourished Zeno, Pyrrho, Philemon, Megasthenes,\n Crantor, &c. 301\n\n Athens taken by Demetrius Poliorcetes, after a year\u2019s siege 296\n\n The first sun-dial erected at Rome by Papirius Cursor, and\n the time first divided into hours 293\n\n Seleucus, about this time, built about 40 cities in Asia,\n which he peopled with different nations. The age of\n Euclid the mathematician, Arcesilaus, Epicurus, Bion,\n Timocharis, Erasistratus, Aristyllus, Strato, Zenodotus,\n Arsinoe, Lachares, &c. 291\n\n The Athenians revolt from Demetrius 287\n\n Pyrrhus expelled from Macedon by Lysimachus 286\n\n The Pharos of Alexandria built. The Septuagint supposed to\n be translated about this time 284\n\n Lysimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus. The Tarentine\n war begins, and continues 10 years. The Ach\u00e6an league\n begins 281\n\n Pyrrhus of Epirus goes to Italy to assist the Tarentines 280\n\n The Gauls, under Brennus, are cut to pieces near the temple\n of Delphi. About this time flourished Dionysius the\n astronomer, Sostratus, Theocritus, Dionysius Heracleotes,\n Philo, Aratus, Lycophron, Pers\u00e6us, &c. 278\n\n Pyrrhus, defeated by Curius, retires to Epirus 274\n\n The first coining of silver at Rome 269\n\n Athens taken by Antigonus Gonatas, who keeps it 12 years 268\n\n The first Punic war begins, and continues for 23 years. The\n chronology of the Arundelian marbles composed. About this\n time flourished Lycon, Crates, Berosus, Hermachus, Helenus,\n Clinias, Aristotimus, &c. 264\n\n Antiochus Soter defeated at Sardis by Eumenes of Pergamus 262\n\n The Carthaginian fleet defeated by Duilius 260\n\n Regulus defeated by Xanthippus. Athens is restored to\n liberty by Antigonus 256\n\n Aratus persuades the people of Sicyon to join the Ach\u00e6an\n league. About this time flourished Cleanthes, Homer\n junior, Manetho, Tim\u00e6us, Callimachus, Zoilus, Duris,\n Neanthes, Ctesibius, Sosibius, Hieronymus, Hanno, Laodice,\n Lysias, Ariobarzanes 251\n\n The Parthians under Arsaces, and the Bactrians under\n Theodotus, revolt from the Macedonians 250\n\n The sea-fight of Drepanum 249\n\n The citadel of Corinth taken by Aratus, 12th of August 243\n\n Agis king of Sparta put to death for attempting to settle\n an Agrarian law. About this period flourished Antigonus\n Carystius, Conon of Samos, Eratosthenes, Apollonius of\n Perga, Lacydes, Amilcar, Agesilaus the ephor, &c. 241\n\n Plays first acted at Rome, being those of Livius Andronicus 240\n\n Amilcar passes with an army to Spain, with Annibal his son 237\n\n The temple of Janus shut at Rome, the first time since Numa 235\n\n The Sardinian war begins, and continues three years 234\n\n Original manuscripts of \u00c6schylus, Euripides, and Sophocles,\n lent by the Athenians to Ptolemy for a pledge of\n 15 talents 233\n\n The first divorce known at Rome, by Spurius Carvilius.\n Sardinia and Corsica conquered 231\n\n The Roman ambassadors first appeared at Athens and Corinth 228\n\n The war between Cleomenes and Aratus begins, and continues\n for five years 227\n\n The colossus of Rhodes thrown down by an earthquake. The\n Romans first cross the Po, pursuing the Gauls, who had\n entered Italy. About this time flourished Chrysippus,\n Polystratus, Euphorion, Archimedes, Valerius Messala,\n C. N\u00e6vius, Aristarchus, Apollonius, Philocorus, Aristo\n Ceus, Fabius Pictor the first Roman historian, Philarchus,\n Lysiades, Agro, &c. 224\n\n The battle of Sellasia 222\n\n The Social war between the \u00c6tolians and Ach\u00e6ans, assisted\n by Philip 220\n\n Saguntum taken by Annibal 219\n\n The second Punic war begins, and continues 17 years 218\n\n The battle of the lake Thrasymenus, and next year that of\n Cann\u00e6, May 21st 217\n\n The Romans begin the auxiliary war against Philip in Epirus,\n which is continued by intervals for 14 years 214\n\n Syracuse taken by Marcellus, after a siege of three years 212\n\n Philop\u0153men defeats Machanidas at Mantinea 208\n\n Asdrubal is defeated. About this time flourished Plautus,\n Archagathus, Evander, Teleclus, Hermippus, Zeno, Sotion,\n Ennius, Hieronymus of Syracuse, Tlepolemus, Epicydes 207\n\n The battle of Zama 202\n\n The first Macedonian war begins and continues near four\n years 200\n\n The battle of Panius, where Antiochus defeats Scopas 198\n\n The battle of Cynoscephale, where Philip is defeated 197\n\n The war of Antiochus the Great begins, and continues three\n years 192\n\n Laced\u00e6mon joined to the Ach\u00e6an league by Philop\u0153men 191\n\n The luxuries of Asia brought to Rome in the spoils of\n Antiochus 189\n\n The laws of Lycurgus abrogated for a while at Sparta by\n Philop\u0153men 188\n\n Antiochus the Great defeated and killed in Media. About this\n time flourished Aristophanes of Byzantium, Asclepiades,\n Tegula, C. L\u00e6lius, Aristonymus, Hegesinus, Diogenes\n the stoic, Critolaus, Massinissa, the Scipios, the Gracchi,\n Thoas, &c. 187\n\n A war, which continues for one year, between Eumenes and\n Prusias, till the death of Annibal 184\n\n Philop\u0153men defeated and killed by Dinocrates 183\n\n Numa\u2019s books found in a stone coffin at Rome 179\n\n Perseus sends his ambassadors to Carthage 175\n\n Ptolemy\u2019s generals defeated by Antiochus, in a battle\n between Pelusium and mount Cassius. The second Macedonian\n war 171\n\n The battle of Pydna, and the fall of the Macedonian empire.\n About this period flourished Attalus the astronomer,\n Metrodorus, Terence, Crates, Polybius, Pacuvius,\n Hipparchus, Heraclides, Carneades, Aristarchus, &c. 168\n\n The first library erected at Rome, with books obtained from\n the plunder of Macedonia 167\n\n Terence\u2019s Andria first acted at Rome 166\n\n Time measured out at Rome by a water-machine, invented\n by Scipio Nasica, 134 years after the introduction of\n sun-dials 159\n\n Andriscus the Pseudophilip assumes the royalty of Macedonia 152\n\n Demetrius king of Syria defeated and killed by Alexander\n Balas 150\n\n The third Punic war begins. Prusias king of Bithynia put to\n death by his son Nicomedes 149\n\n The Romans make war against the Ach\u00e6ans, which is finished\n the next year by Mummius 148\n\n Carthage is destroyed by Scipio, and Corinth by \u2666Mummius 147\n\n \u2666 \u2018Mummus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Mummius\u2019\n\n Viriathus is defeated by L\u00e6lius, in Spain 146\n\n The war of Numantia begins, and continues for eight years 141\n\n The Roman army of 30,000, under Mancinus, is defeated by\n 4000 Numantines 138\n\n Restoration of learning at Alexandria, and universal\n patronage offered to all learned men by Ptolemy Physcon.\n The age of Satyrus, Aristobulus, Lucius Accius, Mnaseas,\n Antipater, Diodorus the peripatetic, Nicander, Ctesibius,\n Sarpedon, Micipsa, &c. 137\n\n The famous embassy of Scipio, Metellus, Mummius, and\n Pan\u00e6tius, into Egypt, Syria, and Greece 136\n\n The history of the Apocrypha ends. The Servile war in\n Sicily begins, and continues for three years 135\n\n Numantia taken. Pergamus annexed to the Roman empire 133\n\n Antiochus Sidetes killed by Phraates. Aristonicus defeated\n by Perpenna 130\n\n Demetrius Nicator defeated at Damascus by Alexander Zebina 127\n\n The Romans make war against the pirates of the Beleares.\n Carthage is rebuilt by order of the Roman senate 123\n\n Caius Gracchus killed 121\n\n Dalmatia conquered by Metellus 118\n\n Cleopatra assumes the government of Egypt. The age of\n Erymn\u00e6us, Athenion, Artemidorus, Clitomachus, Apollonius,\n Herodicus, Lucius C\u00e6lius, Castor, Menecrates, Lucilius, &c. 116\n\n The Jugurthine war begins, and continues for five years 111\n\n The famous sumptuary law at Rome, which limited the expenses\n of eating every day 110\n\n The Teutones and Cimbri begin their war against Rome, and\n continue it for eight years 109\n\n The Teutones defeat 80,000 Romans on the banks of the Rhone 105\n\n The Teutones defeated by Caius Marius at Aqu\u00e6 Sexti\u00e6 102\n\n The Cimbri defeated by Marius and Catulus 101\n\n Dolabella conquers Lusitania 99\n\n Cyrene left by Ptolemy Apion to the Romans 97\n\n The Social war begins, and continues three years, till\n finished by Sylla 91\n\n The Mithridatic war begins, and continues 26 years 89\n\n The civil wars of Marius and Sylla begin, and continue six\n years 88\n\n Sylla conquers Athens, and sends its valuable libraries to\n Rome 86\n\n Young Marius is defeated by Sylla, who is made dictator 82\n\n The death of Sylla. About this time flourished Philo,\n Charmidas, Asclepiades, Apellicon, Lucius Sisenna,\n Alexander Polyhistor, Plotius Gallus, Diotimus, Zeno,\n Hortensius, Archias, Posidonius, Geminus, &c. 78\n\n Bithynia left by Nicomedes to the Romans 75\n\n The Servile war, under Spartacus, begins, and, two years\n after, the rebel general is defeated and killed by Pompey\n and Crassus 73\n\n Mithridates and Tigranes defeated by Lucullus 69\n\n Mithridates conquered by Pompey in a night battle. Crete is\n subdued by Metellus, after a war of two years 66\n\n The reign of the Seleucid\u00e6 ends in Syria, on the conquest of\n the country by Pompey 65\n\n Catiline\u2019s conspiracy detected by Cicero. Mithridates kills\n himself 63\n\n The first triumvirate in the person of Julius C\u00e6sar, Pompey,\n and Crassus. About this time flourished Apollonius of\n Rhodes, Terentius Varro, Tyrannion, Aristodemus of Nysa,\n Lucretius, Dionysius the grammarian, Cicero, Antiochus,\n Spurinus, Andronicus, Catullus, Sallust, Timagenes,\n Cratippus, &c. 60\n\n Cicero banished from Rome, and recalled the next year 58\n\n C\u00e6sar passes the Rhine, defeats the Germans, and invades\n Britain 55\n\n Crassus is killed by Surena, in June 53\n\n Civil war between C\u00e6sar and Pompey 50\n\n The battle of Pharsalia about May 12th 48\n\n Alexander taken by C\u00e6sar 47\n\n The war of Africa. Cato kills himself. This year is called\n the year of confusion, because the calendar was corrected\n by Sosigenes, and the year made to consist of 15 months,\n or 445 days 46\n\n The battle of Munda 45\n\n C\u00e6sar murdered 44\n\n The battle of Mutina. The second triumvirate in Octavius,\n Antony, and Lepidus. Cicero put to death. The age of\n Sosigenes, Cornelius Nepos, Diodorus Siculus, Trogus\n Pompey, Didymus the scholiast, Varro the poet, &c. 43\n\n The battle of Philippi 42\n\n Pacorus general of Parthia defeated by Ventidius, 14 years\n after the disgrace of Crassus, and on the same day 39\n\n Pompey the younger defeated in Sicily by Octavius 36\n\n Octavius and Antony prepare for war 32\n\n The battle of Actium, 2nd September. The era of the Roman\n emperors properly begins here 31\n\n Alexander taken, and Egypt reduced into a Roman province 30\n\n The title of Augustus given to Octavius 27\n\n The Egyptians adopt the Julian year. About this time\n flourished Virgil, Manilius, Dioscorides, Asinius Pollio,\n M\u00e6cenas, Agrippa, Strabo, Horace, Macer, Propertius, Livy,\n Musa, Tibullus, Ovid, Pylades, Bathyllus, Varius, Tucca,\n Vitruvius, &c. 25\n\n The conspiracy of Mur\u00e6na against Augustus 22\n\n Augustus visits Greece and Asia 21\n\n The Roman ensigns recovered from the Parthians by Tiberius 20\n\n The secular games celebrated at Rome 17\n\n Lollius defeated by the Germans 16\n\n The Rh\u00e6ti and Vindelici defeated by Drusus 15\n\n The Pannonians conquered by Tiberius 12\n\n Some of the German nations conquered by Drusus 11\n\n Augustus corrects the calendar, by ordering the 12 ensuing\n years to be without intercalation. About this time\n flourished Damascenus, Hyginus, Flaccus the grammarian,\n Dionysius of Halicarnassus, and Dionysius the geographer 8\n\n Tiberius retires to Rhodes for seven years 6\n\n Our Saviour is born, four years before the vulgar era, in the\n year 4709 of the Julian period, A.U.C. 749, and the fourth\n of the 193rd Olympiad 4\n\n A.D.\n Tiberius returns to Rome 2\n\n The leap year corrected, having formerly been every third\n year 4\n\n Ovid banished to Tomos 9\n\n Varus defeated and killed in Germany by Arminius 10\n\n Augustus dies at Nola, August 19th, and is succeeded by\n Tiberius. The age of Ph\u00e6drus, Asinius Gallus, Velleius\n Paterculus, Germanicus, Cornel. Celsus, &c. 14\n\n Twelve cities in Asia destroyed by an earthquake 17\n\n Germanicus, poisoned by Piso, dies at Antioch 19\n\n Tiberius goes to Capre\u00e6 26\n\n Sejanus disgraced 31\n\n Our Saviour crucified, Friday, April 3rd. _This is put four\n years earlier by some chronologists_ 33\n\n St. Paul converted to Christianity 35\n\n Tiberius dies at Misenum, near Bai\u00e6, March 16th, and is\n succeeded by Caligula. About this time flourished Valerius\n Maximus, Columella, Pomponius Mela, Appion, Philo Jud\u00e6us,\n Artabanus, and Agrippina 37\n\n St. Matthew writes his Gospel 39\n\n The name of christians first given, at Antioch, to the\n followers of our Saviour 40\n\n Caligula murdered by Ch\u00e6reas, and succeeded by Claudius 41\n\n The expedition of Claudius into Britain 43\n\n St. Mark writes his Gospel 44\n\n Secular games celebrated at Rome 47\n\n Caractacus carried in chains to Rome 51\n\n Claudius succeeded by Nero 54\n\n Agrippina put to death by her son Nero 59\n\n First persecution against the christians 64\n\n Seneca, Lucan, and others put to death 65\n\n Nero visits Greece. The Jewish war begins. The age of\n Persius, Quintus Curtius, Pliny the elder, Josephus,\n Frontinus, Burrhus, Corbulo, Thrasea, Boadicea, &c. 66\n\n St. Peter and St. Paul put to death 67\n\n Nero dies, and is succeeded by Galba 68\n\n Galba put to death. Otho, defeated by Vitellius, kills\n himself. Vitellius is defeated by Vespasian\u2019s army 69\n\n Jerusalem taken and destroyed by Titus 70\n\n The Parthians revolt 77\n\n Death of Vespasian, and succession of Titus. Herculaneum\n and Pompeii destroyed by an eruption of mount Vesuvius,\n November 1st 79\n\n Death of Titus, and succession of Domitian. The age of\n Silius Italicus, Martial, Apollon. Tyan\u00e6us, Valerius\n Flaccus, Solinus, Epictetus, Quintilian, Lupus, Agricola,\n &c. 81\n\n Capitoline games instituted by Domitian, and celebrated\n every fourth year 86\n\n Secular games celebrated. The war with Dacia begins, and\n continues 15 years 88\n\n Second persecution of the christians 95\n\n Domitian put to death by Stephanus, &c., and succeeded by\n Nerva. The age of Juvenal, Tacitus, Statius, &c. 96\n\n Nerva dies, and is succeeded by Trajan 98\n\n Pliny proconsul of Bithynia sends Trajan an account of the\n christians 102\n\n Dacia reduced to a Roman province 103\n\n Trajan\u2019s expedition against Parthia. About this time\n flourished Florus, Suetonius, Pliny junior, Philo Biblius,\n Dion, Prus\u00e6us, Plutarch, &c. 106\n\n Third persecution of the christians 107\n\n Trajan\u2019s column erected at Rome 114\n\n Trajan dies, and is succeeded by Adrian 117\n\n Fourth persecution of the christians 118\n\n Adrian builds a wall in Britain 121\n\n Adrian visits Asia and Egypt for seven years 126\n\n He rebuilds Jerusalem, and raises there a temple to Jupiter 130\n\n The Jews rebel, and are defeated after a war of five years,\n and all banished 131\n\n Adrian dies, and is succeeded by Antoninus Pius. In the\n reign of Adrian flourished Teon, Phavorinus, Phlegon,\n Trallian, Aristides, Aquila, Salvius Julian, Polycarp,\n Arian, Ptolemy, &c. 138\n\n Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, and Dacians 145\n\n The worship of Serapis brought to Rome 146\n\n Antoninus dies, and is succeeded by Marcus Aurelius and\n Lucius Verus, the last of whom reigned nine years.\n In the reign of Antoninus flourished Maximus Tyrius,\n Pausanias, Diophantus, Lucian, Hermogenes, Poly\u00e6nus,\n Appian, Artemidorus, Justin the martyr, Apuleius, &c. 161\n\n A war with Parthia, which continues three years 162\n\n A war against the Marcomanni, which continues five years 169\n\n Another, which continues three years 177\n\n Marcus Aurelius dies, and Commodus succeeds. In the last\n reign flourished Galen, Athenagoras, Tatian, Athen\u00e6us,\n Montanus, Diogenes, La\u00ebrtius 180\n\n Commodus makes peace with the Germans 181\n\n Commodus put to death by Martia and L\u00e6tus. He is succeeded\n for a few months by Pertinax, who is murdered 193; and\n four rivals arise, Didius Julianus, Pescennius Niger,\n Severus, and Albinus. Under Commodus flourished Julius\n Pollux, Theodotion, St. Iren\u00e6us, &c. 192\n\n Niger is defeated by Severus at Issus 194\n\n Albinus defeated in Gaul, and killed at Lyons, February 19th 198\n\n Severus conquers the Parthians 200\n\n Fifth persecution against the christians 202\n\n Severus visits Britain, and two years after builds a wall\n there across from the Frith of Forth 207\n\n Severus dies at York, and is succeeded by Caracalla and\n Geta. In his reign flourished Tertullian, Minutius\n Felix, Papinianus, Clemens of Alexandria, Philostratus,\n Plotianus, and Bulas 211\n\n Geta killed by his brother Caracalla 212\n\n The Septuagint discovered. Caracalla murdered by Macrinus.\n Flourished Oppian 217\n\n Opilius \u2666Macrinus killed by the soldiers, and succeeded by\n Heliogabalus 218\n\n \u2666 \u2018Macrinius\u2019 replaced with \u2018Macrinus\u2019\n\n Alexander Severus succeeds Heliogabalus. The Goths then\n exacted an annual payment not to invade or molest the\n Roman empire. The age of Julius Africanus 222\n\n The Arsacid\u00e6 of Parthia are conquered by Artaxerxes king\n of Media, and their empire destroyed 229\n\n Alexander defeats the Persians 234\n\n The sixth persecution against the christians 235\n\n Alexander killed and succeeded by Maximinus. At that time\n flourished Dion Cassius, Origen, and Ammonius 235\n\n The two Gordians succeeded Maximinus, and are put to death\n by Pupienus, who soon after is destroyed, with Balbinus,\n by the soldiers of the younger Gordian 236\n\n Sarbinianus defeated in Africa 240\n\n Gordian marches against the Persians 242\n\n He is put to death by Philip, who succeeds, and makes peace\n with Sapor the next year. About this time flourished\n Censorius, and Gregory Thaumaturgus 244\n\n Philip killed, and succeeded by Decius. Herodian flourished 249\n\n The seventh persecution against the christians 250\n\n Decius succeeded by Gallus 251\n\n A great pestilence over the empire 252\n\n Gallus dies, and is succeeded by \u00c6milianus, Valerianus, and\n Gallienus. In the reign of Gallus flourished St. Cyprian\n and Plotinus 254\n\n The eighth persecution against the christians 257\n\n The empire is harassed by 30 tyrants successively 258\n\n Valerian is taken by Sapor and flayed alive 260\n\n Odenatus governs the east for Gallienus 264\n\n The Scythians and Goths defeated by Cleodamus and Athen\u00e6us 267\n\n Gallienus killed, and succeeded by Claudius. In this reign\n flourished Longinus, Paulus Samosatenus, &c. 268\n\n Claudius conquers the Goths, and kills 300,000 of them.\n Zenobia takes possession of Egypt 269\n\n Aurelian succeeds 270\n\n The ninth persecution against the christians 272\n\n Zenobia defeated by Aurelian at Edessa 273\n\n Dacia ceded to the Barbarians by the emperor 274\n\n Aurelian killed, and succeeded by Tacitus, who died after a\n reign of six months, and was succeeded by Florianus, and,\n two months after, by Probus 275\n\n Probus makes an expedition into Gaul 277\n\n He defeats the Persians in the east 280\n\n Probus is put to death, and succeeded by Carus, and his\n sons Carinus and Numerianus 282\n\n Diocletian succeeds 284\n\n The empire attacked by the Barbarians of the north.\n Diocletian takes Maximianus as his imperial colleague 286\n\n Britain recovered, after a tyrant\u2019s usurpation of 10 years.\n Alexandria taken by Diocletian 296\n\n The tenth persecution against the christians, which\n continues 10 years 303\n\n Diocletian and Maximianus abdicate the empire, and live in\n retirement, succeeded by Constantius Chlorus and Galerius\n Maximianus the two C\u00e6sars. About this period flourished\n Julius Capitolinus, Arnobius, Gregory and Hermogenes the\n lawyers, \u00c6lius Spartianus, Hierocles, Flavius Vopiscus,\n Trebellius Pollio, &c. 304\n\n Constantius dies, and is succeeded by his son 306\n\n At this time there were four emperors, Constantine,\n Licinius, Maximianus, and Maxentius 308\n\n Maxentius defeated and killed by Constantine 312\n\n The emperor Constantine begins to favour the christian\n religion 319\n\n Licinius defeated and banished by Constantine 324\n\n The first general Council of Nice, composed of 318 bishops,\n who sit from June 19th to August 25th 325\n\n The seat of the empire removed from Rome to Constantinople 328\n\n Constantinople solemnly dedicated by the emperor on the\n 11th of May 330\n\n Constantine orders all the heathen temples to be destroyed 331\n\n The death of Constantine, and succession of his three sons,\n Constantinus, Constans, and Constantius. In the reign of\n Constantine flourished Lactantius, Athanasius, Arius, and\n Eusebius 337\n\n Constantine the younger defeated and killed by Constans at\n Aquilea 340\n\n Constans killed in Spain by Magnentius 350\n\n Gallus put to death by Constantius 354\n\n One hundred and fifty cities of Greece and Asia ruined by\n an earthquake 358\n\n Constantius and Julian quarrel, and prepare for war; but\n the former dies the next year, and leaves the latter\n sole emperor. About this period flourished \u00c6lius Donatus,\n Eutropius, Libanius, Ammian. Marcellinus, Jamblicus,\n St. Hilary, &c. 360\n\n Julian dies, and is succeeded by Jovian. In Julian\u2019s reign\n flourished Gregory Nazienzen, Themistius, Aurelius Victor,\n &c. 363\n\n Upon the death of Jovian, and the succession of Valens\n and Valentinian, the empire is divided, the former being\n emperor of the east, and the other of the west 364\n\n Gratian taken as partner in the western empire by\n Valentinian 367\n\n Firmus tyrant of Africa defeated 373\n\n Valentinian II. succeeds Valentinian I. 375\n\n The Goths permitted to settle in Thrace, on being expelled\n by the Huns 376\n\n Theodosius the Great succeeds Valens in the eastern empire.\n The Lombards first leave Scandinavia and defeat the\n Vandals 379\n\n Gratian defeated and killed by Andragathius 383\n\n The tyrant Maximus defeated and put to death by Theodosius 388\n\n Eugenius usurps the western empire, and is two years after\n defeated by Theodosius 392\n\n Theodosius dies, and is succeeded by his sons, Arcadius\n in the east and Honorius in the west. In the reign of\n Theodosius flourished Ausonius, Eunapius, Pappus, Theon,\n Prudentius, St. Austin, St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, &c. 395\n\n Gildo, defeated by his own brother, kills himself 398\n\n Stilicho defeats 200,000 of the Goths at Fesul\u00e6 405\n\n The Vandals, Alani, and Suevi permitted to settle in Spain\n and France by Honorius 406\n\n Theodosius the younger succeeds Arcadius in the east,\n having Isdegerdes king of Persia as his guardian,\n appointed by his father 408\n\n Rome plundered by Alaric king of the Visigoths, August 24th 410\n\n The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain 412\n\n The kingdoms of the Burgundians is begun in Alsace 413\n\n The Visigoths found a kingdom at Toulouse 415\n\n The Alani defeated and extirpated by the Goths 417\n\n The kingdom of the French begins on the Lower Rhine 420\n\n The death of Honorius, and succession of Valentinian III.\n Under Honorius flourished Sulpicius Severus, Macrobius,\n Anianus, Panodorus, Stob\u00e6us, Servius the commentator,\n Hypatia, Pelagius, Synesius, Cyrill, Orosius, Socrates,\n &c. 423\n\n Theodosius establishes public schools at Constantinople,\n and attempts the restoration of learning 425\n\n The Romans take leave of Britain and never return 426\n\n Pannonia recovered from the Huns by the Romans. The Vandals\n pass into Africa 427\n\n The French defeated by \u00c6tius 428\n\n The Theodosian code published 435\n\n Genseric the Vandal takes Carthage, and begins the kingdom\n of the Vandals in Africa 439\n\n The Britons, abandoned by the Romans, make their celebrated\n complaint to \u00c6tius against the Picts and Scots, and\n three years after the Saxons settle in Britain, upon the\n invitation of Vortigern 446\n\n Attila king of the Huns ravages Europe 447\n\n Theodosius II. dies, and is succeeded by Marcianus. About\n this time flourished Zozimus, Nestorius, Theodoret,\n Sozomen, Olympiodorus, &c. 450\n\n The city of Venice first began to be known 452\n\n Death of Valentinian III., who is succeeded by Maximus for\n two months, by Avitus for 10, and, after an interregnum\n of 10 months, by Majorianus 454\n\n Rome taken by Genseric in July. The kingdom of Kent first\n established 455\n\n The Suevi defeated by Theodoric on the Ebro 456\n\n Marcianus dies, and is succeeded by Leo, surnamed the\n Thracian. Vortimer defeated by Hengist at Crayford, in\n Kent 457\n\n Severus succeeds in the western empire 461\n\n The paschal cycle of 532 years invented by Victorius of\n Aquitain 463\n\n \u2666Anthemius succeeds in the western empire, after an\n interregnum of two years 467\n\n \u2666 \u2018Athemius\u2019 replaced with \u2018Anthemius\u2019\n\n Olybrius succeeds Anthemius, and is succeeded, the next\n year, by Glycerius, and Glycerius by Nepos 472\n\n Nepos is succeeded by Augustulus. Leo junior, son of\n Ariadne, though an infant, succeeds his grandfather\n Leo in the eastern empire, and, some months after, is\n succeeded by his father Zeno 474\n\n The western empire is destroyed by Odoacer king of the\n Heruli, who assumes the title of king of Italy. About\n this time flourished Eutyches, Prosper, Victorius,\n Sidonius Apollinaris 476\n\n Constantinople partly destroyed by an earthquake, which\n lasted 40 days at intervals 480\n\n The battle of Soissons and victory of Clovis over Siagrius\n the Roman general 485\n\n After the death of Zeno in the east, Ariadne married\n Anastasius, surnamed the Silentiary, who ascends the\n vacant throne 491\n\n Theodoric king of the Ostrogoths revolts about this time,\n and conquers Italy from the Heruli. About this time\n flourished Boethius and Symmachus 493\n\n Christianity embraced in France by the baptism of Clovis 496\n\n The Burgundian laws published by king Gondebaud 501\n\n Alaric defeated by Clovis at the battle of Vorcill\u00e8 near\n Poitiers 507\n\n Paris made the capital of the French dominions 510\n\n Constantinople besieged by Vitalianus, whose fleet is\n burned with a brazen speculum by Proclus 514\n\n The computing of time by the christian era, introduced\n first by Dionysius 516\n\n Justin I., a peasant of Dalmatia, makes himself emperor 518\n\n Justinian I. nephew of Justin succeeds. Under his glorious\n reign flourished Belisarius, Jornandes, Paul the\n Silentiary, Simplicius, Dionysius, Procopius, Proclus,\n Narses, &c. 527\n\n Justinian publishes his celebrated code of laws, and four\n years after his digest 529\n\n Conquest of Africa by Belisarius, and that of Rome, two\n years after 534\n\n Italy is invaded by the Franks 538\n\n The Roman consulship suppressed by Justinian 542\n\n A great plague, which arose in Africa, and desolated Asia\n and Europe 543\n\n The beginning of the Turkish empire in Asia 545\n\n Rome taken and pillaged by Totila 547\n\n The manufacture of silk introduced from India into Europe\n by monks 551\n\n Defeat and death of Totila the Gothic king of Italy 553\n\n A dreadful plague over Africa, Asia, and Europe, which\n continues for 50 years 558\n\n Justin II., son of Vigilantia the sister of Justinian,\n succeeds 565\n\n Part of Italy conquered by the Lombards from Pannonia, who\n form a kingdom there 568\n\n Tiberius II., an officer of the imperial guards, is adopted,\n and soon after succeeds 578\n\n Latin ceases to be the language of Italy about this time 581\n\n Maurice the Cappadocian, son-in-law of Tiberius, succeeds 582\n\n Gregory I., surnamed the Great, fills St. Peter\u2019s chair at\n Rome. The few men of learning who flourished the latter\n end of this century were Gildas, Agathias, Gregory of\n Tours the father of French history, Evagrius, and St.\n Augustin the monk 590\n\n Augustin the monk, with 40 others, comes to preach\n christianity in England 597\n\n About this time the Saxon heptarchy began in England 600\n\n Phocas, a simple centurion, is elected emperor after the\n revolt of the soldiers, and the murder of Maurice and of\n his children 602\n\n The power of the popes begins to be established by the\n concessions of Phocas 606\n\n Heraclius, an officer in Africa, succeeds, after the murder\n of the usurper Phocas 610\n\n The conquests of Chosroes king of Persia, in Syria, Egypt,\n Asia Minor, and afterwards his siege of Rome 611\n\n The Persians take Jerusalem with the slaughter of 90,000\n men, and the next year they overrun Africa 614\n\n Mahomet, in his 53rd year, flies from Mecca to Medina,\n on Friday, July 16th, which forms the first year of the\n Hegira, the era of the Mahometans 622\n\n Constantinople is besieged by the Persians and Arabs 626\n\n Death of Mahomet 632\n\n Jerusalem taken by the Saracens, and three years after\n Alexandria and its famous library destroyed 637\n\n Constantine III. son of Heraclius, in partnership with\n Heracleonas, his brother by the same father, assumes\n the imperial purple. Constantine reigns 103 days, and\n after his death, his son. Constantine\u2019s son Constans is\n declared emperor, though Heracleonas, with his mother\n Martina, wished to continue in possession of the supreme\n power 641\n\n Cyprus taken by the Saracens 648\n\n The Saracens take Rhodes, and destroy the Colossus 653\n\n Constantine IV., surnamed Pogonatus, succeeds, on the\n murder of his father in Sicily 668\n\n The Saracens ravage Sicily 669\n\n Constantinople besieged by the Saracens, whose fleet is\n destroyed by the Greek fire 673\n\n Justinian II. succeeds his father Constantine. In his\n exile of 10 years the purple was usurped by Leontius\n and Absimerus Tiberius. His restoration happened 704.\n The only men of learning in this century were Secundus,\n Isidorus, Theophylactus, Georgius Pisides, Callinicus,\n and the venerable Bede 685\n\n Pepin engrosses the power of the whole French monarchy 690\n\n Africa finally conquered by the Saracens 709\n\n Bardanes, surnamed Philippicus, succeeds at Constantinople,\n on the murder of Justinian 711\n\n Spain is conquered by the Saracens. Accession of Artemius,\n or Anastasius II., to the throne 713\n\n Anastasius abdicates, and is succeeded by Theodosius III.,\n who, two years after, yields to the superior influence of\n Leo III., the first of the Isaurian dynasty 715\n\n Second, but unsuccessful, siege of Constantinople by the\n Saracens 717\n\n Tax called Peter-pence begun by Ina king of Wessex, to\n support a college at Rome 727\n\n Saracens defeated by Charles Martel between Tours and\n Poitiers in October 732\n\n Constantine V., surnamed Copronymus, succeeds his father\n Leo 741\n\n Dreadful pestilence for three years over Europe and Asia 746\n\n The computation of years from the birth of Christ first\n used in historical writings 748\n\n Learning encouraged by the race of Abbas caliph of the\n Saracens 749\n\n The Merovingian race of kings ends in France 750\n\n Bagdad built, and made the capital of the caliphs of the\n house of Abbas 762\n\n A violent frost for 150 days from October to February 763\n\n Monasteries dissolved in the east by Constantine 770\n\n Pavia taken by Charlemagne, which ends the kingdom of the\n Lombards, after a duration of 206 years 774\n\n Leo IV. son of Constantine succeeds, and, five years after,\n is succeeded by his wife Irene and his son Constantine VI. 775\n\n Irene murders her son and reigns alone. The only men\n of learning in this century were Johannes Damascenus,\n Fredegaire, Alcuinus, Paulus Diaconus, and George the\n monk 797\n\n Charlemagne is crowned emperor of Rome and of the western\n empire. About this time the popes separate themselves\n from the princes of Constantinople 800\n\n Egbert ascends the throne of England, but the total\n reduction of the Saxon heptarchy is not effected till\n 26 years after 801\n\n Nicephorus I., great treasurer of the empire, succeeds 802\n\n Stauracius son of Nicephorus, and Michael I., surnamed\n Rhangabe, the husband of Procopia sister of Stauracius,\n assume the purple 811\n\n Leo V. the Armenian, though but an officer of the palace,\n ascends the throne of Constantinople 813\n\n Learning encouraged among the Saracens by Almanon, who\n made observations on the sun, &c. 816\n\n Michael II. the Thracian, surnamed the Stammerer, succeeds,\n after the murder of Leo 821\n\n The Saracens of Spain take Crete, which they call Candia 823\n\n The Almagest of Ptolemy translated into Arabic by order of\n Almanon 827\n\n Theophilus succeeds his father Michael 829\n\n Origin of the Russian monarchy 839\n\n Michael III. succeeds his father Theophilus with his mother\n Theodora 842\n\n The Normans get possession of some cities in France 853\n\n Michael is murdered, and succeeded by Basil I. the\n Macedonian 867\n\n Clocks first brought to Constantinople from Venice 872\n\n Basil is succeeded by his son Leo VI. the philosopher.\n In this century flourished Mesu\u00e9, the Arabian physician\n Eginhard, Rabanus, Albumasar, Godescalchus, Hincmarus,\n Odo, Photius, John Scotus, Anastasius the librarian,\n Alfraganus, Albategni, Reginon, John Asser 886\n\n Paris besieged by the Normans, and bravely defended by\n bishop Goslin 887\n\n Death of Alfred king of England, after a reign of 30 years 900\n\n Alexander brother of Leo succeeds, with his nephew\n Constantine VII., surnamed Porphyrogenitus 911\n\n The Normans establish themselves in France under Rollo 912\n\n Romanus I., surnamed Lecapenus, general of the fleet,\n usurps the throne, with his three sons, Christopher,\n Stephen, and Constantine VIII. 919\n\n Fiefs established in France 923\n\n Saracen empire divided by usurpation into seven kingdoms 936\n\n Naples seized by the eastern emperors 942\n\n The sons of Romanus conspire against their father, and\n the tumults this occasioned produced the restoration of\n Porphyrogenitus 945\n\n Romanus II. son of Constantine VII., by Helena the daughter\n of Lecapenus, succeeds 959\n\n Romanus, poisoned by his wife Theophana, is succeeded\n by Nicephorus Phocas II., whom the empress, unable to\n reign alone under the title of protectress of her young\n children, had married 963\n\n Italy conquered by Otho, and united to the German empire 964\n\n Nicephorus, at the instigation of Theophana, is murdered by\n John Zimisces, who assumes the purple 969\n\n Basil II., and Constantine IX., the two sons of Romanus by\n \u2666Theophana, succeed on the death of Zimisces 975\n\n \u2666 \u2018Theopana\u2019 replaced with \u2018Theophana\u2019\n\n The third or Capetian race of kings in France begins July\n 3rd 987\n\n Arithmetical figures brought into Europe from Arabia by the\n Saracens 991\n\n The empire of Germany first made elective by Otho III. The\n learned men of this century were Eudes de Cluni, Azophi,\n Luitprand, Alfarabius, Rhazes, Geber, Abbo, Aimoin,\n Gerbert 996\n\n A general massacre of the Danes in England, Nov. 13th 1002\n\n All old churches about this time rebuilt in a new manner\n of architecture 1005\n\n Flanders inundated in consequence of a violent storm 1014\n\n Constantine becomes sole emperor on the death of his\n brother 1025\n\n Romanus III., surnamed Argyrus, a patrician, succeeds by\n marrying Zoe the daughter of the late monarch 1028\n\n Zoe, after prostituting herself to a Paphlagonian\n money-lender, causes her husband Romanus to be poisoned,\n and afterwards marries her favourite, who ascends the\n throne under the name of Michael IV. 1034\n\n The kingdoms of Castile and Arragon begin 1035\n\n Zoe adopts for her son Michael V., the trade of whose\n father (careening vessels) had procured him the surname\n of Calaphates 1041\n\n Zoe and her sister Theodora are made sole empresses by the\n populace, but after two months Zoe, though 60 years old,\n takes for her third husband Constantine X., who succeeds 1042\n\n The Turks invade the Roman empire 1050\n\n After the death of Constantine, Theodora recovers the\n sovereignty, and, 19 months after, adopts, as her\n successor, Michael VI., surnamed Stratioticus 1054\n\n Isaac Commenus I. chosen emperor by the soldiers 1057\n\n Isaac abdicates, and when his brother refuses to succeed\n him, he appoints his friend Constantine XI., surnamed\n Ducas 1059\n\n Jerusalem conquered by the Turks from the Saracens 1065\n\n The crown of England is transferred from the head of Harold\n by the battle of Hastings, October the 14th, to William\n the Conqueror, duke of Normandy 1066\n\n On the death of Ducas, his wife Eudocia, instead of\n protecting his three sons, Michael, Andronicus, and\n Constantine, usurps the sovereignty, and marries\n Romanus III., surnamed Diogenes 1067\n\n Romanus being taken prisoner by the Turks, the three young\n princes ascend the throne, under the name of Michael\n Parapinaces VII., Andronicus I., and Constantine XII. 1071\n\n The general Nicephorus Botaniates III. assumes the purple 1078\n\n Doomsday-book begun to be compiled from a general survey\n of the estates of England, and finished in six years 1080\n\n Alexius Commenus I. nephew of Isaac I. ascends the throne.\n His reign is rendered illustrious by the pen of his\n daughter, the princess Anna Commena. The Normans, under\n Robert of Apulia, invade the eastern empire 1081\n\n Asia Minor finally conquered by the Turks 1084\n\n Accession of William II. to the English throne 1087\n\n The first crusade 1096\n\n Jerusalem taken by the crusaders 15th July. The only\n learned men of this century were Avicenna, Guy d\u2019Arezzo,\n Glaber, Hermannus, Franco, Peter Damiani, Michael\n Celularius, George Cedrenus, Berenger, Psellus, Marianus\n Scotus, Arzachel, William of Spires, Suidas, Peter the\n Hermit, Sigebert 1099\n\n Henry I. succeeds to the throne of England 1100\n\n Learning revived at Cambridge 1110\n\n John, or Calojohannes, son of Alexius, succeeds at\n Constantinople 1118\n\n Order of Knights Templars instituted 1118\n\n Accession of Stephen to the English crown 1135\n\n Manuel son of John succeeds at Constantinople 1143\n\n The second crusade 1147\n\n The canon law composed by Gratian, after 24 years\u2019 labour 1151\n\n The party names of Guelfs and Gibbelines begin in Italy 1154\n\n Henry II. succeeds in England 1154\n\n The Teutonic order begins 1164\n\n The conquest of Egypt by the Turks 1169\n\n The famous council of Clarendon in England, January 25th.\n Conquest of Ireland by Henry II. 1172\n\n Dispensing of justice by circuits first established in\n England 1176\n\n Alexius II. succeeds his father Manuel 1180\n\n English laws digested by Glanville 1181\n\n From the disorders of the government, on account of the\n minority of Alexius, Andronicus the grandson of the great\n Alexius is named Guardian, but he murders Alexius, and\n ascends the throne 1183\n\n Andronicus is cruelly put to death, and Isaac Angelus,\n a descendant of the great Alexius by the female line,\n succeeds 1185\n\n The third crusade, and siege of Acre 1188\n\n Richard I. succeeds his father Henry in England 1189\n\n Saladin defeated by Richard of England in the battle of\n Ascalon 1192\n\n Alexius Angelus brother of Isaac revolts, and usurps the\n sovereignty by putting out the eyes of the emperor 1195\n\n John succeeds to the English throne. The learned men\n of this century were Peter Abelard, Anna Commena,\n St. Bernard, Averroes, William of Malmesbury, Peter\n Lombard, Otho \u2666Frisingensis, Maimonides, Humenus,\n Wernerus, Gratian, Jeoffry of Monmouth, Tzetzes,\n Eustathius, John of Salisbury, Simeon of Durham, Henry\n of Huntingdon, Peter Comestor, Peter of Blois, Ranulph\n Glanville, Roger Hoveden, Campanus, William of Newburgh 1199\n\n \u2666 \u2018Trisingensis\u2019 replaced with \u2018Frisingensis\u2019\n\n Constantinople is besieged and taken by the Latins, and\n Isaac is taken from his dungeon and replaced on the\n throne with his son Alexius. This year is remarkable\n for the fourth crusade 1203\n\n The father and son are murdered by Alexius Mourzoufle,\n and Constantinople is again besieged and taken by\n the French and Venetians, who elect Baldwin count of\n Flanders emperor of the east. In the mean time, Theodore\n Lascaris makes himself emperor of Nice; Alexius grandson\n of the tyrant Andronicus becomes emperor of Trebizond;\n and Michael, an illegitimate child of the Angeli, founds\n an empire in Epirus 1204\n\n The emperor Baldwin is defeated by the Bulgarians, and\n next year is succeeded by his brother Henry 1205\n\n Reign and conquests of the great Zingis Khan first emperor\n of the Moguls and Tartars, till the time of his death,\n 1227 1206\n\n Aristotle\u2019s works imported from Constantinople are\n condemned by the council of Paris 1209\n\n Magna Charta granted to the English barons by king John 1215\n\n Henry III. succeeds his father John on the English throne 1216\n\n Peter of Courtenay, the husband of Yolanda sister of the\n two last emperors, Baldwin and Henry, is made emperor by\n the Latins 1217\n\n Robert son of Peter Courtenay succeeds 1221\n\n Theodore Lascaris is succeeded on the throne of Nice by\n his son-in-law John Ducas Vataces 1222\n\n John of Brienne, and Baldwin II. son of Peter, succeeded\n on the throne of Constantinople 1228\n\n The inquisition which had been begun 1204 is now trusted\n to the Dominicans 1233\n\n Baldwin alone 1237\n\n Origin of the Ottomans 1240\n\n The fifth crusade 1248\n\n Astronomical tables composed by Alphonso XI. of Castile 1253\n\n Ducas Vataces is succeeded on the throne of Nice by his\n son Theodore Lascaris II. 1255\n\n Lascaris succeeded by his son John Lascaris, a minor 1259\n\n Michael Pal\u00e6ologus son of the sister of the queen of\n Theodore Lascaris ascends the throne, after the murder\n of the young prince\u2019s guardian 1260\n\n Constantinople is recovered from the Latins by the Greek\n emperors of Nice 1261\n\n Edward I. succeeds on the English throne 1272\n\n The famous Mortmain act passes in England 1279\n\n Eight thousand French murdered during the Sicilian vespers,\n 30th of March 1282\n\n Wales conquered by Edward and annexed to England 1283\n\n Michael Pal\u00e6ologus dies, and his son Andronicus, who had\n already reigned nine years conjointly with his father,\n ascends the throne. The learned men of this century are\n Gervase, Diceto, Saxo, Walter of Coventry, Accursius,\n Anthony of Padua, Alexander Halensis, William of Paris,\n Peter de Vignes, Matthew Paris, Grosseteste, Albertus,\n Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventura, John Joinville, Roger Bacon,\n Cimabue, Durandus, Henry of Ghent, Raymond Lulli, Jacob\n Voragine, Albertet, Duns Scotus, Thebit 1293\n\n A regular succession of English parliaments from this time 1293\n\n The Turkish empire begins in Bithynia 1298\n\n The mariner\u2019s compass invented or improved by Flavio 1302\n\n The Swiss cantons begin 1307\n\n Edward II. succeeds to the English crown 1307\n\n Translation of the holy see to Avignon, which alienation\n continues 68 years, till the return of Gregory XI. 1308\n\n Andronicus adopts, as his colleagues, Manuel, and his\n grandson the younger Andronicus. Manuel dying, Andronicus\n revolts against his grandfather, who abdicates 1320\n\n Edward III. succeeds in England \u26661327\n\n \u2666 \u20181337\u2019 replaced with \u20181327\u2019\n\n First comet observed, whose course is described with\n exactness, in June 1337\n\n About this time flourished Leo Pilatus, a Greek professor\n at Florence, Barlaam, Petrarch, Boccace, and Manuel\n Chrysoloras, where may be fixed the era of the revival\n of Greek literature in Italy 1339\n\n Andronicus is succeeded by his son John Pal\u00e6ologus in the\n ninth year of his age. John Cantacuzene, who had been\n left guardian of the young prince, assumes the purple.\n First passage of the Turks into Europe 1341\n\n The knights and burgesses of parliament first sit in the\n same house 1342\n\n The battle of Crecy, August 26th 1346\n\n Seditions of Rienzi at Rome, and his elevation to the\n tribuneship 1347\n\n Order of the Garter in England established April 23rd 1349\n\n The Turks first enter Europe 1352\n\n Cantacuzene abdicates the purple 1355\n\n The battle of Poictiers, September 19th 1356\n\n Law pleadings altered from French into English as a favour\n from Edward III. to his people, in his 50th year 1362\n\n Rise of Timour, or Tamerlane, to the throne of Samarcand,\n and his extensive conquests till his death, after a reign\n of 35 years 1370\n\n Accession of Richard II. to the English throne 1377\n\n Manuel succeeds his father John Pal\u00e6ologus 1391\n\n Accession of Henry IV. in England. The learned men of\n this century were Peter Apono, Flavio, Dante, Arnoldus\n Villa, Nicholas Lyra, William Occam, Nicephoras Gregoras,\n Leontius Pilatus, Matthew of Westminster, Wickliff,\n Froissart, Nicholas Flamel, &c. 1399\n\n Henry IV. is succeeded by his son Henry V. 1413\n\n Battle of Agincourt, October 25th 1415\n\n The island of Madeira discovered by the Portuguese 1420\n\n Henry VI. succeeds to the throne of England. Constantinople\n is besieged by Amurath II. the Turkish emperor 1422\n\n John Pal\u00e6ologus II. succeeds his father Manuel 1424\n\n Cosmo de Medici recalled from banishment, and rise of that\n family at Florence 1434\n\n The famous pragmatic sanction settled in France 1439\n\n Printing discovered at Mentz, and improved gradually in\n 22 years 1440\n\n Constantine, one of the sons of Manuel, ascends the throne\n after his brother John 1448\n\n Mahomet II. emperor of the Turks besieges and takes\n Constantinople on the 29th of May. Fall of the eastern\n empire. The captivity of the Greeks, and the extinction\n of the imperial families of the Commeni and Pal\u00e6ologi.\n About this time the House of York in England began to\n aspire to the crown, and, by their ambitious views, to\n deluge the whole kingdom in blood. The learned men of\n the 15th century were Chaucer, Leonard Aretin, John Huss,\n Jerome of Prague, Poggio, Flavius Blondus, Theodore Gaza,\n Frank Philelphus, Georgius Trapezuntius, Gemistus Pletho,\n Laurentius Valla, Ulugh Beigh, John Guttemberg, John\n Faustus, Peter Schoeffer, Wesselus, Peurbachius, \u00c6neas\n Sylvius, Bessarion, Thomas \u00e0 Kempis, Argyropulus,\n Regiomontanus, Platina, Agricola, Pontanus, Ficinus,\n Lascaris, Tiphernas, Annius of Viterbo, Merula, Savonarola,\n Picus, Politian, Hermolaus, Grocyn, Mantuanus, John Colet,\n Reuchlin, Lynacre, Alexander ab Alexandro, Demetrius\n Chalcondyles, &c. 1453\n\n\n\n\n A CLASSICAL DICTIONARY,\n ETC., ETC.\n\n\n A\n\n=ABA= and =Ab\u00e6=, a town of Phocis, famous for an oracle of Apollo,\n surnamed Ab\u00e6us. The inhabitants, called Abantes, were of Thracian\n origin. After the ruin of their country by Xerxes, they migrated\n to Eub\u0153a, which from them was called Abantis. Some of them passed\n afterwards from Eub\u0153a into Ionia. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015\n _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 55.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Caria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of\n Arabia Felix.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain near Smyrna. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015\n _Strabo_, bk. 10.\n\n=Abac\u0113ne=, a country of Sicily near Messana. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Ab\u0103lus=, an island in the German ocean, where, as the ancients\n supposed, the amber dropped from the trees. If a man was drowned\n there, and his body never appeared above the water, propitiatory\n sacrifices were offered to his manes during a hundred years. _Pliny_,\n bk. 37, ch. 2.\n\n=Ab\u0101na=, a place of Capua. _Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_.\n\n=Abantes=, a warlike people of Peloponnesus, who built a town in\n Phocis called Aba, after their leader Abas, whence also their\n name originated. They afterwards went to Eub\u0153a. _See:_ Abantis.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 146.\n\n=Abantias= and =Abanti\u0103des=, a patronymic given to the descendants\n of Abas king of Argos, such as Acrisius, Danae, Perseus, Atalanta,\n &c. _Ovid._\n\n=Abant\u012ddas=, made himself master of Sicyon, after he had murdered\n Clinias the father of Aratus. He was himself soon after assassinated,\n B.C. 251. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.\n\n=Abantis=, or =Abantias=, an ancient name of the island of Eub\u0153a,\n received from the Abantes, who settled in it from Phocis. _Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a country of Epirus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,\n ch. 22.\n\n=Abarbarea=, one of the Naiades, mother of \u00c6sepus and Pedasus by\n Bucolion, Laomedon\u2019s eldest son. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 23.\n\n=Abar\u012bmon=, a country of Scythia, near mount Imaus. The inhabitants\n were said to have their toes behind their heels, and to breathe no\n air but that of their native country. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.\n\n=Ab\u0103ris=, a man killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,\n li. 86.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Rutulian killed by Euryalus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 344.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Scythian, son of Seuthes, in the age of Cr\u0153sus, or\n the Trojan war, who received a flying arrow from Apollo, with which\n he gave oracles, and transported himself wherever he pleased. He\n is said to have returned to the Hyperborean countries from Athens\n without eating, and to have made the Trojan Palladium with the bones\n of Pelops. Some suppose that he wrote treatises in Greek; and it\n is reported, that there is a Greek manuscript of his epistles to\n Phalaris, in the library of Augsburg. But there were probably two\n persons of that name. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 33.\n\n=Ab\u0101rus=, an Arabian prince, who perfidiously deserted Crassus in his\n expedition against Parthia. _Appian_, _Parthia_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015He is called\n Mezeres by _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11, and Ariamnes by _Plutarch_,\n _Crassus_.\n\n=Abas=, a mountain in Syria, where the Euphrates rises.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river\n of Armenia Major, where Pompey routed the Albani. _Plutarch_,\n _Pompey_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Metanira, or Melaninia, changed into a lizard\n for laughing at Ceres. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 7.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The 11th king of Argos, son of Belus, some say of Lynceus and\n Hypermnestra, was famous for his genius and valour. He was father to\n Pr\u0153tus and Acrisius, by Ocalea, and built Ab\u00e6. He reigned 23 years,\n B.C. 1384. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16; bk. 10, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 170, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of \u00c6neas\u2019s\n companions, killed in Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 170.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015\n Another lost in the storm which drove \u00c6neas to Carthage. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 125.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Latian chief, who assisted \u00c6neas\n against Turnus, and was killed by Lausus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n li. 170, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek, son of Eurydamus, killed by \u00c6neas during\n the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 286.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 5, li. 150.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A centaur, famous for his skill in hunting.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 306.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A soothsayer, to\n whom the Spartans erected a statue in the temple of Apollo, for\n his services to Lysander. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Neptune. _Hyginus_, fable 157.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist who wrote two treatises,\n one on history, the other on rhetoric. The time in which he lived\n is unknown.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote an account of Troy. He is quoted by\n Servius in _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9.\n\n=Ab\u0101sa=, an island in the Red sea, near \u00c6thiopia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,\n ch. 26.\n\n=Abas\u012btis=, a part of Mysia in Asia. _Strabo._\n\n=Abass\u0113na=, or =Abassinia=. _See:_ Abyssinia.\n\n=Abassus=, a town of Phrygia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15.\n\n=Abastor=, one of Pluto\u2019s horses.\n\n=Ab\u0103tos=, an island in the lake near Memphis in Egypt, abounding with\n flax and papyrus. Osiris was buried there. _Lucan_, bk. 10, li. 323.\n\n=Abdalon\u012bmus=, one of the descendants of the kings of Sidon, so poor,\n that to maintain himself, he worked in a garden. When Alexander\n took Sidon, he made him king, in the room of Strato the deposed\n monarch, and enlarged his possessions on account of the great\n disinterestedness of his conduct. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\n _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Abd\u0113ra=, a town of Hispania B\u00e6tica, built by the Carthaginians.\n _Strabo_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A maritime city of Thrace, built by Hercules,\n in memory of Abderus, one of his favourites. The Clazomenians\n and Teians beautified it. Some suppose that Abdera the sister of\n Diomedes built it. The air was so unwholesome, and the inhabitants\n of such a sluggish disposition, that stupidity was commonly called\n _Abderitica mens_. It gave birth, however, to Democritus, Protagoras,\n Anaxarchus, and Hecat\u00e6us. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters\n to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 16.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 186.\u2015\u2015_Martial_,\n bk. 10, ltr. 25.\n\n=Abd\u0113ria=, a town of Spain. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n=Abder\u012btes=, a people of P\u00e6onia, obliged to leave their country on\n account of the great number of rats and frogs which infested it.\n _Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 2.\n\n=Abd\u0113rus=, a man of Opus in Locris, arm-bearer to Hercules, torn to\n pieces by the mares of Diomedes, which the hero had entrusted to his\n care when going to war against the Bistones. Hercules built a city,\n which, in honour of his friend, he called Abdera. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, bk. 2, ch. 25.\n\n=Abe\u0103t\u00e6=, a people of Achaia, probably the inhabitants of Abia.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6.\n\n=Abella=, a town of Campania, whose inhabitants were called Abellani.\n Its nuts, called _avellan\u00e6_, and also its apples, were famous.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 740.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 544.\n\n=Abelux=, a noble of Saguntum, who favoured the party of the Romans\n against Carthage. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 22.\n\n=Abenda=, a town of Caria, whose inhabitants were the first who raised\n temples to the city of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 6.\n\n=Abia=, formerly _Ire_, a maritime town of Messenia, one of the seven\n cities promised to Achilles by Agamemnon. It is called after Abia,\n daughter of Hercules and nurse of Hyllus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 292.\n\n=Abii=, a nation between Scythia and Thrace. They lived upon milk,\n were fond of celibacy, and enemies to war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13,\n li. 6.\u2015\u2015According to _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 6, they surrendered to\n Alexander, after they had been independent since the reign of Cyrus.\n\n=Ab\u012dla=, or =Abyla=, a mountain of Africa, in that part which is\n nearest to the opposite mountain called Calpe, on the coast of Spain,\n only eighteen miles distant. These two mountains are called the\n columns of Hercules, and were said formerly to be united, till\n the hero separated them, and made a communication between the\n Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. _Strabo_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1,\n ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3.\n\n=Abis\u0103res=, an Indian prince, who offered to surrender to Alexander.\n _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 12.\n\n=Abis\u0103ris=, a country beyond the Hydaspes in India. _Arrian._\n\n=Abisontes=, some inhabitants of the Alps. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20.\n\n=Abl\u0113tes=, a people near Troy. _Strabo._\n\n=Abnoba=, a mountain of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 1.\n\n=Abobr\u012dca=, a town of Lusitania. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in\n Spain.\n\n=Ab\u0153cr\u012dtus=, a B\u0153otian general, killed with a thousand men, in a\n battle at Ch\u00e6ronea, against the \u00c6tolians. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.\n\n=Abol\u0101ni=, a people of Latium, near Alba. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5.\n\n=Ab\u014dlus=, a river of Sicily. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.\n\n=Aboniteichos=, a town of Galatia. _Arrian_, _Periplus of the Euxine\n Sea_.\n\n=Abor\u0101ca=, a town of Sarmatia.\n\n=Aborig\u012dnes=, the original inhabitants of Italy; or, according\n to others, a nation conducted by Saturn into Latium, where they\n taught the use of letters to Evander the king of the country. Their\n posterity was called Latini, from Latinus, one of their kings. They\n assisted \u00c6neas against Turnus. Rome was built in their country.\u2015\u2015The\n word signifies _without origin_, or whose _origin is not known_,\n and is generally applied to the original inhabitants of any country.\n _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 5.\n\n=Aborras=, a river of Mesopotamia. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Abrad\u0101tes=, a king of Susa, who, when his wife Panthea had been taken\n prisoner by Cyrus, and humanely treated, surrendered himself and\n his troops to the conqueror. He was killed in the first battle he\n undertook in the cause of Cyrus, and his wife stabbed herself on\n his corpse. Cyrus raised a monument on their tomb. _Xenophon_,\n _Cyrop\u00e6dia_, bks. 5, 6, &c.\n\n=Abrentius=, was made governor of Tarentum by Annibal. He betrayed his\n trust to the enemy to gain the favours of a beautiful woman, whose\n brother was in the Roman army. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Abroc\u014fmas=, son of Darius, was in the army of Xerxes, when he\n invaded Greece. He was killed at Thermopyl\u00e6. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,\n ch. 224.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.\n\n=Abrodi\u00e6tus=, a name given to Parrhasius the painter, on account of\n the sumptuous manner of his living. _See:_ Parrhasius.\n\n=Abron=, an Athenian, who wrote some treatises on the religious\n festivals and sacrifices of the Greeks. Only the titles of his\n works are preserved. _Suidas._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian of Rhodes, who taught\n rhetoric at Rome.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another who wrote a treatise on Theocritus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Spartan, son of Lycurgus the orator. _Plutarch_, _Decem Oratorum_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Argos, famous for his debauchery.\n\n=Abronius Silo=, a Latin poet in the Augustan age. He wrote some\n fables. _Seneca._\n\n=Abronycus=, an Athenian, very serviceable to Themistocles in his\n embassy to Sparta. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 91.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 8,\n ch. 21.\n\n=Abr\u014fta=, the wife of Nisus, the youngest of the sons of \u00c6geus. As\n a monument to her chastity, Nisus, after her death, ordered the\n garments which she wore to become the models of fashion in Megara.\n _Plutarch_, _Qu\u00e6stiones Gr\u00e6c\u00e6_.\n\n=Abrot\u014fnum=, the mother of Themistocles. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Africa, near the Syrtes. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n harlot of Thrace. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.\n\n=Abrus=, a city of the Sap\u00e6i. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10.\n\n=Abryp\u014flis=, an ally of Rome, driven from his possessions by Perseus,\n the last king of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 42, chs. 13 & 41.\n\n=Abseus=, a giant, son of Tartarus and Terra. _Hyginus_, preface to\n fables.\n\n=Absinthii=, a people on the coasts of Pontus, where there is also a\n mountain of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 34.\n\n=Abs\u014frus=, =Absyrtis=, =Absyrtides=, islands in the Adriatic, or near\n Istria, where Absyrtus was killed, whence their name. _Strabo_,\n bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 190.\n\n=Absyrtos=, a river falling into the Adriatic sea, near which Absyrtus\n was murdered. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 190.\n\n=Absyrtus=, a son of \u00c6etes king of Colchis, and Hypsea. His sister\n Medea, as she fled away with Jason, tore his body to pieces, and\n strewed his limbs in her father\u2019s way, to stop his pursuit. Some\n say that she murdered him in Colchis, others, near Istria. It is\n said by others, that he was not murdered, but that he arrived safe\n in Illyricum. The place where he was killed has been called Tomos,\n and the river adjoining to it Absyrtos. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 190.\u2015\u2015\n _Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 23.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 8, li. 261.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3,\n poem 9.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 3, chs. 21 & 26.\n\n=Abul\u012btes=, governor of Susa, betrayed his trust to Alexander, and\n was rewarded with a province. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 17.\n\n=Abyd\u0113nus=, a disciple of Aristotle, too much indulged by his master.\n He wrote some historical treatises on Cyprus, Delos, Arabia, and\n Assyria. _Philo Jud\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015_Josephus_, _Against Apion_.\n\n=Ab\u0233dos=, a town of Egypt, where was the famous temple of Osiris.\n _Plutarch_, on _De Iside et Osiride_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Asia, opposite\n Sestos in Europe, with which, from the narrowness of the Hellespont,\n it seemed, to those who approach it by sea, to form only one town.\n It was built by the Milesians, by permission of king Gyges. It\n is famous for the amours of Hero and Leander, and for the bridge\n of boats which Xerxes built there across the Hellespont. The\n inhabitants, being besieged by Philip the father of Perseus, devoted\n themselves to death with their families, rather than fall into the\n hands of the enemy. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 674.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Mus\u00e6us_, _Hero & Leander_.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_,\n bk. 1, li. 285.\n\n=Ab\u0233la.= _See:_ Abila.\n\n=Ab\u0233lon=, a city of Egypt.\n\n=Abyssinia=, a large kingdom of Africa, in Upper \u00c6thiopia, where\n the Nile takes its rise. The inhabitants are said to be of Arabian\n origin, and were little known to the ancients.\n\n=Acacallis=, a nymph, mother of Philander and Phylacis by Apollo.\n These children were exposed to the wild beasts in Crete; but a goat\n gave them her milk, and preserved their life. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Minos, mother of Cydon by Mercury, and of\n Amphithemis by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_,\n bk. 4, li. 1493.\n\n=Acac\u0113sium=, a town of Arcadia, built by Acacus son of Lycaon.\n Mercury, surnamed Acacesius, because brought up by Acacus as his\n foster-father, was worshipped there. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 3,\n 36, &c.\n\n=Acacius=, a rhetorician in the age of the emperor Julian.\n\n=Acad\u0113mia=, a place near Athens surrounded with high trees, and\n adorned with spacious covered walks, belonging to Academus,\n from whom the name is derived. Some derive the word from \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c2\n \u03b4\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, _removed from the people_. Here Plato opened his school of\n philosophy, and from this, every place sacred to learning has ever\n since been called _Academia_. To exclude from it profaneness and\n dissipation, it was even forbidden to laugh there. It was called\n _Academia vetus_, to distinguish it from the _second Academy_,\n founded by Arcesilaus, who made some few alterations in the Platonic\n philosophy, and from the _third_ which was established by Carneades.\n _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_,\n bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 35.\n\n=Acad\u0113mus=, an Athenian, who discovered to Castor and Pollux where\n Theseus had concealed their sister Helen, for which they amply\n rewarded him. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\n\n=Acalandrus=, or =Acalyndrus=, a river falling into the bay of\n Tarentum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\n\n=Acalle=, a daughter of Minos and Pasiphae. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 1.\n\n=Acamarchis=, one of the Oceanides.\n\n=Ac\u0103mas=, son of Theseus and Ph\u00e6dra, went with Diomedes to demand Helen\n from the Trojans after her elopement from Menelaus. In his embassy\n he had a son called Munitus, by Laodice the daughter of Priam. He\n was concerned in the Trojan war, and afterwards built the town of\n Acamantium in Phrygia, and on his return to Greece called a tribe\n after his own name at Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Quintus\n Smyrn\u00e6us_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 108.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Antenor in\n the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 60, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Thracian\n auxiliary of Priam in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.\n\n=Acampsis=, a river of Colchis. _Arrian._\n\n=Acantha=, a nymph loved by Apollo, and changed into the flower\n Acanthus.\n\n=Acanthus=, a town near mount Athos, belonging to Macedonia, or,\n according to others, to Thrace. It was founded by a colony from\n Andros. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 84.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015\n Another in Egypt near the Nile, called also Dulopolis. _Pliny_,\n bk. 5, ch. 28.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island mentioned by _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.\n\n=Ac\u0103ra=, a town of Pannonia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Italy.\n\n=Acaria=, a fountain of Corinth, where Iolas cut off the head of\n Eurystheus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Acarnania=, anciently Curetis, a country of Epirus, at the north of\n the Ionian sea, divided from \u00c6tolia by the Achelous. The inhabitants\n reckoned only six months in the year; they were luxurious, and\n addicted to pleasure, so that _porcus Acarnas_ became proverbial.\n Their horses were famous. It received its name from Acarnas.\n _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 90.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 7\n & 9.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_, _Dialogi Meretricii_.\n\n=Acarnas= and =Amphoterus=, sons of Alcm\u00e6on and Callirh\u00f6e. Alcm\u00e6on\n being murdered by the brothers of Alphesib\u0153a his former wife,\n Callirh\u00f6e obtained from Jupiter, that her children, who were still\n in the cradle, might, by a supernatural power, suddenly grow up to\n punish their father\u2019s murderers. This was granted. _See:_ Alcm\u00e6on.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,\n fable 10.\n\n=Acarnas= and =Acarnan=, a stony mountain of Attica. _Seneca_,\n _Hippolytus_, li. 20.\n\n=Acasta=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 356.\n\n=Acastus=, son of Pelias king of Thessaly by Anaxibia, married\n Astydamia or Hippolyte, who fell in love with Peleus son of \u00c6acus,\n when in banishment at her husband\u2019s court. Peleus, rejecting the\n addresses of Hippolyte, was accused before Acastus of attempts upon\n her virtue, and soon after, at a chase, exposed to wild beasts.\n Vulcan, by order of Jupiter, delivered Peleus, who returned to\n Thessaly, and put to death Acastus and his wife. _See:_ Peleus and\n Astydamia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 306; _Heroides_,\n poem 13, li. 25.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second\n archon at Athens.\n\n=Acathantus=, a bay in the Red sea.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Acca Laurentia=, the wife of Faustulus shepherd of king Numitor\u2019s\n flocks, who brought up Romulus and Remus, who had been exposed on\n the banks of the Tiber. From her wantonness, she was called _Lupa_,\n prostitute, whence the fable that Romulus was suckled by a she-wolf.\n _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The Romans yearly celebrated\n certain festivals [_See:_ Laurentalia] in honour of another\n prostitute of the same name, which arose from this circumstance:\n the keeper of the temple of Hercules, one day playing at dice,\n made the god one of the number, on condition that if Hercules was\n defeated, he should make him a present, but if he conquered he\n should be entertained with an elegant feast, and share his bed with\n a beautiful female. Hercules was victorious, and accordingly Acca\n was conducted to the bed of Hercules, who in reality came to see her,\n and told her in the morning to go into the streets, and salute with\n a kiss the first man she met. This was Tarrutius, an old unmarried\n man, who, not displeased with Acca\u2019s liberty, loved her, and made\n her the heiress of all his possessions. These, at her death, she\n gave to the Roman people, whence the honours paid to her memory.\n _Plutarch_, _Qu\u00e6stiones Roman\u00e6_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A companion of\n Camilla. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 820.\n\n=Accia=, or =Atia=, daughter of Julia and Marcus Atius Balbus, was the\n mother of Augustus, and died about 40 years B.C. _Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015\n _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Variola, an illustrious female,\n whose cause was eloquently pleaded by Pliny. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 33.\n\n=Acc\u012dla=, a town of Sicily. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 35.\n\n=Lucius Accius=, a Roman tragic poet, whose roughness of style\n Quintilian has imputed to the unpolished age in which he lived. He\n translated some of the tragedies of Sophocles, but of his numerous\n pieces only some of the names are known; and among these his Nupti\u00e6,\n Mercator, Neoptolemus, Ph\u0153nice, Medea, Atreus, &c. The great marks\n of honour which he received at Rome may be collected from this\n circumstance: that a man was severely reprimanded by a magistrate\n for mentioning his name without reverence. Some few of his verses\n are preserved in Cicero and in other writers. He died about 180\n years B.C. _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 56.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1,\n poem 15, li. 19.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters\n to Atticus_ & _Brutus or de Claris Oratoribus_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n famous orator of Pisaurum in Cicero\u2019s age.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Labeo, a foolish poet\n mentioned _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 50.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Tullius, a prince of the\n Volsci, very inimical to the Romans. Coriolanus, when banished by\n his countrymen, fled to him, and led his armies against Rome. _Livy_,\n bk. 2, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Coriolanus_.\n\n=Acco=, a general of the Senones in Gaul. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6,\n chs. 4 & 44.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An old woman who fell mad on seeing her deformity in\n a looking-glass. _Hesychius._\n\n=Accua=, a town in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 20.\n\n=Ace=, a town in Ph\u0153nicia, called also Ptolemais, now Acre. _Cornelius\n Nepos_, _Datames_, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A place of Arcadia near Megalopolis,\n where Orestes was cured from the persecution of the furies, who had\n a temple there. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34.\n\n=Acer\u0101tus=, a soothsayer, who remained alone at Delphi when the\n approach of Xerxes frightened away the inhabitants. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 8, ch. 37.\n\n=Acerbas=, a priest of Hercules at Tyre, who married Dido. _See:_\n Sich\u00e6us. _Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 4.\n\n=Acer\u012bna=, a colony of the Brutii in Magna Gr\u00e6cia, taken by Alexander\n of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 24.\n\n=Acerr\u00e6=, an ancient town of Campania, near the river Clanius. It\n still subsists; and the frequent inundations from the river which\n terrified its ancient inhabitants, are now prevented by the large\n drains dug there. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 225.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 8, ch. 17.\n\n=Acersec\u014fmes=, a surname of Apollo, which signifies _unshorn_.\n _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 128.\n\n=Aces=, a river of Asia. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 117.\n\n=Acesia=, part of the island of Lemnos, which received this name from\n Philoctetes, whose wound was cured there. _Philostratus._\n\n=Aces\u012bnes=, a river of Sicily. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 25.\n\n=Aces\u012bnus=, or =Aces\u012bnes=, a river of Persia falling into the Indus.\n Its banks produce reeds of such an uncommon size, that a piece of\n them, particularly between two knots, can serve as a boat to cross\n the water. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Acesius=, a surname of Apollo, in Elis and Attica, as god of medicine.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 24.\n\n=Acesta=, a town of Sicily, called after king Acestes, and known also\n by the name of Segesta. It was built by \u00c6neas, who left there part\n of his crew, as he was going to Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5,\n li. 746, &c.\n\n=Acestes=, son of Crinisus and Egesta, was king of the country near\n Drepanum in Sicily. He assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and kindly\n entertained \u00c6neas during his voyage, and helped him to bury his\n father on mount Eryx. In commemoration of this, \u00c6neas built a city\n there called Acesta, from Acestes. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 746.\n\n=Acestium=, a woman who saw all her relations invested with the sacred\n office of torch-bearer in the festivals of Ceres. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,\n ch. 37.\n\n=Acestod\u014drus=, a Greek historian, who mentions the review which\n Xerxes made of his forces before the battle of Salamis. _Plutarch_,\n _Themistocles_.\n\n=Acestor\u012ddes=, an Athenian archon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Corinthian, governor of\n Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.\n\n=Acetes=, one of Evander\u2019s attendants. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11,\n li. 30.\n\n=Achab\u0233tos=, a lofty mountain in Rhodes, where Jupiter had a temple.\n\n=Ach\u00e6a=, a surname of Pallas, whose temple in Daunia was defended by\n dogs which fawned upon the Greeks, but fiercely attacked all other\n persons. _Aristotle_, _de Mirabilibus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Ceres was called Ach\u00e6a,\n from her _lamentations_ (\u1f00\u03c7\u03b5\u03b1) at the loss of Proserpine. _Plutarch_,\n _De Iside et Osiride_.\n\n=Ach\u00e6i=, the descendants of Ach\u00e6us, at first inhabited the country near\n Argos, but being driven by the Heraclid\u00e6, 80 years after the Trojan\n war, they retired among the Ionians, whose 12 cities they seized\n and kept. The names of these cities are Pellene, \u00c6gira, \u00c6ges, Bura,\n Trit\u00e6a, \u00c6gion, Rhyp\u00e6, Olenos, Helice, Patr\u00e6, Dyme, and Phar\u00e6. The\n inhabitants of these three last began a famous confederacy, 284\n years B.C., which continued formidable upwards of 130 years, under\n the name of the _Ach\u00e6an league_, and was most illustrious whilst\n supported by the splendid virtues and abilities of Aratus and\n Philop\u0153men. Their arms were directed against the \u00c6tolians for three\n years, with the assistance of Philip of Macedon, and they grew\n powerful by the accession of neighbouring states, and freed their\n country from foreign slavery, till at last they were attacked by\n the Romans, and, after one year\u2019s hostilities, the Ach\u00e6an league\n was totally destroyed, B.C. 147. The Ach\u00e6ans extended the borders\n of their country by conquest and even planted colonies in Magna\n Gr\u00e6cia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of _Ach\u00e6i_ is generally applied to all the\n Greeks, indiscriminately, by the poets. _See:_ Achaia. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 145; bk. 8, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 2, li. 164.\n \u2015\u2015_Polybius._\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bks. 27, 32, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Philop\u0153men_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 605.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a people of Asia on the\n borders of the Euxine. _Ovid_, _Ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 27.\n\n=Ach\u00e6ium=, a place of Troas, opposite Tenedos. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Ach\u00e6m\u0115nes=, a king of Persia, among the progenitors of Cyrus the\n Great; whose descendants were called Ach\u00e6menides, and formed a\n separate tribe in Persia, of which the kings were members. Cambyses,\n son of Cyrus, on his death-bed, charged his nobles, and particularly\n the Ach\u00e6menides, not to suffer the Medes to recover their former\n power, and abolish the empire of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125;\n bk. 3, ch. 65; bk. 7, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Persian, made governor of Egypt by Xerxes, B.C. 484.\n\n=Ach\u00e6menia=, part of Persia, called after Ach\u00e6menes. Hence Ach\u00e6menius.\n _Horace_, _Epodes_, poem 13, li. 12.\n\n=Ach\u00e6men\u012ddes=, a native of Ithaca, son of Adramastus, and one of\n the companions of Ulysses, abandoned on the coast of Sicily, where\n \u00c6neas, on his voyage to Italy, found him. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3,\n li. 624.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 417.\n\n=Ach\u00e6orum littus=, a harbour in Cyprus. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015In Troas,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015in\n \u00c6olia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015in Peloponnesus,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015on the Euxine. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,\n ch. 34.\n\n=Ach\u00e6orum statio=, a place on the coast of the Thracian Chersonesus,\n where Polyxena was sacrificed to the shades of Achilles, and where\n Hecuba killed Polymnestor, who had murdered her son Polydorus.\n\n=Ach\u00e6us=, a king of Lydia, hung by his subjects for his extortion.\n _Ovid_, _Ibis_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Xuthus of Thessaly. He fled, after the\n accidental murder of a man, to Peloponnesus; where the inhabitants\n were called from him, Ach\u00e6i. He afterwards returned to Thessaly.\n _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tragic poet of\n Eretria, who wrote 43 tragedies, of which some of the titles are\n preserved, such as Adrastus, Linus, Cycnus, Eumenides, Philoctetes,\n Pirithous, Theseus, \u0152dipus, &c.; of these only one obtained the\n prize. He lived some time after Sophocles.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Syracuse,\n author of 10 tragedies.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river which falls into the Euxine.\n _Arrian_, _Periplus of the Euxine Sea_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A relation of Antiochus\n the Great, appointed governor of all the king\u2019s provinces beyond\n Taurus. He aspired to sovereign power, which he disputed for eight\n years with Antiochus, and was at last betrayed by a Cretan. His\n limbs were cut off, and his body, sewed in the skin of an ass, was\n exposed on a gibbet. _Polybius_, bk. 8.\n\n=Achaia=, called also _Hellas_, a country of Peloponnesus at the north\n of Elis on the bay of Corinth, which is now part of Livadia. It was\n originally called \u00c6gialus (_shore_) from its situation. The Ionians\n called it Ionia, when they settled there; and it received the name\n of Achaia, from the Ach\u00e6i, who dispossessed the Ionians. _See:_\n Ach\u00e6i.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small part of Phthiotis was also called Achaia, of which\n Alos was the capital.\n\n=Achaicum bellum.= _See:_ Ach\u00e6i.\n\n=Ach\u0103ra=, a town near Sardis. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Acharenses=, a people of Sicily near Syracuse. _Cicero_, _Against\n Verres_, bk. 3.\n\n=Acharn\u00e6=, a village of Attica. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 19.\n\n=Ach\u0101tes=, a friend of \u00c6neas, whose fidelity was so exemplary that\n _Fidus Achates_ became a proverb. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li.\n 316.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Sicily.\n\n=Ach\u0115l\u014d\u012ddes=, a patronymic given to the Sirens as daughters of\n Achelous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 15.\n\n=Achelorium=, a river of Thessaly. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Achel\u014dus=, the son of Oceanus or Sol by Terra or Tethys, god of the\n river of the same name in Epirus. As one of the numerous suitors\n of Dejanira daughter of \u0152neus he entered the lists against Hercules\n and being inferior, changed himself into a serpent, and afterwards\n into an ox. Hercules broke off one of his horns, and Achelous being\n defeated, retired in disgrace into his bed of waters. The broken\n horn was taken up by the nymphs, and filled with fruits and flowers,\n and after it had for some time adorned the hand of the conqueror, it\n was presented to the goddess of plenty. Some say that he was changed\n into a river after the victory of Hercules. This river is in Epirus,\n and rises in mount Pindus, and after dividing Acarnania from \u00c6tolia,\n falls into the Ionian sea. The sand and mud which it carries down,\n have formed some islands at its mouth. This river is said by some\n to have sprung from the earth after the deluge. _Herodotus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 5;\n bk. 9, fable 1; _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 6, li. 35.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, chs. 3 & 7; bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, preface to fables.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n river of Arcadia falling into the Alpheus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another flowing from\n mount Sipylus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.\n\n=Acherdus=, a tribe of Attica; hence _Acherdusius_, _Demosthenes_.\n\n=Acher\u012dmi=, a people of Sicily. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _Against Verres_.\n\n=Ach\u0115ron=, a river of Thesprotia, in Epirus, falling into the bay of\n Ambracia. Homer called it, from the dead appearance of its waters,\n one of the rivers of hell, and the fable has been adopted by all\n succeeding poets, who make the god of the stream to be the son of\n Ceres without a father, and say that he concealed himself in hell\n for fear of the Titans, and was changed into a bitter stream, over\n which the souls of the dead are at first conveyed. It receives,\n say they, the souls of the dead, because a deadly languor seizes\n them at the hour of dissolution. Some make him son of Titan, and\n suppose that he was plunged into hell by Jupiter, for supplying the\n Titans with water. The word Acheron is often taken for hell itself.\n _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 36.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li.\n 292; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 295, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3,\n li. 16.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Sylv\u00e6_, poem 6, li. 80.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 8, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Elis in Peloponnesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another on the\n Riph\u00e6an mountains. _Orpheus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a river in the country of the\n Brutii in Italy. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 2.\n\n=Acherontia=, a town of Apulia on a mountain, thence called _Nidus_ by\n _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 14.\n\n=Acher\u016bsia=, a lake of Egypt near Memphis, over which, as Diodorus,\n bk. 1, mentions, the bodies of the dead were conveyed, and received\n sentence according to the actions of their life. The boat was called\n Baris, and the ferryman Charon. Hence arose the fable of Charon\n and the Styx, &c., afterwards imported into Greece by Orpheus, and\n adopted in the religion of the country.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was a river of the\n same name in Epirus, and another in Italy in Calabria.\n\n=Acher\u016bsias=, a place or cave in Chersonesus Taurica, where Hercules,\n as is reported, dragged Cerberus out of hell. _Xenophon_, _Anabasis_,\n bk. 6.\n\n=Achetus=, a river of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Achillas=, a general of Ptolemy, who murdered Pompey the Great.\n _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 538.\n\n=Achill\u0113a=, a peninsula near the mouth of the Borysthenes. _Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4, chs. 55 & 76.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island at the\n mouth of the Ister, where was the tomb of Achilles, over which it is\n said that birds never flew. _Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fountain\n of Miletus, whose waters rise salted from the earth, and afterwards\n sweeten in their course. _Athenaeus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Achilleienses=, a people near Macedonia. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_,\n bk. 3.\n\n=Achill\u0113is=, a poem of Statius, in which he describes the education\n and memorable actions of Achilles. This composition is imperfect.\n The poet\u2019s premature death deprived the world of a valuable history\n of the life and exploits of this famous hero. _See:_ Statius.\n\n=Achilles=, the son of Peleus and Thetis, was the bravest of all the\n \u2666Greeks in the Trojan war. During his infancy, Thetis plunged him\n in the Styx, and made every part of his body invulnerable, except\n the heel, by which she held him. His education was entrusted to the\n centaur Chiron, who taught him the art of war and made him master of\n music, and by feeding him with the marrow of wild beasts, rendered\n him vigorous and active. He was taught eloquence by Ph\u0153nix, whom he\n ever after loved and respected. Thetis, to prevent him from going to\n the Trojan war, where she knew he was to perish, privately sent him\n to the court of Lycomedes, where he was disguised in a female dress,\n and, by his familiarity with the king\u2019s daughters, made Deidamia\n mother of Neoptolemus. As Troy could not be taken without the aid\n of Achilles, Ulysses went to the court of Lycomedes, in the habit of\n a merchant, and exposed jewels and arms to sale. Achilles, choosing\n the arms, discovered his sex, and went to the war. Vulcan, at the\n entreaties of Thetis, made him a strong suit of armour, which was\n proof against all weapons. He was deprived by Agamemnon of his\n favourite mistress, Briseis, who had fallen to his lot at the\n division of the booty of Lyrnessus, and for this affront, he refused\n to appear in the field till the death of his friend Patroclus\n recalled him to action, and to revenge. _See:_ Patroclus. He slew\n Hector the bulwark of Troy, tied the corpse by the heels to his\n chariot, and dragged it three times round the walls of Troy. After\n thus appeasing the shades of his friend, he yielded to the tears and\n entreaties of Priam, and permitted the aged father to ransom and to\n carry away Hector\u2019s body. In the 10th year of the war, Achilles was\n charmed with Polyxena; and as he solicited her hand in the temple of\n Minerva, it is said that Paris aimed an arrow at his vulnerable heel,\n of which wound he died. His body was buried at Sig\u00e6um, and divine\n honours were paid to him, and temples raised to his memory. It is\n said, that after the taking of Troy, the ghost of Achilles appeared\n to the Greeks, and demanded of them Polyxena, who accordingly was\n sacrificed on his tomb by his son Neoptolemus. Some say that this\n sacrifice was voluntary, and that Polyxena was so grieved at his\n death that she killed herself on his tomb. The Thessalians yearly\n sacrificed a black and a white bull on his tomb. It is reported\n that he married Helen after the siege of Troy; but others maintain,\n that this marriage happened after his death, in the island of Leuce,\n where many of the ancient heroes lived, as in a separate elysium.\n _See:_ Leuce. When Achilles was young, his mother asked him, whether\n he preferred a long life, spent in obscurity and retirement, or a\n few years of military fame and glory? and that, to his honour, he\n made choice of the latter. Some ages after the Trojan war, Alexander\n going to the conquest of Persia, offered sacrifices on the tomb\n of Achilles, and admired the hero who had found a Homer to publish\n his fame to posterity. _Xenophon_, _On Hunting_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Alexander_; _De facie in orbe Lun\u00e6_; _De Musica_; _De amicorum\n multitudine_; _Qu\u00e6stiones Gr\u00e6c\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Achilleid_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, fable 3, &c.; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 5,\n li. 37, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, lis. 472, 488; bk. 2, li. 275;\n bk. 6, li. 58, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables\n 96 & 110.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Maximus of\n Tyre_, Oration 27.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 8; bk. 2, odes 4 & 16; bk.\n 4, ode 6; bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 42.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.\u2015\u2015\n _Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 1, 2, 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dares Phrygius._\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_,\n satire 7, li. 210.\u2015\u2015 _Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_, li. 869.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015\n There were other persons of the same name. The most known were\u2015\u2015a\n man who received Juno when she fled from Jupiter\u2019s courtship\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015the\n preceptor of Chiron the centaur\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015a son of Jupiter and Lamia,\n declared by Pan to be fairer than Venus\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015a man who instituted\n ostracism at Athens\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Tatius, a native of Alexandria, in the\n age of the emperor Claudius, but originally a pagan, converted\n to Christianity, and made a bishop. He wrote a mixed history of\n great men, a treatise on the sphere, tactics, a romance on the loves\n of Clitophon and Leucippe, &c. Some manuscripts of his works are\n preserved in the Vatican and Palatinate libraries. The best edition\n of his works is that in 12mo, Leiden, 1640.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Geeeks\u2019 replaced with \u2018Greeks\u2019\n\n=Achill\u0113um=, a town of Troas near the tomb of Achilles, built by the\n Mityleneans. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.\n\n\u2666=Achilleus=, or =Aquileus=, a Roman general in Egypt, in the reign of\n Diocletian, who rebelled, and for five years maintained the imperial\n dignity at Alexandria. Diocletian at last marched against him; and\n because he had supported a long siege, the emperor ordered him to be\n devoured by lions.\n\n \u2666 Placed in alphabetical order\n\n=Ach\u012bvi=, the name of the inhabitants of Argos and Laced\u00e6mon before\n the return of the Heraclid\u00e6, by whom they were expelled from\n their possessions 80 years after the Trojan war. Being without a\n home, they drove the Ionians from \u00c6gialus, seized their 12 cities,\n and called the country Achaia. The Ionians were received by the\n Athenians. The appellation of _Achivi_ is indiscriminately applied\n by the ancient poets to all the Greeks. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1,\n &c. _See:_ Achaia.\n\n=Achlad\u00e6us=, a Corinthian general, killed by Aristomenes. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 4, ch. 19.\n\n=Achol\u014de=, one of the Harpies. _Hyginus_, fable 14.\n\n=Acich\u014drius=, a general with Brennus in the expedition which the Gauls\n undertook against P\u00e6onia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 10.\n\n=Acid\u0101lia=, a surname of Venus, from a fountain of the same name in\n B\u0153otia, sacred to her. The Graces bathed in the fountain. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 720.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 468.\n\n=Acid\u0101sa=, a river of Peloponnesus, formerly called Jardanus.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 5.\n\n=Acilia=, a plebeian family at Rome, which traced its pedigree up to\n the Trojans.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Lucan.\n\n=Acilia lex=, was enacted, A.U.C. 556, by Acilius the tribune, for the\n plantation of five colonies in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015\n Another called also Calpurnia, A.U.C. 684, which enacted, that no\n person convicted of _ambitus_, or using bribes at elections, should\n be admitted in the senate, or hold an office.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another concerning\n such as were guilty of extortion in the provinces.\n\n=Marcus Acilius Balbus=, was consul with Portius Cato, A.U.C. 640. It\n is said that during his consulship, milk and blood fell from heaven.\n _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 56.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Glabrio, a tribune of the people, who\n with a legion quelled the insurgent slaves in Etruria. Being consul\n with Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, A.U.C. 563, he conquered\n Antiochus at Thermopyl\u00e6, for which he obtained a triumph, and\n three days were appointed for public thanksgiving. He stood for\n the censorship against Cato, but desisted on account of the false\n measures used by his competitor. _Justin_, bk. 31, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 30, ch. 40; bk. 31, ch. 50; bk. 33, ch. 10, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The son of\n the preceding, erected a temple to Piety, which his father had vowed\n to this goddess when fighting against Antiochus. He raised a golden\n statue to his father, the first that appeared in Italy. The temple\n of piety was built on the spot where once a woman had fed with her\n milk her aged father, whom the senate had imprisoned, and excluded\n from all aliments. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The enactor\n of a law against bribery.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A pr\u00e6tor in the time that Verres was\n accused by Cicero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man accused of extortion, and twice defended\n by Cicero. He was proconsul of Sicily, and lieutenant to C\u00e6sar in\n the civil wars. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul,\n whose son was killed by Domitian, because he fought with wild beasts.\n The true cause of this murder was, that young Glabrio was stronger\n than the emperor, and therefore envied. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 94.\n\n=Acilla=, a town of Africa, near Adrumetum. Some read Acolla. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _African War_, ch. 33.\n\n=Acis=, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Faunus and the nymph Sim\u00e6this.\n Galat\u00e6a passionately loved him; upon which his rival Polyphemus,\n through jealousy, crushed him to death with a piece of a broken rock.\n The gods changed Acis into a stream, which rises from mount \u00c6tna.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, fable 8.\n\n=Acmon=, a native of Lyrnessus, who accompanied \u00c6neas into Italy. His\n father\u2019s name was Clytus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 128.\n\n=Acmon\u012ddes=, one of the Cyclops. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 288.\n\n=Ac\u0153tes=, the pilot of the ship whose crew found Bacchus asleep, and\n carried him away. As they ridiculed the god, they were changed into\n sea monsters, but Ac\u0153tes was preserved. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 3, fable 8, &c. _See:_ Acetes.\n\n=Acontes=, one of Lycaon\u2019s 50 sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.\n\n=Aconteus=, a famous hunter changed into a stone by the head of Medusa,\n at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 5, li. 201.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A person killed in the wars of \u00c6neas and Turnus,\n in Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 615.\n\n=Acontius=, a youth of Cea, who, when he went to Delos to see the\n sacrifice of Diana, fell in love with Cydippe, a beautiful virgin,\n and being unable to obtain her, on account of the obscurity of his\n origin, wrote these verses on an apple, which he threw into her\n bosom:\n\n _Juro tibi sanct\u00e6 per mystica sacra Dian\u00e6,\n Me tibi venturam comitem, sponsamque futuram._\n\n Cydippe read the verses, and being compelled by the oath she had\n inadvertently made, married Acontius. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 20.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of B\u0153otia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.\n\n=Acontob\u016blus=, a place of Cappadocia, under Hyppolyte queen of the\n Amazons. _Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 2.\n\n=Ac\u014dris=, a king of Egypt, who assisted Evagoras king of Cyprus\n against Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\n\n=Acra=, a town in Italy,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Eub\u0153a,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cyprus,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Acarnania,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015\n Sicily, \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Africa,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sarmatia, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A promontory of Calabria,\n now Capo di Leuca.\n\n=Acrad\u012bna=, the citadel of Syracuse, taken by Marcellus the Roman\n consul. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4.\n\n=Acr\u00e6=, a mountain in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.\n\n=Acr\u00e6a=, a daughter of the river Asterion.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Diana, from\n a temple built to her by Melampus, on a mountain near Argos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n surname of Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17.\n\n=Acr\u00e6phnia=, a town in B\u0153otia; whence Apollo is called Acra\u00e6phnius.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 135.\n\n=Acragall\u012dd\u00e6=, a dishonest nation living anciently near Athens.\n _\u00c6schines_, _Against Ctesiphon_.\n\n=Acr\u0103gas.= _See:_ Agragas.\n\n=Acr\u0101tus=, a freedman of Nero, sent into Asia to plunder the temples\n of the gods. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 45; bk. 16, ch. 23.\n\n=Acrias=, one of Hippodamia\u2019s suitors. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015\n He built Acri\u00e6, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.\n\n=Acridoph\u0103gi=, an \u00c6thiopian nation, who fed upon locusts, and lived\n not beyond their 40th year. At the approach of old age swarms of\n winged lice attacked them, and gnawed their belly and breast, till\n the patient, by rubbing himself, drew blood, which increased their\n number, and ended in his death. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 11,\n ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Acr\u012bon=, a Pythagorean philosopher of Locris. _Cicero_, _De Finibus_,\n bk. 5, ch. 29.\n\n=Acrisioneus=, a patronymic applied to the Argives, from Acrisius, one\n of their ancient kings, or from Acrisione, a town of Argolis, called\n after a daughter of Acrisius of the same name. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 7, li. 410.\n\n=Acrisioni\u0103des=, a patronymic of Perseus, from his grandfather Acrisius.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 70.\n\n=Acrisius=, son of Abas king of Argos, by Ocalea daughter of Mantineus.\n He was born at the same birth as Pr\u0153tus, with whom it is said that\n he quarrelled even in his mother\u2019s womb. After many dissensions,\n Pr\u0153tus was driven from Argos. Acrisius had Danae by Eurydice\n daughter of Laced\u00e6mon; and being told by an oracle, that his\n daughter\u2019s son would put him to death, he confined Danae in a\n brazen tower, to prevent her becoming a mother. She, however,\n became pregnant, by Jupiter changed into a golden shower; and though\n Acrisius ordered her, and her infant called Perseus, to be exposed\n on the sea, yet they were saved; and Perseus soon after became so\n famous for his actions, that Acrisius, anxious to see so renowned\n a grandson, went to Larissa. Here Perseus, wishing to show his\n skill in throwing a quoit, killed an old man who proved to be his\n grandfather, whom he knew not, and thus the oracle was unhappily\n fulfilled. Acrisius reigned about 31 years. _Hyginus_, fable\n 63.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 16.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3,\n ode 16.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 16, &c.\u2015\u2015_See:_ Danae, Perseus, Polydectes.\n\n=Acr\u012btas=, a promontory of Messenia, in Peloponnesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Acro\u0101thon=, or =Acrothoos=, a town on the top of mount Athos,\n whose inhabitants lived to an uncommon old age. _Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 10.\n\n=Acroceraunium=, a promontory of Epirus, with mountains called\n Acroceraunia, which project between the Ionian and Adriatic seas.\n The word comes from \u1f00\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, _high_, and \u03ba\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03c5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, _thunder_; because,\n on account of their great height, they were often struck with thunder.\n _Lucretius_, bk. 6, li. 420.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1. \u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 506.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 3,\n li. 20.\n\n=Acrocorinthus=, a lofty mountain on the isthmus of Corinth, taken\n by Aratus, B.C. 243. There is a temple of Venus on the top, and\n Corinth is built at the bottom. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Aratus_.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 106.\n\n=Acron=, a king of Cenina, killed by Romulus in single combat, after\n the rape of the Sabines. His spoils were dedicated to Jupiter\n Feretrius. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician of Agrigentum,\n B.C. 430, educated at Athens with Empedocles. He wrote physical\n treatises in the Doric dialect, and cured the Athenians of a plague\n by lighting a fire near the houses of the infected. _Pliny_, bk. 29,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the friends of\n \u00c6neas, killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 719.\n\n=Acrop\u0101tos=, one of Alexander\u2019s officers, who obtained part of Media\n after the king\u2019s death. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.\n\n=Acrop\u014flis=, the citadel of Athens, built on a rock, and accessible\n only on one side. Minerva had a temple at the bottom. _Pausanias_,\n _Atticus_.\n\n=Acrot\u0103tus=, son of Cleomenes king of Sparta, died before his father,\n leaving a son called Areus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 13; bk. 3,\n ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Areus, who was greatly loved by Chelidonis wife\n of Cleonymus. This amour displeased her husband, who called Pyrrhus\n the Epirot to avenge his wrongs. When Sparta was besieged by Pyrrhus,\n Acrotatus was seen bravely fighting in the middle of the enemy, and\n commended by the multitude, who congratulated Chelidonis on being\n mistress to such a warlike lover. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.\n\n=Acrothoos.= _See:_ Acroathon.\n\n=Acta=, or =Acte=, a country of Attica. This word signifies _shore_,\n and is applied to Attica, as being near the sea. It is derived by\n some writers from Act\u00e6us, a king, from whom the Athenians have been\n called Act\u00e6i. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 312.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Eclogues_, poem 2, li. 23.\n\n=Acta=, a place near mount Athos, on the \u00c6gean sea. _Thucydides_,\n bk. 4, ch. 109.\n\n=Act\u00e6a=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 250.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 41.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Ceres.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Act\u00e6on=, a famous huntsman, son of Arist\u00e6us and Autonoe daughter of\n Cadmus, whence he is called _Autonoeius heros_. He saw Diana and\n her attendant, bathing near Gargaphia, for which he was changed into\n a stag, and devoured by his own dogs. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fable 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A beautiful youth,\n son of Melissus of Corinth, whom Archias, one of the Heraclid\u00e6,\n endeavoured to debauch and carry away. He was killed in the struggle\n which in consequence of this happened between his father and\n ravisher. Melissus complained of the insult, and drowned himself;\n and soon after, the country being visited by a pestilence, Archias\n was expelled. _Plutarch_, _Amatori\u00e6 narrationes_.\n\n=Act\u00e6us=, a powerful person who made himself master of a part of\n Greece, which he called Attica. His daughter Agraulos married\n Cecrops, whom the Athenians called their first king, though Act\u00e6us\n reigned before him. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The word is\n of the same signification as _Atticus_, an inhabitant of Attica.\n\n=Acte=, a mistress of Nero, descended from Attalus. _Suetonius_,\n _Nero_, ch. 28.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Hor\u00e6. _Hyginus_, fable 183.\n\n=Actia=, the mother of Augustus. As she slept in the temple of\n Apollo, she dreamt that a dragon had lain with her. Nine months\n after she brought forth, having previously dreamt that her bowels\n were scattered all over the world. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 94.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Games sacred to Apollo, in commemoration of the victory of\n Augustus over Marcus Antony at Actium. They were celebrated every\n third, sometimes fifth, year, with great pomp, and the Laced\u00e6monians\n had the care of them. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 280; bk. 8, li. 675.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sister of\n Julius C\u00e6sar. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.\n\n=Actis=, son of Sol, went from Greece into Egypt, where he taught\n astrology, and founded Heliopolis. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Actis\u0103nes=, a king of \u00c6thiopia who conquered Egypt, and expelled king\n Amasis. He was famous for his equity, and his severe punishment of\n robbers, whose noses he cut off, and whom he banished to a desert\n place, where they were in want of all aliment, and lived only upon\n crows. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Actium=, now _Azio_, a town and promontory of Epirus, famous for the\n naval victory which Augustus obtained over Antony and Cleopatra, the\n 2nd of September, B.C. 31, in honour of which the conqueror built\n there the town of Nicopolis, and instituted games. _See:_ Actia.\n _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Augustus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A promontory of\n Corcyra. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 2.\n\n=Actius=, a surname of Apollo, from Actium, where he had a temple.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 704.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet. _See:_ Accius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n prince of the Volsci. _See:_ Accius.\n\n=Actius Navius=, an augur, who cut a loadstone in two with a razor,\n before Tarquin and the Roman people, to convince them of his skill\n as an augur. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015\n Labeo. _See:_ Labeo.\n\n=Actor=, a companion of Hercules in his expedition against the Amazons.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Men\u0153tius by \u00c6gina, whence Patroclus is called\n _Actorides_. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man called also\n Aruncus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 93.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the friends\n of \u00c6neas. _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 500.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Neptune by Agameda.\n _Hyginus_, fable 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Deion and Diomede. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Eurytus, and brother of Augeas.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Acastus, one of the\n Argonauts. _Hyginus_, fable 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Astyoche. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Lemnos.\n _Hyginus_, fable 102.\n\n=Actor\u012ddes=, a patronymic given to Patroclus grandson of Actor. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, fable 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also to Erithus son of Actor.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Two brothers so fond of\n each other, that in driving a chariot, one generally held the reins,\n and the other the whip; whence they are represented with two heads,\n four feet, and one body. Hercules conquered them. _Pindar._\n\n=Act\u014fris=, a maid of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 23.\n\n=Marcus Actorius Naso=, a Roman historian. _Suetonius_, _Julius_,\n ch. 9.\n\n=Caius Aculeo=, a Roman lawyer celebrated as much for the extent of his\n understanding, as for his knowledge of law. He was uncle to Cicero.\n _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 43.\n\n=Ac\u016bphis=, an ambassador from India to Alexander. _Plutarch_,\n _Alexander_.\n\n=Acusil\u0101us= and =Damag\u0113tus=, two brothers of Rhodes, conquerors at the\n Olympic games. The Greeks strewed flowers upon Diagoras their father,\n and called him happy in having such worthy sons. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,\n ch. 7.\n\n=Acusil\u0101us=, an historian of Argos, often quoted by Josephus. He wrote\n on genealogies, in a style simple and destitute of all ornament.\n _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Suidas._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian who\n taught rhetoric at Rome under Galba.\n\n=M. Acut\u012dcus=, an ancient comic writer whose plays were known under\n the names of Leones, Gemini, Anus, B\u0153otia, &c.\n\n=Ada=, a sister of queen Artemisia, who married Hidricus. After her\n husband\u2019s death, she succeeded to the throne of Caria; but being\n expelled by her younger brother, she retired to Alind\u00e6, which she\n delivered to Alexander after adopting him as her son. _Curtius_,\n bk. 2, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Adad=, a deity among the Assyrians, supposed to be the sun.\n\n=Ad\u00e6us=, a native of Mitylene, who wrote a Greek treatise on\n statuaries. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 13.\n\n=Adamant\u00e6a=, Jupiter\u2019s nurse in Crete, who suspended him in his cradle\n to a tree, that he might be found neither in the earth, the sea,\n nor in heaven. To drown the infant\u2019s cries, she had drums beat and\n cymbals sounded around the tree. _Hyginus_, fable 139.\n\n=Ad\u0103mas=, a Trojan prince, killed by Merion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13,\n li. 560.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A youth who raised a rebellion on being emasculated by\n Cotys king of Thrace. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 10.\n\n=Adamastus=, a native of Ithaca, father of Ach\u00e6menides. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 614.\n\n=Adaspii=, a people at the foot of mount Caucasus. _Justin_, bk. 12,\n ch. 5.\n\n=Addephagia=, a goddess of the Sicilians. _\u00c6lian_, bk. 1, _Varia\n Historia_, ch. 27.\n\n=Addua=, now _Adda_, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po\n near Cremona. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.\n\n=Adelphius=, a friend of Marcus Antoninus, whom he accompanied in\n his expedition into Parthia, of which he wrote the history. _Strabo_,\n bk. 11.\n\n=Ad\u0113mon=, raised a sedition in Mauritania to avenge his master Ptolemy,\n whom Caligula had put to death. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 35.\n\n=Ades=, or =Hades=, the god of hell among the Greeks, the same as the\n Pluto of the Latins. The word is derived from _\u03b1_ and \u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd [_non\n videre_], because hell is deprived of light. It is often used for\n hell itself by the ancient poets.\n\n=Adgandestrius=, a prince of Gaul who sent to Rome for poison to\n destroy Arminius, and was answered by the senate, that the Romans\n fought their enemies openly, and never used perfidious measures.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 88.\n\n=Adherbal=, son of Micipsa, and grandson of Masinissa, was besieged at\n Cirta, and put to death by Jugurtha, after vainly imploring the aid\n of Rome, B.C. 112. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.\n\n=Adherbas=, the husband of Dido. _See:_ Sich\u00e6us.\n\n=Adiante=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 11.\n\n=Adiat\u014drix=, a governor of Galatia, who, to gain Antony\u2019s favour,\n slaughtered, in one night, all the inhabitants of the Roman colony\n of Heraclea, in Pontus. He was taken at Actium, led in triumph by\n Augustus, and strangled in prison. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\n\n=Adimantus=, a commander of the Athenian fleet, taken by the Spartans.\n All the men of the fleet were put to death, except Adimantus,\n because he had opposed the designs of his countrymen, who intended\n to mutilate all the Spartans. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_. Pausanias\n says, bk. 4, ch. 17; bk. 10, ch. 9, that the Spartans had bribed\n him.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Plato. _La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Corinthian\n general who reproached Themistocles with his exile.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king struck\n with thunder for saying that Jupiter deserved no sacrifices. _Ovid_,\n _Ibis_, li. 337.\n\n=Adm\u0113ta=, a daughter of Eurystheus, was priestess of Juno\u2019s temple at\n Argos. She expressed a wish to possess the girdle of the queen of\n the Amazons, and Hercules obtained it for her. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 349.\n\n=Adm\u0113tus=, son of Pheres and Clymene, king of Pher\u00e6 in Thessaly,\n married Theone daughter of Thestor, and, after her death, Alceste\n daughter of Pelias. Apollo when banished from heaven, is said to\n have tended his flocks for nine years, and to have obtained from the\n Parc\u00e6, that Admetus should never die, if another person laid down\n his life for him; a proof of unbounded affection, which his wife\n Alceste cheerfully exhibited by devoting herself voluntarily to\n death. Admetus was one of the Argonauts, and was at the hunt of\n the Calydonian boar. Pelias promised his daughter in marriage only\n to him who could bring him a chariot drawn by a lion and a wild\n boar; and Admetus effected this by the aid of Apollo, and obtained\n Alceste\u2019s hand. Some say that Hercules brought him back Alceste from\n hell. _Seneca_, _Mede\u00e2_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 50, 51, & 243.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Amores_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 8 & 9, &c.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_,\n bk. 2, poem 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of the\n Molossi, to whom Themistocles fled for protection. _Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Themistocles_, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Alexander, killed at the\n siege of Tyre. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Ad\u014dnia=, festivals in honour of Adonis, first celebrated at Byblos\n in Ph\u0153nicia. They lasted two days, the first of which was spent\n in howlings and lamentations, the second in joyful clamours, as if\n Adonis was returned to life. In some towns of Greece and Egypt they\n lasted eight days; the one half of which was spent in lamentations,\n and the other in rejoicings. Only women were admitted, and such as\n did not appear were compelled to prostitute themselves for one day;\n and the money obtained by this shameful custom was devoted to the\n service of Adonis. The time of the celebration was supposed to be\n very unlucky. The fleet of Nicias sailed from Athens to Sicily on\n that day, whence many unfortunate omens were drawn. _Plutarch_,\n _Nicias_.\u2015\u2015_Ammianus_, bk. 22, ch. 9.\n\n=Ad\u014dnis=, son of Cinyras by his daughter Myrrha [_See:_ Myrrha],\n was the favourite of Venus. He was fond of hunting, and was often\n cautioned by his mistress not to hunt wild beasts, for fear of being\n killed in the attempt. This advice he slighted, and at last received\n a mortal bite from a wild boar which he had wounded, and Venus,\n after shedding many tears at his death, changed him into a flower\n called anemone. Proserpine is said to have restored him to life, on\n condition that he should spend six months with her, and the rest of\n the year with Venus. This implies the alternate return of summer and\n winter. Adonis is often taken for Osiris, because the festivals of\n both were generally begun with mournful lamentations, and finished\n with a revival of joy as if they were returning to life again.\n Adonis had temples raised to his memory, and is said by some to\n have been beloved by Apollo and Bacchus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 53.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_,\n poem 10, li. 18.\u2015\u2015_Bion_, _Adonis_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 58, 164, 248,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 10.\u2015\u2015_Mus\u00e6us_, _Hero &\n Leander_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 41.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of\n Ph\u0153nicia, which falls into the Mediterranean, below Byblus.\n\n=Adramyttium=, an Athenian colony on the sea coast of Mysia, near the\n Caycus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\n\n=Adr\u0101na=, a river in Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 56.\n\n=Adr\u0101num=, a town of Sicily, near \u00c6tna, with a river of the same name.\n The chief deity of the place was called Adranus, and his temple was\n guarded by 1000 dogs. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.\n\n=Adrasta=, one of the Oceanides who nursed Jupiter. _Hyginus_,\n fable 182.\n\n=Adrastia=, a fountain of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n mountain. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A country near Troy called\n after Adrastus, who built there a temple to Nemesis. Here Apollo had\n an oracle. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Jupiter and Necessity.\n She is called by some Nemesis, and is the punisher of injustice.\n The Egyptians placed her above the moon, whence she looked down upon\n the actions of men. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Melisseus,\n to whom some attribute the nursing of Jupiter. She is the same as\n Adrasta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n\n=Adrastii Campi=, a plain near the Granicus, where Alexander first\n defeated Darius. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 6.\n\n=Adrastus=, son of Talaus and Lysimache, was king of Argos. Polynices,\n being banished from Thebes by his brother Eteocles, fled to Argos,\n where he married Argia daughter of Adrastus. The king assisted\n his son-in-law, and marched against Thebes with an army headed by\n seven of his most famous generals. All perished in the war except\n Adrastus, who, with a few men saved from slaughter, fled to Athens,\n and implored the aid of Theseus against the Thebans, who opposed\n the burying of the Argives slain in battle. Theseus went to his\n assistance, and was victorious. Adrastus, after a long reign, died\n through grief, occasioned by the death of his son \u00c6gialeus. A temple\n was raised to his memory at Sicyon, where a solemn festival was\n annually celebrated. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 6, li. 480.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\n _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bks. 4 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 68, 69, & 70.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39; bk. 8, ch. 25; bk. 10; ch. 90.\u2015\u2015\n _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 67, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A peripatetic philosopher,\n disciple to Aristotle. It is supposed that a copy of his treatise\n on harmonics is preserved in the Vatican.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Phrygian prince, who\n having inadvertently killed his brother, fled to Cr\u0153sus, where he\n was humanely received, and entrusted with the care of his son Atys.\n In hunting a wild boar, Adrastus slew the young prince, and in his\n despair, killed himself on his grave. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 35,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Lydian, who assisted the Greeks against the Persians.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A soothsayer in the Trojan war, son\n of Merops. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 6.\u2015\u2015The father of Eurydice,\n who married Ilus the Trojan. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king\n of Sicyon, who reigned four years, B.C. 1215.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hercules.\n _Hyginus_, fable 242.\n\n=Adria=, =Adri\u0101num=, or =Adriat\u012dcum mare=, a sea lying between\n Illyricum and Italy, now called the gulf of Venice, first made\n known to the Greeks by the discoveries of the Phoc\u00e6ans. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 33; bk. 3, odes 3 & 9.\u2015\u2015_Catullus_,\n poems 4, 6.\n\n=Adrianop\u014flis=, a town of Thrace on the Hebrus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in \u00c6tolia,\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015in Pisidia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015and Bithynia.\n\n=Adri\u0101nus=, or =Hadrianus=, the 15th emperor of Rome. He is represented\n as an active, learned, warlike, and austere general. He came to\n Britain, where he built a wall between the modern towns of Carlisle\n and Newcastle, 80 miles long, to protect the Britons from the\n incursions of the Caledonians. He killed in battle 500,000 Jews who\n had rebelled, and built a city on the ruins of Jerusalem, which he\n called \u00c6lia. His memory was so retentive, that he remembered every\n incident of his life, and knew all the soldiers of his army by name.\n He was the first emperor who wore a long beard, and this he did to\n hide the warts on his face. His successors followed his example, not\n through necessity but for ornament. Adrian went always bare-headed,\n and in long marches generally travelled on foot. In the beginning\n of his reign, he followed the virtues of his adopted father and\n predecessor Trajan; he remitted all arrears due to his treasury for\n 16 years, and publicly burnt the account-books, that his word might\n not be suspected. His peace with the Parthians proceeded from a wish\n of punishing the other enemies of Rome, more than from the effects\n of fear. The travels of Adrian were not for the display of imperial\n pride, but to see whether justice was distributed impartially:\n and public favour was courted by a condescending behaviour, and\n the meaner familiarity of bathing with the common people. It is\n said that he wished to enrol Christ among the gods of Rome; but\n his apparent lenity towards the Christians was disproved, by the\n erection of a statue to Jupiter on the spot where Jesus rose from\n the dead, and one to Venus on mount Calvary. The weight of diseases\n became intolerable. Adrian attempted to destroy himself; and when\n prevented, he exclaimed, that the lives of others were in his hands,\n but not his own. He wrote an account of his life, and published it\n under the name of one of his domestics. He died of a dysentery at\n Bai\u00e6, July 10, A.D. 138, in the 72nd year of his age, after a reign\n of 21 years. _Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Lucullus. _Plutarch_,\n _Lucullus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rhetorician of Tyre in the age of Marcus Antoninus,\n who wrote seven books of metamorphoses, besides other treatises now\n lost.\n\n=Adrim\u0113tum=, a town of Africa, on the Mediterranean, built by the\n Ph\u0153nicians. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.\n\n=Aduataca=, a town of Belgic Gaul, now Tongres, on the Maese.\n\n=Ad\u016dla=, a mountain among the Rh\u00e6tian Alps, near which the Rhine takes\n its rise, now St. Gothard.\n\n=Adulis=, a town of Upper Egypt.\n\n=Adyrmach\u012bd\u00e6=, a maritime people of Africa, near Egypt. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 4, ch. 168.\n\n=\u00c6a=, a huntress changed into an island of the same name by the gods,\n to rescue her from the pursuit of her lover, the river Phasis. It\n had a town called \u00c6a, which was the capital of Colchis. _Flaccus_,\n bk. 5, li. 420.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Thessaly,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Africa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fountain\n of Macedonia near Amydon.\n\n=\u00c6ac\u0113a=, games at \u00c6gina, in honour of \u00c6acus.\n\n=\u00c6ac\u012ddas=, a king of Epirus, son of Neoptolemus and brother to\n Olympias. He was expelled by his subjects for his continual wars\n with Macedonia. He left a son, Pyrrhus, only two years old, whom\n Chaucus king of Illyricum educated. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\n\n=\u00c6ac\u012ddes=, a patronymic of the descendants of \u00c6acus, such as Achilles,\n Peleus, Telamon, Pyrrhus, &c. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 103, &c.\n\n=\u00c6\u0103cus=, son of Jupiter by \u00c6gina daughter of Asopus, was king of the\n island of \u0152nopia, which he called by his mother\u2019s name. A pestilence\n having destroyed all his subjects, he entreated Jupiter to repeople\n his kingdom; and according to his desire, all the ants which were in\n an old oak were changed into men, and called by \u00c6acus _myrmidons_,\n from \u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03be, _an ant_. \u00c6\u0103cus married Endeis, by whom he had Telamon\n and Peleus. He afterwards had Phocus by Psamathe, one of the Nereids.\n He was a man of such integrity that the ancients have made him\n one of the judges of hell, with Minos and Rhadamanthus. _Horace_,\n bk. 2, ode 13; bk. 4, ode 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44; bk. 2,\n ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 25; bk. 13, li. 25.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 12.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Consolatio ad\n Apollonium_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=\u00c6\u00e6=, =\u00c6a=, or =\u00c6\u00e6a=, an island of Colchis, in the Phasis. _See:_ \u00c6a.\n _Apollonius_, bk. 3.\n\n=\u00c6\u00e6a=, a name given to Circe, because born at \u00c6\u00e6. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 3, li. 386.\n\n=\u00c6ant\u0113um=, a city of Troas, where Ajax was buried. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island near the Thracian Chersonesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 12.\n\n=\u00c6ant\u012ddes=, a tyrant of Lampsacus, intimate with Darius. He married\n a daughter of Hippias tyrant of Athens. _Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 59.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the seven poets called Pleiades.\n\n=\u00c6antis=, an Athenian tribe. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_,\n ch. 2.\n\n=\u00c6as=, a river of Epirus falling into the Ionian sea. In the\n fable of Io, Ovid describes it as falling into the Peneus, and\n meeting other rivers at Tempe. This some have supposed to be a\n geographical mistake of the poet. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 361.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 580.\n\n=\u00c6\u0101tus=, son of Philip, and brother of Polyclea, was descended from\n Hercules. An oracle having said that whoever of the two touched\n the land after crossing the Achelous, should obtain the kingdom,\n Polyclea pretended to be lame, and prevailed upon her brother to\n carry her across on his shoulders. When they came near the opposite\n side, Polyclea leaped ashore from her brother\u2019s back, exclaiming\n that the kingdom was her own. \u00c6atus joined her in her exclamation,\n and afterwards married her, and reigned conjointly with her. Their\n son Thessalus gave his name to Thessaly. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=\u00c6chmac\u014fras=, a son of Hercules by Phyllone daughter of Alcimedon.\n When the father heard that his daughter had had a child, he exposed\n her and the infant in the woods to wild beasts, where Hercules,\n conducted by the noise of a magpie which imitated the cries of a\n child, found and delivered them. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12.\n\n=\u00c6chmis=, succeeded his father Polymnestor on the throne of Arcadia,\n in the reign of Theopompus of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.\n\n=\u00c6depsum=, a town of Eub\u0153a. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\n\n=\u00c6dessa=, or =Edessa=, a town near Pella. Caranus king of Macedonia\n took it by following goats that sought shelter from the rain, and\n called it from that circumstance (\u03b1\u1f30\u03b3\u03b1\u03c2, _capras_) \u00c6geas. It was the\n burying place of the Macedonian kings; and an oracle had said, that\n as long as the kings were buried there, so long would their kingdom\n subsist. Alexander was buried in a different place; and on that\n account some authors have said that the kingdom became extinct.\n _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.\n\n=\u00c6dic\u016dla Ridiculi=, a temple raised to the god of mirth, from the\n following circumstance: after the battle of Cann\u00e6, Hannibal marched\n to Rome, whence he was driven back by the inclemency of the weather;\n which caused so much joy in Rome, that the Romans raised a temple to\n the god of mirth. This deity was worshipped at Sparta. _Plutarch_,\n _Lycurgus_, _Agis_, & _Cleomenes_. Pausanias also mentions a \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c2\n \u03b3\u03b5\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2.\n\n=\u00c6d\u012bles=, Roman magistrates, that had the care of all buildings, baths,\n and aqueducts, and examined the weights and measures, that nothing\n might be sold without its due value. There were three different\n sorts: the \u00c6diles _Plebeii_, or _Minores_; the _Majores_ \u00c6diles, and\n the \u00c6diles _Cereales_. The plebeian ediles were two, first created\n with the tribunes; they presided over the more minute affairs of the\n state, good order, and the reparation of the streets. They procured\n all the provisions of the city, and executed the decrees of the\n people. The Majores and Cereales had greater privileges, though they\n at first shared in the labour of the plebeian ediles; they appeared\n with more pomp, and were allowed to sit publicly in ivory chairs.\n The office of an edile was honourable, and was always the primary\n step to greater dignities in the republic. The ediles were chosen\n from the plebeians for 127 years, till A.U.C. 338. _Varro_, _De\n Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _De Legibus_, bk. 3.\n\n=\u00c6dipsus=, a town in Eub\u0153a, now Dipso, abounding in hot baths.\n\n=Valerius \u00c6dituus=, a Roman poet before the age of Cicero, successful\n in amorous poetry and epigrams.\n\n=\u00c6don=, daughter of Pandarus, married Zethus brother to Amphion,\n by whom she had a son called Itylus. She was so jealous of her\n sister Niobe, because she had more children than herself, that she\n resolved to murder the elder, who was educated with Itylus. She by\n mistake killed her own son, and was changed into a goldfinch as she\n attempted to kill herself. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19, li. 518.\n\n=\u00c6dui=, or =Hedui=, a powerful nation of Celtic Gaul, known for their\n valour in the wars of C\u00e6sar. When their country was invaded by this\n celebrated general, they were at the head of a faction in opposition\n to the Sequani and their partisans, and they had established their\n superiority in frequent battles. To support their cause, however,\n the Sequani obtained the assistance of Ariovistus king of Germany,\n and soon defeated their opponents. The arrival of C\u00e6sar changed the\n face of affairs; the \u00c6dui were restored to the sovereignty of the\n country, and the artful Roman, by employing one faction against the\n other, was enabled to conquer them all, though the insurrection of\n Ambiorix, and that more powerfully supported by Vercingetorix, shook\n for a while the dominion of Rome in Gaul, and checked the career of\n the conqueror. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\n\n=\u00c6\u0113ta=, or =\u00c6\u0113tes=, king of Colchis, son of Sol and Perseis daughter\n of Oceanus, was father of Medea, Absyrtus, and Chalciope, by Idya,\n one of the Oceanides. He killed Phryxus son of Athamas, who had fled\n to his court on a golden ram. This murder he committed to obtain\n the fleece of the golden ram. The Argonauts came against Colchis,\n and recovered the golden fleece by means of Medea, though it was\n guarded by bulls that breathed fire, and by a venomous dragon. Their\n expedition has been celebrated by all the ancient poets. _See:_\n Jason, Medea, and Phryxus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_ & _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.\n\n=\u00c6etias=, a patronymic given to Medea, as daughter of \u00c6etes. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 9.\n\n=\u00c6ga=, an island of the \u00c6gean sea, between Tenedos and Chios.\n\n=\u00c6g\u0113as=, a town whose inhabitants are called \u00c6geates. _See:_ \u00c6dessa.\n\n=\u00c6g\u00e6=, a city of Macedonia, the same as \u00c6dessa. Some writers make\n them different, but Justin proves this to be erroneous, bk. 7,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Eub\u0153a, whence Neptune\n is called \u00c6g\u00e6us. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=\u00c6g\u00e6\u00e6=, a town and seaport of Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 227.\n\n=\u00c6g\u00e6on=, one of Lycaon\u2019s 50 sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n son of C\u0153lus, or of Pontus and Terra, the same as Briareus. _See:_\n Briareus. It is supposed that he was a notorious pirate, chiefly\n residing at \u00c6ga, whence his name; and that the fable about his\n 100 hands arises from his having 100 men to manage his oars in his\n piratical excursions. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 565.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, li. 149.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10, li. 404.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 10.\n\n=\u00c6g\u00e6um mare=, now Archipelago, part of the Mediterranean, dividing\n Greece from Asia Minor. It is full of islands, some of which are\n called Cyclades, others Sporades, &c. The word \u00c6g\u00e6um is derived by\n some from \u00c6g\u00e6, a town of Eub\u0153a; or from the number of islands which\n it contains, that appear above the sea, as \u03b1\u1f30\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2, goats; or from the\n promontory \u00c6ga, or from \u00c6gea, a queen of the Amazons; or from \u00c6geus,\n who is supposed to have drowned himself there. _Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=\u00c6g\u00e6us=, a surname of Neptune, from \u00c6g\u00e6 in Eub\u0153a. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Corcyra.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A plain in Phocis.\n\n=\u00c6galeos=, or =\u00c6galeum=, a mountain of Attica opposite Salamis, on\n which Xerxes sat during the engagement of his fleet with the Grecian\n ships in the adjacent sea. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 90.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_,\n bk. 2, ch. 19.\n\n=\u00c6gan= [_Greek_ \u03b1\u1f30\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd or \u03b1\u1f30\u03b3\u03b1\u03c9\u03bd], the \u00c6gean sea. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,\n bk. 5, li. 56.\n\n=\u00c6gas=, a place of Eub\u0153a.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another near Daunia in Italy. _Polybius_,\n bk. 3.\n\n=\u00c6g\u0101tes=, a promontory of \u00c6olia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Three islands opposite Carthage,\n called Ar\u00e6 by _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, near which the Romans\n under Catulus, in the first Punic war, defeated the Carthaginian\n fleet under Hanno, 242 B.C. _Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 10 & 41; bk. 22,\n ch. 54.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 61.\n\n=\u00c6g\u0113leon=, a town of Macedonia taken by king Attalus. _Livy_, bk. 31,\n ch. 46.\n\n=\u00c6g\u0113ria.= _See:_ Egeria.\n\n=\u00c6gesta=, the daughter of Hippotes, and mother of \u00c6gestus, called\n Acestes. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 554.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient town of\n Sicily near mount Eryx, destroyed by Agathocles. It was sometimes\n called Segesta and Acesta. _Diodorus_, bk. 10.\n\n=\u00c6geus=, king of Athens, son of Pandion, being desirous of having\n children, went to consult the oracle, and in his return, stopped\n at the court of Pittheus king of Tr\u0153zene, who gave him his daughter\n \u00c6thra in marriage. He left her pregnant, and told her, that if she\n had a son, to send him to Athens as soon as he could lift a stone\n under which he had concealed his sword. By this sword he was to be\n known to \u00c6geus, who did not wish to make any public discovery of\n a son, for fear of his nephews, the Pallantides, who expected his\n crown. \u00c6thra became mother of Theseus, whom she accordingly sent to\n Athens with his father\u2019s sword. At the time, \u00c6geus lived with Medea\n the divorced wife of Jason. When Theseus came to Athens, Medea\n attempted to poison him; but he escaped, and upon showing \u00c6geus\n the sword he wore, discovered himself to be his son. When Theseus\n returned from Crete after the death of the Minotaur, he forgot,\n agreeably to the engagement made with his father, to hoist up\n white sails as a signal of his success: and \u00c6geus, at the sight of\n black sails, concluding that his son was dead, threw himself from a\n high rock into the sea; which, from him, as some suppose, has been\n called the \u00c6gean. \u00c6geus reigned 48 years, and died B.C. 1235. He is\n supposed to have first introduced into Greece the worship of Venus\n Urania, to render the goddess propitious to his wishes in having a\n son. _See:_ Theseus, Minotaurus, and Medea. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n chs. 8, 9; bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 5, 22, 38; bk. 4,\n ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 37, 43, 79, & 173.\n\n=\u00c6gi\u0103le=, one of Phaeton\u2019s sisters changed into poplars, and their\n tears into amber. They are called Heliades.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n Adrastus, by Amphitea daughter of Pronax. She married Diomedes, in\n whose absence, during the Trojan war, she prostituted herself to\n her servants, and chiefly to Cometes, whom the king had left master\n of his house. At his return, Diomedes, being told of his wife\u2019s\n wantonness, went to settle in Daunia. Some say that Venus implanted\n those vicious and lustful propensities in \u00c6giale, to revenge herself\n on Diomedes, who had wounded her in the Trojan war. _Ovid_, _Ibis_,\n li. 350.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 412.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 5, li. 48.\n\n=\u00c6gi\u0103lea=, an island near Peloponnesus, in the Cretan sea.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another\n in the Ionian sea, near the Echinades. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\n _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 107.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The ancient name of Peloponnesus.\n _Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=\u00c6gialeus=, son of Adrastus by Amphitea or Demoanassa, was one of the\n Epigoni, _i.e._ one of the sons of those generals who were killed in\n the first Theban war. They went against the Thebans, who had refused\n to give burial to their fathers, and were victorious. They all\n returned home safe, except \u00c6gialeus, who was killed. That expedition\n is called the war of the Epigoni. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 43, 44;\n bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The same as Absyrtus brother to Medea. _Justin_, bk. 42,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=\u00c6gi\u0103lus=, son of Phoroneus, was entrusted with the kingdom of Achaia\n by king Apis going to Egypt. Peloponnesus was called \u00c6gialea from\n him.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who founded the kingdom of Sicyon, 2091 before the\n christian era, and reigned 52 years.\n\n=\u00c6gialus=, a name given to part of Peloponnesus. _See:_ Achaia.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An inconsiderable town\n of Pontus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Asia Minor.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Thrace near the\n river Strymon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Galatia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in \u00c6thiopia.\n\n=\u00c6g\u012bdes=, a patronymic of Theseus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 265.\n\n=\u00c6g\u012dla=, a place in Laconia, where Aristomenes was taken prisoner by\n a crowd of religious women whom he had attacked. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,\n ch. 17.\n\n=\u00c6gilia=, an island between Crete and Peloponnesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A place in\n Eub\u0153a. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 101.\n\n=\u00c6gimius=, an old man who lived, according to Anacreon, 200 years.\n _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 48.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Doris, whom Hercules assisted\n to conquer the Lapith\u00e6. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=\u00c6gim\u014drus=, or =\u00c6gim\u016brus=, an island near Libya, supposed by some to\n be the same which Virgil mentions under the name of Ar\u00e6. _Pliny_,\n bk. 5, ch. 7.\n\n=\u00c6g\u012bna=, daughter of Asopus, had \u00c6acus by Jupiter changed into a flame\n of fire. She afterwards married Actor son of Myrmidon, by whom she\n had some children, who conspired against their father. Some say that\n she was changed by Jupiter into the island which bears her name.\n _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n chs. 5 & 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island formerly called \u0152nopia, and now Engia, in\n a part of the \u00c6gean sea, called Saronicus Sinus, about 22 miles in\n circumference. The inhabitants were once destroyed by a pestilence,\n and the country was repeopled by ants changed into men by Jupiter,\n at the prayer of king \u00c6acus. They were once a very powerful nation\n by sea, but they cowardly gave themselves up to Darius when he\n demanded submission from all the Greeks. The Athenians under\n Pericles made war against them; and after taking 70 of their ships\n in a naval battle, they expelled them from \u00c6gina. The fugitives\n settled in Peloponnesus, and after the ruin of Athens by Lysander,\n they returned to their country, but never after rose to their former\n power or consequence. _Herodotus_, bks. 5, 6, & 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 29; bk. 8, ch. 44.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia\n Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 10.\n\n=\u00c6gin\u0113ta Paulus=, a physician born in \u00c6gina. He flourished in the 3rd,\n or, according to others, the 7th century, and first deserved to be\n called man-midwife. He wrote _De Re Medic\u00e2_, in seven books.\n\n=\u00c6g\u012bn\u0113tes=, a king of Arcadia, in whose age Lycurgus instituted his\n famous laws. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 5.\n\n=\u00c6gi\u014fchus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his being brought up by the\n goat Amalth\u00e6a, and using her skin instead of a shield, in the war of\n the Titans. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n\n=\u00c6g\u012dpan=, a name of Pan, because he had goat\u2019s feet.\n\n=\u00c6g\u012bra=, a town between \u00c6tolia and Peloponnesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Achaia.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 145.\n\n=\u00c6giroessa=, a town of \u00c6tolia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 149.\n\n=\u00c6gis=, the shield of Jupiter, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03b1\u1f30\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, _a goat\u2019s skin_. This\n was the goat Amalth\u00e6a, with whose skin he covered his shield. The\n goat was placed among the constellations. Jupiter gave this shield\n to Pallas, who placed upon it Medusa\u2019s head, which turned into\n stones all those who fixed their eyes upon it. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 8, lis. 352 & 435.\n\n=\u00c6gisthus=, king of Argos, was son of Thyestes by his daughter Pelopea.\n Thyestes being at variance with his brother Atreus, was told by\n the oracle that his wrongs could be revenged only by a son born of\n himself and his daughter. To avoid such an incest, Pelopea had been\n consecrated to the service of Minerva by her father, who some time\n after met her in a wood, and ravished her, without knowing who she\n was. Pelopea kept the sword of her ravisher, and finding it to be\n her father\u2019s, exposed the child she had brought forth. The child\n was preserved, and when grown up presented with the sword of his\n mother\u2019s ravisher. Pelopea soon after this melancholy adventure had\n married her uncle Atreus, who received into his house her natural\n son. As Thyestes had debauched the first wife of Atreus, Atreus sent\n \u00c6gisthus to put him to death; but Thyestes, knowing the assassin\u2019s\n sword, discovered that he was his own son, and fully to revenge his\n wrongs, sent him back to murder Atreus. After this murder Thyestes\n ascended the throne, and banished Agamemnon and Menelaus, the\n sons, or as others say, the grandsons of Atreus. These children\n fled to Polyphidus of Sicyon; but as he dreaded the power of\n their persecutors, he permitted the protection of them to \u0152neus\n king of \u00c6tolia. By their marriage with the daughters of Tyndarus\n king of Sparta, they were empowered to recover the kingdom of\n Argos, to which Agamemnon succeeded, while Menelaus reigned in his\n father-in-law\u2019s place. \u00c6gisthus had been reconciled to the sons of\n Atreus; and when they went to the Trojan war, he was left guardian\n of Agamemnon\u2019s kingdom, and of his wife Clytemnestra. \u00c6gisthus\n fell in love with Clytemnestra, and lived with her. On Agamemnon\u2019s\n return, these two adulterers murdered him, and, by a public marriage,\n strengthened themselves on the throne of Argos. Orestes, Agamemnon\u2019s\n son, would have shared his father\u2019s fate, had not his sister Electra\n privately sent him to his uncle Strophius king of Phocis, where he\n contracted the most intimate friendship with his cousin Pylades.\n Some time after, Orestes came to Mycen\u00e6 the residence of \u00c6gisthus,\n and resolved to punish the murderers of his father, in conjunction\n with Electra, who lived in disguise in the tyrant\u2019s family. To\n effect this more effectually, Electra publicly declared that her\n brother Orestes was dead; upon which \u00c6gisthus and Clytemnestra went\n to the temple of Apollo to return thanks to the god for his death.\n Orestes, who had secretly concealed himself in the temple, attacked\n them, and put them both to death, after a reign of seven years.\n They were buried without the city walls. _See:_ Agamemnon, Thyestes,\n Orestes, Clytemnestra, Pylades, and Electra. _Ovid_, _de Remedia\n Amoris_, li. 161; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 396.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 87\n & 88.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 42.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 16, &c.\u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _Electra_.\u2015\u2015_Aeschylus_ & _Seneca_,\n _Agamemnon_.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 3 & 11.\u2015\u2015_Lactantius\n [Placidus]_ on [Statius\u2019] _Thebaid_, bk. 1, li. 684.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pompey used\n to call Julius C\u00e6sar, \u00c6gisthus, on account of his adultery with\n his wife Mutia, whom he repudiated after she had borne him three\n children. _Suetonius_, _Julius C\u00e6sar_, ch. 50.\n\n=\u00c6g\u012dtum=, a town of \u00c6olia, on a mountain eight miles from the sea.\n _Thucydides_. Bk. 3, ch. 97.\n\n=\u00c6gium=, a town on the Corinthian isthmus, where Jupiter was said to\n have been fed by a goat, whence the name. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 28, ch. 7.\n\n=\u00c6gle=, the youngest daughter of \u00c6sculapius and Lampetie.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n nymph, daughter of Sol and Ne\u00e6ra. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li.\n 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nymph, daughter of Panopeus, beloved by Theseus after he\n had left Ariadne. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Hesperides.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Graces.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A prostitute. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 95.\n\n=\u00c6gles=, a Samian wrestler, born dumb. Seeing some unlawful measures\n pursued in a contest, he broke the string which held his tongue,\n through the desire of speaking, and ever after spoke with ease.\n _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\n\n=\u00c6gl\u0113tes=, a surname of Apollo.\n\n=\u00c6gl\u014fge=, a nurse of Nero. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 50.\n\n=\u00c6gobolus=, a surname of Bacchus at Potnia, in B\u0153otia.\n\n=\u00c6goc\u0115ros=, or =Capricornus=, an animal into which Pan transformed\n himself when flying before Typhon in the war with the giants.\n Jupiter made him a constellation. _Lucretius_, bk. 1, li. 613.\n\n=\u00c6gon=, a shepherd. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_.\u2015\u2015_Theocritus_, _Idylls_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A promontory of Lemnos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name of the \u00c6gean sea. _Flaccus_,\n bk. 1, li. 628.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A boxer of Zacynthus, who dragged a large bull\n by the heel from a mountain into the city. _Theocritus_, _Idylls_,\n poem 4.\n\n=\u00c6gospot\u0103mos=, i.e. _the goat\u2019s river_, a town in the Thracian\n Chersonesus, with a river of the same name, where the Athenian fleet,\n consisting of 180 ships, was defeated by Lysander, on the 13th Dec.,\n B.C. 405, in the last year of the Peloponnesian war. _Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 58.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 8 & 11.\n\n=\u00c6gos\u0101g\u00e6=, an Asiatic nation under Attalus, with whom he conquered\n Asia, and to whom he gave a settlement near the Hellespont.\n _Polybius_, bk. 5.\n\n=\u00c6gus= and =Roscillus=, two brothers amongst the Allobroges, who\n deserted from C\u00e6sar to Pompey. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 59.\n\n=\u00c6g\u016bsa=, the middle island of the \u00c6gates, near Sicily.\n\n=\u00c6gy=, a town near Sparta, destroyed because its inhabitants were\n suspected by the Spartans of favouring the Arcadians. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 3, ch. 2.\n\n=\u00c6gyp\u0101nes=, a nation in the middle of Africa, whose body is human\n above the waist, and that of a goat below. _Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 4 & 8.\n\n=\u00c6gypsus=, a town of the Get\u00e6, near the Danube. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_,\n bk. 1, ltr. 8; bk. 4, ltr. 7.\n\n=\u00c6gypta=, a freedman of Cicero. _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 8.\n\n=\u00c6gyptii=, the inhabitants of Egypt. _See:_ \u00c6gyptus.\n\n=\u00c6gyptium mare=, that part of the Mediterranean sea which is on the\n coast of Egypt.\n\n=\u00c6gyptus=, son of Belus, and brother to Danaus, gave his 50 sons\n in marriage to the 50 daughters of his brother. Danaus, who had\n established himself at Argos, and was jealous of his brother, who,\n by following him from Egypt into Greece, seemed envious of his\n prosperity, obliged all his daughters to murder their husbands the\n first night of their nuptials. This was executed; but Hypermnestra\n alone spared her husband Lynceus. Even \u00c6gyptus was killed by his\n niece Polyxena. _See:_ Danaus, Danaides, Lynceus. \u00c6gyptus was\n king, after his father, of a part of Africa, which from him has\n been called \u00c6gyptus. _Hyginus_, fables 168, 170.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 14.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7,\n ch. 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An extensive country of Africa, watered by the Nile,\n bounded on the east by Arabia, and on the west by Libya. Its name\n is derived from \u00c6gyptus brother to Danaus. Its extent, according\n to modern calculation, is 180 leagues from north to south, and\n it measures 120 leagues on the shore of the Mediterranean; but\n at the distance of 50 leagues from the sea, it diminishes so much\n as scarce to measure seven or eight leagues between the mountains\n on the east and west. It is divided into lower, which lies near\n the Mediterranean, and upper, which is towards the south. Upper\n Egypt was famous for the town of Thebes, but Lower Egypt was the\n most peopled, and contained the Delta, a number of large islands,\n which, from their form, have been called after the fourth letter\n of the Greek alphabet. This country has been the mother of arts\n and sciences. The greatest part of Lower Egypt has been formed by\n the mud and sand carried down by the Nile. The Egyptians reckoned\n themselves the most ancient nation in the universe [_See:_\n Psammetichus], but some authors make them of \u00c6thiopian origin. They\n were remarkable for their superstition; they paid as much honour to\n the cat, the crocodile, the bull, and even to onions, as to Isis.\n Rain never or seldom falls in this country; the fertility of the\n soil originates in the yearly inundations of the Nile, which rises\n about 25 feet above the surface of the earth, and exhibits a large\n plain of waters, in which are scattered here and there the towns and\n villages, as the Cyclades in the \u00c6gean sea. The air is not wholesome,\n but the population is great, and the cattle very prolific. It is\n said that Egypt once contained 20,000 cities, the most remarkable of\n which were Thebes, Memphis, Alexandria, Pelusium, Coptos, Arsinoe,\n &c. It was governed by kings who have immortalized themselves by\n the pyramids they have raised and the canals they have opened. The\n priests traced the existence of the country for many thousand years,\n and fondly imagined that the gods were their first sovereigns, and\n that their monarchy had lasted 11,340 years according to Herodotus.\n According to the calculation of Constantine Manasses, the kingdom of\n Egypt lasted 1663 years from its beginning under Misraim the son of\n Ham, 2188 B.C., to the conquest of Cambyses, 525 B.C. Egypt revolted\n afterwards from the Persian power, B.C. 414, and Amyrt\u00e6us then\n became king. After him succeeded Psammetichus, whose reign began\n 408 B.C.: Nephereus, 396: Acoris, 389: Psammuthis, 376: Nepherites,\n 4 months, and Nectanebis, 375: Tachos, or Teos, 363: Nectanebus,\n 361. It was conquered by Ochus, 350 B. C.; and after the conquest\n of Persia by Alexander, Ptolemy refounded the kingdom, and began to\n reign 323 B.C.: Philadelphus, 284: Evergetes, 246: Philopater, 221:\n Epiphanes, 204: Philomater, 180 and 169, conjointly with Evergetes\n II. or Physcon, for six years: Evergetes II. 145: Lathurus Soter,\n and his mother Cleopatra, 116: Alexander of Cyprus, and Cleopatra,\n 106: Lathurus Soter restored, 88: Cleopatra II. six months, with\n Alexander II. 19 days, 81: Ptolemy, surnamed Alexander III. 80:\n Dionysius, surnamed Auletes, 65: Dionysius II. with Cleopatra III.\n 51: Cleopatra III. with young Ptolemy, 46, and in 30 B.C. it was\n reduced by Augustus into a Roman province. The history of Egypt,\n therefore, can be divided into three epochas: the first beginning\n with the foundation of the empire, to the conquest of Cambyses; the\n second ends at the death of Alexander; and the third comprehends\n the reign of the Ptolemies, and ends at the death of Cleopatra,\n in the age of Augustus.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Hirtius_, _Alexandrine\n War_, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Macrobius_, _Somnium Scipionis_, bk. 1, chs. 19 &\n 21.\u2015\u2015_Herodian_, bk. 4, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bks.\n 2, 3, & 7.\u2015\u2015_Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 17, li. 79.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_,\n bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 14, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\n _Marcellinus_, bk. 22, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3; _Iphicrates_; _Datames_, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_,\n bk. 4, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 175.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Facie in Orbe Lun\u00e6_; _de Iside et Osiride_;\n _Ptolemy_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n chs. 1 & 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A minister of Mausolus king of Caria. _Poly\u00e6nus_,\n bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The ancient name of the Nile. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, \u2666bk. 14,\n li. 258.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.\n\n \u2666 \u2018\u03be\u2019 replaced with \u2018bk. 14\u2019\n\n=\u00c6gys.= _See:_ \u00c6gy.\n\n=\u00c6gysthus.= _See:_ \u00c6gisthus.\n\n=\u00c6lia=, the wife of Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of some\n towns built or repaired by the emperor Adrian.\n\n=\u00c6lia lex=, enacted by \u00c6lius Tubero the tribune, A.U.C. 559, to\n send two colonies into the country of the Brutii. _Livy_, bk. 34,\n ch. 53.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another A.U.C. 568, ordaining that, in public affairs,\n the augurs should observe the appearance of the sky, and the\n magistrates be empowered to postpone the business.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another called\n \u00c6lia Sexta, by _\u00c6lius Sextus_, A.U.C. 756, which enacted, that all\n slaves who bore any marks of punishment received from their masters,\n or who had been imprisoned, should be set at liberty, but not rank\n as Roman citizens.\n\n=\u00c6lia Petina=, of the family of Tubero, married Claudius C\u00e6sar, by\n whom she had a son. The emperor divorced her to marry Messalina.\n _Suetonius_, _Claudius_, ch. 26.\n\n=\u00c6li\u0101nus Claudus=, a Roman sophist of Pr\u00e6neste, in the reign of Adrian.\n He first taught rhetoric at Rome; but being disgusted with his\n profession, he became author, and published treatises on animals in\n 17 books, on various history in 14 books, &c., in Greek, a language\n which he preferred to Latin. In his writings he shows himself very\n fond of the marvellous, and relates many stories which are often\n devoid of elegance and purity of style; though Philostratus has\n commended his language as superior to what could be expected from\n a person who was neither born nor educated in Greece. \u00c6lian died in\n the 60th year of his age, A.D. 140. The best editions of his works\n collected together are that of Conrad Gesner, folio, printed Tigurii,\n 1556, though now seldom to be met with, and that of Kuenius, 2 vols.,\n 8vo, Lipscomb, 1780. Some attribute the treatise on the tactics of\n the Greeks to another \u00c6lian.\n\n=\u00c6lius= and =\u00c6lia=, a family in Rome, so poor that 16 lived in a small\n house, and were maintained by the produce of a little field. Their\n poverty continued till Paulus conquered Perseus king of Macedonia,\n and gave his son-in-law \u00c6l. Tubero five pounds of gold from the\n booty. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 4.\n\n=\u00c6lius Adri\u0101nus=, an African, grandfather to the emperor\n Adrian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Gallus, a Roman knight, the first who invaded Arabia\n Felix. He was very intimate with Strabo the geographer, and sailed\n on the Nile with him to take a view of the country. _Pliny_, bk. 6,\n ch. 28.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius, one of the first questors chosen from the\n plebeians at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 54.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus \u00c6lius P\u00e6tus,\n son of Sextus or Publius. As he sat in the senate house, a\n woodpecker perched on his head; upon which a soothsayer exclaimed,\n that if he preserved the bird, his house would flourish, and Rome\n decay; and if he killed it, the contrary must happen. Hearing this,\n \u00c6lius, in the presence of the senate, bit off the head of the bird.\n All the youths of his family were killed at Cann\u00e6, and the Roman\n arms were soon attended with success. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,\n ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Saturninus, a satirist, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock\n for writing verses against Tiberius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sej\u0101nus. _See:_ Sejanus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sextus Catus, censor with Marcus Cethegus. He separated the\n senators from the people in the public spectacles. During his\n consulship, the ambassadors of the \u00c6tolians found him feasting in\n earthen dishes, and offered him silver vessels, which he refused,\n satisfied with the earthen cups, &c., which, for his virtues, he had\n received from his father-in-law, Lucius Paulus, after the conquest\n of Macedonia. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On Oratory_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sparti\u0101nus, wrote the lives of the emperors Adrian,\n Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. He flourished A.D. 240.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Tubero, grandson of Lucius Paulus, was austere in his morals,\n and a formidable enemy to the Gracchi. His grandson was accused\n before C\u00e6sar, and ably defended by Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters to\n Brutus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Verus C\u00e6sar, the name of Lucius Ceionius Commodus Verus,\n after Adrian had adopted him. He was made pretor and consul by the\n emperor, who was soon convinced of his incapacity in the discharge\n of public duty. He killed himself by drinking an antidote; and\n Antoninus, surnamed Pius, was adopted in his place. \u00c6lius was father\n to Antoninus Verus, whom Pius adopted.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician mentioned by\n Galen.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius Gallus, a lawyer, who wrote 12 books concerning the\n signification of all law words.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sextus P\u00e6tus, a lawyer, consul at\n Rome, A.U.C. 566. He is greatly commended by Cicero for his learning,\n and called _cordatus homo_ by Ennius for his knowledge of law.\n _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48; _Brutus_, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Stilo,\n a native of Lanuvium, master to Marcus Terentius Varro, and author\n of some treatises.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lamia. Lamia.\n\n=Aello=, one of the Harpies (from \u1f11\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1 \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf, _alienum tollens_,\n or \u1f00\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1, _tempestas_). _Flaccus_, bk. 4, li. 450.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, li. 267.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 710.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015_See:_ One of Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3,\n li. 220.\n\n=\u00c6lurus= (_a cat_), a deity worshipped by the Egyptians; and after\n death embalmed and buried in the city of Bubastis. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 66, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 20, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.\n\n=\u00c6mathion= and =\u00c6mathia=. _See:_ Emathion.\n\n=\u00c6milia lex=, was enacted by the dictator \u00c6milius, A.U.C. 309. It\n ordained that the censorship, which was before quinquennial, should\n be limited to one year and a half. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another\n in the second consulship of \u00c6milius Mamercus, A.U.C. 391. It gave\n power to the eldest pretor to drive a nail in the capitol on the\n ides of September. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015The driving of a nail\n was a superstitious ceremony, by which the Romans supposed that a\n pestilence could be stopped, or an impending calamity averted.\n\n=\u00c6mili\u0101nus C. Julius=, a native of Mauritania, proclaimed emperor\n after the death of Decius. He marched against Gallus and Valerian,\n but was informed that they had been murdered by their own troops.\n He soon after shared their fate.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the thirty tyrants who\n rebelled in the reign of Gallienus.\n\n=\u00c6milius.= _See:_ \u00c6mylius.\n\n=\u00c6mnestus=, tyrant of Enna, was deposed by Dionysius the elder.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=\u00c6mon.= _See:_ H\u00e6mon.\n\n=\u00c6m\u014fna=, a large city of Asia. _Cicero_, _for Flaccus_.\n\n=\u00c6m\u014fnia=, a country of Greece which received its name from \u00c6mon,\n or \u00c6mus, and was afterwards called Thessaly. Achilles is called\n _\u00c6monius_, as being born there. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 11;\n bk. 4, poem 1.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 37. It was also called Pyrrha,\n from Pyrrha, Deucalion\u2019s wife, who reigned there.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The word has\n been indiscriminately applied to all Greece by some writers. _Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 7.\n\n=\u00c6m\u014fn\u012ddes=, a priest of Apollo in Italy, killed by \u00c6neas. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 537.\n\n=\u00c6mus=, an actor in Domitian\u2019s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 197.\n\n=\u00c6mylia=, a noble family in Rome, descended from Mamercus son of\n Pythagoras, who, for his humanity, was called \u0391\u1f31\u03bc\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, _blandus_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A vestal who rekindled the fire of Vesta, which was extinguished,\n by putting her veil over it. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Africanus the\n elder, famous for her behaviour to her husband, when suspected of\n infidelity. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lep\u012dda, daughter\n of Lepidus, married Drusus the younger, whom she disgraced by her\n wantonness. She killed herself when accused of adultery with a slave.\n _Tacitus_, bk. 6, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A part of Italy, called also Flaminia.\n _Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 85.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A public road leading from Placentia\n to Ariminum; called after the consul \u00c6mylius, who is supposed to\n have made it. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 4.\n\n=\u00c6myli\u0101nus=, a name of Africanus the younger, son of Publius \u00c6mylius.\n In him the families of the Scipios and \u00c6mylii were united. Many of\n that family bore the same name. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 2.\n\n=\u00c6mylii=, a noble family in Rome, descended from \u00c6mylius the son of\n Ascanius. _Plutarch_ says, that they are descended from Mamercus the\n son of Pythagoras, surnamed \u00c6mylius from the sweetness of his voice,\n in _Numa_ & _Aemilius Paulus_.\u2015\u2015The family was distinguished in the\n various branches of the Lepidi, Mamerci, Mamercini, Barbul\u00e6, Pauli,\n and Scauri.\n\n=\u00c6mylius=, a beautiful youth of Sybaris, whose wife met with the\n same fate as Procris. _See:_ Procris.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Censorinus, a cruel tyrant\n of Sicily, who liberally rewarded those who invented new ways of\n torturing. Paterculus gave him a brazen horse for this purpose, and\n the tyrant made the first experiment upon the donor. _Plutarch_,\n _de Fortuna Romanorum_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lepidus, a youth who had a statue in the\n capitol, for saving the life of a citizen in a battle. _Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A triumvir with Octavius. _See:_ Lepidus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Macer, a poet of Verona in the Augustan age. He wrote some poems\n upon serpents, birds, and, as some suppose, on bees. _See:_ Macer.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus Scaurus, a Roman who flourished about 100 B.C., and\n wrote three books concerning his own life. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n poet in the age of Tiberius, who wrote a tragedy called Atheus, and\n destroyed himself.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sura, another writer on the Roman year.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015\n Mamercus, three times dictator, conquered the Fidenates, and took\n their city. He limited to one year and a half the censorship which\n before his time was exercised during five years. _Livy_, bk. 4,\n chs. 17, 19, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Papini\u0101nus, son of Hostilius Papini\u0101nus, was in\n favour with the emperor Severus, and was made governor to his sons\n Geta and Caracalla. Geta was killed by his brother, and Papini\u0101nus,\n for upbraiding him, was murdered by his soldiers. From his school\n the Romans have had many able lawyers, who were called Papini\u0101nists.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pappus, a censor, who banished from the senate Publius Cornelius\n Ruffinus, who had been twice consul, because he had at his table 10\n pounds of silver plate, A.U.C. 478. _Livy_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Porcina, an\n elegant orator. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Rectus, a severe governor\n of Egypt under Tiberius. _Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Regillus, conquered the\n general of Antiochus at sea, and obtained a naval triumph. _Livy_,\n bk. 37, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Scaurus, a noble but poor citizen of Rome. His\n father, to maintain himself, was a coal-merchant. He was edile,\n and afterwards pretor, and fought against Jugurtha. His son Marcus\n was son-in-law to Sylla, and in his edileship he built a very\n magnificent theatre. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A bridge at Rome,\n called also Sublicius. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 22.\n\n=\u00c6n\u0103ria=, an island in the bay of Puteoli, abounding with cypress\n trees. It received its name from \u00c6neas, who is supposed to have\n landed there on his way to Latium. It is called Pithecusa by the\n Greeks, and now Ischia, and was famous once for its mineral waters.\n _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 31, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\n _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 5, li. 104.\n\n=\u00c6narium=, a forest near Olenos in Achaia, sacred to Jupiter.\n\n=\u00c6nasius=, one of the Ephori at Sparta. _Thucydides_, bk. 9, ch. 2.\n\n=\u00c6n\u0113a=, or =\u00c6neia=, a town of Macedonia, 15 miles from Thessalonica,\n founded by \u00c6neas. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 4; bk. 44, ch. 10.\n\n=\u00c6ne\u0103des=, a town of Chersonesus, built by \u00c6neas. Cassander destroyed\n it, and carried the inhabitants to Thessalonica, lately built.\n _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\n\n=\u00c6n\u0115\u0103d\u00e6=, a name given to the friends and companions of \u00c6neas by\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 161.\n\n=\u00c6n\u0113as=, a Trojan prince, son of Anchises and the goddess Venus. The\n opinions of authors concerning his character are different. His\n infancy was intrusted to the care of a nymph, and at the age of five\n he was recalled to Troy. He afterwards improved himself in Thessaly\n under Chiron, a venerable sage whose house was frequented by the\n young princes and heroes of the age. Soon after his return home\n he married Creusa, Priam\u2019s daughter by whom he had a son called\n Ascanius. During the Trojan war he behaved with great valour, in\n defence of his country, and came to an engagement with Diomedes and\n Achilles. Yet Strabo, Dictys of Crete, Dionysius of Halicarnassus,\n and Dares of Phrygia accuse him of betraying his country to the\n Greeks, with Antenor, and of preserving his life and fortune by this\n treacherous measure. He lived at variance with Priam, because he\n received not sufficient marks of distinction from the king and his\n family, as _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, says. This might have provoked\n him to seek revenge by perfidy. Authors of credit report, that when\n Troy was in flames, he carried away upon his shoulders his father\n Anchises, and the statues of his household gods, leading in his hand\n his son Ascanius, and leaving his wife to follow behind. Some say\n that he retired to mount Ida, where he built a fleet of 20 ships,\n and set sail in quest of a settlement. Strabo and others maintain\n that \u00c6neas never left his country, but rebuilt Troy, where he\n reigned, and his posterity after him. Even Homer, who lived 400\n years after the Trojan war, says, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 30, &c., that\n the gods destined \u00c6neas and his posterity to reign over the Trojans.\n This passage Dionysius of Halicarnassus explained, by saying that\n Homer meant the Trojans who had gone over to Italy with \u00c6neas, and\n not the actual inhabitants of Troy. According to Virgil and other\n Latin authors, who, to make their court to the Roman emperors,\n traced their origin up to \u00c6neas, and described his arrival into\n Italy as indubitable, he with his fleet first came to the Thracian\n Chersonesus, where Polymnestor, one of his allies, reigned. After\n visiting Delos, the Strophades, and Crete, where he expected to find\n the empire promised him by the oracle, as in the place where his\n progenitors were born, he landed in Epirus, and Drepanum, the court\n of king Acestes, in Sicily, where he buried his father. From Sicily\n he sailed for Italy, but was driven on the coasts of Africa and\n kindly received by Dido queen of Carthage, to whom, on his first\n interview he gave one of the garments of the beautiful Helen. Dido,\n being enamoured of him, wished to marry him; but he left Carthage by\n order of the gods. In his voyage he was driven to Sicily, and from\n thence he passed to Cum\u00e6, where the Sibyl conducted him to hell,\n that he might hear from his father the fates which attended him and\n all his posterity. After a voyage of seven years, and the loss of\n 13 ships, he came to the Tyber. Latinus, the king of the country,\n received him with hospitality, and promised him his daughter Lavinia,\n who had been before betrothed to king Turnus by her mother Amata. To\n prevent this marriage, Turnus made war against \u00c6neas: and after many\n battles, the war was decided by a combat between the two rivals, in\n which Turnus was killed. \u00c6neas married Lavinia, in whose honour he\n built the town of Lavinium, and succeeded his father-in-law. After a\n short reign \u00c6neas was killed in a battle against the Etrurians. Some\n say that he was drowned in the Numicus, and his body weighed down by\n his armour; upon which the Latins, not finding their king, supposed\n that he had been taken up to heaven, and therefore offered him\n sacrifices as to a god. Dionysius of Halicarnassus fixes the arrival\n of \u00c6neas in Italy in the 54th olympiad. Some authors suppose that\n \u00c6neas after the siege of Troy, fell to the share of Neoptolemus,\n together with Andromache, and that he was carried to Thessaly,\n whence he escaped to Italy. Others say that, after he had come\n to Italy, he returned to Troy, leaving Ascanius king in Latium.\n \u00c6neas has been praised for his piety, and submission to the will\n of the gods. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 13 & 20; _Hymn to Aphrodite_.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 3, ch. 22; bk. 10, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Romulus_\n & _Coriolanus_; _Qu\u00e6stiones Roman\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 31,\n ch. 8; bk. 43, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Dares Phrygius_,\n ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_.\u2015\u2015_Aurelius\n Victor._\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_,\n bk. 4, poem 1, li. 42.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 3,\n &c.; _Tristia_, bk. 4, li. 798.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6neas and Lavinia,\n called Sylvius, because his mother retired with him into the woods\n after his father\u2019s death. He succeeded Ascanius in Latium, though\n opposed by Julius the son of his predecessor. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 6, li. 770.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ambassador sent by\n the Laced\u00e6monians to Athens, to treat of peace, in the 8th year of\n the Peloponnesian war.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient author who wrote on tactics,\n besides other treatises, which, according to \u00c6lian, were epitomized\n by Cineas the friend of Pyrrhus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Gaza, who, from a\n Platonic philosopher, became a Christian, A.D. 485, and wrote a\n dialogue called _Theophrastus_, on the immortality of the soul and\n the resurrection.\n\n=\u00c6n\u0113ia=, or =\u00c6nia=, a place near Rome, afterwards called Janiculum.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Troas. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Macedonia.\n _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\n\n=\u00c6neides=, a patronymic given to Ascanius, as son of \u00c6neas. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 653.\n\n=\u00c6n\u0113is=, a poem of Virgil, which has for its subject the settlement\n of \u00c6neas in Italy. The great merit of this poem is well known. The\n author has imitated Homer, and, as some say, Homer is superior to\n him only because he is more ancient, and is an original. Virgil\n died before he had corrected it, and at his death desired it might\n be burnt. This was happily disobeyed, and Augustus saved from the\n flames a poem which proved his family to be descended from the kings\n of Troy. The \u00c6neid had engaged the attention of the poet for 11\n years, and in the first six books it seems that it was Virgil\u2019s\n design to imitate Homer\u2019s Odyssey, and in the last the Iliad. The\n action of the poem comprehends eight years, one of which only, the\n last, is really taken up by action, as the seven first are merely\n episodes, such as Juno\u2019s attempts to destroy the Trojans, the loves\n of \u00c6neas and Dido, the relation of the fall of Troy, &c. In the\n first book of the \u00c6neid, the hero is introduced, in the seventh year\n of his expedition, sailing in the Mediterranean, and shipwrecked\n on the African coast, where he is received by Dido. In the second,\n \u00c6neas, at the desire of the Ph\u0153nician queen, relates the fall of\n Troy, and his flight through the general conflagration to mount Ida.\n In the third, the hero continues his narration, by a minute account\n of the voyage through the Cyclades, the places where he landed, and\n the dreadful storm with the description of which the poem opened.\n Dido, in the fourth book, makes public her partiality to \u00c6neas,\n which is slighted by the sailing of the Trojans from Carthage,\n and the book closes with the suicide of the disappointed queen.\n In the fifth book, \u00c6neas sails to Sicily, where he celebrates the\n anniversary of his father\u2019s death, and thence pursues his voyage to\n Italy. In the sixth, he visits the Elysian fields, and learns from\n his father the fate which attends him and his descendants, the\n Romans. In the seventh book, the hero reaches the destined land of\n Latium, and concludes a treaty with the king of the country, which\n is soon broken by the interference of Juno, who stimulates Turnus to\n war. The auxiliaries of the enemy are enumerated; and in the eighth\n book, \u00c6neas is assisted by Evander, and receives from Venus a shield\n wrought by Vulcan, on which are represented the future glory and\n triumphs of the Roman nation. The reader is pleased, in the ninth\n book, with the account of battles between the rival armies, and the\n immortal friendship of Nisus and Euryalus. Jupiter, in the tenth,\n attempts a reconciliation between Venus and Juno, who patronized the\n opposite parties; the fight is renewed, Pallas killed, and Turnus\n saved from the avenging hand of \u00c6neas, by the interposition of Juno.\n The eleventh book gives an account of the funeral of Pallas, and of\n the meditated reconciliation between \u00c6neas and Latinus, which the\n sudden appearance of the enemy defeats. Camilla is slain, and the\n combatants separated by the night. In the last book, Juno prevents\n the single combat agreed upon by Turnus and \u00c6neas. The Trojans are\n defeated in the absence of their king; but on the return of \u00c6neas,\n the battle assumes a different turn, a single combat is fought by\n the rival leaders, and the poem is concluded by the death of king\n Turnus. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30, &c.\n\n=\u00c6nesid\u0113mus=, a brave general of Argos. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Cretan philosopher, who wrote eight books on the doctrine of his\n master Pyrrho. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Pyrrhonists_.\n\n=\u00c6n\u0113sius=, a surname of Jupiter from mount \u00c6num.\n\n=\u00c6n\u0113tus=, a victor at Olympia, who, in the moment of victory, died\n through excess of joy. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\n\n=\u00c6nia.= _See:_ \u00c6neia.\n\n=\u00c6nicus=, a comic writer at Athens.\n\n=\u00c6ni\u014fchi=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 591.\n\n=\u00c6nobarbus=, or =Ahenobarbus=, the surname of Domitius. When Castor\n and Pollux acquainted him with a victory, he discredited them;\n upon which they touched his chin and beard, which instantly became\n of a brazen colour, whence the surname given to himself and his\n descendants.\n\n=\u00c6n\u014fcles=, a writer of Rhodes. _Athen\u00e6us._\n\n=\u00c6nos=, now _Eno_, an independent city of Thrace, at the eastern mouth\n of the Hebrus, confounded with \u00c6neia, of which \u00c6neas was the founder.\n _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=\u00c6num=, a town of Thrace\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Thessaly.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain in Cephallenia.\n _Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river and village near Ossa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of\n Crete, built by \u00c6neas.\n\n=\u00c6n\u0233ra=, a town of Thasos. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 47.\n\n=\u00c6\u014flia=, a name given to Arne. Sappho is called _\u00c6olia puella_, and\n lyric poetry _\u00c6olium carmen_, because of Alc\u00e6us and Sappho, natives\n of Lesbos in \u00c6olia. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 3, li. 12, and ode 9,\n li. 12.\n\n=\u00c6\u014flia=, or =\u00c6olis=, a country of Asia Minor, near the \u00c6gean sea.\n It has Troas at the north, and Ionia at the south. The inhabitants\n were of Grecian origin, and were masters of many of the neighbouring\n islands. They had 12, others say 30, considerable cities, of which\n Cum\u00e6 and Lesbos were the most famous. They received their name from\n \u00c6olus son of Hellenus. They migrated from Greece about 1124 B.C.,\n 80 years before the migration of the Ionian tribes. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 26, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 1, 2, & 6.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Thessaly has been anciently\n called \u00c6olia. B\u0153otus son of Neptune, having settled there, called\n his followers B\u0153otians, and their country B\u0153otia.\n\n=\u00c6oli\u00e6= and =\u00c6ol\u012ddes=, seven islands between Sicily and Italy, called\n Lipara, Hiera, Strongyle, Didyme, Ericusa, Ph\u0153nicusa, and Euonymos.\n They were the retreat of the winds; and _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1,\n li. 56, calls them \u00c6olia, and the kingdom of \u00c6olus the god of\n storms and winds. They sometimes bear the name of _Vulcani\u00e6_ and\n _Heph\u00e6stides_, and are known now among the moderns under the general\n appellation of Lipari islands. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 609.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 4, ch. 1.\n\n=\u00c6ol\u012dda=, a city of Tenedos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another near Thermopyl\u00e6. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 8, ch. 35.\n\n=\u00c6ol\u012ddes=, a patronymic of Ulysses, from \u00c6olus; because Anticlea, his\n mother, was pregnant by Sisyphus the son of \u00c6olus, when she married\n Laertes. It is also given to Athamas and Misenus, as sons of \u00c6olus.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 511; bk. 13, li. 31.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, lis. 164 & 529.\n\n=\u00c6\u014flus=, the king of storms and winds, was the son of Hippotas. He\n reigned over \u00c6olia; and because he was the inventor of sails, and a\n great astronomer, the poets have called him the god of the wind. It\n is said that he confined in a bag, and gave Ulysses all the winds\n that could blow against his vessel, when he returned to Ithaca.\n The companions of Ulysses untied the bag, and gave the winds their\n liberty. \u00c6olus was indebted to Juno for his royal dignity, according\n to Virgil. The name seems to be derived from \u03b1\u1f30\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, _varius_,\n because the winds, over which he presided, are ever varying.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015\n There were two others, a king of Etruria, father to Macareus and\n Canace, and a son of Hellenus, often confounded with the god of the\n winds. This last married Enaretta, by whom he had seven sons and\n five daughters. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_,\n bk. 10, li. 1.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 478; bk. 14,\n li. 224.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 1,\n li. 556.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 56,\n &c.\n\n=\u00c6\u014dra=, a festival at Athens, in honour of Erigone.\n\n=\u00c6p\u0101lius=, a king of Greece, restored to his kingdom by Hercules,\n whose son Hyllus he adopted. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=\u00c6p\u0113a=, a town of Crete, called Solis, in honour of Solon. _Plutarch_,\n _Solon_.\n\n=\u00c6p\u016dlo=, a general of the Istrians, who drank to excess, after he\n had stormed the camp of Acidinus Manlius the Roman general. Being\n attacked by a soldier, he fled to a neighbouring town, which the\n Romans took, and killed himself for fear of being taken. _Florus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 10.\n\n=\u00c6py=, a town of Elis, under the dominion of Nestor. _Statius_, bk. 4,\n _Thebiad_, li. 180.\n\n=\u00c6py\u0306tus=, king of Mycen\u00e6, son of Chresphontes and Merope, was educated\n in Arcadia with Cypselus his mother\u2019s father. To recover his kingdom,\n he killed Polyphontes, who had married his mother against her will,\n and usurped the crown. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 4, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Arcadia, son of Elatus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Hippothous, who forcibly entered the temple of Neptune, near\n Mantinea, and was struck blind by the sudden eruption of salt water\n from the altar. He was killed by a serpent in hunting. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, chs. 4 & 5.\n\n=\u00c6qui=, or =\u00c6quic\u014fli=, a people of Latium, near Tibur. They were great\n enemies to Rome in its infant state, and were conquered with much\n difficulty. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 32; bk. 2,\n ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 7, li. 747; bk. 9, li. 684.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 93.\u2015\u2015\n _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 19.\n\n=\u00c6quimelium=, a place in Rome where the house of Melius stood, who\n aspired to sovereign power, for which crime his habitation was\n levelled to the ground. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 16.\n\n=\u00c6rias=, an ancient king of Cyprus, who built the temple of Paphos.\n _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=\u00c6r\u014fpe=, wife of Atreus, committed adultery with Thyestes her\n brother-in-law, and had by him twins, who were placed as food before\n Atreus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 391.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Cepheus,\n ravished by Mars. She died in child-bed: her child was preserved,\n and called \u00c6ropus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.\n\n=\u00c6r\u014fpus=, a general of Epirus in the reign of Pyrrhus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A person\n appointed regent to Orestes the infant son of Archelaus king of\n Macedonia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of king Philip, banished for bringing a\n singer into his camp. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of\n Chaonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 5.\n\n=\u00c6s\u0103cus=, a river of Troy, near Ida.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Priam by Alexirhoo:\n or according to others by Arisba. He became enamoured of Hesperia,\n whom he pursued into the woods. The nymph threw herself into the sea,\n and was changed into a bird. \u00c6sacus followed her example, and was\n changed into a cormorant by Tethys. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,\n fable 11.\n\n=\u00c6s\u0101pus=, a river of Mysia in Asia, falling into the Hellespont.\n _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.\n\n=\u00c6sar=, or =\u00c6s\u0101ras=, a river of Magna Gr\u00e6cia, falling into the sea\n near Crotona. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 28.\n\n=\u00c6sch\u012dnes=, an Athenian orator, who flourished about 342 B.C., and\n distinguished himself by his rivalship with Demosthenes. His\n father\u2019s name was Atrometus, and he boasted of his descent from a\n noble family, though Demosthenes reproached him as being the son\n of a courtesan. The first open signs of enmity between the rival\n orators appeared at the court of Philip, where they were sent as\n ambassadors; but the character of \u00c6schines was tarnished by the\n acceptance of a bribe from the Macedonian prince, whose tyranny\n had hitherto been the general subject of his declamation. When the\n Athenians wished to reward the patriotic labours of Demosthenes with\n a golden crown, \u00c6schines impeached Ctesiphon, who proposed it; and\n to their subsequent dispute we are indebted for the two celebrated\n orations _de coron\u00e2_. \u00c6schines was defeated by his rival\u2019s superior\n eloquence, and banished to Rhodes; but as he retired from Athens,\n Demosthenes ran after him, and nobly forced him to accept a present\n of silver. In his banishment, the orator repeated to the Rhodians\n what he had delivered against Demosthenes; and after receiving\n much applause, he was desired to read the answer of his antagonist.\n It was received with greater marks of approbation; but, exclaimed\n \u00c6schines, how much more would your admiration have been raised,\n had you heard Demosthenes himself speak it! \u00c6schines died in the\n 75th year of his age, at Rhodes, or, as some suppose, at Samos. He\n wrote three orations, and nine epistles, which, from their number,\n received the name, the first of the graces, and the last of the\n muses. The orations alone are extant, generally found collected with\n those of Lysias. An oration which bears the name of _Deliaca lex_,\n is said not to be his production, but that of \u00c6schines, another\n orator of that age. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 24; bk. 2,\n ch. 53; _Brutus_, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius_, bks. 2 & 3.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30. Diogenes La\u00ebrtius\n mentions seven more of the same name.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher, disciple\n of Socrates, who wrote several dialogues, some of which bore the\n following titles: Aspasia, Ph\u00e6don, Alcibiades, Draco, Erycia,\n Poly\u00e6nus, Telauges, &c. The dialogue entitled Axiochus, and ascribed\n to Plato, is supposed to be his composition. The best editions are\n that of Leovard, 1718, with the notes of Horr\u00e6us, in 8vo, and that\n of Fischer, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1766.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote on oratory.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Arcadian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Mitylenean.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A disciple of Melanthius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Milesian writer.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary.\n\n=\u00c6schrion=, a Mitylenean poet, intimate with Aristotle. He accompanied\n Alexander in his Asiatic expedition.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Iambic poet of Samos.\n _Athen\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician commended by Galen. A treatise of his own\n husbandry has been quoted by _Pliny_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lieutenant of Archagathus,\n killed by Hanno. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.\n\n=\u00c6schyl\u012bdes=, a man who wrote a book on agriculture. _\u00c6lian_, _Nature\n of Animals_, bk. 15.\n\n=\u00c6schy\u0306lus=, an excellent soldier and poet of Athens, son of Euphorion,\n and brother to Cyn\u00e6girus. He was in the Athenian army at the battles\n of Marathon, Salamis, and Plat\u00e6a. But the most solid fame he has\n obtained, is the offspring less of his valour in the field of battle\n than of his writings. Of 90 tragedies, however, the fruit of his\n ingenious labours, 40 of which were rewarded with the public prize,\n only seven have come safe to us: _Prometheus vinctus_, _Septem\n duces apud Thebas_, _Pers\u00e6_, _Agamemnon_, _Ch\u0153phori_, _Eumenides_,\n _Supplices_. \u00c6schylus is the first who introduced two actors on the\n stage, and clothed them with dresses suitable to their character.\n He likewise removed murder from the stage. It is said that, when\n he composed, his countenance betrayed the greatest ferocity;\n and according to one of his scholiasts, when his Eumenides were\n represented, many children died through fear, and several pregnant\n women actually miscarried in the house, at the sight of the horrible\n masks that were introduced. The imagination of the poet was strong\n and comprehensive, but disorderly and wild: fruitful in prodigies,\n but disdaining probabilities. His style is obscure, and the labours\n of an excellent modern critic have pronounced him the most difficult\n of all the Greek classics. A few expressions of impious tendency in\n one of his plays, nearly proved fatal to \u00c6schylus; he was condemned\n to death, but his brother Amynias, it is reported, reversed his\n sentence, by uncovering an arm, of which the hand had been cut off\n at the battle of Salamis in the service of his country, and the poet\n was pardoned. \u00c6schylus has been accused of drinking to excess, and\n of never composing except when in a state of intoxication. In his\n old age he retired to the court of Hiero in Sicily. Being informed\n that he was to die by the fall of a house, he became dissatisfied\n with the fickleness of his countrymen, and withdrew from the city\n into the fields, where he sat down. An eagle, with a tortoise in\n her bill, flew over his bald head, and supposing it to be a stone,\n dropped her prey upon it to break the shell, and \u00c6schylus instantly\n died of the blow, in the 69th year of his age, 456 B. C. It is\n said that he wrote an account of the battle of Marathon, in elegiac\n verses. The best editions of his works are that of Stanley, folio,\n London, 1663, that of Glasgow, 2 vols. in 12mo, 1746, and that\n of Schutz, 2 vols., 8vo, Hal\u00e6, 1782.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_,\n li. 278.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\n _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The 12th perpetual archon\n of Athens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Corinthian, brother-in-law to Timophanes, intimate\n with Timoleon. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Rhodian set over Egypt\n with Peucestes of Macedonia. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of\n Cnidus, teacher of rhetoric to Cicero. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.\n\n=\u00c6scul\u0101pius=, son of Apollo by Coronis, or as some say, by Larissa\n daughter of Phlegias, was god of medicine. After his union with\n Coronis, Apollo set a crow to watch her, and was soon informed that\n she admitted the caresses of Ischys of \u00c6monia. The god, in a fit of\n anger, destroyed Coronis with lightning, but saved the infant from\n her womb, and gave him to be educated to Chiron, who taught him the\n art of medicine. Some authors say, that Coronis left her father to\n avoid the discovery of her pregnancy, and that she exposed her child\n near Epidaurus. A goat of the flocks of Aresthanas gave him her milk,\n and the dog which kept the flock stood by him to shelter him from\n injury. He was found by the master of the flock, who went in search\n of his stray goat, and saw his head surrounded with resplendent rays\n of light. \u00c6sculapius was physician to the Argonauts, and considered\n so skilled in the medicinal power of plants, that he was called the\n inventor as well as the god of medicine. He restored many to life,\n of which Pluto complained to Jupiter, who struck \u00c6sculapius with\n thunder, but Apollo, angry at the death of his son, killed the\n Cyclops who made the thunderbolts. \u00c6sculapius received divine\n honours after death, chiefly at Epidaurus, Pergamus, Athens, Smyrna,\n &c. Goats, bulls, lambs, and pigs were sacrificed on his altars, and\n the cock and the serpent were sacred to him. Rome, A.U.C. 462, was\n delivered of a plague, and built a temple to the god of medicine,\n who, as was supposed, had come there in the form of a serpent, and\n hid himself among the reeds in an island of the Tyber. \u00c6sculapius\n was represented with a large beard, holding in his hand a staff,\n round which was wreathed a serpent: his other hand was supported on\n the head of a serpent. Serpents are more particularly sacred to him,\n not only as the ancient physicians used them in their prescriptions;\n but because they were the symbols of prudence and foresight, so\n necessary in the medical profession. He married Epione, by whom\n he had two sons, famous for their skill in medicine, Machaon and\n Podalirus; and four daughters, of whom Hygiea, goddess of health,\n is the most celebrated. Some have supposed that he lived a short\n time after the Trojan war. Hesiod makes no mention of him. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 193; _Hymn to \u00c6sculapius_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 49.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs.\n 11 & 27; bk. 7, ch. 23, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Pythian_,\n poem 3.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_, _Dialogi de Saltatione_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk.\n 1, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22, says there\n were three of this name; the first, a son of Apollo, worshipped in\n Arcadia; second, a brother of Mercury; third, a man who first taught\n medicine.\n\n=\u00c6s\u0113pus=, a son of Bucolion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n river. _See:_ \u00c6sapus.\n\n=\u00c6sernia=, a city of the Samnites, in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 27,\n ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 567.\n\n=\u00c6s\u012bon=, an Athenian, known for his respect for the talents of\n Demosthenes. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.\n\n=\u00c6sis=, a river of Italy, which separates Umbria from Picenum.\n\n=\u00c6son=, son of Cretheus, was born at the same birth as Pelias. He\n succeeded his father in the kingdom of Iolchos, but was soon exiled\n by his brother. He married Alcimeda, by whom he had Jason, whose\n education he entrusted to Chiron, being afraid of Pelias. When\n Jason was grown up, he demanded his father\u2019s kingdom from his uncle,\n who gave him evasive answers, and persuaded him to go in quest of\n the golden fleece. _See:_ Jason. At his return, Jason found his\n father very infirm; and Medea [_See:_ Medea], at his request, drew\n the blood from \u00c6son\u2019s veins, and refilled them with the juice of\n certain herbs which she had gathered, and immediately the old man\n recovered the vigour and bloom of youth. Some say that \u00c6son killed\n himself by drinking bull\u2019s blood, to avoid the persecution of\n Pelias. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 285.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of\n Thessaly, with a town of the same name.\n\n=\u00c6s\u014fn\u012ddes=, a patronymic of Jason, as being descended from \u00c6son.\n\n=\u00c6s\u014dpus=, a Phrygian philosopher, who, though originally a slave,\n procured his liberty by the sallies of his genius. He travelled\n over the greatest part of Greece and Egypt, but chiefly resided at\n the court of Cr\u0153sus king of Lydia, by whom he was sent to consult\n the oracle of Delphi. In this commission \u00c6sop behaved with great\n severity, and satirically compared the Delphians to floating sticks,\n which appear large at a distance, but are nothing when brought near.\n The Delphians, offended with his sarcastic remarks, accused him of\n having secreted one of the sacred vessels of Apollo\u2019s temple, and\n threw him down from a rock, 561 B.C. Maximus Planudes has written\n his life in Greek; but no credit is to be given to the biographer,\n who falsely asserts that the mythologist was short and deformed.\n \u00c6sop dedicated his fables to his patron Cr\u0153sus; but what appears\n now under his name, is no doubt a compilation of all the fables and\n apologues of wits before and after the age of \u00c6sop, conjointly with\n his own. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.\u2015\u2015_Ph\u00e6dras_, bk. 1, fable 2; bk. 2,\n fable 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Claudus, an actor on the Roman stage, very intimate with\n Cicero. He amassed an immense fortune. His son, to be more expensive,\n melted precious stones to drink at his entertainments. _Horace_,\n bk. 2, satire 3, li. 239.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 10;\n bk. 9, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 35; bk. 10, ch. 51.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian in the time of Anaximenes.\n _Plutarch_, _Solon_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Pontus. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n attendant of Mithridates, who wrote a treatise on Helen, and a\n panegyric on his royal master.\n\n=\u00c6stria=, an island in the Adriatic. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=\u00c6s\u016dla=, a town on a mountain between Tibur and Pr\u00e6neste. _Horace_,\n bk. 3, ode 29.\n\n=\u00c6syetes=, a man from whose tomb Polites spied what the Greeks did in\n their ships during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 793.\n\n=\u00c6symn\u0113tes=, a surname of Bacchus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21.\n\n=\u00c6symnus=, a person of Megara, who consulted Apollo to know the best\n method of governing his country. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.\n\n=\u00c6thalia=, or =\u00c6theria=, now _Elba_, an island between Etruria and\n Corsica. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 30.\n\n=\u00c6thal\u012ddes=, a herald, son of Mercury, to whom it was granted to\n be amongst the dead and the living at stated times. _Apollonius_,\n _Argonautica_, bk. 1, li. 641.\n\n=\u00c6thion=, a man slain at the nuptials of Andromeda. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 146.\n\n=\u00c6thi\u014fpia=, an extensive country of Africa, at the south of Egypt,\n divided into east and west by the ancients, the former division\n lying near Meroe, and the latter near the Mauri. The country,\n properly now called Abyssinia, as well as the inhabitants, were\n little known to the ancients, though Homer has styled them the\n justest of men and the favourites of the gods. _Diodorus_, bk. 4,\n says, that the \u00c6thiopians were the first inhabitants of the earth.\n They were the first who worshipped the gods, for which, as some\n suppose, their country has never been invaded by a foreign enemy.\n The inhabitants are of a dark complexion. The country is inundated\n for five months every year, and their days and nights are almost\n of an equal length. The ancients have given the name of \u00c6thiopia\n to every country whose inhabitants are of a black colour. _Lucan_,\n bk. 3, li. 253; bk. 9, li. 651.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 23.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, [_Eclogues_], poem 6, li. 68.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 29.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 22;\n _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 423.\n\n=\u00c6thlius=, son of Jupiter by Protogenia, was father of Endymion.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\n\n=\u00c6thon=, a horse of the sun. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A horse of Pallas, represented as shedding tears at the death\n of his master, by _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 89.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A horse of\n Hector. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 185.\n\n=\u00c6thra=, daughter of Pittheus king of Tr\u0153zene, had Theseus by \u00c6geus.\n _See:_ \u00c6geus. She was carried away by Castor and Pollux, when they\n recovered their sister Helen, whom Theseus had stolen, and intrusted\n to her care. _See:_ Helena. She went to Troy with Helen. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 3, li. 144.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31; bk. 5, ch.\n 19.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 37 & 79.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Heroides_, poem 10, li. 131.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Oceanides, wife to Atlas.\n She is more generally called Pleione.\n\n=\u00c6th\u016bsa=, a daughter of Neptune by Amphitrite, or Alcyone, mother by\n Apollo of Eleuthere and two sons. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n island near Lilyb\u00e6um. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.\n\n=\u00c6tia=, a poem of Callimachus, in which he speaks of sacrifices, and\n of the manner in which they were offered. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 4.\n\n=\u00c6tion=, or =Eetion=, the father of Andromache, Hector\u2019s wife. He was\n killed at Thebes, with his seven sons, by the Greeks.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous\n painter. He drew a painting of Alexander going to celebrate his\n nuptials with Roxane. This piece was much valued, and was exposed to\n public view at the Olympic games, where it gained so much applause\n that the president of the games gave the painter his daughter in\n marriage. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 18.\n\n=\u00c6tna=, a mountain of Sicily, now called Gibello, famous for its\n volcano, which, for about 3000 years, has thrown out fire at\n intervals. It is two miles in perpendicular height, and measures\n 180 miles round at the base, with an ascent of 30 miles. Its crater\n forms a circle about 3\u00bd miles in circumference, and its top is\n covered with snow and smoke at the same time, whilst the sides of\n the mountain, from the great fertility of the soil, exhibit a rich\n scenery of cultivated fields and blooming vineyards. Pindar is the\n first who mentions an eruption of \u00c6tna; and the silence of Homer on\n the subject is considered as a proof that the fires of the mountain\n were unknown in his age. From the time of Pythagoras, the supposed\n date of the first volcanic appearance, to the battle of Pharsalia,\n it is computed that \u00c6tna had 100 eruptions. The poets supposed that\n Jupiter had confined the giants under this mountain, and it was\n represented as the forge of Vulcan, where his servants the Cyclops\n fabricated thunderbolts, &c. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 860.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 570.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 6;\n bk. 15, li. 340.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 59.\n\n=\u00c6t\u014dlia=, a country bounded by Epirus, Acarnania, and Locris, supposed\n to be about the middle of Greece. It received its name from \u00c6tolus.\n The inhabitants were covetous and illiberal, and were little\n known in Greece, till after the ruin of Athens and Sparta they\n assumed consequence in the country, and afterwards made themselves\n formidable as the allies of Rome, and as its enemies, till they were\n conquered by Fulvius. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 24, &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 8 & 10.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Titus\n Flamininus_.\n\n=\u00c6t\u014dlus=, son of Endymion of Elis and Iphianassa, married Pronoe, by\n whom he had Pleuron and Calydon. Having accidentally killed Apis\n son of Phoroneus, he left his country, and came to settle in that\n part of Greece which has been called from him \u00c6tolia. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\n\n=\u00c6x=, a rocky island between Tenedos and Chios. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch.\n 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city in the country of the Marsi.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The nurse of Jupiter\n changed into a constellation.\n\n=Afer=, an inhabitant of Africa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An informer under Tiberius and his\n successors. He became also known as an orator, and as the preceptor\n of Quintilian, and was made consul by Domitian. He died A. D. 59.\n\n=Afr\u0101nia=, a Roman matron, who frequented the forum, forgetful of\n female decency. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 3.\n\n=Lucius Afr\u0101nius=, a Latin comic poet in the age of Terence, often\n compared to Menander, whose style he imitated. He is blamed for\n the unnatural gratifications which he mentions in his writings,\n some fragments of which are to be found in the _Corpus Poetarum_.\n _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 57.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Finibus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\n _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 13, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Pompey, conquered\n by C\u00e6sar in Spain. _Suetonius_, _Julius C\u00e6sar_, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Pompey_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintianus, a man who wrote a severe satire against\n Nero, for which he was put to death in the Pisonian conspiracy.\n _Tacitus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Potitus, a plebeian, who said before Caligula, that he\n would willingly die if the emperor could recover from the distemper\n he laboured under. Caligula recovered, and Afranius was put to death\n that he might not forfeit his word. _Dio Cassius._\n\n=Afr\u012dca=, called _Libya_ by the Greeks, one of the three parts of\n the ancient world, and the greatest peninsula of the universe, is\n bounded on the east by Arabia and the Red sea, on the north by the\n Mediterranean, south and west by the ocean. In its greatest length\n it extends 4300 miles, and in its greatest breadth it is 3500 miles.\n It is joined on the east to Asia, by an isthmus 60 miles long, which\n some of the Ptolemies endeavoured to cut, in vain, to join the Red\n and Mediterranean seas. It is so immediately situate under the sun,\n that only the maritime parts are inhabited, and the inland country\n is mostly barren and sandy, and infested with wild beasts. The\n ancients, through ignorance, peopled the southern parts of Africa\n with monsters, enchanters, and chimeras; errors which begin to be\n corrected by modern travellers. _See:_ Libya. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bks. 3, 4, & 20.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 17, 26,\n & 32; bk. 4, ch. 41, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There is a\n part of Africa called _Propria_, which lies about the middle, on the\n Mediterranean, and has Carthage for its capital.\n\n=Afric\u0101nus=, a blind poet, commended by Ennius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A christian writer,\n who flourished A.D. 222. In his chronicle, which was universally\n esteemed, he reckoned 5500 years from the creation of the world\n to the age of Julius C\u00e6sar. Nothing remains of this work but what\n Eusebius has preserved. In a letter to Origen, Africanus proved\n that the history of Susanna is supposititious; and in another to\n Aristides, still extant, he endeavours to reconcile the seeming\n contradictions that appear in the genealogies of Christ in St.\n Matthew and Luke. He is supposed to be the same who wrote nine books,\n in which he treats of physic, agriculture, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lawyer, disciple\n to Papinian, and intimate with the emperor Alexander.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator\n mentioned by Quintilian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The surname of the Scipios, from the\n conquest of Africa. _See:_ Scipio.\n\n=Afr\u012dcum mare=, is that part of the Mediterranean which is on the\n coast of Africa.\n\n=Ag\u0103gri\u0101ne port\u00e6=, gates at Syracuse, near which the dead were buried.\n _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_.\n\n=Agalasses=, a nation of India, conquered by Alexander. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 17.\n\n=Agalla=, a woman of Corcyra, who wrote a treatise upon grammar.\n _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 1.\n\n=Agam\u0113des= and =Trophonius=, two architects who made the entrance of\n the temple of Delphi, for which they demanded of the god whatever\n gift was most advantageous for a man to receive. Eight days after\n they were found dead in their bed. _Plutarch_, _Consolatio ad\n Apollonium_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 47.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 11 & 37, gives a different account.\n\n=Agamemnon=, king of Mycen\u00e6 and Argos, was brother to Menelaus, and\n son of Plisthenes the son of Atreus. Homer calls them sons of Atreus,\n which is false, upon the authority of Hesiod, Apollodorus, &c. _See:_\n Plisthenes. When Atreus was dead, his brother Thyestes seized the\n kingdom of Argos, and removed Agamemnon and Menelaus, who fled to\n Polyphidus king of Sicyon, and hence to \u0152neus king of \u00c6tolia, where\n they were educated. Agamemnon married Clytemnestra, and Menelaus\n Helen, both daughters of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who assisted\n them to recover their father\u2019s kingdom. After the banishment of\n the usurper to Cythera, Agamemnon established himself at Mycen\u00e6,\n whilst Menelaus succeeded his father-in-law at Sparta. When Helen\n was stolen by Paris, Agamemnon was elected commander-in-chief of\n the Grecian forces going against Troy; and he showed his zeal in the\n cause by furnishing 100 ships, and lending 60 more to the people of\n Arcadia. The fleet was detained at Aulis, where Agamemnon sacrificed\n his daughter to appease Diana. _See:_ Iphigenia. During the Trojan\n war, Agamemnon behaved with much valour; but his quarrel with\n Achilles, whose mistress he took by force, was fatal to the Greeks.\n _See:_ Briseis. After the ruin of Troy, Cassandra fell to his share,\n and foretold him that his wife would put him to death. He gave no\n credit to this, and returned to Argos with Cassandra. Clytemnestra,\n with her adulterer \u00c6gisthus [_See:_ \u00c6gisthus], prepared to murder\n him; and as he came from the bath, to embarrass him, she gave him\n a tunic, whose sleeves were sewed together, and while he attempted\n to put it on, she brought him to the ground with a stroke of a\n hatchet, and \u00c6gisthus seconded her blows. His death was revenged by\n his son Orestes. _See:_ Clytemnestra, Menelaus, and Orestes. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bks. 1, 2, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Remedia\n Amoris_, li. 777; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 30.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fables 88 & 97.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\n _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bks.\n 1, 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dares Phrygius._\u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _Electra_.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_,\n _Orestes_.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Agamemnon_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9,\n ch. 40, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 838.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 3.\n\n=Agamemnonius=, an epithet applied to Orestes, as son of Agamemnon.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 471.\n\n=Agam\u0113tor=, an athlete of Mantinea. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.\n\n=Agamnestor=, a king of Athens.\n\n=Aganippe=, a celebrated fountain of B\u0153otia, at the foot of mount\n Helicon. It flows into the Permessus, and is sacred to the muses,\n who, from it, were called Aganippedes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,\n li. 312.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.\n\n=Agap\u0113nor=, the commander of Agamemnon\u2019s fleet. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The son of Anc\u00e6us, and grandson of Lycurgus, who, after\n the ruin of Troy, was carried by a storm into Cyprus, where he built\n Paphos. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\n\n=Agar=, a town of Africa. _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 76.\n\n=Agar\u0113ni=, a people of Arabia. Trajan destroyed their city, called\n Agarum. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Agarista=, daughter of Clisthenes, was courted by all the princes\n of Greece. She married Megacles. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk.\n 12, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 126, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n Hippocrates, who married Xantippus. She dreamed that she had\n brought forth a lion, and some time after became mother of Pericles.\n _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 131.\n\n=Agas\u012dcles=, king of Sparta, was son of Archidamus, and one of the\n Proclid\u00e6. He used to say that a king ought to govern his subjects as\n a father governs his children. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Apophthegmata Laconica_.\n\n=Agass\u00e6=, a city of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 27.\n\n=Agasth\u0115nes=, father to Polyxenus, was, as one of Helen\u2019s suitors,\n concerned in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Augeas, who succeeded as king of Elis.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\n\n=Agrastr\u014fphus=, a Trojan, wounded by Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 11, li. 338.\n\n=Agasthus=, an archon of Athens.\n\n=Ag\u0103sus=, a harbour on the coast of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\n\n=Ag\u0103tha=, a town of France near _Agde_, in Languedoc. _Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 5.\n\n=Agatharch\u012ddas=, a general of Corinth in the Peloponnesian war.\n _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 83.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Samian philosopher and historian,\n who wrote a treatise on stones, and a history of Persia and Ph\u0153nice,\n besides an account of the Red sea, of Europe and Asia. Some make\n him a native of Cnidus, and add that he flourished about 177 B.C.\n _Josephus_, _Against Apion_.\n\n=Agatharchus=, an officer in the Syracusan fleet. _Thucydides_, bk. 7,\n ch. 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter in the age of Zeuxis. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.\n\n=Agathias=, a Greek historian of \u00c6olia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet and historian in the\n age of Justinian, of whose reign he published the history in five\n books. Several of his epigrams are found in the _Anthologia_. His\n history is a sequel of that of Procopius. The best edition is that\n of Paris, folio, 1660.\n\n=Ag\u0103tho=, a Samian historian, who wrote an account of Scythia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n tragic poet, who flourished 406 B.C. The name of some of his\n tragedies are preserved, such as Telephus, Thyestes, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic\n poet who lived in the same age. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Priam. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Babylon.\n _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Pythagorean philosopher. _\u00c6lian_,\n _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A learned and melodious musician,\n who first introduced songs in tragedy. _Aristotle_, _Poetics_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n youth of Athens, loved by Plato. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 3, ch. 32.\n\n=Agath\u014fcl\u0113a=, a beautiful courtesan of Egypt. One of the Ptolemies\n destroyed his wife Eurydice to marry her. She, with her brother,\n long governed the kingdom, and attempted to murder the king\u2019s son.\n _Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 30, ch. 1.\n\n=Agath\u014fcles=, a lascivious and ignoble youth, son of a potter, who,\n by entering in the Sicilian army, arrived to the greatest honours,\n and made himself master of Syracuse. He reduced all Sicily under\n his power, but being defeated at Himera by the Carthaginians, he\n carried the war into Africa, where, for four years, he extended his\n conquests over his enemies. He afterwards passed into Italy, and\n made himself master of Crotona. He died in his 72nd year, B.C. 289,\n after a reign of 28 years of mingled prosperity and adversity.\n _Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bks. 22 & 23.\u2015\u2015\n _Polybius_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 18, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Lysimachus,\n taken prisoner by the Get\u00e6. He was ransomed, and married Lysandra\n daughter of Ptolemy Lagus. His father, in his old age, married\n Arsinoe the sister of Lysandra. After her husband\u2019s death, Arsinoe,\n fearful for her children, attempted to murder Agathocles. Some say\n that she fell in love with him, and killed him because he slighted\n her. When Agathocles was dead, 283 B.C., Lysandra fled to Seleucus.\n _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_ & _Demetrius_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, chs. 9 & 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Grecian historian of Babylon, who wrote an\n account of Cyzicus. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Chian who wrote on husbandry. _Varro._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Samian writer.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n physician.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian archon.\n\n=Ag\u0103thon.= _See:_ Agatho.\n\n=Agathon\u0233mus=, wrote a history of Persia. _Plutarch_, _de Fluviis_.\n\n=Agathosth\u0115nes=, a poet, &c.\n\n=Agathyllus=, an elegiac poet of Arcadia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,\n bk. 1.\n\n=Agathynum=, a town of Sicily.\n\n=Agathyrsi=, an effeminate nation of Scythia, who had their wives in\n common. They received their name from Agathyrsus son of Hercules.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 146.\n\n=Ag\u0101ve=, daughter of Cadmus and Hermione, married Echion, by whom\n she had Pentheus, who was torn to pieces by the Bacchanals. _See:_\n Pentheus. She is said to have killed her husband in celebrating the\n orgies of Bacchus. She received divine honours after death, because\n she had contributed to the education of Bacchus. _Theocritus_,\n poem 26.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 725.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1,\n li. 574.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 11, li. 318.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n tragedy of Statius. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 87, &c.\n\n=Agaui=, a northern nation who lived upon milk. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 13.\n\n=Ag\u0101vus=, a son of Priam. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.\n\n=Agdestis=, a mountain of Phrygia, where Atys was buried. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Cybele.\n\n=Agelades=, a statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 8; bk. 7,\n ch. 23.\n\n=Agelastus=, a surname of Crassus, the grandfather of the rich Crassus.\n He only laughed once in his life, and this, it is said, was upon\n seeing an ass eat thistles. _Cicero_, _de Finibus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 7, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The word is also applied to Pluto, from the sullen\n and melancholy appearance of his countenance.\n\n=Agel\u0101us=, a king of Corinth, son of Ixion.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Penelope\u2019s\n suitors. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hercules and\n Omphale, from whom Cr\u0153sus was descended. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A servant of Priam, who preserved Paris when exposed on\n mount Ida. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\n\n=Agend\u012bcum=, now _Sens_, a town of Gaul, the capital of the Senones.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 44.\n\n=Ag\u0113nor=, king of Ph\u0153nicia, was son of Neptune and Libya, and brother\n to Belus. He married Telephassa, by whom he had Cadmus, Ph\u0153nix,\n Cilix, and Europa. _Hyginus_, fable 6.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1,\n li. 15; bk. 17, li. 58.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Jasus and father of Argus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch.\n 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6gyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Phlegeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Pleuron, father\n to Phineus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Amphion and\n Niobe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Argos, father to\n Crotopus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Antenor. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21, li. 579.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Mitylenean, who wrote a treatise on music.\n\n=Agen\u014fr\u012ddes=, a patronymic applied to Cadmus, and the other\n descendants of Agenor. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 8.\n\n=Ager\u012bnus=, a freedman of Agrippina, accused of attempting Nero\u2019s\n life. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 16.\n\n=Agesander=, a sculptor of Rhodes under Vespasian, who made a\n representation of Laocoon\u2019s history, which now passes for the best\n relict of all ancient sculpture.\n\n=Agesias=, a Platonic philosopher who taught the immortality of the\n soul. One of the Ptolemies forbade him to continue his lectures,\n because his doctrine was so prevalent that many of his auditors\n committed suicide.\n\n=Agesil\u0101us=, king of Sparta, of the family of the Agid\u00e6, was son\n of Doryssus and father of Archelaus. During his reign Lycurgus\n instituted his famous laws. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 3, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Archidamus, of the family of the Proclid\u00e6,\n made king in preference to his nephew Leotychides. He made war\n against Artaxerxes king of Persia with success; but in the midst of\n his conquests in Asia, he was recalled home to oppose the Athenians\n and B\u0153otians, who desolated his country; and his return was so\n expeditious that he passed, in 30 days, over that tract of country\n which had taken up a whole year of Xerxes\u2019 expedition. He defeated\n his enemies at Coronea; but sickness prevented the progress of\n his conquests, and the Spartans were beat in every engagement,\n especially at Leuctra, till he appeared at their head. Though\n deformed, small of stature, and lame, he was brave, and a greatness\n of soul compensated all the imperfections of nature. He was as fond\n of sobriety as of military discipline; and when he went, in his 80th\n year, to assist Tachus king of Egypt, the servants of the monarch\n could hardly be persuaded that the Laced\u00e6monian general was eating\n with his soldiers on the ground, bare-headed, and without any\n covering to repose upon. Agesilaus died on his return from Egypt,\n after a reign of 36 years, 362 B.C., and his remains were embalmed\n and brought to Laced\u00e6mon. _Justin_, bk. 6, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_ &\n _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives of Distinguished Romans_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 3, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon_, _Oratation for Agesilaus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother\n of Themistocles, who was sent as a spy into the Persian camp, where\n he stabbed Mardonius instead of Xerxes. _Plutarch_, _Parallela\n minora_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Pluto.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek who wrote a history of\n Italy.\n\n=Agesip\u014flis I.=, king of Laced\u00e6mon, son of Pausanias, obtained a great\n victory over the Mantineans. He reigned 14 years, and was succeeded\n by his brother Cleombrotus, B.C. 380. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 5;\n bk. 8, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon_, bk. 3, _Hellenica_.\n\n=Agesip\u014flis II.=, son of Cleombrotus king of Sparta, was succeeded by\n Cleomenes II., B.C. 370. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 13; bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Agesistr\u0103ta=, the mother of king Agis. _Plutarch_, _Agis_.\n\n=Agesistr\u0103tus=, a man who wrote a treatise entitled, _De arte\n machinali_.\n\n=Aggrammes=, a cruel king of the Gangarides. His father was a\n hair-dresser, of whom the queen became enamoured, and whom she made\n governor of the king\u2019s children, to gratify her passion. He killed\n them to raise Aggrammes, his son by the queen, to the throne.\n _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 2.\n\n=Aggr\u012bn\u00e6=, a people near mount Rhodope. _Cicero_, _Against Piso_,\n ch. 37.\n\n=Ag\u012dd\u00e6=, the descendants of Eurysthenes, who shared the throne of\n Sparta with the Proclid\u00e6. The name is derived from Agis son of\n Eurysthenes. The family became extinct in the person of Cleomenes\n son of Leonidas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 682.\n\n=Agil\u0101us=, king of Corinth, reigned 36 years.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Ephori,\nalmost murdered by the partisans of Cleomenes. _Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.\n\n=Agis=, king of Sparta, succeeded his father Eurysthenes, and, after a\n reign of one year, was succeeded by his son Echestratus, B.C. 1058.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another king of Sparta, who waged\n bloody wars against Athens, and restored liberty to many Greek\n cities. He attempted to restore the laws of Lycurgus at Sparta,\n but in vain; the perfidy of friends, who pretended to second his\n views, brought him to difficulties, and he was at last dragged\n from a temple, where he had taken refuge, to a prison, where he was\n strangled by order of the Ephori. _Plutarch_, _Agis_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n son of Archidamus, who signalized himself in the war which the\n Spartans waged against Epidaurus. He obtained a victory at Mantinea,\n and was successful in the Peloponnesian war. He reigned 27 years.\n _Thucydides_, bks. 3 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 8 & 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015\n Another, son of Archidamus king of Sparta, who endeavoured to\n deliver Greece from the empire of Macedonia, with the assistance\n of the Persians. He was conquered in the attempt, and slain by\n Antipater, Alexander\u2019s general, and 5300 Laced\u00e6monians perished with\n him. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 12,\n ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, son of Eudamidas, killed in a battle against\n the Mantineans. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Arcadian in the\n expedition of Cyrus against his father Artaxerxes. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 7,\n ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of Argos, who accompanied Alexander into Asia, and\n said that Bacchus and the sons of Leda would give way to his hero,\n when a god. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Lycian, who followed \u00c6neas\n into Italy, where he was killed. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 751.\n\n=Agl\u0101ia=, one of the Graces, called sometimes Pasiphae. Her sisters\n were Euphrosyne and Thalia, and they were all daughters of Jupiter\n and Eurynome. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.\n\n=Aglaon\u012bce=, daughter of Hegemon, was acquainted with astronomy and\n eclipses, whence she boasted of her power to draw down the moon from\n heaven. _Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_.\n\n=Agla\u014fpe=, one of the Sirens.\n\n=Agla\u014fphon=, an excellent Greek painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 8.\n\n=Aglaosth\u0115nes=, wrote a history of Naxos. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\n\n=Aglauros=, or =Agraulos=, daughter of Erechtheus the oldest king of\n Athens, was changed into a stone by Mercury. Some make her daughter\n of Cecrops. _See:_ Herse. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 12.\n\n=Aglaus=, the poorest man of Arcadia, pronounced by the oracle more\n happy than Gyges king of Lydia. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 46.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 1.\n\n=Agna=, a woman in the age of Horace, who, though deformed, had many\n admirers. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 40.\n\n=Agno=, one of the nymphs who nursed Jupiter. She gave her name to a\n fountain on mount Lyc\u00e6us. When the priest of Jupiter, after a prayer,\n stirred the waters of this fountain with a bough, a thick vapour\n arose, which was soon dissolved into a plentiful shower. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 31, &c.\n\n=Agnod\u012dce=, an Athenian virgin, who disguised her sex to learn\n medicine. She was taught by Hierophilus the art of midwifery,\n and when employed always discovered her sex to her patients. This\n brought her into so much practice, that the males of her profession,\n who were now out of employment, accused her, before the Areopagus,\n of corruption. She confessed her sex to the judges, and a law was\n immediately made to empower all free-born women to learn midwifery.\n _Hyginus_, fable 274.\n\n=Agnon=, son of Nicias, was present at the taking of Samos by Pericles.\n In the Peloponnesian war he went against Potid\u00e6a, but abandoned his\n expedition through disease. He built Amphipolis, whose inhabitants\n rebelled to Brasidas, whom they regarded as their founder, forgetful\n of Agnon. _Thucydides_, bks. 2, 3, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer. _Quintilian_,\n bk. 2, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Alexander\u2019s officers. _Pliny_, bk. 33,\n ch. 3.\n\n=Agnon\u012ddes=, a rhetorician of Athens, who accused Phocion of betraying\n the Pir\u00e6us to Nicanor. When the people recollected what services\n Phocion had rendered them, they raised him statues, and put to death\n his accuser. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Phocion_.\n\n=Ag\u014dn\u0101lia= and =Agonia=, festivals in Rome, celebrated three times a\n year in honour of Janus, or Agonius. They were instituted by Numa,\n and on the festive days the chief priest used to offer a ram. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 317.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.\n\n=Ag\u014dnes Capitol\u012bni=, games celebrated every fifth year upon the\n Capitoline hill. Prizes were proposed for agility and strength, as\n well as for poetical and literary compositions. The poet Statius\n publicly recited there his Thebaid, which was not received with much\n applause.\n\n=Agonis=, a woman in the temple of Venus, on mount Eryx. _Cicero_,\n _Against Verres_, bk. 1.\n\n=Agonius=, a Roman deity, who presided over the actions of men. _See:_\n Agonalia.\n\n=Agoracr\u012dtus=, a sculptor of Pharos, who made a statue of Venus for\n the people of Athens, B.C. 150.\n\n=Agoran\u014fmi=, ten magistrates at Athens, who watched over the city and\n port, and inspected whatever was exposed to sale.\n\n=Agor\u0101nis=, a river falling into the Ganges. _Arrian_, _de Indica_.\n\n=Agor\u00e6a=, a name of Minerva at Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\n\n=Agoreus=, a surname of Mercury among the Athenians, from his\n presiding over the markets. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 15.\n\n=Agra=, a place of B\u0153otia where the Ilissus rises. Diana was called\n Agr\u00e6a, because she hunted there.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Susa\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Arcadia\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015and of Arabia.\n\n=Agr\u00e6i= and =Agrenses=, a people of Arabia. _Pliny_, bk. 6,\n ch. 28.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of \u00c6tolia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 34.\n\n=Agr\u0101gas=, or =Acragras=, a river, town, and mountain of Sicily;\n called also Agrigentum. The town was built by the people of Gela,\n who were a Rhodian colony. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 703.\u2015\u2015\n _Diodorus_, bk. 11.\n\n=Agraria lex=, was enacted to distribute among the Roman people all\n the lands which they had gained by conquest. It was first proposed\n A.U.C. 268, by the consul Spurius Cassius Vicellinus, and rejected\n by the senate. This produced dissensions between the senate and\n the people, and Cassius, upon seeing the ill success of the new\n regulations he proposed, offered to distribute among the people the\n money which was produced from the corn of Sicily, after it had been\n brought and sold in Rome. This act of liberality the people refused,\n and tranquillity was soon after re-established in the state. It was\n proposed a second time A.U.C. 269, by the tribune Licinius Stolo,\n but with no better success; and so great were the tumults which\n followed, that one of the tribunes of the people was killed, and\n many of the senators fined for their opposition. Mutius Sc\u00e6vola,\n A.U.C. 620, persuaded the tribune Tiberius Gracchus to propose it a\n third time; and though Octavius, his colleague in the tribuneship,\n opposed it, yet Tiberius made it pass into a law, after much\n altercation, and commissioners were authorized to make a division\n of the lands. This law at last proved fatal to the freedom of Rome\n under Julius C\u00e6sar. _Florus_, bk. 3, chs. 3 & 13.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _on the\n Agrarian Law_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 41.\n\n=Agraule=, a tribe of Athens. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.\n\n=Agraulia=, a festival at Athens in honour of Agraulos. The Cyprians\n also observed these festivals, by offering human victims.\n\n=Agraulos=, a daughter of Cecrops. _See:_ Aglauros.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of\n Minerva.\n\n=Agrauon\u012bt\u00e6=, a people of Illyria. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.\n\n=Agre=, one of Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 213.\n\n=Agri\u0101nes=, a river of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A people\n that dwelt in the neighbourhood of that river. _Herodotus_, bk. 5,\n ch. 16.\n\n=Agric\u014fla=, the father-in-law of the historian Tacitus, who wrote\n his life. He was eminent for his public and private virtues. He\n was governor of Britain, and first discovered it to be an island.\n Domitian envied his virtues; he recalled him from the province he\n had governed with equity and moderation, and ordered him to enter\n Rome in the night, that no triumph might be granted him. Agricola\n obeyed, and without betraying any resentment, he retired to peaceful\n solitude, and to the enjoyment of the society of a few friends. He\n died in his 56th year, A. D. 93. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_.\n\n=Agrigentum=, now _Girgenti_, a town of Sicily, 18 stadia from the\n sea, on mount Agragas. It was founded by a Rhodian, or, according\n to some, by an Ionian colony. The inhabitants were famous for\n their hospitality, and for their luxurious manner of living. In\n its flourishing situation Agrigentum contained 200,000 inhabitants,\n who submitted with reluctance to the superior power of Syracuse.\n The government was monarchical, but afterwards a democracy was\n established. The famous Phalaris usurped the sovereignty, which was\n also for some time in the hands of the Carthaginians. Agrigentum\n can now boast of more venerable remains of antiquity than any other\n town in Sicily. _Polybius_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 707.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 14, li. 211.\n\n=Agrinium=, a city of Acarnania. _Polybius_, bk. 6.\n\n=Agri\u014dnia=, annual festivals in honour of Bacchus, celebrated\n generally in the night. They were instituted, as some suppose,\n because the god was attended with wild beasts.\n\n=Agriopas=, a man who wrote the history of all those who had obtained\n the public prize at Olympia. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 22.\n\n=Agri\u014dpe=, the wife of Agenor king of Ph\u0153nicia.\n\n=Marcus Agrippa Vipsanius=, a celebrated Roman, who obtained a victory\n over Sextus Pompey, and favoured the cause of Augustus at the\n battles of Actium and Philippi, where he behaved with great valour.\n He advised his imperial friend to re-establish the republican\n government at Rome, but he was overruled by Mec\u00e6nas. In his\n expeditions in Gaul and Germany, he obtained several victories, but\n refused the honours of a triumph, and turned his liberality towards\n the embellishing of Rome and the raising of magnificent buildings,\n one of which, the Pantheon, still exists. After he had retired for\n two years to Mitylene, in consequence of a quarrel with Marcellus,\n Augustus recalled him, and, as a proof of his regard, gave him his\n daughter Julia in marriage, and left him the care of the empire\n during an absence of two years employed in visiting the Roman\n provinces of Greece and Asia. He died, universally lamented,\n at Rome in the 51st year of his age, 12 B.C., and his body was\n placed in the tomb which Augustus had prepared for himself. He\n had been married three times: to Pomponia daughter of Atticus, to\n Marcella daughter of Octavia, and to Julia, by whom he had five\n children\u2015\u2015Caius, and Lucius C\u00e6sares, Posthumus Agrippa, Agrippina,\n and Julia. His son, Caius C\u00e6sar Agrippa, was adopted by Augustus,\n and made consul, by the flattery of the Roman people at the age\n of 14 or 15. This promising youth went to Armenia on an expedition\n against the Persians, where he received a fatal blow from the\n treacherous hand of Lollius, the governor of one of the neighbouring\n cities. He languished for a little time and died in Lycia. His\n younger brother, Lucius C\u00e6sar Agrippa, was likewise adopted by his\n grandfather Augustus; but he was soon after banished to Campania,\n for using seditious language against his benefactor. In the seventh\n year of his exile he would have been recalled had not Livia and\n Tiberius, jealous of the partiality of Augustus for him, ordered him\n to be assassinated in his 26th year. He has been called ferocious\n and savage; and he gave himself the name of Neptune, because he\n was fond of fishing. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 682.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 1, ode 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the servants of the murdered prince assumed\n his name and raised commotions. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 39.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sylvius, a son of Tiberius Sylvius king of Latium. He reigned\n 33 years, and was succeeded by his son Romulus Sylvius. _Dionysius\n of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul who conquered the\n \u00c6qui.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Herodes, a son\n of Aristobulus, grandson of the Great Herod, who became tutor to\n the grandchild of Tiberius, and was soon after imprisoned by the\n suspicious tyrant. When Caligula ascended the throne his favourite\n was released, presented with a chain of gold as heavy as that which\n had lately confined him, and made king of Jud\u00e6a. He was a popular\n character with the Jews: and it is said, that while they were\n flattering him with the appellation of God, an angel of God struck\n him with the lousy disease, of which he died, A.D. 43. His son,\n of the same name, was the last king of the Jews, deprived of his\n kingdom by Claudius, in exchange for other provinces. He was with\n Titus at the celebrated siege of Jerusalem, and died A.D. 94. It was\n before him that St. Paul pleaded, and made mention of his incestuous\n commerce with his sister Berenice. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 156.\n \u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, bk. 2, _Histories_, ch. 81.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Menenius, a Roman\n general, who obtained a triumph over the Sabines, appeased the\n populace of Rome by the well-known fable of the belly and the limbs,\n and erected the new office of tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 261. He\n died poor, but universally regretted: his funeral was at the expense\n of the public from which also his daughters received dowries. _Livy_,\n bk. 2, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mathematician in the\n reign of Domitian; he was a native of Bithynia.\n\n=Agripp\u012bna=, a wife of Tiberius. The emperor repudiated her to marry\n Julia. _Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Marcus\n Agrippa, and granddaughter to Augustus. She married Germanicus, whom\n she accompanied in Syria; and when Piso poisoned him, she carried\n his ashes to Italy, and accused his murderer, who stabbed himself.\n She fell under the displeasure of Tiberius, who exiled her in\n an island, where she died A.D. 26, for want of bread. She left\n nine children, and was universally distinguished for intrepidity\n and conjugal affection. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Annals_, ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015\n _Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 52.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Julia, daughter of Germanicus\n and Agrippina, married Domitius \u00c6nobarbus, by whom she had Nero.\n After her husband\u2019s death she married her uncle the emperor Claudius,\n whom she destroyed to make Nero succeed to the throne. After many\n cruelties and much licentiousness she was assassinated by order of\n her son, and as she expired she exclaimed, \u201cStrike the belly which\n could give birth to such a monster.\u201d She died A.D. 59, after a life\n of prostitution and incestuous gratifications. It is said that her\n son viewed her dead body with all the raptures of admiration, saying,\n he never could have believed his mother was so beautiful a woman.\n She left memoirs which assisted Tacitus in the composition of his\n annals. The town which she built, where she was born, on the borders\n of the Rhine, and called _Agrippina Colonia_, is the modern Cologne.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 75; bk. 12, chs. 7, 22, &c.\n\n=Agrisius.= _See:_ Acrisius.\n\n=Agrisope=, or =Agriope=, the mother of Cadmus. _Hyginus_, fable 6.\n\n=Agrius=, son of Parthaon drove his brother \u0152neus from the throne.\n He was afterwards expelled by Diomedes the grandson of \u0152neus, upon\n which he killed himself. _Hyginus_, fables 175 & 242.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14, li. 117.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A giant.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n centaur killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Ulysses by Circe. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 1013.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of\n Thersites. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 9.\n\n=Agr\u014flas=, surrounded the citadel of Athens with walls, except that\n part which afterwards was repaired by Cimon. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,\n ch. 28.\n\n=Agron=, king of Illyria, who, after conquering the \u00c6tolians, drank\n to such excess that he died instantly, B.C. 231. _Polybius_, bk. 2,\n ch. 4.\n\n=Agrotas=, a Greek orator of Marseilles.\n\n=Agrot\u0115ra=, an anniversary sacrifice of goats offered to Diana at\n Athens. It was instituted by Callimachus the Polemarch, who vowed\n to sacrifice to the goddess so many goats as there might be enemies\n killed in a battle which he was going to fight against the troops\n of Darius, who had invaded Attica. The quantity of the slain was\n so great, that a sufficient number of goats could not be procured;\n therefore they were limited to 500 every year, till they equalled\n the number of Persians slain in battle.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A temple of \u00c6gira in\n Peloponnesus, erected to the goddess under this name. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 7, ch. 26.\n\n=Agyleus= and =Agyieus= from \u1f00\u03b3\u03c5\u03b9\u03b1, _a street_, a surname of Apollo,\n because sacrifices were offered to him in the public streets of\n Athens. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 6.\n\n=Agylla=, a town of Etruria, founded by a colony of Pelasgians, and\n governed by Mezentius when \u00c6neas came to Italy. It was afterwards\n called C\u00e6re, by the Lydians, who took possession of it. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 652; bk. 8, li. 479.\n\n=Agyll\u00e6us=, a gigantic wrestler of Cleon\u00e6, scarce inferior to Hercules\n in strength. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6, li. 837.\n\n=Agyrium=, a town of Sicily, where Diodorus the historian was born.\n The inhabitants were called _Agyrinenses_. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\n _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 65.\n\n=Agyrius=, an Athenian general who succeeded Thrasybulus. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 14.\n\n=Agyrtes=, a man who killed his father. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,\n li. 148.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A piper. _\u2666Statius_, bk. 2, _Achilleis_, li. 50.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Sil.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Statius\u2019\n\n=Ag\u0233rus=, a tyrant of Sicily, assisted by Dionysius against the\n Carthaginians. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Ah\u0101la=, the surname of the Servilii at Rome.\n\n=Ahenobarbus.= _See:_ \u00c6nobarbus.\n\n=Ajax=, the son of Telamon by Perib\u0153a or Erib\u0153a daughter of Alcathous,\n was, next to Achilles, the bravest of all the Greeks in the Trojan\n war. He engaged Hector, with whom at parting he exchanged arms.\n After the death of Achilles, Ajax and Ulysses disputed their\n claim to the arms of the dead hero. When they were given to the\n latter, Ajax was so enraged that he slaughtered a whole flock of\n sheep, supposing them to be the sons of Atreus, who had given the\n preference to Ulysses, and stabbed himself with his sword. The blood\n which ran to the ground from the wound, was changed into the flower\n hyacinth. Some say that he was killed by Paris in battle, others\n that he was murdered by Ulysses. His body was buried at Sig\u00e6um,\n some say on mount Rh\u0153tus, and his tomb was visited and honoured\n by Alexander. Hercules, according to some authors, prayed to the\n gods that his friend Telamon, who was childless, might have a son,\n with a skin as impenetrable as the skin of the Nem\u00e6an lion which\n he then wore. His prayers were heard. Jupiter, under the form of\n an eagle, promised to grant the petition; and when Ajax was born,\n Hercules wrapped him up in the lion\u2019s skin, which rendered his body\n invulnerable, except that part which was left uncovered by a hole\n in the skin, through which Hercules hung his quiver. This vulnerable\n part was in his breast, or as some say behind the neck. _Quintus\n Calaber [Smyrn\u00e6us]_, bks. 1 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 10\n & 13.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, _Heroicus_, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Isthmean_,\n ode 6.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Dictys\n Cretensis_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Dares Phrygius_, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 197. \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables\n 107 & 242.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35; bk. 5, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The son of\n Oileus king of Locris, was surnamed _Locrian_, in contradistinction\n to the son of Telamon. He went with 40 ships to the Trojan war,\n as being one of Helen\u2019s suitors. The night that Troy was taken, he\n offered violence to Cassandra, who fled into Minerva\u2019s temple; and\n for this offence, as he returned home, the goddess, who had obtained\n the thunders of Jupiter, and the power of tempests from Neptune,\n destroyed his ship in a storm. Ajax swam to a rock, and said that\n he was safe in spite of all the gods. Such impiety offended Neptune,\n who struck the rock with his trident, and Ajax tumbled into the sea\n with part of the rock and was drowned. His body was afterwards found\n by the Greeks, and black sheep offered on his tomb. According to\n Virgil\u2019s account, Minerva seized him in a whirlwind, and dashed him\n against a rock, where he expired, consumed by thunder. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 43, &c.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2, 13, &c.;\n _Odyssey_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 116 & 273.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_,\n _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Agamemnon_.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n _Epodes_, poem 10, li. 13.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, chs. 26 & 31.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n two Ajaces were, as some suppose, placed after death in the island\n of Leuce, a separate place reserved only for the bravest heroes of\n antiquity.\n\n=Aid\u014dneus=, a surname of Pluto.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of the Molossi, who\n imprisoned Theseus, because he and Pirithous attempted to ravish his\n daughter Proserpine, near the Acheron; whence arose the well-known\n fable of the descent of Theseus and Pirithous into hell. _Plutarch_,\n _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river near Troy. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12.\n\n=Aimy\u0306lus=, son of Ascanius, was, according to some, the progenitor of\n the noble family of the \u00c6mylii in Rome.\n\n=Aius Locutius=, a deity to whom the Romans erected an altar, from the\n following circumstance: one of the common people, called Ceditius,\n informed the tribunes, that as he passed one night through one of\n the streets of the city, a voice more than human, issuing from above\n Vesta\u2019s temple, told him that Rome would soon be attacked by the\n Gauls. His information was neglected; but his veracity was proved\n by the event; and Camillus, after the conquest of the Gauls, built\n a temple to that supernatural voice which had given Rome warning of\n the approaching calamity, under the name of Aius Locutius.\n\n=Alabanda=, \u00e6, or orum, an inland town of Caria, abounding with\n scorpions. The name is derived from Alabandus, a deity worshipped\n there. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bk. 7, ch. 195.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Alabastrum=, a town of Egypt. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 7.\n\n=Al\u0103bus=, a river in Sicily.\n\n=Al\u00e6a=, a surname of Minerva in Peloponnesus. Her festivals are also\n called Al\u00e6a. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 7.\n\n=Al\u00e6i=, a number of islands in the Persian gulf, abounding in\n tortoises. _Arrian_, _Periplus of the Euxine Sea_.\n\n=Al\u00e6sa=, a city on a mountain in Sicily.\n\n=Al\u00e6us=, the father of Auge, who married Hercules.\n\n=Alag\u014dnia=, a city of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 21 & 26.\n\n=Al\u0101la=, the goddess of war, sister to Mars. _Plutarch_, _de gloria\n Atheniensium_.\n\n=Alalcom\u0115n\u00e6=, a city of B\u0153otia, where some suppose that Minerva was\n born. _Plutarch_, _Qu\u00e6stiones Gr\u00e6c\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7,\n li. 330.\n\n=Alalia=, a town of Corsica, built by a colony of Phoc\u00e6ans, destroyed\n by Scipio, 262 B.C., and afterwards rebuilt by Sylla. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 165.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Alam\u0101nes=, a statuary at Athens, disciple of Phidias.\n\n=Alamanni=, or =Alemanni=, a people of Germany, near the Hercynian\n forest. They were very powerful and inimical to Rome.\n\n=Al\u0101ni=, a people of Sarmatia, near the Palus M\u0153otis, who were said to\n have 26 different languages. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\n\n=Al\u0103res=, a people of Pannonia. _Tacitus_, bk. 15, _Annals_, ch. 10.\n\n=Alar\u012bcus=, a famous king of the Goths, who plundered Rome in the\n reign of Honorius. He was greatly respected for his military valour,\n and during his reign he kept the Roman empire in continual alarms.\n He died after a reign of 13 years, A.D. 410.\n\n=Alar\u014ddii=, a nation near Pontus. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 94.\n\n=Alastor=, a son of Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An arm-bearer to Sarpedon king of Lycia, killed by Ulysses.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 677.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13,\n li. 257.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Pluto\u2019s horses when he carried away Proserpine.\n _Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpin\u00e6_, bk. 1, li. 286.\n\n=Alaud\u00e6=, soldiers of one of C\u00e6sar\u2019s legions in Gaul. _Suetonius_,\n _Julius C\u00e6sar_, ch. 24.\n\n=Alazon=, a river flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus, and\n separating Albania from Iberia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 101.\n\n=Alba Sylvius=, son of Latinus Sylvius, succeeded his father in the\n kingdom of Latium, and reigned 36 years. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 14, li. 612.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Longa, a city of Latium, built by Ascanius, B.C.\n 1152, on the spot where \u00c6neas found, according to the prophecy of\n Helenus (_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 390, &c.), and of the god\n of the river (_\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 43), a _white_ sow with 30 young\n ones. It was called _longa_ because it extended along the hill\n Albinus. The descendants of \u00c6neas reigned there in the following\n order: 1. Ascanius, son of \u00c6neas, with little intermission, eight\n years. 2. Sylvius Posthumus, 29 years. 3. \u00c6neas Sylvius, 31 years.\n 4. Latinus, five years. 5. Alba, 36 years. 6. Atys, or Capetus,\n 26 years. 7. Capys, 28 years. 8. Calpetus, 13 years. 9. Tiberinus,\n eight years. 10. Agrippa, 33 years. 11. Remulus, 19 years. 12.\n Aventinus, 37 years. 13. Procas, 13 years. 14. Numitor and Amulius.\n Alba, which had long been the powerful rival of Rome, was destroyed\n by the Romans, 665 B.C., and the inhabitants were carried to Rome.\n _Livy._\u2015\u2015_Florus._\u2015\u2015_Justin_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of the Marsi in Italy.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pompeia, a city of Liguria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Alb\u0101ni= and =Albenses=, names applied to the inhabitants of the two\n cities of Alba. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 28.\n\n=Alb\u0101nia=, a country of Asia, between the Caspian sea and Iberia.\n The inhabitants are said to have their eyes all blue. Some maintain\n that they followed Hercules from mount Albanus in Italy, when he\n returned from the conquest of Geryon. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 8, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The Caspian sea is called\n _Albanum_, as being near Albania. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 13.\n\n=Alb\u0101nus=, a mountain with a lake in Italy, 16 miles from Rome,\n near Alba. It was on this mountain that the _Latin\u00e6 feri\u00e6_ were\n celebrated with great solemnity. _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 27.\n The word, taken adjectively, is applied to such as are natives of,\n or belong to, the town of Alba.\n\n=Albia Terennia=, the mother of Otho. _Suetonius._\n\n=Alb\u012bci=, a people of Gallia Aquitania. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1,\n ch. 34.\n\n=Albi\u0113t\u00e6=, a people of Latium. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\n\n=Albigaunum=, a town of Liguria. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Alb\u012bni=, two Roman orators of great merit, mentioned by Cicero in\n _Brutus_. This name is common to many tribunes of the people. _Livy_,\n bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 6, ch. 30. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.\n\n=Albinov\u0101nus Celsus.= _See:_ Celsus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pedo, a poet contemporary with\n Ovid. He wrote elegies, epigrams, and heroic poetry in a style so\n elegant that he merited the epithet of divine. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_,\n bk. 4, poem 10.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 5.\n\n=Albintem\u0113lium=, a town of Liguria. _Tacitus_, bk. 2, _Histories_,\n ch. 13.\n\n=Alb\u012bnus=, was born at Adrumetum in Africa, and made governor of\n Britain by Commodus. After the murder of Pertinax, he was elected\n emperor by the soldiers in Britain. Severus had also been invested\n with the imperial dignity by his own army; and these two rivals,\n with about 50,000 men each, came into Gaul to decide the fate of the\n empire. Severus was conqueror, and he ordered the head of Albinus\n to be cut off, and his body to be thrown into the Rhone, A.D. 198.\n Albinus, according to the exaggerated account of a certain writer\n called Codrus, was famous for his voracious appetite, and sometimes\n ate for breakfast no less than 500 figs, 100 peaches, 20 pounds\n of dry raisins, 10 melons, and 400 oysters.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A pretorian sent to\n Sylla, as ambassador from the senate during the civil wars. He was\n put to death by Sylla\u2019s soldiers. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An usurer.\n _Horace._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman plebeian who received the vestals into his\n chariot in preference to his family, when they fled from Rome, which\n the Gauls had sacked. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 5, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Aulus Posthumus, consul\n with Lucullus, A.U.C. 603, wrote a history of Rome in Greek.\n\n=Albion=, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, came into Britain, where he\n established a kingdom, and first introduced astrology and the art\n of building ships. He was killed at the mouth of the Rhone, with\n stones thrown by Jupiter, because he opposed the passage of Hercules.\n _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The greatest island of Europe, now called\n Great Britain. It is called after Albion, who is said to have\n reigned there; or from its chalky white (_albus_) rocks, which\n appear at a great distance. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Agricola_. The ancients compared its figure to a long buckler, or\n to the iron of a hatchet.\n\n=Albis=, a river of Germany falling into the German ocean, and now\n called the Elbe. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 52.\n\n=Albius=, a man, father to a famous spendthrift. _Horace_, bk. 1,\n satire 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name of the poet Tibullus. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 33,\n li. 1.\n\n=Albucilla=, an immodest woman. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 47.\n\n=Alb\u016dla=, the ancient name of the river Tiber. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 8, li. 332.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\n\n=Alb\u016dnea=, a wood near Tibur, and the river Anio, sacred to the muses.\n It received its name from a Sibyl, called also Albunea, worshipped\n as a goddess at Tibur, whose temple still remains. Near Albunea\n there was a small lake of the same name, whose waters were of a\n sulphureous smell, and possessed some medicinal properties. This\n lake fell, by a small stream called Albula, into the river Anio,\n with which it soon lost itself in the Tiber. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7,\n li. 12.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 83.\n\n=Alburnus=, a lofty mountain of Lucania, where the Tanager takes its\n rise. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 147.\n\n=Albus Pagus=, a place near Sidon, where Antony waited for the arrival\n of Cleopatra.\n\n=Alb\u016btius=, a prince of Celtiberia, to whom Scipio restored his wife.\n _Arrian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sordid man, father to Canidia. He beat his servants\n before they were guilty of any offence, \u201clest,\u201d said he, \u201cI should\n have no time to punish them when they offend.\u201d _Horace_, bk. 2,\n satire 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rhetorician in the age of Seneca.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient\n satirist. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Titus, an epicurean philosopher,\n born at Rome; so fond of Greece and Grecian manners, that he wished\n not to pass for a Roman. He was made governor of Sardinia; but he\n grew offensive to the senate and was banished. It is supposed that\n he died at Athens.\n\n=Alc\u00e6us=, a celebrated lyric poet of Mitylene in Lesbos, about 600\n years before the christian era. He fled from a battle, and his\n enemies hung up, in the temple of Minerva, the armour which he left\n in the field, as a monument of his disgrace. He is the inventor of\n alcaic verses. He was contemporary to the famous Sappho, to whom he\n paid his addresses. Of all his works, nothing but a few fragments\n remain, found in Athen\u00e6us. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bk. 5, ch. 95.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 9.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 4, _Tusculan\u00e6\n Disputationes_, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of Athens, said by Suidas to\n be the inventor of tragedy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer of epigrams.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic\n poet.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Androgeus, who went with Hercules into Thrace,\n and was made king of part of the country. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch.\n 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hercules by a maid of Omphale.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Perseus,\n father of Amphitryon and Anaxo. From him Hercules has been called\n Alcides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.\n\n=Alcam\u0115nes=, one of the Agid\u00e6, king of Sparta, known by his apophthegms.\n He succeeded his father Teleclus, and reigned 37 years. The Helots\n rebelled in his reign. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 4, chs. 4\n & 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the Ach\u00e6ans. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n statuary, who lived 448 B.C., and was distinguished for his statues\n of Venus and Vulcan. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The commander of\n a Spartan fleet, put to death by the Athenians. _Thucydides_, bk. 4,\n ch. 5, &c.\n\n=Alcander=, an attendant of Sarpedon, killed by Ulysses. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 257.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Laced\u00e6monian youth, who\n accidentally put out one of the eyes of Lycurgus, and was generously\n forgiven by the sage. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3,\n ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 767.\n\n=Alcandre=, the wife of Polybius, a rich Theban. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,\n bk. 4, li. 672.\n\n=Alc\u0101nor=, a Trojan of mount Ida, whose sons Pandarus and Bitias\n followed \u00c6neas into Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 672.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Phorus, killed by \u00c6neas. _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 338.\n\n=Alc\u0103thoe=, a name of Megara, in Attica, because rebuilt by Alcathous\n son of Pelops. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 8.\n\n=Alc\u0103thous=, a son of Pelops, who, being suspected of murdering his\n brother Chrysippus, came to Megara, where he killed a lion which had\n destroyed the king\u2019s son. He succeeded to the kingdom of Megara, and\n in commemoration of his services, festivals, called Alcathoia, were\n instituted at Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 41, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan,\n who married Hippodamia daughter of Anchises. He was killed in the\n Trojan war by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12, li. 93.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Parthaon, killed by Tydeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n friend of \u00c6neas, killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk.\n 10, li. 747.\n\n=Alce=, one of Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs. _Ovid._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Spain which\n surrendered to Gracchus, now _Alcazar_, a little above Toledo.\n _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 47.\n\n=Alc\u0113nor=, an Argive, who, along with Chromius, survived the battle\n between 300 of his countrymen and 300 Laced\u00e6monians. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 82.\n\n=Alceste=, or =Alcestis=, daughter of Pelias and Anaxibia, married\n Admetus. She, with her sisters, put to death her father, that\n he might be restored to youth and vigour by Medea, who, however,\n refused to perform her promise. Upon this the sisters fled to\n Admetus, who married Alceste. They were soon pursued by an army\n headed by their brother Acastus; and Admetus, being taken prisoner,\n was redeemed from death by the generous offer of his wife, who was\n sacrificed in his stead to appease the shades of her father. Some\n say that Alceste, with an unusual display of conjugal affection,\n laid down her life for her husband, when she had been told by an\n oracle that he could never recover from a disease, except some\n one of his friends died in his stead. According to some authors,\n Hercules brought her back from hell. She had many suitors while\n she lived with her father. _See:_ Admetus. _Juvenal_, satire 6,\n li. 651.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5,\n ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 251.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Alcestis_.\n\n=Alc\u0115tas=, a king of the Molossi, descended from Pyrrhus the son of\n Achilles. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Alexander\u2019s\n army, brother to Perdiccas.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The eighth king of Macedonia,\n who reigned 29 years.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian, who wrote an account\n of everything that had been dedicated in the temple of Delphi.\n _Athen\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Arybas king of Epirus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,\n ch. 11.\n\n=Alch\u012ddas=, a Rhodian, who became enamoured of a naked Cupid of\n Praxiteles. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.\n\n=Alchim\u0103chus=, a celebrated painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.\n\n=Alcibi\u0103des=, an Athenian general famous for his enterprising\n spirit, versatile genius, and natural foibles. He was disciple to\n Socrates, whose lessons and example checked for a while his vicious\n propensities. In the Peloponnesian war he encouraged the Athenians\n to make an expedition against Syracuse. He was chosen general in\n that war, and in his absence his enemies accused him of impiety,\n and confiscated his goods. Upon this he fled, and stirred up the\n Spartans to make war against Athens, and when this did not succeed\n he retired to Tissaphernes, the Persian general. Being recalled by\n the Athenians, he obliged the Laced\u00e6monians to sue for peace; made\n several conquests in Asia, and was received in triumph at Athens.\n His popularity was of short duration; the failure of an expedition\n against Cyme exposed him again to the resentment of the people,\n and he fled to Pharnabazus, whom he almost induced to make war\n upon Laced\u00e6mon. This was told to Lysander the Spartan general,\n who prevailed upon Pharnabazus to murder Alcibiades. Two servants\n were sent for that purpose, and they set on fire the cottage where\n he was, and killed him with darts as he attempted to make his\n escape. He died in the 46th year of his age, 404 B.C., after a\n life of perpetual difficulties. If the fickleness of his countrymen\n had known how to retain among them the talents of a man who\n distinguished himself, and was admired wherever he went, they might\n have risen to greater splendour, and to the sovereignty of Greece.\n His character has been cleared from the aspersions of malevolence,\n by the writings of Thucydides, Tim\u00e6us, and Theopompus; and he is\n known to us as a hero, who, to the principles of the debauchee,\n added the intelligence and sagacity of the statesman, the cool\n intrepidity of the general, and the humanity of the philosopher.\n _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bks. 5,\n 6, & 7.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 12.\n\n=Alcid\u0103mas=, of Cos, was father to Ctesilla, who was changed into\n a dove. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated\n wrestler. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 10, li. 500.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher\n and orator, who wrote a treatise on death. He was pupil to Gorgias,\n and flourished B.C. 424. _Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Alcidam\u0113a=, was mother of Bunus by Mercury.\n\n=Alcidam\u012ddas=, a general of the Messenians, who retired to Rhegium,\n after the taking of Ithome by the Spartans, B.C. 723. _Strabo_,\n bk. 6.\n\n=Alcid\u0103mus=, an Athenian rhetorician, who wrote an eulogy on death,\n &c. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, ch. 48.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Lives of the Ten Orators_.\n\n=Alc\u012bdas=, a Laced\u00e6monian, sent with 23 galleys against Corcyra, in\n the Peloponnesian war. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 16, &c.\n\n=Alc\u012bdes=, a name of Hercules, from his _strength_, \u1f00\u03bb\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, or from his\n grandfather Alc\u00e6us.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Minerva in Macedonia. _Livy_,\n bk. 42, ch. 51.\n\n=Alcid\u012dce=, the mother of Tyro, by Salmoneus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 9.\n\n=Alcim\u0103chus=, an eminent painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.\n\n=Alcim\u0115de=, the mother of Jason by \u00c6son. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 296.\n\n=Alcim\u0115don=, a plain of Arcadia, with a cave the residence of\n Alcimedon, whose daughter Phillo was ravished by Hercules.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An excellent carver. _Virgil_,\n _Eclogues_, poem 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sailor, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,\n fable 10.\n\n=Alcim\u0115nes=, a tragic poet of Megara.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic writer of Athens.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An attendant of Demetrius. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man\n killed by his brother Bellerophon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Alc\u012dmus=, an historian of Sicily, who wrote an account of Italy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015\n An orator. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Alcinoe=, a daughter of Sthenelus son of Perseus. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Alc\u012dnor.= _See:_ Alcenor.\n\n=Alcinous=, son of Nausithous and Perib\u0153a, was king of Ph\u00e6acia, and\n is praised for his love of agriculture. He married his niece Arete,\n by whom he had several sons and a daughter, Nausicaa. He kindly\n entertained Ulysses, who had been shipwrecked on his coast, and\n heard the recital of his adventures; whence arose the proverb of\n the stories of Alcinous to denote improbability. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,\n bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,\n li. 87.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 3, li. 81.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_,\n satire 5, li. 151.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 56.\u2015\u2015\n _Plato_, _Republic_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Hippocoon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Elis.\n _Pausanias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher in the second century, who wrote a\n book _de Doctrin\u00e1 Platonis_, the best edition of which is the 12mo,\n printed Oxford, 1667.\n\n=Alcioneus=, a man killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,\n fable 4.\n\n=Alciphron=, a philosopher of Magnesia, in the age of Alexander. There\n are some epistles in Greek that bear his name, and contain a very\n perfect picture of the customs and manners of the Greeks. They are\n by some supposed to be the production of a writer of the fourth\n century. The only edition is that of Leipzig, 12mo, 1715, cum notis\n Bergleri.\n\n=Alcippe=, a daughter of the god Mars, by Agraulos. She was ravished\n by Halirrhotius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of\n Metion and mother to Eupalamus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n daughter of \u0152nomaus, and wife of Evenus, by whom she had Marpessa.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman who brought forth an elephant. _Pliny_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n country-woman. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7.\n\n=Alcippus=, a reputed citizen of Sparta, banished by his enemies. He\n married Democrite, of whom _Plutarch_, _Amatori\u00e6 narrationes_.\n\n=Alcis=, a daughter of \u00c6gyptus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Alcithoe=, a Theban woman, who ridiculed the orgies of Bacchus. She\n was changed into a bat, and the spindle and yarn with which she\n worked, into a vine and ivy. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 1.\n\n=Alcm\u00e6on=, was son of the prophet Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. His father\n going to the Theban war, where, according to an oracle, he was to\n perish, charged him to revenge his death upon Eriphyle, who had\n betrayed him. _See:_ Eriphyle. As soon as he heard of his father\u2019s\n death, he murdered his mother, for which crime the Furies persecuted\n him till Phlegeus purified him and gave him his daughter Alphesib\u0153a\n in marriage. Alcm\u00e6on gave her the fatal collar which his mother\n had received to betray his father, and afterwards divorced her,\n and married Callirhoe the daughter of Achelous, to whom he promised\n the necklace which he had given to Alphesib\u0153a. When he attempted\n to recover it, Alphesib\u0153a\u2019s brothers murdered him on account of the\n treatment which he had shown their sister, and left his body a prey\n to dogs and wild beasts. Alcm\u00e6on\u2019s children by Callirhoe revenged\n their father\u2019s death by killing his murderers. _See:_ Alphesib\u0153a,\n Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17; bk. 6, ch. 18; bk. 8, ch. 24.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Exilio_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fables 73 & 245.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bks. 2 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 44; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of \u00c6gyptus, the husband of Hippomedusa. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n philosopher, disciple to Pythagoras, born in Crotona. He wrote on\n physic, and he was the first who dissected animals to examine into\n the structure of the human frame. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,\n bk. 6, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of the poet \u00c6schylus, the 13th archon of\n Athens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Syllus, driven from Messenia with the rest of\n Nestor\u2019s family, by the Heraclid\u00e6. He came to Athens, and from him\n the Alcm\u00e6onid\u00e6 were descended. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 18.\n\n=Alcm\u00e6\u014fn\u012dd\u00e6=, a noble family of Athens, descended from Alcm\u00e6on. They\n undertook for 300 talents to rebuild the temple of Delphi, which\n had been burnt, and they finished the work in a more splendid manner\n than was required, in consequence of which they gained popularity,\n and by their influence the Pythia prevailed upon the Laced\u00e6monians\n to deliver their country from the tyranny of the Pisistratid\u00e6.\n _Herodotus_, bks. 5 & 6.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 59.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Solon_.\n\n=Alcman=, a very ancient lyric poet, born in Sardinia, and not at\n Laced\u00e6mon, as some suppose. He wrote in the Doric dialect six books\n of verses, besides a play called Colymbosas. He flourished B.C. 670,\n and died of the lousy disease. Some of his verses are preserved by\n Athen\u00e6us and others. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1,\n ch. 41; bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Aristotle_, _History of Animals_, bk. 5,\n ch. 31.\n\n=Alcm\u0113na=, was daughter of Electryon king of Argos, by Anaxo, whom\n _Plutarch_, \u2666_Theseus_ calls Lysidice, and _Diodorus_, bk. 2,\n Eurymede. Her father promised his crown and his daughter to\n Amphitryon, if he would revenge the death of his sons, who had been\n all killed, except Licymnius, by the Teleboans, a people of \u00c6tolia.\n While Amphitryon was gone against the \u00c6tolians, Jupiter, who was\n enamoured of Alcmena, resolved to introduce himself into her bed.\n The more effectually to insure success in his amour, he assumed the\n form of Amphitryon, declared that he had obtained a victory over\n Alcmena\u2019s enemies, and even presented her with a cup, which he said\n he had preserved from the spoils for her sake. Alcmena yielded to\n her lover what she had promised to her future husband; and Jupiter,\n to delay the return of Amphitryon, ordered his messenger, Mercury,\n to stop the rising of Ph\u0153bus, or the sun, so that the night he\n passed with Alcmena was prolonged to three long nights. Amphitryon\n returned the next day; and after complaining of the coldness with\n which he was received, Alcmena acquainted him with the reception\n of a false lover the preceding night, and even showed him the cup\n which she had received. Amphitryon was perplexed at the relation,\n and more so upon missing the cup from among his spoils. He went to\n the prophet Tiresias, who told him of Jupiter\u2019s intrigue; and he\n returned to his wife proud of the dignity of his rival. Alcmena\n became pregnant by Jupiter, and afterwards by her husband; and when\n she was going to bring forth, Jupiter boasted in heaven that a child\n was to be born that day to whom he would give absolute power over\n his neighbours, and even over all the children of his own blood.\n Juno, who was jealous of Jupiter\u2019s amours with Alcmena, made him\n swear by the Styx, and immediately prolonged the travails of Alcmena,\n and hastened the bringing forth of the wife of Sthenelus king of\n Argos, who, after a pregnancy of seven months, had a son called\n Eurystheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 5, &c., says that\n Juno was assisted by Lucina to put off the bringing forth of Alcmena,\n and that Lucina, in the form of an old woman, sat before the door\n of Amphitryon with her legs and arms crossed. This posture was the\n cause of infinite torment to Alcmena, till her servant, Galanthis,\n supposing the old woman to be a witch, and to be the cause of the\n pains of her mistress, told her that she had brought forth. Lucina\n retired from her posture, and immediately Alcmena brought forth\n twins, Hercules conceived by Jupiter, and Iphiclus by Amphitryon.\n Eurystheus was already born, and therefore Hercules was subjected to\n his power. After Amphitryon\u2019s death, Alcmena married Rhadamanthus,\n and retired to Ocalea, in B\u0153otia. This marriage, according to some\n authors, was celebrated in the island of Leuce. The people of Megara\n said that she died \u2660on her way from Argos to Thebes, and that she\n was buried in the temple of Jupiter Olympius. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,\n ch. 41; bk. 5, ch. 18; bk. 9, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, \u2666_Theseus_ &\n _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11; _Iliad_, bk. 19.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_,\n _Pythian_, \u2663poem 4.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_, _Dialogi Deorum_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 29.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 4, 7; bk. 3,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plautus_, _Amphitruo_.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 43 & 45.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015_See:_ Amphitryon, Hercules, Eurystheus.\n\n \u2666 \u2018de Reb. Gr\u00e6c.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Theseus\u2019\n \u2660 \u2018in\u2019 replaced with \u2018on\u2019\n \u2663 \u20189\u2019 replaced with \u20184\u2019\n\n=Alcon=, a famous archer, who one day saw his son attacked by a\n serpent, and aimed at him so dexterously that he killed the beast\n without hurting his son.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A silversmith. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 13, fable 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hippocoon. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch.\n 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surgeon under Claudius, who gained much money by his\n profession, in curing hernias and fractures.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Mars.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Amycus. These two last were at the chase of the Calydonian\n boar. _Hyginus_, fable 173.\n\n\u2666=Alcy\u014fna=, a pool of Greece, whose depth the emperor Nero attempted\n in vain to find. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 37.\n\n \u2666 Resorted into proper alphabetical order\n\n=Alcy\u014fne=, or =Halcy\u014fne=, daughter of \u00c6olus, married Ceyx, who was\n drowned as he was going to Claros to consult the oracle. The gods\n apprised Alcyone in a dream of her husband\u2019s fate; and when she\n found, on the morrow, his body washed on the sea-shore, she threw\n herself into the sea, and was with her husband changed into birds of\n the same name, who keep the waters calm and serene, while they build\n and sit on their nests on the surface of the sea, for the space of 7,\n 11, or 14 days. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 399.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 10.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 65.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Pleiades, daughter of Atlas. She had\n Arethusa by Neptune, and Eleuthera by Apollo. She, with her sisters,\n was changed into a constellation. _See:_ Pleiades. _Pausanias_, bk.\n 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 157.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The daughter of Evenus, carried away by Apollo after\n her marriage. Her husband pursued the ravisher with his bow and\n arrows, but was not able to recover her. Upon this, her parents\n called her Alcyone, and compared her fate to that of the wife of\n Ceyx. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 558.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Meleager.\n _Hyginus_, fable 174.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Thessaly, where Philip,\n Alexander\u2019s father, lost one of his eyes.\n\n=Alcy\u014fneus=, a youth of exemplary virtue, son to Antigonus. _Plutarch_,\n _Pyrrhus_.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A giant, brother to\n Porphyrion. He was killed by Hercules. His daughters, mourning his\n death, threw themselves into the sea, and were changed into Alcyons\n by Amphitrite. _Claudian_, _De Raptu Proserpin\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 6.\n\n=Aldescus=, a river of European Sarmatia, rising from the Riph\u00e6an\n mountains, and falling into the northern sea. _Dionysius Periegetes._\n\n=Aldu\u0103bis.= _See:_ Dubis.\n\n=Alea=, a surname of Minerva, from her temple built by Aleus son of\n Aphidas, at Teg\u00e6a in Arcadia. The statue of the goddess made of\n ivory was carried by Augustus to Rome. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4\n & 46.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Arcadia, built by Aleus. It had three famous\n temples, those of Minerva, Bacchus, and Diana the Ephesian. When the\n festivals of Bacchus were celebrated, the women were whipped in the\n temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.\n\n=Al\u0113bas=, a tyrant of Larissa, killed by his own guards for his\n cruelties. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 323.\n\n=Al\u0113bion= and =Dercynus=, sons of Neptune, were killed by Hercules for\n stealing his oxen in Africa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n=Alecto=, one of the Furies (_a_, \u03bb\u03b7\u03b3\u03c9, _non desino_), is represented\n with flaming torches, her head covered with serpents, and breathing\n vengeance, war, and pestilence. _See:_ Eumenides. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 7, li. 324, &c.; bk. 10, li. 41.\n\n=Alector=, succeeded his father Anaxagoras in the kingdom of Argos,\n and was father to Iphis and Capaneus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\n\n=Alectryon=, a youth whom Mars, during his amours with Venus, stationed\n at the door to watch against the approach of the sun. He fell asleep,\n and Apollo came and discovered the lovers, who were exposed by\n Vulcan, in each other\u2019s arms, before all the gods. Mars was so\n incensed that he changed Alectryon into a cock, which, still mindful\n of his neglect, early announces the approach of the sun. _Lucian_,\n _Alectryon_ [_Gallus_].\n\n=Alectus=, a tyrant of Britain, in Diocletian\u2019s reign, &c. He died\n 296 A.D.\n\n=Al\u0113ius Campus=, a place in Lycia, where Bellerophon fell from the\n horse Pegasus, and wandered over the country till the time of his\n death. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 201.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius Periegetes_,\n li. 872.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 257.\n\n=Alemanni=, or =Alamanni=, a people of Germany. They are first\n mentioned in the reign of Caracalla, who was honoured with the\n surname of _Alemannicus_ for a victory over them.\n\n=Al\u0113mon=, the father of Myscellus. He built Crotona in Magna Gr\u00e6cia.\n Myscellus is often called Alemonides. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 15, lis. 19 & 26.\n\n=Alemusii=, inhabitants of Attica, in whose country there was a temple\n of Ceres and of Proserpine. _Pausanias_, _Attica_.\n\n=Alens=, a place in the island of Cos.\n\n=Aleon=, or =Ales=, a river of Ionia, near Colophon. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 7, ch. 5; bk. 8, ch. 28.\n\n=Al\u0113se=, a town of Sicily, called afterwards Achronidion, after the\n founder. The Romans made it an independent city.\n\n=Al\u0113sia=, or =Alexia=, now _Alise_, a famous city of the Mandubii in\n Gaul, founded by Hercules, as he returned from Iberia, on a high\n hill. Julius C\u00e6sar conquered it. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 68.\n\n=Al\u0113sium=, a town and mountain of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,\n ch. 10.\n\n=Aletes=, a son of \u00c6gisthus, murdered by Orestes. _Hyginus_, fable 122.\n\n=Al\u0113thes=, the first of the Heraclid\u00e6, who was king of Corinth. He was\n son of Hippotas. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A companion of \u00c6neas,\n described as a prudent and venerable old man. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 1, li. 125; bk. 9, li. 246.\n\n=Alethia=, one of Apollo\u2019s nurses.\n\n=Alet\u012ddas= (from \u1f00\u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, _to wander_), certain sacrifices at Athens,\n in remembrance of Erigone, who wandered with a dog after her father\n Icarius.\n\n=Aletrium=, a town of Latium, whose inhabitants are called Aletrinates.\n _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 42.\n\n=Al\u0113tum=, a tomb near the harbour of Carthage in Spain. _Polybius_,\n bk. 10.\n\n=Aleu\u0101d\u00e6=, a royal family of Larissa in Thessaly, descended from\n Aleuas king of that country. They betrayed their country to Xerxes.\n The name is often applied to the Thessalians without distinction.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, chs. 6, 172.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 3, ch. 8; bk. 7, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 8,\n ch. 11.\n\n=Al\u0113us=, a son of Aphidas king of Arcadia, famous for his skill in\n building temples. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 4 & 53.\n\n=Alex=, a river in the country of the Brutii. _Dionysius Periegetes._\n\n=Alexam\u0113nus=, an \u00c6tolian, who killed Nabis tyrant of Laced\u00e6mon, and\n was soon after murdered by the people. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 34.\n\n=Alexander I.=, son of Amyntas, was the tenth king of Macedonia.\n He killed the Persian ambassadors for their immodest behaviour to\n the women of his father\u2019s court, and was the first who raised the\n reputation of the Macedonians. He reigned 43 years, and died 451 B.C.\n _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bks. 5, 7, 8, & 9.\n\n=Alexander II.=, son of Amyntas II., king of Macedonia, was\n treacherously murdered, B.C. 370, by his younger brother Ptolemy,\n who held the kingdom for four years, and made way for Perdiccas and\n Philip. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 5, says Eurydice, the wife of Amyntas,\n was the cause of his murder.\n\n=Alexander III.=, surnamed the Great, was son of Philip and Olympias.\n He was born B.C. 355, that night on which the famous temple of\n Diana at Ephesus was burnt by Erostratus. This event, according to\n the magicians, was an early prognostic of his future greatness, as\n well as the taming of Bucephalus, a horse which none of the king\u2019s\n courtiers could manage; upon which Philip said, with tears in his\n eyes, that his son must seek another kingdom, as that of Macedonia\n would not be sufficiently large for the display of his greatness.\n Olympias, during her pregnancy, declared that she was with child by\n a dragon; and the day that Alexander was born, two eagles perched\n for some time on the house of Philip, as if foretelling that\n his son would become master of Europe and Asia. He was pupil to\n Aristotle during five years, and he received his learned preceptor\u2019s\n instructions with becoming deference and pleasure, and ever respected\n his abilities. When Philip went to war, Alexander, in his 15th\n year, was left governor of Macedonia, where he quelled a dangerous\n sedition, and soon after followed his father to the field, and saved\n his life in a battle. He was highly offended when Philip divorced\n Olympias to marry Cleopatra, and he even caused the death of Attalus,\n the new queen\u2019s brother. After this he retired from court to his\n mother Olympias, but was recalled; and when Philip was assassinated,\n he punished his murderers; and, by his prudence and moderation,\n gained the affections of his subjects. He conquered Thrace and\n Illyricum, and destroyed Thebes; and after he had been chosen chief\n commander of all the forces of Greece, he declared war against the\n Persians, who under Darius and Xerxes had laid waste and plundered\n the noblest of the Grecian cities. With 32,000 foot and 5000 horse,\n he invaded Asia, and after the defeat of Darius at the Granicus,\n he conquered all the provinces of Asia Minor. He obtained two other\n celebrated victories over Darius at Issus and Arbela, took Tyre\n after an obstinate siege of seven months, and the slaughter of\n 2000 of the inhabitants in cold blood, and made himself master of\n Egypt, Media, Syria, and Persia. From Egypt he visited the temple of\n Jupiter Ammon, and bribed the priests, who saluted him as the son of\n their god, and enjoined his army to pay him divine honours. He built\n a town which he called Alexandria, on the western side of the Nile,\n near the coast of the Mediterranean, an eligible situation which his\n penetrating eye marked as best entitled to become the future capital\n of his immense dominions, and to extend the commerce of his subjects\n from the Mediterranean to the Ganges. His conquests were spread over\n India, where he fought with Porus, a powerful king of the country;\n and after he had invaded Scythia, and visited the Indian ocean,\n he retired to Babylon loaded with the spoils of the east. His\n entering the city was foretold by the magicians as fatal, and their\n prediction was fulfilled. He died at Babylon the 21st of April, in\n the 32nd year of his age, after a reign of 12 years and 8 months of\n brilliant and continued success, 323 B.C. His death was so premature\n that some have attributed it to the effects of poison, and excess\n of drinking. Antipater has been accused of causing the fatal poison\n to be given him at a feast; and perhaps the resentment of the\n Macedonians, whose services he seemed to forget, by entrusting the\n guard of his body to the Persians, was the cause of his death. He\n was so universally regretted, that Babylon was filled with tears and\n lamentations; and the Medes and Macedonians declared that no one was\n able or worthy to succeed him. Many conspiracies were formed against\n him by the officers of his army, but they were all seasonably\n suppressed. His tender treatment of the wife and mother of king\n Darius, who were taken prisoners, has been greatly praised; and the\n latter, who had survived the death of her son, killed herself when\n she heard that Alexander was dead. His great intrepidity more than\n once endangered his life; he always fought as if sure of victory,\n and the terror of his name was often more powerfully effectual than\n his arms. He was always forward in every engagement, and bore the\n labours of the field as well as the meanest of his soldiers. During\n his conquests in Asia, he founded many cities, which he called\n Alexandria, after his own name. When he had conquered Darius, he\n ordered himself to be worshipped as a god; and Callisthenes, who\n refused to do it, was shamefully put to death. He also murdered\n at a banquet, his friend Clitus, who had once saved his life in a\n battle, because he enlarged upon the virtues and exploits of Philip,\n and preferred them to those of his son. His victories and success\n increased his pride; he dressed himself in the Persian manner, and,\n giving himself up to pleasure and dissipation, he set on fire the\n town of Persepolis in a fit of madness and intoxication, encouraged\n by the courtesan Thais. Yet, among all his extravagances, he was\n fond of candour and of truth; and when one of his officers read\n to him, as he sailed on the Hydaspes, a history which he had\n composed of his wars with Porus, and in which he had too liberally\n panegyrized him, Alexander snatched the book from his hand, and\n threw it into the river, saying, \u201cWhat need is there of such\n flattery? Are not the exploits of Alexander sufficiently meritorious\n in themselves, without the colourings of falsehood?\u201d He in like\n manner rejected a statuary, who offered to cut mount Athos like him,\n and represent him as holding a town in one hand, and pouring a river\n from the other. He forbade any statuary to make his statue except\n Lysippus, and any painter to draw his picture except Apelles. On his\n death-bed he gave his ring to Perdiccas, and it was supposed that\n by this singular present he wished to make him his successor. Some\n time before his death, his officers asked him whom he appointed to\n succeed him on the throne; and he answered, \u201cThe worthiest among you;\n but I am afraid,\u201d added he, \u201cmy best friends will perform my funeral\n obsequies with bloody hands.\u201d Alexander, with all his pride, was\n humane and liberal, easy and familiar with his friends, a great\n patron of learning, as may be collected from his assisting Aristotle\n with a purse of money to effect the completion of his natural\n history. He was brave often to rashness; he frequently lamented\n that his father conquered everything, and left him nothing to do;\n and exclaimed, in all the pride of regal dignity, \u201cGive me kings\n for competitors, and I will enter the lists at Olympia.\u201d All his\n family and infant children were put to death by Cassander. The first\n deliberation that was made after his decease, among his generals,\n was to appoint his brother Philip Arid\u00e6us successor, until Roxane,\n who was then pregnant by him, brought into the world a legitimate\n heir. Perdiccas wished to be supreme regent as Arid\u00e6us wanted\n capacity; and, more strongly to establish himself, he married\n Cleopatra, Alexander\u2019s sister, and made alliance with Eumenes. As\n he endeavoured to deprive Ptolemy of Egypt, he was defeated in a\n battle by Seleucus and Antigonus, on the banks of the river Nile,\n and assassinated by his own cavalry. Perdiccas was the first of\n Alexander\u2019s generals who took up arms against his fellow-soldiers,\n and he was the first who fell a sacrifice to his rashness and\n cruelty. To defend himself against him, Ptolemy made a treaty of\n alliance with some generals, among whom was Antipater, who had\n strengthened himself by giving his daughter Phila, an ambitious and\n aspiring woman, in marriage to Craterus, another of the generals of\n Alexander. After many dissensions and bloody wars among themselves,\n the generals of Alexander laid the foundation of several great\n empires in the three quarters of the globe. Ptolemy seized Egypt,\n where he firmly established himself, and where his successors were\n called Ptolemies, in honour of the founder of their empire, which\n subsisted till the time of Augustus. Seleucus and his posterity\n reigned in Babylon and Syria. Antigonus at first established himself\n in Asia Minor, and Antipater in Macedonia. The descendants of\n Antipater were conquered by the successors of Antigonus, who reigned\n in Macedonia till it was reduced by the Romans in the time of king\n Perseus. Lysimachus made himself master of Thrace; and Leonatus,\n who had taken possession of Phrygia, meditated for a while to drive\n Antipater from Macedonia. Eumenes established himself in Cappadocia,\n but was soon overpowered by the combinations of his rival Antigonus,\n and starved to death. During his lifetime, Eumenes appeared so\n formidable to the successors of Alexander, that none of them dared\n to assume the title of king. _Curtius_, _Arrian_, & _Plutarch_\n have written an account of Alexander\u2019s life. _Diodorus_, bks. 17\n & 18.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bks. 1, 7, 8, & 9.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bks. 11 & 12.\u2015\u2015\n _Valerius Maximus._\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Alexander\n the Great, by Roxane, put to death, with his mother, by Cassander.\n _Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who, after the expulsion of\n Telestes, reigned in Corinth. Twenty-five years after, Telestes\n dispossessed him, and put him to death.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Cassander king\n of Macedonia, who reigned two years conjointly with his brother\n Antipater, and was prevented by Lysimachus from revenging his mother\n Thessalonica, whom his brother had murdered. Demetrius, the son of\n Antigonus, put him to death. _Justin_, bk. 16, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 9, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Epirus, brother to Olympias, and\n successor to Arybas. He banished Timolaus to Peloponnesus, and made\n war in Italy against the Romans, and observed that he fought with\n men, while his nephew, Alexander the Great, was fighting with an\n army of women (meaning the Persians). He was surnamed Molossus.\n _Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 8, chs.\n 17 & 27.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Pyrrhus, was king of Epirus.\n He conquered Macedonia, from which he was expelled by Demetrius. He\n recovered it by the assistance of the Acarnanians. _Justin_, bk. 26,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Syria, driven from his\n kingdom by Nicanor son of Demetrius Soter, and his father-in-law\n Ptolemy Philometer. _Justin_, bk. 35, chs. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Josephus_,\n bk. 13, _Antiquities of the Jews_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of\n Syria, first called Bala, was a merchant, and succeeded Demetrius.\n He conquered Nicanor by means of Ptolemy Physcon, and was afterwards\n killed by Antiochus Gryphus son of Nicanor. _Josephus_, _Antiquities\n of the Jews_, bk. 13, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Ptolemy was one of the Ptolemean\n kings in Egypt. His mother Cleopatra raised him to the throne, in\n preference to his brother Ptolemy Lathurus, and reigned conjointly\n with him. Cleopatra, however, expelled him, and soon after recalled\n him; and Alexander, to prevent being expelled a second time, put her\n to death, and for this unnatural action was himself murdered by one\n of his subjects. _Josephus_, bk. 13, _Antiquities of the Jews_, ch.\n 20, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 39, chs. 3 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Ptolemy II., king of Egypt, was son of the preceding. He was\n educated in the island of Cos, and, falling into the hands of\n Mithridates, escaped to Sylla, who restored him to his kingdom.\n He was murdered by his subjects a few days after his restoration.\n _Appian_, bk. 1, _Civil Wars_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Ptolemy III., was king of Egypt\n after his brother Alexander the last mentioned. After a peaceful\n reign, he was banished by his subjects, and died at Tyre, B.C. 65,\n leaving his kingdom to the Roman people. _See:_ \u00c6gyptus and Ptolem\u00e6us.\n _Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A youth, ordered by\n Alexander the Great to climb the rock Aornus, with 30 other youths.\n He was killed in the attempt. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n historian mentioned by _Plutarch_, _Marius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Epicurean\n philosopher. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of \u00c6olia, who assembled a\n multitude on pretence of showing them an uncommon spectacle, and\n confined them till they had each bought their liberty with a sum of\n money. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 6, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name given to Paris son of\n Priam. _See:_ Paris.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Jann\u00e6us, a king of Judea, son of Hyrcanus\n and brother of Aristobulus, who reigned as a tyrant, and died\n through excess of drinking, B.C. 79, after massacring 800 of his\n subjects for the entertainment of his concubines.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Paphlagonian,\n who gained divine honours by his magical tricks and impositions,\n and likewise procured the friendship of Marcus Aurelius. He died\n 70 years old.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Caria, in the third century, who wrote\n a commentary on the writings of Aristotle, part of which is still\n extant.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Trallianus, a physician and philosopher of the fourth\n century, some of whose works in Greek are still extant.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet\n of \u00c6tolia, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A peripatetic\n philosopher, said to have been preceptor to Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian,\n called also Polyhistor, who wrote five books on the Roman republic,\n in which he said that the Jews had received their laws, not from\n God, but from a woman whom he called Moso. He also wrote treatises\n on the Pythagorean philosophy, B.C. 88.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of Ephesus, who\n wrote a poem on astronomy and geography.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer of Myndus,\n quoted by _Athen\u00e6us_ and _\u00c6lian_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist of Seleucia, in\n the age of Antoninus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician in the age of Justinian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Thessalian, who, as he was going to engage in a naval battle, gave\n to his soldiers a great number of missile weapons, and ordered\n them to dart them continually upon the enemy to render their\n numbers useless. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 6, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Lysimachus.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 6, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Lycia, who brought a\n reinforcement of troops to Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 7,\n ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Polyperchon, killed in Asia by the Dym\u00e6ans.\n _Diodorus_, bks. 18 & 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of Pleuron son of Satyrus and\n Stratoclea, who said that Theseus had a daughter called Iphigenia\n by Helen. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Spartan, killed with 200\n of his soldiers by the Argives, when he endeavoured to prevent their\n passing through the country of Tegea. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A cruel\n tyrant of Pher\u00e6, in Thessaly, who made war against the Macedonians,\n and took Pelopidas prisoner. He was murdered, B.C. 357, by his\n wife called Thebe, whose room he carefully guarded by a Thracian\n sentinel, and searched every night, fearful of some dagger that\n might be concealed to take away his life. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_,\n bk. 2, ch. 49; _de Officiis_, bk. 2, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_,\n bk. 9, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Pelopidas_.\u2015\u2015\n _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bks. 15 & 16.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Ibis_, li. 321.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Severus, a Roman emperor. _See:_ Severus.\n\n=Alexandra=, the name of some queens of Jud\u00e6a mentioned by _Josephus_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nurse of Nero. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 50.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name\n of Cassandra, because she assisted mankind by her prophecies.\n _Lycophron._\n\n=Alexandri Ar\u00e6=, the boundaries, according to some, of Alexander\u2019s\n victories, near the Tanais. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.\n\n=Alexandr\u012ba=, the name of several cities which were founded by\n Alexander, during his conquests in Asia; the most famous are:\u2015\u2015A\n grand and extensive city, built B.C. 332, by Alexander, on the\n western side of the Delta. The illustrious founder intended it not\n only for the capital of Egypt, but of his immense conquests, and\n the commercial advantages which its situation commanded continued to\n improve from the time of Alexander till the invasion of the Saracens\n in the seventh century. The commodities of India were brought\n there, and thence dispersed to the different countries around the\n Mediterranean. Alexandria is famous, among other curiosities, for\n the large library which the pride or learning of the Ptolemies had\n collected there, at a vast expense, from all parts of the earth.\n This valuable repository was burnt by the orders of the caliph\n Omar, A.D. 642; and it is said that, during six months, the\n numerous volumes supplied fuel for the 4000 baths, which contributed\n to the health and convenience of the populous capital of Egypt.\n Alexandria has likewise been distinguished for its schools, not\n only of theology and philosophy, but of physic, where once to\n have studied was a sufficient recommendation to distant countries.\n The astronomical school, founded by Philadelphus, maintained its\n superior reputation for 10 centuries, till the time of the Saracens.\n The modern town of Scanderoon has been erected upon the ruins of\n Alexandria, and, as if it were an insult to its former greatness, it\n scarce contains 6000 inhabitants. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Albania, at the foot\n of mount Caucasus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Arachosia, in India.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The capital\n of Aria, between Hecatompylon and Bactra.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Carmania.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Cilicia, on the confines of Syria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another the\n capital of Margiana.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Troas, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015\n _Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 16, 23, & 25.\n\n=Alexandr\u012ddes=, a Laced\u00e6monian, who married his sister\u2019s daughter,\n by whom he had Dorycus, Leonidas, and Cleombrotus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of\n Delphi, of which he wrote a history.\n\n=Alexandr\u012bna aqua=, baths in Rome, built by the emperor Alexander\n Severus.\n\n=Alexandrop\u014flis=, a city of Parthia, built by Alexander the Great.\n _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 25.\n\n=Alex\u0101nor=, a son of Machaon, who built in Sicyon a temple to his\n grandfather \u00c6sculapius, and received divine honours after death.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 11.\n\n=Alexarchus=, a Greek historian.\n\n=Alexas=, of Laodicea, was recommended to Marcus Antony by Timagenes.\n He was the cause that Antony repudiated Octavia to marry Cleopatra.\n Augustus punished him severely after the defeat of Antony.\n _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\n\n=Alexia=, or =Alesia=. _See:_ Alesia.\n\n=Alexic\u0103cus=, a surname given to Apollo by the Athenians, because he\n delivered them from the plague during the Peloponnesian war.\n\n=Alex\u012bnus=, a disciple of Eubulides the Milesian, famous for the\n acuteness of his genius and judgment, and for his fondness for\n contention and argumentation. He died of a wound which he had\n received from a sharp-pointed reed, as he swam across the river\n Alpheus. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Euclides_.\n\n=Alexion=, a physician intimate with Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters to\n Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 25.\n\n=Alexippus=, a physician of Alexander. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\n\n=Alexiraes=, son of Hercules by Hebe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A place of B\u0153otia, where Alexiraes was born, bears also this\n name. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 25.\n\n=Alexirhoe=, a daughter of the river Granicus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 11, li. 763.\n\n=Alexis=, a man of Samos, who endeavoured to ascertain, by his\n writings, the borders of his country.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic poet, 336 B.C., of\n Thurium, who wrote 245 comedies, of which some few fragments remain.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A servant of Asinius Pollio.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ungrateful youth of whom a\n shepherd is deeply enamoured, in Virgil\u2019s _Eclogues_, poem 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n statuary, disciple to Polycletes, 87th Olympiad _Pliny_, bk. 34,\n ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A schoolfellow of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,\n bk. 7, ltr. 2.\n\n=Alexon=, a native of Myndos, who wrote fables. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Alfaterna=, a town of Campania, beyond mount Vesuvius.\n\n=Publius Alf\u0113nus Varus=, a native of Cremona, who, by the force of\n his genius and his application, raised himself from his original\n profession of a cobbler to offices of trust at Rome, and at last\n became consul. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 130.\n\n=Alg\u012ddum=, a town of Latium near Tusculum, about 12 miles from Rome.\n There is a mountain of the same name in the neighbourhood. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, ode 21.\n\n=Aliacmon= and =Haliacmon=, a river of Macedonia, separating it from\n Thessaly. It flows into the \u00c6gean sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n\n=Aliartus= (or um) and =Haliartus=, a town of B\u0153otia, near the river\n Permessus, taken by Marcus Lucretius. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 63.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Peloponnesus, on the coast of Messenia. _Statius_,\n _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 274.\n\n=Al\u012dcis=, a town of Laconia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribe of Athens.\n\n=Ali\u0113nus C\u00e6c\u012bna=, a questor in B\u0153otia, appointed, for his services,\n commander of a legion in Germany, by Galba. The emperor disgraced\n him for his bad conduct, for which he raised commotions in the\n empire. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 52.\n\n=Al\u012bf\u00e6=, =Alifa=, or =Alipha=, a town of Italy, near the Vulturnus,\n famous for the making of cups. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 39.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 25.\n\n=Alil\u00e6i=, a people of Arabia Felix.\n\n=Alimentus Cincius=, an historian in the second Punic war, who wrote\n in Greek an account of Annibal, besides a treatise on military\n affairs. _Livy_, bks. 21 & 30.\n\n=Alind\u00e6=, a town of Caria. _Arrian._\n\n=Aliph\u0113ria=, a town of Arcadia, situate on a hill. _Polybius_, bk. 4,\n ch. 77.\n\n=Alirrothius=, a son of Neptune. Hearing that his father had been\n defeated by Minerva, in his dispute about giving a name to Athens,\n he went to the citadel, and endeavoured to cut down the olive, which\n had sprung from the ground and given the victory to Minerva; but in\n the attempt he missed his aim, and cut his own legs so severely that\n he instantly expired.\n\n=Tiberius Alledius Severus=, a Roman knight, who married his brother\u2019s\n daughter to please Agrippina.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A noted glutton in Domitian\u2019s reign.\n _Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 118.\n\n=Allia=, a river of Italy, falling into the Tiber. The Romans were\n defeated on its banks by Brennus and the Gauls, who were going to\n plunder Rome, 17th July, B.C. 390. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 5, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7,\n li. 717.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 413.\n\n=Alli\u0113nos=, a pretor of Sicily, under C\u00e6sar. _Hirtius_, _African War_,\n ch. 2.\n\n=All\u014fbr\u014fges=, a warlike nation of Gaul near the Rhone, in that part\n of the country now called Savoy, Dauphin\u00e9, and Vivarais. The Romans\n destroyed their city because they had assisted Annibal. Their\n ambassadors were allured by great promises to join in Catiline\u2019s\n conspiracy against his country; but they scorned the offers, and\n discovered the plot. _Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 66.\u2015\u2015_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.\n\n=Allobry\u0306ges=, a people of Gaul, supposed to be the same as the\n Allobroges. _Polybius_, bk. 30, ch. 56.\n\n=Allotr\u012dges=, a nation on the southern parts of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 2.\n\n=Allutius=, or =Albutius=, a prince of the Celtiberi, to whom Scipio\n restored the beautiful princess whom he had taken in battle.\n\n=Almo=, a small river near Rome falling into the Tiber. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 387.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 600.\n\n=Almon=, the eldest of the sons of Tyrrhus. He was the first Rutulian\n killed by the Trojans; and from the skirmish which happened before\n and after his death, arose the enmities which ended in the fall of\n Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 532.\n\n=Al\u014fa=, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus and Ceres, by whose\n beneficence the husbandmen received the recompense of their labours.\n The oblations were the fruits of the earth. Ceres has been called\n from this, Aloas and Alois.\n\n=Alo\u0113us=, a giant, son of Titan and Terra. He married Iphimedia, by\n whom Neptune had the twins Othus and Ephialtus. Aloeus educated\n them as his own, and from that circumstance they have been called\n _Aloides_. They made war against the gods, and were killed by Apollo\n and Diana. They grew up nine inches every month, and were only nine\n years old when they undertook their war. They built the town of\n Ascra, at the foot of mount Helicon. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 582.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5;\n _Odyssey_, bk. 11.\n\n=Alo\u012bdes= and =Aloid\u00e6=, the sons of Aloeus. _See:_ Aloeus.\n\n=Al\u014fpe=, daughter of Cercyon king of Eleusis, had a child by Neptune,\n whom she exposed in the woods, covered with a piece of her gown.\n The child was preserved, and carried to Alope\u2019s father, who, upon\n knowing the gown, ordered his daughter to be put to death. Neptune,\n who could not save his mistress, changed her into a fountain. The\n child, called Hippothoon, was preserved by some shepherds and placed\n by Theseus upon his grandfather\u2019s throne. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 5\n & 39.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 187.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Harpies. _Hyginus_,\n fable 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Thessaly. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 682.\n\n=Alop\u0115ce=, an island in the Palus M\u00e6otis. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in the\n Cimmerian Bosphorus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in the \u00c6gean\n sea opposite Smyrna. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small village\n of Attica, where was the tomb of Anchimolius, whom the Spartans\n had sent to deliver Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratid\u00e6.\n Socrates and Aristides were born there. _Aeschines_, _Against\n Timarchus_.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 64.\n\n=Alopius=, a son of Hercules and Antiope. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 35.\n\n=Alos=, a town of Achaia. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.\n\n=Alotia=, festivals in Arcadia, in commemoration of a victory gained\n over Laced\u00e6mon by the Arcadians.\n\n=Alp\u0113nus=, the capital of Locris, at the north of Thermopyl\u00e6.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 176, &c.\n\n=Alpes=, mountains that separate Italy from Spain, Gaul, Rh\u00e6tia, and\n Germany; considered as the highest ground in Europe. From them arise\n several rivers, which, after watering the neighbouring countries,\n discharge themselves into the German, Mediterranean, and Euxine\n seas. The Alps are covered with perpetual snows, and distinguished,\n according to their situation, by the different names of _Cotti\u00e6_,\n _Carnic\u00e6_, _Grai\u00e6_, _Noric\u00e6_, _Juli\u00e6_, _Maritim\u00e6_, _Pannoni\u00e6_,\n _Pennin\u00e6_, _P\u0153n\u00e6_, _Rh\u00e6ti\u00e6_, _Tridentin\u00e6_, _Venet\u00e6_. A traveller\n is generally five days in reaching the top in some parts. They were\n supposed for a long time to be impassable. Hannibal marched his army\n over them, and made his way through rocks, by softening and breaking\n them with vinegar. They were inhabited by fierce uncivilized nations,\n who were unsubdued till the age of Augustus, who, to eternize the\n victory which he had obtained over them, erected a pillar in their\n territory. _Strabo_, bks. 4 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_,\n satire 10, li. 151.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 41.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 1, li. 183.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 53.\n\n=Alpheia=, a surname of Diana in Elis. It was given her when the river\n Alpheus endeavoured to ravish her without success.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname\n of the nymph Arethusa, because loved by the Alpheus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 487.\n\n=Alph\u0113nor=, one of Niobe\u2019s sons. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,\n fable 6.\n\n=Alph\u0113nus.= _See:_ Alfenus.\n\n=Alphesib\u0153a=, daughter of the river Phlegeus, married Alcm\u00e6on son of\n Amphiaraus, who had fled to her father\u2019s court after the murder of\n his mother. _See:_ Alcm\u00e6on. She received, as a bridal present, the\n famous necklace which Polynices had given to Eriphyle, to induce\n her to betray her husband Amphiaraus. Alcm\u00e6on being persecuted by\n the means of his mother, left his wife by order of the oracle, and\n retired near the Achelous, whose daughter Callirrhoe had two sons by\n him, and begged of him, as a present, the necklace which was then in\n the hands of Alphesib\u0153a. He endeavoured to obtain it, and was killed\n by Temenus and Axion, Alphesib\u0153a\u2019s brothers, who thus revenged\n their sister who had been so innocently abandoned. _Hyginus_,\n fable 244.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 8, poem 15, li. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 24.\n\n=Alphesib\u0153us=, a shepherd, often mentioned in Virgil\u2019s eclogues.\n\n=Alph\u0113us=, now _Alpheo_, a famous river of Peloponnesus, which rises\n in Arcadia, and after passing through Elis falls into the sea. The\n god of this river fell in love with the nymph Arethusa, and pursued\n her till she was changed into a fountain by Diana. The fountain\n Arethusa is in Ortygia, a small island near Syracuse; and the\n ancients affirm that the river Alpheus passes under the sea from\n Peloponnesus, and without mingling itself with the salt waters,\n rises again in Ortygia, and joins the stream of Arethusa. If\n anything is thrown into the Alpheus in Elis, according to their\n traditions, it will reappear, after some time, swimming on the\n waters of Arethusa, near Sicily. Hercules made use of the Alpheus\n to clean the stables of Augeas. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 3, li. 694.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 10.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 3, li. 176. \u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bks. 1 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 6, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Marcellinus_,\n bk. 25.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.\n\n=Alphius=, or =Alfeus=, a celebrated usurer ridiculed in _Horace_,\n _Epodes_, poem 2.\n\n=Alphius Avitus=, a writer in the age of Severus, who gave an account\n of illustrious men, and a history of the Carthaginian war.\n\n=Alp\u012bnus=, belonging to the Alps. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 442.\n\n=Alp\u012bnus (Cornelius)=, a contemptible poet, whom Horace ridicules for\n the awkward manner in which he introduces the death of Memnon in\n a tragedy, and the pitiful style with which he describes the Rhine,\n in an epic poem which he attempted on the wars in Germany. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, satire 10, li. 36.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Julius, one of the chiefs of the\n Helvetii. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 68.\n\n=Alpis=, a small river falling into the Danube.\n\n=Alsium=, a maritime town at the west of the Tiber, now _Statua_.\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Alsus=, a river of Achaia in Peloponnesus, flowing from mount Sipylus.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A shepherd during the Rutulian wars.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 304.\n\n=Alth\u00e6a=, daughter of Thestius and Eurythemis, married \u0152neus king of\n Calydon, by whom she had many children, among whom was Meleager.\n When Alth\u00e6a brought forth Meleager, the Parc\u00e6 placed a log of wood\n in the fire, and said, that as long as it was preserved, so long\n would the life of the child just born be prolonged. The mother\n saved the wood from the flames, and kept it very carefully; but\n when Meleager killed his two uncles, Alth\u00e6a\u2019s brothers, Alth\u00e6a,\n to revenge their death, threw the log into the fire, and as soon\n as it was burnt, Meleager expired. She was afterwards so sorry\n for the death she had caused, that she killed herself, unable to\n survive her son. _See:_ Meleager. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,\n fable 4.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45;\n bk. 10, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\n\n=Alth\u00e6m\u0115nes=, a son of Creteus king of Crete. Hearing that either\n he or his brothers were to be their father\u2019s murderers, he fled to\n Rhodes, where he made a settlement, to avoid becoming a parricide.\n After the death of all his other sons, Creteus went after his son\n Alth\u00e6menes; when he landed in Rhodes, the inhabitants attacked him,\n supposing him to be an enemy, and he was killed by the hand of his\n own son. When Alth\u00e6menes knew that he had killed his father, he\n entreated the gods to remove him, and the earth immediately opened,\n and swallowed him up. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\n\n=Alt\u012bnum=, a flourishing city of Italy, near Aquileia, famous for its\n wool. _Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 25.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\n\n=Altis=, a sacred grove round Jupiter\u2019s temple at Olympia, where the\n statues of the Olympic conquerors were placed. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,\n ch. 20, &c.\n\n=Altus=, a city of Peloponnesus. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.\n\n=Aluntium=, a town of Sicily. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Against Verres_, bk. 4.\n\n=Alus=, =Aluus=, and =Halus=, a village of Arcadia, called also the\n temple of \u00c6sculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.\n\n=Alyattes I.=, a king of Lydia, descended from the Heraclid\u00e6. He\n reigned 57 years.\n\n=Alyattes II.=, king of Lydia, of the family of the Mermnad\u00e6, was\n father to Cr\u0153sus. He drove the Cimmerians from Asia, and made war\n against the Medes. He died when engaged in a war against Miletus,\n after a reign of 35 years. A monument was raised on his grave with\n the money which the women of Lydia had obtained by prostitution.\n An eclipse of the sun terminated a battle between him and Cyaxares.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 16, 17, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\n\n=Aly\u0306ba=, a country near Mysia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\n\n=Alyc\u00e6a=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.\n\n=Alyc\u00e6us=, son of Sciron, was killed by Theseus. A place in Megara\n received its name from him. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\n\n=Aly\u0306mon=, the husband of Circe.\n\n=Alyssus=, a fountain of Arcadia, whose waters could cure the bite of\n a mad dog. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 19.\n\n=Alyxothoe=, or =Alexirhoe=, daughter of Dymus, was mother of \u00c6sacus\n by Priam. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 763.\n\n=Alyzia=, a town of Acarnania on the western mouth of the Achelous,\n opposite to the Echinades. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,\n bk. 16, ltr. 2.\n\n=Amad\u014fcus=, a king of Thrace, defeated by his antagonist Seuthes.\n _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_, ch. 10.\n\n=Amage=, a queen of Sarmatia, remarkable for her justice and fortitude.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8, ch. 56.\n\n=Amalth\u00e6a=, daughter of Melissus king of Crete, fed Jupiter with goat\u2019s\n milk. Hence some authors have called her a goat, and have maintained\n that Jupiter, to reward her kindnesses, placed her in heaven as\n a constellation, and gave one of her horns to the nymphs who had\n taken care of his infant years. This horn was called the horn of\n plenty, and had the power to give the nymphs whatever they desired.\n _Diodorus_, bks. 3, 4, 5.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 113.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 139.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Sibyl of Cum\u00e6, called also Hierophile and Demophile. She is supposed\n to be the same who brought nine books of prophecies to Tarquin king\n of Rome, &c. _Varro._\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 67. _See:_\n Sibyll\u00e6.\n\n=Amalth\u0113um=, a public place which Atticus had opened in his country\n house, called Amalthea, in Epirus, and provided with everything\n which could furnish entertainment and convey instruction. _Cicero_,\n _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 13.\n\n=Am\u0103na=, or =Amanus=, part of mount Taurus in Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 3,\n li. 244.\n\n=Cn. Salvius Amandus=, a rebel general under Diocletian, who assumed\n imperial honours, and was at last conquered by Diocletian\u2019s\n colleague.\n\n=Amantes=, or =Amant\u012bni=, a people of Illyricum descended from the\n Abantes of Phocis. _Callimachus._\n\n=Am\u0101nus=, one of the deities worshipped in Armenia and Cappadocia.\n _Strabo_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain in Cilicia.\n\n=Am\u0101r\u0103cus=, an officer of Cinyras, changed into marjoram.\n\n=Amardi=, a nation near the Caspian sea. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\n\n=Amartus=, a city of Greece. _Homer_, _Hymn to Apollo_.\n\n=Amaryllis=, the name of a countrywoman in Virgil\u2019s eclogues. Some\n commentators have supposed that the poet spoke of Rome under this\n fictitious appellation.\n\n=Amarynceus=, a king of the Epeans, buried at Buprasium. _Strabo_,\n bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 1.\n\n=Amarynthus=, a village in Eub\u0153a, whence Diana is called Amarysia, and\n her festivals in that town Amarynthia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Eub\u0153a is sometimes called\n Amarynthus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31.\n\n=Amas=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3.\n\n=Am\u0103s\u0113nus=, a small river of Latium falling into the Tyrrhene sea.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 685.\n\n=Amasia=, a city of Pontus, where Mithridates the Great and Strabo the\n geographer were born. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 3.\n\n=Am\u0101sis=, a man who, from a common soldier, became king of Egypt. He\n made war against Arabia, and died before the invasion of his country\n by Cambyses king of Persia. He made a law that every one of his\n subjects should yearly give an account to the public magistrates\n of the manner in which he supported himself. He refused to continue\n in alliance with Polycrates the tyrant of Samos, on account of his\n uncommon prosperity. When Cambyses came into Egypt, he ordered the\n body of Amasis to be dug up, and to be insulted and burnt; an action\n which was very offensive to the religious notions of the Egyptians.\n _Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who led the Persians against the\n inhabitants of Barce. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 201, &c.\n\n=Amastris=, the wife of Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily, was sister\n to Darius, whom Alexander conquered. _Strabo_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also, the wife of\n Xerxes king of Persia. _See:_ Amestris.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Paphlagonia, on\n the Euxine sea. _Catullus._\n\n=Amastrus=, one of the auxiliaries of Perses, against \u00c6tes king of\n Colchis, killed by Argus son of Phryxus. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 544.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of \u00c6neas, killed by Camilla in the Rutulian war.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 673.\n\n=Am\u0101ta=, the wife of king Latinus. She had betrothed her daughter\n Lavinia to Turnus, before the arrival of \u00c6neas in Italy. She\n zealously favoured the interest of Turnus, and when her daughter was\n given in marriage to \u00c6neas, she hung herself to avoid the sight of\n her son-in-law. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, &c.\n\n=Am\u0103thus= (genitive: untis), now _Limisso_, a city on the southern\n side of the island of Cyprus, particularly dedicated to Venus.\n The island is sometimes called Amathusia, a name not unfrequently\n applied to the goddess of the place. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n li. 51.\u2015\u2015_Claudius Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 14.\n\n=Amaxamp\u0113us=, a fountain of Scythia, whose waters imbitter the stream\n of the river Hypanis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 52.\n\n=Amaxia=, or =Amax\u012bta=, an ancient town of Troas.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A place of\n Cilicia abounding with wood fit for building ships. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Amaz\u0113nes=, or =Maz\u0113nes=, a prince of the island Oaractus, who sailed\n for some time with the Macedonians and Nearchus in Alexander\u2019s\n expedition to the east. _Arrian_, _Indica_.\n\n=Amaz\u014fnes=, or =Amaz\u014fn\u012ddes=, a nation of famous women who lived near\n the river Thermodon in Cappadocia. All their life was employed\n in wars and manly exercises. They never had any commerce with the\n other sex, but, only for the sake of propagation, they visited the\n inhabitants of the neighbouring country for a few days, and the\n male children which they brought forth were given to the fathers.\n According to Justin, they were strangled as soon as born, and\n Diodorus says that they maimed them and distorted their limbs. The\n females were carefully educated with their mothers, in the labours\n of the field; their right breast was burnt off that they might hurl\n a javelin with more force, and make a better use of the bow; from\n that circumstance, therefore, their name is derived (_a non_, \u03bc\u03b1\u03b6\u03b1\n _mamma_). They founded an extensive empire in Asia Minor, along the\n shores of the Euxine, and near the Thermodon. They were defeated in\n a battle near the Thermodon by the Greeks; and some of them migrated\n beyond the Tanais, and extended their territories as far as the\n Caspian sea. Themyscyra was the most capital of their towns; and\n Smyrna, Magnesia, Thyatira, and Ephesus, according to some authors,\n were built by them. Diodorus, bk. 3, mentions a nation of Amazons\n in Africa more ancient than those of Asia. Some authors, among whom\n is Strabo, deny the existence of the Amazons, and of a republic\n supported and governed by women, who banished or extirpated all\n their males; but Justin and Diodorus particularly support it; and\n the latter says that Penthesilea, one of their queens, came to the\n Trojan war on the side of Priam, and that she was killed by Achilles,\n and from that time the glory and character of the Amazons gradually\n decayed, and was totally forgotten. The Amazons of Africa flourished\n long before the Trojan war, and many of their actions have been\n attributed to those of Asia. It is said, that after they had subdued\n almost all Asia, they invaded Attica, and were conquered by Theseus.\n Their most famous actions were their expeditions against Priam,\n and afterwards the assistance they gave him during the Trojan war;\n and their invasion of Attica, to punish Theseus, who had carried\n away Antiope, one of their queens. They were also conquered by\n Bellerophon and Hercules. Among their queens, Hippolyte, Antiope,\n Lampeto, Marpesia, &c., are famous. Curtius says that Thalestris,\n one of their queens, came to Alexander, whilst he was pursuing\n his conquests in Asia, for the sake of raising children from a man\n of such military reputation; and that, after she had remained 13\n days with him, she retired into her country. The Amazons were such\n expert archers, that, to denote the goodness of a bow or quiver, it\n was usual to call it Amazonian. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 311.\n \u2015\u2015_Jornandes_, _Getica_, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus Major_, _Imagines_,\n bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 7; bk. 14, ch. 8; bk. 36, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bk. 4, ch. 110.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius\n of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 14\n & 163.\n\n=Amaz\u014fnia=, a celebrated mistress of the emperor Commodus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n country of the Amazons, near the Caspian sea.\n\n=Amaz\u014fnium=, a place in Attica, where Theseus obtained a victory over\n the Amazons.\n\n=Amaz\u014fnius=, a surname of Apollo at Laced\u00e6mon.\n\n=Ambarri=, a people of Gallia Celtica, on the Arar, related to the\n \u00c6dui. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\n\n=Ambarv\u0101lia=, a joyful procession round the ploughed fields, in honour\n of Ceres the goddess of corn. There were two festivals of that name\n celebrated by the Romans, one about the month of April, the other\n in July. They went three times round their fields crowned with oak\n leaves singing hymns to Ceres, and entreating her to preserve their\n corn. The word is derived _ab ambiendis arvis_, going round the\n fields. A sow, a sheep, and a bull, called _ambarvali\u00e6 hosti\u00e6_, were\n afterwards immolated, and the sacrifice has sometimes been called\n _suovetaurilia_, from _sus_, _ovis_, and _taurus_. _Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 1, lis. 339 & 345.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 1,\n li. 19.\u2015\u2015_Cato_, _de Re Rustica_, ch. 141.\n\n=Amb\u0115nus=, a mountain of European Sarmatia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, ch. 85.\n\n=Ambial\u012btes=, a people of Gallia Celtica. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 3, ch. 9.\n\n=Ambi\u0101num=, a town of Belgium, now _Amiens_. Its inhabitants conspired\n against Julius C\u00e6sar. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Ambiat\u012bnum=, a village of Germany, where the emperor Caligula was\n born. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 8.\n\n=Ambig\u0101tus=, a king of the Celt\u00e6, in the time of Tarquinius Priscus.\n Seeing the great population of his country, he sent his two nephews,\n Sigovesus and Bellovesus, with two colonies, in quest of new\n settlements; the former towards the Hercynian woods, and the other\n towards Italy. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34, &c.\n\n=Ambi\u014drix=, a king of the Eburones in Gaul. He was a great enemy to\n Rome, and was killed in a battle with Julius C\u00e6sar, in which 60,000\n of his countrymen were slain. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, chs.\n 11, 26; bk. 6, ch. 30.\n\n=Ambivius=, a man mentioned by _Cicero_, _de Senectute_.\n\n=Amblada=, a town of Pisidia. _Strabo._\n\n=Ambracia=, a city of Epirus near the Acheron, the residence of king\n Pyrrhus. Augustus, after the battle of Actium, called it Nicopolis.\n _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 4,\n ch. 63.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\n\n=Ambracius Sinus=, a bay of the Ionian sea, near Ambracia, about 300\n stadia deep, narrow at the entrance, but within near 100 stadia\n in breadth, and now called the gulf of Larta. _Polybius_, bk. 4,\n ch. 63.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 10.\n\n=Ambri=, an Indian nation. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 9.\n\n=Ambr\u014dnes=, certain nations of Gaul, who lost their possessions by the\n inundation of the sea, and lived upon rapine and plunder, whence the\n word _Ambrones_ implied a dishonourable meaning. They were conquered\n by Marius. _Plutarch_, _Marius_.\n\n=Ambr\u014dsia=, festivals observed in honour of Bacchus in some cities\n in Greece. They were the same as the Brumalia of the Romans.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One\n of the daughters of Atlas, changed into a constellation after death.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The food of the gods was called _ambrosia_, and their drink\n _nectar_. The word signifies immortal. It had the power of giving\n immortality to all those who eat it. It was sweeter than honey, and\n of a most odoriferous smell; and it is said that Berenice, the wife\n of Ptolemy Soter, was saved from death by eating ambrosia given her\n by Venus. Titonus was made immortal by Aurora, by eating ambrosia;\n and in like manner Tantalus and Pelops, who, on account of their\n impiety, had been driven from heaven, and compelled to die upon\n earth. It had the power of healing wounds, and therefore Apollo, in\n Homer\u2019s Iliad, saves Sarpedon\u2019s body from putrefaction, by rubbing\n it with ambrosia; and Venus also heals the wounds of her son, in\n Virgil\u2019s \u00c6neid, with it. The gods used generally to perfume the hair\n with ambrosia; as Juno when she adorned herself to captivate Jupiter,\n and Venus when she appeared to \u00c6neas. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1,\n 14, 16, & 24.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_, _de Dea Syria_.\u2015\u2015_Catullus_, poem 100.\u2015\u2015\n _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 15.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 407;\n bk. 12, li. 419.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, bk. 1,\n _Olympian_.\n\n=Ambrosius=, bishop of Milan, obliged the emperor Theodosius to\n make penance for the murder of the people of Thessalonica, and\n distinguished himself by his writings, especially against the Arians.\n His three books, _de Officiis_, are still extant, besides eight\n hymns on the creation. His style is not inelegant, but his diction\n is sententious, his opinions eccentric, though his subject is\n diversified by copiousness of thought. He died A.D. 397. The best\n edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, 2 vols., folio,\n Paris, 1686.\n\n=Ambr\u0233on=, a man who wrote the life of Theocritus of Chios. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Ambryssus=, a city of Phocis, which receives its name from a hero of\n the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 35.\n\n=Amb\u016bb\u0101j\u00e6=, Syrian women of immoral lives, who, in the dissolute\n period of Rome, attended festivals and assemblies as minstrels. The\n name is derived by some from Syrian words, which signify a flute.\n _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 27.\n\n=Ambulli=, a surname of Castor and Pollux, in Sparta.\n\n=Ameles=, a river of hell, whose waters no vessel could contain.\n \u2666_Plato_, bk. 10, _Republic_.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Plutarch\u2019 replaced with \u2018Plato\u2019\n\n=Amenanus=, a river of Sicily, near mount \u00c6tna, now _Guidicello_.\n _Strabo_, bk. 5.\n\n=Amen\u012bdes=, a secretary of Darius the last king of Persia. Alexander\n set him over the Arimaspi. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\n\n=Amen\u014fcles=, a Corinthian, said to be the first Grecian who built a\n three-oared galley at Samos and Corinth. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 13.\n\n=Ameria=, a city of Umbria, whose osiers (_Amerin\u00e6 salices_) were\n famous for the binding of vines to the elm trees. _Pliny_, bk. 3,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 265.\n\n=Amestr\u0103tus=, a town of Sicily, near the Halesus. The Romans besieged\n it for seven months, and it yielded at last after a third siege, and\n the inhabitants were sold as slaves. _Polybius_, bk. 1, ch. 24.\n\n=Amestris=, queen of Persia, was wife to Xerxes. She cruelly treated\n the mother of Artiante, her husband\u2019s mistress, and cut off her\n nose, ears, lips, breast, tongue, and eyebrows. She also buried\n alive 14 noble Persian youths, to appease the deities under the\n earth. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 61; bk. 9, ch. 111.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Oxyartes, wife to Lysimachus. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.\n\n=Am\u012bda=, a city of Mesopotamia, besieged and taken by Sapor king of\n Persia. _Ammianus_, bk. 19.\n\n=Amilcar=, a Carthaginian general of great eloquence and cunning,\n surnamed Rhodanus. When the Athenians were afraid of Alexander,\n Amilcar went to his camp, gained his confidence, and secretly\n transmitted an account of all his schemes to Athens. _Trogus_,\n bk. 21, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Carthaginian, whom the Syracusans called to\n their assistance against the tyrant Agathocles, who besieged their\n city. Amilcar soon after favoured the interest of Agathocles, for\n which he was accused at Carthage. He died in Syracuse, B.C. 309.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 20.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 22, chs. 2 & 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Carthaginian,\n surnamed Barcas, father to the celebrated Annibal. He was general in\n Sicily during the first Punic war; and after a peace had been made\n with the Romans, he quelled a rebellion of slaves, who had besieged\n Carthage, and taken many towns of Africa, and rendered themselves\n so formidable to the Carthaginians that they begged and obtained\n assistance from Rome. After this, he passed into Spain with his\n son Annibal, who was but nine years of age, and laid the foundation\n of the town of Barcelona. He was killed in a battle against the\n Vettones, B.C. 237. He had formed the plan of an invasion of\n Italy, by crossing the Alps, which his son afterwards carried into\n execution. His great enmity to the Romans was the cause of the\n second Punic war. He used to say of his three sons, that he kept\n three lions to devour the Roman power. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives\n of Distinguished Romans_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Carthaginian general,\n who assisted the Insubres against Rome, and was taken by Cnaeus\n Cornelius. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 30; bk. 33, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hanno,\n defeated in Sicily by Gelon, the same day that Xerxes was defeated\n at Salamis by Themistocles. He burnt himself, that his body might\n not be found among the slain. Sacrifices were offered to him.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 165, &c.\n\n=Am\u012dlos=, or =Am\u012dlus=, a river of Mauritania, where the elephants go\n to wash themselves by moonshine. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n Arcadia. _Pausanias_, _Arcadia_.\n\n=Amim\u014fne=, or =Amym\u014fne=, a daughter of Danaus, changed into a\n fountain which is near Argos, and flows into the lake Lerna. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 240.\n\n=Am\u012dnea=, or =Amminea=, a part of Campania, where the inhabitants are\n great husbandmen. Its wine was highly esteemed. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 2, li. 97.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A place of Thessaly.\n\n=Aminias=, a famous pirate, whom Antigonus employed against\n Apollodorus tyrant of Cassandrea. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 4, ch. 18.\n\n=Aminius=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.\n\n=Amin\u014fcles=, a native of Corinth, who flourished 705 B.C., &c.\n\n=Amis\u0113na=, a country of Cappadocia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\n\n=Amisias=, a comic poet, whom Aristophanes ridiculed for his insipid\n verses.\n\n=Amissas=, an officer of Megalopolis in Alexander\u2019s army. _Curtius_,\n bk. 10, ch. 8.\n\n=Amiternum=, a town of Italy, where Sallust was born. The\n inhabitants assisted Turnus against \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 7, li. 710.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 45.\n\n=Amith\u0101on=, or =Amyth\u0101on=, was father to Melampus the famous prophet.\n _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, li. 451.\n\n=Amm\u0101lo=, a festival in honour of Jupiter in Greece.\n\n=Ammi\u0101nus.= _See:_ Marcellinus.\n\n=Ammon= and =Hammon=, a name of Jupiter, worshipped in Libya. He\n appeared under the form of a ram to Hercules, or, according to\n others, to Bacchus, who, with his army, suffered the greatest\n extremities for want of water, in the deserts of Africa, and showed\n him a fountain. Upon this Bacchus erected a temple to his father,\n under the name of Jupiter Ammon, _i.e._ _sandy_, with the horns of\n a ram. The ram, according to some, was made a constellation. The\n temple of Jupiter Ammon was in the deserts of Libya, nine days\u2019\n journey from Alexandria. It had a famous oracle, which, according\n to ancient tradition, was established about 18 centuries before the\n time of Augustus, by two doves which flew away from Thebais in Egypt,\n and came, one to Dodona, and the other to Libya, where the people\n were soon informed of their divine mission. The oracle of Hammon was\n consulted by Hercules, Perseus, and others; but when it pronounced\n Alexander to be the son of Jupiter, such flattery destroyed its\n long-established reputation, and in the age of Plutarch it was\n scarce known. The situation of the temple was pleasant; and\n according to _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 310,\u2015\u2015_Lucretius_,\n bk. 6, li. 147,\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, _Melpomene_.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 7,\n there was near it a fountain whose waters were cold at noon and\n midnight, and warm in the morning and evening. There were above\n 100 priests in the temple, but only the elders delivered oracles.\n There was also an oracle of Jupiter Ammon in \u00c6thiopia. _Pliny_,\n bk. 6, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 1, 11, & 17.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Defectu\n Oraculorum_, & _Iside et Osiride_.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 10; bk. 10,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 6; bk. 2, chs. 32 & 55; bk. 4,\n ch. 44.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18; bk. 4, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 133; _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 1,\n ch. 9; bk. 11, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Libya, father to Bacchus. He\n gave his name to the temple of Hammon, according to _Diodorus_,\n bk. 8.\n\n=Ammon= and =Brothas=, two brothers famous for their skill in boxing.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 107.\n\n=Amm\u014dnia=, a name of Juno in Elis, as being the wife of Jupiter Ammon.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 15.\n\n=Amm\u014dnii=, a nation of Africa, who derived their origin from the\n Egyptians and \u00c6thiopians. Their language was a mixture of that of\n the two people from whom they were descended. _Herodotus_, bks. 2,\n 3, & 4.\n\n=Amm\u014dnius=, a christian philosopher, who opened a school of Platonic\n philosophy at Alexandria, 232 A.D., and had amongst his pupils\n Origen and Plotinus. His treatise, \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9 \u1f49\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd, was published in\n 4to by Valckenaer, Leiden, 1739.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer who gave an account of\n sacrifices, as also a treatise on the harlots of Athens. _Athen\u00e6us_,\n bk. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian general surnamed Barcas. _Polybius_, bk. 3.\n\n=Ammothea=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\n\n=Amnias=, a river of Bithynia. _Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.\n\n=Amn\u012bsus=, a port of Gnossus, at the north of Crete, with a small\n river of the same name, near which Lucina had a temple. The nymphs\n of the place were called Amnisiades. _Callimachus._\n\n=Am\u0153b\u00e6us=, an Athenian player of great reputation, who sung at the\n nuptials of Demetrius and Nic\u00e6a. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 4, ch. 6.\n\n=Amom\u0113tus=, a Greek historian. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.\n\n=Amor=, the son of Venus, was the god of love. _See:_ Cupido.\n\n=Amorges=, a Persian general, killed in Caria, in the reign of Xerxes.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 121.\n\n=Amorgos=, an island among the Cyclades, where Simonides was born.\n _Strabo_, bk. 10.\n\n=Amp\u0115lus=, a promontory of Samos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Crete,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of\n Macedonia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Liguria,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015and Cyrene.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A favourite of Bacchus,\n son of a satyr and a nymph, made a constellation after death. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 407.\n\n=Ampel\u016bsia=, a promontory of Africa, in Mauritania. _Mela_, bk. 1,\n chs. 5 & 6.\n\n=Amph\u0113a=, a city of Messenia, taken by the Laced\u00e6monians. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 4, ch. 5.\n\n=Amphial\u0101us=, a famous dancer in the island of the Ph\u00e6acians. _Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 8.\n\n=Amphi\u0103nax=, a king of Lycia in the time of Acrisius and Pr\u0153tus.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Amphiar\u0101us=, son of Oicleus, or, according to others, of Apollo\n by Hypermnestra, was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, and\n accompanied the Argonauts in their expedition. He was famous for\n his knowledge of futurity and thence he is called by some son of\n Apollo. He married Eriphyle, the sister of Adrastus king of Argos,\n by whom he had two sons, Alcm\u00e6on and Amphilochus. When Adrastus, at\n the request of Polynices, declared war against Thebes, Amphiaraus\n secreted himself, not to accompany his brother-in-law in an\n expedition in which he knew he was to perish. But Eriphyle, who\n knew where he had concealed himself, was prevailed upon to betray\n him by Polynices, who gave her as a reward for her perfidy a famous\n golden necklace set with diamonds. Amphiaraus being thus discovered,\n went to the war, but previously charged his son Alcm\u00e6on to put to\n death his mother Eriphyle, as soon as he was informed that he was\n killed. The Theban war was fatal to the Argives, and Amphiaraus was\n swallowed up in his chariot by the earth, as he attempted to retire\n from the battle. The news of his death was brought to Alcm\u00e6on, who\n immediately executed his father\u2019s command, and murdered Eriphyle.\n Amphiaraus received divine honours after death, and had a celebrated\n temple and oracle at Oropos in Attica. His statue was made of white\n marble, and near his temple was a fountain, whose waters were ever\n held sacred. They only who had consulted his oracle, or had been\n delivered from a disease, were permitted to bathe in it, after which\n they threw pieces of gold and silver into the stream. Those who\n consulted the oracle of Amphiaraus first purified themselves, and\n abstained from food for 24 hours, and three days from wine, after\n which they sacrificed a ram to the prophet, and spread the skin upon\n the ground, upon which they slept in expectation of receiving in a\n dream the answer of the oracle. Plutarch, _De Defectu Oraculorum_,\n mentions that the oracle of Amphiaraus was once consulted in the\n time of Xerxes, by one of the servants of Mardonius, for his master,\n who was then with an army in Greece; and that the servant, when\n asleep, saw in a dream the priest of the temple, who upbraided\n him and drove him away, and even threw stones at his head when\n he refused to comply. This oracle was verified in the death of\n Mardonius, who was actually killed by the blow of a stone which\n he received on the head. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 40.\n \u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 2, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 243, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 70, 73, 128,\n & 150.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, bk. 9, fable 10.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 34; bk. 2, ch. 37; bk. 9, chs. 8 & 19.\u2015\u2015_Aeschylus_,\n _Seven Against Thebes_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 8 & 9; bk. 3,\n ch. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Amphiar\u0101\u012ddes=, a patronymic of Alcm\u00e6on as being son of Amphiaraus.\n _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 43.\n\n=Amphicr\u0103tes=, an historian who wrote the lives of illustrious men.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Amphictyon=, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reigned at Athens after\n Cranaus, and first attempted to give the interpretation of dreams,\n and to draw omens. Some say that the deluge happened in his age.\n _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The son of Helenus, who first established\n the celebrated council of the _Amphictyons_, composed of the wisest\n and most virtuous men of some cities of Greece. This august assembly\n consisted of 12 persons, originally sent by the following states:\n the Ionians, Dorians, Perh\u00e6bians, B\u0153otians, Magnesians, Phthians,\n Locrians, Malians, Phocians, Thessalians, Dolopes, and the people\n of \u0152ta. Other cities in process of time sent also some of their\n citizens to the council of the Amphictyons, and in the age of\n Antoninus Pius, they were increased to the number of 30. They\n generally met twice every year at Delphi, and sometimes sat at\n Thermopyl\u00e6. They took into consideration all matters of difference\n which might exist between the different states of Greece. When the\n Phocians plundered the temple of Delphi the Amphictyons declared\n war against them, and this war was supported by all the states of\n Greece, and lasted 10 years. The Phocians, with their allies the\n Laced\u00e6monians, were deprived of the privilege of sitting in the\n council of the Amphictyons, and the Macedonians were admitted in\n their place, for their services in support of the war. About 60\n years after, when Brennus, with the Gauls, invaded Greece, the\n Phocians behaved with such courage, that they were reinstated in\n all their former privileges. Before they proceeded to business, the\n Amphictyons sacrificed an ox to the god of Delphi, and cut his flesh\n into small pieces, intimating that union and unanimity prevailed\n in the several cities which they represented. Their decisions were\n held sacred and inviolable, and even arms were taken up to enforce\n them. _Pausanias_, _Phocis_ & _Achaia_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Suidas._\n \u2015\u2015_Hesychius._\u2015\u2015_Aeschines._\n\n=Amphiclea=, a town of Phocis, where Bacchus had a temple.\n\n=Amphid\u0101mus=, a son of Aleus, brother to Lycurgus. He was of the\n family of the Inachid\u00e6. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n Argonauts. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 376.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Busiris, killed\n by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n=Amphidr\u014fmia=, a festival observed by private families at Athens, the\n fifth day after the birth of every child. It was customary to _run\n round_ the fire with a child in their arms; whence the name of the\n festivals.\n\n=Amphigen\u012ba=, a town of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,\n bk. 4, li. 178.\n\n=Amphil\u014fchus=, a son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. After the Trojan war,\n he left Argos, his native country, and built Amphilochus, a town of\n Epirus. _Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian\n philosopher who wrote upon agriculture. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_,\n bk. 1.\n\n=Amphily\u0306tus=, a soothsayer of Acarnania, who encouraged Pisistratus to\n seize the sovereign power of Athens. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 62.\n\n=Amphim\u0103che=, a daughter of Amphidamus, wife of Eurystheus.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Amphim\u0103chus=, one of Helen\u2019s suitors, son of Cteatus. He went to the\n Trojan war. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 97.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Actor and Theronice. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\n\n=Amphim\u0115don=, a Libyan killed by Perseus, in the court of Cepheus.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 75.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Penelope\u2019s suitors,\n killed by Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 22, li. 283.\n\n=Amphin\u014fme=, the name of one of the attendants of Thetis. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 44.\n\n=Amphin\u014fmus=, one of Penelope\u2019s suitors, killed by Telemachus. _Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bks. 16 & 22.\n\n=Amphin\u014fmus= and =Anapius=, two brothers, who, when Catana and the\n neighbouring cities were in flames, by an eruption from mount \u00c6tna,\n saved their parents upon their shoulders. The fire, as it is said,\n spared them while it consumed others by their side; and Pluto, to\n reward their uncommon piety, placed them after death in the island\n of Leuce, and they received divine honours in Sicily. _Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14,\n li. 197.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_.\n\n=Amph\u012bon=, was son of Jupiter, by Antiope daughter of Nycteus, who had\n married Lycus, and had been repudiated by him when he married Dirce.\n Amphion was born at the same birth as Zethus, on mount Citheron,\n where Antiope had fled to avoid the resentment of Dirce; and the\n two children were exposed in the woods, but preserved by a shepherd.\n _See:_ Antiope. When Amphion grew up, he cultivated poetry and made\n such an uncommon progress in music, that he is said to have been the\n inventor of it, and to have built the walls of Thebes at the sound\n of his lyre. Mercury taught him music, and gave him the lyre. He\n was the first who raised an altar to this god. Zethus and Amphion\n united to avenge the wrongs which their mother had suffered from\n the cruelties of Dirce. They besieged and took Thebes, put Lycus to\n death, and tied his wife to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged\n her through precipices till she expired. The fable of Amphion\u2019s\n moving stones and raising the walls of Thebes at the sound of his\n lyre, has been explained by supposing that he persuaded, by his\n eloquence, a wild and uncivilized people to unite together and\n build a town to protect themselves against the attacks of their\n enemies. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs.\n 5 & 10.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 6; bk. 6, ch. 20; bk. 9, chs. 5\n & 17.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 15.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_,\n bk. 3, li. 323.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 11; _Art of Poetry_, li.\n 394.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 1, li. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Jasus king\n of Orchomenos, by Persephone daughter of Mius. He married Niobe\n daughter of Tantalus, by whom he had many children, among whom was\n Chloris the wife of Neleus. He has been confounded by mythologists\n with the son of Antiope, though Homer in his Odyssey speaks of them\n both, and distinguishes them beyond contradiction. The number of\n Amphion\u2019s children, according to Homer, was 12, six of each sex;\n according to \u00c6lian, 20; and according to Ovid, 14, seven males\n and seven females. When Niobe boasted herself greater, and more\n deserving of immortality than Latona, all her children, except\n Chloris, were destroyed by the arrows of Apollo and Diana; Niobe\n herself was changed into a stone, and Amphion killed himself in a\n fit of despair. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, lis. 261 & 282.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_,\n _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, li. 36.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,\n fable 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Argonauts. _Hyginus_, fable 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous\n painter and statuary, son of Acestor of Gnossus. _Pliny_, bk. 36,\n ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Greek generals in the Trojan war. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 692.\n\n=Amphip\u014fles=, magistrates appointed at Syracuse by Timoleon, after the\n expulsion of Dionysius the younger. The office existed for above 300\n years. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Amphip\u014flis=, a town on the Strymon, between Macedonia and Thrace.\n An Athenian colony, under Agnon son of Nicias, drove the ancient\n inhabitants, called Edonians, from the country, and built a city,\n which they called Amphipolis, _i.e._ a town surrounded on all sides,\n because the Strymon flowed all around it. It has been also called\n Acra, Strymon, Myrica, Eion, and the town of Mars. It was the cause\n of many wars between the Athenians and Spartans. _Thucydides_,\n bk. 4, ch. 102, &c.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 126; bk. 7, ch. 114.\u2015\u2015\n _Diodorus_, bks. 11, 12, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Cimon_.\n\n=Amphipy\u0306ros=, a surname of Diana, because she carries a _torch_ in\n _both_ her hands. _Sophocles_, _Trachini\u00e6_.\n\n=Amphir\u0113tus=, a man of Acanthus, who artfully escaped from pirates who\n had made him prisoner. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 6.\n\n=Amphiroe=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 361.\n\n=Amphis=, a Greek comic poet of Athens, son of Amphicrates,\n contemporary with Plato. Besides his comedies he wrote other pieces,\n which are now lost. _Suidas._\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Amphisb\u00e6na=, a two-headed serpent in the deserts of Libya, whose bite\n was venomous and deadly. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 719.\n\n=Amphissa=, or =Issa=, a daughter of Macareus, beloved by Apollo. She\n gave her name to a city of Locris near Phocis, in which was a temple\n of Minerva. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15,\n li. 703.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 172.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of the Brutii on the\n east coast.\n\n=Amphiss\u0113ne=, a country of Armenia.\n\n=Amphissus=, a son of Dryope. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 10.\n\n=Amphisth\u0115nes=, a Laced\u00e6monian, who fell delirious in sacrificing to\n Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\n\n=Amphist\u012bdes=, a man so naturally destitute of intellect, that he\n seldom remembered that he ever had a father. He wished to learn\n arithmetic, but never could comprehend beyond the figure 4.\n _Aristotle_, _Problemata_, bk. 4.\n\n=Amphistr\u0103tus= and =Rhecas=, two men of Laconia, charioteers to Castor\n and Pollux. _Strabo_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 3.\n\n=Amphitea=, the mother of \u00c6gialeus by Cyanippus, and of three\n daughters, Argia, Deipyle, and \u00c6gialea, by Adrastus king of Argos.\n She was daughter to Pronax. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of\n Autolycus, by whom she had Anticlea the wife of Laertes. _Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 19, li. 416.\n\n=Amphithe\u0101trum=, a large round or oval building at Rome, where the\n people assembled to see the combats of gladiators, of wild beasts,\n and other exhibitions. The amphitheatres of Rome were generally\n built with wood. Statilius Taurus was the first who made one with\n stones, under Augustus.\n\n=Amphith\u0115mis=, a Theban general, who involved the Laced\u00e6monians into\n a war with his country. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3,\n ch. 9.\n\n=Amphithoe=, one of the Nereides.\n\n=Amph\u012btr\u012bte=, daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, married Neptune, though\n she had made a vow of perpetual celibacy. She had by him Triton,\n one of the sea deities. She had a statue at Corinth in the temple\n of Neptune. She is sometimes called Salatia, and is often taken\n for the sea itself. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, li. 930.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Claudian_, _de Raptu\n Proserpin\u00e6_, bk. 1, li. 104.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,\n li. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Nereides.\n\n=Amph\u012dtryon=, a Theban prince, son of Alc\u00e6us and Hipponome. His sister\n Anaxo had married Electryon king of Mycen\u00e6, whose sons were killed\n in a battle by the Teleboans. Electryon promised his crown and\n daughter Alcmena to him who could revenge the death of his sons upon\n the Teleboans; and Amphitryon offered himself and was received, on\n condition that he should not approach Alcmena before he had obtained\n a victory. Jupiter, who was captivated with the charms of Alcmena,\n borrowed the features of Amphitryon when he was gone to the war, and\n introduced himself to Electryon\u2019s daughter as her husband returned\n victorious. Alcmena became pregnant of Hercules by Jupiter, and\n of Iphiclus by Amphitryon, after his return. _See:_ Alcmena. When\n Amphitryon returned from the war, he brought back to Electryon\n the herds which the Teleboans had taken from him. One of the cows\n having strayed from the rest, Amphitryon, to bring them together,\n threw a stick, which struck the horns of the cow, and rebounded\n with such violence upon Electryon, that he died on the spot. After\n this accidental murder, Sthenelus, Electryon\u2019s brother, seized the\n kingdom of Mycen\u00e6, and obliged Amphitryon to leave Argolis, and\n retire to Thebes with Alcmena. Creon king of Thebes purified him of\n the murder. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8,\n li. 213.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 1.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Shield of\n Heracles_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 29.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.\n\n=Amphitry\u014dni\u0103des=, a surname of Hercules, as the supposed son of\n Amphitryon. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 103.\n\n=Amphitus=, a priest of Ceres, at the court of Cepheus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 5.\n\n=Amphot\u0115rus=, was appointed commander of a fleet in the Hellespont by\n Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Alcm\u00e6on.\n\n=Amphr\u0233sus=, a river of Thessaly, near which Apollo, when banished\n from heaven, fed the flocks of king Admetus. From this circumstance\n the god has been called _Amphryssius_, and his priestess\n _Amphryssia_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 580.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 6, li. 367.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 2; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6,\n li. 398.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Phrygia, whose waters rendered women liable\n to barrenness. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.\n\n=Ampia Labiena lex=, was enacted by Titus Ampius and \u2666Titus Labienus,\n tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 693. It gave Pompey the Great the\n privilege of appearing in triumphal robes and with a golden crown\n at the Circensian games, and with a pr\u00e6texta and golden crown at\n theatrical plays.\n\n \u2666 \u2018A.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Titus\u2019\n\n=Ampracia=. _See:_ Ambracia.\n\n=Ampys\u012ddes=, a patronymic of Mopsus son of Ampyx. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 316.\n\n=Ampyx=, a son of Pelias. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man\n mentioned by _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 184.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father\n of Mopsus. _Orpheus_, _Argonauts_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.\n\n=Amsactus=, a lake in the country of the Hirpini, at the east of\n Capua, whose waters are so sulphureous that they infect and destroy\n whatever animals come near the place. It was through this place that\n Virgil made the fury Alecto descend into hell, after her visit to\n the upper regions. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 565.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 36.\n\n=Am\u016blius=, king of Alba, was son of Procas and youngest brother\n to Numitor. The crown belonged to Numitor by right of birth; but\n Amulius dispossessed him of it, and even put to death his son Lausus,\n and consecrated his daughter Rhea Sylvia to the service of Vesta,\n to prevent her ever becoming a mother. Yet, in spite of all these\n precautions, Rhea became pregnant by the god Mars, and brought forth\n twins, Romulus and Remus. Amulius, who was informed of this, ordered\n the mother to be buried alive for violating the laws of Vesta, which\n enjoined perpetual chastity, and the two children to be thrown into\n the river. They were providentially saved by some shepherds, or,\n as others say, by a she-wolf; and when they had attained the years\n of manhood, they put to death the usurper, Amulius, and restored\n the crown to their grandfather. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 67.\u2015\u2015\n _Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 3 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated painter.\n _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.\n\n=Amy\u0306ci Portus=, a place in Pontus, famous for the death of Amycus king\n of the Bebryces. His tomb was covered with laurels, whose boughs,\n as is reported, when carried on board a ship, caused uncommon\n dissensions among the sailors. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015_Arrian._\n\n=Amy\u0306cla=, a daughter of Niobe, who, with her sister Melib\u0153a, was\n spared by Diana, when her mother boasted herself greater than Diana.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Homer says that all the daughters\n perished. _Iliad_, bk. 24. _See:_ Niobe.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The nurse of Alcibiades.\n\n=Amy\u0306cl\u00e6=, a town of Italy between Caieta and Tarracina, built by\n the companions of Castor and Pollux. The inhabitants were strict\n followers of the precepts of Pythagoras, and therefore abstained\n from flesh. They were killed by serpents, which they thought impious\n to destroy, though in their own defence. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 29.\n Once a report prevailed in Amycl\u00e6 that the enemies were coming to\n storm it; upon which the inhabitants made a law that forbade such\n a report to be credited, and when the enemy really arrived, no one\n mentioned it, or took up arms in his own defence, and the town was\n easily taken. From this circumstance the epithet of _tacit\u00e6_ has\n been given to Amycl\u00e6. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 564.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 529.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Peloponnesus, built by\n Amyclas. Castor and Pollux were born there. The country was famous\n for dogs. Apollo, called Amycl\u00e6us, had a rich and magnificent temple\n there, surrounded with delightful groves. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 223.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 345.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 5.\n\n=Amycl\u00e6us=, a statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of\n Apollo.\n\n=Amyclas=, son of Laced\u00e6mon and Sparta, built the city of Amycl\u00e6.\n His sister Eurydice married Acrisius king of Argos, by whom she had\n Danae. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The master of a\n ship in which C\u00e6sar embarked in disguise. When Amyclas wished to put\n back to avoid a violent storm, C\u00e6sar, unveiling his head, discovered\n himself, and bidding the pilot pursue his voyage, exclaimed, _C\u00e6sarem\n vehis, C\u00e6sarisque fortunam_. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 520.\n\n=Amy\u0306cus=, son of Neptune by Melia, or Bithynis, according to others,\n was king of the Bebryces. He was famous for his skill in the\n management of the cestus, and he challenged all strangers to a trial\n of strength. When the Argonauts, in their expedition, stopped on\n his coasts, he treated them with great kindness, and Pollux accepted\n his challenge, and killed him when he attempted to overcome him by\n fraud. _Apollonius_, bk. 2, _Argonautica_.\u2015\u2015_Theocritus_, _Idylls_,\n poem 22.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the companions of\n \u00c6neas, who almost perished in a storm on the coast of Africa. He\n was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 225; bk. 9,\n li. 772.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, likewise killed by Turnus. _Ibis_, bk. 12,\n li. 509.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Ixion and the cloud.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 12, li. 245.\n\n=Amy\u0306don=, a city of P\u00e6onia in Macedonia, which sent auxiliaries to\n Priam during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\n\n=Am\u0233m\u014dne=, daughter of Danaus and Europa, married Enceladus son\n of \u00c6gyptus, whom she murdered the first night of her nuptials.\n She wounded a satyr with an arrow which she had aimed at a stag.\n The satyr pursued her, and even offered her violence, but Neptune\n delivered her. It was said that she was the only one of the 50\n sisters who was not condemned to fill a leaky tub with water in\n hell, because she had been continually employed, by order of her\n father, in supplying the city of Argos with water in a great drought.\n Neptune saw her in this employment, and was enamoured of her. He\n carried her away, and in the place where she stood, he raised a\n fountain by striking a rock. The fountain has been called Amymone.\n She had Nauplius by Neptune. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 26, li. 46.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.\n 37.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, li. 515.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 169.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n fountain and rivulet of Peloponnesus, flowing through Argolis into\n the lake of Lerna. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 240.\n\n=Amyntas I.=, was king of Macedonia after his father Alcetas. His son\n Alexander murdered the ambassadors of Megabyzus, for their wanton\n and insolent behaviour to the ladies of his father\u2019s court. Bubares,\n a Persian general, was sent with an army to revenge the death of\n the ambassadors; but instead of making war, he married the king\u2019s\n daughter, and defended his possessions. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bks. 5, 7, & 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second of that name was son\n of Menelaus, and king of Macedonia after his murder of Pausanias.\n He was expelled by the Illyrians, and restored by the Thessalians\n and Spartans. He made war against the Illyrians and Olynthians, and\n lived to a great age. His wife Eurydice conspired against his life;\n but her snares were seasonably discovered by one of his daughters\n by a former wife. He had Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, Alexander\n the Great\u2019s father, by his first wife; and by the other he had\n Archelaus, Arid\u00e6us, and Menelaus. He reigned 24 years; and soon\n after his death his son Philip murdered all his brothers, and\n ascended the throne.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 7, chs. 4 & 9.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 14, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There\n is another king of Macedonia of the same name, but of his life\n few particulars are recorded in history.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who succeeded\n Dejotarus, in the kingdom of Gallogr\u00e6cia. After his death it\n became a Roman province under Augustus. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One\n of Alexander\u2019s officers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another officer who deserted to Darius,\n and was killed as he attempted to seize Egypt. _Curtius_, bk. 3,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Antiochus, who withdrew himself from Macedonia,\n because he hated Alexander.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer in Alexander\u2019s cavalry.\n He had two brothers, called Simias and Polemon. He was accused of a\n conspiracy against the king, on account of his great intimacy with\n Philotas, and acquitted. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 15; bk. 6, ch. 9;\n bk. 8, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A shepherd\u2019s name in Virgil\u2019s _Eclogues_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Greek writer who composed several works quoted by Athen\u00e6us, 10 & 12.\n\n=Amynti\u0101nus=, an historian in the age of Antoninus, who wrote a\n treatise in commendation of Philip, Olympias, and Alexander.\n\n=Amyntor=, a king of Argos, son of Phrastor. He deprived his son\n Ph\u0153nix of his eyes, to punish him for the violence which he had\n offered to Clytia his concubine. _Hyginus_, fable 173.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 307.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the Dolopes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 12, li. 364.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6gyptus, killed by Damone the first\n night of his marriage. _Hyginus_, fable 170.\n\n=Amyris=, a man of Sybaris, who consulted the oracle of Delphi\n concerning the probable duration of his country\u2019s prosperity, &c.\n\n=Amyr\u012bcus Campus=, a plain of Thessaly. _Polybius_, bk. 3.\n\n=Amyrius=, a king by whom Cyrus was killed in a battle. _Ctesias._\n\n=Amy\u0306rus=, a town of Thessaly.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river mentioned by _Valerius\n Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 11.\n\n=Amystis=, a river of India falling into the Ganges. _Arrian_, _Indica_.\n\n=Amyth\u0101on=, a son of Cretheus king of Iolchos, by Tyro. He married\n Idomene, by whom he had Bias and Melampus. After his father\u2019s death,\n he established himself in Messenia with his brother Neleus, and\n re-established or regulated the Olympic games. Melampus is called\n _Amythaonius_, from his father Amythaon. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 3, li. 550.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hippasus, who assisted Priam in the\n Trojan war, and was killed by Lycomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17.\n\n=Amytis=, a daughter of Astyages, whom Cyrus married. _Ctesias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Xerxes, who married Megabyzus, and disgraced herself by\n her debaucheries.\n\n=An\u0103ces=, or =Anactes=, a name given to Castor and Pollux among\n the Athenians. Their festivals were called Anaceia. _Plutarch_,\n _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 21.\n\n=Anacharsis=, a Scythian philosopher, 592 B.C., who, on account of\n his wisdom, temperance, and extensive knowledge, has been called one\n of the seven wise men. Like his countrymen, he made use of a cart\n instead of a house. He was wont to compare laws to cobwebs, which\n can stop only small flies, and are unable to resist the superior\n force of large insects. When he returned to Scythia from Athens,\n where he had spent some time in study, and in the friendship of\n Solon, he attempted to introduce there the laws of the Athenians,\n which so irritated his brother, who was then on the throne, that\n he killed him with an arrow. Anacharsis has rendered himself famous\n among the ancients by his writings, and his poems on war, the\n laws of Scythia, &c. Two of his letters to Cr\u0153sus and Hanno are\n still extant. Later authors have attributed to him the invention\n of tinder, of anchors, and of the potter\u2019s wheel. The name of\n Anacharsis is become very familiar to modern ears, by that elegant,\n valuable, and truly classical work of Barthelemi, called the travels\n of Anacharsis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, chs. 56, 47, & 48.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Qu\u00e6stiones Convivales_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 5,\n ch. 32.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=Anacium=, a mountain with a temple sacred to the Anaces in\n Peloponnesus. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 1, ch. 21.\n\n=Anacreon=, a famous lyric poet of Teos in Ionia, highly favoured by\n Polycrates and Hipparchus son of Pisistratus. He was of a lascivious\n and intemperate disposition, much given to drinking, and deeply\n enamoured of a youth called Bathyllus. His odes are still extant,\n and the uncommon sweetness and elegance of his poetry have been the\n admiration of every age and country. He lived to his 85th year, and,\n after every excess of pleasure and debauchery, choked himself with\n a grape stone and expired. Plato says that he was descended from\n an illustrious family, and that Codrus, the last king of Athens,\n was one of his progenitors. His statue was placed in the citadel of\n Athens, representing him as an old drunken man, singing, with every\n mark of dissipation and intemperance. Anacreon flourished 532 B.C.\n All that he wrote is not extant; his odes were first published\n by H. Stephens, with an elegant translation. The best editions\n of Anacreon are that of Maittaire, 4to, London, 1725, of which\n only 100 copies were printed, and the very correct one of Barnes,\n 12mo, Cambridge, 1721, to which may be added that of Brunck,\n 12mo, Strasbourg, 1778. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 2, 25.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, epode 14,\n li. 20.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 121.\n\n=Anactoria= and =Anactorium=, a town of Epirus, in a peninsula towards\n the gulf of Ambracia. It was founded by a Corinthian colony, and was\n the cause of many quarrels between the Corcyreans and Corinthians.\n Augustus carried the inhabitants to the city of Nicopolis, after\n the battle of Actium. _Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 1,\n ch. 55.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1; bk. 5, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient name\n of Miletus.\n\n=Anact\u014frie=, a woman of Lesbos, wantonly loved by Sappho. _Ovid_,\n _Heroides_, poem 15, li. 17.\n\n=Anadyom\u0115ne=, a valuable painting of Venus, represented as rising from\n the sea, by Apelles. Augustus bought it and placed it in the temple\n of Julius C\u00e6sar. The lower part of it was a little defaced, and\n there were found no painters in Rome able to repair it. _Pliny_,\n bk. 35, ch. 10.\n\n=Anagnia=, now _Anagni_, a city of the Hernici in Latium, where\n Antony struck a medal when he divorced Octavia and married Cleopatra.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 684.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 392.\n\n=Anagogia=, a festival, celebrated by the people of Eryx in Sicily, in\n honour of Venus. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 15; _Natura\n Animalium_, bk. 4, ch. 2.\n\n=Anagyrontum=, a small village of Attica. _Herodotus._\n\n=Ana\u012btis=, a goddess of Armenia. The virgins who were consecrated\n to her service, esteemed themselves more dignified by public\n prostitution. The festivals of the deity were called Sacarum Festa;\n and when they were celebrated both sexes assisted at the ceremony,\n and inebriated themselves to such a degree, that the whole was\n concluded by a scene of the greatest lasciviousness and intemperance.\n They were first instituted by Cyrus, when he marched against the\n Sac\u00e6, and covered tables with the most exquisite dainties, that\n he might detain the enemy by the novelty and sweetness of food\n to which they were unaccustomed, and thus easily destroy them.\n _Strabo._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Diana is also worshipped under this name by the Lydians.\n _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 4.\n\n=Ananias=, an Iambic poet. _Athen\u00e6us._\n\n=An\u0103phe=, an island that rose out of the Cretan sea, and received this\n name from the Argonauts, who, in the middle of a storm, suddenly\n saw the new moon. Apollo was worshipped there, and called Anaph\u00e6us.\n _Apollonius._\n\n=Anaphlystus=, a small village of Attica near the sea, called after\n an ancient hero of the same name, who was son of Tr\u0153zen.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small\n village near Athens.\n\n=An\u0101pus=, a river of Epirus. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 82.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Sicily,\n near Syracuse. _Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 96.\n\n=Anartes=, a people of Lower Pannonia. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6,\n ch. 25.\n\n=Anas=, a river of Spain, now called Guadiana. _Strabo_, bk. 3.\n\n=Anat\u014fle=, one of the Hor\u00e6. _Hyginus_, fable 183.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain near\n the Ganges, where Apollo ravished a nymph called Anaxibia.\n\n=Anauch\u012ddas=, a Samian wrestler. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 27.\n\n=Anaurus=, a river of Thessaly, near the foot of mount Pelion, where\n Jason lost one of his sandals. _Callimachus_, _Diana [Artemis]_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n river of Troas near Ida. _Colluthus._\n\n=Anausis=, one of Medea\u2019s suitors, killed by Styrus. _Valerius\n Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 43.\n\n=Anax=, a son of C\u0153lus and Terra, father to Asterius, from whom Miletus\n has been called Anactoria. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 36; bk. 7, ch. 2.\n\n=Anaxag\u014fras=, succeeded his father Megapenthes on the throne of Argos.\n He shared the sovereign power with Bias and Melampus, who had cured\n the women of Argos of madness. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Clazomenian philosopher, son of Hegesibulus, disciple to Anaximes\n and preceptor to Socrates and Euripides. He disregarded wealth and\n honours, to indulge his fondness for meditation and philosophy.\n He applied himself to astronomy, was acquainted with eclipses, and\n predicted that one day a stone would fall from the sun, which it\n is said really fell into the river \u00c6gos. Anaxagoras travelled into\n Egypt for improvement, and used to say that he preferred a grain of\n wisdom to heaps of gold. Pericles was in the number of his pupils,\n and often consulted him in matters of state; and once dissuaded him\n from starving himself to death. The ideas of Anaxagoras concerning\n the heavens were wild and extravagant. He supposed that the sun was\n inflammable matter, about the bigness of Peloponnesus; and that the\n moon was inhabited. The heavens he believed to be of stone, and the\n earth of similar materials. He was accused of impiety and condemned\n to die; but he ridiculed the sentence, and said it had long been\n pronounced upon him by nature. Being asked whether his body should\n be carried into his own country, he answered, no, as the road that\n led to the other side of the grave was as long from one place as\n the other. His scholar Pericles pleaded eloquently and successfully\n for him, and the sentence of death was exchanged for banishment.\n In prison, the philosopher is said to have attempted to square the\n circle, or determine exactly the proportion of its diameter to the\n circumference. When the people of Lampsacus asked him before his\n death whether he wished anything to be done in commemoration of him,\n \u201cYes,\u201d said he, \u201clet the boys be allowed to play on the anniversary\n of my death.\u201d This was carefully observed, and that time, dedicated\n to relaxation, was called _Anaxagoreia_. He died at Lampsacus in\n his 72nd year, 428 B.C. His writings were not much esteemed by his\n pupil Socrates. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives of Eminent Philosophers_.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Nicias_ & _Pericles_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Academic\u00e6\n quaestiones_, bk. 4, ch. 23; _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 1,\n ch. 43.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary of \u00c6gina. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n grammarian, disciple to Zenodotus. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator,\n disciple to Socrates. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Echeanox, who,\n with his brothers Codrus and Diodorus, destroyed Hegesias tyrant of\n Ephesus.\n\n=Anaxander=, of the family of the Heraclid\u00e6, was son of Eurycrates\n and king of Sparta. The second Messenian war began in his reign,\n in which Aristomenes so egregiously signalized himself. His son\n was called Eurycrates. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 204.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Apophthegmata Laconica_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 3; bk. 4, chs.\n 15 & 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Megalopolis, taken by the Thebans.\n\n=Anaxandr\u012ddes=, son of Leon and father to Cleomenes I. and Leonidas,\n was king of Sparta. By the order of the Ephori, he divorced his wife,\n of whom he was extremely fond, on account of her barrenness; and he\n was the first Laced\u00e6monian who had two wives. _Herodotus_, bks. 1,\n 5, & 7.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 3, ch. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Theopompus. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch.\n 131.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic poet of Rhodes in the age of Philip and Alexander.\n He was the first poet who introduced intrigues and rapes upon the\n stage. He was of such a passionate disposition, that he tore to\n pieces all his compositions which met with no success. He composed\n about 100 plays, of which 10 obtained the prize. Some fragments of\n his poetry remain in Athen\u00e6us. He was starved to death by order of\n the Athenians, for satirizing their government. _Aristotle_, bk. 3,\n _Rhetoric_.\n\n=Anaxarchus=, a philosopher of Abdera, one of the followers of\n Democritus, and the friend of Alexander. When the monarch had been\n wounded in a battle, the philosopher pointed to the place, adding,\n \u201cThat is human blood, and not the blood of a god.\u201d The freedom of\n Anaxarchus offended Nicocreon, and after Alexander\u2019s death, the\n tyrant, in revenge, seized the philosopher, and pounded him in a\n stone mortar with iron hammers. He bore this with much resignation,\n and exclaimed, \u201cPound the body of Anaxarchus, for thou dost not\n pound his soul.\u201d Upon this Nicocreon threatened to cut his tongue,\n and Anaxarchus bit it off with his teeth, and spit it out into the\n tyrant\u2019s face. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 571.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Convivium\n Septem Sapientium_, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives of Eminent\n Philosophers_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 2, ch. 22.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Theban general. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 100.\n\n=Anaxar\u0115te=, a girl of Salamis, who so arrogantly despised the\n addresses of Iphis, a youth of ignoble birth, that the lover hung\n himself at her door. She saw this sad spectacle without emotion or\n pity, and was changed into a stone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,\n li. 748.\n\n=Anax\u0113nor=, a musician, whom Marcus Antony greatly honoured, and\n presented with the tribute of four cities. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Anaxias=, a Theban general. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.\n\n=Anaxibia=, a sister of Agamemnon, mother of seven sons and two\n daughters by Nestor. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n Bias, brother to the physician Melampus. She married Pelias king\n of Iolchos, by whom she had Acastus and four daughters\u2015\u2015Pisidice,\n Pelopea, Hippothoe, and Alceste. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015She\n is called daughter of Dymas by _Hyginus_, fable 14.\n\n=Anaxicr\u0103tes=, an Athenian archon. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 23.\n\n=Anaxid\u0103mus=, succeeded his father Zeuxidamus on the throne of Sparta.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7; bk. 4, ch. 15.\n\n=Anax\u012dlas= and =Anax\u012dlaus=, a Messenian, tyrant of Rhegium. He took\n Zancle, and was so mild and popular during his reign, that when he\n died, 476 B.C., he left his infant sons to the care of one of his\n servants, and the citizens chose rather to obey a slave than revolt\n from their benevolent sovereign\u2019s children. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23; bk. 5, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 6,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 7, ch. 167.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A magician\n of Larissa, banished from Italy by Augustus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Pythagorean\n philosopher.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician. _Pliny_, bk. 19, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian,\n who began his history with bitter invectives against former writers.\n _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Laced\u00e6monian. _Plutarch_,\n _Alcibiades_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic writer, about the 100th Olympiad.\n\n=Anaxil\u012ddes=, wrote some treatises concerning philosophers, and\n mentioned that Plato\u2019s mother became pregnant by a phantom of the\n god Apollo, from which circumstance her son was called the prince of\n wisdom. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Plutarch_.\n\n=Anaximander=, a Milesian philosopher, the companion and disciple of\n Thales. He was the first who constructed spheres, asserted that the\n earth was of a cylindrical form, and taught that men were born of\n earth and water mixed together, and heated by the beams of the sun;\n that the earth moved, and that the moon received light from the\n sun, which he considered as a circle of fire like a wheel, about 28\n times bigger than the earth. He made the first geographical maps and\n sun-dials. He died in the 64th year of his age, B.C. 547. _Cicero_,\n _Academic\u00e6 Qu\u00e6stiones_, bk. 4, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives\n of Eminent Philosophers_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 70.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Qu\u00e6stiones Convivales_. He had a son who bore his name. _Strabo_,\n bk. 1.\n\n=Anaxim\u0115nes=, a philosopher, son of Erasistratus and disciple of\n Anaximander, whom he succeeded in his school. He said that the air\n was the cause of every created being, and a self-existent divinity,\n and that the sun, the moon, and the stars, had been made from the\n earth. He considered the earth as a plain, and the heavens as a\n solid concave figure, on which the stars were fixed like nails,\n an opinion prevalent at that time, and from which originated the\n proverb, \u03c4\u03b9 \u03b5\u1f30 \u03bf\u1f50\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03b9, _if the heavens should fall?_ to\n which Horace has alluded, bk. 3, _Odes_, poem 3, li. 7. He died\n 504 years B.C. _Cicero_, _Academic\u00e6 Qu\u00e6stiones_, bk. 4, ch. 37; _de\n Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Qu\u00e6stiones Convivales_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 76.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Lampsacus, son of Aristocles.\n He was pupil to Diogenes the cynic, and preceptor to Alexander the\n Great, of whose life, and that of Philip, he wrote the history.\n When Alexander, in a fit of anger, threatened to put to death all\n the inhabitants of Lampsacus, because they had maintained a long\n siege against him, Anaximenes was sent by his countrymen to appease\n the king, who, as soon as he saw him, swore he would not grant the\n favour he was going to ask. Upon this, Anaximenes begged the king\n to destroy the city and enslave the inhabitants, and by this artful\n request the city of Lampsacus was saved from destruction. Besides\n the life of Philip and his son, he wrote a history of Greece, in\n 12 books, all now lost. His nephew bore the same name, and wrote an\n account of ancient paintings. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives of Eminent\n Philosophers_.\n\n=Anaxip\u014flis=, a comic poet of Thasos. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n writer on agriculture, likewise of Thasos.\n\n=Anaxippus=, a comic writer in the age of Demetrius. He used to say,\n that philosophers were wise only in their speeches, but fools in\n their actions. _Athen\u00e6us._\n\n=Anaxirrhoe=, a daughter of Coronus, who married Epeus. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 5, ch. 1.\n\n=Anaxis=, a B\u0153otian historian, who wrote a history down to the age of\n Philip son of Amyntas. _Diodorus_, bk. 25.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Castor and\n Hilaira.\n\n=Anaxo=, a virgin of Tr\u0153zene carried away by Theseus. _Plutarch_,\n _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Alceus, mother of Alcmene by Electryon.\n\n=Anc\u00e6us=, the son of Lycurgus and Antinoe, was in the expedition of\n the Argonauts. He was at the chase of the Calydonian boar, in which\n he perished. _Hyginus_, fables 173 & 248.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The son of Neptune and Astypal\u00e6a. He went with the\n Argonauts, and succeeded Tiphis as pilot of the ship Argo. He\n reigned in Ionia, where he married Samia daughter of the M\u00e6ander,\n by whom he had four sons, Perilas, Enudus, Samus, Alithersus, and\n one daughter called Parthenope. _Orpheus_, _Argonauts_. He was once\n told by one of his servants, whom he pressed with hard labour in his\n vineyard, that he never would taste of the produce of his vines. He\n had already the cup in his hand, and called the prophet to convince\n him of his falsehood; when the servant, yet firm in his prediction,\n uttered this well-known proverb:\n\n \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03be\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5.\n _Multa cadunt inter calicem supremaque labra._\n\n At that very moment Anc\u00e6us was told that a wild boar had entered his\n vineyard; upon which he threw down the cup, and ran to drive away\n the wild beast. He was killed in the attempt.\n\n=Ancal\u012btes=, a people of Britain near the Trinobantes. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 21.\n\n=Ancarius=, a god of the Jews. _See:_ Anchialus.\n\n=Ancharia=, a family of Rome.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of Octavia\u2019s mother.\n_Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\n\n=Ancharius=, a noble Roman killed by the partisans of Marius during\n the civil wars with Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Marius_.\n\n=Anchem\u014flus=, son of Rh\u0153tus king of the Marrubii in Italy, ravished\n his mother-in-law Casperia, for which he was expelled by his father.\n He fled to Turnus, and was killed by Pallas son of Evander, in the\n wars of \u00c6neas against the Latins. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 389.\n\n=Anches\u012btes=, a wind which blows from Achisa, a harbour of Epirus.\n _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 1.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus._\n\n=Anchesmus=, a mountain of Attica, where Jupiter _Anchesmius_ had a\n statue.\n\n=Anchi\u0103le= and =Anchiala=, a city on the sea coast of Cilicia.\n Sardanapalus, the last king of Assyria, built it, with Tarsus in\n its neighbourhood, in one day. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 27. The founder was buried there, and had a statue, under which\n was a famous inscription in the Syrian language, denoting the great\n intemperance and dissipation which distinguished all his life. There\n was a city of the same name in Thrace, called by Ovid the city of\n Apollo. There was another in Epirus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem\n 10, li. 36.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Anchi\u0103lus=, a famous astrologer.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A great warrior, father of Mentes.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Ph\u00e6acians. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A god of the Jews,\n as some suppose, in _Martial\u2019s_ epigrams, bk. 11, ltr. 95.\n\n=Anchimolius=, a Spartan general sent against the Pisistratid\u00e6, and\n killed in the expedition. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 63.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Rh\u0153tus. _See:_ Anchemolus.\n\n=Anchinoe=, a daughter of Nilus and wife of Belus. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Anchion=. _See:_ Chion.\n\n=Anch\u012bse=, a city of Italy. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\n\n=Anch\u012bses=, a son of Capys by Themis daughter of Ilus. He was of\n such a beautiful complexion, that Venus came down from heaven on\n mount Ida, in the form of a nymph, to enjoy his company. The goddess\n became pregnant, and forbade Anchises ever to mention the favours he\n had received, on pain of being struck with thunder. The child which\n Venus brought forth was called \u00c6neas; he was educated as soon as\n born by the nymphs of Ida, and, when of a proper age, was entrusted\n to the care of Chiron the centaur. When Troy was taken, Anchises was\n become so infirm that \u00c6neas, to whom the Greeks permitted to take\n away whatever he esteemed most, carried him through the flames\n upon his shoulders, and thus saved his life. He accompanied his son\n in his voyage towards Italy, and died in Sicily, in the 80th year\n of his age. He was buried on mount Eryx by \u00c6neas and Acestes king\n of the country, and the anniversary of his death was afterwards\n celebrated by his son and the Trojans on his tomb. Some authors\n have maintained that Anchises had forgot the injunctions of Venus,\n and boasted at a feast that he enjoyed her favours on mount Ida,\n upon which he was killed with thunder. Others say that the wounds\n he received from the thunder were not mortal, and that they only\n weakened and disfigured his body. Virgil, in the sixth book of the\n \u00c6neid, introduces him in the Elysian fields, relating to his son the\n fates that were to attend him, and the fortune of his descendants\n the Romans. _See:_ \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bks. 1, 2, &c.\u2015\u2015\n _Hyginus_, fables 94, 254, 260, 270.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 1010.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 34.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 20, & _Hymn to Aphrodite_.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon_, _On Hunting_,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, _Roman Antiquities_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12, says that Anchises was buried on a\n mountain in Arcadia, which, from him, has been called Anchisia.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian archon. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Anch\u012bsia=, a mountain of Arcadia, at the bottom of which was a\n monument of Anchises. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 12 & 13.\n\n=Anch\u012bsi\u0103des=, a patronymic of \u00c6neas, as being the son of Anchises.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 348, &c.\n\n=Anchoe=, a place near the mouth of the Cephisus, where there is a\n lake of the same name. _Strabo._\n\n=Anch\u014fra=, a fortified place in Galatia.\n\n=Anch\u016brus=, a son of Midas king of Phrygia, who sacrificed himself for\n the good of his country when the earth had opened and swallowed up\n many buildings. The oracle had been consulted, and gave for answer,\n that the gulf would never close, if Midas did not throw into it\n whatever he had most precious. Though the king had parted with many\n things of immense value, yet the gulf continued open, till Anchurus,\n thinking himself the most precious of his father\u2019s possessions, took\n a tender leave of his wife and family, and leaped into the earth,\n which closed immediately over his head. Midas erected there an altar\n of stones to Jupiter, and that altar was the first object which he\n turned to gold, when he had received his fatal gift from the gods.\n This unpolished lump of gold existed still in the age of Plutarch.\n _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\n\n=Anc\u012ble= and =Ancy\u0306le=, a sacred shield, which, according to the Roman\n authors, fell from heaven in the reign of Numa, when the Roman\n people laboured under a pestilence. Upon the preservation of this\n shield depended the fate of the Roman empire, and therefore Numa\n ordered 11 of the same size and form to be made, that if ever any\n attempt was made to carry them away, the plunderer might find it\n difficult to distinguish the true one. They were made with such\n exactness, that the king promised Veterius Mamurius, the artist,\n whatever reward he desired. _See:_ Mamurius. They were kept in\n the temple of Vesta, and an order of priests was chosen to watch\n over their safety. These priests were called Salii, and were 12 in\n number; they carried, every year on the 1st of March, the shields\n in a solemn procession round the walls of Rome, dancing and singing\n praises to the god Mars. This sacred festival continued three days,\n during which every important business was stopped. It was deemed\n unfortunate to be married on those days, or to undertake any\n expedition; and _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Histories_, has attributed the\n unsuccessful campaign of the emperor Otho against Vitellius to his\n leaving Rome during the celebration of the Ancyliorum festum. These\n two verses of Ovid explain the origin of the word Ancyle, which is\n applied to these shields:\n\n _Idque ancyle vocat, quod ab omni parte recisum est,\n Quemque notes oculis, angulus omnis abest._\n\n _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 377, &c.\n\n _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 124.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Numa_.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 664.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 20.\n\n=Ancon= and =Anc\u014dna=, a town of Picenum, built by the Sicilians, with\n a harbour in the form of a crescent or elbow (\u1f00\u03b3\u03c7\u03c9\u03bd), on the shores\n of the Adriatic. Near this place is the famous chapel of Loretto,\n supposed by monkish historians to have been brought through the air\n by angels, August 10, A. D. 1291, from Jud\u00e6a, where it was a cottage,\n inhabited by the virgin Mary. The reputed sanctity of the place has\n often brought 100,000 pilgrims in one day to Loretto. _Pliny_, bk. 3,\n ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 402.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 437.\n\n=Ancus Martius=, the fourth king of Rome, was grandson to Numa by his\n daughter. He waged a successful war against the Latins, Veientes,\n Fidenates, Volsci, and Sabines, and joined mount Janiculum to\n the city by a bridge, and inclosed mount Martius and the Aventine\n within the walls of the city. He extended the confines of the Roman\n territories to the sea, where he built the town of Ostia, at the\n mouth of the Tiber. He inherited the valour of Romulus with the\n moderation of Numa. He died B.C. 616, after a reign of 24 years, and\n was succeeded by Tarquin the elder. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 32, &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 815.\n\n=Anc\u0233r\u00e6=, a town of Sicily.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Phrygia. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.\n\n=Anda=, a city of Africa. _Polybius._\n\n=Andab\u0103t\u00e6=, certain gladiators who fought blindfolded, whence the\n proverb, _Andabatarum more_, to denote rash and inconsiderate\n measures. _Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 10.\n\n=Andania=, a city of Arcadia, where Aristomenes was educated.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 1, &c. It received its name from a gulf of\n the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.\n\n=Andegavia=, a country of Gaul, near the Turones and the ocean.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 41.\n\n=And\u0113ra=, a town of Phrygia.\n\n=Andes=, a nation among the Celt\u00e6, whose chief town is now _Anjou_.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A village of Italy, near\n Mantua, where Virgil was born, hence _Andinus_. _Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 8, li. 595.\n\n=Andoc\u012ddes=, an Athenian orator, son of Leogoras. He lived in the\n age of Socrates the philosopher, and was intimate with the most\n illustrious men of his age. He was often banished, but his dexterity\n always restored him to favour. _Plutarch_ has written his life in\n _Lives of the Ten Orators_. Four of his orations are extant.\n\n=Andom\u0103tis=, a river in India, falling into the Ganges. _Arrian._\n\n=Andr\u00e6mon=, the father of Thoas. _Hyginus_, fable 97.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The son-in-law\n and successor of \u0152neus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Andragrathius=, a tyrant defeated by Gratian, A.D. 383, &c.\n\n=Andragr\u0103thus=, a man bribed by Lysimachus to betray his country, &c.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Andrag\u014fras=, a man who died a sudden death. _Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 53.\n\n=Andramy\u0306les=, a king of Lydia, who castrated women, and made use of\n them as eunuchs. _Athen\u00e6us._\n\n=Andr\u0113as=, a statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man\n of Panormum, who wrote an account of all the remarkable events that\n had happened in Sicily. _Athen\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of the Peneus. Part of\n B\u0153otia, especially where Orchomenos was built, was called _Andreis_\n after him. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34, &c.\n\n=Andriclus=, a mountain of Cilicia. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of\n Troas, falling into the Scamander. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.\n\n=Andriscus=, a man who wrote a history of Naxos. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A worthless person called _Pseudophilippus_, on account of the\n likeness of his features to king Philip. He incited the Macedonians\n to revolt against Rome, and was conquered and led in triumph by\n Metellus, 152 B.C. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 14.\n\n=Androbius=, a famous painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.\n\n=Androcl\u0113a=, a daughter of Antip\u0153nus of Thebes. She, with her sister\n Alcida, sacrificed herself in the service of her country, when the\n oracle had promised the victory to her countrymen, who were engaged\n in a war against Orchomenos, if any one of noble birth devoted\n himself for the glory of his nation. Antip\u0153nus refused to do it,\n and his daughters cheerfully accepted it, and received great honours\n after death. Hercules, who fought on the side of Thebes, dedicated\n to them the image of a lion in the temple of Diana. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 9, ch. 17.\n\n=Andr\u014dcles=, a son of Phintas, who reigned in Messenia. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote a history of Cyprus.\n\n=Androcl\u012bdes=, a noble Theban, who defended the democratical, against\n the encroachments of the oligarchical, power. He was killed by one\n of his enemies.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist in the age of Aurelian, who gave an\n account of philosophers.\n\n=Androclus=, a son of Codrus, who reigned in Ionia, and took Ephesus\n and Samos. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.\n\n=Androcy\u0306des=, a physician, who wrote the following letter to Alexander:\n \u2015\u2015_Vinum potaturus, Rex, memento te bibere sanguinem terr\u00e6, sicuti\n venenum est homini cicuta, sic et vinum._ _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 5.\n\n=Androd\u0103mus.= _See:_ Andromadas.\n\n=Andr\u014ddus=, a slave known and protected in the Roman circus by a lion\n whose foot he had cured. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 5, ch. 15.\n\n=Andr\u014fgeos=, a Greek, killed by \u00c6neas and his friends, whom he took to\n be his countrymen. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 371.\n\n=Andr\u014fgeus=, son of Minos and Pasiphae, was famous for his skill in\n wrestling. He overcame every antagonist at Athens, and became such a\n favourite of the people, that \u00c6geus king of the country grew jealous\n of his popularity, and caused him to be assassinated as he was going\n to Thebes. Some say that he was killed by the wild bull of Marathon.\n Minos declared war against Athens to revenge the death of his\n son, and peace was at last re-established on condition that \u00c6geus\n sent yearly seven boys and seven girls from Athens to Crete to\n be devoured by the Minotaur. _See:_ Minotaurus. The Athenians\n established festivals by order of Minos, in honour of his son, and\n called them Androgeia. _Hyginus_, fable 41.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 20.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 1\n & 27.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, chs. 1 & 15.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Theseus_.\n\n=Androgy\u0306n\u00e6=, a fabulous nation of Africa, beyond the Nasamones. Every\n one of them bore the characteristics of the male and female sex;\n and one of their breasts was that of a man, and the other that of\n a woman. _Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 837.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.\n\n=Andr\u014fm\u0103che=, a daughter of Eetion king of Thebes in Cilicia, married\n Hector son of Priam king of Troy, by whom she had Astyanax. She\n was so fond of her husband, that she even fed his horses with her\n own hand. During the Trojan war she remained at home employed in\n her domestic concerns. Her parting with Hector, who was going to\n a battle, in which he perished, has always been deemed the best,\n most tender and pathetic of all the passages in Homer\u2019s Iliad. She\n received the news of her husband\u2019s death with extreme sorrow; and\n after the taking of Troy, she had the misfortune to see her only son\n Astyanax, after she had saved him from the flames, thrown headlong\n from the walls of the city, by the hands of the man whose father had\n killed her husband. _Seneca_, _Troades_. Andromache, in the division\n of the prisoners by the Greeks, fell to the share of Neoptolemus,\n who treated her as his wife, and carried her to Epirus. He had\n by her three sons, Molossus, Piclus, and Pergamus, and afterwards\n repudiated her. After this divorce she married Helenus son of Priam,\n who, as herself, was a captive of Pyrrhus. She reigned with him over\n part of the country, and became mother by him of Cestrinus. Some say\n that Astyanax was killed by Ulysses, and Euripides says that Menelaus\n put him to death. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 6, 22, & 24.\u2015\u2015_Quintus\n Calaber [Smyrn\u00e6us]_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 486.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 123.\u2015\u2015_Dares Phrygius._\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1,\n poem 9, li. 35; _Tristia_, bk. 5, poem 6, li. 43.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\n\n=Andromachid\u00e6=, a nation who presented to their king all the virgins\n who were of nubile years, and permitted him to use them as he\n pleased.\n\n=Androm\u0103chus=, an opulent person of Sicily, father to the historian\n Tim\u00e6us. _Diodorus_, bk. 16. He assisted Timoleon in recovering\n the liberty of the Syracusans.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Alexander, to whom\n Parmenio gave the government of Syria. He was burnt alive by the\n Samaritans. _Curtius_, bk. 4, chs. 5 & 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Seleucus\n the younger. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of Byzantium.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n physician of Crete, in the age of Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist of Naples, in\n the age of Diocletian.\n\n=Androm\u0103dus=, or =Androdamus=, a native of Rhegium, who made laws for\n the Thracians concerning the punishment of homicide, &c. _Aristotle._\n\n=Andr\u014fm\u0115da=, a daughter of Cepheus king of \u00c6thiopia by Cassiope. She\n was promised in marriage to Phineus her uncle, when Neptune drowned\n the kingdom, and sent a sea monster to ravage the country, because\n Cassiope had boasted herself fairer than Juno and the Nereides.\n The oracle of Jupiter Ammon was consulted, and nothing could stop\n the resentment of Neptune, if Andromeda was not exposed to the sea\n monster. She was accordingly tied naked on a rock, and at the moment\n that the monster was going to devour her, Perseus, who returned\n through the air from the conquest of the Gorgons, saw her, and was\n captivated with her beauty. He promised to deliver her and destroy\n the monster, if he received her in marriage as a reward for his\n trouble. Cepheus consented, and Perseus changed the sea monster\n into a rock, by showing him Medusa\u2019s head, and untied Andromeda and\n married her. He had by her many children, among whom were Sthenelus,\n Anc\u00e6us, and Electryon. The marriage of Andromeda with Perseus\n was opposed by Phineus, who, after a bloody battle, was changed\n into a stone by Perseus. Some say that Minerva made Andromeda a\n constellation in heaven after her death. _See:_ Medusa, Perseus.\n _Hyginus_, fable 64.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 43.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 5, li. 533.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015According to _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 31, it was at Joppa in Jud\u00e6a that Andromeda was tied on a rock.\n He mentions that the skeleton of the huge sea monster, to which\n she had been exposed, was brought to Rome by Scaurus, and carefully\n preserved. The fable of Andromeda and the sea monster has been\n explained, by supposing that she was courted by the captain of a\n ship, who attempted to carry her away, but was prevented by the\n interposition of another more faithful lover.\n\n=Andron=, an Argive, who travelled all over the deserts of Libya\n without drink. \u2666_Aristotle\u2019s book on Drunkenness_ [quoted in\n Apollonius] \u201cHistori\u00e6 Mirabiles\u201d.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man set over the citadel\n of Syracuse by Dionysius. Hermocrates advised him to seize it and\n revolt from the tyrant, which he refused to do. The tyrant put him\n to death for not discovering that Hermocrates had incited him to\n rebellion. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Halicarnassus, who\n composed some historical works. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native\n of Ephesus, who wrote an account of the seven wise men of Greece.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Argos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Alexandria,\n &c. _Apollonius [Paradoxographus]_, _Histori\u00e6 Mirabiles_, ch. 25.\n \u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us._\n\n \u2666 reference edited for clarity\n\n=Andron\u012bcus Livius.= _See:_ Livius.\n\n=Andron\u012bcus=, a peripatetic philosopher of Rhodes, who flourished\n 59 years B.C. He was the first who published and revised the works\n of Aristotle and Theophrastus. His periphrasis is extant, the best\n edition of which is that of Heinsius, 8vo, Leiden, 1617. _Plutarch_,\n _Sulla_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Latin poet in the age of C\u00e6sar.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Latin grammarian,\n whose life Suetonius has written.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Lydia, surnamed\n Alpyus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Alexander\u2019s officers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the officers of\n Antiochus Epiphanes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An astronomer of Athens, who built a marble\n octagonal tower in honour of the eight principal winds, on the top\n of which was placed a Triton with a stick in his hand, pointing\n always to the side whence the wind blew.\n\n=Androph\u0103gi=, a savage nation of European Scythia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,\n chs. 18, 102.\n\n=Andropompus=, a Theban who killed Xanthus in a single combat by fraud.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.\n\n=Andros=, an island in the \u00c6gean sea, known by the different names\n of Epagrys, Antandros, Lasia, Cauros, Hydrussa, Nonagria. Its chief\n town was called Andros. It had a harbour, near which Bacchus had a\n temple, with a fountain, whose waters, during the ides of January,\n tasted like wine. It received the name of Andros from Andros son of\n Anius, one of its kings, who lived in the time of the Trojan war.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 648.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3,\n li. 80.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 70.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bks. 1 & 2.\n\n=Androsth\u0115nes=, one of Alexander\u2019s generals, sent with a ship on the\n coast of Arabia. _Arrian_, bk. 7, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n governor of Thessaly, who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was\n conquered by Julius C\u00e6sar. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 80.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n statuary of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A geographer in\n the age of Alexander.\n\n=Androtrion=, a Greek, who wrote a history of Attica, and a treatise\n on agriculture. _Pliny._\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 8.\n\n=Anelontis=, a river near Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.\n\n=Anerastus=, a king of Gaul.\n\n=Anemolia=, a city of Phocis, afterwards called Hyampolis. _Strabo._\n\n=Anem\u014dsa=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 35.\n\n=Anfinomus= and =Anapius=. Rather _Amphinomus_, which _see_.\n\n=Angelia=, a daughter of Mercury.\n\n=Angelion=, a statuary who made Apollo\u2019s statue at Delphi. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 32.\n\n=Ang\u0115lus=, a son of Neptune, born in Chios, of a nymph whose name is\n unknown. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.\n\n=Ang\u012btes=, a river of Thrace falling into the Strymon. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 7, ch. 113.\n\n=Angli=, a people of Germany at the north of the Elbe, from whom, as\n being a branch of the Saxons, the English have derived their name.\n _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40.\n\n=Angrus=, a river of Illyricum, flowing in a northern direction.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.\n\n=Anguitia=, a wood in the country of the Marsi, between the lake\n Fucinus and Alba. Serpents, it is said, could not injure the\n inhabitants, because they were descended from Circe, whose power\n over those venomous creatures has been much celebrated. _Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 759.\n\n=Ania=, a Roman widow, celebrated for her beauty. One of her friends\n advised her to marry again. \u201cNo,\u201d said she, \u201cif I marry a man\n as affectionate as my first husband, I shall be apprehensive for\n his death; and if he is bad, why have him, after such a kind and\n indulgent one?\u201d\n\n=Anic\u0113tus=, a son of Hercules by Hebe the goddess of youth.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A freedman who directed the education of\n Nero, and became the instrument of his crimes. _Suetonius_, _Nero_.\n\n=Anicia=, a family at Rome, which, in the flourishing times of\n the republic, produced many brave and illustrious citizens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n relation of Atticus. _Cornelius Nepos._\n\n=Anicium=, a town of Gaul. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7.\n\n=Anicius Gallus=, triumphed over the Illyrians and their king Gentius,\n and was propretor of Rome, A.U.C. 585.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul with Cornelius\n Cethegus, A.U.C. 594.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Probus, a Roman consul in the fourth\n century, famous for his humanity.\n\n=Anigrus=, a river of Thessaly, where the centaurs washed the\n wounds which they had received from Hercules, and made the waters\n unwholesome. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 281. The nymphs\n of this river are called Anigriades. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 6.\n\n=Anio= and =Anien=, now _Taverone_, a river of Italy, flowing through\n the country of Tibur, and falling into the river Tiber, about five\n miles at the north of Rome. It receives its name, as some suppose,\n from Anius, a king of Etruria, who drowned himself there when he\n could not recover his daughter, who had been carried away. _Statius_,\n bk. 1, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 3, li. 20.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 683.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 13.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de\n Fortuna Romanorum_.\n\n=Anitorgis=, a city of Spain, near which a battle was fought between\n Asdrubal and the Scipios. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 33.\n\n=Anius=, the son of Apollo and Rhea, was king of Delos and father\n of Andrus. He had by Dorippe three daughters, Oeno, Spermo, and\n Elais, to whom Bacchus had given the power of changing whatever\n they pleased into wine, corn, and oil. When Agamemnon went to the\n Trojan war, he wished to carry them with him to supply his army with\n provisions; but they complained to Bacchus, who changed them into\n doves. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 642.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3,\n li. 80.\n\n=Anna=, a goddess, in whose honour the Romans instituted festivals.\n She was, according to some, Anna the daughter of Belus and sister of\n Dido, who after her sister\u2019s death fled from Carthage, which Jarbas\n had besieged, and came to Italy, where \u00c6neas met her, as he walked\n on the banks of the Tiber, and gave her an honourable reception, for\n the kindnesses she had shown him when he was at Carthage. Lavinia\n the wife of \u00c6neas was jealous of the tender treatment which was\n shown to Anna, and meditated her ruin. Anna was apprised of this by\n her sister in a dream, and she fled to the river Numicus, of which\n she became a deity, and ordered the inhabitants of the country to\n call her _Anna Perenna_, because she would remain for ever under\n the water. Her festivals were performed with many rejoicings, and\n the females often, in the midst of their cheerfulness, forgot their\n natural decency. They were introduced into Rome, and celebrated the\n 15th of March. The Romans generally sacrificed to her, to obtain\n a long and happy life: and thence the words _Annare et Perennare_.\n Some have supposed Anna to be the moon, _quia mensibus impleat\n annum_; others call her Themis, or Io, the daughter of Inachus,\n and sometimes Maia. Another more received opinion maintains that\n Anna was an old industrious woman of Bovill\u00e6, who, when the Roman\n populace had fled from the city to mount Sacer, brought them cakes\n every day; for which kind treatment the Romans, when peace was\n re-established, decreed immortal honours to her whom they called\n Perenna, _ab perennitate cult\u00fbs_, and who, as they supposed, was\n become one of their deities. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 653, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 79.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4,\n lis. 9, 20, 421, & 500.\n\n=Anna Commena=, a princess of Constantinople, known to the world for\n the Greek history which she wrote of her father Alexius, emperor\n of the east. The character of this history is not very high for\n authenticity or beauty of composition: the historian is lost in\n the daughter; and instead of simplicity of style and narrative,\n as Gibbon says, an elaborate affectation of rhetoric and science\n betrays in every page the vanity of a female author. The best\n edition of Anna Commena is that of Paris, folio, 1651.\n\n=Ann\u00e6us=, a Roman family, which was subdivided into the Lucani, Senec\u00e6,\n Flori, &c.\n\n=Ann\u0101les=, a chronological history which gives an account of all the\n important events of every year in a state, without entering into the\n causes which produced them. The annals of Tacitus may be considered\n in this light. In the first ages of Rome, the writing of the annals\n was one of the duties and privileges of the high priest; whence they\n have been called Annales Maximi, from the priest _Pontifex Maximus_,\n who consecrated them, and gave them as truly genuine and authentic.\n\n=Ann\u0101lis lex=, settled the age at which, among the Romans, a citizen\n could be admitted to exercise the offices of the state. This law\n originated in Athens, and was introduced in Rome. No man could be\n a knight before 18 years of age, nor be invested with the consular\n power before he had arrived to his 25th year.\n\n=Anni\u0101nus=, a poet in the age of Trajan.\n\n=Ann\u012dbal=, a celebrated Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was\n educated in his father\u2019s camp, and inured from his early years to\n the labours of the field. He passed into Spain when nine years old,\n and, at the request of his father, took a solemn oath that he never\n would be at peace with the Romans. After his father\u2019s death, he\n was appointed over the cavalry in Spain; and some time after, upon\n the death of Asdrubal, he was invested with the command of all the\n armies of Carthage, though not yet in the 25th year of his age.\n In three years of continual success, he subdued all the nations of\n Spain which opposed the Carthaginian power, and took Saguntum after\n a siege of eight months. This city was in alliance with the Romans,\n and its fall was the cause of the second Punic war, which Annibal\n prepared to support with all the courage and prudence of a\n consummate general. He levied three large armies, one of which he\n sent to Africa; he left another in Spain, and marched at the head\n of the third towards Italy. This army some have calculated at 20,000\n foot and 6000 horse; others say that it consisted of 100,000 foot\n and 20,000 horse. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38. He came to the Alps, which\n were deemed almost inaccessible, and had never been passed over\n before him but by Hercules, and after much trouble he gained the top\n in nine days. He conquered the uncivilized inhabitants that opposed\n his passage, and, after the amazing loss of 30,000 men, made his way\n so easy, by softening the rocks with fire and vinegar, that even his\n armed elephants descended the mountains without danger or difficulty,\n where a man, disencumbered of his arms, could not walk before in\n safety. He was opposed by the Romans as soon as he entered Italy;\n and after he had defeated Publius Cornelius Scipio and Sempronius,\n near the Rhone, the Po, and the Trebia, he crossed the Apennines and\n invaded Etruria. He defeated the army of the consul Flaminius near\n the lake Thrasymenus, and soon after met the two consuls Culleo\n Terentius and Lucius \u00c6milius at Cann\u00e6. His army consisted of 40,000\n foot and 10,000 horse, when he engaged the Romans at the celebrated\n battle of Cann\u00e6. The slaughter was so great, that no less than 40,\n 000 Romans were killed, and the conqueror made a bridge with the\n dead carcases; and as a sign of his victory, he sent to Carthage\n three bushels of gold rings which had been taken from 5630 Roman\n knights slain in the battle. Had Annibal, immediately after the\n battle, marched his army to the gates of Rome, it must have yielded\n amidst the general consternation, if we believe the opinions of some\n writers; but his delay gave the enemy spirit and boldness, and when\n at last he approached the walls, he was informed that the piece of\n ground on which his army then stood was selling at a high price in\n the Roman forum. After hovering for some time round the city, he\n retired to Capua, where the Carthaginian soldiers soon forgot to\n conquer in the pleasures and riot of this luxurious city. From that\n circumstance it has been said, and with propriety, that Capua was\n a Cann\u00e6 to Annibal. After the battle of Cann\u00e6 the Romans became\n more cautious, and when the dictator Fabius Maximus had defied\n the artifice as well as the valour of Annibal, they began to look\n for better times. Marcellus, who succeeded Fabius in the field,\n first taught the Romans that Annibal was not invincible. After many\n important debates in the senate, it was decreed that war should be\n carried into Africa, to remove Annibal from the gates of Rome; and\n Scipio, who was the first proposer of the plan, was empowered to put\n it into execution. When Carthage saw the enemy on her coasts, she\n recalled Annibal from Italy; and that great general is said to have\n left, with tears in his eyes, a country which during 16 years he\n had kept under continual alarms, and which he could almost call his\n own. He and Scipio met near Carthage, and after a parley, in which\n neither would give the preference to his enemy, they determined\n to come to a general engagement. The battle was fought near Zama:\n Scipio made a great slaughter of the enemy, 20,000 were killed,\n and the same number made prisoners. Annibal, after he had lost the\n day, fled to Adrumetum. Soon after this decisive battle, the Romans\n granted peace to Carthage, on hard conditions; and afterwards\n Annibal, who was jealous and apprehensive of the Roman power, fled\n to Syria, to king Antiochus, whom he advised to make war against\n Rome, and lead an army into the heart of Italy. Antiochus distrusted\n the fidelity of Annibal, and was conquered by the Romans, who\n granted him peace on the condition of his delivering their mortal\n enemy into their hands. Annibal, who was apprised of this, left\n the court of Antiochus, and fled to Prusias king of Bithynia. He\n encouraged him to declare war against Rome, and even assisted him in\n weakening the power of Eumenes king of Pergamus, who was in alliance\n with the Romans. The senate received intelligence that Annibal was\n in Bithynia, and immediately sent ambassadors, amongst whom was\n Lucius Quintus Flaminius, to demand him of Prusias. The king was\n unwilling to betray Annibal and violate the laws of hospitality, but\n at the same time he dreaded the power of Rome. Annibal extricated\n him from his embarrassment, and when he heard that his house was\n besieged on every side, and all means of escape fruitless, he took\n a dose of poison, which he always carried with him in a ring on\n his finger; and as he breathed his last, he exclaimed, _Solvamus\n diuturn\u00e2 cur\u00e2 populum Romanum, quando mortem senis expectare longum\n censet_. He died in his 70th year, according to some, about 182\n years B.C. That year was famous for the death of the three greatest\n generals of the age, Annibal, Scipio, and Philop\u0153men. The death\n of so formidable a rival was the cause of great rejoicing in Rome;\n he had always been a professed enemy to the Roman name, and ever\n endeavoured to destroy its power. If he shone in the field, he also\n distinguished himself by his studies. He was taught Greek by Sosilus,\n a Laced\u00e6monian, and he even wrote some books in that language on\n different subjects. It is remarkable that the life of Annibal, whom\n the Romans wished so many times to destroy by perfidy, was never\n attempted by any of his soldiers or countrymen. He made himself as\n conspicuous in the government of the state as at the head of armies,\n and though his enemies reproached him with the rudeness of laughing\n in the Carthaginian senate, while every senator was bathed in tears\n for the misfortunes of the country, Annibal defended himself by\n saying that he, who had been bred all his life in a camp, ought to\n be dispensed with all the more polished feelings of a capital. He\n was so apprehensive for his safety, that when he was in Bithynia\n his house was fortified like a castle, and on every side there were\n secret doors which could give immediate escape if his life was ever\n attempted. When he quitted Italy, and embarked on board a vessel\n for Africa, he so strongly suspected the fidelity of his pilot, who\n told him that the lofty mountains which appeared at a distance was\n a promontory of Sicily, that he killed him on the spot; and when he\n was convinced of his fatal error, he gave a magnificent burial to\n the man whom he had so falsely murdered, and called the promontory\n by his name. The labours which he sustained, and the inclemency of\n the weather to which he exposed himself in crossing the Alps, so\n weakened one of his eyes, that he ever after lost the use of it.\n The Romans have celebrated the humanity of Annibal, who, after the\n battle of Cann\u00e6, sought the body of the fallen consul amidst the\n heaps of slain, and honoured it with a funeral becoming the dignity\n of Rome. He performed the same friendly offices to the remains of\n Marcellus and Tiberius Gracchus, who had fallen in battle. He often\n blamed the unsettled measures of his country; and when the enemy had\n thrown into his camp the head of his brother Asdrubal, who had been\n conquered as he came from Spain with a reinforcement into Italy,\n Annibal said that the Carthaginian arms would no longer meet with\n their usual success. Juvenal, in speaking of Annibal, observes that\n the ring which caused his death made a due atonement to the Romans\n for the many thousand rings which had been sent to Carthage from the\n battle of Cann\u00e6. Annibal, when in Spain, married a woman of Castulo.\n The Romans entertained such a high opinion of him as a commander,\n that Scipio, who conquered him, calls him the greatest general that\n ever lived, and gives the second rank to Pyrrhus the Epirot, and\n places himself the next to these in merit and abilities. It is plain\n that the failure of Annibal\u2019s expedition in Italy did not arise\n from his neglect, but from that of his countrymen, who gave him\n no assistance; far from imitating their enemies of Rome, who even\n raised in one year 18 legions to oppose the formidable Carthaginian.\n Livy has painted the character of Annibal like an enemy, and it is\n much to be lamented that this celebrated historian has withheld the\n tribute due to the merits and virtues of the greatest of generals.\n _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives of Distinguished Romans_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bks.\n 21, 22, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Flamininus_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Appian._\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bks. 2 & 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Polybius._\u2015\u2015_Diodorus._\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 159, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus._\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, stanza 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n son of the great Annibal, was sent by Himilco to Lilyb\u00e6eum,\n which was besieged by the Romans, to keep the Sicilians in\n their duty. _Polybius_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Carthaginian general, son of\n Asdrubal, commonly called of Rhodes, above 160 years before the\n birth of the great Annibal. _Justin_, bk. 19, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon_,\n _Hellenica_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Giscon and grandson of Amilcar, sent by the\n Carthaginians to the assistance of \u00c6gista, a town of Sicily. He was\n overpowered by Hermocrates, an exiled Syracusan. _Justin_, bks. 22\n & 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Carthaginian, surnamed Senior. He was conquered by the\n consul Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus in Sardinia, and hung on a cross\n by his countrymen for his ill success.\n\n=Annic\u0115ris=, an excellent charioteer of Cyrene, who exhibited his\n skill in driving a chariot before Plato and the academy. When the\n philosopher was wantonly sold by Dionysius, Anniceris ransomed\n his friend, and he showed further his respect for learning by\n establishing a sect at Cyrene, called after his name, which supported\n that all good consisted in pleasure. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Plato_ & _Aristotle_.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia\n Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 27.\n\n=Annius Scap\u016dla=, a Roman of great dignity, put to death for conspiring\n against Cassius. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 55.\n\n=Annon=, or =Hanno=, a Carthaginian general conquered in Spain by\n Scipio, and sent to Rome. He was son of Bomilcar whom Annibal sent\n privately over the Rhone to conquer the Gauls. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch.\n 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Carthaginian who taught birds to sing \u201cAnnon is a god,\u201d\n after which he restored them to their native liberty; but the birds\n lost with their slavery what they had been taught. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia\n Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Carthaginian who wrote, in the Punic\n language, the account of a voyage which he had made round Africa.\n This book was translated into Greek, and is still extant. _Vossius_,\n _Greek Historians_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, banished from Carthage for\n taming a lion for his own amusement, which was interpreted as if he\n wished to aspire to sovereign power. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015This\n name has been common to many Carthaginians who have signalized\n themselves among their countrymen during the Punic wars against Rome,\n and in their wars against the Sicilians. _Livy_, bks. 26, 27, &c.\n\n=Anop\u00e6a=, a mountain and road near the river Asopus. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 7, ch. 216.\n\n=Anser=, a Roman poet, whom Ovid, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 1, li. 425,\n calls bold and impertinent. Virgil and Propertius are said to have\n played upon his name with some degree of severity.\n\n=Ansibarii=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 55.\n\n=Ant\u00e6a=, the wife of Proteus, called also Stenob\u00e6a. _Homer_, _Iliad_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A goddess worshipped by the inhabitants of Antium.\n\n=Ant\u00e6as=, a king of Scythia, who said that the neighing of a horse was\n far preferable to the music of Ismenias, a famous musician who had\n been taken captive. _Plutarch._\n\n=Ant\u00e6us=, a giant of Libya, son of Terra and Neptune. He was so\n strong in wrestling, that he boasted that he would erect a temple\n to his father with the skulls of his conquered antagonists. Hercules\n attacked him, and as he received new strength from his mother as\n often as he touched the ground, the hero lifted him up in the air,\n and squeezed him to death in his arms. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 598.\u2015\u2015\n _Statius_, bk. 6, _Thebiad_, li. 893.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 88.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13,\n ltr. 44.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Turnus, killed by \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 10, li. 561.\n\n=Antag\u014fras=, a man of Cos. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Rhodian\n poet, much admired by Antigonus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\n One day as he was cooking some fish, the king asked him whether\n Homer ever dressed any meals when he was recording the actions of\n Agamemnon. \u201cAnd do you think,\u201d replied the poet, \u201cthat he \u1f61 \u03bb\u03b1\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c4\u2019\n \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03b5 (ever inquired whether any individual\n dressed fish in his army)?\u201d _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_\n & _Apophthegmata Laconica_.\n\n=Antalc\u012ddas=, of Sparta, son of Leon, was sent into Persia, where he\n made a peace with Artaxerxes very disadvantageous to his country,\n by which, B.C. 387, the Greek cities of Asia became tributary to the\n Persian monarch. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.\n\n=Antander=, a general of Messenia, against the Spartans. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 4, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. _Justin_,\n bk. 22, ch. 7.\n\n=Antandros=, now _St. Dimitri_, a city of Troas, inhabited by the\n Leleges, near which \u00c6neas built his fleet after the destruction\n of Troy. It has been called Edonis, Cimmeris, Assos, and Apollonia.\n There is a hill in its neighbourhood called Alexandria, where Paris\n sat, as some suppose, when the three rival goddesses appeared before\n him when contending for the prize of beauty. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 6.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.\n\n=Anterbrogius=, an ambassador to C\u00e6sar from the Rhemi a nation of Gaul.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Anteins Publius=, was appointed over Syria by Nero. He was accused of\n sedition and conspiracy, and drank poison, which, operating slowly,\n obliged him to open his veins. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, &c.\n\n=Antemn\u00e6=, a city of the Sabines between Rome and the Anio, whence the\n name (_ante amnem_). _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 631.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius\n of Halicarnassus._\n\n=Ant\u0113nor=, a Trojan prince related to Priam. It is said that, during\n the Trojan war, he always kept a secret correspondence with the\n Greeks, and chiefly with Menelaus and Ulysses. In the council of\n Priam, Homer introduces him as advising the Trojans to restore Helen\n and conclude the war. He advised Ulysses to carry away the Trojan\n palladium, and encouraged the Greeks to make the wooden horse which,\n at his persuasion, was brought into the city of Troy by a breach\n made in the walls. \u00c6neas has been accused of being a partner of\n his guilt, and the night that Troy was taken, they had a number\n of Greeks stationed at the doors of their houses to protect them\n from harm. After the destruction of his country, Antenor migrated\n into Italy near the Adriatic, where he built the town of Padua.\n His children were also concerned in the Trojan war, and displayed\n much valour against the Greeks. Their names were Polybius, Acamas,\n Agenor, and, according to others, Polydamas and Helicaon. _Livy_,\n bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1,\n li. 242.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, bk. 16, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 3, 7,\n 8, 11.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bk.\n 5.\u2015\u2015_Dares Phrygius_, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary.\n _Pausanias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Cretan, who wrote a history of his country.\n _\u00c6lian._\n\n=Antenor\u012ddes=, a patronymic given to the three sons of Antenor, all\n killed during the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 484.\n\n=Ant\u0115ros= (\u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9 \u1f10\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2, _against love_), a son of Mars and Venus. He was\n not, as the derivation of his name implies, a deity that presided\n over an opposition to love, but he was the god of mutual love and\n of mutual tenderness. Venus had complained to Themis that her son\n Cupid always continued a child, and was told that, if he had another\n brother, he would grow up in a short space of time. As soon as\n Anteros was born, Cupid felt his strength increase and his wings\n enlarge; but if ever his brother was at a distance from him, he\n found himself reduced to his ancient shape. From this circumstance\n it is seen, that return of passion gives vigour to love. Anteros had\n a temple at Athens raised to his honour, when Meles had experienced\n the coldness and disdain of Timagoras, whom he passionately esteemed,\n and for whom he had killed himself. _See:_ Meles. Cupid and Anteros\n are often represented striving to seize a palm tree from one another,\n to teach us that true love always endeavours to overcome by kindness\n and gratitude. They were always painted in the Greek academies, to\n inform the scholars that it is their immediate duty to be grateful\n to their teachers, and to reward their trouble with love and\n reverence. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 30; bk. 6, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian of Alexandria, in the\n age of the emperor Claudius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A freedman of Atticus. _Cicero_,\n _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 9, ltr. 14.\n\n=Anth\u0113a=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Messenia.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Tr\u0153zene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 30.\n\n=Antheas=, a son of Eumelus, killed in attempting to sow corn from the\n chariot of Triptolemus drawn by dragons. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.\n\n=Anth\u0113don=, a city of B\u0153otia, which received its name from the flowery\n plains that surround it, or from Anthedon, a certain nymph. Bacchus\n and Ceres had there temples. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10; bk. 9, ch.\n 22. It was formerly inhabited by Thracians. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 905.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A port of Peloponnesus.\n _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 9, li. 291.\n\n=Anth\u0113la=, a town near the Asopus, near which Ceres and Amphictyon had\n a temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 176.\n\n=Anth\u0115mis=, an island in the Mediterranean, the same as the Ionian\n Samos. _Strabo_, bk. 10.\n\n=Anthemon=, a Trojan. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4.\n\n=Anth\u0115mus=, a city of Macedonia at Therm\u00e6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Syria.\n _Strabo._\n\n=Anthemusia=, the same as Samos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Mesopotamia. _Strabo._\n\n=Anth\u0113ne=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 41.\n\n=Anthermus=, a Chian sculptor, son of Micciades and grandson to Malas.\n He and his brother Bupalus made a statue of the poet Hipponax,\n which caused universal laughter on account of the deformity of its\n countenance. The poet was so incensed upon this, and inveighed with\n so much bitterness against the statuaries, that they hung themselves,\n according to the opinion of some authors. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.\n\n=Anthes=, a native of Anthedon, who first invented hymns. _Plutarch_,\n _de Musica_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Neptune.\n\n=Anthesphoria=, festivals celebrated in Sicily in honour of Proserpine,\n who was carried away by Pluto as she was gathering flowers.\n _Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpin\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Festivals of the same name\n were also observed at Argos in honour of Juno, who was called\n Antheia. _Pausanias_, _Corinth_.\u2015\u2015_Pollux_, _Onomasticon_, bk. 1,\n ch. 1.\n\n=Anthesteria=, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. They\n were celebrated in the month of February, called Anthesterion,\n whence the name is derived, and continued three days. The first\n was called \u03a0\u03b9\u03b8\u03bf\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03bf\u1f30\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, because they _tapped_\n their _barrels_ of liquor. The second day was called \u03a7\u03bf\u03b5\u03c2, from the\n measure \u03c7\u03bf\u03b1, because every individual drank of his own vessel, in\n commemoration of the arrival of Orestes, who, after the murder of\n his mother, came, without being purified, to Demophoon or Pandion\n king of Athens, and was obliged, with all the Athenians, to drink\n by himself for fear of polluting the people by drinking with them\n before he was purified of the parricide. It was usual on that day\n to ride out in chariots, and ridicule those that passed by. The best\n drinker was rewarded with a crown of leaves, or rather of gold, and\n with a cask of wine. The third day was called \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 from \u03c7\u03c5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1,\n a vessel brought out full of all sorts of seeds and herbs, deemed\n sacred to Mercury, and therefore not touched. The slaves had the\n permission of being merry and free during these festivals; and at\n the end of the solemnity a herald proclaimed, \u0398\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b6\u03b5, \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03c2, \u03bf\u03c5\u03ba \u03b5\u03c4\u2019\n \u1f08\u03bd\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, _i.e._ Depart, ye Carian slaves, the festivals are at an\n end. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 41.\n\n=Anth\u0113us=, a son of Antenor, much esteemed by Paris.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n companions of \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 514.\n\n=Anth\u012ba=, a sister of Priam, seized by the Greeks. She compelled the\n people of Pallene to burn their ships, and build Scione. _Poly\u00e6nus_,\n bk. 7, ch. 47.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town. _See:_ Anthea.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Thespius,\n mistress to Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Anthias.= _See:_ Antheas.\n\n=Anthippe=, a daughter of Thestius.\n\n=Anthium=, a town of Thrace, afterwards called Apollonia. _Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Italy.\n\n=Anthius= (_flowery_), a name of Bacchus worshipped at Athens. He had\n also a statue at Patr\u00e6.\n\n=Antho=, a daughter of Amulius king of Alba.\n\n=Anth\u014dres=, a companion of Hercules, who followed Evander, and settled\n in Italy. He was killed in the war of Turnus against \u00c6neas. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 778.\n\n=Anthracia=, a nymph. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31.\n\n=Anthropinus=, =Tisarchus=, and =Diocles=, three persons who laid\n snares for Agathocles tyrant of Sicily. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\n\n=Anthropoph\u0103gi=, a people of Scythia that fed on human flesh. They\n lived near the country of the Massaget\u00e6. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12;\n bk. 6, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Anthylla=, a city of Egypt on the Canopic mouth of the Nile. It\n maintained the queens of the country in shoes, or, according\n to _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 1, in girdles. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 98.\n\n=Antia lex=, was made for the suppression of luxury at Rome. Its\n particulars are not known. The enactor was Antius Restio, who\n afterwards never supped abroad for fear of being himself a witness\n of the profusion and extravagance which his law meant to destroy,\n but without effect. _Macrobius_, bk. 3, ch. 17.\n\n=Antian\u012bra=, the mother of Echion.\n\n=Antias=, the goddess of fortune, chiefly worshipped at Antium.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n poet. _See:_ Furius.\n\n=Anticl\u0113a=, a daughter of Autolycus and Amphithea. Her father, who\n was a famous robber, permitted Sisyphus son of \u00c6olus to enjoy the\n favours of his daughter, and Anticlea was really pregnant of Ulysses\n when she married Laertes king of Ithaca. Laertes was nevertheless\n the reputed father of Ulysses. Ulysses is reproached by Ajax in\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, as being the son of Sisyphus. It is said\n that Anticlea killed herself when she heard a false report of her\n son\u2019s death. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 11, 19.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 201,\n 243.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman who had Periphetes by\n Vulcan. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Diocles, who married\n Machaon the son of \u00c6sculapius, by whom she had Nicomachus and\n Gorgasus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.\n\n=Ant\u012dcles=, an Athenian archon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who conspired against\n Alexander with Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian\n victor at Olympia.\n\n=Anticl\u012bdes=, a Greek historian, whose works are now lost. They are\n often quoted by _Athen\u00e6us_ & _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\n\n=Anticr\u0103gus=, a mountain of Lycia, opposite mount Cragus. _Strabo_,\n bk. 4.\n\n=Anticr\u0103tes=, a Spartan who stabbed Epaminondas, the Theban general,\n at the battle of Mantinea. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.\n\n=Anticy\u0306ra=, two towns of Greece, the one in Phocis and the other near\n mount Oeta, both famous for the hellebore which they produced. This\n plant was of infinite service to cure diseases, and particularly\n insanity; hence the proverb _Naviget Anticyram_. The Anticyra of\n Phocis was anciently called Cyparissa. It had a temple of Neptune,\n who was represented holding a trident in one hand and resting the\n other on his side, with one of his feet on a dolphin. Some writers,\n especially Horace (_Art of Poetry_, li. 300), speak of three islands\n of this name, but this seems to be a mistake. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 36.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 166; _Art of Poetry_, li.\n 300.\u2015\u2015_Persius_, bk. 4, li. 16.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 3, li. 53.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mistress of\n Demetrius. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.\n\n=Antid\u014fmus=, a warlike soldier of king Philip at the siege of\n Perinthus.\n\n=Antid\u014ftus=, an excellent painter, pupil of Euphranor. _Pliny_, bk. 35,\n ch. 11.\n\n=Antig\u0115nes=, one of Alexander\u2019s generals, publicly rewarded for his\n valour. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 14.\n\n=Antigen\u012ddas=, a famous musician of Thebes, disciple to Philoxenus.\n He taught his pupil Ismenias to despise the judgment of the populace.\n _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 97.\n\n=Antig\u014fna=, daughter of Berenice, was wife to king Pyrrhus. _Plutarch_,\n _Pyrrhus_.\n\n=Antig\u014fne=, a daughter of \u0152dipus king of Thebes by his mother Jocasta.\n She buried by night her brother Polynices, against the positive\n orders of Creon, who, when he heard of it, ordered her to be buried\n alive. She, however, killed herself before the sentence was executed;\n and H\u00e6mon the king\u2019s son, who was passionately fond of her, and had\n not been able to obtain her pardon, killed himself on her grave.\n The death of Antigone is the subject of one of the tragedies of\n Sophocles. The Athenians were so pleased with it at the first\n representation, that they presented the author with the government\n of Samos. This tragedy was represented 32 times at Athens without\n interruption. _Sophocles_, _Antigone_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 67, 72,\n 243, 254.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3,\n poem 3.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, bk. 2, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk.\n 12, li. 350.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Eurytion king of Phthia in Thessaly.\n _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Laomedon. She was the sister of\n Priam, and was changed into a stork for comparing herself to Juno.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 93.\n\n=Antig\u014fnia=, an inland town of Epirus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One\n of Macedonia, founded by Antigonus son of Gonatas. _Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One in Syria, on the borders of the Orontes. _Strabo_,\n bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Bithynia, called also Nic\u00e6a. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Arcadia, anciently called Mantinea. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Troas in Asia Minor. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n\n=Antig\u014fnus=, one of Alexander\u2019s generals, universally supposed to be\n the illegitimate son of Philip, Alexander\u2019s father. In the division\n of the provinces after the king\u2019s death, he received Pamphylia,\n Lycia, and Phrygia. He united with Antipater and Ptolemy, to destroy\n Perdiccas and Eumenes; and after the death of Perdiccas he made\n continual war against Eumenes, whom, after three years of various\n fortune, he took prisoner, and ordered to be starved. He afterwards\n declared war against Cassander, whom he conquered, and had several\n engagements by his generals with Lysimachus. He obliged Seleucus\n to retire from Syria, and fly for refuge and safety to Egypt.\n Ptolemy, who had established himself in Egypt, promised to defend\n Seleucus, and from that time all friendship ceased between Ptolemy\n and Antigonus, and a new war was begun, in which Demetrius the son\n of Antigonus conquered the fleet of Ptolemy, near the island of\n Cyprus, and took 16,000 men prisoners, and sunk 200 ships. After\n this famous naval battle, which happened 26 years after Alexander\u2019s\n death, Antigonus and his son assumed the title of kings, and their\n example was followed by all the rest of Alexander\u2019s generals. The\n power of Antigonus was now become so formidable, that Ptolemy,\n Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus combined together to destroy him;\n yet Antigonus despised them, saying that he would disperse them as\n birds. He attempted to enter Egypt in vain, though he gained several\n victories over his opponents, and he at last received so many wounds\n in a battle that he could not survive them, and died in the 80th\n year of his age, 301 B.C. During his life, he was master of all\n Asia Minor, as far as Syria; but after his death, his son Demetrius\n lost Asia, and established himself in Macedonia after the death\n of Cassander, and some time after attempted to recover his former\n possessions, but died in captivity in the court of his son-in-law\n Seleucus. Antigonus was concerned in the different intrigues of\n the Greeks. He made a treaty of alliance with the \u00c6tolians, and\n was highly respected by the Athenians, to whom he showed himself\n very liberal and indulgent. Antigonus discharged some of his\n officers because they spent their time in taverns, and he gave\n their commissions to common soldiers who performed their duty with\n punctuality. A certain poet called him divine; but the king despised\n his flattery, and bade him go and inquire of his servants whether\n he was really what he supposed him. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 17, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bks. 13,\n 14, & 15.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_,\n _Eumenes_, & _Aratus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Gonatas, son of Demetrius and grandson\n to Antigonus, was king of Macedonia. He restored the Armenians to\n liberty, conquered the Gauls, and at last was expelled by Pyrrhus,\n who seized his kingdom. After the death of Pyrrhus, he recovered\n Macedonia, and died after a reign of 34 years, leaving his son\n Demetrius to succeed, B. C. 243. _Justin_, bks. 21 & 25.\u2015\u2015_Polybius._\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The guardian of his nephew Philip,\n the son of Demetrius, who married the widow of Demetrius and usurped\n the kingdom. He was called _Doson_, from his promising much and\n giving nothing. He conquered Cleomenes king of Sparta, and obliged\n him to retire into Egypt, because he favoured the \u00c6tolians against\n the Greeks. He died, B.C. 221, after a reign of 11 years, leaving\n his crown to the lawful possessor, Philip, who distinguished himself\n by his cruelties, and the war which he made against the Romans.\n _Justin_, bks. 28 & 29.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Aristobulus king of Jud\u00e6a, who obtained an army from\n the king of Parthia, by promising him 1000 talents and 500 women.\n With these foreign troops he attacked his country, and cut the\n ears of Hyrcanus to make him unfit for the priesthood. Herod, with\n the aid of the Romans, took him prisoner, and he was put to death\n by Antony. _Josephus_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_ &\n _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Carystius, an historian in the age of\n Philadelphus, who wrote the lives of some of the ancient philosophers.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer on agriculture.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n statuary, who wrote on his profession.\n\n=Antilco=, a tyrant of Chalcis. After his death, oligarchy prevailed\n in that city. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_.\n\n=Antilib\u0103nus=, a mountain of Syria opposite mount Libanus; near which\n the Orontes flows. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.\n\n=Antil\u014fchus=, a king of Messenia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The eldest son of Nestor by\n Eurydice. He went to the Trojan war with his father, and was killed\n by Memnon the son of Aurora. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Heroides_, says he was killed by Hector.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet who wrote a\n panegyric upon Lysander, and received a hat filled with silver.\n _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian commended by _Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_.\n\n=Antim\u0103chus=, a lascivious person.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek poet\n and musician of Ionia in the age of Socrates. He wrote a treatise\n on the age and genealogy of Homer, and proved him to be a native\n of Colophon. He repeated one of his compositions before a large\n audience, but his diction was so obscure and unintelligible that all\n retired except Plato; on which he said, _Legam nihilominus, Plato\n enim mihi est unus instar omnium_. He was reckoned the next to Homer\n in excellence, and the emperor Adrian was so fond of his poetry\n that he preferred him to Homer. He wrote a poem upon the Theban war;\n and before he had brought his heroes to the city of Thebes, he had\n filled 24 volumes. He was surnamed _Clarius_ from Claros, a mountain\n near Colophon, where he was born. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015\n _Plutarch_, _Lysander_ & _Timoleon_.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34,\n li. 45.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another poet of the same\n name, surnamed _Psecas_, because he praised himself. _Suidas._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Trojan whom Paris bribed to oppose the restoring of Helen to Menelaus\n and Ulysses, who had come as ambassadors to recover her. His sons,\n Hippolochus and Pisander, were killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 11, li. 123; bk. 23, li. 188.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hercules by a daughter\n of Thestius. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Heliopolis,\n who wrote a poem on the creation of the world, in 3780 verses.\n\n=Antim\u0115nes=, a son of Deiphon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 28.\n\n=Antinoe=, one of the daughters of Pelias, whose wishes to restore her\n father to youthful vigour proved so fatal. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\n _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11.\n\n=Antinoeia=, annual sacrifices and quinquennial games in honour\n of Antinous, instituted by the emperor Adrian at Mantinea, where\n Antinous was worshipped as a divinity.\n\n=Antinop\u014flis=, a town of Egypt, built in honour of Antinous.\n\n=Antinous=, a youth of Bithynia, of whom the emperor Adrian was\n so extremely fond, that at his death he erected a temple to him,\n and wished it to be believed that he had been changed into a\n constellation. Some writers suppose that Antinous was drowned in the\n Nile, while others maintain that he offered himself at a sacrifice\n as a victim, in honour of the emperor.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Ithaca, son of\n Eupeithes, and one of Penelope\u2019s suitors. He was brutal and cruel in\n his manners; and excited his companions to destroy Telemachus, whose\n advice comforted his mother Penelope. When Ulysses returned home he\n came to the palace in a beggar\u2019s dress, and begged for bread, which\n Antinous refused, and even struck him. After Ulysses had discovered\n himself to Telemachus and Eum\u00e6us, he attacked the suitors, who were\n ignorant who he was, and killed Antinous among the first. _Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bks. 1, 16, 17, & 22.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 7.\n\n=Anti\u014fchia=, the name of a Syrian province. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 14.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Syria, once the third city of the world for beauty,\n greatness, and population. It was built by Antiochus and Seleucus\n Nicanor, partly on a hill and partly in a plain. It has the river\n Orontes in its neighbourhood, with a celebrated grove called Daphne;\n whence, for the sake of distinction, it has been called Antiochia\n near Daphne. _Dionysius Periegeta._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city called also Nisibis,\n in Mesopotamia, built by Seleucus son of Antiochus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The capital\n of Pisidia, 92 miles at the east of Ephesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city on mount\n Cragus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another near the river Tigris, 25 leagues from Seleucia\n on the west.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Margiana, called Alexandria and Seleucia.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another near mount Taurus, on the confines of Syria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another\n of Caria, on the river Meander.\n\n=Anti\u014fchis=, the name of the mother of Antiochus the son of Seleucus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribe of Athens.\n\n=Anti\u014fchus=, surnamed _Soter_, was son of Seleucus, and king of Syria\n in Asia. He made a treaty of alliance with Ptolemy Philadelphus\n king of Egypt. He fell into a lingering disease, which none of his\n father\u2019s physicians could cure for some time, till it was discovered\n that his pulse was more irregular than usual when Stratonice his\n stepmother entered his room, and that love for her was the cause\n of his illness. This was told to the father, who willingly gave\n Stratonice to his son, that his immoderate love might not cause\n his death. He died 291 B.C., after a reign of 19 years. _Justin_,\n bk. 17, ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Appian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second of that name, surnamed _Theos_ (_God_)\n by the Milesians, because he put to death their tyrant Timarchus,\n was son and successor to Antiochus Soter. He put an end to the war\n which had been begun with Ptolemy; and, to strengthen the peace,\n he married Berenice, the daughter of the \u00c6gyptian king. This so\n offended his former wife Laodice, by whom he had two sons, that she\n poisoned him, and suborned Artemon, whose features were similar to\n his, to represent him as king. Artemon, subservient to her will,\n pretended to be indisposed, and as king, called all the ministers,\n and recommended to them Seleucus, surnamed Callinicus, son of\n Laodice, as his successor. After this ridiculous imposture, it was\n made public that the king had died a natural death, and Laodice\n placed her son on the throne, and despatched Berenice and her son,\n 246 years before the christian era. _Appian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The third of that\n name, surnamed the _Great_, brother to Seleucus Ceraunus, was king\n of Syria and Asia, and reigned 36 years. He was defeated by Ptolemy\n Philopater at Rapeia, after which he made war against Persia, and\n took Sardes. After the death of Philopater, he endeavoured to crush\n his infant son Epiphanes: but his guardians solicited the aid of\n the Romans, and Antiochus was compelled to resign his pretensions.\n He conquered the greatest part of Greece, of which some cities\n implored the aid of Rome; and Annibal, who had taken refuge at his\n court, encouraged him to make war against Italy. He was glad to\n find himself supported by the abilities of such a general; but his\n measures were dilatory, and not agreeable to the advice of Annibal,\n and he was conquered and obliged to retire beyond mount Taurus, and\n pay a yearly fine of 2000 talents to the Romans. His revenues being\n unable to pay the fine, he attempted to plunder the temple of Belus\n in Susiana, which so incensed the inhabitants, that they killed\n him with his followers, 187 years before the christian era. In his\n character of king, Antiochus was humane and liberal, the patron\n of learning, and the friend of merit; and he published an edict,\n ordering his subjects never to obey except his commands were\n consistent with the laws of the country. He had three sons, Seleucus\n Philopater, Antiochus Epiphanes, and Demetrius. The first succeeded\n him, and the two others were kept as hostages by the Romans.\n _Justin_, bks. 31 & 32.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 59.\n \u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The fourth\n Antiochus, surnamed _Epiphanes_ or _Illustrious_, was king of Syria,\n after the death of his brother Seleucus, and reigned 11 years. He\n destroyed Jerusalem, and was so cruel to the Jews, that they called\n him _Epimanes_, or _Furious_, and not _Epiphanes_. He attempted to\n plunder Persepolis without effect. He was of a voracious appetite,\n and fond of childish diversions; he used for his pleasure to empty\n bags of money into the streets, to see the people\u2019s eagerness to\n gather it; he bathed in the public baths with the populace, and was\n fond of perfuming himself to excess. He invited all the Greeks he\n could at Antioch, and waited upon them as a servant, and danced with\n such indecency among the stage players, that even the most dissipate\n and shameless blushed at the sight. _Polybius._\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 34,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The fifth, surnamed _Eupator_, succeeded his father\n Epiphanes on the throne of Syria, 164 B.C. He made a peace with\n the Jews, and in the second year of his reign was assassinated\n by his uncle Demetrius, who said that the crown was lawfully his\n own, and that it had been seized from his father. _Justin_, bk. 34.\n \u2015\u2015_Josephus_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The sixth king of Syria was surnamed\n _Entheus_ or _Noble_. His father, Alexander Bala, entrusted him\n to the care of Malcus, an Arabian; and he received the crown from\n Tryphon, in opposition to his brother Demetrius, whom the people\n hated. Before he had been a year on the throne, Tryphon murdered\n him, 143 B.C., and reigned in his place for three years. _Josephus_,\n bk. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The seventh, called _Sidetes_, reigned nine years. In\n the beginning of his reign he was afraid of Tryphon, and concealed\n himself, but he soon obtained the means of destroying his enemy. He\n made war against Phraates king of Parthia, and he fell in the battle\n which was soon after fought, about 130 years before the christian\n era. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n eighth, surnamed _Grypus_, from his _aquiline_ nose, was son of\n Demetrius Nicanor by Cleopatra. His brother Seleucus was destroyed\n by Cleopatra, and he himself would have shared the same fate, had he\n not discovered his mother\u2019s artifice, and compelled her to drink the\n poison which was prepared for himself. He killed Alexander Zebina,\n whom Ptolemy had set to oppose him on the throne of Syria, and\n was at last assassinated, B.C. 112, after a reign of 11 years.\n _Justin_, bk. 39, &c.\u2015\u2015_Josephus._\u2015\u2015_Appian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The ninth, surnamed\n _Cyzenicus_, from the city of Cyzicus, where he received his\n education, was son of Antiochus Sidetes by Cleopatra. He disputed\n the kingdom with his brother Grypus, who ceded to him C\u0153losyria,\n part of his patrimony, He was at last conquered by his nephew\n Seleucus near Antioch, and rather than to continue longer in his\n hands, he killed himself, B.C. 93. While a private man, he seemed\n worthy to reign; but when on the throne, he was dissolute and\n tyrannical. He was fond of mechanics, and invented some useful\n military engines. _Appian._\u2015\u2015_Josephus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The tenth was ironically\n surnamed _Pius_, because he married Selena, the wife of his father\n and of his uncle. He was the son of Antiochus IX., and he expelled\n Seleucus the son of Grypus from Syria, and was killed in a battle\n which he fought against the Parthians, in the cause of the Galatians.\n _Josephus._\u2015\u2015_Appian._ After his death the kingdom of Syria was\n torn to pieces by the faction of the royal family, or usurpers,\n who, under a good or false title, under the name of Antiochus or his\n relations, established themselves for a little time as sovereigns\n either of Syria, or Damascus, or other dependent provinces. At\n last Antiochus, surnamed _Asiaticus_, the son of Antiochus IX.,\n was restored to his paternal throne by the influence of Lucullus\n the Roman general, on the expulsion of Tigranes king of Armenia\n from the Syrian dominions; but four years after, Pompey deposed him,\n and observed, that he who had hid himself while a usurper sat upon\n his throne, ought not to be a king. From that time, B.C. 65, Syria\n became a Roman province, and the race of Antiochus was extinguished.\n _Justin_, bk. 40.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of Ascalon, famous for his\n writings, and the respect with which he was treated by his pupils,\n Lucullus, Cicero, and Brutus.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n historian of Syracuse, son of Xenophanes, who wrote, besides other\n works, a history of Sicily, in nine books, in which he began at\n the age of king Cocalus. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rich\n king, tributary to the Romans in the age of Vespasian. _Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 81.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist who refused to take upon\n himself the government of a state, on account of the vehemence of\n his passions.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king conquered by Antony, &c. _C\u00e6sar_, bk. 3,\n _Civil War_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n commander of the Athenian fleet, under Alcibiades, conquered by\n Lysander. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer of Alexandria, who\n published a treatise on comic poets. _Athen\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sceptic of\n Laodicea. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Pyrrhus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A learned sophist.\n _Philostratus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to\n Atticus_, bk. 3, ltr. 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A hair-dresser mentioned by _Martial_,\n bk. 11, ltr. 85.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hercules by Medea. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A stage player. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 98.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sculptor,\n said to have made the famous statue of Pallas, preserved in the\n Ludovisi gardens at Rome.\n\n=Anti\u014fpe=, a daughter of Nycteus king of Thebes by Polyxo, was beloved\n by Jupiter, who, to deceive her, changed himself into a satyr.\n She became pregnant, and, to avoid the resentment of her father,\n she fled to mount Cith\u00e6ron, where she brought forth twins, Amphion\n and Zethus. She exposed them, to prevent discovery, but they were\n preserved. After this she fled to Epopeus king of Sicyon, who\n married her. Some say that Epopeus carried her away, for which\n action Nycteus made war against him, and at his death left his crown\n to his brother Lycus, entreating him to continue the war, and punish\n the ravisher of his daughter. Lycus obeyed his injunctions, killed\n Epopeus, and recovered Antiope, whom he loved and married, though\n his niece. His first wife, Dirce, was jealous of his new connection;\n she prevailed upon her husband, and Antiope was delivered into her\n hands, and confined in a prison, where she was daily tormented.\n Antiope, after many years\u2019 imprisonment, obtained means to escape,\n and went after her sons, who undertook to avenge her wrongs upon\n Lycus and his wife Dirce. They took Thebes, put the king to death,\n and tied Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her till\n she died. Bacchus changed her into a fountain, and deprived Antiope\n of the use of her senses. In this forlorn situation she wandered all\n over Greece, and at last found relief from Phocus son of Ornytion,\n who cured her of her disorder, and married her. Hyginus, fable 7,\n says that Antiope was divorced by Lycus, because she had been\n ravished by Epopeus, whom he calls Epaphus, and that after her\n repudiation she became pregnant by Jupiter. Meanwhile Lycus married\n Dirce, who suspected that her husband still kept the company of\n Antiope, upon which she imprisoned her. Antiope, however, escaped\n from her confinement, and brought forth on mount Cith\u00e6ron. Some\n authors have called her daughter of Asopus, because she was born on\n the banks of that river. The _Scholiast_ on _Apollonius_, bk. 1,\n li. 735, maintains that there were two persons of the name, one the\n daughter of Nycteus, and the other of Asopus and mother of Amphion\n and Zethus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, bk. 6,\n _Metamorphoses_, li. 110.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_,\n bk. 3, poem 15.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 259.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fables 7, 8, & 155.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Thespius or Thestius, mother of\n Alopius by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n Mars, queen of the Amazons, taken prisoner by Hercules, and given in\n marriage to Theseus. She is also called Hippolyte. _See:_ Hippolyte.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of \u00c6olus, mother of B\u0153otus and Hellen by Neptune.\n _Hyginus_, fable 157.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Pilon, who married Eurytus.\n _Hippolyte_, fable 14.\n\n=Anti\u014drus=, a son of Lycurgus. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.\n\n=Antip\u0103ros=, a small island in the \u00c6gean sea, opposite Paros, from\n which it is about six miles distant.\n\n=Antip\u0103ter=, son of Iolaus, was soldier under king Philip, and raised\n to the rank of a general under Alexander the Great. When Alexander\n went to invade Asia, he left Antipater supreme governor of Macedonia,\n and of all Greece. Antipater exerted himself in the cause of his\n king; he made war against Sparta, and was soon after called into\n Persia with a reinforcement by Alexander. He has been suspected\n of giving poison to Alexander, to raise himself to power. After\n Alexander\u2019s death his generals divided the empire among themselves,\n and Macedonia was allotted to Antipater. The wars which Greece, and\n chiefly Athens, meditated under Alexander\u2019s life, now burst forth\n with uncommon fury as soon as the news of his death was received.\n The Athenians levied an army of 30,000 men, and equipped 200 ships\n against Antipater, who was master of Macedonia. Their expedition was\n attended with much success; Antipater was routed in Thessaly, and\n even besieged in the town of Lamia. But when Leosthenes the Athenian\n general was mortally wounded under the walls of Lamia, the fortune\n of the war was changed. Antipater obliged the enemy to raise the\n siege, and soon after received a reinforcement from Craterus, from\n Asia, with which he conquered the Athenians at Cranon in Thessaly.\n After this defeat Antipater and Craterus marched into B\u0153otia, and\n conquered the \u00c6tolians, and granted peace to the Athenians, on the\n conditions which Leosthenes had proposed to Antipater when besieged\n in Lamia, _i.e._ that he should be absolute master over them.\n Besides this, he demanded from their ambassadors, Demades, Phocion,\n and Xenocrates, that they should deliver into his hands the orators\n Demosthenes and Hyperides, whose eloquence had inflamed the minds\n of their countrymen, and had been the primary causes of the war.\n The conditions were accepted, a Macedonian garrison was stationed\n in Athens, but the inhabitants still were permitted the free use\n of their laws and privileges. Antipater and Craterus were the first\n who made hostile preparations against Perdiccas; and during that\n time Polyperchon was appointed over Macedonia. Polyperchon defeated\n the \u00c6tolians, who made an invasion upon Macedonia. Antipater gave\n assistance to Eumenes in Asia against Antigonus, according to\n _Justin_, bk. 14, ch. 2. At his death, B.C. 319, Antipater appointed\n Polyperchon master of all his possessions; and as he was the oldest\n of all the generals and successors of Alexander, he recommended that\n he might be the supreme ruler in their councils, that everything\n might be done according to his judgment. As for his son Cassander,\n he left him in a subordinate station under Polyperchon. But\n Cassander was of too aspiring a disposition tamely to obey his\n father\u2019s injunctions. He recovered Macedonia, and made himself\n absolute. _Curtius_, bks. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, & 10.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bks. 11,\n 12, 13, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bks. 17, 18, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Phocion_ & _Eumenes_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Eumenes_, _Alexander_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Cassander king of Macedonia, and son-in-law of Lysimachus.\n He killed his mother, because she wished his brother Alexander to\n succeed to the throne. Alexander, to revenge the death of his mother,\n solicited the assistance of Demetrius; but peace was re-established\n between the two brothers by the advice of Lysimachus, and soon after\n Demetrius killed Antipater, and made himself king of Macedonia, 294\n B.C. _Justin_, bk. 26, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Macedonia, who reigned\n only 45 days, 277 B.C.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Cilicia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A powerful prince,\n father to Herod. He was appointed governor of Jud\u00e6a by C\u00e6sar, whom\n he had assisted in the Alexandrine war. _Josephus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian\n archon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Alexander\u2019s soldiers, who conspired against\n his life with Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated\n sophist of Hieropolis, preceptor to the children of the emperor\n Severus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Stoic philosopher of Tarsus, 144 years B.C.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet\n of Sidon, who could compose a number of verses extempore, upon any\n subject. He ranked Sappho among the Muses, in one of his epigrams.\n He had a fever every year on the day of his birth, of which at last\n he died. He flourished about 80 years B.C. Some of his epigrams\n are preserved in the Anthologia. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 51.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3; _de\n Officiis_, bk. 3; _De Qu\u00e6stiones Academic\u00e6_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher\n of Ph\u0153nicia, preceptor to Cato of Utica. _Plutarch_, _Cato_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Stoic philosopher, disciple of Diogenes of Babylon. He wrote two\n books on divination, and died at Athens. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_,\n bk. 1, ch. 3; _Qu\u00e6stiones Academic\u00e6_, bk. 4, ch. 6; _de Officiis_,\n bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote two books of\n letters.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of Thessalonica, in the age of Augustus.\n\n=Antipatria=, a city of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27.\n\n=Antipatr\u012ddas=, a governor of Telmessus. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Antip\u0103tris=, a city of Palestine.\n\n=Antiph\u0103nes=, an ingenious statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,\n ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic poet of Rhodes, or rather of Smyrna, who wrote\n above 90 comedies, and died in the 74th year of his age, by the fall\n of an apple upon his head.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician of Delos, who used to say\n that diseases originated from the variety of food that was eaten.\n _Clement of Alexandria._\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us._\n\n=Antiph\u0103tes=, a king of the L\u00e6strygones, descended from Lamus, who\n founded Formi\u00e6. Ulysses returning from Troy, came upon his coasts,\n and sent three men to examine the country. Antiphates devoured one\n of them, and pursued the others, and sunk the fleet of Ulysses with\n stones, except the ship in which Ulysses was. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 14, li. 232.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Sarpedon. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 696.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The grandfather of Amphiaraus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n man killed in the Trojan war by Leonteus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12,\n li. 191.\n\n=Antiph\u012dli Portus=, a harbour on the African side of the Red sea.\n _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Antiph\u012dlus=, an Athenian who succeeded Leosthenes at the siege of\n Lamia against Antipater. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A noble painter who\n represented a youth leaning over a fire and blowing it, from which\n the whole house seemed to be illuminated. He was an Egyptian by\n birth; he imitated Apelles, and was disciple to Ctesidemus. _Pliny_,\n bk. 35, ch. 10.\n\n=Ant\u012dphon=, a poet.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Rhamnusia, called Nestor, from his\n eloquence and prudence. The 16 orations that are extant under his\n name, are supposititious.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator who promised Philip king of\n Macedonia that he would set on fire the citadel of Athens, for which\n he was put to death, at the instigation of Demosthenes. _Cicero_,\n _de Divinatione_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_ & _Demosthenes_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet who wrote on agriculture. _Athen\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An author who\n wrote a treatise on peacocks.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rich man introduced by Xenophon\n as disputing with Socrates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian who interpreted dreams,\n and wrote a history of his art. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bks.\n 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A foolish rhetorician.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of Attica, who wrote\n tragedies, epic poems, and orations. Dionysius put him to death\n because he refused to praise his compositions. Being once asked by\n the tyrant what brass was the best, he answered, \u201cThat with which\n the statues of Harmodius and Aristogiton are made.\u201d _Plutarch._\n \u2015\u2015_Aristotle._\n\n=Antiph\u014fnus=, a son of Priam, who went with his father to the tent of\n Achilles to redeem Hector. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.\n\n=Ant\u012dphus=, a son of Priam, killed by Agamemnon during the Trojan war.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Thessalus, grandson to Hercules. He went to the Trojan\n war in 30 ships. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 185.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An intimate\n friend of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of\n Ctimenus, was son of Ganyctor the Naupactian. These two brothers\n murdered the poet Hesiod, on the false suspicion that he had offered\n violence to their sister, and threw his body into the sea. The\n poet\u2019s dog discovered them, and they were seized and convicted of\n the murder. _Plutarch_, _de Sollertia Animalium_.\n\n=Antip\u0153nus=, a noble Theban, whose daughters sacrificed themselves for\n the public safety. _See:_ Androclea.\n\n=Antip\u014flis=, a city of Gaul, built by the people of Marseilles.\n _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\n\n=Antirrhium=, a promontory of \u00c6tolia, opposite Rhium in Peloponnesus,\n whence the name.\n\n=Antissa=, a city at the north of Lesbos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island near it. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 287.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 89.\n\n=Antisth\u0115nes=, a philosopher, born of an Athenian father and of a\n Phrygian mother. He taught rhetoric, and had among his pupils the\n famous Diogenes; but when he had heard Socrates, he shut up his\n school, and told his pupils, \u201cGo seek for yourselves a master; I\n have now found one.\u201d He was at the head of the sect of the Cynic\n philosophers. One of his pupils asked him what philosophy had taught\n him. \u201cTo live with myself,\u201d said he. He sold his all, and preserved\n only a very ragged coat, which drew the attention of Socrates, and\n tempted him to say to the Cynic, who carried his contempt of dress\n too far, \u201cAntisthenes, I see thy vanity through the holes of thy\n coat.\u201d Antisthenes taught the unity of God, but he recommended\n suicide. Some of his letters are extant. His doctrines of austerity\n were followed as long as he was himself an example of the cynical\n character, but after his death they were all forgotten. Antisthenes\n flourished 396 years B.C. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 35.\n \u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A disciple\n of Heraclitus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Rhodes. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Antistius Labeo=, an excellent lawyer at Rome, who defended the\n liberties of his country against Augustus, for which he is taxed\n with madness by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 82.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_,\n _Augustus_, ch. 54.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Petro of Gabii, was the author of a\n celebrated treaty between Rome and his country, in the age of\n Tarquin the Proud. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius\n Reginus, a lieutenant of C\u00e6sar in Gaul. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gaul War_, bks.\n 6 & 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A soldier of Pompey\u2019s army, so confident of his valour,\n that he challenged all the adherents of C\u00e6sar. _Hirtius_, ch. 25,\n _Spanish War_.\n\n=Antitaurus=, one of the branches of mount Taurus, which runs in a\n north-east direction through Cappadocia towards Armenia and the\n Euphrates.\n\n=Antitheus=, an Athenian archon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.\n\n=Antium=, a maritime town of Italy, built by Ascanius, or, according\n to others, by a son of Ulysses and Circe, upon a promontory 32\n miles east from Ostium. It was the capital of the Volsci, who made\n war against the Romans for above 200 years. Camillus took it, and\n carried all the beaks of their ships to Rome, and placed them in the\n Forum on a tribunal, which from thence was called _Rostrum_. This\n town was dedicated to the goddess of Fortune, whose statues, when\n consulted, gave oracles by a nodding of the head, or other different\n signs. Nero was born there. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 35.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 14.\n\n=Antom\u0115nes=, the last king of _Corinth_. After his death, magistrates\n with regal authority were chosen annually.\n\n=Ant\u014dnia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Antony the consul, A.U.C. 710.\n It abrogated the _lex Atia_, and renewed the _lex Cornelia_, by\n taking away from the people the privilege of choosing priests,\n and restoring it to the college of priests, to which it originally\n belonged. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 44.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another by the same, A.U.C. 703.\n It ordained that a new decury of judges should be added to the two\n former, and that they should be chosen from the centurions. _Cicero_,\n _Philippics_, speeches 1 & 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another by the same. It allowed an\n appeal to the people, to those who were condemned _de majestate_,\n or of perfidious measures against the state.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another by the same,\n during his triumvirate. It made it a capital offence to propose ever\n after the election of a dictator, and for any person to accept of\n the office. _Appian_, _Civil Wars_, bk. 3.\n\n=Ant\u014dnia=, a daughter of Marcus Antony by Octavia. She married\n Domitius \u00c6nobarbus, and was mother of Nero and of two daughters.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sister of Germanicus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Claudius and \u00c6lia\n Petina. She was of the family of the Tuberos, and was repudiated for\n her levity. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk.\n 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Drusus, the son of Livia and brother to Tiberius.\n She became mother of three children, Germanicus, Caligula\u2019s father,\n Claudius the emperor, and the debauched Livia. Her husband died very\n early, and she never would marry again, but spent her time in the\n education of her children. Some people suppose that her grandson\n Caligula ordered her to be poisoned, A.D. 38. _Valerius Maximus_,\n bk. 4, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A castle of Jerusalem, which received this name in\n honour of Marcus Antony.\n\n=Ant\u014dnii=, a patrician and plebeian family, which were said to\n derive their origin from Antones, a son of Hercules, as _Plutarch_,\n _Antonius_ informs us.\n\n=Anton\u012bna=, the wife of Belisarius, &c.\n\n=Anton\u012bnus Titus=, surnamed _Pius_, was adopted by the emperor Adrian,\n to whom he succeeded. This prince is remarkable for all the virtues\n that can form a perfect statesman, philosopher, and king. He rebuilt\n whatever cities had been destroyed by wars in former reigns. In\n cases of famines or inundation, he relieved the distressed, and\n supplied their wants with his own money. He suffered the governors\n of the provinces to remain long in the administration, that no\n opportunity of extortion might be given to new comers. In his\n conduct towards his subjects, he behaved with affability and humanity,\n and listened with patience to every complaint brought before him.\n When told of conquering heroes, he said with Scipio, \u201cI prefer the\n life and preservation of a citizen to the death of 100 enemies.\u201d\n He did not persecute the christians like his predecessors, but his\n life was a scene of universal benevolence. His last moments were\n easy, though preceded by a lingering illness. When consul of Asia,\n he lodged at Smyrna in the house of a sophist, who in civility\n obliged the governor to change his house at night. The sophist, when\n Antoninus became emperor, visited Rome, and was jocosely desired\n to use the palace as his own house, without any apprehension of\n being turned out at night. He extended the boundaries of the Roman\n province in Britain, by raising a rampart between the friths of\n Clyde and Forth; but he waged no war during his reign, and only\n repulsed the enemies of the empire who appeared in the field. He\n died in the 75th year of his age, after a reign of 23 years, A.D.\n 161. He was succeeded by his adopted son Marcus Aurelius Antoninus,\n surnamed the philosopher, a prince as virtuous as his father. He\n raised to the imperial dignity his brother Lucius Verus, whose\n voluptuousness and dissipation were as conspicuous as the moderation\n of the philosopher. During their reign, the Quadi, Parthians, and\n Marcomanni were defeated. Antoninus wrote a book in Greek, entitled\n \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u2019 \u1f11\u03b1\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, _concerning himself_, the best editions of which\n are the 4to, Oxford, 1704. After the war with the Quadi had been\n finished, Verus died of an apoplexy, and Antoninus survived him\n eight years, and died in his 61st year, after a reign of 29 years\n and 10 days. _Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Bassianus Caracalla, son of the\n emperor Septimus Severus, was celebrated for his cruelties. He\n killed his brother Geta in his mother\u2019s arms, and attempted to\n destroy the writings of Aristotle, observing that Aristotle was\n one of those who sent poison to Alexander. He married his mother,\n and publicly lived with her, which gave occasion to the people of\n Alexandria to say, that he was an \u0152dipus, and his wife a Jocasta.\n This joke was fatal to them; and the emperor, to punish their ill\n language, slaughtered many thousands in Alexandria. After assuming\n the name and dress of Achilles, and styling himself the conqueror\n of provinces which he had never seen, he was assassinated at Edessa\n by Macrinus, April 8, in the 43rd year of his age, A.D. 217. His\n body was sent to his wife Julia, who stabbed herself at the sight.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There is extant a Greek itinerary, and another book called _Iter\n Britannicum_, which some have attributed to the emperor Antoninus,\n though it was more probably written by a person of that name whose\n age is unknown.\n\n=Antoniop\u014flis=, a city of Mesopotamia. _Marcellinus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Marcus Ant\u014dnius Gnipho=, a poet of Gaul, who taught rhetoric at Rome.\n Cicero and other illustrious men frequented his school. He never\n asked anything for his lectures, whence he received more from the\n liberality of his pupils. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator, grandfather to the triumvir of the same name.\n He was killed in the civil wars of Marius, and his head was hung in\n the Forum. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li.\n 121.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus, the eldest son of the orator of the same name, by\n means of Cotta and Cethegus, obtained from the senate the office\n of managing the corn on the maritime coasts of the Mediterranean,\n with unlimited power. This gave him many opportunities of plundering\n the provinces and enriching himself. He died of a broken heart.\n _Sallust_. _Fragments of the Histories_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, a son of the\n orator of that name, who obtained a troop of horse from Sylla, and\n plundered Achaia. He was carried before the pretor Marcus Lucullus,\n and banished from the senate by the censors for pillaging the allies,\n and refusing to appear when summoned before justice.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius,\n son of Antonius Caius, was consul with Cicero, and assisted him to\n destroy the conspiracy of Catiline in Gaul. He went to Macedonia as\n his province, and fought with ill success against the Dardani. He\n was accused at his return, and banished.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus, the triumvir,\n was grandson to the orator Marcus Antonius, and son of Antonius,\n surnamed _Cretensis_ from his wars in Crete. He was augur and\n tribune of the people, in which he distinguished himself by his\n ambitious views. He always entertained a secret resentment against\n Cicero, which arose from Cicero\u2019s having put to death Cornelius\n Lentulus, who was concerned in Catiline\u2019s conspiracy. This Lentulus\n had married Antonius\u2019s mother after his father\u2019s death. When the\n senate was torn by the factions of Pompey\u2019s and C\u00e6sar\u2019s adherents,\n Antony proposed that both should lay aside the command of their\n armies in the provinces; but as this proposition met not with\n success, he privately retired from Rome to the camp of C\u00e6sar, and\n advised him to march his army to Rome. In support of his attachment,\n he commanded the left wing of his army at Pharsalia, and, according\n to a premeditated scheme, offered him a diadem in the presence of\n the Roman people. When C\u00e6sar was assassinated in the senate house,\n his friend Antony spoke an oration over his body; and to ingratiate\n himself and his party with the populace, he reminded them of the\n liberal treatment they had received from C\u00e6sar. He besieged Mutina,\n which had been allotted to Decimus Brutus, for which the senate\n judged him an enemy to the republic at the remonstration of Cicero.\n He was conquered by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, and by young\n C\u00e6sar, who soon after joined his interest with that of Antony,\n and formed the celebrated triumvirate, which was established with\n such cruel proscriptions, that Antony did not even spare his own\n uncle, that he might strike off the head of his enemy Cicero. The\n triumvirate divided the Roman empire among themselves; Lepidus was\n set over all Italy, Augustus had the west, and Antony returned into\n the east, where he enlarged his dominions by different conquests.\n Antony had married Fulvia, whom he repudiated to marry Octavia\n the sister of Augustus, and by this connection to strengthen\n the triumvirate. He assisted Augustus at the battle of Philippi\n against the murderers of Julius C\u00e6sar, and he buried the body of\n Marcus Brutus, his enemy, in a most magnificent manner. During his\n residence in the east, he became enamoured of the fair Cleopatra\n queen of Egypt, and repudiated Octavia to marry her. This divorce\n incensed Augustus, who now prepared to deprive Antony of all his\n power. Antony, in the mean time, assembled all the forces of the\n east, and with Cleopatra marched against Octavius C\u00e6sar. These two\n enemies met at Actium, where a naval engagement soon began, but\n Cleopatra, by flying with 60 sail, drew Antony from the battle,\n and ruined his cause. After the battle of Actium, Antony followed\n Cleopatra into Egypt, where he was soon informed of the defection of\n all his allies and adherents, and saw the conqueror on his shores.\n He stabbed himself, and Cleopatra likewise killed herself by the\n bite of an asp. Antony died in the 56th year of his age, B.C. 30,\n and the conqueror shed tears when he was informed that his enemy was\n no more. Antony left seven children by his three wives. He has been\n blamed for his great effeminacy, for his uncommon love of pleasures,\n and his fondness of drinking. It is said that he wrote a book in\n praise of drunkenness. He was fond of imitating Hercules, from\n whom, according to some accounts, he was descended; and he is often\n represented as Hercules, with Cleopatra in the form of Omphale,\n dressed in the arms of her submissive lover, and beating him with\n her sandals. In his public character, Antony was brave and courageous,\n but, with the intrepidity of C\u00e6sar, he possessed all his voluptuous\n inclinations. He was prodigal to a degree, and did not scruple\n to call, from vanity, his sons by Cleopatra, kings of kings. His\n fondness for low company, and his debauchery, form the best parts of\n Cicero\u2019s Philippics. It is said, that the night of C\u00e6sar\u2019s murder,\n Cassius supped with Antony; and, being asked whether he had a dagger\n with him, answered, \u201cYes, if you, Antony, aspire to sovereign power.\u201d\n _Plutarch_ has written an account of his life. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 8, li. 685.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, ltr. 9.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 122.\n \u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Philippics_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bks. 41 & 42.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Julius, son of Antony the triumvir by Fulvia, was\n consul with Paulus Fabius Maximus. He was surnamed Africanus, and\n put to death by order of Augustus. Some say that he killed himself.\n It is supposed that he wrote an heroic poem on Diomede, in 12 books.\n _Horace_ dedicated his _Ode_ 4 to him. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4,\n ch. 44.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius, the triumvir\u2019s brother, was besieged in Pelusium\n by Augustus, and obliged to surrender himself, with 300 men, by\n famine. The conqueror spared his life. Some say that he was killed\n at the shrine of C\u00e6sar.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A noble but unfortunate youth. His father\n Julius was put to death by Augustus for his criminal conversation\n with Julia, and he himself was removed by the emperor to Marseilles,\n on pretence of finishing his education. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4,\n ch. 44.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Felix, a freedman of Claudius, appointed governor of\n Jud\u00e6a. He married Drusilla the daughter of Antony and Cleopatra.\n _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Flamma, a Roman condemned\n for extortion under Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4,\n ch. 45.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Musa, a physician of Augustus. _Pliny_, bk. 29, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Merenda, a decemvir at Rome, A.U.C. 304. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 35.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus Merenda, a military tribune, A.U.C. 332. _Livy_, bk. 4,\n ch. 42.\n\n=Antor\u012ddes=, a painter, disciple to Aristippus. _Pliny._\n\n=Antro Coracius.= _See:_ \u2666Coracius.\n\n \u2666 Reference not found.\n\n=Antylla.= _See:_ Anthylla.\n\n=An\u016bbis=, an Egyptian deity, represented under the form of a man\n with the head of a dog, because when Osiris went on his expedition\n against India, Anubis accompanied him, and clothed himself in a\n sheep\u2019s skin. His worship was introduced from Egypt into Greece and\n Italy. He is supposed by some to be Mercury, because he is sometimes\n represented with a _caduceus_. Some make him brother of Osiris, some\n his son by Nepthys the wife of Typhon. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 8, li. 331.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 686.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _de Iside et Osiride_.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 8, li. 698.\n\n=Anxius=, a river of Armenia, falling into the Euphrates.\n\n=Anxur=, called also Tarracina, a city of the Volsci, taken by the\n Romans, A.U.C. 348. It was sacred to Jupiter, who is called Jupiter\n Anxur, and represented in the form of a beardless boy. _Livy_, bk. 4,\n ch. 59.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 26.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 84.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 799.\n\n=Anyta=, a Greek woman, some of whose elegant verses are still extant.\n\n=Any\u0306tus=, an Athenian rhetorician, who, with Melitus and Lycon,\n accused Socrates of impiety, and was the cause of his condemnation.\n These false accusers were afterwards put to death by the Athenians.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 4, li. 3.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Titans.\n\n=Anz\u0101be=, a river near the Tigris. _Marcellinus_, bk. 18.\n\n=Aollius=, a son of Romulus by Hersilia, afterwards called Abillius.\n\n=Aon=, a son of Neptune, who came to Eub\u0153a and B\u0153otia from Apulia,\n where he collected the inhabitants into cities, and reigned over\n them. They were called _Aones_, and the country _Aonia_, from him.\n\n=A\u014fnes=, the inhabitants of _Aonia_, called afterwards B\u0153otia. They\n came there in the age of Cadmus, and obtained his leave to settle\n with the Ph\u0153nicians. The muses have been called _Aonides_, because\n Aonia was more particularly frequented by them. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 3, 7, 10, 13; _Tristia_,\n poem 5, li. 10; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 456; bk. 4, li. 245.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 11.\n\n=Aonia=, one of the ancient names of B\u0153otia.\n\n=A\u014dris=, a famous hunter, son of Aras king of Corinth. He was so fond\n of his sister Arathyr\u00e6a, that he called part of the country by her\n name. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Neleus, called more\n commonly Chloris. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.\n\n=Aornos=, =Aornus=, =Aornis=, a lofty rock, supposed to be near the\n Ganges in India, taken by Alexander. Hercules had besieged it, but\n was never able to conquer it. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Arrian_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A place in\n Epirus, with an oracle. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 80.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A certain\n lake near Tartessus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another near Bai\u00e6 and Puteoli. It was also\n called Avernus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 242.\n\n=A\u014dti=, a people of Thrace, near the Get\u00e6, on the Ister. _Pliny_,\n bk. 4.\n\n=Apa\u012dt\u00e6=, a people of Asia Minor. _Strabo._\n\n=Ap\u0101ma=, a daughter of Artaxerxes, who married Pharnabazus satrap of\n Ionia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Antiochus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\n\n=Ap\u0101me=, the mother of Nicomedes by Prusias king of Bithynia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n mother of Antiochus Soter by Seleucus Nicanor. Soter founded a city\n which he called by his mother\u2019s name.\n\n=Apamia=, or =Apam\u0113a=, a city of Phrygia, on the Marsyas.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of\n Bithynia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Media,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Mesopotamia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another near the Tigris.\n\n=Aparni=, a nation of shepherds near the Caspian sea. _Strabo._\n\n=Apat\u016bria=, a festival of Athens, which received its name from \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7,\n _deceit_, because it was instituted in memory of a stratagem by\n which Xanthus king of B\u0153otia was killed by Melanthus king of Athens,\n upon the following occasion. When a war arose between the B\u0153otians\n and Athenians about a piece of ground which divided their territories,\n Xanthus made a proposal to the Athenian king to decide the battle\n by single combat. Thym\u0153tes, who was then on the throne of Athens,\n refused, and his successor Melanthus accepted the challenge. When\n they began the engagement, Melanthus exclaimed that his antagonist\n had some person behind him to support him; upon which Xanthus looked\n behind, and was killed by Melanthus. From this success Jupiter was\n called \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03bd\u03c9\u03c1, _deceiver_, and Bacchus, who was supposed to be\n behind Xanthus, was called \u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9\u03c2, clothed in the skin of a\n _black goat_. Some derive the word from \u1f00\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, _i.e._ \u1f41\u03bc\u03bf\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1,\n because, on the day of the festival, the children accompanied their\n fathers to be registered among the citizens. The festival lasted\n three days. The first day was called \u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u03c0\u03b9\u03b1, because suppers, \u03b4\u03bf\u03c1\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9,\n were prepared for each separate tribe. The second day was called\n \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03c1\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f00\u03bd\u03c9 \u1f10\u03c1\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, because sacrifices were offered to\n Jupiter and Minerva, and the head of the victim was generally turned\n up towards the heavens. The third was called \u039a\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b5\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2, from \u039a\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2,\n a _youth_, or \u039a\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b1, _shaving_, because the young men had their hair\n cut off before they were registered, when their parents swore that\n they were freeborn Athenians. They generally sacrificed two ewes\n and a she-goat to Diana. This festival was adopted by the Ionians,\n except the inhabitants of Ephesus and Colophon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of\n Minerva,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Venus.\n\n=Apeauros=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Polybius_, bk. 4.\n\n=Apella=, a word, _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 10, which has given\n much trouble to critics and commentators. Some suppose it to mean\n circumcised (_sine pelle_), an epithet highly applicable to a Jew.\n Others maintain that it is a proper name, upon the authority of\n Cicero, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 19, who mentions a person\n of the same name.\n\n=Apelles=, a celebrated painter of Cos, or, as others say, of Ephesus\n or Colophon, son of Pithius. He lived in the age of Alexander the\n Great, who honoured him so much that he forbade any man but Apelles\n to draw his picture. He was so attentive to his profession that he\n never spent a day without employing his pencil, whence the proverb\n of _Nulla dies sine line\u00e2_. His most perfect picture was Venus\n Anadyomene, which was not totally finished when the painter died.\n He made a painting of Alexander holding thunder in his hand, so much\n like life that Pliny, who saw it, says that the hand of the king\n with the thunder seemed to come out of the picture. This picture was\n placed in Diana\u2019s temple at Ephesus. He made another of Alexander,\n but the king expressed not much satisfaction at the sight of it: and\n at that moment a horse, passing by, neighed at the horse which was\n represented in the piece, supposing it to be alive; upon which the\n painter said, \u201cOne would imagine that the horse is a better judge of\n painting than your Majesty.\u201d When Alexander ordered him to draw the\n picture of Campaspe, one of his mistresses, Apelles became enamoured\n of her, and the king permitted him to marry her. He wrote three\n volumes upon painting, which were still extant in the age of Pliny.\n It is said that he was accused in Egypt of conspiring against the\n life of Ptolemy, and that he would have been put to death had not\n the real conspirator discovered himself, and saved the painter.\n Apelles never put his name to any pictures but three; a sleeping\n Venus, Venus Anadyomene, and an Alexander. The proverb of _Ne sutor\n ultra crepidam_ is applied to him by some. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 238.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to his\n Friends_, bk. 1, ltr. 9.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 401.\n \u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tragic writer. _Suetonius_,\n _Caligula_, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Macedonian general, &c.\n\n=Apell\u012dcon=, a Teian peripatetic philosopher, whose fondness for\n books was so great that he is accused of stealing them, when he\n could not obtain them with money. He bought the works of Aristotle\n and Theophrastus, but greatly disfigured them by his frequent\n interpolations. The extensive library, which he had collected at\n Athens, was carried to Rome when Sylla had conquered the capital\n of Attica, and among the valuable books was found an original\n manuscript of Aristotle. He died about 86 B.C. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n\n=Apenn\u012bnus=, a ridge of high mountains which run through the middle\n of Italy, from Liguria to Ariminum and Ancona. They are joined to\n the Alps. Some have supposed that they ran across Sicily by Rhegium\n before Italy was separated from Sicily. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 306.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 226.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4,\n li. 743.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Aper Marcus=, a Latin orator of Gaul, who distinguished himself as\n a politician, as well as by his genius. The dialogue of the orators,\n inserted with the works of Tacitus and Quintilian, is attributed to\n him. He died A.D. 85.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another. _See:_ Numerianus.\n\n=Aperopia=, a small island on the coast of Argolis. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 34.\n\n=Ap\u0115sus=, =Apesas=, or =Apesantus=, a mountain of Peloponnesus near\n Lerna. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, li. 461.\n\n=Aphaca=, a town of Palestine, where Venus was worshipped, and where\n she had a temple and an oracle.\n\n=Aph\u00e6a=, a name of Diana, who had a temple in \u00c6gina. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 30.\n\n=Aphar=, the capital city of Arabia, near the Red sea. _Arrian_,\n _Periplus of the Euxine Sea_.\n\n=Aphar\u0113tus=, fell in love with Marpessa daughter of \u0152nomaus, and\n carried her away.\n\n=Aphareus=, a king of Messenia, son of Perieres and Gorgophone,\n who married Arene daughter of \u0152balus, by whom he had three sons.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A relation of Isocrates, who wrote\n 37 tragedies.\n\n=Aphas=, a river of Greece, which falls into the bay of Ambracia.\n _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\n\n=Aphellas=, a king of Cyrene, who, with the aid of Agathocles,\n endeavoured to reduce all Africa under his power. _Justin_, bk. 22,\n ch. 7.\n\n=Aph\u0115sas=, a mountain in Peloponnesus, whence, as the poets have\n imagined, Perseus attempted to fly to heaven. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,\n bk. 3, li. 461.\n\n=Aph\u0113t\u00e6=, a city of Magnesia, where the ship Argo was launched.\n _Apollodorus._\n\n=Aph\u012bdas=, a son of Arcas king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8.\n\n=Aphidna=, a part of Attica, which received its name from Aphidnus,\n one of the companions of Theseus. _Herodotus._\n\n=Aphidnus=, a friend of \u00c6neas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 9, li. 702.\n\n=Aph\u0153b\u0113tus=, one of the conspirators against Alexander. _Curtius_,\n bk. 6, ch. 7.\n\n=Aphr\u012bces=, an Indian prince, who defended the rock Aornus, with\n 20,000 foot and 15 elephants. He was killed by his troops, and his\n head sent to Alexander.\n\n=Aphrodisia=, an island in the Persian gulf, where Venus is worshipped.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Festivals in honour of Venus, celebrated in different parts of\n Greece, but chiefly in Cyprus. They were first instituted by Cinyras,\n from whose family the priests of the goddess were always chosen.\n All those that were initiated offered a piece of money to Venus as\n a harlot, and received as a mark of the favours of the goddess, a\n measure of salt and a \u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2; the salt, because Venus arose from the\n sea; the \u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, because she is the goddess of wantonness. They were\n celebrated at Corinth by harlots, and in every part of Greece they\n were very much frequented. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us._\n\n=Aphrodisias=, a town of Caria, sacred to Venus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 3, ch. 62.\n\n=Aphrodisium= (or a), a town of Apulia, built by Diomede in honour of\n Venus.\n\n=Aphrod\u012bsum=, a city on the eastern parts of Cyprus, nine miles from\n Salamis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A promontory with an island of the same name on the\n coast of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\n\n=Aphrod\u012bte=, the Grecian name of Venus, from \u1f00\u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, froth, because\n Venus is said to have been born from the froth of the ocean.\n _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 195.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.\n\n=Aph\u0233t\u00e6=, or =Aphytis=, a city of Thrace, near Pallena, where Jupiter\n Ammon was worshipped. Lysander besieged the town; but the god of the\n place appeared to him in a dream, and advised him to raise the siege,\n which he immediately did. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\n\n=Apia=, an ancient name of Peloponnesus, which it received from king\n Apis. It was afterwards called \u00c6gialea, Pelasgia, Argia, and at last\n Peloponnesus, or the island of Pelops. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li.\n 270. Also the name of the earth, worshipped among the Lydians as a\n powerful deity. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 59.\n\n=Api\u0101nus=, or =Apion=, was born at Oasis in Egypt, whence he went to\n Alexandria, of which he was deemed a citizen. He succeeded Theus\n in the profession of rhetoric in the reign of Tiberius, and wrote\n a book against the Jews, which Josephus refuted. He was at the head\n of an embassy which the people of Alexandria sent to Caligula, to\n complain of the Jews. _Seneca_, ltr. 88.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, preface, _Natural\n History_.\n\n=Apic\u0101ta=, married Sejanus, by whom she had three children. She was\n repudiated. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 3.\n\n=Apicius=, a famous glutton in Rome. There were three of the same name,\n all famous for their voracious appetite. The first lived in the time\n of the republic, the second in the reign of Augustus and Tiberius,\n and the third under Trajan. The second was the most famous, as he\n wrote a book on the pleasures and incitements of eating. He hanged\n himself after he had consumed the greatest part of his estate. The\n best edition of Apicius C\u00e6lius _de Arte Coquinari\u00e2_, is that of\n Amsterdam, 12mo, 1709. _Juvenal_, satire 11, li. 3.\u2015\u2015_Martial_,\n bk. 2, ltr. 69.\n\n=Apid\u0103nus=, one of the chief rivers of Thessaly, at the south of the\n Peneus, into which it falls a little above Larissa. _Lucan_, bk. 6,\n li. 372.\n\n=Ap\u012dna= and =Apin\u00e6=, a city of Apulia, destroyed with Trica, in its\n neighbourhood, by Diomedes; whence came the proverb of _Apina et\n Trica_, to express trifling things. _Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\n\n=Api\u014fla= and =Apiol\u00e6=, a town of Italy, taken by Tarquin the Proud.\n The Roman Capitol was begun with the spoils taken from that city.\n _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Apion=, a surname of Ptolemy, one of the descendants of Ptolemy Lagus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian. _See:_ Apianus.\n\n=Apis=, one of the ancient kings of Peloponnesus, son of Phoroneus and\n Laodice. Some say that Apollo was his father, and that he was king\n of Argos, while others call him king of Sicyon, and fix the time\n of his reign above 200 years earlier, which is enough to show he is\n but obscurely known, if known at all. He was a native of Naupactum,\n and descended from Inachus. He received divine honours after death,\n as he had been munificent and humane to his subjects. The country\n where he reigned was called Apia; and afterwards it received the\n name of Pelasgia, Argia, or Argolis, and at last that of Peloponnesus,\n from Pelops. Some, amongst whom is Varro and St. Augustine, have\n imagined that Apis went to Egypt with a colony of Greeks, and that\n he civilized the inhabitants, and polished their manners, for which\n they made him a god after death, and paid divine honours to him\n under the name of Serapis. This tradition, according to some of the\n moderns, is without foundation. _\u00c6schylus_, _Suppliant Maidens_.\n \u2015\u2015_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 18, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.\n 5.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Jason, born in Arcadia;\n he was killed by the horses of \u00c6tolus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Egypt on the lake Mareotis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A god of the Egyptians,\n worshipped under the form of an ox. Some say that Isis and Osiris\n are the deities worshipped under this name, because during their\n reign they taught the Egyptians agriculture. The Egyptians believed\n that the soul of Osiris was really departed into the ox, where it\n wished to dwell, because that animal had been of the most essential\n service in the cultivation of the ground, which Osiris had introduced\n into Egypt. The ox that was chosen was always distinguished by\n particular marks: his body was black; he had a square white spot\n upon the forehead, the figure of an eagle upon the back, a knot\n under the tongue like a beetle; the hairs of his tail were double,\n and his right side was marked with a whitish spot, resembling the\n crescent of the moon. Without these, an ox could not be taken as\n the god Apis; and it is to be imagined that the priests gave these\n distinguishing characteristics to the animal on which their credit\n and even prosperity depended. The festival of Apis lasted seven days;\n the ox was led in a solemn procession by the priests, and every one\n was anxious to receive him into his house, and it was believed that\n the children who smelt his breath received the knowledge of futurity.\n The ox was conducted to the banks of the Nile with much ceremony,\n and if he had lived to the time which their sacred books allowed,\n they drowned him in the river, and embalmed his body, and buried\n it in solemn state in the city of Memphis. After his death, which\n sometimes was natural, the greatest cries and lamentations were\n heard in Egypt, as if Osiris was just dead; the priests shaved their\n heads, which was a sign of the deepest mourning. This continued till\n another ox appeared, with the proper characteristics to succeed as\n the deity, which was followed with the greatest acclamations, as if\n Osiris was returned to life. This ox, which was found to represent\n Apis, was left 40 days in the city of the Nile before he was carried\n to Memphis, during which time none but women were permitted to\n appear before him, and this they performed, according to their\n superstitious notions, in a wanton and indecent manner. There was\n also an ox worshipped at Heliopolis, under the name of Mnevis; some\n suppose that he was Osiris, but others maintain that the Apis of\n Memphis was sacred to Osiris, and Mnevis to Isis. When Cambyses came\n into Egypt, the people were celebrating the festivals of Apis with\n every mark of joy and triumph, which the conqueror interpreted as\n an insult upon himself. He called the priests of Apis, and ordered\n the deity itself to come before him. When he saw that an ox was the\n object of their veneration, and the cause of such rejoicings, he\n wounded it on the thigh, ordered the priests to be chastised, and\n commanded his soldiers to slaughter such as were found celebrating\n such riotous festivals. The god Apis had generally two stables, or\n rather temples. If he ate from the hand, it was a favourable omen;\n but if he refused the food that was offered him, it was interpreted\n as unlucky. From this Germanicus, when he visited Egypt, drew the\n omens of his approaching death. When his oracle was consulted,\n incense was burnt on an altar, and a piece of money placed upon it,\n after which the people that wished to know futurity applied their\n ear to the mouth of the god, and immediately retired, stopping\n their ears till they had departed from the temple. The first sounds\n that were heard, were taken as the answer of the oracle to their\n questions. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bks. 2 & 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 38, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Iside\n et Osiride_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk.\n 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 39, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_,\n _Varia Historia_, bks. 4 & 6.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Apis\u0101on=, son of Hippasus, assisted Priam against the Greeks, at the\n head of a P\u00e6onian army. He was killed by Lycomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 17, li. 348.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another on the same side.\n\n=Apitius Galba=, a celebrated buffoon in the time of Tiberius.\n _Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 4.\n\n=Apollin\u0101res ludi=, games celebrated at Rome in honour of Apollo. They\n originated from the following circumstance. An old prophetic poem\n informed the Romans, that if they instituted yearly games to Apollo,\n and made a collection of money for his service, they would be\n able to repel the enemy whose approach already threatened their\n destruction. The first time they were celebrated, Rome was alarmed\n by the approach of the enemy, and instantly the people rushed out\n of the city, and saw a cloud of arrows discharged from the sky on\n the troops of the enemy. With this heavenly assistance they easily\n obtained the victory. The people generally sat crowned with laurel\n at the representation of these games, which were usually celebrated\n at the option of the pretor, till the year A.U.C. 545, when a law\n was passed to settle the celebration yearly on the same day about\n the nones of July. When this alteration happened, Rome was infested\n with a dreadful pestilence, which, however, seemed to be appeased by\n this act of religion. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 12.\n\n=Apollin\u0101ris, Caius Sulpitius=, a grammarian of Carthage, in the second\n century, who is supposed to be the author of the verses prefixed to\n Terence\u2019s plays as arguments.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer better known by the name\n of Sidonius. _See:_ Sidonius.\n\n=Apollin\u012bdes=, a Greek in the wars of Darius and Alexander, &c.\n _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\n\n=Apoll\u012dnis arx=, a place at the entrance of the Sibyl\u2019s cave. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Promontorium, a promontory of Africa. _Livy_,\n bk. 30, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Templum, a place in Thrace,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015in Lycia. _\u00c6lian_,\n _Varia Historia_, bk. 6, ch. 9.\n\n=Apollo=, son of Jupiter and Latona, called also Ph\u0153bus, is often\n confounded with the sun. According to Cicero, bk. 3, _de Natura\n Deorum_, there were four persons of this name. The first was son\n of Vulcan, and the tutelary god of the Athenians. The second was\n son of Corybas, and was born in Crete, for the dominion of which he\n disputed even with Jupiter himself. The third was son of Jupiter and\n Latona, and came from the nations of the Hyperboreans to Delphi. The\n fourth was born in Arcadia, and called Nomion, because he gave laws\n to the inhabitants. To the son of Jupiter and Latona all the actions\n of the others seem to have been attributed. The Apollo, son of\n Vulcan, was the same as the Orus of the Egyptians, and was the most\n ancient, from whom the actions of the others have been copied. The\n three others seem to be of Grecian origin. The tradition that the\n son of Latona was born in the floating island of Delos, is taken\n from the Egyptian mythology, which asserts that the son of Vulcan,\n which is supposed to be Orus, was saved by his mother Isis from\n the persecution of Typhon, and entrusted to the care of Latona, who\n concealed him in the island of Chemmis. When Latona was pregnant by\n Jupiter, Juno, who was ever jealous of her husband\u2019s amours, raised\n the serpent Python to torment Latona, who was refused a place to\n give birth to her children, till Neptune, moved at the severity of\n her fate, raised the island of Delos from the bottom of the sea,\n where Latona brought forth Apollo and Diana. Apollo was the god of\n all the fine arts, of medicine, music, poetry, and eloquence, of\n all which he was deemed the inventor. He had received from Jupiter\n the power of knowing futurity, and he was the only one of the gods\n whose oracles were in general repute over the world. His amours with\n Leucothoe, Daphne, Issa, Bolina, Coronis, Clymene, Cyrene, Chione,\n Acacallis, Calliope, &c., are well known, and the various shapes he\n assumed to gratify his passion. He was very fond of young Hyacinthus,\n whom he accidentally killed with a quoit; as also of Cyparissus, who\n was changed into a cypress tree. When his son \u00c6sculapius had been\n killed with the thunders of Jupiter for raising the dead to life,\n Apollo, in his resentment, killed the Cyclops who had fabricated\n the thunderbolts. Jupiter was incensed at this act of violence, and\n he banished Apollo from heaven, and deprived him of his dignity.\n The exiled deity came to Admetus king of Thessaly, and hired\n himself to be one of his shepherds, in which ignoble employment he\n remained nine years; from which circumstance he was called the god\n of shepherds, and at his sacrifices a wolf was generally offered,\n as that animal is the declared enemy of the sheepfold. During his\n residence in Thessaly, he rewarded the tender treatment of Admetus.\n He gave him a chariot drawn by a lion and a bull, with which he was\n able to obtain in marriage Alceste the daughter of Pelias; and soon\n after, the Parc\u00e6 granted, at Apollo\u2019s request, that Admetus might be\n redeemed from death, if another person laid down his life for him.\n He assisted Neptune in building the walls of Troy; and when he was\n refused the promised reward from Laomedon the king of the country,\n he destroyed the inhabitants by a pestilence. As soon as he was born,\n Apollo destroyed with arrows the serpent Python, whom Juno had sent\n to persecute Latona; hence he was called Pythius; and he afterwards\n vindicated the honour of his mother, by putting to death the\n children of the proud Niobe. _See:_ Niobe. He was not the inventor\n of the lyre, as some have imagined, but Mercury gave it him, and\n received as a reward the famous caduceus with which Apollo was wont\n to drive the flocks of Admetus. His contest with Pan and Marsyas,\n and the punishment inflicted upon Midas, are well known. He\n received the surnames of Ph\u0153bus, Delius, Cynthius, P\u0153an, Delphicus,\n Nomius, Lycius, Clarius, Ismenius, Vulturius, Smintheus, &c., for\n reasons which are explained under those words. Apollo is generally\n represented with long hair, and the Romans were fond of imitating\n his figure, and therefore in their youth they were remarkable for\n their fine heads of hair, which they cut short at the age of 17 or\n 18. He is always represented as a tall, beardless young man, with a\n handsome shape, holding in his hand a bow, and sometimes a lyre; his\n head is generally surrounded with beams of light. He was the deity\n who, according to the notions of the ancients, inflicted plagues,\n and in that moment he appeared surrounded with clouds. His worship\n and power were universally acknowledged: he had temples and statues\n in every country, particularly in Egypt, Greece, and Italy. His\n statue, which stood upon mount Actium, as a mark to mariners to\n avoid the dangerous coasts, was particularly famous, and it appeared\n to a great distance at sea. Augustus, before the battle of Actium,\n addressed himself to it for victory. The griffin, the cock, the\n grasshopper, the wolf, the crow, the swan, the hawk, the olive, the\n laurel, the palm tree, &c., were sacred to him; and in his\n sacrifices, wolves and hawks were offered, as they were the natural\n enemies of the flocks, over which he presided. Bullocks and lambs\n were also immolated to him. As he presided over poetry, he was often\n seen on mount Parnassus with the nine muses. His most famous oracles\n were at Delphi, Delos, Claros, Tenedos, Cyrrha, and Patara. His most\n splendid temple was at Delphi, where every nation and individual\n made considerable presents when they consulted the oracle. Augustus,\n after the battle of Actium, built him a temple on mount Palatine,\n which he enriched with a valuable library. He had a famous colossus\n in Rhodes, which was one of the seven wonders of the world. Apollo\n has been taken for the sun; but it may be proved by different\n passages in the ancient writers, that Apollo, the Sun, Ph\u0153bus,\n and Hyperion, were all different characters and deities, though\n confounded together. When once Apollo was addressed as the Sun,\n and represented with a crown of rays on his head, the idea was\n adopted by every writer, and from thence arose the mistake.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fables 9 & 10; bk. 4, fable 3, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7; bk. 5, ch. 7; bk. 7, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch.\n 30, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 9, 14, 50, 93, 140, 161, 202, 203, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 1, _Thebiad_, li. 560.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Amore Prolis_.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Hymn to\n Apollo_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bks. 2, 3, &c.; _Georgics_, bk. 4,\n li. 323.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 10.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_, \u2666_Dialogi Deorum_.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 28.\u2015\u2015_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Apollo_.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 3, 4, & 9; bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, chs.\n 5, 10, & 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the ships in the fleet of \u00c6neas. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 171.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a temple of Apollo upon mount\n Leucas, which appeared at a great distance at sea; and served as a\n guide to mariners, and reminded them to avoid the dangerous rocks\n that were along the coast. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 275.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Dial. Mer. & Vulc.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Dialogi Deorum\u2019\n\n=Apollocr\u0103tes=, a friend of Dion, supposed by some to be the son of\n Dionysius.\n\n=Apollod\u014drus=, a famous grammarian and mythologist of Athens, son\n of Asclepias and disciple to Pan\u00e6tius the Rhodian philosopher. He\n flourished about 115 years before the christian era, and wrote a\n history of Athens, besides other works. But of all his compositions,\n nothing is extant but his _Bibliotheca_, a valuable work, divided\n into three books. It is an abridged history of the gods, and of the\n ancient heroes, of whose actions and genealogy it gives a true and\n faithful account. The best edition is that of Heyne, G\u00f6ttingen, in\n 8vo, 4 vols., 1782. _Athen\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bks. 4 & 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tragic poet of Cilicia, who wrote tragedies\n entitled Ulysses, Thyestes, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic poet of Gela in Sicily,\n in the age of Menander, who wrote 47 plays.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An architect of\n Damascus, who directed the building of Trajan\u2019s bridge across the\n Danube. He was put to death by Adrian, to whom, when in a private\n station, he had spoken in too bold a manner.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer who\n composed a history of Parthia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A disciple of Epicurus, the most\n learned of his school, and deservedly surnamed the illustrious. He\n wrote about 40 volumes on different subjects. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter of Athens, to whom Zeuxis was a pupil. Two of his\n paintings were admired at Pergamus, in the age of Pliny; a priest\n in a suppliant posture, and Ajax struck with Minerva\u2019s thunders.\n _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary in the age of Alexander. He\n was of such an irascible disposition, that he destroyed his own\n pieces upon the least provocation. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n rhetorician of Pergamus, preceptor and friend to Augustus, who wrote\n a book on rhetoric. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tragic poet of Tarsus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Lemnian who wrote on husbandry.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician of Tarentum.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Cytium.\n\n=Apollonia=, a festival at \u00c6gialea in honour of Apollo and Diana. It\n arose from this circumstance: these two deities came to \u00c6gialea,\n after the conquest of the serpent Python; but they were frightened\n away, and fled to Crete. \u00c6gialea was soon visited with an epidemical\n distemper, and the inhabitants, by the advice of their prophets,\n sent seven chosen boys, with the same number of girls, to entreat\n them to return to \u00c6gialea. Apollo and Diana granted their petition,\n in honour of which a temple was raised to \u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03b8\u03c9, the goddess of\n _persuasion_; and ever after a number of youths, of both sexes,\n were chosen to march in solemn procession, as if anxious to bring\n back Apollo and Diana. _Pausanias_, _Corinth_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Mygdonia,\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Crete,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Sicily,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015on the coast of Asia Minor.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another\n on the coast of Thrace, part of which was built on a small island of\n Pontus, where Apollo had a temple.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Macedonia, on the\n coasts of the Adriatic.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Thrace.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another on mount\n Parnassus.\n\n=Apolloni\u0103des=, a tyrant of Sicily, compelled to lay down his power by\n Timoleon.\n\n=Apollonias=, the wife of Attalus king of Phrygia, to whom she bore\n four children.\n\n=Apollon\u012ddes=, a writer of Nic\u00e6a.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician of Cos at the court\n of Artaxerxes, who became enamoured of Amytis, the monarch\u2019s sister,\n and was some time after put to death for slighting her after the\n reception of her favours.\n\n=Apollonius=, a Stoic philosopher of Chalcis, sent for by Antoninus\n Pius, to instruct his adopted son Marcus Antoninus. When he came\n to Rome, he refused to go to the palace, observing that the master\n ought not to wait upon his pupil, but the pupil upon him. The\n emperor hearing this, said, laughing, \u201cIt was then easier for\n Apollonius to come from Chalcis to Rome, than from Rome to the\n palace.\u201d\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A geometrician of Perge in Pamphylia, whose works\n are now lost. He lived about 240 years before the christian era,\n and composed a commentary on Euclid, whose pupils he attended at\n Alexandria. He wrote treatises on conic sections, eight of which\n are now extant; and he first endeavoured to explain the causes\n of the apparent stopping and retrograde motion of the planets, by\n cycles and epicycles, or circles within circles. The best edition\n of Apollonius is Dr. Halley\u2019s, Oxford, folio, 1710.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet\n of Naucratis in Egypt, generally called Apollonius of _Rhodes_,\n because he lived for some time there. He was pupil, when young,\n to Callimachus and Pan\u00e6tius, and succeeded to Eratosthenes as\n third librarian of the famous library of Alexandria, under Ptolemy\n Evergetes. He was ungrateful to his master Callimachus, who wrote\n a poem against him, in which he denominated him _Ibis_. Of all\n his works, nothing remains but his poem on the expedition of the\n Argonauts, in four books. The best editions of Apollonius are those\n printed at Oxford, in 4to, by Shaw, 1777, 2 vols.; and in 1 vol.,\n 8vo, 1779; and that of Brunck, Strasbourg, 12mo, 1780. _Quintilian_,\n bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek orator, surnamed Molo, was a native of\n Alabanda in Caria. He opened a school of rhetoric at Rhodes and Rome,\n and had Julius C\u00e6sar and Cicero among his pupils. He discouraged\n the attendance of those whom he supposed incapable of distinguishing\n themselves as orators, and he recommended to them pursuits more\n congenial to their abilities. He wrote a history, in which he did\n not candidly treat the people of Jud\u00e6a, according to the complaint\n of Josephus, _against Apion_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, chs.\n 28, 75, 126, & 130; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 16; _De\n Inventione_, bk. 1, ch. 81.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 12,\n ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _C\u00e6sar_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Greek historian about the age of Augustus, who wrote upon the\n philosophy of Zeno and of his followers. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Stoic philosopher, who attended Cato of Utica in his last moments.\n _Plutarch_, _Cato_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer set over Egypt by Alexander.\n _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wrestler. _Pausanias_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n physician of Pergamus, who wrote on agriculture. _Varro._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n grammarian of Alexandria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer in the age of Antoninus Pius.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Thyaneus, a Pythagorean philosopher, well skilled in the secret\n arts of magic. Being one day haranguing the populace at Ephesus,\n he suddenly exclaimed, \u201cStrike the tyrant, strike him; the blow is\n given, he is wounded, and fallen!\u201d At that very moment the emperor\n Domitian had been stabbed at Rome. The magician acquired much\n reputation when this circumstance was known. He was courted by\n kings and princes, and commanded unusual attention by his numberless\n artifices. His friend and companion, called Damis, wrote his life,\n which 200 years after engaged the attention of Philostratus. In his\n history the biographer relates so many curious and extraordinary\n anecdotes of the hero, that many have justly deemed it a romance;\n yet for all this, Hierocles had the presumption to compare the\n impostures of Apollonius with the miracles of Jesus Christ.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n sophist of Alexandria, distinguished for his _Lexicon Gr\u00e6cum Iliadis\n et Odysse\u00e6_, a book that was beautifully edited by Villoison, in 4to,\n 2 vols., Paris, 1773. Apollonius was one of the pupils of Didymus,\n and flourished in the beginning of the first century.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Sotades at the court of Ptolemy Philadelphus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Syrus,\n a Platonic philosopher.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Herophilus, wrote concerning ointments.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sculptor of Rhodes.\n\n=Apoll\u014fph\u0103nes=, a Stoic, who greatly flattered king Antigonus, and\n maintained that there existed but one virtue, prudence. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician in the court of Antiochus. _Polybius_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic poet. _\u00c6lian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 6.\n\n=Apomy\u012bos=, a surname of Jupiter.\n\n=Aponiana=, an island near Lilyb\u00e6um. _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 2.\n\n=Marcus Aponius=, a governor of M\u0153sia, rewarded with a triumphal statue\n by Otho, for defeating 9000 barbarians. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,\n bk. 1, ch. 79.\n\n=Ap\u014fnus=, now _Abano_, a fountain, with a village of the same name,\n near Patavium in Italy. The waters of the fountain, which were hot,\n were wholesome, and were supposed to have an oracular power. _Lucan_,\n bk. 7, li. 194.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 14.\n\n=Apostrophia=, a surname of Venus in B\u0153otia, who was distinguished\n under these names, Venus Urania, Vulgaria, and Apostrophia. The\n former was the patroness of a pure and chaste love; the second of\n carnal and sensual desires; and the last incited men to illicit and\n unnatural gratifications, to incests, and rapes. Venus Apostrophia\n was invoked by the Thebans, that they might be saved from such\n unlawful desires. She is the same as the Verticordia of the Romans.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 15.\n\n=Apothe\u014dsis=, a ceremony observed by the ancient nations of the world,\n by which they raised their kings, heroes, and great men to the rank\n of deities. The nations of the east were the first who paid divine\n honours to their great men, and the Romans followed their example,\n and not only deified the most prudent and humane of their emperors,\n but also the most cruel and profligate. _Herodian_, bk. 4, ch. 2,\n has left us an account of the apotheosis of a Roman emperor. After\n the body of the deceased was burnt, an ivory image was laid on a\n couch for seven days, representing the emperor under the agonies of\n disease. The city was in sorrow, the senate visited it in mourning,\n and the physicians pronounced it every day in a more decaying state.\n When the death was announced, a band of young senators carried the\n couch and image to the Campus Martius, where it was deposited on\n an edifice in the form of a pyramid, where spices and combustible\n materials were thrown. After this the knights walked round the pile\n in solemn procession, and the images of the most illustrious Romans\n were drawn in state, and immediately the new emperor, with a torch,\n set fire to the pile, and was assisted by the surrounding multitude.\n Meanwhile an eagle was let fly from the middle of the pile, which\n was supposed to carry the soul of the deceased to heaven, where he\n was ranked among the gods. If the deified was a female, a peacock,\n and not an eagle, was sent from the flames. The Greeks observed\n ceremonies much of the same nature.\n\n=Appia via=, a celebrated road leading from the porta Capena at\n Rome to Brundusium, through Capua. Appius Claudius made it as\n far as Capua, and it received its name from him. It was continued\n and finished by Gracchus, Julius C\u00e6sar, and Augustus. _See:_ Via.\n _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 285.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 2, li.\n 12.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 104.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 14.\n\n=Appi\u0103des=, a name given to these five deities, Venus, Pallas, Vesta,\n Concord, and Peace, because a temple was erected to them near the\n Appian road. The name was also applied to those courtesans at Rome\n who lived near the temple of Venus by Appi\u00e6 Aqu\u00e6, and the forum of\n Julius C\u00e6sar. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 452.\n\n=Appi\u0101nus=, a Greek historian of Alexandria, who flourished A.D. 123.\n His universal history, which consisted of 24 books, was a series of\n history of all the nations that had been conquered by the Romans,\n in the order of time; and in the composition, the writer displayed,\n with a style simple and unadorned, a great knowledge of military\n affairs, and described his battles in a masterly manner. This\n excellent work is greatly mutilated, and there is extant now only\n the account of the Punic, Syrian, Parthian, Mithridatic, and Spanish\n wars, with those of Illyricum and the civil dissensions, with a\n fragment of the Celtic wars. In his preface, Appian has enlarged on\n the boundaries of that mighty empire, of which he was the historian.\n The best editions are those of Tollius and Variorum, 2 vols., 8vo,\n Amsterdam, 1670, and that of Schweigheuserus, 3 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb,\n 1785. He was so eloquent that the emperor highly promoted him in the\n state.\n\n=Appii Forum=, now _Borgo Longo_, a little village not far from Rome,\n built by the consul Appius. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5.\n\n=Appius=, the pr\u00e6nomen of an illustrious family at Rome.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A censor\n of that name, A.U.C. 442. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6.\n\n=Appius Claudius=, a decemvir who obtained his power by force and\n oppression. He attempted the virtue of Virginia, whom her father\n killed to preserve her chastity. This act of violence was the cause\n of a revolution in the state, and the ravisher destroyed himself\n when cited to appear before the tribunal of his country. _Livy_, bk.\n 3, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Claudius C\u00e6cus, a Roman orator, who built the Appian\n way and many aqueducts in Rome. When Pyrrhus, who was come to\n assist the Tarentines against Rome, demanded peace of the senators,\n Appius, grown old in the service of the republic, caused himself\n to be carried to the senate house, and by his authority dissuaded\n them from granting a peace which would prove dishonourable to the\n Roman name. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 203.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Brutus_\n & _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who, when he heard\n that he had been proscribed by the triumvirs, divided his riches\n among his servants, and embarked with them for Sicily. In their\n passage the vessel was shipwrecked, and Appius alone saved his life.\n _Appian_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Claudius Crassus, a consul, who, with Spurius\n Naut. Rutilius, conquered the Celtiberians, and was defeated by\n Perseus king of Macedonia. _Livy._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Claudius Pulcher, a grandson\n of Appius Claudius C\u00e6cus, consul in the age of Sylla, retired from\n grandeur to enjoy the pleasures of a private life.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Clausus,\n a general of the Sabines, who, upon being ill treated by his\n countrymen, retired to Rome with 5000 of his friends, and was\n admitted into the senate in the early ages of the republic.\n _Plutarch_, _Poplicola [Publicola]_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Herdonius, seized the\n capitol with 4000 exiles, A.U.C. 292, and was soon after overthrown.\n _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Claudius\n Lentulus, a consul with Marcus Perpenna.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A dictator who conquered\n the Hernici.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of Appius was common in Rome, and\n particularly to many consuls, whose history is not marked by any\n uncommon event.\n\n=App\u016dla=, an immodest woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 64.\n\n=Apries= and =Aprius=, one of the kings of Egypt in the age of Cyrus,\n supposed to be the Pharaoh Hophra of Scripture. He took Sidon, and\n lived in great prosperity till his subjects revolted to Amasis, by\n whom he was conquered and strangled. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 159,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Apsinthii=, a people of Thrace. They received their name from a river\n called Apsinthus, which flowed through their territory. _Dionysius\n Periegetes._\n\n=Apsinus=, an Athenian sophist in the third century, author of a work\n called _Pr\u00e6ceptor de Arte Rhetoric\u00e2_.\n\n=Apsus=, a river of Macedonia falling into the Ionian sea between\n Dyrrhachium and Apollonia. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 46.\n\n=Apt\u0115ra=, an inland town of Crete. _Ptolemy._\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Apuleia lex=, was enacted by Lucius Apuleius the tribune, A.U.C.\n 652, for inflicting a punishment upon such as were guilty of\n raising seditions, or showing violence in the city.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Varilia,\n a granddaughter of Augustus, convicted of adultery with a certain\n Manlius, in the reign of Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, ch. 50.\n\n=Apuleius=, a learned man, born at Madaura in Africa. He studied at\n Carthage, Athens, and Rome, where he married a rich widow called\n Pudentilla, for which he was accused by some of her relations of\n using magical arts to win her heart. His apology was a masterly\n composition. In his youth, Apuleius had been very expensive; but\n he was, in a maturer age, more devoted to study, and learnt Latin\n without a master. The most famous of his works extant is the _Golden\n Ass_, in 11 books, an allegorical piece, replete with morality. The\n best editions of Apuleius are the Delphin, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1688,\n and Pric\u00e6i, 8vo, Goud\u00e6, 1650.\n\n=Ap\u016blia=, now _Puglia_, a country of Italy between Daunia and Calabria.\n It was part of the ancient Magna Gr\u00e6cia, and generally divided\n into Apulia Daunia and Apulia Peucetia. It was famous for its wool,\n superior to all the produce of Italy. Some suppose that it is called\n after Apulus, an ancient king of the country before the Trojan war.\n _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 43.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, _Apophoreta_,\n ltr. 155.\n\n=Apuscid\u0101mus=, a lake of Africa. All bodies, however heavy, were said\n to swim on the surface of its waters. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.\n\n=Aquarius=, one of the signs of the zodiac, rising in January and\n setting in February. Some suppose that Ganymede was changed into\n this sign. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 304.\n\n=Aquilaria=, a place of Africa. _C\u00e6sar_, bk. 2, _Civil War_, ch. 23.\n\n=Aquileia=, or =Aquilegia=, a town founded by a Roman colony, called\n from its grandeur, _Roma secunda_, and situate at the north of\n the Adriatic sea, on the confines of Italy. The Romans built it\n chiefly to oppose the frequent incursions of the barbarians. The\n Roman emperors enlarged and beautified it, and often made it their\n residence. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 605.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 4,\n ltr. 25.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Aquilius Niger=, an historian mentioned by _Suetonius_, _Augustus_,\n ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus, a Roman consul who had the government of Asia\n Minor. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sabinus, a lawyer of Rome,\n surnamed the Cato of his age. He was father to Aquilia Severus, whom\n Heliogabalus married.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Severus, a poet and historian in the age of\n Valentinian.\n\n=Aquillia= and =Aquilia=, a patrician family at Rome, from which few\n illustrious men rose.\n\n=Aqu\u012dlo=, a wind blowing from the north. Its name is derived, according\n to some, from _Aquila_, on account of its keenness and velocity.\n\n=Aquilonia=, a city of the Hirpini in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 38.\n\n=Aquinius=, a poet of moderate capacity. _Cicero_, bk. 5, _Tusculan\u00e6\n Disputationes_.\n\n=Aqu\u012bnum=, a town of Latium, on the borders of the Samnites, where\n Juvenal was born. A dye was invented there, which greatly resembled\n the real purple. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 27.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\u2015\u2015\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 404.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 319.\n\n=Aquitania=, a country of Gaul, bounded on the west by Spain, north\n by the province of Lugdunum, south by the province called Gallia\n Narbonensis. Its inhabitants are called Aquitani. _Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\n\n=Ara=, a constellation, consisting of seven stars, near the tail of\n the Scorpion. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 138.\n\n=Ara lugdunensis=, a place at the confluence of the Arar and Rhone.\n _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 44.\n\n=Arabarches=, a vulgar person among the Egyptians, or perhaps an\n unusual expression for the leaders of the Arabians, who resided in\n Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 130. Some believe that Cicero, bk. 2,\n ltr. 17, _Letters to Atticus_, alluded to Pompey under the name of\n Arabarches.\n\n=Ar\u0103bia=, a large country of Asia, forming a peninsula between the\n Arabian and Persian gulfs. It is generally divided into three\n different parts, Petr\u00e6a, Deserta, and Felix. It is famous for its\n frankincense and aromatic plants. The inhabitants were formerly\n under their own chiefs, an uncivilized people, who paid adoration to\n the sun, moon, and even serpents, and who had their wives in common,\n and circumcised their children. The country has often been invaded,\n but never totally subdued. Alexander the Great expressed his wish to\n place the seat of his empire in their territories. The soil is rocky\n and sandy, the inhabitants are scarce, the mountains rugged, and\n the country without water. In Arabia, whatever woman was convicted\n of adultery was capitally punished. The Arabians for some time\n supported the splendour of literature which was extinguished by\n the tyranny and superstition which prevailed in Egypt, and to them\n we are indebted for the invention of algebra, or the application\n of signs and letters to represent lines, numbers, and quantities,\n and also for the numerical characters of 1, 2, 3, &c., first used\n in Europe, A.D. 1253.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bks. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bks. 12 & 14.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon._\n \u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 2.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 57.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also the name of the wife of \u00c6gyptus.\n _Apollodorus._\n\n=Arab\u012dcus sinus=, a sea between Egypt and Arabia, different, according\n to some authors, from the Red sea, which they supposed to be between\n \u00c6thiopia and India, and the Arabian gulf further above, between Egypt\n and Arabia. It is about 40 days\u2019 sail in length, and not half a day\u2019s\n in its most extensive breadth. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\n\n=Ar\u0103bis=, =Arabius=, =Arbis=, an Indian river. _Curtius_, bk. 9,\n ch. 10.\n\n=Arabs= and =Ar\u0103bus=, a son of Apollo and Babylone, who first invented\n medicine, and taught it in Arabia, which is called after his name.\n _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.\n\n=Aracca= and =Arecca=, a city of Susiana. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1.\n\n=Arachne=, a woman of Colophon, daughter to Idmon a dyer. She was so\n skilful in working with the needle, that she challenged Minerva, the\n goddess of the art, to a trial of skill. She represented on her work\n the amours of Jupiter with Europa, Antiope, Leda, Asteria, Danae,\n Alcmene, &c.; but though her piece was perfect and masterly, she was\n defeated by Minerva, and hanged herself in despair, and was changed\n into a spider by the goddess. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable\n 1, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Thessaly.\n\n=Arachosia=, a city of Asia, near the Massaget\u00e6. It was built by\n Semiramis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Persian provinces beyond the Indus. _Pliny_,\n bk. 6, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 11.\n\n=Arach\u014dt\u00e6= and =Arach\u014dti=, a people of India, who received their\n name from the river Arachotus which flows down from mount Caucasus.\n _Dionysius Periegetes._\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 7.\n\n=Arachthias=, one of the four capital rivers of Epirus near Nicopolis,\n falling into the bay of Ambracia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=Aracillum=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Aracosii=, an Indian nation. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.\n\n=Aracynthus=, a mountain of Acarnania, between the Achelous and Evenus,\n not far from the shore, and thence called Act\u00e6us. _Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 2, li. 24.\n\n=Ar\u0103dus=, an island near Ph\u0153nicia, joined to the continent by a bridge.\n _Dionysius Periegetes._\n\n=Ar\u00e6=, rocks in the middle of the Mediterranean, between Africa and\n Sardinia, where the Romans and Africans ratified a treaty. It was\n upon them that \u00c6neas lost the greatest part of his fleet. They are\n supposed to be those islands which are commonly called \u00c6gates.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 113.\n\n=Ar\u00e6 Phil\u00e6norum=, a maritime city of Africa, on the borders of Cyrene.\n _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, chs. 19 & 79.\n\n=Arar=, now the _Saone_, a river of Gaul, flowing into the Rhone, over\n which C\u00e6sar\u2019s soldiers made a bridge in one day. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic\n War_, bk. 1, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 452.\n\n=Ar\u0103rus=, a Scythian river flowing through Armenia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 48.\n\n=Arathyrea=, a small province of Achaia, afterwards called Asophis,\n with a city of the same name. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 8.\n\n=Ar\u0101tus=, a Greek poet of Cilicia, about 277 B.C. He was greatly\n esteemed by Antigonus Gonatas king of Macedonia, at whose court he\n passed much of his time, and by whose desire he wrote a poem on\n astronomy, in which he gives an account of the situations, rising\n and setting, number and motion of the stars. Cicero represented him\n as unacquainted with astrology, yet capable of writing upon it in\n elegant and highly finished verses, which, however, from the subject,\n admit of little variety. Aratus wrote, besides, hymns and epigrams,\n &c., and had among his interpreters and commentators many of the\n learned men of Greece whose works are lost, besides Cicero, Claudius,\n and Germanicus C\u00e6sar, who in their youth, or moments of relaxation,\n translated the _Ph\u00e6nomena_ into Latin verse. The best editions of\n Aratus are, Grotius, 4to, apud Raphalengius, 1600; and Oxford, 8vo,\n 1672. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 41.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The son\n of Clinias and Aristodama, was born at Sicyon in Achaia, near the\n river Asopus. When he was but seven years of age, his father, who\n held the government of Sicyon, was assassinated by Abantidas, who\n made himself absolute. After some revolutions, the sovereignty came\n into the hands of Nicocles, whom Aratus murdered to restore his\n country to liberty. He was so jealous of tyrannical power, that he\n even destroyed a picture which was the representation of a tyrant.\n He joined the republic of Sicyon to the Ach\u00e6an league, which he\n strengthened, by making a treaty of alliance with the Corinthians,\n and with Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was chosen chief commander of the\n forces of the Ach\u00e6ans, and drove away the Macedonians from Athens\n and Corinth. He made war against the Spartans, but was conquered\n in a battle by their king Cleomenes. To repair the losses he had\n sustained, he solicited the assistance of king Antigonus, and drove\n away Cleomenes from Sparta, who fled to Egypt, where he killed\n himself. The \u00c6tolians soon after attacked the Ach\u00e6ans; and Aratus,\n to support his character, was obliged to call to his aid Philip\n king of Macedonia. His friendship with this new ally did not long\n continue. Philip showed himself cruel and oppressive; and put to\n death some of the noblest of the Ach\u00e6ans, and even seduced the\n wife of the son of Aratus. Aratus, who was now advanced in years,\n showed his displeasure by withdrawing himself from the society and\n friendship of Philip. But this rupture was fatal. Philip dreaded the\n power and influence of Aratus, and therefore he caused him and his\n son to be poisoned. Some days before his death, Aratus was observed\n to spit blood; when apprised of it by his friends, he replied, \u201cSuch\n are the rewards which a connection with kings will produce.\u201d He was\n buried with great pomp by his countrymen; and two solemn sacrifices\n were annually made to him, the first on the day that he delivered\n Sicyon from tyranny, and the second on the day of his birth. During\n those sacrifices, which were called _Arateia_, the priests wore\n a ribbon bespangled with white and purple spots, and the public\n schoolmaster walked in procession at the head of his scholars, and\n was always accompanied by the richest and most eminent senators,\n adorned with garlands. Aratus died in the 62nd year of his age, B.C.\n 213. He wrote a history of the Ach\u00e6an league, much commended by\n Polybius. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Roman Emperors_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 2, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 2.\n\n=Araxes=, now _Arras_, a celebrated river which separates Armenia\n from Media, and falls into the Caspian sea. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 19;\n bk. 7, li. 188.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 728.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 202, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Europe, now called\n Wolga.\n\n=Arb\u0101ces=, a Mede who revolted with Belesis against Sardanapalus, and\n founded the empire of Media upon the ruins of the Assyrian power,\n 820 years before the christian era. He reigned above 50 years, and\n was famous for the greatness of his undertakings, as well as for his\n valour. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\n\n=Arb\u0113la= (orum), now _Irbil_, a town of Persia, on the river Lycus,\n famous for a battle fought there between Alexander and Darius, the\n 2nd of October, B.C. 331. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Alexander_.\n\n=Arb\u0115la=, a town of Sicily, whose inhabitants were very credulous.\n\n=Arbis=, a river on the western boundaries of India. _Strabo._\n\n=Arboc\u0101la=, a city taken by Annibal as he marched against Rome.\n\n=Arbusc\u016dla=, an actress on the Roman stage, who laughed at the hisses\n of the populace while she received the applauses of the knights.\n _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 77.\n\n=Arc\u0103dia=, a country in the middle of Peloponnesus, surrounded on\n every side by land, situate between Achaia, Messenia, Elis, and\n Argolis. It received its name from Arcas son of Jupiter, and was\n anciently called Drymodes, on account of the great number of _oaks_\n (\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c2) which it produced, and afterwards Lycaonia and Pelasgia. The\n country has been much celebrated by the poets, and was famous for\n its mountains. The inhabitants were for the most part all shepherds,\n who lived upon acorns, were skilful warriors, and able musicians.\n They thought themselves more ancient than the moon. Pan, the god of\n shepherds, chiefly lived among them.\u2015\u2015Aristotle, bk. 4, _Metaphysics_,\n says that the wine of Arcadia, when placed in a goat\u2019s skin near a\n fire, will become chalky, and at last be turned into salt. _Strabo_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 1, 2, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fortified village of Zacynthus.\n\n=Arcadius=, eldest son of Theodosius the Great, succeeded his father\n A.D. 395. Under him the Roman power was divided into the eastern\n and western empire. He made the eastern empire his choice, and fixed\n his residence at Constantinople; while his brother Honorius was\n made emperor of the west, and lived in Rome. After this separation\n of the Roman empire, the two powers looked upon one another with\n indifference; and, soon after, their indifference was changed into\n jealousy, and contributed to hasten their mutual ruin. In the reign\n of Arcadius, Alaricus attacked the western empire, and plundered\n Rome. Arcadius married Eudoxia, a bold and ambitious woman, and died\n in the 31st year of his age, after a reign of 13 years, in which\n he bore the character of an effeminate prince, who suffered himself\n to be governed by favourites, and who abandoned his subjects to the\n tyranny of ministers, while he lost himself in the pleasures of a\n voluptuous court.\n\n=Arc\u0101num=, a villa of Cicero\u2019s near the Minturni. _Cicero_, bk. 7,\n _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10.\n\n=Arcas=, a son of Jupiter and Calisto. He nearly killed his mother,\n whom Juno had changed into a bear. He reigned in Pelasgia, which\n from him was called Arcadia, and taught his subjects agriculture\n and the art of spinning wool. After his death, Jupiter made him a\n constellation with his mother. As he was one day hunting, he met\n a wood nymph, who begged his assistance, because the tree over\n which she presided, and on whose preservation her life depended,\n was going to be carried away by the impetuous torrent of a river.\n Arcas changed the course of the waters, and preserved the tree, and\n married the nymph, by whom he had three sons, Azan, Aphidas, and\n Elatus, among whom he divided his kingdom. The descendants of Azan\n planted colonies in Phrygia. Aphidas received for his share Tegea,\n which on that account has been called the inheritance of Aphidas;\n and Elatus became master of mount Cyllene, and some time after\n passed into Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables\n 155 & 176.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 470.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs.\n\n=Arce=, a daughter of Thaumas, son of Pontus and Terra. _Ptolemy\n Heph\u00e6stion_.\n\n=Arc\u0113na=, a town of Ph\u0153nicia, where Alexander Severus was born.\n\n=Arcens=, a Sicilian who permitted his son to accompany \u00c6neas into\n Italy, where he was killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 581, &c.\n\n=Arcesil\u0101us=, son of Battus king of Cyrene, was driven from his kingdom\n in a sedition, and died B.C. 575. The second of that name died B.C.\n 550. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8, ch. 41.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 159.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One\n of Alexander\u2019s generals, who obtained Mesopotamia at the general\n division of the provinces after the king\u2019s death.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A chief of\n Catana, which he betrayed to Dionysius the elder. _Diodorus_, bk.\n 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of Pitane in \u00c6olia, disciple of Polemon. He\n visited Sardis and Athens, and was the founder of the middle academy,\n as Socrates founded the ancient, and Carneades the new one. He\n pretended to know nothing, and accused others of the same ignorance.\n He acquired many pupils in the character of teacher; but some of\n them left him for Epicurus, though no Epicurean came to him; which\n gave him occasion to say that it is easy to make a eunuch of a man,\n but impossible to make a man of a eunuch. He was very fond of Homer,\n and generally divided his time among the pleasures of philosophy,\n love, reading, and the table. He died in his 75th year, B.C. 241,\n or 300 according to some. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives and Opinions\n of Eminent Philosophers_.\u2015\u2015_Persius_, bk. 3, li. 78.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de\n Finibus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of two painters,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015a statuary,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015a leader of\n the B\u0153otians during the Trojan war.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic and elegiac poet.\n\n=Arc\u0113sius=, son of Jupiter, was grandfather to Ulysses. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 144.\n\n=Arch\u00e6a=, a city of \u00c6olia.\n\n=Arch\u00e6\u0103nax= of Mitylene, was intimate with Pisistratus tyrant of\n Athens. He fortified Sig\u00e6um with a wall from the ruins of ancient\n Troy. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n\n=Arch\u00e6at\u012ddas=, a country of Peloponnesus. _Polybius._\n\n=Arch\u0103g\u0103thus=, son of Archagathus, was slain in Africa by his soldiers,\n B.C. 285. He killed his grandfather, Agathocles tyrant of Syracuse.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 20.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 22, ch. 5, &c., says that he was\n put to death by Archesilaus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician at Rome, B.C. 219.\n\n=Archander=, father-in-law to Danaus. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 98.\n\n=Archandros=, a town of Egypt.\n\n=Arche=, one of the Muses, according to Cicero.\n\n=Archeg\u0113tes=, a surname of Hercules.\n\n=Archel\u0101us=, a name common to some kings of Cappadocia. One of them\n was conquered by Sylla, for assisting Mithridates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A person\n of that name married Berenice, and made himself king of Egypt; a\n dignity he enjoyed only six months, as he was killed by the soldiers\n of Gabinius, B.C. 56. He had been made priest of Comana by Pompey.\n His grandson was made king of Cappadocia by Antony, whom he assisted\n at Actium, and he maintained his independence under Augustus, till\n Tiberius perfidiously destroyed him.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Macedonia, who\n succeeded his father Perdiccas II. As he was but a natural child, he\n killed the legitimate heirs to gain the kingdom. He proved himself\n to be a great monarch; but he was at last killed by one of his\n favourites, because he had promised him his daughter in marriage,\n and given her to another, after a reign of 23 years. He patronized\n the poet Euripides. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_. _Varia Historia_, bks. 2, 8, 12, 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of the\n Jews, surnamed Herod. He married Glaphyre, daughter of Archelaus\n king of Macedonia, and widow of his brother Alexander. C\u00e6sar\n banished him, for his cruelties, to Vienna, where he died. _Dio\n Cassius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Laced\u00e6mon, son of Agesilaus. He reigned 42\n years with Charilaus, of the other branch of the family. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 7, ch. 204.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of\n Antigonus the younger appointed governor of the Acrocorinth, with\n the philosopher Pers\u00e6us. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 6, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated\n general of Mithridates against Sylla. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n philosopher of Athens or Messenia, son of Apollodorus and successor\n to Anaxagoras. He was preceptor to Socrates, and was called\n _Physicus_. He supposed that heat and cold were the principles of\n all things. He first discovered the voice to be propagated by the\n vibration of the air. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.\n \u2015\u2015_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man set over Susa by\n Alexander, with a garrison of 3000 men. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek philosopher, who wrote a history of animals, and\n maintained that goats breathed not through the nostrils, but through\n the ears. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 50.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Electryon and Anaxo.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek poet who wrote epigrams. _Varro_,\n _de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sculptor of Priene, in the age\n of Claudius. He made an apotheosis of Homer, a piece of sculpture\n highly admired, and said to have been discovered under ground, A.D.\n 1658.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer of Thrace.\n\n=Archem\u0103chus=, a Greek writer, who published a history of Eub\u0153a.\n _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hercules,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Priam. _Apollodorus_,\n bks. 2 & 3.\n\n=Archem\u014frus=, or =Opheltes=, son of Lycurgus king of Nem\u00e6a, in Thrace,\n by Eurydice, was brought up by Hypsipyle queen of Lemnos, who had\n fled to Thrace, and was employed as a nurse in the king\u2019s family.\n Hypsipyle was met by the army of Adrastus, who was going against\n Thebes: and she was forced to show them a fountain where they might\n quench their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she put down\n the child on the grass, and at her return found him killed by a\n serpent. The Greeks were so afflicted at this misfortune, that they\n instituted games in honour of Archemorus, which were called Nem\u00e6an,\n and king Adrastus enlisted among the combatants, and was victorious.\n _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.\u2015\u2015_Statius_,\n _Thebiad_, bk. 6.\n\n=Archep\u014flis=, a man in Alexander\u2019s army, who conspired against the\n king with Dymnus. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.\n\n=Archeptol\u0115mus=, son of Iphitus king of Elis, went to the Trojan war,\n and fought against the Greeks. As he was fighting near Hector, he\n was killed by Ajax son of Telamon. It is said that he re-established\n the Olympic games. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 128.\n\n=Archestr\u0103tus=, a tragic poet, whose pieces were acted during the\n Peloponnesian war. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man so small and\n lean, that he could be placed in a dish without filling it, though\n it contained no more than an obolus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A follower of Epicurus, who\n wrote a poem in commendation of gluttony.\n\n=Archet\u012bmus=, the first philosophical writer in the age of the seven\n wise men of Greece. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Archetius=, a Rutulian, killed by the Trojans. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 12, li. 459.\n\n=Archia=, one of the Oceanides, wife to Inachus. _Hyginus_, fable 143.\n\n=Archias=, a Corinthian descended from Hercules. He founded Syracuse,\n B.C. 732. Being told by an oracle to make choice of health or riches,\n he chose the latter. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet\n of Antioch, intimate with the Luculli. He obtained the rank and\n name of a Roman citizen by the means of Cicero, who defended him\n in an elegant oration, when his enemies had disputed his privileges\n of citizen of Rome. He wrote a poem on the Cimbrian war and began\n another concerning Cicero\u2019s consulship, which are now lost. Some\n of his epigrams are preserved in the Anthologia. _Cicero_, _For\n Archias_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A polemarch of Thebes, assassinated in the conspiracy\n of Pelopidas, which he could have prevented, if he had not deferred\n to the morrow the reading of a letter which he had received from\n Archias the Athenian high priest, and which gave him information\n of his danger. _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A high priest of Athens,\n contemporary and intimate with the polemarch of the same name.\n _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Theban taken in the act of adultery,\n and punished according to the law, and tied to a post in the public\n place, for which punishment he abolished the oligarchy. _Aristotle._\n\n=Archibi\u0103des=, a philosopher of Athens, who affected the manners of\n the Spartans, and was very inimical to the views and measures of\n Phocion. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ambassador of Byzantium, &c.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 4, ch. 44.\n\n=Archibius=, the son of the geographer Ptolemy.\n\n=Archidamia=, a priestess of Ceres, who, on account of her affection\n for Aristomenes, restored him to liberty when he had been taken\n prisoner by her female attendants at the celebration of their\n festivals. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Cleadas, who\n upon hearing that her countrymen the Spartans were debating whether\n they should send away their women to Crete against the hostile\n approach of Pyrrhus, seized a sword, and ran to the senate house,\n exclaiming that the women were as able to fight as the men. Upon\n this the decree was repealed. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.\u2015\u2015_Poly\u00e6nus_,\n bk. 8, ch. 8.\n\n=Archid\u0101mus=, son of Theopompus king of Sparta, died before his\n father. _Pausanias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, king of Sparta, son of Anaxidamus,\n succeeded by Agasicles.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, son of Agesilaus of the family\n of the Proclid\u00e6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, grandson of Leotychidas by his son\n Zeuxidamus. He succeeded his grandfather, and reigned in conjunction\n with Plistoanax. He conquered the Argives and Arcadians, and\n privately assisted the Phocians in plundering the temple of Delphi.\n He was called to the aid of Tarentum against the Romans, and killed\n there in a battle, after a reign of 33 years. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Xenophon._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, son of Eudamidas.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who conquered\n the Helots, after a violent earthquake. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Agesilaus, who led the Spartan auxiliaries to Cleombrotus at the\n battle of Leuctra, and was killed in a battle against the Lucanians.\n B.C. 338.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Xenius Theopompus. _Pausanias._\n\n=Archidas=, a tyrant of Athens, killed by his troops.\n\n=Archid\u0113mus=, a Stoic philosopher, who willingly exiled himself among\n the Parthians. _Plutarch_, _de Exilio_.\n\n=Archid\u0113us=, a son of Amyntas king of Macedonia. _Justin_, bk. 7,\n ch. 4.\n\n=Archidium=, a city of Crete, named after Archidius son of Tegeates.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.\n\n=Archigallus=, the high priest of Cybele\u2019s temple. _See:_ Galli.\n\n=Archig\u0115nes=, a physician, born at Apamea in Syria. He lived in the\n reign of Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan, and died in the 73rd year of\n his age. He wrote a treatise on adorning the hair, as also 10 books\n on fevers. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 235.\n\n=Archil\u014fchus=, a poet of Paros; who wrote elegies, satires, odes, and\n epigrams, and was the first who introduced iambics in his verses.\n He had courted Neobule the daughter of Lycambes, and had received\n promises of marriage; but the father gave her to another superior\n to the poet in rank and fortune; upon which Archilochus wrote such a\n bitter satire, that Lycambes hanged himself in a fit of despair. The\n Spartans condemned his verses on account of their indelicacy, and\n banished him from their city as a petulant and dangerous citizen.\n He flourished 685 B.C., and it is said that he was assassinated.\n Some fragments of his poetry remain, which display vigour and\n animation, boldness and vehemence, in the highest degree; from which\n reason, perhaps, Cicero calls virulent edicts, _Archilochia edicta_.\n _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li.\n 79.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bks. 1, 2, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Nestor, killed by Memnon\n in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek historian who\n wrote a chronological table, and other works, about the 20th or 30th\n olympiad.\n\n=Archim\u0113des=, a famous geometrician of Syracuse, who invented a machine\n of glass that faithfully represented the motion of all the heavenly\n bodies. When Marcellus the Roman consul besieged Syracuse Archimedes\n constructed machines which suddenly raised up in the air the ships\n of the enemy from the bay before the city, and let them fall with\n such violence into the water that they sunk. He set them also on\n fire with his burning glasses. When the town was taken, the Roman\n general gave strict orders to his soldiers not to hurt Archimedes,\n and he even offered a reward to him who should bring him alive and\n safe into his presence. All these precautions were useless; the\n philosopher was so deeply engaged in solving a problem, that he was\n even ignorant that the enemy were in possession of the town; and a\n soldier, without knowing who he was, killed him, because he refused\n to follow him, B.C. 212. Marcellus raised a monument over him,\n and placed upon it a cylinder and a sphere; but the place remained\n long unknown, till Cicero, during his questorship in Sicily, found\n it near one of the gates of Syracuse, surrounded with thorns and\n brambles. Some suppose that Archimedes raised the site of the towns\n and villages of Egypt, and began those mounds of earth by means of\n which communication is kept from town to town during the inundations\n of the Nile. The story of his burning glasses had always appeared\n fabulous to some of the moderns, till the experiments of Buffon\n demonstrated it beyond contradiction. These celebrated glasses were\n supposed to be reflectors made of metal, and capable of producing\n their effect at the distance of a bowshot. The manner in which\n he discovered how much brass a goldsmith had mixed with gold in\n making a golden crown for the king is well known to every modern\n hydrostatic, as well as the pumping screw which still bears his\n name. Among the wild schemes of Archimedes, is his saying that, by\n means of his machines, he could move the earth with ease, if placed\n on a fixed spot near it. Many of his works are extant, especially\n treatises _de sph\u00e6r\u00e2 et cylindro, circuli dimensio_, _de lineis\n spiralibus_, _de quadratur\u00e2 paraboles_, _de numero aren\u00e6_, &c.;\n the best edition of which is that of David Rivaltius, folio, Paris,\n 1615. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 25; _De Natura\n Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_,\n bk. 1, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Vitruvius_, bk. 9, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7.\n\n=Arch\u012bnus=, a man who, when he was appointed to distribute new arms\n among the populace of Argos, raised a mercenary band, and made\n himself absolute. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rhetorician of\n Athens.\n\n=Archip\u0115l\u0103gus=, a part of the sea where islands in great number are\n interspersed such as that part of the Mediterranean which lies\n between Greece and Asia Minor, and is generally called Mare \u00c6geum.\n\n=Archip\u014flis=, or =Archepolis=, a soldier who conspired against\n Alexander with Dymnus. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.\n\n=Archippe=, a city of the Marsi, destroyed by an earthquake, and lost\n in the lake of Fucinus. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.\n\n=Archippus=, a king of Italy, from whom, perhaps, the town of\n Archippe received its name. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 752.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n philosopher of Thebes, pupil to Pythagoras.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An archon at Athens.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic poet of Athens, of whose eight comedies only one obtained\n the prize.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher in the age of Trajan.\n\n=Arch\u012btis=, a name of Venus, worshipped on mount Libanus.\n\n=Archon=, one of Alexander\u2019s generals, who received the provinces of\n Babylon, at the general division after the king\u2019s death. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 18.\n\n=Archontes=, the name of the chief magistrates of Athens. They were\n nine in number, and none were chosen but such as were descended\n from ancestors who had been free citizens of the republic for three\n generations. They were also to be without deformity in all the parts\n and members of their body, and were obliged to produce testimonies\n of their dutiful behaviour to their parents, of the services they\n had rendered their country, and the competency of their fortune\n to support their dignity. They took a solemn oath that they would\n observe the laws, administer justice with impartiality, and never\n suffer themselves to be corrupted. If they ever received bribes,\n they were compelled by the laws to dedicate to the god of Delphi\n a statue of gold of equal weight with their body. They all had the\n power of punishing malefactors with death. The chief among them\n was called _Archon_. The year took its denomination from him; he\n determined all causes between man and wife, and took care of legacies\n and wills; he provided for orphans, protected the injured, and\n punished drunkenness with uncommon severity. If he suffered himself\n to be intoxicated during the time of his office, the misdemeanour\n was punished with death. The second of the archons was called\n _Basileus_. It was his office to keep good order, and to remove all\n causes of quarrel in the families of those who were dedicated to the\n service of the gods. The profane and the impious were brought before\n his tribunal; and he offered public sacrifices for the good of the\n state. He assisted at the celebration of the Eleusinian festivals,\n and other religious ceremonies. His wife was to be related to\n the whole people of Athens, and of a pure and unsullied life. He\n had a vote among the Areopagites, but was obliged to sit among\n them without his crown. The _Polemarch_ was another archon of\n inferior dignity. He had the care of all foreigners, and provided a\n sufficient maintenance from the public treasury for the families of\n those who had lost their lives in defence of their country. These\n three chief archons generally chose each of them two persons of\n respectable character, and of an advanced age, whose counsels and\n advice might assist and support them in their public capacity.\n The six other archons were indistinctly called _Thesmothet\u00e6_, and\n received complaints against persons accused of impiety, bribery,\n and ill behaviour. They settled all disputes between the citizens,\n redressed the wrongs of strangers and forbade any laws to be\n enforced but such as were conducive to the safety of the state.\n These officers of state were chosen after the death of king\n Codrus; their power was originally for life, but afterwards it was\n limited to 10 years, and at last to one year. After some time, the\n qualifications which were required to be an archon were not strictly\n observed. Adrian, before he was elected emperor of Rome, was made\n archon at Athens, though a foreigner; and the same honours were\n conferred upon Plutarch. The perpetual archons, after the death of\n Codrus, were Medon, whose office began B.C. 1070; Acastus, 1050;\n Archippus, 1014; Thersippus, 995; Phorbas, 954; Megacles, 923;\n Diognetus, 893; Pherecles, 865; Ariphron, 846; Thespius, 826;\n Agamestor, 799; \u00c6schylus, 778; Alcm\u00e6on, 756; after whose death the\n archons were decennial, the first of whom was Charops, who began\n 753; \u00c6simedes, 744; Clidicus, 734; Hippomenes, 724; Leocrates, 714;\n Apsander, 704; Eryxias, 694; after whom the office became annual,\n and of these annual archons Creon was the first. _Aristophanes_, _The\n Clouds_ & _The Birds_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Demosthenes._\u2015\u2015_Pollux._\u2015\u2015_Lysias._\n\n=Archy\u0306lus Thurius=, a general of Dionysius the elder. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 14.\n\n=Archytas=, a musician of Mitylene, who wrote a treatise on\n agriculture. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The son of Hesti\u00e6us of Tarentum,\n was a follower of the Pythagorean philosophy, and an able astronomer\n and geometrician. He redeemed his master, Plato, from the hands of\n the tyrant Dionysius, and for his virtues he was seven times chosen,\n by his fellow-citizens, governor of Tarentum. He invented some\n mathematical instruments, and made a wooden pigeon which could fly.\n He perished in a shipwreck about 394 years before the christian\n era. He is also the reputed inventor of the screw and the pulley.\n A fragment of his writings has been preserved by Porphyry. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, ode 28.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 3, _On Oratory_.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_,\n _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.\n\n=Arc\u012dt\u0115nens=, an epithet applied to Apollo, from his bearing a _bow_,\n with which, as soon as born, he destroyed the serpent Python.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 75.\n\n=Arct\u012bnus=, a Milesian poet, said to be pupil to Homer. _Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Arctophy\u0306lax=, a star near the great bear, called also Bootes.\n _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 42.\n\n=Arctos=, a mountain near Propontis, inhabited by giants and monsters.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Two celestial constellations near the north pole, commonly\n called Ursa Major and Minor; supposed to be Arcas and his mother,\n who were made constellations. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Aratus._\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 107.\n\n=Arct\u016brus=, a star near the tail of the great bear, whose rising and\n setting were generally supposed to portend great tempests. _Horace_,\n bk. 3, ode 1. The name is derived from its situation, \u1f00\u03c1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 _ursus_,\n \u03bf\u1f50\u03c1\u03b1 _cauda_. It rises now about the beginning of October, and Pliny\n tells us it rose in his age on the 12th, or, according to Columella,\n on the 5th of September.\n\n=Ard\u0103lus=, a son of Vulcan, said to have been the first who invented\n the pipe. He gave it to the Muses, who on that account have been\n called _Ardalides_ and _Ardal\u012botides_. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31.\n\n=Ardalia=, a country of Egypt. _Strabo._\n\n=Ardax\u0101nus=, a small river of Illyricum. _Polybius._\n\n=Ardea=, formerly Ardua, a town of Latium, built by Danae, or,\n according to some, by a son of Ulysses and Circe. It was the capital\n of the Rutuli. Some soldiers set it on fire, and the inhabitants\n publicly reported that their city had been changed into a bird,\n called by the Latins _Ardea_. It was rebuilt, and it became a rich\n and magnificent city, whose enmity to Rome rendered it famous.\n Tarquin the Proud was pressing it with a siege, when his son\n ravished Lucretia. A road called _Ardeatina_ branched from the\n Appian road to Ardea. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 3, ch. 71; bk. 4, ch. 9, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 7, li. 412.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 573.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 5.\n\n=Ardericca=, a small town on the Euphrates, north of Babylon.\n\n=Ardi\u00e6i=, a people of Illyricum, whose capital was called Ardia.\n _Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=Ardonea=, a town of Apulia. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 20.\n\n=Ardua=, an ancient name of Ardea. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 411.\n\n=Arduenna=, now _Ardenne_, a large forest of Gaul, in the time of\n Julius C\u00e6sar, which extended 50 miles from the Rhine to the borders\n of the Nervii. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 8, ch. 42.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic\n War_, bk. 6, ch. 29.\n\n=Arduine=, the goddess of hunting among the Gauls; represented with\n the same attributes as the Diana of the Romans.\n\n=Ardyenses=, a nation near the Rhone. _Polybius_, bk. 3.\n\n=Ardys=, a son of Gyges king of Lydia, who reigned 49 years, took\n Priene, and made war against Miletus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.\n\n=Area=, a surname of Minerva, from her temple on Mars\u2019 hill (\u1f00\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2)\n erected by Orestes. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 28.\n\n=Areacid\u00e6=, a nation of Numidia. _Polybius._\n\n=Areas=, a general chosen by the Greeks against \u00c6tolia. _Justin_,\n bk. 24, ch. 1.\n\n=Areg\u014fnis=, the mother of Mopsus by Ampyx. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.\n\n=Arel\u0101tum=, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. _Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n=Arellius=, a celebrated painter of Rome in the age of Augustus. He\n painted the goddesses in the form of his mistresses. _Pliny_, bk. 35,\n ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A miser in _Horace_.\n\n=Aremor\u012dca=, a part of Gaul, at the north of the Loire, now called\n Britany. _Pliny_, bk. 4.\n\n=Ar\u0113na= and =Arene=, a city of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 2.\n\n=Aren\u0103cum=, a town of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 20.\n\n=Areopag\u012bt\u00e6=, the judges of the Areopagus, a seat of justice on a small\n eminence near Athens, whose name is derived from \u0391\u03c1\u03b5\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, _the\n hill of Mars_, because Mars was the first who was tried there, for\n the murder of Hallirhotius, who had offered violence to his daughter\n Alcippe. Some say that the place received the name of Areopagus\n because the Amazons pitched their camp there, and offered sacrifices\n to their progenitor Mars, when they besieged Athens; and others\n maintain that the name was given to the place because Mars is the\n god of bloodshed, war, and murder, which were generally punished by\n that court. The time in which this celebrated seat of justice was\n instituted is unknown. Some suppose that Cecrops, the founder of\n Athens, first established it, while others give the credit of it\n to Cranaus, and others to Solon. The number of judges that composed\n this august assembly is not known. They have been limited by some to\n 9, to 31, to 51, and sometimes to a greater number. The most worthy\n and religious of the Athenians were admitted as members, and such\n archons as had discharged their duty with care and faithfulness. In\n the latter ages of the republic, this observance was often violated,\n and we find some of their members of loose and debauched morals. If\n any of them were convicted of immorality, if they were seen sitting\n at a tavern, or had used any indecent language, they were immediately\n expelled from the assembly, and held in the greatest disgrace,\n though the dignity of a judge of the Areopagus always was for life.\n The Areopagites took cognizance of murders, impiety, and immoral\n behaviour, and particularly of idleness, which they deemed the cause\n of all vice. They watched over the laws, and they had the management\n of the public treasury; they had the liberty of rewarding the\n virtuous, and of inflicting severe punishment upon such as blasphemed\n against the gods, or slighted the celebration of the holy mysteries.\n They always sat in the open air, because they took cognizance of\n murder; and by their laws it was not permitted for the murderer and\n his accuser to be both under the same roof. This custom also might\n originate because the persons of the judges were sacred, and they\n were afraid of contracting pollution by conversing in the same house\n with men who had been guilty of shedding innocent blood. They always\n heard causes and passed sentence in the night, that they might not\n be prepossessed in favour of the plaintiff or of the defendant by\n seeing them. Whatever causes were pleaded before them, were to be\n divested of all oratory and fine speaking, lest eloquence should\n charm their ears and corrupt their judgment. Hence arose the most\n just and most impartial decisions, and their sentence was deemed\n sacred and inviolable, and the plaintiff and defendant were equally\n convinced of its justice. The Areopagites generally sat on the 27th,\n 28th, and 29th days of every month. Their authority continued in\n its original state till Pericles, who was refused admittance among\n them, resolved to lessen their consequence and destroy their power.\n From that time the morals of the Athenians were corrupted, and the\n Areopagites were no longer conspicuous for their virtue and justice;\n and when they censured the debaucheries of Demetrius, one of the\n family of Phalereus, he plainly told them, that if they wished to\n make a reform in Athens, they must begin at home.\n\n=Areop\u0103gus=, a hill in the neighbourhood of Athens. _See:_ Areopagit\u00e6.\n\n=Arest\u00e6=, a people of India, conquered by Alexander. _Justin_, bk. 12,\n ch. 8.\n\n=Aresthanas=, a countryman, whose goat suckled \u00c6sculapius, when exposed\n by his mother. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.\n\n=Arestor\u012ddes=, a patronymic given to the hundred-eyed Argus, as son of\n Arestor. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 584.\n\n=Ar\u0115ta=, the mother of Aristippus the philosopher. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Dionysius, who married Dion. She was thrown\n into the sea. _Plutarch_, _Dion_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A female philosopher of Cyrene,\n B.C. 377.\n\n=Ar\u0113ta=, a daughter of Rhexenor, descended from Neptune, who married\n her uncle Alcinous, by whom she had Nausicaa. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,\n bks. 7 & 8.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Aret\u00e6us=, a physician of Cappadocia, very inquisitive after the\n operations of nature. His treatise on agues has been much admired.\n The best edition of his works which are extant, is that of Boerhaave,\n Leiden, folio, 1735.\n\n=Aretaph\u012dla=, the wife of Melanippus, a priest of Cyrene. Nicocrates\n murdered her husband to marry her. She, however, was so attached\n to Melanippus, that she endeavoured to poison Nicocrates, and at\n last caused him to be assassinated by his brother Lysander, whom\n she married. Lysander proved as cruel as his brother, upon which\n Aretaphila ordered him to be thrown into the sea. After this she\n retired to a private station. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_.\n \u2015\u2015_Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8, ch. 38.\n\n=Aret\u0101les=, a Cnidian, who wrote a history of Macedonia, besides a\n treatise on islands. _Plutarch._\n\n=Ar\u0113te.= _See:_ Areta.\n\n=Ar\u0113tes=, one of Alexander\u2019s officers. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 15.\n\n=Areth\u016bsa=, a nymph of Elis, daughter of Oceanus, and one of Diana\u2019s\n attendants. As she returned one day from hunting, she sat near\n the Alpheus, and bathed in the stream. The god of the river was\n enamoured of her, and he pursued her over the mountains and all the\n country, when Arethusa, ready to sink under fatigue, implored Diana,\n who changed her into a fountain. The Alpheus immediately mingled his\n streams with hers, and Diana opened a secret passage under the earth\n and under the sea, where the waters of Arethusa disappeared, and\n rose in the island of Ortygia, near Syracuse in Sicily. The river\n Alpheus followed her also under the sea, and rose also in Ortygia;\n so that, as mythologists relate, whatever is thrown into the Alpheus\n in Elis, rises again, after some time, in the fountain Arethusa\n near Syracuse. _See:_ Alpheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable\n 10.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Hesperides.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Herileus, mother of\n Abas by Neptune. _Hyginus_, fable 157.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs.\n _Hyginus_, fable 181.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lake of Upper Armenia, near the fountains\n of the Tigris. Nothing can sink under its waters. _Pliny_, bk. 2,\n ch. 103.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Thrace.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Syria.\n\n=Aret\u012bnum=, a Roman colony in Etruria. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 5,\n li. 123.\n\n=Ar\u0113tus=, a son of Nestor and Anaxibia. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3,\n li. 413.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan against the Greeks. He was killed by Automedon.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, li. 494.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous warrior, whose only\n weapon was an iron club. He was treacherously killed by Lycurgus\n king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11.\n\n=Areus=, a king of Sparta, preferred in the succession to Cleonymus,\n brother of Acrotatus, who had made an alliance with Pyrrhus. He\n assisted Athens when Antigonus besieged it, and died at Corinth.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Sparta, who\n succeeded his father Acrotatus II., and was succeeded by his son\n Leonidas, son of Cleonymus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of Alexandria, intimate\n with Augustus. _Suetonius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of Laconia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator\n mentioned by _Quintilian_.\n\n=Arg\u00e6us= and =Arg\u0113us=, a son of Apollo and Cyrene. _Justin_, bk. 13,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Perdiccas, who succeeded his father in the\n kingdom of Macedonia. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of\n Cappadocia, covered with perpetual snows, at the bottom of which\n is the capital of the country called Maxara. _Claudian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Ptolemy, killed by his brother. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Licymnius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Arg\u0103lus=, a king of Sparta, son of Amyclas. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Argath\u014fna=, a huntress of Cios in Bithynia, whom Rhesus married before\n he went to the Trojan war. When she heard of his death, she died in\n despair. _Parthenius_, _Narrationum Amatoriarum Libellus_, ch. 36.\n\n=Argath\u014dnius=, a king of Tartessus, who, according to _Pliny_, bk. 7,\n ch. 48, lived 120 years, and 300 according to _Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 3, li. 396.\n\n=Arge=, a beautiful huntress changed into a stag by Apollo. _Hyginus_,\n fable 205.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Cyclops. _Hesiod._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n Thespius, by whom Hercules had two sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n nymph, daughter of Jupiter and Juno. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Argea=, a place at Rome where certain Argives were buried.\n\n=Arg\u00e6\u0101th\u00e6=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.\n\n=Argennum=, a promontory of Ionia.\n\n=Arges=, a son of C\u0153lus and Terra, who had only one eye in his\n forehead. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n\n=Argestr\u0103tus=, a king of Laced\u00e6mon, who reigned 35 years.\n\n=Arg\u0113us=, a son of Perdiccas king of Macedonia, who obtained the\n kingdom when Amyntas was deposed by the Illyrians. _Justin_, bk. 7,\n ch. 2.\n\n=Argi= (plural, masculine). _See:_ Argos.\n\n=Arg\u012ba=, daughter of Adrastus, married Polynices, whom she loved with\n uncommon tenderness. When he was killed in the war, she buried his\n body in the night, against the positive orders of Creon, for which\n pious action she was punished with death. Theseus revenged her death\n by killing Creon. _Hyginus_, fables 69 & 72.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_,\n bk. 12. _See:_ Antigone and Creon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A country of Peloponnesus,\n called also Argolis, of which Argos was the capital.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n Oceanides. _Hyginus_, _preface_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Inachus, and mother\n of Io. _Hyginus_, fable 145.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Argos by Polybus.\n _Hyginus_, fable 145.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Autesion, who married\n Aristodemus, by whom she had two sons, Eurysthenes and Procles.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.\n\n=Argias=, a man who founded Chalcedon, A.U.C. 148.\n\n=Argil\u0113tum=, a place at Rome near the Palatium, where the tradesmen\n generally kept their shops. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 355.\n \u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 4.\n\n=Argilius=, a favourite youth of Pausanias, who revealed his master\u2019s\n correspondence with the Persian king to the Ephori. _Cornelius\n Nepos_, _Pausanias_.\n\n=Argillus=, a mountain of Egypt near the Nile.\n\n=Arg\u012dlus=, a town of Thrace near the Strymon, built by a colony of\n Andrians. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 103.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 115.\n\n=Argin\u016bs\u00e6=, three small islands near the continent, between Mitylene\n and Methymna, where the Laced\u00e6monian fleet was conquered by Conon\n the Athenian. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n\n=Argi\u014fpe=, a nymph of mount Parnassus, mother of Thamyris by Philammon\n the son of Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.\n\n=Argiphontes=, a surname given to Mercury, because he _killed_ the\n hundred-eyed _Argus_, by order of Jupiter.\n\n=Argipp\u0113i=, a nation among the Sauromatians, born bald, and with flat\n noses. They lived upon trees. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 23.\n\n=Arg\u012bva=, a surname of Juno, worshipped at Argos. She had also a temple\n at Sparta, consecrated to her by Eurydice the daughter of Laced\u00e6mon.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 547.\n\n=Arg\u012bvi=, the inhabitants of the city of Argos and the neighbouring\n country. The word is indiscriminately applied by the poets to all\n the inhabitants of Greece.\n\n=Argius=, a steward of Galba, who privately interred the body of his\n master in his gardens. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 49.\n\n=Argo=, the name of the famous ship which carried Jason and his 54\n companions to Colchis, when they resolved to recover the golden\n fleece. The derivation of the word Argo has often been disputed.\n Some derive it from Argos, the person who first proposed the\n expedition, and who built the ship. Others maintain that it was\n built at Argos, whence its name. Cicero, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_,\n bk. 1, ch. 20, calls it Argo, because it carried Grecians, commonly\n called Argives. Diodorus, bk. 4, derives the word from \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, which\n signifies _swift_. Ptolemy says, but falsely, that Hercules built\n the ship, and called it Argo after a son of Jason, who bore the same\n name. The ship Argo had 50 oars. According to many authors, she had\n a beam on her prow, cut in the forest of Dodona by Minerva, which\n had the power of giving oracles to the Argonauts. This ship was\n the first that ever sailed on the sea, as some report. After the\n expedition was finished, Jason ordered her to be drawn aground at\n the isthmus of Corinth, and consecrated to the god of the sea. The\n poets have made her a constellation in heaven. Jason was killed\n by a beam which fell from the top, as he slept on the ground near\n it. _Hyginus_, fable 14; _Poetica astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 37.\n \u2015\u2015_Catullus_, _Marriage of Peleus and Thetis_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Flaccus_,\n bk. 1, li. 93, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ph\u00e6dras_, bk. 4, fable 6.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Medea_.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura\n Deorum_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.\u2015\u2015_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 1.\n\n=Argol\u012dcus sinus=, a bay on the coast of Argolis.\n\n=Arg\u014flis= and =Argia=, a country of Peloponnesus between Arcadia and\n the \u00c6gean sea. Its chief city was called Argos.\n\n=Argon=, one of the descendants of Hercules, who reigned in Lydia 505\n years before Gyges. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\n\n=Argonaut\u00e6=, a name given to those ancient heroes who went with Jason\n on board the ship Argo to Colchis, about 79 years before the taking\n of Troy, or 1263 B.C. The causes of this expedition arose from the\n following circumstance:\u2015\u2015Athamas king of Thebes had married Ino\n the daughter of Cadmus, whom he divorced to marry Nephele, by whom\n he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. As Nephele was subject to\n certain fits of madness, Athamas repudiated her, and took a second\n time Ino, by whom he had soon after two sons, Learchus and Melicerta.\n As the children of Nephele were to succeed to their father by\n right of birth, Ino conceived an immortal hatred against them, and\n she caused the city of Thebes to be visited by a pestilence, by\n poisoning all the grain which had been sown in the earth. Upon this\n the oracle was consulted; and as it had been corrupted by means of\n Ino, the answer was, that Nephele\u2019s children should be immolated to\n the gods. Phryxus was apprised of this, and he immediately embarked\n with his sister Helle, and fled to the court of \u00c6etes king of\n Colchis, one of his near relations. In the voyage Helle died, and\n Phryxus arrived safe at Colchis, and was received with kindness\n by the king. The poets have embellished the flight of Phryxus, by\n supposing that he and Helle fled through the air on a ram which had\n a golden fleece and wings, and was endowed with the faculties of\n speech. This ram, as they say, was the offspring of Neptune\u2019s amours,\n under the form of a ram, with the nymph Theopane. As they were\n going to be sacrificed, the ram took them on his back, and instantly\n disappeared in the air. On their way Helle was giddy, and fell\n into that part of the sea which from her was called the Hellespont.\n When Phryxus came to Colchis, he sacrificed the ram to Jupiter, or,\n according to others, to Mars, to whom he also dedicated the golden\n fleece. He soon after married Chalciope the daughter of \u00c6etes; but\n his father-in-law envied him the possession of the golden fleece,\n and therefore to obtain it he murdered him. Some time after this\n event, when Jason the son of \u00c6son demanded of his uncle Pelias the\n crown which he usurped [_See:_ Pelias, Jason, \u00c6son], Pelias said\n that he would restore it to him, provided he avenged the death of\n their common relation Phryxus, whom \u00c6etes had basely murdered in\n Colchis. Jason, who was in the vigour of youth, and of an ambitious\n soul, cheerfully undertook the expedition, and embarked with all the\n young princes of Greece in the ship Argo. They stopped at the island\n of Lemnos, where they remained two years, and raised a new race of\n men from the Lemnian women who had murdered their husbands. _See:_\n Hypsipyle. After they had left Lemnos, they visited Samothrace,\n where they offered sacrifices to the gods, and thence passed to\n Troas and Cyzicum. Here they met with a favourable reception from\n Cyzicus the king of the country. The night after their departure,\n they were driven back by a storm again on the coast of Cyzicum, and\n the inhabitants, supposing them to be their enemies, the Pelasgi,\n furiously attacked them. In this nocturnal engagement the slaughter\n was great, and Cyzicus was killed by the hand of Jason, who, to\n expiate the murder he had ignorantly committed, buried him in a\n magnificent manner, and offered a sacrifice to the mother of the\n gods, to whom he built a temple on mount Dindymus. From Cyzicum they\n visited Bebrycia, otherwise called Bithynia, where Pollux accepted\n the challenge of Amycus king of the country in the combat of the\n cestus, and slew him. They were driven from Bebrycia by a storm to\n Salmydessa, on the coast of Thrace, where they delivered Phineus\n king of the place from the persecution of the harpies. Phineus\n directed their course through the Cyanean rock or the Symplegades\n [_See:_ Cyane\u00e6], and they safely entered the Euxine sea. They\n visited the country of the Mariandynians, where Lycus reigned,\n and lost two of their companions, Idmon, and Tiphys their pilot.\n After they had left this coast, they were driven upon the island of\n Arecia, where they found the children of Phryxus, whom \u00c6etes their\n grandfather had sent to Greece to take possession of their father\u2019s\n kingdom. From this island they at last arrived safe in \u00c6a, the\n capital of Colchis. Jason explained the causes of his voyage to\n \u00c6etes; but the conditions on which he was to recover the golden\n fleece were so hard, that the Argonauts must have perished in the\n attempt, had not Medea the king\u2019s daughter fallen in love with their\n leader. She had a conference with Jason, and after mutual oaths of\n fidelity in the temple of Hecate, Medea pledged herself to deliver\n the Argonauts from her father\u2019s hard conditions, if Jason married\n her, and carried her with him to Greece. He was to tame two bulls,\n which had brazen feet and horns, and which vomited clouds of fire\n and smoke, and to tie them to a plough made of adamant stone, and to\n plough a field of two acres of ground never before cultivated. After\n this he was to sow in the plain the teeth of a dragon, from which\n an armed multitude were to rise up, and to be all destroyed by his\n hands. This done, he was to kill an ever-watchful dragon, which was\n at the bottom of the tree, on which the golden fleece was suspended.\n All these labours were to be performed in one day; and Medea\u2019s\n assistance, whose knowledge of herbs, magic, and potions was\n unparalleled, easily extricated Jason from all danger to the\n astonishment and terror of his companions, and of \u00c6etes, and the\n people of Colchis, who had assembled to be spectators of this\n wonderful action. He tamed the bulls with ease, ploughed the field,\n sowed the dragon\u2019s teeth, and when the armed men sprang from the\n earth, he threw a stone in the midst of them, and they immediately\n turned their weapons one against the other, till they all perished.\n After this he went to the dragon and by means of enchanted herbs,\n and a draught which Medea had given him he lulled the monster to\n sleep, and obtained the golden fleece, and immediately set sail with\n Medea. He was soon pursued by Absyrtus the king\u2019s son, who came up\n to them, and was seized and murdered by Jason and Medea. The mangled\n limbs of Absyrtus were strewed in the way through which \u00c6etes was\n to pass, that his further pursuit might be stopped. After the murder\n of Absyrtus, they entered the Palus M\u00e6otis, and by pursuing their\n course towards the left, according to the foolish account of poets\n who were ignorant of geography, they came to the island Peucestes,\n and to that of Circe. Here Circe informed Jason that the cause of\n all his calamities arose from the murder of Absyrtus, of which she\n refused to expiate him. Soon after, they entered the Mediterranean\n by the columns of Hercules, and passed the straits of Charybdis and\n Scylla, where they must have perished, had not Tethys the mistress\n of Peleus, one of the Argonauts, delivered them. They were preserved\n from the Sirens by the eloquence of Orpheus, and arrived in the\n island of the Ph\u00e6acians, where they met the enemy\u2019s fleet, which\n had continued their pursuit by a different course. It was therefore\n resolved that Medea should be restored, if she had not been actually\n married to Jason; but the wife of Alcinous the king of the country,\n being appointed umpire between the Colchians and Argonauts, had\n the marriage privately consummated by night, and declared that the\n claims of \u00c6etes to Medea were now void. From Ph\u00e6acia the Argonauts\n came to the bay of Ambracia, whence they were driven by a storm\n upon the coast of Africa, and, after many disasters, at last came\n in sight of the promontory of Melea in the Peloponnesus, where Jason\n was purified of the murder of Absyrtus, and soon after arrived safe\n in Thessaly. The impracticability of such a voyage is well known.\n Apollonius Rhodius gives another account, equally improbable. He\n says that they sailed from the Euxine up one of the mouths of the\n Danube, and that Absyrtus pursued them by entering another mouth of\n the river. After they had continued their voyage for some leagues,\n the waters decreased, and they were obliged to carry the ship Argo\n across the country to the Adriatic, upwards of 150 miles. Here they\n met with Absyrtus, who had pursued the same measures, and conveyed\n his ships in like manner over the land. Absyrtus was immediately put\n to death; and soon after the beam of Dodona [_See:_ Argo] gave an\n oracle, that Jason should never return home if he was not previously\n purified of the murder. Upon this they sailed to the island of\n \u00c6a, where Circe, who was the sister of \u00c6etes, expiated him without\n knowing who he was. There is a third tradition, which maintains that\n they returned to Colchis a second time, and visited many places of\n Asia. This famous expedition has been celebrated in the ancient ages\n of the world; it has employed the pen of many writers, and among\n the historians, Diodorus, Siculus, Strabo, Apollodorus, and Justin;\n and among the poets, Onomacritus, more generally called Orpheus,\n Apollonius Rhodius, Pindar, and Valerius Flaccus, have extensively\n given an account of its most remarkable particulars. The number of\n the Argonauts is not exactly known. Apollodorus and Diodorus say\n that they were 54. Tzetzes admits the number of 50, but Apollodorus\n mentions only 45. The following list is drawn from the various\n authors who have made mention of the Argonautic expedition. Jason\n son of \u00c6son, as is well known, was the chief of the rest. His\n companions were Acastus son of Pelias, Actor son of Hippasus,\n Admetus son of Pheres, \u00c6sculapius son of Apollo, \u00c6talides son of\n Mercury and Eupoleme, Almenus son of Mars, Amphiaraus son of \u0152cleus,\n Amphidamus son of Aleus, Amphion son of Hyperasius, Anceus a son of\n Lycurgus, and another of the same name, Areus, Argus the builder of\n the ship Argo, Argus son of Phryxus, Armenus, Ascalaphus son of Mars,\n Asterion son of Cometes, Asterius son of Neleus, Augeas son of Sol,\n Atalanta daughter of Sch\u0153neus, disguised in a man\u2019s dress, Autolycus\n son of Mercury, Azorus, Buphagus, Butes son of Teleon, Calais son\n of Boreas, Canthus son of Abas, Castor son of Jupiter, Ceneus son\n of Elatus, Cepheus son of Aleus, Cius, Clytius and Iphitus sons of\n Eurythus, Coronus, Deucalion son of Minos, Echion son of Mercury\n and Antianira, Ergynus son of Neptune, Euphemus son of Neptune\n and Macionassa, Eribotes, Euryalus son of Cisteus, Eurydamus and\n Eurythion sons of Iras, Eurytus son of Mercury, Glaucus, Hercules\n son of Jupiter, Idas son of Aphareus, Ialmenus son of Mars, Idmon\n son of Abas, Iolaus son of Iphiclus, Iphiclus son of Thestius,\n Iphiclus son of Philacus, Iphis son of Alector, Lynceus son of\n Aphareus, Iritus son of Naubolus, Laertes son of Arcesius, Laocoon,\n Leodatus son of Bias, Leitus son of Alector, Meleager son of \u0152neus,\n Men\u0153tius son of Actor, Mopsus son of Amphycus, Nauplius son of\n Neptune, Neleus the brother of Peleus, Nestor son of Neleus, Oileus\n the father of Ajax, Orpheus son of \u0152ager, Palemon son of \u00c6tolus,\n Peleus and Telamon sons of \u00c6acus, Periclymenes son of Neleus,\n Peneleus son of Hipalmus, Philoctetes son of P\u0153an, Phlias, Pollux\n son of Jupiter, Polyphemus son of Elates, P\u0153as son of Thaumacus,\n Phanus son of Bacchus, Phalerus son of Alcon, Phocas and Priasus\n sons of Ceneus one of the Lapith\u00e6, Talaus, Tiphys son of Aginus,\n Staphilus son of Bacchus, two of the name of Iphitus, Theseus son\n of \u00c6geus, with his friend Pirithous. Among these \u00c6sculapius was\n physician, and Tiphys was pilot.\n\n=Argos= (singular neuter, and Argi, masculine plural), an ancient city,\n capital of Argolis in Peloponnesus, about two miles from the sea,\n on the bay called _Argolicus sinus_. Juno was the chief deity of the\n place. The kingdom of Argos was founded by Inachus 1856 years before\n the christian era, and after it had flourished for about 550 years,\n it was united to the crown of Mycen\u00e6. Argos was built according to\n Euripides, _Iphigeneia in Aulis_, lis. 152, 534, by seven Cyclops\n who came from Syria. These Cyclops were not Vulcan\u2019s workmen. The\n nine first kings of Argos were called _Inachides_, in honour of\n the founder. Their names were Inachus, Phoroneus, Apis, Argus,\n Chryasus, Phorbas, Triopas, Stelenus, and Gelanor. Gelanor gave\n a kind reception to Danaus, who drove him from his kingdom in\n return for his hospitality. The descendants of Danaus were called\n _Belides_. Agamemnon was king of Argos during the Trojan war; and,\n 80 years after, the Heraclid\u00e6 seized the Peloponnesus and deposed\n the monarchs. The inhabitants of Argos were called _Argivi_ and\n _Argolici_; and this name has been often applied to all the Greeks\n without distinction. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.\n 15, &c.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9,\n ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 13, &c.; bk. 2, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, 4to, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Thessaly, called\n Pelasgicon by the Pelasgians. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 355.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in\n Epirus, called Amphilochium.\n\n=Argus=, a king of Argos, who reigned 70 years.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Arestor,\n whence he is often called _Arestorides_. He married Ismene the\n daughter of the Asopus. As he had 100 eyes, of which only two were\n asleep at one time, Juno set him to watch Io, whom Jupiter had\n changed into a heifer: but Mercury, by order of Jupiter, slew him,\n by lulling all his eyes asleep with the sound of his lyre. Juno put\n the eyes of Argus on the tail of the peacock, a bird sacred to her\n divinity. _Moschus_, _Idyl_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fables\n 12 & 13.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 1, li. 585, &c.; poem 3.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Agenor. _Hyginus_, fable 145.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Danaus, who built the ship Argo. _Hyginus_, fable 14.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Son of Jupiter and Niobe, the first child which the father\n of the gods had by a mortal. He built Argos, and married Evadne the\n daughter of Strymon. _Hyginus_, fable 145.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Pyras and\n Callirhoe. _Hyginus_, fable 145.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Phryxus. _Hyginus_,\n fable 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Polybus. _Hyginus_, fable 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A dog of Ulysses, which knew his\n master after an absence of 20 years. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17,\n li. 300.\n\n=Argyll\u00e6=, an ancient name of C\u00e6re in Etruria. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 7, li. 652; bk. 8, li. 478.\n\n=Argynnis=, a name of Venus, which she received from _Argynnus_,\n a favourite youth of Agamemnon, who was drowned in the Cephisus.\n _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 5, li. 52.\n\n=Argy\u0306ra=, a nymph greatly beloved by a shepherd called Selimnus. She\n was changed into a fountain, and the shepherd into a river of the\n same name, whose waters made lovers forget the object of their\n affections. _See:_ Selimnus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city\n of Troas.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also the native place of Diodorus Siculus in Sicily.\n\n=Argy\u0306rasp\u012ddes=, a Macedonian legion which received this name from\n their silver helmets. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.\n\n=Argy\u0306re=, an island beyond the mouth of the river Indus, abounding in\n metal. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\n\n=Argyr\u012dpa=, a town of Apulia built by Diomedes after the Trojan war,\n and called by Polybius _Argipana_. Only ruins remain to show where\n it once stood, though the place still preserves the name of Arpi.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 246.\n\n=Aria=, a country of Asia, situate at the east of Parthia. _Mela_,\n bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of P\u00e6tus Cecinna of Padua,\n a Roman senator who was accused of conspiracy against Claudius,\n and carried to Rome by sea. She accompanied him, and in the boat\n she stabbed herself, and presented the sword to her husband, who\n followed her example. _Pliny_, bk. 7.\n\n=Ariadne=, daughter of Minos II. king of Crete by Pasiphae, fell in\n love with Theseus, who was shut up in the labyrinth to be devoured\n by the Minotaur, and gave him a clue of thread, by which he\n extricated himself from the difficult windings of his confinement.\n After he had conquered the Minotaur, he carried her away according\n to the promise he had made, and married her; but when he arrived at\n the island of Naxos he forsook her, though she was already pregnant,\n and repaid his love with the most endearing tenderness. Ariadne\n was so disconsolate upon being abandoned by Theseus, that she hung\n herself, according to some; but Plutarch says that she lived many\n years after, and had some children by Onarus the priest of Bacchus.\n According to some writers, Bacchus loved her after Theseus had\n forsaken her, and he gave her a crown of seven stars, which, after\n her death, was made a constellation. The Argives showed Ariadne\u2019s\n tomb, and when one of their temples was repaired, her ashes were\n found in an earthen urn. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 320, says\n that Diana detained Ariadne at Naxos. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 2; _Heroides_, poem 10; _De Ars\n Amatoria_, bk. 2; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 462.\u2015\u2015_Catullus_, _Marriage\n of Peleus and Thetis_; poem 61.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 14, 43, 270.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Ari\u00e6us=, an officer who succeeded to the command of the surviving\n army after the death of Cyrus the younger, after the battle of\n Cunaxa. He made peace with Artaxerxes. _Xenophon._\n\n=Ari\u0101ni= and =Ari\u0113ni=, a people of Asia. _Dionysius Periegetes_,\n li. 714.\n\n=Ariantas=, a king of Scythia, who yearly ordered every one of his\n subjects to present him with an arrow. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 81.\n\n=Ariamnes=, a king of Cappadocia, son of Ariarathes III.\n\n=Ariar\u0101thes=, a king of Cappadocia, who joined Darius Ochus in his\n expedition against Egypt, where he acquired much glory.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015His\n nephew, the second of that name, defended his kingdom against\n Perdiccas the general of Alexander, but he was defeated and hung\n on a cross in the 81st year of his age, 321 B.C.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015His son\n Ariarathes III. escaped the massacre which attended his father\n and his followers; and after the death of Perdiccas, he recovered\n Cappadocia, by conquering Amyntas the Macedonian general. He was\n succeeded by his son Ariamnes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Ariarathes IV. succeeded his\n father Ariamnes, and married Stratonice daughter of Antiochus Theos.\n He died after a reign of 28 years, B.C. 220, and was succeeded by\n his son Ariarathes V., a prince who married Antiochia the daughter\n of king Antiochus, whom he assisted against the Romans. Antiochus\n being defeated, Ariarathes saved his kingdom from invasion by paying\n the Romans a large sum of money remitted at the instance of the king\n of Pergamus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015His son, the sixth of that name, called _Philopater_,\n from his piety, succeeded him 166 B.C. An alliance with the Romans\n shielded him against the false claims that were laid to his crown by\n one of the favourites of Demetrius king of Syria. He was maintained\n on his throne by Attalus, and assisted his friends of Rome against\n Aristonicus the usurper of Pergamus; but he was killed in the war,\n B.C. 130, leaving six children, five of whom were murdered by his\n surviving wife Laodice.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The only one who escaped, Ariarathes VII.,\n was proclaimed king, and soon after married Laodice the sister of\n Mithridates Eupator, by whom he had two sons. He was murdered by an\n illegitimate brother, upon which his widow Laodice gave herself and\n kingdom to Nicomedes king of Bithynia. Mithridates made war against\n the new king, and raised his nephew to the throne. The young king,\n who was the eighth of the name of Ariarathes, made war against the\n tyrannical Mithridates, by whom he was assassinated in the presence\n of both armies, and the murderer\u2019s son, a child eight years old,\n was placed on the vacant throne. The Cappadocians revolted, and made\n the late monarch\u2019s brother, Ariarathes IX., king; but Mithridates\n expelled him, and restored his own son. The exiled prince died of\n a broken heart, and Nicomedes of Bithynia, dreading the power of\n the tyrant, interested the Romans in the affairs of Cappadocia.\n The arbiters wished to make the country free; but the Cappadocians\n demanded a king, and received Ariobarzanes, B.C. 91. On the death\n of Ariobarzanes, his brother ascended the throne, under the name of\n Ariarathes X.; but his title was disputed by Sisenna, the eldest son\n of Glaphyra by Arthelaus priest of Comana. Marcus Antony, who was\n umpire between the contending parties, decided in favour of Sisenna;\n but Ariarathes recovered it for a while, though he was soon after\n obliged to yield in favour of Archelaus, the second son of Glaphyra,\n B.C. 36. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bks. 13 & 29.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 12.\n\n=Aribb\u00e6us=, a general mentioned by _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 7, ch. 29.\n\n=Ar\u012bcia=, an Athenian princess, niece to \u00c6geus, whom Hippolytus married\n after he had been raised from the dead by \u00c6sculapius. He built a\n city in Italy, which he called by her name. He had a son by her\n called Virbius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 544.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 762, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A very ancient town of Italy, now\n _Riccia_, built by Hippolytus son of Theseus, after he had been\n raised from the dead by \u00c6sculapius, and transported into Italy by\n Diana. In a grove in the neighbourhood of Aricia, Theseus built a\n temple to Diana, where he established the same rites as were in the\n temple of that goddess in Tauris. The priest of this temple, called\n _Rex_, was always a fugitive, and the murderer of his predecessor,\n and went always armed with a dagger, to prevent whatever attempts\n might be made upon his life by one who wished to be his successor.\n The Arician forest, frequently called _nemorensis_ or _nemoralis\n sylva_, was very celebrated, and no horses would ever enter it,\n because Hippolytus had been killed by them. Egeria, the favourite\n nymph, and invisible protectress of Numa, generally resided in this\n famous grove, which was situated on the Appian way, beyond mount\n Albanus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 263.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 74.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 761, &c.\n\n=Aric\u012bna=, a surname of Diana, from her temple near Aricia. _See:_\n Aricia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Octavius. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _Philippics_,\n ch. 6.\n\n=Arid\u00e6us=, a companion of Cyrus the younger. After the death of his\n friend he reconciled himself to Artaxerxes, by betraying to him the\n surviving Greeks in their return. _Diodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An illegitimate\n son of Philip, who, after the death of Alexander, was made king of\n Macedonia till Roxane, who was pregnant by Alexander brought into\n the world a legitimate male successor. Arid\u00e6us had not the free\n enjoyment of his senses; and therefore Perdiccas, one of Alexander\u2019s\n generals, declared himself his protector, and even married his\n sister to strengthen their connection. He was seven years in\n possession of the sovereign power, and was put to death, with his\n wife Eurydice, by Olympias. _Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus._\n\n=Ari\u0113nis=, daughter of Alyattes, married Astyages king of Media.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 74.\n\n=Arig\u00e6um=, a town of India, which Alexander found burnt, and without\n inhabitants. _Arrian_, bk. 4.\n\n=Ar\u012bi=, a savage people of India,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Arabia. _Pliny_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of\n Scythia. _Herodotus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Germany. _Tacitus._\n\n=Ar\u012dma=, a place of Cilicia or Syria, where Typh\u0153us was overwhelmed\n under the ground. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\n\n=Arimarius=, a god of Persia and Media.\n\n=Arimaspi=, a people conquered by Alexander the Great. _Curtius_,\n bk. 7, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Arimaspias=, a river of Scythia with golden sands. The neighbouring\n inhabitants had but one eye, in the middle of their forehead, and\n waged continual wars against the griffins, monstrous animals that\n collected the gold of the river. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bks. 3 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 13.\n\n=Arimasth\u00e6=, a people near the Euxine sea. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.\n\n=Arimazes=, a powerful prince of Sogdiana, who treated Alexander with\n much insolence, and even asked whether he could fly to aspire to so\n extensive a dominion. He surrendered and was exposed on a cross with\n his friends and relations. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 11.\n\n=Ar\u012dmi=, a nation of Syria. _Strabo._\n\n=Ar\u012bm\u012dnum= (now _Rimini_), an ancient city of Italy, near the Rubicon,\n on the borders of Gaul, on the Adriatic founded by a colony of\n Umbrians. It was the cause of C\u00e6sar\u2019s civil wars. _Lucan_, bk. 1,\n li. 231.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\n\n=Ariminus=, a river of Italy rising in the Apennine mountains. _Pliny_,\n bk. 3, ch. 15.\n\n=Arimph\u0153i=, a people of Scythia near the Riph\u00e6an mountains, who lived\n chiefly upon berries in the woods, and were remarkable for their\n innocence and mildness. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 7.\n\n=Ar\u012dmus=, a king of Mysia. _Varro._\n\n=Ariobarz\u0101nes=, a man made king of Cappadocia by the Romans, after\n the troubles which the false Ariarathes had raised had subsided.\n Mithridates drove him from his kingdom, but the Romans restored him.\n He followed the interest of Pompey, and fought at Pharsalia against\n Julius C\u00e6sar. He and his kingdom were preserved by means of Cicero.\n _Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 29.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, ltr. 6,\n li. 38.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A satrap of Phrygia, who, after\n the death of Mithridates, invaded the kingdom of Pontus, and kept it\n for 26 years. He was succeeded by the son of Mithridates. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Darius, who defended the passes of Susa\n with 15,000 foot against Alexander. After a bloody encounter with\n the Macedonians, he was killed as he attempted to seize the city of\n Persepolis. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bks. 4 & 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Mede\n of elegant stature and great prudence, whom Tiberius appointed to\n settle the troubles of Armenia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain between Parthia and the country of the Massaget\u00e6.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A satrap, who revolted from the Persian king.\n\n=Ariomandes=, son of Gobryas, was general of Athens against the\n Persians. _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.\n\n=Ariomardus=, a son of Darius, in the army of Xerxes when he went\n against Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 78.\n\n=Ariom\u0113des=, a pilot of Xerxes.\n\n=Ar\u012bon=, a famous lyric poet and musician, son of Cyclos of Methymna,\n in the island of Lesbos. He went into Italy with Periander tyrant\n of Corinth, where he obtained immense riches by his profession.\n Some time after, he wished to revisit his country; and the sailors\n of the ship in which he embarked resolved to murder him, to obtain\n the riches which he was carrying to Lesbos. Arion, seeing them\n inflexible in their resolution, begged that he might be permitted\n to play some melodious tune; and as soon as he had finished it, he\n threw himself into the sea. A number of dolphins had been attracted\n round the ship by the sweetness of his music; and it is said that\n one of them carried him safe on his back to T\u00e6narus, whence he\n hastened to the court of Periander, who ordered all the sailors to\n be crucified at their return. _Hyginus_, fable 194.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bk. 1, chs. 23 & 24.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 13, ch. 45.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 26, li. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A horse, sprung from\n Ceres and Neptune. Ceres, when she travelled over the world in quest\n of her daughter Proserpine, had taken the figure of a mare, to avoid\n the importuning addresses of Neptune. The god changed himself also\n into a horse, and from their union arose a daughter called Hera,\n and the horse Arion, which had the power of speech, the feet on\n the right side like those of a man, and the rest of the body like a\n horse. Arion was brought up by the Nereides, who often harnessed him\n to his father\u2019s chariot, which he drew over the sea with uncommon\n swiftness. Neptune gave him to Copreus, who presented him to\n Hercules. Adrastus king of Argos received him as a present from\n Hercules and with this wonderful animal he won the prize at the\n Nem\u00e6an games. Arion, therefore, is often called the horse of\n Adrastus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34,\n li. 37.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\n\n=Ariovistus=, a king of Germany, who professed himself a friend of\n Rome. When C\u00e6sar was in Gaul, Ariovistus marched against him, and\n was conquered with the loss of 80,000 men. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4.\n\n=Aris=, a river of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.\n\n=Arisba=, a town of Lesbos, destroyed by an earthquake. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 31.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A colony of the Mityleneans in Troas, destroyed by the\n Trojans before the coming of the Greeks. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 264.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of Priam\u2019s first wife,\n divorced that the monarch might marry Hecuba.\n\n=Arist\u00e6n\u0115tus=, a writer whose epistles have been beautifully edited by\n Abresch. Zwoll\u00e6, 1749.\n\n=Arist\u00e6um=, a city of Thrace at the foot of mount H\u00e6mus. _Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 11.\n\n=Arist\u00e6us=, son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene, was born in the deserts\n of Libya, and brought up by the Seasons, and fed upon nectar and\n ambrosia. His fondness for hunting procured him the surname of Nomus\n and Agreus. After he had travelled over the greatest part of the\n world, Arist\u00e6us came to settle in Greece, where he married Autonoe\n the daughter of Cadmus, by whom he had a son called Act\u00e6on. He fell\n in love with Eurydice the wife of Orpheus, and pursued her in the\n fields. She was stung by a serpent that lay in the grass, and died,\n for which the gods destroyed all the bees of Arist\u00e6us. In this\n calamity he applied to his mother, who directed him to seize the\n sea-god Proteus, and consult him how he might repair the losses he\n had sustained. Proteus advised him to appease the manes of Eurydice\n by the sacrifice of four bulls and four heifers; and as soon as he\n had done it and left them in the air, swarms of bees immediately\n sprang from the rotten carcases, and restored Arist\u00e6us to his former\n prosperity. Some authors say that Arist\u00e6us had the care of Bacchus\n when young, and that he was initiated in the mysteries of this god.\n Arist\u00e6us went to live on mount H\u00e6mus, where he died. He was, after\n death, worshipped as a demi-god. Arist\u00e6us is said to have learned\n from the nymphs the cultivation of olives, and the management of\n bees, &c., which he afterwards communicated to the rest of mankind.\n _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 317.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 13, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 363.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de\n Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 161, 180, 247.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 1, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n general who commanded the Corinthian forces at the siege of Potid\u00e6a.\n He was taken by the Athenians and put to death.\n\n=Aristag\u014fras=, a writer who composed a history of Egypt. _Pliny_,\n bk. 36, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son-in-law of Histi\u00e6us tyrant of Miletus, who\n revolted from Darius, and incited the Athenians against Persia,\n and burnt Sardis. This so exasperated the king, that every evening\n before supper he ordered his servants to remind him of punishing\n Aristagoras. He was killed in a battle against the Persians, B.C.\n 499. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 30, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Poly\u00e6nus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Cyzicus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Cum\u00e6. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 4.\n\n=Aristander=, a celebrated soothsayer, greatly esteemed by Alexander.\n _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 17, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian,\n who wrote on agriculture.\n\n=Aristandros=, a statuary of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\n\n=Aristarche=, a matron of Ephesus, who by order of Diana sailed to the\n coasts of Gaul with the Phoc\u00e6ans, and was made priestess. _Strabo_,\n bk. 4.\n\n=Aristarchus=, a celebrated grammarian of Samos, disciple of\n Aristophanes. He lived the greatest part of his life at Alexandria,\n and Ptolemy Philometer entrusted him with the education of his sons.\n He was famous for his critical powers, and he revised the poems of\n Homer with such severity that ever after all severe critics were\n called _Aristarchi_. He wrote above 800 commentaries on different\n authors, much esteemed in his age. In his old age he became\n dropsical, upon which he starved himself, and died in his 72nd year,\n B.C. 157. He left two sons called Aristarchus and Aristagoras, both\n famous for their stupidity. _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 499.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, bk. 3, _ex Ponto_, ltr. 9, li. 24.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to\n his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 11; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 14.\n \u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tragic poet of Tegea in Arcadia,\n about 454 years B.C. He composed 70 tragedies, of which two only\n were rewarded with the prize. One of them, called Achilles, was\n translated into Latin verse by Ennius. _Suidas._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician\n to queen Berenice the widow of Antiochus. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n orator of Ambracia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An astronomer of Samos, who first supposed\n that the earth turned round its axis, and revolved round the sun.\n This doctrine nearly proved fatal to him, as he was accused of\n disturbing the peace of the gods Lares. He maintained that the sun\n was 19 times further distant from the earth than the moon, and that\n the moon was 56 semi-diameters of our globe, and little more than\n one-third, and the diameter of the sun six or seven times more than\n that of the earth. The age in which he flourished is not precisely\n known. His treatise on the largeness and the distance of the sun and\n moon is extant, of which the best edition is that of Oxford, 8vo,\n 1688.\n\n=Aristaz\u0101nes=, a noble Persian in favour with Artaxerxes Ochus.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Aristeas=, a poet of Proconnesus, who, as fables report, appeared\n seven years after his death to his countrymen, and 540 years after\n to the people of Metapontum in Italy, and commanded them to raise\n him a statue near the temple of Apollo. He wrote an epic poem on\n the Arimaspi in three books, and some of his verses are quoted by\n Longinus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Maximus\n Tyrius_, bk. 22.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A \u2666physician of Rhodes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A geometrician,\n intimate with Euclid.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet, son of Demochares, in the age of\n Cr\u0153sus.\n\n \u2666 \u2018physican\u2019 replaced with \u2018physician\u2019\n\n=Arist\u0115r\u00e6=, an island on the coast of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 34.\n\n=Aristeus=, a man of Argos, who excited king Pyrrhus to take up arms\n against his countrymen the Argives. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8, ch. 68.\n\n=Aristh\u0115nes=, a shepherd who found \u00c6sculapius, when he had been\n exposed in the woods by his mother Coronis.\n\n=Aristhus=, an historian of Arcadia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,\n bk. 1.\n\n=Arist\u012bbus=, a river of P\u00e6onia. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Arist\u012bdes=, a celebrated Athenian, son of Lysimachus, whose great\n temperance and virtue procured him the surname of _Just_. He was\n rival to Themistocles, by whose influence he was banished for 10\n years, B.C. 484; but before six years of his exile had elapsed, he\n was recalled by the Athenians. He was at the battle of Salamis, and\n was appointed chief commander with Pausanias against Mardonius, who\n was defeated at Plat\u00e6a. He died so poor, that the expenses of his\n funeral were defrayed at the public charge, and his two daughters,\n on account of their father\u2019s virtues, received a dowry from the\n public treasury when they were come to marriageable years. Poverty,\n however, seemed hereditary in the family of Aristides, for the\n grandson was seen in the public streets, getting his livelihood by\n explaining dreams. The Athenians became more virtuous in imitating\n their great leader: and from the sense of his good qualities, at the\n representation of one of the tragedies of \u00c6schylus, on the mentioning\n of a sentence concerning moral goodness, the eyes of the audience\n were all at once turned from the actor to Aristides. When he sat as\n judge, it is said that the plaintiff, in his accusation, mentioned\n the injuries his opponent had done to Aristides. \u201cMention the wrongs\n you have received,\u201d replied the equitable Athenian; \u201cI sit here as\n judge, and the lawsuit is yours, and not mine.\u201d _Cornelius Nepos_\n & _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Miletus, fonder\n of stories, and of anecdotes, than of truth. He wrote a history\n of Italy, of which the 40th volume has been quoted by _Plutarch_,\n _Parallela minora_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An athlete, who obtained a prize at the\n Olympian, Nem\u00e6an, and Pythian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter of Thebes in B\u0153otia, in the age of Alexander the Great,\n for one of whose pieces Attalus offered 6000 sesterces. _Pliny_,\n bks. 7 & 35.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek orator who wrote 50 orations, besides other\n tracts. When Smyrna was destroyed by an earthquake, he wrote so\n pathetic a letter to Marcus Aurelius, that the emperor ordered the\n city immediately to be rebuilt, and a statue was in consequence\n raised to the orator. His works consist of hymns in prose in honour\n of the gods, funeral orations, apologies, panegyrics, and harangues,\n the best edition of which is that of Jebb, 2 vols., 4to, Oxoford,\n 1722, and that in a smaller size in 12mo, 3 vols., of Canterus\n apud P. Steph. 1604.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Locris, who died by the bite of a\n weasel. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of Mysia,\n intimate with Marcus Antoninus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian, who wrote treatises\n on animals, trees, and agriculture.\n\n=Aristillus=, a philosopher of the Alexandrian school, who about 300\n years B.C. attempted, with Timocharis, to determine the place of\n the different stars in the heavens, and to trace the course of the\n planets.\n\n=Aristio=, a sophist of Athens, who by the support of Archelaus, the\n general of Mithridates, seized the government of his country, and\n made himself absolute. He poisoned himself when defeated by Sylla.\n _Livy_, bks. 81, 82.\n\n=Aristippus=, _the elder_, a philosopher of Cyrene, disciple to\n Socrates, and founder of the Cyrenaic sect. He was one of the\n flatterers of Dionysius of Sicily, and distinguished himself for\n his epicurean voluptuousness, in support of which he wrote a book,\n as likewise a history of Libya. When travelling in the deserts of\n Africa, he ordered his servants to throw away the money they carried,\n as too burdensome. On another occasion, discovering that the ship\n in which he sailed belonged to pirates, he designedly threw his\n property into the sea, adding, that he chose rather to lose it than\n his life. Many of his sayings and maxims are recorded by _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius_, in his life. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 100.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015His\n grandson of the same name, called _the younger_, was a warm defender\n of his opinions, and supported that the principles of all things\n were pain and pleasure. He flourished about 363 years B.C.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n tyrant of Argos, whose life was one continued series of apprehension.\n He was killed by a Cretan in a battle against Aratus, B.C. 242.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote a history of Arcadia.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 2.\n\n=Marcus Aristius=, a tribune of the soldiers in C\u00e6sar\u2019s army. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 42.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another. _See:_ Fuscus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n satirist, who wrote a poem called Cyclops.\n\n=Aristo.= _See:_ Ariston.\n\n=Aristob\u016bla=, a name given to Diana by Themistocles.\n\n=Aristob\u016blus=, a name common to some of the high priests and kings\n of Jud\u00e6a, &c. _Josephus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Epicurus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n Alexander\u2019s attendants, who wrote the king\u2019s life, replete with\n adulation and untruth.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of Jud\u00e6a, B.C. 150.\n\n=Aristocl\u0113a=, a beautiful woman, seen naked by Strato as she was\n offering a sacrifice. She was passionately loved by Callisthenes,\n and was equally admired by Strato. The two rivals so furiously\n contended for her hand, that she died during their quarrel, upon\n which Strato killed himself, and Callisthenes was never seen after.\n _Plutarch_, _Amatori\u00e6 Narrationes_.\n\n=Arist\u014fcles=, a peripatetic philosopher of Messenia, who reviewed,\n in a treatise on philosophy, the opinions of his predecessors. The\n 14th book of this treatise is quoted, &c. He also wrote on rhetoric,\n and likewise nine books on morals.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian of Rhodes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n stoic of Lampsacus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian. _Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A musician.\n _Athen\u00e6us_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A prince of Teg\u00e6a, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015This name\n is common to many Greeks, of whom few or no particulars are recorded.\n\n=Aristocl\u012bdes=, a tyrant of Orchomenes, who, because he could not win\n the affection of Stymphalis, killed her and her father, upon which\n all Arcadia took up arms and destroyed the murderer.\n\n=Aristocr\u0103tes=, a king of Arcadia, put to death by his subjects for\n offering violence to the priestess of Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015His grandson, of the same name, was stoned to death\n for taking bribes, during the second Messenian war, and being the\n cause of the defeat of his Messenian allies, B.C. 682. _Pausanias_,\n _ibid._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Rhodian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who endeavoured to destroy the\n democratical power at Athens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian general sent to the\n assistance of Corcyra with 25 galleys. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n Athenian who was punished with death for flying from the field\n of battle.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek historian, son of Hipparchus. _Plutarch_,\n _Lycurgus_.\n\n=Aristocreon=, the writer of a book on geography.\n\n=Aristocr\u012dtus=, wrote a treatise concerning Miletus.\n\n=Aristod\u0113me=, a daughter of Priam.\n\n=Aristod\u0113mus=, son of Aristomachus, was one of the Heraclid\u00e6. He,\n with his brothers Temenus and Cresphontes, invaded Peloponnesus,\n conquered it, and divided the country among themselves, 1104 years\n before the christian era. He married Argia, by whom he had the twins\n Procles and Eurysthenes. He was killed by a thunderbolt at Naupactum,\n though some say that he died at Delphi in Phocis. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 3, chs. 1 & 16.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204;\n bk. 8, ch. 131.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Messenia, who maintained a famous war\n against Sparta. After some losses, he recovered his strength, and\n so effectually defeated the enemy\u2019s forces, that they were obliged\n to prostitute their women to repeople their country. The offspring\n of this prostitution were called Partheni\u00e6, and 30 years after\n their birth they left Sparta, and seized upon Tarentum. Aristodemus\n put his daughter to death for the good of his country; but being\n afterwards persecuted in a dream by her manes, he killed himself,\n after a reign of six years and some months, in which he had obtained\n much military glory, B.C. 724. His death was lamented by his\n countrymen, who did not appoint him a successor, but only invested\n Damis, one of his friends, with absolute power to continue the war,\n which was at last terminated after much bloodshed and many losses\n on both sides. _Pausanias_, _Messenia_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Cum\u00e6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n philosopher of \u00c6gina.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Alexandrian who wrote some treatises, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Spartan who taught the children of Pausanias.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who was\n preceptor to the children of Pompey.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Arcadia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Carian who wrote a history of painting.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of Nysa,\n B.C. 68.\n\n=Aristog\u0115nes=, a physician of Cnidos, who obtained great reputation\n by the cure of Demetrius Gonatus king of Macedonia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Thasian who\n wrote 24 books on medicine.\n\n=Aristog\u012bton= and =Harmodius=, two celebrated friends of Athens, who\n by their joint efforts delivered their country from the tyranny of\n the Pisistratid\u00e6, B.C. 510. They received immortal honours from the\n Athenians, and had statues raised to their memory. These statues\n were carried away by Xerxes when he took Athens. The conspiracy\n of Aristogiton was so secretly planned, and so wisely carried into\n execution, that it is said a courtesan bit her tongue off, not\n to betray the trust reposed in her. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 29.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 55.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten\n Orators_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian orator, surnamed _Canis_, from his\n impudence. He wrote orations against Timarchus, Timotheus, Hyperides,\n and Thrasyllus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary. _Pausanias._\n\n=Aristol\u0101us=, a painter. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 11.\n\n=Aristom\u0103che=, the wife of Dionysius of Syracuse. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6\n Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Dion.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poetess.\n _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Priam,\n who married Critolaus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.\n\n=Aristom\u0103chus=, an Athenian, who wrote concerning the preparation\n of wine. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man so excessively fond of\n bees, that he devoted 58 years of his life in raising swarms of\n them. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The son of Cleod\u00e6us and grandson\n of Hyllus, whose three sons, Cresphontes, Temenus, and Aristodemus,\n called Heraclid\u00e6, conquered Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7;\n bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bks. 6, 7, & 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who laid aside\n his sovereign power at Argos, at the persuasion of Aratus.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 8.\n\n=Aristom\u0113des=, a Thessalian general in the interest of Darius III.\n _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 9.\n\n=Aristom\u0115nes=, a commander of the fleet of Darius on the Hellespont,\n conquered by the Macedonians. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous\n general of Messenia, who encouraged his countrymen to shake off the\n Laced\u00e6monian yoke under which they had laboured for above 30 years.\n He once defended the virtue of some Spartan women, whom his soldiers\n had attempted; and when he was taken prisoner and carried to Sparta,\n the women whom he had protected interested themselves so warmly in\n his cause that they procured his liberty. He refused to assume the\n title of king, but was satisfied with that of commander. He acquired\n the surname of _Just_, from his equity, to which he joined the true\n valour, sagacity, and perseverance of a general. He often entered\n Sparta without being known and was so dexterous in eluding the\n vigilance of the Laced\u00e6monians, who had taken him captive, that\n he twice escaped from them. As he attempted to do it a third time,\n he was unfortunately killed, and his body being opened, his heart\n was found all covered with hair. He died 671 years B. C., and it is\n said that he left dramatical pieces behind him. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, _Messenia_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Spartan sent to the assistance of\n Dionysius. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Ariston=, the son of Agasicles king of Sparta. Being unable to raise\n children by two wives, he married another famous for her beauty, by\n whom he had, after seven months, a son Demaratus, whom he had the\n impudence to call not his own. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 61, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n general of \u00c6tolia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sculptor.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Corinthian who assisted\n the Syracusans against the Athenians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer in Alexander\u2019s\n army.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Methymna, who, being ignorant that Chios had\n surrendered to the Macedonians, entered into the harbour, and was\n taken and put to death. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher\n of Chios, pupil to Zeno the stoic, and founder of a sect which\n continued but a little while. He supported that the nature of the\n divinity is unintelligible. It is said that he died by the heat of\n the sun, which fell too powerfully upon his bald head. In his old\n age he was much given to sensuality. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n lawyer in Trajan\u2019s reign, whose eulogium has been written by Pliny,\n ltr. 22, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A peripatetic philosopher of Alexandria, who\n wrote concerning the course of the Nile. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wrestler of\n Argos, under whom Plato performed some exercises.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A musician of\n Athens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tragic poet.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A peripatetic of Cos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of\n Pella, in the age of Adrian, who wrote on the rebellion of the Jews.\n\n=Aristonaut\u00e6=, the naval dock of Pellene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2.\n\n=Ariston\u012bcus=, son of Eumenes by a concubine of Ephesus, 126 B.C.,\n invaded Asia and the kingdom of Pergamus, which Attalus had left by\n his will to the Roman people. He was conquered by the consul Perpenna,\n and strangled in prison. _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A musician of Olynthus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian of Alexandria,\n who wrote a commentary on Hesiod and Homer, besides a treatise on\n the museum established in Alexandria by the Ptolemies.\n\n=Ariston\u012ddes=, a noble statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 14.\n\n=Arist\u014fnus=, a captain of Alexander\u2019s cavalry. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5.\n\n=Aristony\u0306mus=, a comic poet under Philadelphus, keeper of the library\n at Alexandria. He died of a retention of urine, in his 77th year.\n _Athen\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Alexander\u2019s musicians. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\n\n=Aristoph\u0103nes=, a celebrated comic poet of Athens, son of Philip of\n Rhodes. He wrote 54 comedies, of which only 11 are come down to us.\n He lived in the age of Socrates, Demosthenes, and Euripides, B.C.\n 434, and lashed the vices of his age with a masterly hand. The wit\n and excellence of his comedies are well known; but they abound\n sometimes too much with obscenity; and his attack upon the venerable\n character of Socrates has been always censured, and with justice.\n As a reward for his mental greatness, the poet received a crown of\n olive, in a public assembly; but if he deserved praise, he merited\n blame for his licentiousness, which spared not even the gods, and was\n so offensive to his countrymen, that Alcibiades made a law at Athens,\n which forbade the comic writers from mimicking or representing on\n the stage any living character by name. Aristophanes has been called\n the prince of ancient comedy, as Menander of the new. The play\n called _Nubes_ is pointedly against Socrates, and the philosopher\n is exposed to ridicule, and his precepts placed in a most ludicrous\n point of view by the introduction of one of his pupils in the\n characters of the piece. It is said that St. Chrysostom used to\n keep the comedies of Aristophanes under his pillow, on account of\n the brilliancy of the composition. Plutarch has made a comparison\n between the princes of the new and old comedy, which abounds\n with many anecdotes concerning these original characters. The\n best editions of the works of Aristophanes are, Kuster\u2019s, folio,\n Amsterdam, 1710, and the 12mo, Leiden, 1670, and that of Brunck,\n 4 vols., 8vo, Strasbourg, 1783, which would still be more perfect\n did it contain the valuable scholia. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian of Byzantium, keeper of the library of Alexandria\n under Ptolemy Evergetes. He wrote a treatise on the harlots of\n Attica. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Plutarch_ & _Epicurus_.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_,\n bk. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek historian of B\u0153otia, quoted by _Plutarch_, _de\n Herodoti Malignitate_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer on agriculture.\n\n=Aristophil\u012bdes=, a king of Tarentum in the reign of Darius son of\n Hystaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 3.\n\n=Arist\u014fphon=, a painter in the age of Socrates. He drew the picture\n of Alcibiades softly reclining on the bosom of the courtesan Nemea,\n and all the people of Athens ran in crowds to be spectators of the\n masterly piece. He also made a painting of Mars leaning on the arm\n of Venus. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 35, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic poet in the age of Alexander, many of\n whose fragments are collected in Athen\u00e6us.\n\n=Aristor=, the father of Argus the hundred-eyed keeper of Io.\n\n=Aristor\u012ddes=, the patronymic of Argus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 1, li. 624.\n\n=Aristoteleia=, festivals in honour of Aristotle, because he obtained\n the restitution of his country from Alexander.\n\n=Aristot\u0115les=, a famous philosopher, son of the physician Nicomachus\n by Festiada, born at Stagira. After his father\u2019s death he went to\n Athens to hear Plato\u2019s lectures, where he soon signalized himself\n by the brightness of his genius. He had been of an inactive and\n dissolute disposition in his youth, but now he applied himself with\n uncommon diligence; and after he had spent 20 years in hearing the\n instructions of Plato, he opened a school for himself, for which he\n was accused of ingratitude and illiberality by his ancient master.\n He was moderate in his meals; he slept little, and always had one\n arm out of his couch with a bullet in it, which by falling into a\n brazen basin underneath, early awakened him. He was, according to\n some, 10 years preceptor to Alexander, who received his instructions\n with much pleasure and deference, and always respected him. According\n to Plutarch, the improvement that Alexander made under Aristotle\n was of more service to him than all the splendour and power which he\n received from Philip. Almost all his writings, which are composed on\n a variety of subjects, are extant: he gave them to Theophrastus at\n his death, and they were bought by one of the Ptolemies, and placed\n in the famous library of Alexandria. Diogenes Laertes has given\n us a very extensive catalogue of them. Aristotle had a deformed\n countenance, but his genius was a sufficient compensation for all\n his personal defects. He has been called by Plato the philosopher\n of truth; and Cicero compliments him with the title of a man of\n eloquence, universal knowledge, readiness and acuteness of invention,\n and fecundity of thought. The writings of Aristotle have been\n compared with those of Plato; but the one are the effusions of a\n lively and fruitful imagination, whilst the philosopher of Stagira\n studied nature more than art, and had recourse to simplicity of\n expression more than ornament. He neither worshipped nor cared for\n the divinity, concerning which his opinions were ever various and\n dissonant; and the more he disregarded the mythology of the ancients,\n the greater was the credit he acquired over his less philosophical\n predecessors. He was so authoritative in his opinions, that, as\n Bacon observes, he wished to establish the same dominion over men\u2019s\n minds, as his pupil over nations. Alexander, it is said, wished\n and encouraged his learned tutor to write the history of animals;\n and the more effectually to assist him, he supplied him with 800\n talents, and in his Asiatic expedition employed above 1000 men to\n collect animals, either in fishing, hunting, or hawking, which were\n carefully transmitted to the philosopher. Aristotle\u2019s logic has\n long reigned in the schools, and been regarded as the perfect model\n of all imitation. As he expired, the philosopher is said to have\n uttered the following sentiment: _F\u0153de hunc mundum intravi, anxius\n vixi, perturbatus egredior, causa causarum miserere mei_. The letter\n which Philip wrote to Aristotle has been preserved, and is in these\n words: \u201cI inform you I have a son; I thank the gods, not so much\n for making me a father, as for giving me a son in an age when he\n can have Aristotle for his instructor. I hope you will make him a\n successor worthy of me, and a king worthy of Macedonia.\u201d Aristotle\n wished to make his wife Pythias a deity, and to pay her the same\n worship as was paid to Ceres. He died in the 63rd year of his age,\n B.C. 322. His treatises have been published separately; but the best\n edition of the works collectively, is that of Duval, 2 vols., folio,\n Paris, 1629. Tyrwhitt\u2019s edition of the Poetica, Oxford, 4to, 1794,\n is a valuable acquisition to literature. He had a son whom he called\n Nicomachus, by the courtesan Herpyllis. Some have accused him of\n being accessary to the death of Alexander, and said that he drowned\n himself in the Euripus, because he could not find out the cause of\n its flux and reflux. There are, however, different reports about\n the manner of his death, and some believe that he died at Athens of\n a cholic, two years after Alexander\u2019s death. The people of Stagira\n instituted festivals in his honour, because he had rendered\n important services to their city. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives of\n Eminent Philosophers_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_ & _de Alexandri\n Magni Fortuna Aut Virtute_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Academica Qu\u00e6stiones_,\n bk. 4; _On Oratory_, bk. 3; _de Finibus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bks.\n 1, 2, 5, 10.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 12.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin Martyr._\u2015\u2015_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bks. 2, 4, 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6, &c.\n There were besides seven of the same name. A magistrate of Athens.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A commentator on Homer\u2019s Iliad.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator of Sicily, who\n answered the panegyric of Isocrates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of \u00c6schines.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n man of Cyrene who wrote on poetry.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A schoolmaster mentioned in\n Plato\u2019s life, written by Aristoxenus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An obscure grammarian.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Aristotle_.\n\n=Aristot\u012bmus=, a tyrant of Elis, 271 years B.C. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,\n ch. 5.\n\n=Aristox\u0115nus=, a celebrated musician, disciple of Aristotle, and born\n at Tarentum. He wrote 453 different treatises on philosophy, history,\n &c., and was disappointed in his expectations of succeeding in the\n school of Aristotle, for which he always spoke with ingratitude\n of his learned master. Of all his works nothing remains but three\n books upon music, the most ancient on that subject extant.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n philosopher of Cyrene. _Athen\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician whose writings are\n quoted by Galen.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of Selinus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Pythagorean philosopher.\n\n=Aristus=, a Greek historian of Salamas, who wrote an account of\n Alexander\u2019s expedition. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Arrian_, bk. 7.\n\n=Aristyllus=, an obscure poet. _Aristophanes._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An astronomer of\n Alexandria, 292 B.C.\n\n=Arius=, a river of Gaul, and\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Asia. The inhabitants in the\n neighbourhood are called Arii.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated writer, the origin\n of the Arian controversy, that denied the eternal divinity and\n consubstantiality of the Word. Though he was greatly persecuted for\n his opinions, he gained the favour of the emperor Constantine, and\n triumphed over his powerful antagonist Athanasius. He died the very\n night he was going to enter the church of Constantinople in triumph.\n Pressed by nature, he went aside to ease himself; but his bowels\n gushed out, and he expired on the spot, A.D. 336. _Athanasius._\n\n=Arm\u0115nes=, a son of Nabis, led in triumph at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 34,\n ch. 1.\n\n=Armenia=, a large country of Asia, divided into Upper and Lower\n Armenia. Upper Armenia, called also Major, has Media on the east,\n Iberia on the north, and Mesopotamia on the south. Lower Armenia,\n or Minor, is bounded by Cappadocia, Armenia Major, Syria, Cilicia,\n and the Euphrates. The Armenians were a long time under the dominion\n of the Medes and Persians, till they were conquered with the rest\n of Asia, by Alexander and his successors. The Romans made it one of\n their provinces, and under some of the emperors the Armenians had\n the privilege of choosing their own kings, but they were afterwards\n reduced. The country received its name from Armenus, who was one\n of the Argonauts, and of Thessalian origin. They borrowed the names\n and attributes of their deities from the Persians. They paid great\n adoration to Venus Anaitis, and the chiefest of the people always\n prostituted their daughters in honour of this goddess. Armenia Major\n is now called Turcomania, and Minor, Aladulia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 194; bk. 5, ch. 49.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 5, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 11.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 8.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6,\n ch. 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2.\n\n=Armentarius=, a C\u00e6sar in Diocletian\u2019s reign.\n\n=Armillatus=, one of Domitian\u2019s favourites. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 53.\n\n=Armilustrium=, a festival at Rome on the 19th of October. When the\n sacrifices were offered, all the people appeared under arms. The\n festival has often been confounded with that of the Salii, though\n easily distinguished; because the latter was observed the 2nd of\n March, and on the celebration of the Armilustrium they always played\n on a flute, and the Salii played upon the trumpet. It was instituted\n A.U.C. 543. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 27, ch. 37.\n\n=Arminius=, a warlike general of the Germans, who supported a\n bloody war against Rome for some time, and was at last conquered\n by Germanicus in two great battles. He was poisoned by one of his\n friends, A.D. 19, in the 37th year of his age. _Dio Cassius_, bk.\n 56.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, &c.\n\n=Armor\u012dc\u00e6=, cities of Celtic Gaul, famous for the warlike, rebellious,\n and inconstant disposition of the inhabitants called Armorici.\n Armorica extended between the rivers Liger and Sequana, and\n comprehended those rich and populous provinces now called Britany\n and Normandy. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\n\n=Arne=, a city of Lycia, called afterwards Xanthus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n Umbria in Italy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of \u00c6olus, who gave her name to two\n towns, one in Thessaly, the other in B\u0153otia. Neptune changed himself\n into a bull to enjoy her company. _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 9, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 4.\n\n=Arni=, a people of Italy, destroyed by Hercules.\n\n=Arniensis=, a tribe in Rome. _Livy_, bk. 6.\n\n=Arnobius=, a philosopher in Diocletian\u2019s reign, who became a convert\n to christianity. He applied for ordination, but was refused by the\n bishops till he gave them a proof of his sincerity. Upon this he\n wrote his celebrated treatise, in which he exposed the absurdity\n of irreligion, and ridiculed the heathen gods. Opinions are various\n concerning the purity of his style, though all agree in praise\n of his extensive erudition. The book that he wrote, _De Rhetoric\u00e2\n Institutione_, is not extant. The best edition of his treatise\n _Adversus Gentes_ is the 4to, printed Leiden, 1651.\n\n=Arnus=, a river of Etruria, rising in the Apennine mountains, and\n falling into the Mediterranean. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 2.\n\n=Aroa=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7.\n\n=Aroma=, a town of Caria,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Cappadocia.\n\n=Arp\u0101ni=, a people of Italy.\n\n=Arpi=, a city of Apulia, built by Diomedes after the Trojan war.\n _Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 28.\n\n=Arp\u012bnum=, a town of the Volsci, famous for giving birth to Cicero and\n Marius. The words _Arpin\u00e6 chart\u00e6_ are sometimes applied to Cicero\u2019s\n works. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 19.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 237.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_, speech 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n Magna Gr\u00e6cia.\n\n=Arr\u00e6i=, a people of Thrace. _Pliny._\n\n=Arrhar\u00e6us=, the king of a nation in the neighbourhood of Macedonia,\n who greatly distressed Archelaus. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_,\n ch. 10.\n\n=Arria=. _See:_ Aria.\n\n=Arria Galla=, a beautiful but immodest woman in the reign of the\n emperors. _Tacitus_, bk. 15, ch. 19.\n\n=Arri\u0101nus=, a philosopher of Nicomedia, priest of Ceres and Proserpine,\n and disciple of Epictetus, called a second Xenophon, from the\n elegance and sweetness of his diction, and distinguished for his\n acquaintance with military and political life. He wrote seven books\n on Alexander\u2019s expedition, the periplus of the Euxine and Red seas,\n four books on the dissertations of Epictetus, besides an account of\n the Alani, Bithynians, and Parthians. He flourished about the 140th\n year of Christ, and was rewarded with the consulship and government\n of Cappadocia, by Marcus Antoninus. The best edition of Arrian\u2019s\n _Expeditio Alexandri_, is the folio Gronovii, Leiden, 1704, and the\n 8vo, \u00e0 Raphelio, 2 vols., 1757, and the Tactica, 8vo, Amsterdam,\n 1683.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek historian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian who wrote a treatise on\n hunting, and the manner of keeping dogs.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet who wrote an epic\n poem in 24 books on Alexander; also another poem on Attalus king of\n Pergamus. He likewise translated Virgil\u2019s Georgics into Greek verse.\n\n=Arrius=, a friend of Cicero, whose sumptuous feast _Horace_ describes,\n bk. 2, satire 3, li. 86.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Aper, a Roman general who murdered the\n emperor, &c.\n\n=Arrius= and =Arius=, a philosopher of Alexandria, who so ingratiated\n himself with Augustus, after the battle of Actium, that the conqueror\n declared the people of Alexandria owed the preservation of their\n city to three causes; because Alexander was their founder, because\n of the beauty of the situation, and because Arrius was a native of\n the place. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\n\n=Arruntius=, a Roman consul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous geographer who, upon being\n accused of adultery and treason, under Tiberius, opened his veins.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6.\n\n=Arsabes=, a satrap of Armenia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Persia. _Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=Ars\u0103ces=, a man of obscure origin, who, upon seeing Seleucus defeated\n by the Gauls, invaded Parthia, and conquered the governor of\n the province called Andragoras, and laid the foundations of an\n empire, 250 B.C. He added the kingdom of the Hyrcani to his newly\n acquired possessions, and spent his time in establishing his\n power, and regulating the laws. After death he was made a god of\n his nation, and all his successors were called, in honour of his\n name, _Arsacid\u00e6_. _Justin_, bk. 41, chs. 5 & 6.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks.\n 11 & 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015His son and successor bore the same name. He carried\n war against Antiochus the son of Seleucus, who entered the field\n with 100,000 foot and 20,000 horse. He afterwards made peace with\n Antiochus, and died B.C. 217. _Justin_, bk. 41, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The third\n king of Parthia, of the family of the Arsacid\u00e6, bore the same name,\n and was also called Priapatius. He reigned 12 years, and left two\n sons, Mithridates and Phraates. Phraates succeeded as being the\n elder, and at his death he left his kingdom to his brother, though\n he had many children; observing that a monarch ought to have in\n view, not the dignity of his family, but the prosperity of his\n subjects. _Justin_, bk. 31, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Pontus and Armenia,\n in alliance with the Romans. He fought long with success against\n the Persians, till he was deceived by the snares of king Sapor,\n his enemy, who put out his eyes, and soon after deprived him of\n life. _Marcellinus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The eldest son of Artabanus, appointed over\n Armenia by his father, after the death of king Artaxias. _Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A servant of Themistocles.\n\n=Arsac\u012dd\u00e6=, a name given to some of the monarchs of Parthia, in honour\n of Arsaces, the founder of the empire. Their power subsisted till\n the 229th year of the christian era, when they were conquered by\n Artaxerxes king of Persia. _Justin_, bk. 41.\n\n=Arsam\u0115nes=, a satrap of Persia, at the battle of the Granicus.\n\n=Arsametes=, a river of Asia, near Parthia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 15.\n\n=Arsamos\u0101ta=, a town of Armenia Major, 70 miles from the Euphrates.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15.\n\n=Ars\u0101nes=, the son of Ochus and father of Codomanus.\n\n=Arsanias=, a river of Armenia, which, according to some, flows into\n the Tigris, and afterwards into the Euphrates. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 24.\n\n=Ars\u0113na=, a marsh of Armenia Major whose fishes are all of the same\n sort. _Strabo._\n\n=Arses=, the youngest son of Ochus, whom the eunuch Bagoas raised to\n the throne of Persia, and destroyed with his children, after a reign\n of three years. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Arsia=, a wood of Etruria, famous for a battle between the Romans\n and the Veientes. _Plutarch_, _Poplicola_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small river between\n Illyricum and Istria, falling into the Adriatic.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Italy,\n flowing through Campania.\n\n=Arsid\u00e6us=, a son of Datames, &c.\n\n=Arsinoe=, daughter of Leucippus and Philodice, was mother of\n \u00c6sculapius by Apollo, according to some authors. She received divine\n honours after death at Sparta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 26; bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Phlegeus, promised\n in marriage to Alcm\u00e6on. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fountain\n of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, _Messenia_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The sister and wife of\n Ptolemy Philadelphus, worshipped after death under the name of Venus\n Zephyritis. Dinochares began to build her a temple with loadstones,\n in which there stood a statue of Arsinoe suspended in the air by the\n power of the magnet; but the death of the architect prevented its\n being perfected. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Ptolemy\n Lagus, who married Lysimachus king of Macedonia. After her husband\u2019s\n death, Ceraunus, her own brother, married her, and ascended the\n throne of Macedonia. He previously murdered Lysimachus and Philip,\n the sons of Arsinoe by Lysimachus, in their mother\u2019s arms. Arsinoe\n was some time after banished to Samothrace. _Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 1,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A younger daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, sister to Cleopatra.\n Antony despatched her to gain the good graces of her sister.\n _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Appian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Magas\n king of Cyrene, who committed adultery with her son-in-law. _Justin_,\n bk. 26, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Lysimachus. _Pausanias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town\n of Egypt, situated near the lake of M\u0153ris, on the western shore of\n the Nile, where the inhabitants paid the highest veneration to the\n crocodiles. They nourished them in a splendid manner, and embalmed\n them after death, and buried them in the subterraneous cells of the\n labyrinth. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Cilicia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of \u00c6olia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Syria,\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Cyprus,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Lycia, &c.\n\n=Arsites=, a satrap of Paphlagonia.\n\n=Artab\u0101nus=, son of Hystaspes, was brother to Darius I. He dissuaded\n his nephew Xerxes from making war against the Greeks, and at his\n return, he assassinated him with the hopes of ascending the throne.\n Darius the son of Xerxes was murdered in a similar manner; and\n Artaxerxes his brother would have shared the same fate, had not he\n discovered the snares of the assassin, and punished him with death.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 38; bk. 7, ch. 10, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Parthia, after the death\n of his nephew Phraates II. He undertook a war against a nation of\n Scythia, in which he perished. His son Mithridates succeeded him,\n and merited the appellation of Great. _Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n king of Media, and afterwards of Parthia, after the expulsion of\n Vonones, whom Tiberius had made king there. He invaded Armenia, from\n whence he was driven away by one of the generals of Tiberius. He\n was expelled from his throne, which Tiridates usurped; and some time\n after he was restored again to his ancient power, and died A.D. 48.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Parthia, very inimical\n to the interest of Vespasian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another king of Parthia, who made\n war against the emperor Caracalla, who had attempted his life on\n pretence of courting his daughter. He was murdered, and the power of\n Parthia abolished, and the crown transferred to the Persian monarchs.\n _Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015_Herodian._\n\n=Artabaz\u0101nes=, or =Artam\u0115nes=, the eldest son of Darius, when a private\n person. He attempted to succeed to the Persian throne, in preference\n to Xerxes. _Justin._\n\n=Artab\u0101zus=, a son of Pharnaces, general in the army of Xerxes. He\n fled from Greece upon the ill success of Mardonius. _Herodotus_,\n bks. 7, 8, & 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general who made war against Artaxerxes, and\n was defeated. He was afterwards reconciled to his prince, and became\n the familiar friend of Darius III. After the murder of this prince,\n he surrendered himself up with his sons to Alexander, who treated\n him with much humanity and confidence. _Curtius_, bk. 5, chs. 9 & 12;\n bk. 6, ch. 5; bk. 7, chs. 3 & 5; bk. 8, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of\n Artaxerxes against Datames. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\n\n=Artabri= and =Artabr\u012dt\u00e6=, a people of Lusitania, who received their\n name from Artabrum, a promontory on the coast of Spain, now called\n _Finisterre_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 362.\n\n=Artac\u00e6as=, an officer in the army of Xerxes, the tallest of all the\n troops, the king excepted.\n\n=Artac\u00e6na=, a city of Asia, near Aria.\n\n=Art\u0103ce=, a town and seaport near Cyzicus. It did not exist in the age\n of Pliny. There was in its neighbourhood a fountain called Artacia.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Procopius_, _The Persian War_, bk. 1,\n ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of\n Phrygia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fortified place of Bithynia.\n\n=Artac\u0113ne=, a country of Assyria near Arbela, where Alexander conquered\n Darius. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Art\u0103cia=, a fountain in the country of the L\u00e6strygones. _Tibullus_,\n bk. 4, poem 1, li. 60.\n\n=Art\u00e6i=, a name by which the Persians were called among their\n neighbours. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 61.\n\n=Artagreras=, a town of Upper Armenia. _Strabo._\n\n=Artagerses=, a general in the army of Artaxerxes, killed by Cyrus the\n younger.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.\n\n=Artanes=, a king of the southern parts of Armenia. _Strabo_, bk. 11.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Thrace flowing into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 49.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Colchis.\n\n=Artaphernes=, a general whom Darius sent into Greece with Datis. He\n was conquered at the battle of Marathon, by Miltiades. _See:_ Datis.\n _Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus._\n\n=Artatus=, a river of Illyria. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19.\n\n=Artavasdes=, a son of Tigranes king of Upper Armenia, who wrote\n tragedies, and shone as an elegant orator and faithful historian. He\n lived in alliance with the Romans, but Crassus was defeated, partly\n on account of his delay. He betrayed Marcus Antony in his expedition\n against Parthia, for which Antony reduced his kingdom, and carried\n him to Egypt, where he adorned the triumph of the conqueror led in\n golden chains. He was some time after murdered. _Strabo_, bk. 11.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The crown of Armenia was given by Tiberius to a person of the\n same name, who was expelled.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Augustus had also raised to the\n throne of Armenia a person of the same name. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 2.\n\n=Artaxa= and =Artaxias=, a general of Antiochus the Great, who erected\n the province of Armenia into a kingdom, by his reliance on the\n friendship of the Romans. King Tigranes was one of his successors.\n _Strabo_, bk. 11.\n\n=Artax\u0103ta= (orum), now _Ardesh_, a strongly fortified town of Upper\n Armenia, the capital of the empire, where the kings generally\n resided. It is said that Annibal built it for Artaxias the king of\n the country. It was burnt by Corbulo, and rebuilt by Tiridates, who\n called it _Neronea_, in honour of Nero. _Strabo_, bk. 11.\n\n=Artaxerxes I.=, succeeded to the kingdom of Persia, after his\n father Xerxes. He destroyed Artabanus, who had murdered Xerxes, and\n attempted to cut off the whole royal family to raise himself to the\n throne. He made war against the Bactrians, and reconquered Egypt\n that had revolted, with the assistance of the Athenians, and was\n remarkable for his equity and moderation. One of his hands was\n longer than the other, whence he has been called _Macrochir_ or\n _Longimanus_. He reigned 39 years, and died B.C. 425. _Cornelius\n Nepos_, _Kings_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second of\n that name, king of Persia, was surnamed Mnemon, on account of his\n extensive memory. He was son of Darius II. by Parysatis the daughter\n of Artaxerxes Longimanus, and had three brothers, Cyrus, Ostanes,\n and Oxathres. His name was Arsaces, which he changed into Artaxerxes\n when he ascended the throne. His brother Cyrus was of such an\n ambitious disposition, that he resolved to make himself king, in\n opposition to Artaxerxes. Parysatis always favoured Cyrus; and when\n he had attempted the life of Artaxerxes, she obtained his pardon\n by her entreaties and influence. Cyrus, who had been appointed\n over Lydia and the sea coasts, assembled a large army under various\n pretences, and at last marched against his brother at the head of\n 100,000 barbarians and 13,000 Greeks. He was opposed by Artaxerxes\n with 900,000 men, and a bloody battle was fought at Cunaxa, in which\n Cyrus was killed, and his forces routed. It has been reported that\n Cyrus was killed by Artaxerxes, who was so desirous of the honour,\n that he put to death two men for saying that they had killed him.\n The Greeks, who had assisted Cyrus against his brother, though at\n the distance of above 600 leagues from their country, made their way\n through the territories of the enemy; and nothing is more famous in\n the Grecian history, than the retreat of the 10,000. After he was\n delivered from the attacks of his brother, Artaxerxes stirred up\n a war among the Grecian states against Sparta, and exerted all his\n influence to weaken the power of the Greeks. He married two of his\n own daughters, called Atossa and Amestria, and named his eldest son\n Darius to be his successor. Darius, however, conspired against his\n father, and was put to death; and Ochus, one of the younger sons,\n called also Artaxerxes, made his way to the throne, by causing his\n elder brothers Ariaspes and Arsames to be assassinated. It is said\n that Artaxerxes died of a broken heart, in consequence of his son\u2019s\n unnatural behaviour, in the 94th year of his age, after a reign\n of 46 years, B.C. 358. Artaxerxes had 150 children by his 350\n concubines, and only four legitimate sons. _Plutarch_, _Parallel\n Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 10, ch. 1, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 13, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The third, surnamed Ochus, succeeded\n his father Artaxerxes II., and established himself on his throne by\n murdering above 80 of his nearest relations. He punished with death\n one of his officers who conspired against him, and recovered Egypt,\n which had revolted, destroyed Sidon, and ravaged all Syria. He made\n war against the Cadusii, and greatly rewarded a private man called\n Codomanus for his uncommon valour. But his behaviour in Egypt, and\n his cruelty towards the inhabitants, offended his subjects, and\n Bagoas at last obliged his physician to poison him, B.C. 337, and\n afterwards gave his flesh to be devoured by cats, and made handles\n for swords with his bones. Codomanus, on account of his virtues,\n was soon after made king by the people; and that he might seem to\n possess as much dignity as the house of Artaxerxes, he reigned under\n the name of Darius III. _Justin_, bk. 10, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 6, ch. 8.\n\n=Artaxerxes=, or =Artaxares I.=, a common soldier of Persia, who\n killed Artabanus, A.D. 228, and erected Persia again into a kingdom,\n which had been extinct since the death of Darius. Severus the Roman\n emperor conquered him, and obliged him to remain within his kingdom.\n _Herodian_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of his successors, son of Sapor, bore his\n name, and reigned 11 years, during which he distinguished himself by\n his cruelties.\n\n=Artaxias=, son of Artavasdes king of Armenia, was proclaimed king by\n his father\u2019s troops. He opposed Antony, by whom he was defeated, and\n became so odious that the Romans, at the request of the Armenians,\n raised Tigranes to the throne.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, son of Polemon, whose\n original name was Zeno. After the expulsion of Vonones from Armenia,\n he was made king by Germanicus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 31.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Antiochus. _See:_ Artaxa.\n\n=Artayctes=, a Persian appointed governor of Sestos by Xerxes. He was\n hung on a cross by the Athenians for his cruelties. _Herodotus_, bks.\n 7 & 9.\n\n=Artaynta=, a Persian lady whom Xerxes gave in marriage to his\n son Darius. She was one of the mistresses of her father-in-law.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 103, &c.\n\n=Artayntes=, a Persian appointed over a fleet in Greece by Xerxes.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 13; bk. 9, ch. 107.\n\n=Artembares=, a celebrated Mede in the reign of Cyrus the Great.\n _Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 9.\n\n=Artemid\u014drus=, a native of Ephesus, who wrote a history and description\n of the earth, in 11 books. He flourished about 104 years B.C.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n physician in the age of Adrian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man in the reign of Antoninus,\n who wrote a learned work on the interpretation of dreams, still\n extant; the best edition of which is that of Rigaltius, Paris, 4to,\n 1604, to which is annexed _Achmetis oneirocritica_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of\n Cnidus, son to the historian Theopompus. He had a school at Rome,\n and he wrote a book on illustrious men, not extant. As he was the\n friend of Julius C\u00e6sar, he wrote down an account of the conspiracy\n which was formed against him. He gave it to the dictator from among\n the crowd as he was going to the senate, but Julius C\u00e6sar put it\n with other papers which he held in his hand, thinking it to be of no\n material consequence. _Plutarch_, _C\u00e6sar_.\n\n=Art\u0115mis=, the Greek name of Diana. Her festivals, called Artemisia,\n were celebrated in several parts of Greece, particularly at Delphi,\n where they offered to the goddess a mullet, which, as was supposed,\n bore some affinity to the goddess of hunting, because it is said to\n hunt and kill the sea-hare. There was a solemnity of the same name\n at Syracuse; it lasted three days, which were spent in banqueting\n and diversions. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 7.\n\n=Artemisia=, daughter of Lygdamis of Halicarnassus, reigned over\n Halicarnassus and the neighbouring country. She assisted Xerxes\n in his expedition against Greece with a fleet, and her valour was\n so great that the monarch observed that all his men fought like\n women, and all his women like men. The Athenians were so ashamed\n of fighting against a woman, that they offered a reward of 10,000\n drachms for her head. It is said that she was fond of a youth of\n Abydos, called Dardanus, and that, to punish his disdain, she put\n out his eyes while he was asleep, and afterwards leaped down the\n promontory of Leucas. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 99; bk. 8, ch. 68, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was also another queen of Caria\n of that name, often confounded with the daughter of Lygdamis. She\n was daughter of Hecatomnus king of Caria or Halicarnassus, and was\n married to her own brother Mausolus famous for his personal beauty.\n She was so fond of her husband, that at his death she drank in her\n liquor his ashes after his body had been burned, and erected to his\n memory a monument, which, for its grandeur and magnificence, was\n called one of the seven wonders of the world. This monument she\n called _Mausoleum_, a name which has been given from that time to\n all monuments of unusual splendour. She invited all the literary\n men of her age, and proposed rewards to him who composed the best\n elegiac panegyric upon her husband. The prize was adjudged to\n Theopompus. She was so inconsolable for the death of her husband\n that she died through grief two years after. _Vitruvius._\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 7; bk. 36, ch. 5.\n\n=Artemisia.= _See:_ Artemis.\n\n=Artemisium=, a promontory of Eub\u0153a, where Diana had a temple. The\n neighbouring part of the sea bore the same name. The fleet of Xerxes\n had a skirmish there with the Grecian ships. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,\n ch. 175, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lake near the grove Aricia, with a temple sacred\n to Artemis, whence the name.\n\n=Artem\u012bta=, a city at the east of Seleucia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island opposite the\n mouth of the Achelous. _Strabo._\n\n=Art\u0115mon=, an historian of Pergamus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Clazomen\u00e6, who was\n with Pericles at the siege of Samos, where it is said he invented\n the battering ram, the _testudo_, and other equally valuable military\n engines.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote a treatise on collecting books.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n native of Magnesia, who wrote the history of illustrious women.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n physician of Clazomen\u00e6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Syrian, whose features\n resembled, in the strongest manner, those of Antiochus. The queen,\n after the king\u2019s murder, made use of Artemon to represent her husband\n in a lingering state, that, by his seeming to die a natural death,\n she might conceal her guilt, and effect her wicked purpose. _See:_\n Antiochus.\n\n=Artimpasa=, a name of Venus among the Scythians. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 59.\n\n=Artobarz\u0103nes=, a son of Darius, who endeavoured to ascend the throne\n in preference to his brother Xerxes, but to no purpose. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 7, chs. 2 & 3.\n\n=Artochmes=, a general of Xerxes, who married one of the daughters of\n Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 73.\n\n=Art\u014dna=, a town of the Latins, taken by the \u00c6qui. _Livy_, bk. 2,\n ch. 43.\n\n=Artontes=, a son of Mardonius. _Pausanias_, _B\u0153otia_.\n\n=Artonius=, a physician of Augustus, who, on the night previous to the\n battle of Philippi, saw Minerva in a dream, who told him to assure\n Augustus of victory. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\n\n=Artoxares=, a eunuch of Paphlagonia, in the reign of Artaxerxes I.,\n cruelly put to death by Parysatis.\n\n=Arturius=, an obscure fellow, raised to honours and wealth by his\n flatteries, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 29.\n\n=Artynes=, a king of Media.\n\n=Artynia=, a lake of Asia Minor.\n\n=Artyst\u014fna=, a daughter of Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 88.\n\n=Aru\u00e6=, a people of Hyrcania, where Alexander kindly received the chief\n officers of Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4.\n\n=Arv\u0101les=, a name given to 12 priests who celebrated the festivals\n called Ambarvalia. According to some, they were descended from the\n 12 sons of Acca Laurentia, who suckled Romulus. They wore a crown of\n ears of corn, and a white fillet. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.\n _See:_ Ambarvalia.\n\n=Arueris=, a god of the Egyptians, son of Isis and Osiris. According\n to some accounts, Osiris and Isis were married together in their\n mother\u2019s womb, and Isis was pregnant of Arueris before she was born.\n\n=Arverni=, a powerful people of Gaul, now _Auvergne_, near the Ligeris,\n who took up arms against Julius C\u00e6sar. They were conquered with\n great slaughter. They pretended to be descended from the Trojans as\n well as the Romans. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Arv\u012dr\u0103gus=, a king of Britain. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 127.\n\n=Arv\u012bsium= and =Arv\u012bsus=, a promontory of Chios, famous for its wine.\n _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 5.\n\n=Lucius Arunculeius Costa [Cotta]=, an officer sent by Julius C\u00e6sar\n against the Gauls, by whom he was killed. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\n\n=Aruns=, an Etrurian soothsayer in the age of Marius. _Lucan_, bk. 1,\n li. 586.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A soldier who slew Camilla, and was killed by a dart of\n Diana. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 759.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Tarquin\n the Proud. He married Tullia, who murdered him to espouse Tarquin,\n who had assassinated his wife.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Tarquin the Proud, who,\n in the battle that was fought between the partisans of his father\n and the Romans, attacked Brutus the Roman consul, who wounded him\n and threw him down from his horse. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Porsenna king of Etruria, sent by his father to take Aricia. _Livy_,\n bk. 2, ch. 14.\n\n=Aruntius=, a Roman who ridiculed the rites of Bacchus, for which the\n god inebriated him to such a degree that he offered violence to his\n daughter Medullina, who murdered him when she found that he acted\n so dishonourably to her virtue. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n man who wrote an account of the Punic wars in the style of Sallust,\n in the reign of Augustus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_,\n ltr. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another Latin writer. _Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_, bk. 6.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Paterculus, a man who gave \u00c6mylius Censorinus tyrant of \u00c6gesta\n a brazen horse to torment criminals. The tyrant made the first\n experiment upon the body of the donor. _Plutarch_, _Parallela\n minora_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Stella, a poet descended of a consular family in the age\n of Domitian.\n\n=Arup\u012bnus=, a maritime town of Istria. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1,\n li. 110.\n\n=Aruspex.= _See:_ Haruspex.\n\n=Aryx\u0103ta=, a town of Armenia, near the Araxes. _Strabo_, bk. 11.\n\n=Aryandes=, a Persian appointed governor of Egypt by Cambyses. He\n was put to death because he imitated Darius in whatever he did, and\n wished to make himself immortal. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 166.\n\n=Arybas=, a native of Sidon, whose daughter was carried away by\n pirates. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 425.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of the\n Molossi, who reigned 10 years.\n\n=Arypt\u00e6us=, a prince of the Molossi, who privately encouraged the\n Greeks against Macedonia, and afterwards embraced the party of the\n Macedonians.\n\n=Asander=, a man who separated, by a wall, Chersonesus Taurica from\n the continent. _Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=Asbest\u00e6= and =Asbyst\u00e6=, a people of Libya above Cyrene, where the\n temple of Ammon is built. Jupiter is sometimes called, on that\n account, _Asbystius_. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 170.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 4,\n ch. 3.\n\n=Asb\u014flus= (_black hair_), one of Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 3.\n\n=Ascal\u0103phus=, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who was among the Argonauts,\n and went to the Trojan war at the head of the Ochomenians, with\n his brother Ialmenus. He was killed by Deiphobus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 2, li. 13; bk. 9, li. 82; bk. 13, li. 518.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Acheron\n by Gorgyra or Orphne, stationed by Pluto to watch over Proserpine\n in the Elysian fields. When Ceres had obtained from Jupiter her\n daughter\u2019s freedom and return upon earth, provided she had eaten\n nothing in the kingdom of Pluto, Ascalaphus discovered that she\n had eaten some pomegranates from a tree; upon which Proserpine was\n ordered by Jupiter to remain six months with Pluto, and the rest\n of the year with her mother. Proserpine was so displeased with\n Ascalaphus, that she sprinkled water on his head, and immediately\n turned him into an owl. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 8.\n\n=Asc\u0103lon=, a town of Syria, near the Mediterranean, about 520 stadia\n from Jerusalem, still in being. It was anciently famous for its\n onions. _Josephus_, _The Jewish War_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Theophrastus_,\n _Enquiry into Plants_, bk. 7, ch. 4.\n\n=Ascania=, an island of the \u00c6gean sea.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Troas, built by\n Ascanius.\n\n=Asc\u0103nius=, son of \u00c6neas by Creusa, was saved from the flames of Troy\n by his father, whom he accompanied in his voyage to Italy. He was\n afterwards called Iulus. He behaved with great valour in the war\n which his father carried on against the Latins, and succeeded \u00c6neas\n in the kingdom of Latinus, and built Alba, to which he transferred\n the seat of his empire from Lavinium. The descendants of Ascanius\n reigned in Alba for above 420 years, under 14 kings, till the age\n of Numitor. Ascanius reigned 38 years; 30 at Lavinium, and eight at\n Alba; and was succeeded by Sylvius Posthumus son of \u00c6neas by Lavinia.\n Iulus the son of Ascanius disputed the crown with him; but the\n Latins gave it in favour of Sylvius, as he was descended from the\n family of Latinus, and Iulus was invested with the office of high\n priest, which remained a long while in his family. _Livy_, bk. 1,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015According to _Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 15, &c., the son of \u00c6neas by Lavinia was\n also called Ascanius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Bithynia. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 3, li. 270.\n\n=Ascii=, a nation of India, in whose country objects at noon have no\n shadow. _Pliny_, bk. 2.\n\n=Ascl\u0113pia=, festivals in honour of Asclepius, or \u00c6sculapius, celebrated\n all over Greece, when prizes for poetical and musical compositions\n were honourably distributed. At Epidaurus they were called by a\n different name.\n\n=Ascl\u0113pi\u0103des=, a rhetorician in the age of Eumenes, who wrote an\n historical account of Alexander. _Arrian_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A disciple of Plato.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher, disciple to Stilpo, and very intimate with\n Menedemus. The two friends lived together, and that they might not\n be separated when they married, Asclepiades married the daughter,\n and Menedemus, though much the younger, the mother. When the wife\n of Asclepiades was dead, Menedemus gave his wife to his friend, and\n married another. He was blind in his old age, and died in Eretria.\n _Plutarch_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician of Bithynia, B.C. 90, who acquired great\n reputation at Rome, and was the founder of a sect in physic. He\n relied so much on his skill that he laid a wager he should never\n be sick; and won it, as he died of a fall, in a very advanced age.\n Nothing of his medical treatises is now extant.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Egyptian,\n who wrote hymns on the gods of his country, and also a treatise on\n the coincidence of all religions.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Alexandria, who\n gave a history of the Athenian archons.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The writer of a treatise\n on Demetrius Phalereus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A disciple of Isocrates, who wrote six\n books on those events which had been the subject of tragedies.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n physician in the age of Pompey.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tragic poet.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another\n physician of Bithynia, under Trajan. He lived 70 years, and was a\n great favourite of the emperor\u2019s court.\n\n=Asclepiod\u014drus=, a painter in the age of Apelles, 12 of whose pictures\n of the gods were sold, for 300 min\u00e6 each, to an African prince.\n _Pliny_, bk. 35.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A soldier who conspired against Alexander with\n Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.\n\n=Asclepiodotus=, a general of Mithridates.\n\n=Asclepius.= _See:_ \u00c6sculapius.\n\n=Ascletarion=, a mathematician in the age of Domitian, who said that\n he should be torn by dogs. The emperor ordered him to be put to\n death, and his body carefully secured; but as soon as he was set\n on the burning pile, a sudden storm arose which put out the flames,\n and the dogs came and tore to pieces the mathematician\u2019s body.\n _Suetonius_, _Domitian_, ch. 15.\n\n=Asclus=, a town of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Ascolia=, a festival in honour of Bacchus, celebrated about December\n by the Athenian husbandmen, who generally sacrificed a goat to the\n god, because that animal is a great enemy to the vine. They made\n a bottle with the skin of the victim, which they filled with oil\n and wine, and afterwards leaped upon it. He who could stand upon\n it first was victorious, and received the bottle as a reward. This\n was called \u1f00\u03c3\u03ba\u03c9\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c4\u03bf \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9 \u1f00\u03c3\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, _leaping upon\n the bottle_, whence the name of the festival is derived. It was also\n introduced in Italy, where the people besmeared their faces with the\n dregs of wine, and sang hymns to the god. They always hanged some\n small images of the god on the tallest trees in their vineyards,\n and these images they called Oscilla. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,\n li. 384.\u2015\u2015_Pollux_, bk. 9, ch. 7.\n\n=Asconius Labeo=, a preceptor of Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pedia, a man intimate\n with Virgil and Livy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of the same family in the age of\n Vespasian, who became blind in his old age, and lived 12 years after.\n He wrote, besides some historical treatises, annotations on Cicero\u2019s\n orations.\n\n=Ascra=, a town of B\u0153otia, built, according to some, by the giants Otus\n and Ephialtes, at the foot of Mount Helicon. Hesiod was born there,\n whence he is often called the _Ascrean_ poet, and whatever poem\n treats on agricultural subjects _Ascr\u00e6um carmen_. The town received\n its name from Ascra, a nymph, mother of \u0152oclus by Neptune. _Strabo_,\n bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Asc\u016dlum=, now _Ascoli_, a town of Picenum, famous for the defeat of\n Pyrrhus by Curius and Fabricius. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another\n in Apulia, near the Aufidus.\n\n=Asdr\u016dbal=, a Carthaginian, son-in-law of Hamilcar. He distinguished\n himself in the Numidian war, and was appointed chief general on the\n death of his father-in-law, and for eight years presided with much\n prudence and valour over Spain, which submitted to his arms with\n cheerfulness. Here he laid the foundation of new Carthage, and saw\n it complete. To stop his progress towards the east, the Romans, in\n a treaty with Carthage, forbade him to pass the Iberus, which was\n faithfully observed by the general. He was killed in the midst of\n his soldiers, B.C. 220, by a slave whose master he had murdered. The\n slave was caught and put to death in the greatest torments, which he\n bore with patience, and even ridiculed. Some say that he was killed\n in hunting. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 165.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Wars in\n Spain_.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Hamilcar, who came from Spain with a large reinforcement for his\n brother Annibal. He crossed the Alps and entered Italy; but some of\n his letters to Annibal having fallen into the hands of the Romans,\n the consuls Marcus Livius Salinator and Claudius Nero attacked\n him suddenly near the Metaurus, and defeated him, B.C. 207. He was\n killed in the battle, and 56,000 of his men shared his fate, and\n 5400 were taken prisoners; about 8000 Romans were killed. The head\n of Asdrubal was cut off, and some days after thrown into the camp of\n Annibal, who, in the moment that he was in the greatest expectations\n for a promised supply, exclaimed at the sight, \u201cIn losing Asdrubal,\n I lose all my happiness, and Carthage all her hopes.\u201d Asdrubal had\n before made an attempt to penetrate into Italy by sea, but had been\n defeated by the governor of Sardinia. _Livy_, bks. 21, 23, 27, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Polybius._\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Carthaginian general,\n surnamed _Calvus_, appointed governor of Sardinia, and taken\n prisoner by the Romans. _Livy._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, son of Gisgon, appointed\n general of the Carthaginian forces in Spain, in the time of the\n great Annibal. He made head against the Romans in Africa, with the\n assistance of Scyphax, but he was soon after defeated by Scipio.\n He died B.C. 206. _Livy._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who advised his countrymen\n to make peace with Rome, and upbraided Annibal for laughing in the\n Carthaginian senate. _Livy._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grandson of Masinissa, murdered\n in the senate house by the Carthaginians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, whose camp\n was destroyed in Africa by Scipio, though at the head of 20,000 men,\n in the last Punic war. When all was lost, he fled to the enemy, and\n begged his life. Scipio showed him to the Carthaginians, upon which\n his wife, with a thousand imprecations, threw herself and her two\n children into the flames of the temple of \u00c6sculapius, which she and\n others had set on fire. He was not of the same family as Annibal.\n _Livy_, bk. 51.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Carthaginian general, conquered by Lucius\n C\u00e6cilius Metellus in Sicily, in a battle in which he lost 130\n elephants. These animals were led in triumph all over Italy by the\n conquerors.\n\n=Asellio Sempronius=, an historian and military tribune, who wrote\n an account of the actions in which he was present. _Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus._\n\n=Asia=, one of the three parts of the ancient world, separated from\n Europe by the Tanais, the Euxine, \u00c6gean, and Mediterranean seas.\n The Nile and Egypt divide it from Africa. It received its name\n from Asia the daughter of Oceanus. This part of the globe has given\n birth to many of the greatest monarchies of the universe, and to the\n ancient inhabitants of Asia we are indebted for most of the arts and\n sciences. The soil is fruitful, and abounds with all the necessaries\n as well as luxuries of life. Asia was divided into many different\n empires, provinces, and states, of which the most conspicuous\n were the Assyrian and Persian monarchies. The Assyrian monarchy,\n according to Eusebius, lasted 1240 years, and according to Justin\n 1300 years, down to the year of the world 4380. The empire of Persia\n existed 228 years, till the death of Darius III., whom Alexander\n the Great conquered. The empire of the Medes lasted 259 years,\n according to Eusebius, or less, according to others, till the reign\n of Astyages, who was conquered by Cyrus the Great, who transferred\n the power from the Medes, and founded the Persian monarchy. It was\n in Asia that the military valour of the Macedonians, and the bold\n retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, were so conspicuously displayed. It is\n in that part of the world that we are to look for the more visible\n progress of luxury, despotism, sedition, effeminacy, and dissipation.\n Asia was generally divided into Major and Minor. Asia Major was\n the most extensive, and comprehended all the eastern parts; and\n Asia Minor was a large country in the form of a peninsula, whose\n boundaries may be known by drawing a line from the bay of Issus, in\n a northern direction, to the eastern part of the Euxine sea. Asia\n Minor has been subject to many revolutions. It was tributary to\n the Scythians for upwards of 1500 years, and was a long time in the\n power of the Lydians, Medes, &c. The western parts of Asia Minor\n were the receptacle of all the ancient emigrations from Greece, and\n it was totally peopled by Grecian colonies. The Romans generally and\n indiscriminately called Asia Minor by the name of Asia. _Strabo._\n \u2015\u2015_Mela._\u2015\u2015_Justin._\u2015\u2015_Pliny._\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n Oceanides, who married Japetus, and gave her name to one of the\n three divisions of the ancient globe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Nereides. _Hyginus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Laconia.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.\n\n=Asia Palus=, a lake in Mysia. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 701.\n\n=Asi\u0101t\u012dcus=, a Gaul in the age of Vitellius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The surname of one of the Scipios, and others, from their\n conquests or campaigns in Asia.\n\n=As\u012dlas=, an augur, who assisted \u00c6neas against Turnus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan\n officer. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bks. 9, 10, &c.\n\n=Asin\u0101ria=, a festival in Sicily, in commemoration of a victory\n obtained over Demosthenes and Nicias at the river Asinarius.\n\n=Asin\u0101rius=, a river of Sicily, where the Athenian generals,\n Demosthenes and Nicias, were taken prisoners.\n\n=As\u012dne=, one of the Sporades.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island of the Adriatic.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Three\n towns of Peloponnesus bore that name, viz. in Laconia, Argolis, and\n Messenia.\n\n=As\u012dnes=, a river of Sicily.\n\n=Asinius Gallus=, son of Asinius Pollio the orator, married Vipsania,\n after she had been divorced by Tiberius. This marriage gave rise to\n a secret enmity between the emperor and Asinius, who starved himself\n to death, either voluntarily, or by order of his imperial enemy. He\n had six sons by his wife. He wrote a comparison between his father\n and Cicero, in which he gave a decided superiority to the former.\n _Tacitus_ bks. 1 & 5, _Annals_.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 58.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk.\n 7, ltr. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcellus, grandson of Asinius Pollio, was accused of\n some misdemeanours, but acquitted, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 14, _Annals_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pollio, an excellent orator, poet, and historian, intimate with\n Augustus. He triumphed over the Dalmatians, and wrote an account\n of the wars of C\u00e6sar and Pompey, in 17 books, besides poems. He\n refused to answer some verses against him by Augustus, \u201cbecause,\u201d\n said he, \u201cyou have the power to proscribe me, should my answer\n prove offensive.\u201d He died in the 80th year of his age, A.D. 4. He\n was consul with Cnaeus Domitius Calvinus, A.U.C. 714. It is to him\n that the fourth of Virgil\u2019s Bucolics is inscribed. _Quintilian._\n \u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_, chs. 30 & 55.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bks. 37,\n 49, 55.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _de Tranquilitate Animi_ & ltr. 100.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 7, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _C\u00e6sar_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A commander of Mauritania, under the first emperors, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian in the age of Pompey.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in the third century.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quadratus, a man who published\n the history of Parthia, Greece, and Rome.\n\n=Asius=, a son of Dymas, brother of Hecuba. He assisted Priam in the\n Trojan war, and was killed by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li.\n 342; bk. 12, li. 95; bk. 13, li. 384.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of Samos, who wrote\n about the genealogy of ancient heroes and heroines. _Pausanias_, bk.\n 7, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Imbracus, who accompanied \u00c6neas into Italy.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 123.\n\n=Asius Campus=, a place near the Cayster.\n\n=Asn\u0101us=, a mountain of Macedonia, near which the river Aous flows.\n _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 5.\n\n=As\u014dphis=, a small country of Peloponnesus, near the Asopus.\n\n=As\u014dpia=, the ancient name of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=As\u014dpi\u0103des=, a patronymic of \u00c6acus, son of \u00c6gina, the daughter of\n Asopus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 484.\n\n=As\u014dpis=, the daughter of the Asopus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Thespius mother\n of Mentor. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=As\u014dpus=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the bay of Malta at the\n north of Thermopyl\u00e6. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of B\u0153otia, rising\n near Plat\u00e6a, and flowing into the Euripus, after it has separated\n the country of the Thebans and Plat\u00e6ans. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Asia, flowing into the Lycus, near Laodicea.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n river of Peloponnesus, passing by Sicyon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Macedonia,\n flowing near Heraclea. _Strabo_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Ph\u0153nicia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Neptune, who gave his name to a river of Peloponnesus. Three\n of his daughters are particularly celebrated, \u00c6gina, Salamis, and\n Ismene. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 12.\n\n=Aspa=, a town of Parthia, now _Ispahan_, the capital of the Persian\n empire.\n\n=Aspamithres=, a favourite eunuch of Xerxes, who conspired with\n Artabanus to destroy the king and the royal family, &c. _Ctesias._\n\n=Asparagium=, a town near Dyrrhachium. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3,\n ch. 30.\n\n=Asp\u0103sia=, a daughter of Hermotimus of Phoc\u00e6a, famous for her personal\n charms and elegance. She was priestess of the sun, mistress to\n Cyrus, and afterwards to his brother Artaxerxes, from whom she\n passed to Darius. She was called _Milto_, _vermilion_, on account of\n the beauty of her complexion. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch.\n 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another woman, daughter of Axiochus,\n born at Miletus. She came to Athens, where she taught eloquence,\n and Socrates was proud to be among her scholars. She so captivated\n Pericles, by her mental and personal accomplishments, that he became\n her pupil, and at last took her for his mistress and wife. He was so\n fond of her, that he made war against Samos at her instigation. The\n behaviour of Pericles towards Aspasia greatly corrupted the morals\n of the Athenians, and introduced dissipation and lasciviousness\n into the state. She, however, possessed the merit of a superior\n excellence in mind as well as person, and her instructions helped\n to form the greatest and most eloquent orators of Greece. Some have\n confounded the mistress of Pericles with Aspasia the daughter of\n Hermotimus. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n wife of Xenophon was also called Aspasia, if we follow the improper\n interpretation given by some to _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 1,\n ch. 31.\n\n=Aspasius=, a peripatetic philosopher in the second century, whose\n commentaries on different subjects were highly valued.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist,\n who wrote a panegyric on Adrian.\n\n=Aspastes=, a satrap of Carmania, suspected of infidelity to his trust\n while Alexander was in the east. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 20.\n\n=Aspath\u012bnes=, one of the seven noblemen of Persia who conspired\n against the usurper Smerdis. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 70, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Prexaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7.\n\n=Aspendus=, a town of Pamphylia, at the mouth of the river Eurymedon.\n _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 20. The inhabitants\n sacrificed swine to Venus.\n\n=Asphalt\u012btes=, a lake. _See:_ Mare Mortuum.\n\n=Aspis=, a satrap of Chaonia, who revolted from Artaxerxes. He was\n reduced by Datames. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city and\n mountain of Africa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Cyclades.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Macedonia.\n\n=Aspl\u0113don=, a son of Neptune by the nymph Midea. He gave his name to\n a city of B\u0153otia, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 18.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 38.\n\n=Aspor\u0113nus=, a mountain of Asia Minor near Pergamus, where the mother\n of the gods was worshipped, and called _Asporena_. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n\n=Assa=, a town near mount Athos.\n\n=Assab\u012bnus=, the Jupiter of the Arabians.\n\n=Ass\u0103r\u0103cus=, a Trojan prince, son of Tros by Callirhoe. He was father\n to Capys, the father of Anchises. The Trojans were frequently called\n the descendants of Assaracus, _Gens Assaraci_. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 20.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Two friends of \u00c6neas in the\n Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 124.\n\n=Asser\u012bni=, a people of Sicily.\n\n=Ass\u014drus=, a town of Sicily, between Enna and Argyrium.\n\n=Assos=, a town of Lycia on the sea coast.\n\n=Assy\u0306ria=, a large country of Asia, whose boundaries have been\n different in its flourishing times. At first it was bounded by\n the Lycus and Caprus; but the name of Assyria, more generally\n speaking, is applied to all that territory which lies between Media,\n Mesopotamia, Armenia, and Babylon. The Assyrian empire is the most\n ancient in the world. It was founded by Ninus or Belus, B.C. 2059,\n according to some authors, and lasted till the reign of Sardanapalus,\n the 31st sovereign since Ninus, B.C. 820. According to Eusebius,\n it flourished for 1240 years; according to Justin, 1300 years; but\n Herodotus says that its duration was not above 500 or 600 years.\n Among the different monarchs of the Assyrian empire Semiramis\n greatly distinguished herself, and extended the boundaries of her\n dominions as far as \u00c6thiopia and Libya. In ancient authors the\n Assyrians are often called Syrians, and the Syrians Assyrians. The\n Assyrians assisted Priam in the Trojan war, and sent him Memnon with\n an army. The king of Assyria generally styled himself king of kings,\n as a demonstration of his power and greatness. The country is now\n called Curdistan. _See:_ Syria. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bks.\n 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 13 & 26.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_,\n bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\n\n=Asta=, a city in Spain.\n\n=Astac\u0153ni=, a people of India near the Indus. _Strabo_, bk. 15.\n\n=Ast\u0103cus=, a town of Bithynia, built by Acastus son of Neptune and\n Olbia, or rather by a colony from Megara and Athens. Lysimachus\n destroyed it, and carried the inhabitants to the town of Nicomedia,\n which was then lately built. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Arrian._\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Acarnania. _Pliny_, bk. 5.\n\n=Ast\u0103pa=, a town of Hispania B\u00e6tica. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 20.\n\n=Ast\u0103pus=, a river of \u00c6thiopia, falling into the Nile.\n\n=Astarte=, a powerful divinity of Syria, the same as the Venus of\n the Greeks. She had a famous temple at Hierapolis in Syria, which\n was served by 300 priests, who were always employed in offering\n sacrifices. She was represented in medals with a long habit, and\n a mantle over it, tucked up on the left arm. She had one hand\n stretched forward, and held in the other a crooked staff in the form\n of a cross. _Lucian_, _de De\u00e2 Syri\u00e2_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,\n bk. 3, ch. 23.\n\n=Aster=, a dexterous archer of Amphipolis, who offered his service to\n Philip king of Macedonia. Upon being slighted, he retired into the\n city, and aimed an arrow at Philip, who pressed it with a siege. The\n arrow, on which was written \u201cAimed at Philip\u2019s right eye,\u201d struck\n the king\u2019s eye, and put it out; and Philip, to return the pleasantry,\n threw back the same arrow, with these words, \u201cIf Philip takes the\n town, Aster shall be hanged.\u201d The conqueror kept his word. _Lucian_,\n _Quomodo historia conscribenda sit_.\n\n=Ast\u0115ria=, a daughter of Ceus, one of the Titans, by Ph\u0153be daughter\n of C\u0153lus and Terra. She married Perses son of Crius, by whom she\n had the celebrated Hecate. She enjoyed for a long time the favours\n of Jupiter, under the form of an eagle; but falling under his\n displeasure, she was changed into a quail, called _Ortyx_ by the\n Greeks; whence the name of _Ortygia_, given to that island in the\n Archipelago, where she retired. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,\n fable 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 58.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Greece, whose inhabitants went to the Trojan war.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 782.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the daughters of Danaus,\n who married Ch\u00e6tus son of \u00c6gyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n the daughters of Atlas, mother of \u0152nomaus king of Pisa. _Hyginus_,\n fable 250.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mistress of Gyges, to whom Horace wrote three odes\n to comfort her during her lover\u2019s absence.\n\n=Ast\u0115rion= and =Ast\u0115rius=, a river of Peloponnesus, which flowed\n through the country of Argolis. This river had three daughters,\n Eub\u0153a, Prosymna, and Acr\u00e6a, who nursed the goddess Juno. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Cometes, who was one of the Argonauts.\n _Apollonius_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary, son of \u00c6schylus. _Pausanias._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Minos II., king of Crete, by Pasiph\u00e6. He was killed by\n Theseus, though he was thought the strongest of his age. Apollodorus\n supposes him to be the same as the famous Minotaur. According\n to some, Asterion was son of Teutamus, one of the descendants of\n \u00c6olus, and they say that he was surnamed Jupiter, because he had\n carried away Europa, by whom he had Minus I. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 12.\n\n=Asterodia=, the wife of Endymion. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\n\n=Aster\u014fpe= and =Asterop\u0113a=, one of the Pleiades, who were beloved by\n the gods and most illustrious heroes, and made constellations after\n death.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Pelias king of Iolchos, who assisted her\n sisters to kill her father, whom Medea promised to restore to life.\n Her grave was seen in Arcadia, in the time of _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch.\n 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Deion by Diomede. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n wife of \u00c6sacus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\n\n=Asterop\u00e6us=, a king of P\u00e6onia, son of Pelegon. He assisted Priam\n in the Trojan war, and was killed, after a brave resistance, by\n Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, &c.\n\n=Aster\u016bsius=, a mountain at the south of Crete.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Arabia\n Felix.\n\n=Astin\u014fme=, the wife of Hipponous.\n\n=Asti\u014fchus=, a general of Laced\u00e6mon, who conquered the Athenians near\n Cnidus, and took Phoc\u00e6a and Cum\u00e6, B.C. 411.\n\n=Astr\u00e6a=, a daughter of Astr\u00e6us king of Arcadia, or, according\n to others, of Titan, Saturn\u2019s brother, by Aurora. Some make her\n daughter of Jupiter and Themis, and others consider her to be the\n same as Rhea wife of Saturn. She was called _Justice_, of which\n virtue she was the goddess. She lived upon the earth, as the poets\n mention, during the golden age, which is often called the age of\n Astr\u00e6a; but the wickedness and impiety of mankind drove her to\n heaven in the brazen and iron ages, and she was placed among the\n constellations of the zodiac, under the name of Virgo. She is\n represented as a virgin, with a stern but majestic countenance,\n holding a pair of scales in one hand and a sword in the other.\n _Seneca_, _Octavia_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 149.\n \u2015\u2015_Aratus_, bk. 1, _Ph\u00e6nomena_, li. 98.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\n\n=Astr\u00e6us=, one of the Titans who made war against Jupiter.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river\n of Macedonia, near Therm\u00e6. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 15, ch. 1.\n\n=Astu=, a Greek word which signifies _city_, generally applied, by way\n of distinction, to Athens, which was the most capital city of Greece.\n The word _urbs_ is applied with the same meaning of superiority to\n Rome, and \u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c2 to Alexandria the capital of \u00c6gypt, as also to Troy.\n\n=Astur=, an Etrurian who assisted \u00c6neas against Turnus. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 180.\n\n=Ast\u016dra=, a small river and village of Latium, where Antony\u2019s soldiers\n cut off Cicero\u2019s head.\n\n=Ast\u016dres=, a people of Hispania Tarraconensis, who spent all their\n lives in digging for mines of ore. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 298.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 231.\n\n=Asty\u0103ge=, a daughter of Hypseus, who married Periphas, by whom she\n had some children, among whom was Antion the father of Ixion.\n\n=Asty\u0103ges=, a son of Cyaxares, was the last king of Media. He was\n father to Mandane, whom he gave in marriage to Cambyses, an ignoble\n person of Persia, because he was told by a dream that his daughter\u2019s\n son would dispossess him of his crown. From such a marriage he hoped\n that none but mean and ignorant children could be raised; but he\n was disappointed, and though he had exposed his daughter\u2019s son by\n the effects of a second dream, he was deprived of his crown by his\n grandson, after a reign of 35 years. Astyages was very cruel and\n oppressive; and Harpagus, one of his officers, whose son he had\n wantonly murdered, encouraged Mandane\u2019s son, who was called Cyrus,\n to take up arms against his grandfather, and he conquered him and\n took him prisoner, 559 B.C. Xenophon, in his Cyrop\u00e6dia, relates a\n different story, and asserts that Cyrus and Astyages lived in the\n most undisturbed friendship together. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 74, 75, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian who wrote a\n commentary on Callimachus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man changed into a stone by Medusa\u2019s\n head. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 6.\n\n=Asty\u0103lus=, a Trojan killed by Neoptolemus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.\n\n=Asty\u0103nax=, a son of Hector and Andromache. He was very young when\n the Greeks besieged Troy; and when the city was taken, his mother\n saved him in her arms from the flames. Ulysses, who was afraid lest\n the young prince should inherit the virtues of his father, and one\n day avenge the ruin of his country upon the Greeks, seized him,\n and threw him down from the walls of Troy. According to Euripides,\n he was killed by Menelaus; and Seneca says that Pyrrhus the son\n of Achilles put him to death. Hector had given him the name of\n Scamandrius; but the Trojans, who hoped he might prove as great as\n his father, called him Astyanax, or the bulwark of the city. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 400; bk. 22, li. 500.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2,\n li. 457; bk. 3, li. 489.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 415.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Arcadian, who had a statue in the temple of Jupiter, on\n mount Lyceus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hercules.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer in the age of Gallienus.\n\n=Astycratia=, a daughter of \u00c6olus. _Homer_, _Iliad_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n Amphion and Niobe.\n\n=Astyd\u0103mas=, an Athenian, pupil to Isocrates. He wrote 240 tragedies,\n of which only 15 obtained the poetical prize.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Milesian, three\n times victorious at Olympia. He was famous for his strength, as\n well as for his voracious appetite. He was once invited to a feast\n by king Ariobarzanes, and he ate what had been prepared for nine\n persons. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Two tragic writers bore the same\n name, one of whom was disciple to Socrates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic poet of\n Athens.\n\n=Astyd\u0103m\u012ba=, or =Astyadamia=, daughter of Amyntor king of Orchomenos\n in B\u0153otia, married Acastus son of Pelias, who was king of Iolchos.\n She became enamoured of Peleus son of \u00c6acus, who had visited her\n husband\u2019s court, and because he refused to gratify her passion,\n she accused him of attempting her virtue. Acastus readily believed\n his wife\u2019s accusation; but as he would not violate the laws of\n hospitality by punishing his guest with instant death, he waited\n for a favourable opportunity, and dissembled his resentment. At\n last they went in a hunting party to mount Pelion, where Peleus was\n tied to a tree by order of Acastus, that he might be devoured by\n wild beasts. Jupiter was moved at the innocence of Peleus, and sent\n Vulcan to deliver him. When Peleus was set at liberty, he marched\n with an army against Acastus, whom he dethroned, and punished with\n death the cruel and false Astydamia. She is called by some Hippolyte,\n and by others Cretheis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_,\n _Nemean_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Ormenus, carried away by Hercules,\n by whom she had Tlepolemus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 9, li. 50.\n\n=Asty\u0306lus=, one of the centaurs who had the knowledge of futurity. He\n advised his brothers not to make war against the Lapith\u00e6. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 338.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Crotona, who was\n victorious three successive times at the Olympic games. _Pausanias._\n\n=Astymed\u016bsa=, a woman whom \u0152dipus married after he had divorced Jocasta.\n\n=Astyn\u014fme=, the daughter of Chryses the priest of Apollo, sometimes\n called _Chryseis_. She fell to the share of Achilles, at the\n division of the spoils of Lyrnessus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Amphion,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of\n Talaus. _Hyginus._\n\n=Astynous=, a Trojan prince. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 144.\n\n=Asty\u014fche= and =Astyoch\u012ba=, a daughter of Actor, who had by Mars,\n Ascalaphus and Ialmenus, who were at the Trojan war. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Phylas king of Ephyre, who\n had a son called Tlepolemus by Hercules. _Hyginus_, fables 97, 162.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Laomedon by Strymo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Amphion and Niobe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of the Simois, who married Erichthonius. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Strophius, sister to Agamemnon.\n\n=Astypal\u00e6a=, one of the Cyclades, between Cos and Carpathos, called\n after Astypal\u00e6a the daughter of Ph\u0153nix, and mother of Anc\u00e6us by\n Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Astyph\u012dlus=, a soothsayer, well skilled in the knowledge of futurity.\n _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.\n\n=Ast\u0233ron=, a town built by the Argonauts on the coast of Illyricum.\n _Strabo._\n\n=Asychis=, a king of Egypt, who succeeded Mycerinus, and made a law,\n that whoever borrowed money, must deposit his father\u2019s body in the\n hand of his creditors, as a pledge of his promise of payment. He\n built a magnificent pyramid. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 136.\n\n=As\u0233las=, a friend of \u00c6neas, skilled in auguries. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 9, li. 571; bk. 10, li. 175.\n\n=Asyllus=, a gladiator. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 266.\n\n=At\u0101b\u016dlus=, a wind which was frequent in Apulia. _Horace_, bk. 1,\n satire 5, li. 78.\n\n=Atab\u0233ris=, a mountain in Rhodes, where Jupiter had a temple, whence\n he was surnamed _Atabyris_. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=At\u0103ce=, a town of Gaul, whence the adjective _Atacinus_.\n\n=Atalanta=, a daughter of Sch\u0153neus king of Scyros. According to some\n she was the daughter of Jasus or Jasius by Clymene; but others\n say that Menalion was her father. This uncertainty of not rightly\n knowing the name of her father has led the mythologists into error,\n and some have maintained that there were two persons of that name,\n though their supposition is groundless. Atalanta was born in Arcadia,\n and according to Ovid she determined to live in perpetual celibacy;\n but her beauty gained her many admirers, and to free herself from\n their importunities, she proposed to run a race with them. They were\n to run without arms, and she was to carry a dart in her hand. Her\n lovers were to start first, and whoever arrived at the goal before\n her would be made her husband; but all those whom she overtook were\n to be killed by the dart with which she had armed herself. As she\n was almost invincible in running, many of her suitors perished in\n the attempt, till Hippomenes the son of Macareus proposed himself\n as her admirer. Venus had presented him with three golden apples\n from the garden of the Hesperides, or, according to others, from an\n orchard in Cyprus; and as soon as he had started in the course, he\n artfully threw down the apples at some distance one from the other.\n While Atalanta, charmed at the sight, stopped to gather the apples,\n Hippomenes hastened on his course, arrived first at the goal,\n and obtained Atalanta in marriage. These two fond lovers, in the\n impatience of consummating their nuptials, entered the temple of\n Cybele; and the goddess was so offended at their impiety, and at\n the profanation of her house, that she changed them into two lions.\n Apollodorus says that Atalanta\u2019s father was desirous of raising male\n issue, and that therefore she was exposed to wild beasts as soon\n as born. She was, however, suckled by a she-bear, and preserved\n by shepherds. She dedicated her time to hunting, and resolved\n to live in celibacy. She killed two centaurs, Hyleus and Rhecus,\n who attempted her virtue. She was present at the hunting of the\n Calydonian boar, which she first wounded, and she received the head\n as a present from Meleager, who was enamoured of her. She was also\n at the games instituted in honour of Pelias, where she conquered\n Peleus; and when her father, to whom she had been restored, wished\n her to marry, she consented to give herself to him who could\n overcome her in running, as has been said above. She had a son\n called Parthenop\u00e6us by Hippomenes. Hyginus says that that son was\n the fruit of her love with Meleager; and Apollodorus says she had\n him by Milanion, or, according to others, by the god Mars. _See:_\n Meleager. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 9, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, chs. 36, 45, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 99, 174, 185, 270.\n \u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 4; bk. 10, fable 11.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_,\n _Ph\u0153nician Women_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island near Eub\u0153a and Locris. _Pausanias._\n\n=Atarantes=, a people of Africa, ten days\u2019 journey from the Garamantes.\n There was in their country a hill of salt with a fountain of sweet\n water upon it. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 184.\n\n=Atarb\u0115chis=, a town in one of the islands of the Delta, where Venus\n had a temple.\n\n=Atarg\u0103tis=, a divinity among the Syrians represented as a Syren. She\n is considered by some to be the same as Venus, and honoured by the\n Assyrians under the name of Astarte. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Atarnea=, a part of Mysia opposite Lesbos, with a small town in the\n neighbourhood of the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35.\n\n=Atas= and =Athas=, a youth of wonderful velocity, who is said to have\n run 75 miles between noon and the evening. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 19.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7.\n\n=Atax=, now _Aude_, a river of Gaul Narbonensis, rising in the Pyrenean\n mountains, and falling into the Mediterranean sea. _Mela_, bk. 2.\n\n=Ate=, the goddess of all evil, and daughter of Jupiter. She raised\n such jealousy and sedition in heaven among the gods, that Jupiter\n dragged her away by the hair, and banished her for ever from\n heaven, and sent her to dwell on earth, where she incited mankind\n to wickedness, and sowed commotions among them. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 19. She is the same as the Discord of the Latins.\n\n=Atella=, a town of Campania, famous for a splendid amphitheatre, where\n interludes were first exhibited, and thence called Atellan\u00e6 fabul\u00e6.\n _Juvenal_, satire 6.\n\n=Atenom\u0101rus=, a chieftain of Gaul, who made war against the Romans.\n _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\n\n=Atham\u0101nes=, an ancient people of Epirus, who existed long before the\n Trojan war, and still preserved their name and customs in the age of\n Alexander. There was a fountain in their territories, whose waters,\n about the last quarter of the moon, were so sulphureous that they\n would set wood on fire. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 311.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Ath\u0103mas=, king of Thebes in B\u0153otia, was son of \u00c6olus. He married\n Themisto, whom some call Nephele, and Pindar, Demotice, and by her\n he had Phryxus and Helle. Some time after, on pretence that Nephele\n was subject to fits of madness, he married Ino the daughter of\n Cadmus, by whom he had two sons, Learchus and Melicerta. Ino became\n jealous of the children of Nephele. Because they were to ascend\n their father\u2019s throne in preference to her own, therefore she\n resolved to destroy them; but they escaped from her fury to Colchis,\n on a golden ram. _See:_ Phryxus and Argonaut\u00e6. According to the\n Greek scholiast of Lycophron, li. 22, Ino attempted to destroy the\n corn of the country; and as if it were the consequence of divine\n vengeance, the soothsayers, at her instigation, told Athamas, that\n before the earth would yield her usual increase, he must sacrifice\n one of the children of Nephele to the gods. The credulous father led\n Phryxus to the altar, where he was saved by Nephele. The prosperity\n of Ino was displeasing to Juno, and more particularly because she\n was descended from Venus. The goddess therefore sent Tisiphone, one\n of the furies, to the house of Athamas, who became inflamed with\n such sudden fury that he took Ino to be a lioness, and her two sons\n to be whelps. In this fit of madness he snatched Learchus from her,\n and killed him against a wall; upon which Ino fled with Melicerta,\n and, with him in her arms, she threw herself into the sea from a\n high rock, and was changed into a sea deity. After this, Athamas\n recovered the use of his senses; and as he was without children,\n he adopted Coronus and Aliartus, the sons of Thersander his nephew.\n _Hyginus_, fables 1, 2, 5, 239.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 467, &c.; _Fasti_, bk. 6, li.\n 419.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_,\n _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A stage dancer. _Cicero_,\n _Piso_, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tragic poet. _Cicero_, _Piso_, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One\n of the Greeks, concealed in the wooden horse at the siege of Troy.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 263.\n\n=Athamanti\u0103des=, a patronymic of Melicerta, Phryxus, or Helle, children\n of Athamas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 319; _Fasti_, bk. 4,\n li. 903.\n\n=Athanasius=, a bishop of Alexandria, celebrated for his sufferings,\n and the determined opposition he maintained against Arius and his\n doctrines. His writings, which were numerous, and some of which\n have perished, contain a defence of the mystery of the Trinity,\n the divinity of the Word and of the Holy Ghost, and an apology to\n Constantine. The creed which bears his name, is supposed by some\n not to be his composition. Athanasius died 2nd May, 373 A.D., after\n filling the archiepiscopal chair 47 years, and leading alternately\n a life of exile and of triumph. The latest edition of his works is\n that of the Benedictines, 3 vols., folio, Paris, 1698.\n\n=Athanis=, a man who wrote an account of Sicily. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 3.\n\n=Atheas=, a king of Scythia, who implored the assistance of Philip\n of Macedonia against the Istrians, and laughed at him when he had\n furnished him with an army. _Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 2.\n\n=Ath\u0113na=, the name of Minerva among the Greeks; and also among the\n Egyptians, before Cecrops had introduced the worship of the goddess\n into Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\n\n=Ath\u0113n\u00e6=, a celebrated city of Attica, founded about 1556 years before\n the christian era, by Cecrops and an Egyptian colony. It was called\n _Cecropia_ from its founder, and afterwards _Athen\u00e6_ in honour\n of Minerva, who had obtained the right of giving it a name in\n preference to Neptune. _See:_ Minerva. It was governed by 17 kings\n in the following order:\u2015\u2015After a reign of 50 years, Cecrops was\n succeeded by Cranaus, who began to reign 1506 B.C.; Amphictyon, 1497;\n Erichthonius, 1487; Pandion, 1437; Erichtheus, 1397; Cecrops II.,\n 1347; Pandion II., 1307; \u00c6geus, 1283; Theseus, 1235; Menestheus,\n 1205; Demophoon, 1182; Oxyntes, 1149; Aphidas, 1137; Thym\u0153tes, 1136;\n Melanthus, 1128; and Codrus, 1091, who was killed after a reign of\n 21 years. The history of the 12 first of these monarchs is mostly\n fabulous. After the death of Codrus the monarchical power was\n abolished, and the state was governed by 13 perpetual, and 317 years\n after, by seven decennial, and lastly, B.C. 684, after an anarchy of\n three years, by annual magistrates, called Archons. _See:_ Archontes.\n Under this democracy, the Athenians signalized themselves by their\n valour in the field, their munificence, and the cultivation of\n the fine arts. They were deemed so powerful by the Persians, that\n Xerxes, when he invaded Greece, chiefly directed his arms against\n Athens, which he took and burnt. Their military character was chiefly\n displayed in the battles of Marathon, of Salamis, of Plat\u00e6a, and of\n Mycale. After these immortal victories, they rose in consequence and\n dignity, and they demanded the superiority in the affairs of Greece.\n The town was rebuilt and embellished by Themistocles, and a new\n and magnificent harbour erected. Their success made them arrogant,\n and they raised contentions among the neighbouring states, that\n they might aggrandize themselves by their fall. The luxury and\n intemperance, which had been long excluded from the city by the\n salutary laws of their countrymen, Draco and Solon, crept by degrees\n among all ranks of people, and soon after all Greece united to\n destroy that city, which claimed a sovereign power over all the rest.\n The Peloponnesian war, though at first a private quarrel, was soon\n fomented into a universal war; and the arms of all the states of\n Peloponnesus [_See:_ Peloponnesiacum bellum] were directed against\n Athens, which, after 28 years of misfortunes and bloodshed, was\n totally ruined, the 24th April, 404 years before the christian era,\n by Lysander. After this, the Athenians were oppressed by 30 tyrants,\n and for a while laboured under the weight of their own calamities.\n They recovered something of their usual spirit in the age of Philip,\n and boldly opposed his ambitious views; but their short-lived\n efforts were not of great service to the interest of Greece, and\n they fell into the hands of the Romans, B.C. 86. The Athenians have\n been admired in all ages for their love of liberty, and for the\n great men that were born among them; but favour there was attended\n with danger; and there are very few instances in the history of\n Athens that can prove that the jealousy and frenzy of the people did\n not persecute and disturb the peace of the man who had fought their\n battles and exposed his life in the defence of his country. Perhaps,\n not one single city in the world can boast, in such a short space\n of time, of such a number of truly illustrious citizens, equally\n celebrated for their humanity, their learning, and their military\n abilities. The Romans, in the more polished ages of their republic,\n sent their youths to finish their education at Athens, and respected\n the learning, while they despised the military character of the\n inhabitants. The reputation which the Athenian schools had acquired\n under Socrates and Plato was maintained by their degenerate and less\n learned successors; and they flourished with diminished lustre, till\n an edict of emperor Justinian suppressed, with the Roman consulship,\n the philosophical meetings of the academy. It has been said by\n Plutarch that the good men whom Athens produced were the most just\n and equitable in the world; but that its bad citizens could not be\n surpassed in any age or country, for their impiety, perfidiousness,\n or cruelties. Their criminals were always put to death by drinking\n the juice of hemlock. The ancients, to distinguish Athens in a\n more particular manner, called it Astu, one of the eyes of Greece,\n the learned city, the school of the world, the common patroness of\n Greece. The Athenians thought themselves the most ancient nation of\n Greece, and supposed themselves the original inhabitants of Attica,\n for which reason they were called \u1f00\u03c5\u03c4\u03bf\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2, produced from the\n _same earth_ which they inhabited, \u03b3\u03b7\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c2 _sons of the earth_, and\n \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c4\u03b9\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2 _grasshoppers_. They sometimes wore golden grasshoppers\n in their hair as badges of honour, to distinguish them from other\n people of later origin and less noble extraction, because those\n insects are supposed to be sprung from the ground. The number of men\n able to bear arms at Athens in the reign of Cecrops was computed at\n 20,000, and there appeared no considerable augmentation in the more\n civilized age of Pericles; but in the time of Demetrius Phalereus\n there were found 21,000 citizens, 10,000 foreigners, and 40,000\n slaves. Among the numerous temples and public edifices none was more\n celebrated than that of Minerva, which, after being burnt by the\n Persians, was rebuilt by Pericles, with the finest marble, and\n still exists a venerable monument of the hero\u2019s patriotism, and\n of the abilities of the architect. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,\n Against Verres, &c.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 13, &c.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 7, ch. 56.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _in vitis_,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus._\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 31, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Polybius._\u2015\u2015_Paterculus._\n\n=Athen\u00e6a=, festivals celebrated at Athens in honour of Minerva. One\n of them was called \u2666_Panathen\u00e6a_, and the other _ Chalcea_; for an\n account of which see those words.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Bana, then\u00e6e\u2019 replaced with \u2018Panathen\u00e6a\u2019\n\n=Athen\u00e6um=, a place at Athens sacred to Minerva, where the poets,\n philosophers, and rhetoricians generally declaimed and repeated\n their compositions. It was public to all the professors of the\n liberal arts. The same thing was adopted at Rome by Adrian, who made\n a public building for the same laudable purposes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A promontory\n of Italy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fortified place between \u00c6tolia and Macedonia. _Livy_,\n bk. 38, ch. 1; bk. 39, ch. 25.\n\n=Athen\u00e6us=, a Greek cosmographer.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A peripatetic philosopher of\n Cilicia in the time of Augustus. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Spartan sent by his\n countrymen to Athens, to settle the peace during the Peloponnesian\n war.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian of Naucratis, who composed an elegant and\n miscellaneous work, called \u2666_Deipnosophist\u00e6_, replete with very\n curious and interesting remarks and anecdotes of the manners of the\n ancients, and likewise valuable for the scattered pieces of ancient\n poetry which it preserves. The work consists of 15 books, of which\n the two first, part of the third, and almost the whole of the last,\n are lost. Athen\u00e6us wrote, besides this, a history of Syria, and\n other works now lost. He died A.D. 194. The best edition of his\n works is that of Casaubon, folio, 2 vols., Lugdunum, 1612, by far\n superior to the editions of 1595 and 1657.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian, who\n wrote an account of Semiramis. _Diodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of king\n Eumenes II., famous for his paternal affection.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman historian,\n in the age of Gallienus, who is supposed to have written a book on\n military engines.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician of Cilicia in the age of Pliny, who\n made heat, cold, wet, dry, and air the elements, instead of the four\n commonly received.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Deipnosphist\u00e6\u2019 replaced with \u2018Deipnosophist\u00e6\u2019\n\n=Athenag\u014fras=, a Greek in the time of Darius, to whom Pharnabazus gave\n the government of Chios, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer\n on agriculture. _Varro._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A christian philosopher, in the age of\n Aurelius, who wrote a treatise on the resurrection, and an apology\n for the christians, still extant. He died A.D. 177. The best edition\n of his works is that of Dechair, 8vo, Oxford, 1706. The romance of\n Theagenes and Charis is falsely ascribed to him.\n\n=Athen\u0101is=, a Sibyl of Erythr\u00e6a, in the age of Alexander. _Strabo._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of the philosopher Leontius.\n\n=Athenion=, a peripatetic philosopher, 108 B.C.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the\n Sicilian slaves.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Athens, surnamed Ariston.\n\n=Athen\u014fcles=, a general, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A turner of\n Mitylene. _Pliny_, bk. 34.\n\n=Athenod\u014drus=, a philosopher of Tarsus, intimate with Augustus. The\n emperor often profited by his lessons, and was advised by him always\n to repeat the 24 letters of the Greek alphabet before he gave way\n to the impulse of anger. Athenodorus died in his 82nd year, much\n lamented by his countrymen. _Suetonius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet who wrote comedy,\n tragedy, and elegy, in the age of Alexander. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A stoic philosopher of Cana, near Tarsus, in the age of Augustus.\n He was intimate with Strabo. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher,\n disciple to Zeno, and keeper of the royal library at Pergamus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n marble sculptor.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man assassinated at Bactra for making himself\n absolute.\n\n=Atheos=, a surname of Diagoras and Theodorus, because they denied the\n existence of a deity. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n\n=Ath\u0115sis=, now _Adige_, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, near the Po, falling\n into the Adriatic sea. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 680.\n\n=Athos=, a mountain of Macedonia, 150 miles in circumference,\n projecting into the \u00c6gean sea like a promontory. It is so high that\n it overshadows the island of Lemnos, though at the distance of 87\n miles; or, according to modern calculation, only 8 leagues. When\n Xerxes invaded Greece, he made a trench of a mile and a half in\n length at the foot of the mountain, into which he brought the sea\n water, and conveyed his fleet over it, so that two ships could pass\n one another, thus desirous either to avoid the danger of sailing\n round the promontory, or to show his vanity and the extent of his\n power. A sculptor, called Dinocrates, offered Alexander to cut mount\n Athos, and to make with it a statue of the king holding a town in\n his left hand, and in the right a spacious basin to receive all the\n waters which flowed from it. Alexander greatly admired the plan,\n but objected to the place; and he observed, that the neighbouring\n country was not sufficiently fruitful to produce corn and provisions\n for the inhabitants which were to dwell in the city, in the hand of\n the statue. Athos is now called Monte Santo, famous for monasteries,\n said to contain some ancient and valuable manuscripts. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 6, ch. 44; bk. 7, ch. 21, &c.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 672.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_,\n _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 13, ch. 20, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Aeschines_, _Against Ctesiphon_.\n\n=Athrulla=, a town of Arabia. _Strabo._\n\n=Athymbra=, a city of Caria, afterwards called Nyssa. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Atia=, a city of Campania.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A law enacted A.U.C. 690 by Titus Atius\n Labienus, the tribune of the people. It abolished the Cornelian law,\n and put in full force the Lex Domitia, by transferring the right of\n electing priests from the college of priests to the people.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n mother of Augustus. _See:_ Accia.\n\n=Atilia lex=, gave the pretor and a majority of the tribunes power\n of appointing guardians to those minors who were not previously\n provided for by their parents. It was enacted about A.U.C. 560.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, A.U.C. 443, which gave the people power of electing\n 20 tribunes of the soldiers in four legions. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 30.\n\n=Atilius=, a freedman, who exhibited combats of gladiators at Fiden\u00e6.\n The amphitheatre, which contained the spectators, fell during\n the exhibition, and about 50,000 persons were killed or mutilated.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 62.\n\n=Atilla=, the mother of the poet Lucan. She was accused of conspiracy\n by her son, who expected to clear himself of the charge. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 56.\n\n=At\u012bna=, an ancient town of the Volsci, one of the first which began\n hostilities against \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 630.\n\n=Atinas=, a friend of Turnus, &c. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 869.\n\n=Atinia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Atinius. It gave a tribune of\n the people the privileges of a senator, and the right of sitting in\n the senate.\n\n=Atlantes=, a people of Africa, in the neighbourhood of mount Atlas,\n who lived chiefly on the fruits of the earth, and were said not to\n have their sleep at all disturbed by dreams. They daily cursed the\n sun at his rising and at his setting, because his excessive heat\n scorched and tormented them. _Herodotus._\n\n=Atlantiades=, a patronymic of Mercury as grandson of Atlas. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 639.\n\n=Atlant\u012ddes=, a people of Africa near mount Atlas. They boasted\n of being in possession of the country in which all the gods of\n antiquity received their birth. Uranus was their first king, whom,\n on account of his knowledge in astronomy, they enrolled in the\n number of their gods. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The daughters of Atlas,\n were seven in number, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Asterope, Merope,\n Alcyone, and Cel\u00e6no. They married some of the gods, and most\n illustrious heroes, and their children were founders of many nations\n and cities. The Atlantides were called nymphs, and even goddesses,\n on account of their great intelligence and knowledge. The name of\n Hesperides was also given them, on account of their mother Hesperis.\n They were made constellations after death. _See:_ Pleiades.\n\n=Atlantis=, a celebrated island mentioned by the ancients. Its\n situation is unknown, and even its existence is doubted by some\n writers.\n\n=Atlas=, one of the Titans, son of Japetus and Clymene, one of the\n Oceanides. He was brother to Epimetheus, Prometheus, and Men\u0153tius.\n His mother\u2019s name, according to Apollodorus, was Asia. He married\n Pleione daughter of Oceanus, or Hesperis, according to others, by\n whom he had seven daughters, called Atlantides. _See:_ Atlantides.\n He was king of Mauritania, and master of 1000 flocks of every kind,\n as also of beautiful gardens, abounding in every species of fruit,\n which he had entrusted to the care of a dragon. Perseus, after the\n conquest of the Gorgons, passed by the palace of Atlas, and demanded\n hospitality. The king, who was informed by an oracle of Themis\n that he should be dethroned by one of the descendants of Jupiter,\n refused to receive him, and even offered him violence. Perseus, who\n was unequal in strength, showed him Medusa\u2019s head, and Atlas was\n instantly changed into a large mountain. This mountain, which runs\n across the deserts of Africa east and west, is so high that the\n ancients have imagined that the heavens rested on its top, and\n that Atlas supported the world on his shoulders. Hyginus says that\n Atlas assisted the giants in their wars against the gods, for which\n Jupiter compelled him to bear the heavens on his shoulders. The\n fable that Atlas supported the heavens on his back, arises from his\n fondness for astronomy, and his often frequenting elevated places\n and mountains, whence he might observe the heavenly bodies. The\n daughters of Atlas were carried away by Busiris king of Egypt, but\n redeemed by Hercules, who received, as a reward from the father,\n the knowledge of astronomy, and a celestial globe. This knowledge\n Hercules communicated to the Greeks; whence the fable has further\n said, that he eased for some time the labours of Atlas by taking\n upon his shoulders the weight of the heavens. According to some\n authors there were two other persons of that name, a king of Italy,\n father of Electra, and a king of Arcadia, father of Maia the mother\n of Mercury. _Virgil_,, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 481; bk. 8, li. 186.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 17.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 667, &c.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 83, 125, 155, 157, 192.\u2015\u2015_Aratus_, _Astronomia_.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 508, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n river flowing from mount H\u00e6mus into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 49.\n\n=Atossa=, a daughter of Cyrus, who was one of the wives of Cambyses,\n of Smerdis, and afterwards of Darius, by whom she had Xerxes. She\n was cured of a dangerous cancer by Democedes. She is supposed by\n some to be the Vashti of scripture. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 68, &c.\n\n=Atr\u0103ces=, a people of \u00c6tolia, who received their name from Atrax son\n of \u00c6tolus. Their country was called Atracia.\n\n=Atramyttium=, a town of Mysia.\n\n=Atr\u0103pes=, an officer of Alexander, who, at the general division of\n the provinces, received Media. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.\n\n=Atrax=, son of \u00c6tolus, or, according to others, of the river Peneus.\n He was king of Thessaly, and built a town which he called Atrax\n or Atracia. This town became so famous that the word _Atracias_\n has been applied to any inhabitant of Thessaly. He was father of\n Hippodamia, who married Pirithous, and whom we must not confound\n with the wife of Pelops, who bore the same name. _Propertius_, bk. 1,\n poem 8, li. 25.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 1, _Thebiad_, li. 106.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 209.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Thessaly, whence the\n epithet of Atracius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of \u00c6tolia, which falls into the\n Ionian sea.\n\n=Atreb\u0101t\u00e6=, a people of Britain, who were in possession of the modern\n counties of Berks, Oxford, &c.\n\n=Atr\u0115b\u0101tes=, now _Artois_, a people of Gaul, who, together with the\n Nervii, opposed Julius C\u00e6sar with 15,000 men. They were conquered,\n and Comius, a friend of the general, was set over them as king. They\n were reinstated in their former liberty and independence, on account\n of the services of Comius. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, &c.\n\n=Atr\u0113ni=, a people of Armenia.\n\n=Atreus=, a son of Pelops by Hippodamia, daughter of \u0152nomaus king of\n Pisa, was king of Mycen\u00e6, and brother to Pittheus, Tr\u0153zon, Thyestes,\n and Chrysippus. As Chrysippus was an illegitimate son, and at the\n same time a favourite of his father, Hippodamia resolved to remove\n him. She persuaded her sons Thyestes and Atreus to murder him; but\n their refusal exasperated her more, and she executed it herself.\n This murder was grievous to Pelops: he suspected his two sons,\n who fled away from his presence. Atreus retired to the court\n of Eurystheus king of Argos, his nephew, and upon his death he\n succeeded him on the throne. He married, as some report, \u00c6rope, his\n predecessor\u2019s daughter, by whom he had Plisthenes, Menelaus, and\n Agamemnon. Others affirm that \u00c6rope was the wife of Plisthenes,\n by whom he had Agamemnon and Menelaus, who are the reputed sons\n of Atreus, because that prince took care of their education, and\n brought them up as his own. _See:_ Plisthenes. Thyestes had followed\n his brother to Argos, where he lived with him, and debauched his\n wife, by whom he had two, or, according to some, three children.\n This incestuous commerce offended Atreus, and Thyestes was banished\n from his court. He was, however, soon after recalled by his brother,\n who determined cruelly to revenge the violence offered to his bed.\n To effect this purpose, he invited his brother to a sumptuous feast,\n where Thyestes was served up with the flesh of the children he had\n had by his sister-in-law the queen. After the repast was finished,\n the arms and the heads of the murdered children were produced, to\n convince Thyestes of what he had feasted upon. This action appeared\n so cruel and impious, that the sun is said to have shrunk back in\n his course at the bloody sight. Thyestes immediately fled to the\n court of Thesprotus, and thence to Sicyon, where he ravished his\n own daughter Pelopea, in a grove sacred to Minerva, without knowing\n who she was. This incest he committed intentionally, as some report,\n to revenge himself on his brother Atreus, according to the words of\n the oracle, which promised him satisfaction for the cruelties he had\n suffered only from the hand of a son who should be born of himself\n and his own daughter. Pelopea brought forth a son whom she called\n \u00c6gisthus, and soon after she married Atreus, who had lost his\n wife. Atreus adopted \u00c6gisthus, and sent him to murder Thyestes,\n who had been seized at Delphi and imprisoned. Thyestes knew his\n son, and made himself known to him; he made him espouse his cause,\n and instead of becoming his father\u2019s murderer, he rather avenged\n his wrongs, and returned to Atreus, whom he assassinated. _See:_\n Thyestes, \u00c6gisthus, Pelopea, Agamemnon, and Menelaus. _Hyginus_,\n fables 83, 86, 87, 88, & 258.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Orestes_; _Iphigeneia\n in Taurus_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9,\n ch. 40.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_ on _Atreus_.\n\n=Atr\u012bd\u00e6=, a patronymic given by Homer to Agamemnon and Menelaus,\n as being the sons of Atreus. This is false, upon the authority of\n Hesiod, Lactantius [Placidus], Dictys of Crete, &c., who maintain\n that these princes were not the sons of Atreus, but of Plisthenes,\n and that they were brought up in the house and under the eye of\n their grandfather. _See:_ Plisthenes.\n\n=Atronius=, a friend of Turnus, killed by the Trojans. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10.\n\n=Atropatia=, a part of Media. _Strabo._\n\n=Atr\u014fpos=, one of the Parc\u00e6, daughters of Nox and Erebus. According\n to the derivation of her name (_a non_, \u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03c9 _muto_), she is\n inexorable and inflexible, and her duty among the three sisters\n is to cut the thread of life, without any regard to sex, age, or\n quality. She was represented by the ancients in a black veil, with\n a pair of scissors in her hand. _See:_ Parc\u00e6.\n\n=T. Q. Atta=, a writer of merit in the Augustan age, who seems to\n have received this name from some deformity in his legs or feet.\n His compositions, dramatical as well as satirical, were held in\n universal admiration, though Horace thinks of them with indifference.\n _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 79.\n\n=Att\u0103lia=, a city of Pamphylia, built by king Attalus. _Strabo._\n\n=Attal\u012dcus.= _See:_ Attalus III.\n\n=Att\u0103lus I.=, king of Pergamus, succeeded Eumenes I. He defeated the\n Gauls who had invaded his dominions, extended his conquests to mount\n Taurus, and obtained the assistance of the Romans against Antiochus.\n The Athenians rewarded his merit with great honours. He died at\n Pergamus after a reign of 44 years, B.C. 197. _Livy_, bks. 26, 27,\n 28, &c.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second of that\n name was sent on an embassy to Rome by his brother Eumenes II., and\n at his return was appointed guardian to his nephew Attalus III.,\n who was then an infant. Prusias made successful war against him, and\n seized his capital; but the conquest was stopped by the interference\n of the Romans, who restored Attalus to his throne. Attalus, who has\n received the name of _Philadelphus_, from his fraternal love, was\n a munificent patron of learning, and the founder of several cities.\n He was poisoned by his nephew in the 82nd year of his age, B.C. 138.\n He had governed the nation with great prudence and moderation\n for 20 years. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The third\n succeeded to the kingdom of Pergamus, by the murder of Attalus II.,\n and made himself odious by his cruelty to his relations and his\n wanton exercise of power. He was son to Eumenes II., and surnamed\n _Philopater_. He left the cares of government to cultivate his\n garden, and to make experiments on the melting of metals. He lived\n in great amity with the Romans; and as he died without issue by\n his wife Berenice, he left in his will the words _Populus Romanus\n meorum h\u00e6res esto_, which the Romans interpreted as themselves,\n and therefore took possession of his kingdom, B.C. 133, and made\n of it a Roman province, which they governed by a proconsul. From\n this circumstance, whatever was a valuable acquisition, or an ample\n fortune, was always called by the epithet _Attalicus_. Attalus,\n as well as his predecessors, made themselves celebrated for the\n valuable libraries which they collected at Pergamus, and for the\n patronage which merit and virtue always found at their court.\n _Livy_, bk. 24, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bks. 7, 8, 33, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk.\n 39.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer in Alexander\u2019s army.\n _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another very inimical to Alexander.\n He was put to death by Parmenio, and Alexander was accused of the\n murder. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 9; bk. 8, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher,\n preceptor to Seneca. _Seneca_ ltr. 108.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An astronomer of Rhodes.\n\n=Attarras=, an officer who seized those that had conspired with Dymnus\n against Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 6.\n\n=Atteius Cap\u012dto=, a consul in the age of Augustus, who wrote treatises\n on sacerdotal laws, public courts of justice, and the duty of a\n senator. _See:_ \u2666Ateius.\n\n \u2666 No reference to \u2018Ateius\u2019 found.\n\n=Attes=, a son of Calaus of Phrygia, who was born impotent. He\n introduced the worship of Cybele among the Lydians, and became a\n great favourite of the goddess. Jupiter was jealous of his success,\n and sent a wild boar to lay waste the country and destroy Attes.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17. =Atthis=, a daughter of Cranaus II. king\n of Athens, who gave her name to Attica, according to _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 14. =Att\u012dca=, a country of Achaia or Hellas, at the south\n of B\u0153otia, west of the \u00c6gean sea, north of the Saronicus Sinus,\n and east of Megara. It received its name from Atthis, the daughter\n of Cranaus. It was originally called Ionia, from the Ionians, who\n settled there; and also Acte, which signifies _shore_, and Cecropia,\n from Cecrops the first of its kings. The most famous of its cities\n is called Athens, whose inhabitants sometimes bear the name of\n _Attici_. Attica was famous for its gold and silver mines, which\n constituted the best part of the public revenues. The face of the\n country was partly level and partly mountainous, divided into the 13\n tribes of Acamantis, \u00c6antis, Antiochis, Attalis, \u00c6geis, Erechtheis,\n Adrianis, Hippothoontis, Cecropis, Leontis, \u00c6neis, Ptolemais, and\n Pandionis; whose inhabitants were numbered in the 116th olympiad,\n at 31,000 citizens, and 400,000 slaves, within 174 villages, some\n of which were considerable towns. _See:_ Athen\u00e6.\n\n=Att\u012dcus=, one of Galba\u2019s servants, who entered his palace with\n a bloody sword, and declared he had killed Otho. _Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Titus Pomponius, a celebrated Roman knight,\n to whom Cicero wrote a great number of letters, which contained\n the general history of the age. They are now extant, and divided\n into 17 books. In the time of Marius and Sylla, Atticus retired to\n Athens, where he so endeared himself to the citizens, that after\n his departure they erected statues to him in commemoration of his\n munificence and liberality. He was such a perfect master of the\n Greek writers, and spoke their language so fluently, that he was\n surnamed _Atticus_; and, as a proof of his learning, he favoured\n the world with some of his compositions. He behaved in such a\n disinterested manner, that he offended neither of the inimical\n parties at Rome, and both were equally anxious of courting his\n approbation. He lived in the greatest intimacy with the illustrious\n men of his age, and he was such a lover of truth, that he not\n only abstained from falsehood even in a joke, but treated with\n the greatest contempt and indignation a lying tongue. It is said\n that he refused to take aliments when unable to get the better of a\n fever; and died in the 77th year, B.C. 32, after bearing the amiable\n character of peacemaker among his friends. _Cornelius Nepos_, one\n of his intimate friends, has written a minute account of his life.\n _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Herodes, an Athenian in the\n age of the Antonines, descended from Miltiades, and celebrated for\n his munificence. His son of the same name was honoured with the\n consulship, and he generously erected an aqueduct at Troas, of which\n he had been made governor by the emperor Adrian, and raised, in\n other parts of the empire, several public buildings as useful as\n they were magnificent. _Philostratus_, _Lives of the Sophists_,\n bk. 2, p. 548.\u2015\u2015_Aulus Gellius_, _Noctes Attic\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul in the\n age of Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15.\n\n=Att\u012dla=, a celebrated king of the Huns, a nation in the southern parts\n of Scythia, who invaded the Roman empire in the reign of Valentinian,\n with an army of 500,000 men, and laid waste the provinces. He took\n the town of Aquileia, and marched against Rome; but his retreat and\n peace were purchased with a large sum of money by the feeble emperor.\n Attila, who boasted in the appellation of _the scourge of God_, died\n A.D. 453, of an uncommon effusion of blood, the first night of his\n nuptials. He had expressed his wish to extend his conquests over the\n whole world; and he often feasted his barbarity by dragging captive\n kings in his train. _Jornandes_, _Getica_.\n\n=Attilius=, a Roman consul in the first Punic war. _See:_ Regulus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Calatinus, a Roman consul who fought the Carthaginian fleet.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus, a poet who translated the Electra of Sophocles into\n Latin verse, and wrote comedies whose unintelligible language\n procured him the appellation of _Ferreus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Regulus, a Roman\n censor who built a temple to the goddess of concord. _Livy_, bk. 23,\n ch. 23, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of Attilius was common among the Romans,\n and many of the public magistrates are called Attilii; their life,\n however, is not famous for any illustrious event.\n\n=Attinas=, an officer set over Bactriana by Alexander. _Curtius_,\n bk. 8.\n\n=Attius Pelignus=, an officer of C\u00e6sar. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Tullius, the general of the Volsci, to whom Coriolanus fled when\n banished from Rome. _Livy._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Varius seized Auxinum in Pompey\u2019s\n name, whence he was expelled. After this he fled to Africa, which\n he alienated from Julius C\u00e6sar. _C\u00e6sar_, bk. 1, _Civil War_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n poet. _See:_ Accius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The family of the Attii was descended from\n Atys, one of the companions of \u00c6neas, according to the opinion which\n Virgil has adopted, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 568.\n\n=At\u016brus=, a river of Gaul, now the _Adour_, which runs at the foot\n of the Pyrenean mountains into the bay of Biscay. _Lucan_, bk. 1,\n li. 420.\n\n=Aty\u0103d\u00e6=, the descendants of Atys the Lydian.\n\n=Atys=, an ancient king of Lydia, who sent away his son Tyrrhenus\n with a colony of Lydians, who settled in Italy. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Cr\u0153sus king of Lydia. He was forbidden the use of\n all weapons by his father, who had dreamt that he had been killed.\n Some time after this, Atys prevailed on his father to permit him to\n go to hunt a wild boar which laid waste the country of Mysia, and\n he was killed in the attempt by Adrastus, whom Cr\u0153sus had appointed\n guardian over his son, and thus the apprehensions of the monarch\n were realized. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 34, &c. _See:_ Adrastus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Trojan who came to Italy with \u00c6neas, and is supposed to be the\n progenitor of the family of the Atti at Rome. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 5, li. 568.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A youth to whom Ismene the daughter of \u0152dipus was\n promised in marriage. He was killed by Tydeus before his nuptials.\n _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 598.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Limniace the\n daughter of the river Ganges, who assisted Cepheus in preventing\n the marriage of Andromeda, and was killed by Perseus with a burning\n log of wood. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 47.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated\n shepherd of Phrygia, of whom the mother of the gods, generally\n called Cybele, became enamoured. She entrusted him with the care\n of her temple, and made him promise that he always would live in\n celibacy. He violated his vow by an amour with the nymph Sangaris,\n for which the goddess made him so insane and delirious, that\n he castrated himself with a sharp stone. This was afterwards\n intentionally done by his sacerdotal successors in the service of\n Cybele, to prevent their breaking their vows of perpetual chastity.\n This account is the most general and most approved. Others say\n that the goddess became fond of Atys, because he had introduced her\n festivals in the greatest part of Asia Minor, and that she herself\n mutilated him. _Pausanias_ relates, in _Achaia_, ch. 17, that Atys\n was the son of the daughter of the Sangar, who became pregnant\n by putting the bough of an almond tree in her bosom. Jupiter, as\n the passage mentions, once had an amorous dream, and some of the\n impurity of the god fell upon the earth, which soon after produced a\n monster of a human form, with the characteristics of the two sexes.\n This monster was called Agdistis, and was deprived by the gods of\n those parts which distinguished the male sex. From the mutilated\n parts which were thrown upon the ground, rose an almond tree, one\n of whose branches a nymph of the Sangar gathered, and placed in her\n bosom as mentioned above. Atys, as soon as born, was exposed in a\n wood, but preserved by a she-goat. The genius Agdistis saw him in\n the wood, and was captivated with his beauty. As Atys was going to\n celebrate his nuptials with the daughter of the king of Pessinus,\n Agdistis, who was jealous of his rival, inspired by his enchantments\n the king and his future son-in-law with such an uncommon fury,\n that they both attacked and \u2666mutilated one another in the struggle.\n _Ovid_ says, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 2, &c., that Cybele\n changed Atys into a pine tree as he was going to lay violent hands\n upon himself, and ever after that tree was sacred to the mother\n of the gods. After his death, Atys received divine honours, and\n temples were raised to his memory, particularly at Dym\u00e6. _Catullus_,\n _the Adventures of Atys [Attis] and Berecynthia [Cybele]_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 3; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 223, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucian_, _De\u00e2 Syri\u00e2_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sylvius, son of Albius Sylvius, was king\n of Alba. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\n\n \u2666 \u2018multilated\u2019 replaced with \u2018mutilated\u2019\n\n=Avar\u012bcum=, a strong and fortified town of Gaul, now called Bourges,\n the capital of Berry. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7.\n\n=Avella=, a town of Campania, abounding in nuts, whence nuts have been\n called _avellin\u00e6_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 45, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, \u2666bk. 7, li. 740.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Book 7\u2019 omitted from reference\n\n=Avent\u012bnus=, a son of Hercules by Rhea, who assisted Turnus against\n \u00c6neas, and distinguished himself by his valour. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 7, li. 657.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Alba, buried upon mount Aventine.\n _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 51.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the seven hills on\n which part of the city of Rome was built, it was 13,300 feet in\n circumference, and was given to the people to build houses upon, by\n king Ancus Martius. It was not reckoned within the precincts of the\n city till the reign of the emperor Claudius, because the soothsayers\n looked upon it as a place of ill omen, as Remus had been buried\n there, whose blood had been criminally shed. The word is derived,\n according to some, _ab avibus_, because birds were fond of the place.\n Others suppose that it receives its name because Aventinus, one of\n the Alban kings, was buried upon it. Juno, the Moon, Diana, Bona Dea,\n Hercules, and the goddess of Victory and Liberty, had magnificent\n temples built upon it. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 235.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33.\n\n=Avernus=, or =Averna=, a lake of Campania near Bai\u00e6, whose waters\n were so unwholesome and putrid, that no birds were seen on its\n banks; hence its original name was \u1f00\u03bf\u03c1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, _avibus carens_. The\n ancients made it the entrance of hell, as also one of its rivers.\n Its circumference was five stadia, and its depth could not be\n ascertained. The waters of the Avernus were indispensably necessary\n in all enchantments and magical processes. It may be observed, that\n all lakes whose stagnated waters were putrid and offensive to the\n smell, were indiscriminately called Averna. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4,\n lis. 5, 12, &c.; bk. 6, li. 201, &c.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Aristotle_, _on Admethics [Ethics]_.\n\n=Avesta=, a book composed by Zoroaster.\n\n=Aufeia aqua=, called afterwards Marcia, was the sweetest and most\n wholesome water in Rome, and it was first conveyed into the city by\n Ancus Martius.\n\n=Aufid\u0113na=, now _Alfidena_, a city of the Peligni in Italy, whose\n inhabitants, called _Aufidenates_, were among the Sabines. _Livy_,\n bk. 10, ch. 12.\n\n=Auf\u012ddia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Aufidius Lurco, A.U.C. 692.\n It ordained, that if any candidate, in canvassing for an office,\n promised money to the tribunes, and failed in the performance,\n he should be excused; but if he actually paid it, he should be\n compelled to pay every tribune 6000 sesterces.\n\n=Aufidius=, an effeminate person of Chios. _Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 25.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Bassus, a famous historian in the age of Quintilian, who wrote\n an account of Germany, and of the civil wars.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman senator,\n famous for his blindness and abilities. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6\n Disputations_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lurco, a man who enriched himself by\n fattening peacocks, and selling them for meat. _Pliny_, bk. 10.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Luscus, a man obscurely born, and made pretor of Fundi, in the\n age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 34.\n\n=Auf\u012ddus=, a river of Apulia falling into the Adriatic sea, and now\n called Ofanto. It was on its banks that the Romans were defeated by\n Hannibal at Cann\u00e6. The spot is still shown by the inhabitants, and\n bears the name of the field of blood. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 30; bk. 4,\n ode 9.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 405.\n\n=Auga=, =Auge=, and =Augea=, daughter of Aleus king of Tegea by Ne\u00e6ra,\n was ravished by Hercules, and brought forth a son, whom she exposed\n in the woods to conceal her amours from her father. The child was\n preserved, and called Telephus. Aleus was informed of his daughter\u2019s\n shame, and gave her to Nauplius to be put to death. Nauplius refused\n to perform the cruel office, and gave Auge to Teuthras king of Mysia,\n who, being without issue, adopted her as his daughter. Some time\n after the dominions of Teuthras were invaded by an enemy, and the\n king promised his crown and daughter to him who could deliver him\n from the impending calamity. Telephus, who had been directed by the\n oracle to go to the court of Teuthras, if he wished to find his\n parents, offered his services to the king, and they were accepted.\n As he was going to unite himself to Auge, in consequence of the\n victory he had obtained, Auge rushed from him with secret horror,\n and the gods sent a serpent to separate them. Auge implored the aid\n of Hercules, who made her son known to her, and she returned with\n him to Tegea. _Pausanias_ says, that Auge was confined in a coffer\n with her infant son, and thrown into the sea, where, after being\n preserved and protected by Minerva, she was found by king Teuthras.\n _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fables 99 & 100.\n\n=Augarus=, an Arabian who, for his good offices obtained the favours of\n Pompey, whom he vilely deceived. _Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Osroene,\n whom Caracalla imprisoned, after he had given him solemn promises of\n friendship and support. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 78.\n\n=Auge\u00e6=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of\n Locris.\n\n=Augias= and =Augeas=, son of Eleus, or Elius, was one of the\n Argonauts, and afterwards ascended the throne of Elis. He had an\n immense number of oxen and goats, and the stables in which they were\n kept had never been cleaned, so that the task seemed an impossibility\n to any man. Hercules undertook it, on promise of receiving as a\n reward the tenth part of the herds of Augias, or something equivalent.\n The hero changed the course of the river Alpheus, or, according\n to others, of the Peneus, which immediately carried away the dung\n and filth from the stables. Augias refused the promised recompense\n on pretence that Hercules had made use of artifice, and had not\n experienced any labour or trouble, and he further drove his own son\n Phyleus from his kingdom, because he supported the claims of the\n hero. The refusal was a declaration of war. Hercules conquered Elis,\n put to death Augias, and gave the crown to Phyleus. _Pausanias_ says,\n bk. 5, chs. 2 & 3, that Hercules spared the life of Augias for the\n sake of his son, and that Phyleus went to settle in Dulichium; and\n that at the death of Augias his other son, Agasthenes succeeded\n to the throne. Augias received, after his death, the honours which\n were generally paid to a hero. Augias has been called the son of\n Sol, because Elius signifies the sun. The proverb of _Augean stable_\n is now applied to an impossibility. _Hyginus_, fables 14, 30, 157.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 17, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Aug\u012dl\u00e6=, a people of Africa, who supposed that there were no gods\n except the manes of the dead, of whom they sought oracles. _Mela_,\n bk. 1.\n\n=Aug\u012bnus=, a mountain of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 2.\n\n=Aug\u016dres=, certain officers at Rome who foretold future events,\n whence their name, _ab avium garritu_. They were first created by\n Romulus, to the number of three. Servius Tullius added a fourth,\n and the tribunes of the people, A.U.C. 454, increased the number to\n nine; and Sylla added six more during his dictatorship. They had a\n particular college, and the chief amongst them was called _Magister\n collegii_. Their office was honourable; and if any one of them was\n convicted of any crime, he could not be deprived of his privileges;\n an indulgence granted to no other sacerdotal body at Rome. The augur\n generally sat on a high tower to make his observations. His face was\n turned towards the east, and he had the north to his left, and the\n south at his right. With a crooked staff he divided the face of\n the heavens into four different parts, and afterwards sacrificed to\n the gods, covering his head with his vestment. There were generally\n five things from which the augurs drew omens. The first consisted in\n observing the ph\u00e6nomena of the heavens, such as thunder, lightning,\n comets, &c. The second kind of omen was drawn from the chirping\n or flying of birds. The third was from the sacred chickens, whose\n eagerness or indifference in eating the bread which was thrown\n to them, was looked upon as lucky or unlucky. The fourth was from\n quadrupeds, from their crossing or appearing in some unaccustomed\n place. The fifth was from different casualties, which were called\n _Dira_, such as spilling salt upon a table, or wine upon one\u2019s\n clothes, hearing strange noises, stumbling or sneezing, meeting a\n wolf, hare, fox, or pregnant bitch. From such superstitious notions\n did the Romans draw their prophecies. The sight of birds on the left\n hand was always deemed a lucky object, and the words _sinister_ and\n _l\u00e6vus_, though generally supposed to be terms of ill luck, were\n always used by the augurs in an auspicious sense. _Cicero_, _de\n Divinatione_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_.\n\n\u2666=Augur\u012bnus Julius=, a Roman knight who conspired against Nero, &c.\n _Tacitus_, \u2660_Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 70.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Tugur\u012bnus Julius\u2019 replaced with \u2018Augur\u012bnus Julius\u2019\n Placed in correct alphebetical order.\n \u2660 \u2018H. 15, c. 70\u2019 replaced with \u2018Annals, bk. 15, ch. 50\u2019\n\n=Augusta=, a name given to 70 cities in the Roman provinces in honour\n of Augustus C\u00e6sar.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015London, as capital of the country of the\n Trinobantes, was called Augusta Trinobantia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Messalina, famous\n for her debaucheries, was called Augusta, as wife of the emperor\n Claudius. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 118.\n\n=August\u0101lia=, a festival at Rome, in commemoration of the day on which\n Augustus returned to Rome, after he had established peace over the\n different parts of the empire.\n\n=August\u012bnus=, a bishop of Hippo in Africa, distinguished himself by\n his writings, as well as by the austerity of his life. In his works,\n which are numerous, he displayed the powers of a great genius, and\n an extensive acquaintance with the philosophy of Plato. He died in\n the 76th year of his age, A.D. 430. The best edition of his works is\n that of the Benedict, folio, Antwerp, 1700 to 1703, 12 vols.\n\n=Augustod\u016bnum=, now _Autun_, a town of Gaul, the capital of the\n ancient \u00c6dui.\n\n=August\u016dlus=, the last Roman emperor of the west, A.D. 475, conquered\n by Odoacer king of the Heruli.\n\n=Augustus Octavi\u0101nus C\u00e6sar=, second emperor of Rome, was son of\n Octavius a senator, and Accia daughter of Julius, and sister to\n Julius C\u00e6sar. He was adopted by his uncle C\u00e6sar, and inherited\n the greatest part of his fortune. He lost his father at the age of\n four; and though only 18 when his uncle was murdered, he hastened\n to Rome, where he ingratiated himself with the senate and people,\n and received the honours of the consulship two years after, as the\n reward of his hypocrisy. Though his youth and his inexperience were\n ridiculed by his enemies, who branded him with the appellation of\n _boy_, yet he rose in consequence by his prudence and valour, and\n made war against his opponents, on pretence of avenging the death of\n his murdered uncle. But when he perceived that by making him fight\n against Antony, the senate wished to debilitate both antagonists, he\n changed his views, and uniting himself with his enemy, soon formed\n the second triumvirate, in which his cruel proscriptions shed the\n innocent blood of 300 senators and 200 knights, and did not even\n spare the life of his friend Cicero. By the divisions which were\n made among the triumvirs, Augustus retained for himself the more\n important provinces of the west, and banished, as it were, his\n colleagues, Lepidus and Antony, to more distant territories. But as\n long as the murderers of C\u00e6sar were alive, the reigning tyrants had\n reason for apprehension, and therefore the forces of the triumvirate\n were directed against the partisans of Brutus and the senate. The\n battle was decided at Philippi, where it is said that the valour and\n conduct of Antony alone preserved the combined armies, and effected\n the defeat of the republican forces. The head of the unfortunate\n Brutus was carried to Rome, and in insolent revenge thrown at the\n feet of C\u00e6sar\u2019s statue. On his return to Italy, Augustus rewarded\n his soldiers with the lands of those that had been proscribed; but\n among the sufferers were many who had never injured the conqueror of\n Philippi, especially Virgil, whose modest application procured the\n restitution of his property. The friendship which subsisted between\n Augustus and Antony was broken as soon as the fears of a third rival\n vanished away, and the aspiring heir of C\u00e6sar was easily induced to\n take up arms by the little jealousies and resentment of Fulvia. Her\n death, however, retarded hostilities; the two rivals were reconciled;\n their united forces were successfully directed against the younger\n Pompey; and, to strengthen their friendship, Antony agreed to marry\n Octavia the sister of Augustus. But as this step was political, and\n not dictated by affection, Octavia was slighted, and Antony resigned\n himself to the pleasures and company of the beautiful Cleopatra.\n Augustus was incensed, and immediately took up arms to avenge the\n wrongs of his sister, and perhaps more eagerly to remove a man\n whose power and existence kept him in continual alarms, and made\n him dependent. Both parties met at Actium, B.C. 31, to decide the\n fate of Rome. Antony was supported by all the power of the east,\n and Augustus by Italy. Cleopatra fled from the battle with 60\n ships, and her flight ruined the interest of Antony, who followed\n her into Egypt. The conqueror soon after passed into Egypt,\n besieged Alexandria, and honoured, with a magnificent funeral, the\n unfortunate Roman and the celebrated queen, whom the fear of being\n led in the victor\u2019s triumph at Rome had driven to commit suicide.\n After he had established peace all over the world, Augustus shut up\n the gates of the temple of Janus, the year our Saviour was born. It\n is said he twice resolved to lay down the supreme power, immediately\n after the victory obtained over Antony, and afterwards on account of\n his ill-health; but his friend Mec\u00e6nas dissuaded him, and observed\n that he would leave it to be the prey of the most powerful, and\n expose himself to ingratitude and to danger. He died at Nola, in the\n 76th year of his age, A.D. 14, after he had held the sovereign power\n during 44 years. Augustus was an active emperor, and consulted the\n good of the Romans with the most anxious care. He visited all the\n provinces except Africa and Sardinia, and his consummate prudence\n and experience gave rise to many salutary laws, but it may be said,\n that be finished with a good grace what he began with cruelty.\n While making himself absolute, he took care to leave his countrymen\n the shadow of liberty; and if, under the character and office \u2666of\n perpetual tribune, of priest and imperator, he was invested with all\n the power of sovereignty, he guarded against offending the jealous\n Romans, by not assuming the regal title. His refusal to read the\n letters he found after Pompey\u2019s defeat arose more from fear than\n honour, and he dreaded the discovery of names which would have\n perhaps united to sacrifice his ambition. His good qualities, and\n many virtues he perhaps never possessed, have been transmitted to\n posterity by the pen of adulation or gratitude, in the poems of\n Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. To distinguish himself from the obscurity\n of the Octavii, and, if possible, to suppress the remembrance\n of his uncle\u2019s violent fate, he aspired after a new title; and\n the submissive senate yielded to his ambition, by giving him\n the honourable appellation of _Augustus_. He has been accused of\n licentiousness and adultery by his biographer; but the goodness\n of his heart, and the fidelity of his friendship, which in some\n instances he possessed, made some amends for his natural foibles.\n He was ambitious of being thought handsome; and as he was publicly\n reported to be the son of Apollo, according to his mother\u2019s\n declaration, he wished his flatterers to represent him with the\n figure and attributes of that god. Like Apollo, his eyes were clear,\n and he affected to have it thought that they possessed some divine\n irradiation; and was well pleased if, when he fixed his looks upon\n anybody, they held down their eyes as if overcome by the glaring\n brightness of the sun. He distinguished himself by his learning; he\n was a perfect master of the Greek language, and wrote some tragedies,\n besides memoirs of his life, and other works, all now lost. He was\n married three times; to Claudia, to Scribonia, and to Livia; but he\n was unhappy in his matrimonial connections, and his only daughter\n Julia by Scribonia disgraced herself and her father by the debauchery\n and licentiousness of her manners. He recommended, at his death, his\n adopted son Tiberius as his successor. He left his fortune, partly\n to Tiberius and to Drusus, and made donations to the army and to\n the Roman people. Virgil wrote his heroic poem at the desire of\n Augustus, whom he represented under the amiable and perfect character\n of \u00c6neas. _Suetonius_, _The Twelve Caesars_.\u2015\u2015_Horace._\u2015\u2015_Virgil._\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias._\u2015\u2015_Tacitus._\u2015\u2015_Paterculus._\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015_Ovid._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of _Augustus_ was afterwards given to the successors\n of Octavianus in the Roman empire as a personal, and the name of\n _C\u00e6sar_ as a family, distinction. In a more distant period of the\n empire, the title of Augustus was given only to the emperor, while\n that of C\u00e6sar was bestowed on the second person in the state, who\n was considered as presumptive heir.\n\n \u2666 \u2018or\u2019 replaced with \u2018of\u2019\n\n=Av\u012ddi\u0113nus=, a rich and sordid man, whom _Horace_ styles happy, bk. 2,\n satire 2, li. 55.\n\n=Avidius Cassius=, a man saluted emperor, A.D. 175. He reigned only\n three months, and was assassinated by a centurion. He was called a\n second Catiline, from his excessive love of bloodshed. _Diodorus._\n\n=Rufus Festus Avi\u0113nus=, a poet in the age of Theodosius, who translated\n the ph\u00e6nomena of Aratus, as also all Livy, into iambic verses. The\n best edition of what remains of him is that of Cannegetier, 8vo,\n 1731.\n\n=Avitus=, a governor of Britain under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Alcinus, a christian poet, who wrote a poem in six books\n on original sin, &c.\n\n=Avium=, a city between Tyre and Sidon. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Aulerci=, a people of Gaul, between the Seine and the Loire.\n\n=Aulestes=, a king of the Etrurians when \u00c6neas came into Italy.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 290.\n\n=Aul\u0113tes=, a general who assisted \u00c6neas in Italy, with 100 ships.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 207.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The surname of one of the\n Ptolemean kings, father to Cleopatra.\n\n=Aulis=, a daughter of Ogyges. _Pausanias_, _B\u0153otia_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n B\u0153otia near Chalcis on the sea coast, where all the Greeks conspired\n against Troy. They were detained there by contrary winds, by the\n anger of Diana, whose favourite stag had been killed by Agamemnon.\n To appease the resentment of the goddess, Agamemnon was obliged to\n sacrifice his own daughter Iphigenia, whom, however, Diana spared\n by substituting a ram. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 426.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 9, &c.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 303.\n\n=Aulon=, a mountain of Calabria, opposite Tarentum, famous for its\n wine, which, according to _Horace_ bk. 2, ode 6, li. 18, is superior\n to that of Falernum. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 125.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A place of Messenia. _Pausanias._\n\n=Aulonius=, a surname of \u00c6sculapius.\n\n=Aulus=, a pr\u00e6nomen common among the Romans.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Gellius. _See:_ Gellius.\n\n=Auras=, a European river, flowing into the Ister from mount H\u00e6mus.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.\n\n=Aurelia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 653, by the pretor Lucius Aurelius\n Cotta, to invest the Senatorian and Equestrian orders, and the\n Tribuni \u00c6rarii, with judicial power.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, A.U.C. 678. It\n abrogated a clause of the Lex Cornelia and permitted the tribunes\n to hold other offices after the expiration of the tribuneship.\n\n=Aurelia=, a town of Hispania B\u00e6tica.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Julius C\u00e6sar.\n _Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_, ch. 74.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fishwoman. _Juvenal_, satire 4,\n li. 98.\n\n=Aureli\u0101nus=, emperor of Rome after Flavius Claudius, was austere, and\n even cruel in the execution of the laws, and punished his soldiers\n with unusual severity. He rendered himself famous for his military\n character; and his expedition against Zenobia, the celebrated\n queen of Palmyra, gained him great honours. He beautified Rome, was\n charitable to the poor, and the author of many salutary laws. He was\n naturally brave, and in all the battles he fought, it is said, he\n killed no less than 800 men with his own hand. In his triumph, he\n exhibited to the Romans people of 15 different nations, all of which\n he had conquered. He was the first emperor who wore a diadem. After\n a glorious reign of six years, as he marched against the northern\n barbarians, he was assassinated near Byzantium, A.D. 275, January\n 29th, by his soldiers, whom Mnestheus had incited to rebellion\n against their emperor. This Mnestheus had been threatened with death,\n for some ill behaviour to the emperor, and therefore he meditated\n his death. The soldiers, however, soon repented of their ingratitude\n and cruelty to Aurelian, and threw Mnestheus to be devoured by wild\n beasts.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician of the fourth century.\n\n=Aurelius=, emperor of Rome. _See:_ Antoninus Bassianus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter\n in the age of Augustus. _Pliny_, bk. 35.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Victor, an historian in\n the age of Julian, two of whose compositions are extant\u2015\u2015an account\n of illustrious men, and a biography of all the C\u00e6sars to Julian. The\n best edition of Aurelius are the 4to of Artuzenius, Amsterdam, 1733,\n and the 8vo of Pitiscus, Utrecht, 1696.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Antoninus, an emperor.\n _See:_ Antoninus.\n\n=Aureolus=, a general who assumed the purple in the age of Gallienus.\n\n=Aurinia=, a prophetess held in great veneration by the Germans.\n _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 8.\n\n=Aur\u014dra=, a goddess, daughter of Hyperion and Thia or Thea, or,\n according to others, of Titan and Terra. Some say that Pallas, son\n of Crius and brother to Perseus, was her father; hence her surname\n of _Pallantias_. She married Astr\u00e6us, by whom she had the winds, the\n stars, &c. Her amours with Tithonus and Cephalus are also famous; by\n the former she had Memnon and \u00c6mathion, and Phaeton by the latter.\n _See:_ Cephalus and Tithonus. She had also an intrigue with Orion,\n whom she carried to the island of Delos, where he was killed by\n Diana\u2019s arrows. Aurora is generally represented by the poets drawn\n in a rose-coloured chariot, and opening with her rosy fingers the\n gates of the east, pouring the dew upon the earth, and making the\n flowers grow. Her chariot is generally drawn by white horses, and\n she is covered with a veil. Nox and Somnus fly before her, and the\n constellations of heaven disappear at her approach. She always sets\n out before the sun, and is the forerunner of his rising. The Greeks\n call her Eos. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8; _Odyssey_, bk. 10; _Hymn to\n Aphrodite_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bks. 3, 9, 15.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bks. 1, 3.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 535.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua\n Latina_, bk. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, preface to\n fables.\n\n=Aurunce=, an ancient town of Latium, built by Auson the son of\n Ulysses by Calypso. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 727, &c.\n\n=Ausch\u012bs\u00e6=, a people of Libya. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 171.\n\n=Ausci=, a people of Gaul.\n\n=Auser=, =Auseris=, and =Anser=, a river of Etruria, which joins the\n Arnus before it falls into the Tyrrhene sea.\n\n=Auses=, a people of Africa, whose virgins yearly fight with sticks in\n honour of Minerva. She who behaves with the greatest valour receives\n unusual honour, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 180.\n\n=Auson=, a son of Ulysses and Calypso, from whom the Ausones, a people\n of Italy, are descended.\n\n=Ausonia=, one of the ancient names of Italy, which it received from\n Auson the son of Ulysses. If Virgil makes \u00c6neas speak of Ausonia, it\n is by anticipation. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 171.\n\n=Decimius Magnus Aus\u014dnius=, a poet, born at Bordeaux in Gaul, in the\n fourth century, preceptor to Gratian son of the emperor Valentinian,\n and made consul by the means of his pupil. His compositions have\n been long admired. The thanks he returned the emperor Gratian is\n one of the best of his poems, which were too often hurried for\n publication, and consequently not perfect. He wrote the _consular\n fasti_ of Rome, a useful performance, now lost. His style is\n occasionally obscene, and he has attempted upon the words of Virgil,\n what revolts everything against his indelicacy. The best edition\n is that of Tollius, 8vo, Leiden, 1671; or that of Jaubert, with a\n French translation, 4 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1769.\n\n=Ausp\u012dces=, a sacerdotal order at Rome, nearly the same as the Augurs.\n _See:_ Augures.\n\n=Auster=, one of the winds blowing from the south, whose breath was\n pernicious to flowers as well as to health. He was parent of rain.\n _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 2, li. 58. _See:_ Venti.\n\n=Austesion=, a Theban, son of Tisamenus. His son Theras led a colony\n into an island which, from him, was called Thera. _Herodotus_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias._\n\n=Autob\u016blus=, a painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35.\n\n=Autochth\u014fnes=, the original inhabitants of a country who are the first\n possessors of it, and who never have mingled with other nations. The\n Athenians called themselves Autochthones, and boasted that they were\n as old as the country which they inhabited. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch.\n 14.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Germania_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 83.\n\n=Aut\u014fcles=, an Athenian, sent by his countrymen with a fleet to the\n assistance of Alexander of Pher\u00e6.\n\n=Autocr\u0103tes=, an historian mentioned by _Athen\u00e6us_, bks. 9 & 11.\n\n=Autol\u014fl\u00e6=, a people of Mauritania descended from the G\u00e6tuli. They\n excelled all their neighbours in running. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 677.\n\n=Aut\u014fly\u0306cus=, a son of Mercury by Chione a daughter of D\u00e6dalion. He\n was one of the Argonauts. His craft as a thief has been greatly\n celebrated. He stole the flocks of his neighbours, and mingled them\n with his own, after he had changed their marks. He did the same\n to Sisyphus son of \u00c6olus; but Sisyphus was as crafty as Autolycus,\n and he knew his own oxen by a mark which he had made under their\n feet. Autolycus was so pleased with the artifice of Sisyphus, that\n he immediately formed an intimacy with him, and even permitted\n him freely to enjoy the company of his daughter Anticlea, who\n became pregnant of Ulysses, and was soon after married to Laertes.\n _See:_ Sisyphus, Laertes. _Hyginus_, fable 200, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 8.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Phryxus and Chalciope. _Hyginus_,\n fable 14.\n\n=Autom\u0103te=, one of the Cyclades, called also Hera. _Pliny_,\n bks. 2, 6, 37.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Danaus.\n\n=Autom\u0115don=, a son of Dioreus, who went to the Trojan war with 10\n ships. He was the charioteer of Achilles, after whose death he\n served Pyrrhus in the same capacity. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 9, 16,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 477.\n\n=Automed\u016bsa=, a daughter of Alcathous, killed by Tydeus. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2.\n\n=Autom\u0115nes=, one of the Heraclid\u00e6, king of Corinth. At his death, B.C.\n 779, annual magistrates, called Prytanes, were chosen at Corinth,\n and their power continued 90 years, till Cypselus and his son\n Periander made themselves absolute.\n\n=Autom\u014fli=, a nation of \u00c6thiopia. _Herodotus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Autonoe=, a daughter of Cadmus, who married Arist\u00e6us, by whom she\n had Act\u00e6on, often called _Autoneius heros_. The death of her son\n [_See:_ Act\u00e6on] was so painful to her, that she retired from B\u0153otia\n to Megara, where she soon after died. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 179.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 720.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A female servant of Penelope.\n _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 18.\n\n=Autophrad\u0101tes=, a satrap of Lydia, who revolted from Artaxerxes.\n _Diodorus._\n\n=Aut\u016bra=, the _Eure_, a river of Gaul which falls into the Seine.\n\n=Auxesia= and =Damia=, two virgins who came from Crete to Tr\u0153zene,\n where the inhabitants stoned them to death in a sedition. The\n Epidaurians raised them statues by order of the oracle, when their\n country was become barren. They were held in great veneration at\n Tr\u0153zene. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 82.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.\n\n=Ax\u0115nus=, the ancient name of the Euxine sea. The word signifies\n _inhospitable_, which was highly applicable to the manners of the\n ancient inhabitants of the coast. _Ovid_, bk. 4; _Tristia_, poem 4,\n li. 56.\n\n=Axi\u014fchus=, a philosopher, to whom Plato dedicated a treatise\n concerning death.\n\n=Ax\u012bon=, brother of Alphesib\u0153a, murdered Alcm\u00e6on his sister\u2019s husband,\n because he wished to recover from her a golden necklace. _See:_\n Alcm\u00e6on and Alphesib\u0153a.\n\n=Axiotea=, a woman who regularly went in a man\u2019s dress to hear the\n lectures of Plato.\n\n=Axiothea=, the wife of Nicocles king of Cyprus. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Axis=, a town of Umbria. _Propertius_, poem 4.\n\n=Axius=, a river of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.\n\n=Axona=, a river of Belgic Gaul, which falls into the Seine below\n Paris. The inhabitants of the neighbourhood were called Axones.\n\n=Axur= and =Anxur=, a surname of Jupiter, who had a temple at Trachis\n in Thessaly. He was represented as a beardless youth.\n\n=Axus=, a town about the middle of Crete. _Apollodus._\n\n=Azan=, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Cybele.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Arcas\n king of Arcadia by Erato, one of the Dryades. He divided his father\u2019s\n kingdom with his brothers Aphidas and Elatus, and called his share\n Azania. There was in Azania a fountain called _Clitorius_, whose\n waters gave a dislike for wine to those who drank them. _Vitruvius_,\n bk. 8, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 322.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 4.\n\n=Az\u012bris=, a place of Libya, surrounded on both sides by delightful\n hills covered with trees, and watered by a river where Battus built\n a town. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 157.\n\n=Azonax=, a man who taught Zoroaster the art of magic. _Pliny_, bk. 30.\n\n=Azorus=, one of the Argonauts.\n\n=Az\u014dtus=, now _Asdod_, a large town of Syria on the borders of the\n Mediterranean. _Josephus_, _Antiquities of the Jews_, bk. 15.\n\n\n B\n\n=Babilius=, a Roman, who, by the help of a certain herb, is said to\n have passed in six days from the Sicilian sea to Alexandria. _Pliny_,\n preface to ch. 19.\n\n=Babilus=, an astrologer in Nero\u2019s age, who told the emperor to avert\n the danger which seemed to hang upon his head, from the appearance\n of a hairy comet, by putting all the leading men of Rome to death.\n His advice was faithfully followed. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 36.\n\n=Baby\u0306lon=, a son of Belus, who, as some suppose, founded a city which\n bears his name.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated city, the capital of the Assyrian\n empire, on the banks of the Euphrates. It had 100 brazen gates; and\n its walls, which were cemented with bitumen, and greatly enlarged\n and embellished by the activity of Semiramis; measured 480 stadia\n in circumference, 50 cubits in thickness, and 200 in height. It was\n taken by Cyrus, B.C. 538, after he had drained the waters of the\n Euphrates into a new channel, and marched his troops by night into\n the town, through the dried bed; and it is said that the fate of\n the extensive capital was unknown to the inhabitants of the distant\n suburbs till late in the evening. Babylon became famous for the\n death of Alexander, and for the new empire which was afterwards\n established there under the Seleucid\u00e6. _See:_ Syria. Its greatness\n was so reduced in succeeding ages, according to Pliny\u2019s observations,\n that in his time it was but a desolate wilderness, and at present\n the place where it stood is unknown to travellers. The inhabitants\n were early acquainted with astrology. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk.\n 2.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon_, _Cyrop\u00e6dia_, bk. 7, &c.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem\n 11, li. 21.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 2.\u2015\u2015_Martial_,\n bk. 9, ltr. 77.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There is also a town of the same name near the\n Bubastic branch of the Nile, in Egypt.\n\n=Babyl\u014dnia=, a large province of Assyria, of which Babylon was the\n capital. The inhabitants shook off the Assyrian yoke, and afterwards\n became very powerful.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The surname of Seleucia, which arose from\n the ruins of Babylon, under the successors of Alexander. _Pliny_,\n bk. 6, ch. 26.\n\n=Babyl\u014dnii=, the inhabitants of Babylon, famous for their knowledge\n of astrology, first divided the year into 12 months, and the zodiac\n into 12 signs.\n\n=Babyrsa=, a fortified castle near Artaxata. _Strabo_, bk. 11.\n\n=Babyt\u0103ce=, a city of Armenia, whose inhabitants despise gold. _Pliny_,\n bk. 6, ch. 27.\n\n=Bacabasus=, betrayed the snares of Artabanus, brother of Darius,\n against Artaxerxes. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Bacch\u00e6=, the priestesses of Bacchus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Bacchan\u0101lia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus at Rome, the same as the\n Dionysia of the Greeks. _See:_ Dionysia.\n\n=Bacchantes=, \u2666priestesses of Bacchus, who are represented at the\n celebration of the orgies almost naked, with garlands of ivy, with a\n thyrsus, and dishevelled hair. Their looks are wild, and they utter\n dreadful sounds, and clash different musical instruments together.\n They were also called Thyades and Menades. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 6, li. 592.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 25.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem\n 21.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 674.\n\n \u2666 \u2018priestessess\u2019 replaced with \u2018priestesses\u2019\n\n=Bacchi=, a mountain of Thrace, near Philippi. _Appian._\n\n=Bacchi\u0103d\u00e6=, a Corinthian family descended from Bacchia daughter of\n Dionysius. In their nocturnal orgies they, as some report, tore to\n pieces Act\u00e6on son of Mellissus, which so enraged the father, that\n before the altar he entreated the Corinthians to revenge the death\n of his son, and immediately threw himself into the sea. Upon this\n the Bacchiad\u00e6 were banished, and went to settle in Sicily, between\n Pachynum and Pelorus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 407.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Bacch\u012ddes=, a general who betrayed the town of Sinope to Lucullus.\n _Strabo_, bk. 12.\n\n=Bacchis=, or =Balus=, king of Corinth, succeeded his father Prumnides.\n His successors were always called _Bacchid\u00e6_, in remembrance of the\n equity and moderation of his reign. The Bacchid\u00e6 increased so much,\n that they chose one of their number to preside among them with regal\n authority, and it is said that the sovereign power continued in\n their hands near 200 years. Cypselus overturned this institution\n by making himself absolute. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 92.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,\n li. 407.\n\n=Bacchium=, a small island in the \u00c6gean sea, opposite Smyrna. _Pliny_,\n bk. 5, ch. 3.\n\n=Bacchius= and =Bithus=, two celebrated gladiators of equal age and\n strength; whence the proverb to express equality: _Bithus contra\n Bacchium_. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 7,\n li. 20.\n\n=Bacchus=, was son of Jupiter and Semele the daughter of Cadmus. After\n she had enjoyed the company of Jupiter, Semele was deceived, and\n perished by the artifice of Juno. This goddess, always jealous of\n her husband\u2019s amours, assumed the shape of Beroe, Semele\u2019s nurse,\n and persuaded Semele that the lover whom she entertained was not\n Jupiter, but a false lover, and that to prove his divinity she\n ought to beg of him, if he really were Jupiter, to come to her bed\n with the same majesty as when he courted the embraces of Juno. The\n artifice succeeded, and when Jupiter promised his mistress whatever\n she asked, Semele required him to visit her with all the divinity of\n a god. Jupiter was unable to violate his oath, and Semele unwilling\n to retract it; therefore, as she was a mortal, and unable to bear\n the majesty of Jupiter, she was consumed and reduced to ashes. The\n child, of which she had been pregnant for seven months, was with\n difficulty saved from the flames, and put in his father\u2019s thigh,\n where he remained the full time which he naturally was to have been\n in his mother\u2019s womb. From this circumstance Bacchus has been called\n _Bimater_. According to some, Dirce, a nymph of the Achelous, saved\n him from the flames. There are different traditions concerning the\n manner of his education. Ovid says that, after his birth, he was\n brought up by his aunt Ino, and afterwards entrusted to the care\n of the nymphs of Nysa. Lucian supposes that Mercury carried him, as\n soon as born, to the nymphs of Nysa; and Apollonius says that he was\n carried by Mercury to a nymph in the island of Eub\u0153a, whence he was\n driven by the power of Juno, who was the chief deity of the place.\n Some support that Naxus can boast of the place of his education,\n under the nymphs Philia, Coronis, and Clyda. Pausanias relates a\n tradition which prevailed in the town of Brasi\u00e6 in Peloponnesus;\n and accordingly mentions that Cadmus, as soon as he heard of his\n daughter\u2019s amours, shut her up, with her child lately born, in a\n coffer, and exposed them on the sea. The coffer was carried safe\n by the waves to the coast of Brasi\u00e6; but Semele was found dead, and\n the child alive. Semele was honoured with a magnificent funeral,\n and Bacchus properly educated. This diversity of opinion shows that\n there were many of the same name. Diodorus speaks of three, and\n Cicero of a greater number; but among them all, the son of Jupiter\n and Semele seems to have obtained the merit of the rest. Bacchus\n is the Osiris of the Egyptians, and his history is drawn from the\n Egyptian traditions concerning that ancient king. Bacchus assisted\n the gods in their wars against the giants, and was cut to pieces;\n but the son of Semele was not then born. This tradition, therefore,\n is taken from the history of Osiris, who was killed by his brother\n Typhon, and the worship of Osiris has been introduced by Orpheus\n into Greece, under the name of Bacchus. In his youth he was taken\n asleep in the island of Naxos, and carried away by some mariners\n whom he changed into dolphins, except the pilot, who had expressed\n some concern at his misfortune. His expedition into the east is\n most celebrated. He marched, at the head of an army composed of men,\n as well as of women, all inspired with divine fury, and armed with\n thyrsi, cymbals, and other musical instruments. The leader was drawn\n in a chariot by a lion and a tiger, and was accompanied by Pan and\n Silenus, and all the Satyrs. His conquests were easy, and without\n bloodshed: the people easily submitted, and gratefully elevated to\n the rank of a god the hero who taught them the use of the vine, the\n cultivation of the earth, and the manner of making honey. Amidst his\n benevolence to mankind, he was relentless in punishing all want of\n respect to his divinity; and the punishment he inflicted on Pentheus,\n Agave, Lycurgus, &c., is well known. He has received the name of\n Liber, Bromius, Ly\u00e6us, Evan, Thyon\u00e6us, Psilas, &c., which are mostly\n derived from the places where he received adoration, or from the\n ceremonies observed in his festivals. As he was the god of vintage,\n of wine, and of drinkers, he is generally represented crowned with\n vine and ivy leaves, with a thyrsus in his hand. His figure is\n that of an effeminate young man, to denote the joys which commonly\n prevail at feasts; and sometimes that of an old man, to teach us\n that wine taken immoderately will enervate us, consume our health,\n render us loquacious and childish like old men, and unable to\n keep secrets. The panther is sacred to him, because he went in his\n expedition covered with the skin of that beast. The magpie is also\n his favourite bird, because in triumphs people were permitted to\n speak with boldness and liberty. Bacchus is sometimes represented\n like an infant, holding a thyrsus and clusters of grapes with a horn.\n He often appears naked, and riding upon the shoulders of Pan, or in\n the arms of Silenus, who was his foster-father. He also sits upon a\n celestial globe, bespangled with stars, and is then the same as the\n Sun or Osiris of Egypt. The festivals of Bacchus, generally called\n Orgies, Bacchanalia, or Dionysia, were introduced into Greece from\n Egypt by Danaus and his daughters. The infamous debaucheries which\n arose from the celebration of these festivals are well known. _See:_\n Dionysia. The amours of Bacchus are not numerous. He married Ariadne,\n after she had been forsaken by Theseus in the island of Naxos;\n and by her he had many children, among whom were Ceranus, Thoas,\n \u0152nopion, Tauropolis, &c. According to some, he was the father of\n Hymen\u00e6us, whom the Athenians made the god of marriage. The Egyptians\n sacrificed pigs to him, before the doors of their houses. The fir\n tree, the yew tree, the fig tree, the ivy, and the vine, were sacred\n to him; and the goat was generally sacrificed to him, on account of\n the great propensity of that animal to destroy the vine. According\n to Pliny, he was the first who ever wore a crown. His beauty is\n compared to that of Apollo, and, like him, he is represented with\n fine hair loosely flowing down his shoulders, and he is said to\n possess eternal youth. Sometimes he has horns, either because he\n taught the cultivation of the earth with oxen, or because Jupiter\n his father appeared to him in the deserts of Libya under the shape\n of a ram, and supplied his thirsty army with water. Bacchus went\n down to hell to recover his mother, whom Jupiter willingly made a\n goddess, under the name of Thyone. The three persons of the name\n of Bacchus, whom Diodorus mentions, are, the one who conquered the\n Indies, and is surnamed the bearded Bacchus; a son of Jupiter and\n Proserpine, who was represented with horns; and the son of Jupiter\n and Semele, called the Bacchus of Thebes. Those mentioned by Cicero\n are, a son of Proserpine; a son of Nisus, who built Nysa; a son of\n Caprius, who reigned in the Indies; a son of Jupiter and the moon;\n and a son of Thyone and Nisus. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bks.\n 2 & 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 22, 37; bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 5,\n ch. 19, &c.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 150; bk. 2, chs. 42, 48, 49.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bks. 1, 3, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Orpheus_, _Dionysius_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 4,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fable 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Amores_, bk. 3,\n poem 3.\u2015\u2015_Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 715.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 155, 167, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56; bk. 8, ch. 2; bk. 36, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Lactantius_, _de falsa religione_, bk. 1, ch. 22.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Bacch\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_,\n _de Sacrificiis_; _Bacchus_; _Dialogi Deorum_.\u2015\u2015_Oppian_,\n _Cynegetica_.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, bk. 1, _Imagines_, ch. 50.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_,\n _Chorus of \u0152dipus_.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 8, ltr. 26; bk. 14, ltr. 107.\n\n=Bacchylides=, a lyric poet of Cos, nephew to Simonides, who, like\n Pindar, wrote the praises of Hiero. Some of his verses have been\n preserved. _Marcellinus._\n\n=Bacenis=, a wood of Germany. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 10.\n\n=Bacis=, a famous soothsayer of B\u0153otia. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _de\n Divinatione_, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Corinth, called also Bacchis.\n _See:_ Bacchis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An athlete of Tr\u0153zene. _Pausanias_, bk. 6.\n\n=Bactra= (orum), now _Balk_, the capital of Bactriana, on the river\n Bactros in Asia. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 138.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 2.\n\n=Bactri= and =Bactri\u0101ni=, the inhabitants of Bactriana, who lived\n upon plunder, and were always under arms. They gave to their dogs\n those that died through old age or disease, and suffered slaves and\n strangers to take whatever liberties they pleased with their wives.\n They were conquered by Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 6,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _An vitiositas ad\n infelicitatem sufficia_.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bks. 1 & 3.\n\n=Bactri\u0101na=, a country of Asia, fruitful as well as extensive. It\n formed once part of the Persian empire, on the eastern parts of\n which it is situated. Zoroaster was the most ancient king of this\n country, who taught his subjects the art of magic and astrology.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n\n=Bactros=, now _Dahesh_, a river on the borders of Asiatic Scythia,\n from which Bactriana receives its name. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 267.\n\n=Bacuntius=, a river of Pannonia, which falls into the Save above\n Sirmium.\n\n=Badaca=, a town of Media. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.\n\n=Badia=, a town of Spain. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\n\n=Badius=, a Campanian, who challenged Titus Quinctius Crispinus, one\n of his friends, by whom he was killed. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 18.\n\n=Baduhenn\u00e6=, a place in the country of the Frisii, where 900 Romans\n were killed. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 73.\n\n=B\u00e6bia lex=, was enacted for the election of four pretors every other\n year. _Livy_, bk. 40.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another law by Massa B\u00e6bius a tribune\n of the people, which forbade the division of the lands, whilst it\n substituted a yearly tax to be paid by the possessors, and to be\n divided among the people. _Appian_, bk. 1.\n\n=Massa B\u00e6bius=, a Roman, in whose consulship the tomb of Numa was\n discovered. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius, a Roman pretor, who, being surprised by the Ligurians,\n fled to Marseilles, where he died three days after. _Livy_, bk. 37,\n ch. 57.\n\n=B\u00e6tis=, a river of Spain, from which a part of the country has\n received the name of _B\u00e6tica_. It was formerly called Tartessus,\n and now bears the name of Guadalquiver. The wool produced there was\n so good that _B\u00e6tica_ was an epithet of merit, applied to garments.\n _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 100.\n\n=B\u00e6ton=, a Greek historian in the age of Alexander.\n\n=Bagistame=, a delightful country of Media. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Bagistanes=, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he murdered\n Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 13.\n\n=Bag\u014das= and =Bag\u014dsas=, an Egyptian eunuch in the court of Artaxerxes\n Ochus, so powerful that nothing could be done without his consent.\n He led some troops against the Jews, and profaned their temple. He\n poisoned Ochus, gave his flesh to cats, and made knife handles with\n his bones, because he had killed the god Apis. He placed on the\n throne Arses, the youngest of the slaughtered Prince\u2019s children,\n and afterwards put him to death. He was at last killed, B.C. 335, by\n Darius, whom, after raising to the crown, he had attempted to poison.\n _Diodorus_, bks. 16 & 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, greatly esteemed by Alexander.\n He was the cause that one of the satraps was put to death by the\n most excruciating torments. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_\n in _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of Bagoas occurs very frequently in\n the Persian history; and it seems that most of the eunuchs of the\n monarchs of Persia were generally known by that appellation.\n\n=Bagodares=, a friend of Bessus, whom he abandoned when he attempted\n the life of Darius. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Bagoph\u0103nes=, a governor of Babylon, who, when Alexander approached\n the city, strewed all the streets and burned incense on the altars,\n &c. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\n\n=Bagr\u0103da=, now _Megerda_, a river of Africa near Utica, where Regulus\n killed a serpent 120 feet long. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 14.\n\n\u2666=Bai\u00e6=, a city of Campania near the sea, founded by Baius, one of the\n companions of Ulysses. It was famous for its delightful situation\n and baths, where many of the Roman senators had country houses.\n Its ancient grandeur, however, has now disappeared, and Bai\u00e6, with\n its magnificent villas, has yielded to the tremendous earthquakes\n which afflict and convulse Italy, and it is no longer to be found.\n _Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 81.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 1.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 5.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Bal\u00e6\u2019 replaced with \u2018Bai\u00e6\u2019\n\n=Bala=, a surname of Alexander king of Syria. _Justin_, bk. 35, ch. 1.\n\n=Balacrus=, an officer in Alexander\u2019s army, who took Miletus.\n _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another officer, who commanded some\n auxiliaries. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\n\n=Balanagr\u00e6=, a town of Cyrene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.\n\n=Balanea=, a town between Syria and Ph\u0153nicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.\n\n=Balanus=, a prince of Gaul, who assisted the Romans in their\n Macedonian war, A.U.C. 581.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 14.\n\n=Balari=, a people of Sardinia. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 6.\n\n=Claudius Balbillus=, a learned and benevolent man, governor of Egypt,\n of which he wrote the history, under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 13, ch. 22.\n\n=Balb\u012bnus=, an admirer of Agna, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3,\n li. 40.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who, after governing provinces with credit and\n honour, assassinated the Gordians, and seized the purple. He was\n some time after murdered by his \u2666soldiers. A.D. 238.\n\n \u2666 \u2018soldier\u2019 replaced with \u2018soldiers\u2019\n\n=Balbus=, a mountain of Africa, famous for the retreat of Masinissa,\n after he had fought a battle against Syphax.\n\n=Lucius Balbus=, a lawyer, &c., one among the pupils of Sc\u00e6vola.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n man killed by the assassins of the triumvirs.\n\n=Baleares=, three islands in the Mediterranean, modernly called\n _Majorca_, _Minorca_, and _Yvica_, on the coast of Spain. The word\n is derived from \u03b2\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _to throw_, because the inhabitants were\n expert archers and slingers, besides great pirates. We are told by\n Florus, that the mothers never gave their children breakfast before\n they had struck with an arrow a certain mark in a tree. When a woman\n was married, she was not admitted to her husband\u2019s bed before she\n had received the embraces of all her relations. The inhabitants\n were naturally of a lascivious propensity, and in their wars they\n required nothing but females and wine, and often exchanged four men\n for one woman. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 5.\n\n=Bal\u0113tus=, a son of Hippo, who first founded Corinth. _Paterculus_\n bk. 1, ch. 3.\n\n=Balius=, a horse of Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 146.\n\n=Balista=, a mountain of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 41.\n\n=Ballon\u014fti=, a people of European Sarmatia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 160.\n\n=Balne\u00e6= (_baths_), were very numerous at Rome, private as well as\n public. In the ancient times simplicity was observed; but in the age\n of the emperors they became expensive; they were used after walking,\n exercise, or labour, and were deemed more necessary than luxurious.\n Under the emperors it became so fashionable to bathe, that without\n this the meanest of the people seemed to be deprived of one of the\n necessaries of life. There were certain hours of the day appointed\n for bathing, and a small piece of money admitted the poorest,\n as well as the most opulent. In the baths there were separate\n apartments for the people to dress and to undress; and after they\n had bathed, they commonly covered themselves, the hair was plucked\n out of the skin, and the body rubbed over with a pumice stone, and\n perfumed to render it smooth and fair. The Roman emperors generally\n built baths, and all endeavoured to eclipse each other in the\n magnificence of the building. It is said that \u2666Diocletian employed\n 40,000 of his soldiers in building his baths; and when they were\n finished, he destroyed all the workmen. Alexander Severus first\n permitted the people to use them in the night, and he himself often\n bathed with the common people. For some time both sexes bathed\n promiscuously and without shame, and the edicts of the emperors\n proved abortive for a while in abolishing that indecent custom,\n which gradually destroyed the morals of the people. They generally\n read in bathing, and we find many compositions written in the midst\n of this luxurious enjoyment.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Dioclesian\u2019 replaced with \u2018Diocletian\u2019 for consistency\n\n=Balventius=, a centurion of great valour in C\u00e6sar\u2019s army, killed by\n Ambiorix. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 35.\n\n=Balyras=, a river of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.\n\n=Bamur\u016b\u00e6=, a people of Libya. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 303.\n\n=Bantia=, now _St. Maria de Vanse_, a town of Apulia, whence\n _Bantinus_. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 15.\n\n=Lucius Bantius=, a gallant youth of Nola, whom Annibal found after\n the battle of Cann\u00e6, almost dead among the heaps of slain. He was\n sent home with great humanity, upon which he resolved to betray his\n country to so generous an enemy. Marcellus the Roman general heard\n of it, and rebuked Bantius, who continued firm and faithful to the\n interest of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 15.\n\n=Baphy\u0306rus=, a river of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 6.\n\n=Bapt\u00e6=, the priests of Cotytto, the goddess of lasciviousness and\n debauchery at Athens. Her festivals were celebrated in the night;\n and so infamous and obscene was the behaviour of the priests, that\n they disgusted even Cotytto herself, though the goddess of obscenity.\n The name is derived from \u03b2\u03b1\u03c0\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _to wash_, because the priests\n bathed themselves in the most effeminate manner. _Juvenal_, satire 2,\n li. 91.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comedy of Eupolis, on which men are introduced dancing\n on the stage, with all the indecent gestures of common prostitutes.\n\n=Bar\u00e6i=, a people of Cholcis and Iberia, who burnt the bodies of their\n friends who died by disease, but gave to the fowls of the air such\n as fell in war. _\u00c6lian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 10, ch. 22.\n\n=Bar\u0103thrum=, a deep and obscure gulf at Athens, where criminals were\n thrown.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The word is applied to the infernal regions by _Valerius\n Flaccus_, bk. 2, lis. 86 & 192.\n\n=Barb\u0103ri=, a name originally applied to those who spoke inelegantly,\n or with harshness and difficulty. The Greeks and Romans generally\n called all nations, except their own, by the despicable name of\n Barbarians.\n\n=Barb\u0103ria=, a river of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name\n given to Phrygia and Troy. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 7.\n\n=Barb\u0103tus=, the surname of a Roman family. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_,\n ch. 21.\n\n=Barbosth\u0115nes=, a mountain of Peloponnesus, 10 miles from Sparta.\n _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 27.\n\n=Barbyth\u0103ce=, a city of Persia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.\n\n=Barca=, a friend of Cato the elder. _Plutarch_, _Cato the Younger_.\n\n=Barc\u00e6i=, or =Barcit\u00e6=, a warlike nation of Africa, near the city of\n Carthage. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 43.\n\n=Barce=, the nurse of Sich\u00e6us. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 632.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n large country of Africa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a city about nine miles from the\n sea, founded by the brothers of Arcesilaus king of Cyrene, 515 years\n before the christian era. Strabo says, that in his age it was called\n Ptolemais; but this arises because most of the inhabitants retired\n to Ptolemais, which was on the sea coast, to enrich themselves by\n commerce. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 4, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small\n village of Bactriana, where the people who had been taken prisoners\n by Darius in Africa, were confined. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 204.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Media. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\n\n=Barcha=, the surname of a noble family at Carthage, from which Annibal\n and Hamilcar were descended. By means of their bribes and influence,\n they excited a great faction, which is celebrated in the annals of\n Carthage by the name of the _Barchinian faction_, and at last raised\n themselves to power, and to the independent disposal of all the\n offices of trust or emolument in the state. _Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 2\n & 9.\n\n=Bard\u00e6i=, a people of Illyricum concerned in the factions of Marius.\n _Plutarch_, _Marius_.\n\n=Bardi=, a celebrated sacerdotal order among the ancient Gauls, who\n praised their heroes, and published their fame in their verses, or\n on musical instruments. They were so esteemed and respected by the\n people, that, at their sight, two armies which were engaged in\n battle laid down their arms, and submitted to their orders. They\n censured, as well as commended, the behaviour of the people. _Lucan_,\n bk. 1, li. 447.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Marcellinus_, bk. 15, ch. 24.\n\n=Bardyllis=, an Illyrian prince, whose daughter Bircenna married king\n Pyrrhus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.\n\n=Bareas Soranus=, a youth killed by his tutor Egnatius, a Stoic\n philosopher. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 116.\n\n=Bares=, a naval officer of Persia, who wished to destroy Cyrene, but\n was opposed by Amasis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 203.\n\n=Bargusii=, a people of Spain, at the east of the Iberus. _Livy_,\n bk. 21, ch. 19.\n\n=Bargyli\u00e6=, a town of Caria.\n\n=Bar\u012bne=, a prostitute whom _Horace_ accuses of perjury. Bk. 2, ode 8.\n\n=Barisses=, one of the seven conspirators against the usurper Smerdis.\n _Ctesias._\n\n=Barium=, a town of Apulia, on the Adriatic, now called Bari, and\n remarkable for its fine fish. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 97.\n\n=Barnuus=, a town of Macedonia near Heraclea. _Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=Barrus=, a man ridiculed by Horace as proud of his beauty. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, satire 6, li. 30.\n\n=Bars\u012bne= and =Bars\u0113ne=, a daughter of Darius, who married Alexander,\n by whom she had a son called Hercules. Cassander ordered her and her\n child to be put to death. _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 2; bk. 15, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Arrian._\n\n=Barzaentes=, a satrap who revolted from Alexander, &c. _Curtius_,\n bk. 8, ch. 13.\n\n=Barzanes=, a king of Armenia, tributary to Ninus. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Basil\u0113a=, a daughter of C\u0153lus and Terra, who was mother of all the\n gods. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island at the north of Gaul, famous\n for its amber. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island in the Euxine sea.\n _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.\n\n=Basil\u012bd\u00e6=, European Sarmatians, descended from Hercules and Echidna.\n _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Basil\u012bdes=, the father of Herodotus, who, with others, attempted to\n destroy Strattes tyrant of Chios. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 132.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n family who held an oligarchical power at Erythr\u00e6. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A priest of mount Carmel, who foretold many momentous events to\n Vespasian, when he offered sacrifices. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2,\n ch. 87.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 7.\n\n=Basil\u012dp\u014ft\u0103mos=, the ancient name of the Eurotas. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\n\n=Bas\u012dlis=, an historian who wrote concerning India. _Athen\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n city of Arcadia, built by Cypselus, near the river Alpheus.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 29.\n\n=Basilius=, a river of Mesopotamia falling into the Euphrates.\n _Strabo._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated bishop of Africa, very animated against\n the Arians, whose tenets and doctrines he refuted with warmth, but\n great ability. He was eloquent as well as ingenious, and possessed\n of all those abilities which constitute the persuasive orator and\n the elegant writer. Erasmus has placed him in the number of the\n greatest orators of antiquity. He died in his 51st year, A.D. 379.\n The latest edition of his works is that of the Benedictines, folio,\n Paris, 1721.\n\n=Bas\u012dlus=, a general who assisted Antony. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 416.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An insignificant lawyer. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 146.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n pretor who plundered the provinces. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 222.\n\n=Bass\u00e6=, a place of Arcadia, where Apollo had a temple. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, chs. 30 & 41.\n\n=Bassania=, a town of Macedonia near Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 30.\n\n=Bass\u0103reus=, a surname of Bacchus, from the dress or long robe, called\n _Bassaris_, which his priests wore. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 18.\n\n=Bass\u0103r\u012ddes=, a name given to the votaries of Bacchus, and to Agave by\n Persius, which seems derived from _Bassara_, a town of Libya sacred\n to the god, or from a particular dress worn by his priestesses, and\n so called by the Thracians. _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 101.\n\n=Bassus Aufidius=, an historian in the age of Augustus, who wrote on\n the Germanic war. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015C\u00e6sius, a lyric\n poet in Nero\u2019s age, to whom Persius addressed his sixth satire.\n Some of his verses are extant.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Julius, an orator in the reign of\n Augustus, some of whose orations have been preserved by Seneca.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n man spoken of by _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 36, li. 14, and described as\n fond of wine and women.\n\n=Bastarn\u00e6= and =Bastern\u00e6=, a people of European Sarmatia, destroyed\n by a sudden storm as they pursued the Thracians. _Livy_, bk. 40,\n ch. 58.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 198.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=Bastia=, the wife of Metellus. _Livy_, fragment, bk. 89.\n\n=Bata=, a seaport of Asia, on the Euxine, opposite Sinope. _Strabo_,\n bk. 6.\n\n=Bat\u0101vi=, a people of Germany who inhabited that part of the continent\n known under the modern name of Holland, and called by the ancients,\n _Batavorum insula_. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 431.\n\n=Bathos=, a river near the Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 29.\n\n=Bathycles=, a celebrated artist of Magnesia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,\n ch. 19.\n\n=Bathyllus=, a beautiful youth of Samos, greatly beloved by Polycrates\n the tyrant, and by Anacreon. _Horace_, epode 14, li. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Mec\u00e6nas\n was also fond of a youth of Alexandria, of the same name. _Juvenal_,\n satire 6, li. 63.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The poet who claimed as his own Virgil\u2019s\n distich, _Nocte pluit tot\u00e2_, &c., bore also the same name.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n fountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31.\n\n=Lentulus Bati\u0101tus=, a man of Campania, who kept a house full of\n gladiators who rebelled against him. _Plutarch_, _Crassus_.\n\n=Bat\u012ba=, a naiad who married \u0152balus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Teucer, who married Dardanus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 10.\n\n=Bat\u012bna= and =Bant\u012bna=. _See:_ Bantia.\n\n=B\u0101tis=, a eunuch, governor of Gaza, who, upon being unwilling to\n yield, was dragged round the city tied by the heels to Alexander\u2019s\n chariot. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 6.\n\n=Bato=, a Dardanian, who revolted to Rome from king Philip. _Livy_,\n bk. 31, ch. 28.\n\n=Baton= of Sinope, wrote commentaries on the Persian affairs. _Strabo_,\n bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A charioteer of Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.\n\n=Batrachomyomachia=, a poem, describing the _fight_ between _frogs_\n and _mice_, written by Homer, which has been printed sometimes\n separately from the Iliad or Odyssey. The best edition of it is\n Maittaire\u2019s, 8vo, London, 1721.\n\n=Batti\u0103des=, a patronymic of Callimachus, from his father Battus.\n _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 53.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name given to the people of Cyrene from\n king Battus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 253.\n\n=Battis=, a girl, celebrated by Philetus the elegiac poet. _Ovid_,\n _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 5.\n\n=Battus I.=, a Laced\u00e6monian who built the town of Cyrene, B.C. 630,\n with a colony from the island of Thera. He was son of Polymnestus\n and Phronime, and reigned in the town he had founded, and after\n death received divine honours. The difficulty with which he spoke\n first procured him the name of Battus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch.\n 155, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second of that name\n was grandson to Battus I. by Arcesilaus. He succeeded his father\n on the throne of Cyrene, and was surnamed _Felix_, and died 554\n B.C. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 159, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A shepherd of Pylos, who\n promised Mercury that he would not discover his having stolen the\n flocks of Admetus, which Apollo tended. He violated his promise,\n and was turned into a pumice stone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2,\n li. 702.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Corinth against Athens. _Thucydides_, bk. 4,\n ch. 43.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A buffoon of Caesar\u2019s. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem\n Sapientium_, ch. 6.\n\n=Bat\u016dlum=, a town of Campania, whose inhabitants assisted Turnus\n against \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 739.\n\n=Bat\u016dlus=, a surname of Demosthenes, from his effeminacy when young.\n _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.\n\n=Batyllus=, a celebrated dancer in Domitian\u2019s reign. _Juvenal_,\n satire 6, li. 63.\n\n=Baubo=, a woman who received Ceres when she sought her daughter all\n over the world, and gave her some water to quench her thirst. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 7.\n\n=Baucis=, an old woman of Phrygia, who, with her husband Philemon,\n lived in a small cottage, in a penurious manner, when Jupiter\n and Mercury travelled in disguise over Asia. The gods came to\n the cottage, where they received the best things it afforded; and\n Jupiter was so pleased with their hospitality, that he metamorphosed\n their dwelling into a magnificent temple, of which Baucis and her\n husband were made priests. After they had lived happy to an extreme\n old age, they died both at the same hour, according to their request\n to Jupiter, that one might not have the sorrow of following the\n other to the grave. Their bodies were changed into trees before the\n doors of the temple. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 631, &c.\n\n=Bavius= and =M\u00e6vius=, two stupid and malevolent poets in the age\n of Augustus, who attacked the superior talents of the contemporary\n writers. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 3.\n\n=Bauli=, a small town of Latium near Bai\u00e6. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 12,\n li. 155.\n\n=Bazaentes=, a friend of Bessus, &c.\n\n=Bazaria=, a country of Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 1.\n\n=Bebius=, a famous informer in Vespasian\u2019s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 1,\n li. 35. _See:_ B\u00e6bius.\n\n=Bebri\u0103cum=, now _Caneto_, a village between Cremona and Verona, where\n Vitellius overcame Otho. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 106.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\n\n=Bebry\u0306ce=, a daughter of Danaus, who is said to have spared her\n husband. Most authors, however, attribute that character of humanity\n to Hypermnestra. _See:_ Danaides.\n\n=Bebry\u0306ces= and =Bebry\u0306cii=, a nation of Asia near Pontus, of Thracian\n origin, and, according to Arrian, descended from Bebryce. They\n were expert in the battle of the cestus. The Argonauts touched on\n their coasts in their expedition to Colchis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 7 & 12.\n\n=Bebry\u0306cia=, an ancient name of Bithynia, from Bebryce the daughter of\n Danaus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 373.\n\n=Belem\u012bna=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.\n\n=Bel\u0113nus=, a divinity of the Gauls, the same as the Apollo of the\n Greeks, and the Orus of the \u00c6gyptians.\n\n=Belephantes=, a Chaldean, who, from his knowledge of astronomy, told\n Alexander that his entering Babylon would be attended with fatal\n consequences to him. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Bel\u0115sis=, priest of Babylon, who told Arbaces governor of Media\n that he should reign one day in the place of Sardanapalus. His\n prophecy was verified, and he was rewarded by the new king with the\n government of Babylon, B.C. 826. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Belg\u00e6=, a warlike people of ancient Gaul, separated from the Celt\u00e6 by\n the rivers Matrona and Sequana. Their country, according to Strabo,\n extended from the Rhine to the river modernly called the Loire.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bks. 1 & 2.\n\n=Belg\u012dca=, one of the four provinces of Gaul near the Rhine.\n\n=Belgium=, the capital of Gallia Belgica. The word is often used to\n express the whole country. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 24.\n\n=Belgius=, a general of Gaul, who destroyed an army of Macedonians.\n _Justin_, bk. 23, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 2.\n\n=Bel\u012ddes=, a surname given to the daughters of Belus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 463.\n\n=Bel\u012bdes=, a name applied to Palamedes, as descended from Belus.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_ bk. 2, li. 82.\n\n=Belisama=, the name of Minerva among the Gauls, signifying _queen of\n heaven_. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6.\n\n=Belisarius=, a celebrated general, who, in a degenerate and an\n effeminate age, in the reign of Justinian emperor of Constantinople,\n renewed all the glorious victories, battles, and triumphs which\n had rendered the first Romans so distinguished in the time of their\n republic. He died after a life of military glory, and the trial of\n royal ingratitude, in the 565th year of the christian era. The story\n of his begging charity, with _date obolum Belisario_, is said to be\n a fabrication of modern times.\n\n=Belist\u012bda=, a woman who obtained a prize at Olympia. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 5, ch. 8.\n\n=Belit\u00e6=, a nation of Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Beller\u014fphon=, a son of Glaucus king of Ephyre by Eurymede, was at\n first called Hipponous. The murder of his brother, whom some call\n Alcimenus or Beller, procured him the name of Bellerophon, or\n _murderer of Beller_. After this murder, Bellerophon fled to the\n court of Pr\u0153tus king of Argos. As he was of a handsome appearance,\n the king\u2019s wife, called Ant\u00e6a or Stenob\u0153a, fell in love with him;\n and as he slighted her passion, she accused him before her husband\n of attempts upon her virtue. Pr\u0153tus, unwilling to violate the\n laws of hospitality by punishing Bellerophon, sent him away to\n his father-in-law Jobates king of Lycia, and gave him a letter,\n in which he begged the king to punish with death a man who had so\n dishonourably treated his daughter. From that circumstance, all\n letters which are of an unfavourable tendency to the bearer have\n been called _letters of Bellerophon_. Jobates, to satisfy his\n son-in-law, sent Bellerophon to conquer a horrible monster called\n Chim\u00e6ra, in which dangerous expedition he hoped, and was even\n assured, he must perish. _See:_ Chim\u00e6ra. But the providence of\n Minerva supported him, and, with the aid of the winged horse\n Pegasus, he conquered the monster, and returned victorious. After\n this Jobates sent him against the Solymi, in hopes of seeing him\n destroyed; but he obtained another victory, and conquered afterwards\n the Amazons, by the king\u2019s order. At his return from this third\n expedition, he was attacked by a party sent against him by Jobates;\n but he destroyed all his assassins, and convinced the king that\n innocence is always protected by the gods. Upon this, Jobates no\n longer sought to destroy his life; but he gave him his daughter\n in marriage, and made him his successor on the throne of Lycia,\n as he was without male issue. Some authors have supported that he\n attempted to fly to heaven upon the horse Pegasus, but that Jupiter\n sent an insect which stung the horse, and threw down the rider who\n wandered upon the earth in the greatest melancholy and dejection\n till the day of his death, one generation before the Trojan war.\n Bellerophon had two sons, Isander, who was killed in his war against\n the Solymi, and Hippolochus, who succeeded to the throne after his\n death, besides one daughter called Hippodamia, who had Sarpedon by\n Jupiter. The wife of Bellerophon is called Philonoe by Apollodorus,\n and Achemone by Homer. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 156, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 10.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 157 & 243; _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2,\n ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 325.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 11,\n li. 26.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.\n\n=Bell\u0115rus= and =Beller=, a brother of Hipponous. _See:_ Bellerophon.\n\n=Belli\u0113nus=, a Roman whose house was set on flames at C\u00e6sar\u2019s funeral.\n _Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 2, ch. 36.\n\n=Bell\u014dna=, the goddess of war, daughter to Phorcys and Ceto, was\n called by the Greeks _Enyo_, and often confounded with Minerva.\n She was anciently called _Duelliona_, and was the sister of Mars,\n or, according to others, his daughter or his wife. She prepared\n the chariot of Mars when he was going to war; and she appeared\n in battles armed with a whip to animate the combatants, with\n dishevelled hair, and a torch in her hand. The Romans paid great\n adoration to her; but she was held in the greatest veneration by\n the Cappadocians, and chiefly at Comana, where she had about 3000\n priests. Her temple at Rome was near the Porta Carmentalis. In it\n the senators gave audience to foreign ambassadors, and to generals\n returned from war. At the gate was a small column called the _column\n of war_, against which they threw a spear whenever war was declared\n against an enemy. The priests of this goddess consecrated themselves\n by great incisions in their body, and particularly in the thigh, of\n which they received the blood in their hands to offer as a sacrifice\n to the goddess. In their wild enthusiasm they often predicted\n bloodshed and wars, the defeat of enemies, or the besieging of\n towns. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 124.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 270.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 703.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 2,\n li. 718; bk. 7, li. 73.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 221.\n\n=Bell\u014dnarii=, the priests of Bellona.\n\n=Bellov\u0103ci=, a people of Gaul conquered by Julius C\u00e6sar. They inhabited\n the modern Beauvais in the isle of France. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Bellov\u0113sus=, a king of the Celt\u00e6, who, in the reign of Tarquin\n Priscus, was sent at the head of a colony to Italy by his uncle\n Ambigatus. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34.\n\n=Belon=, a general of Alexander\u2019s. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city\n and river of Hispania B\u00e6tica. _Strabo_, bk. 3.\n\n=Belus=, one of the most ancient kings of Babylon, about 1800 years\n before the age of Semiramis, was made a god after death, and\n worshipped with much ceremony by the Assyrians and Babylonians.\n He was supposed to be the son of the Osiris of the Egyptians. The\n temple of Belus was the most ancient and most magnificent in the\n world. It was originally the tower of Babel, which was converted\n into a temple. It had lofty towers, and it was enriched by all\n the succeeding monarchs till the age of Xerxes, who, after his\n unfortunate expedition against Greece, plundered and demolished it.\n Among the riches it contained, were many statues of massive gold,\n one of which was 40 feet high. In the highest of the towers was a\n magnificent bed, where the priests daily conducted a woman, who,\n as they said, was honoured with the company of the god. _Josephus_,\n _Antiquities of the Jews_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 181,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Arrian_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Egypt, son of Epaphus and Libya, and father of Agenor.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, son of Ph\u0153nix the son of Agenor, who reigned in\n Ph\u0153nicia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Syria, where the making of glass was first\n invented. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 19.\n\n=Ben\u0101cus=, a lake of Italy, now _Lago di Garda_, from which the\n Mincius flows into the Po. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 160;\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 205.\n\n=Bendidium=, a temple of Diana Bendis. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 41.\n\n=Bendis=, a name of Diana among the Thracians and their northern\n neighbours. _Strabo_, bk. 9. Her festivals, called _Bendidia_, were\n introduced from Thrace into Athens.\n\n=Beneventum=, a town of the Hirpini, built by Diomedes, 28 miles from\n Capua. Its original name was _Maleventum_, changed into the more\n auspicious word of _Beneventum_, when the Romans had a colony there.\n It abounds in remains of ancient sculpture above any other town in\n Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\n\n=Benthesicyme=, a daughter of Neptune the nurse of Eumolpus.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\n\n=Bepolit\u0101nus=, a youth whose life was saved by the delay of the\n executioner, who wished not to stain the youth\u2019s fine clothes with\n blood. _Plutarch_, _Mulierum virtutes_.\n\n=Berbic\u00e6=, a nation who destroyed their relations when arrived at a\n certain age. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\n\n=Ber\u00e6a=, a town of Syria, 90 miles from the sea, and 100 from the\n Euphrates, now called Aleppo.\n\n=Berecynthia=, a surname of Cybele, from mount Berecynthus in Phrygia,\n where she was particularly worshipped. She has been celebrated in a\n poem by Catullus. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4,\n li. 782.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 82.\n\n=Beren\u012bce= and =Beronice=, a woman famous for her beauty, mother of\n Ptolemy Philadelphus by Lagus. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14,\n ch. 43.\u2015\u2015_Theocritus._\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Philadelphus, who married Antiochus king of Syria, after he had\n divorced Laodice his former wife. After the death of Philadelphus,\n Laodice was recalled, and mindful of the treatment which she had\n received, she poisoned her husband, placed her son on the vacant\n throne, and murdered Berenice and her child at Antioch, where she\n had fled, B.C. 248.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who usurped\n her father\u2019s throne for some time, strangled her husband Seleucus,\n and married Archelaus, a priest of Bellona. Her father regained his\n power, and put her to death B.C. 55.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Mithridates,\n who, when conquered by Lucullus, ordered all his wives to destroy\n themselves, for fear the conqueror should offer violence to them.\n She accordingly drank poison, but this not operating soon enough,\n she was strangled by a eunuch.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Agrippa, who\n shines in the history of the Jews as daughter-in-law of Herod the\n Great.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Agrippa, who married her uncle Herod, and\n afterwards Polemon king of Cilicia. She was accused by Juvenal of\n committing incest with her brother Agrippa. It is said that she was\n passionately loved by Titus, who would have made her empress but for\n fear of the people.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wife of king Attalus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, daughter\n of Philadelphus and Arsinoe, who married her own brother Evergetes,\n whom she loved with much tenderness. When he went on a dangerous\n expedition, she vowed all the hair of her head to the goddess\n Venus, if he returned. Some time after his victorious return, the\n locks which were in the temple of Venus disappeared; and Conon, an\n astronomer, to make his court to the queen, publicly reported that\n Jupiter had carried them away, and had made them a constellation.\n She was put to death by her son, B.C. 221. _Catullus_, poem 67.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 26, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015This name is common to many of the queens and\n princesses in the Ptolemean family in Egypt.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Libya.\n _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Two towns of Arabia. _Strabo_,\n bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One in Egypt on the Red sea, where the ships from India\n generally landed their cargoes. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another\n near the Syrtes, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 17.\n\n=Beren\u012bcis=, a part of Africa near the town of Berenice. _Lucan_,\n bk. 9, li. 523.\n\n=Bergion= and =Albion=, two giants, sons of Neptune, who opposed\n Hercules as he attempted to cross the Rhone, and were killed with\n stones from heaven. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n=Bergist\u0103ni=, a people of Spain, at the east of the Iberus. _Livy_,\n bk. 34, ch. 16.\n\n=Beris= and =Baris=, a river of Cappadocia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Armenia.\n\n=Bermius=, a mountain of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 138.\n\n=Beroe=, an old woman of Epidaurus, nurse to Semele. Juno assumed\n her shape when she persuaded Semele not to grant her favours to\n Jupiter, if he did not appear in the majesty of a god. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 278.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Doryclus, whose form\n was assumed by Iris at the instigation of Juno, when she advised the\n Trojan women to burn the fleet of \u00c6neas in Sicily. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 5, li. 620.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Oceanides, attendant upon Cyrene.\n _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 341.\n\n=Ber\u0153a=, a town of Thessaly. _Cicero_, _Piso_, ch. 36.\n\n=Beron\u012bce.= _See:_ Berenice.\n\n=Ber\u014dsus=, a native of Babylon, priest to Belus. He passed into Greece,\n and remained a long time at Athens. He composed a history of Chald\u00e6a,\n and signalized himself by his astronomical predictions, and was\n rewarded for his learning with a statue in the gymnasium at Athens.\n The age in which he lived is not precisely known, though some fix\n it in the reign of Alexander, or 268 years B.C. Some fragments of\n his Chald\u00e6an history are preserved by Josephus, _Against Appion_ &\n _Antiquities of the Jews_, bk. 105. The book that is now extant\n under his name, and speaks of kings that never existed, is a\n supposititious fabrication.\n\n=Berrh\u0153a=, a town of Macedonia. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 61.\n\n=Bery\u0306tus=, now _Berut_, an ancient town of Ph\u0153nicia, on the coast of\n the Mediterranean, famous in the age of Justinian for the study of\n law. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.\n\n=Besa=, a fountain in Thessaly. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Besidl\u00e6=, a town of the Brutii. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 19.\n\n=Besippo=, a town of Hispania B\u00e6tica, where Mela was born. _Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 6.\n\n=Bessi=, a people of Thrace, on the left side of the Strymon, who\n lived upon rapine. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 67.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 111.\n\n=Bessus=, a governor of Bactriana, who, after the battle of Arbela,\n seized Darius his sovereign and put him to death. After this murder,\n he assumed the title of king, and was some time after brought before\n Alexander, who gave him to Oxatres the brother of Darius. The prince\n ordered his hands and ears to be cut off, and his body to be exposed\n on a cross, and shot at by the soldiers. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bks. 6 & 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A parricide who discovered the murder\n he had committed, upon observing a nest of swallows, which, as he\n observed, reproached him with his crime. _Plutarch._\n\n=Lucius Bestia=, a seditious Roman, who conspired with Catiline against\n his country. _Cicero_, bk. 2, _Philippics_.\n\n=Betis=, a river in Spain, _See:_ B\u00e6tis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Gaza, who\n bravely defended himself against Alexander, for which he was treated\n with cruelty by the conqueror.\n\n=Beturia=, a country in Spain.\n\n=Bia=, a daughter of Pallas by Styx. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\n\n=Bi\u0101nor=, a son of Tiberius and Manto the daughter of Tiresias, who\n received the surname of Ocnus, and reigned over Etruria. He built\n a town which he called Mantua, after his mother\u2019s name. His tomb\n was seen in the age of Virgil on the road between Mantua and Andes.\n _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 9, li. 60.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan chief killed by\n Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 92.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A centaur killed by\n Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 342.\n\n=Bias=, son of Amythaon and Idomene, was king of Argos, and brother\n to the famous soothsayer Melampus. He fell in love with Perone,\n daughter of Neleus king of Pylos; but the father refused to give\n his daughter in marriage before he received the oxen of Iphiclus.\n Melampus, at his brother\u2019s request, went to seize the oxen, and\n was caught in the act. He, however, in one year after received his\n liberty from Iphiclus who presented him with his oxen as a reward\n for his great services. Bias received the oxen from his brother,\n and obliged Neleus to give him his daughter in marriage. _Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 6 & 18; bk. 4, ch. 34.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Grecian prince, who went to\n the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, lis. 13 & 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river\n of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the seven\n wise men of Greece, son of Teutamidas, born at Priene, which he\n long saved from ruin. He flourished B.C. 566, and died in the\n arms of his grandson, who begged a favour of him for one of his\n friends. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem\n Sapientium_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 24.\n\n=Bib\u0101c\u016dlus Marcus Furius=, a Latin poet in the age of Cicero. He\n composed annals in iambic verses, and wrote epigrams full of wit\n and humour, and other poems now lost. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 5,\n li. 41.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A pretor, &c. _Valerius Maximus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 1.\n\n=Biblia= and =Billia=, a Roman lady famous for her chastity. She\n married Duillius.\n\n=Biblis=, a woman who became enamoured of her brother Caunus, and was\n changed into a fountain near Miletus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,\n li. 662.\n\n=Biblina=, a country of Thrace.\n\n=Biblus=, a city of Ph\u0153nicia. _Curtius_, bk. 4.\n\n=Bibracte=, a large town of the \u00c6dui in Gaul, where C\u00e6sar often\n wintered. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 55, &c.\n\n=Bib\u016dlus=, a son of Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus by Portia, Cato\u2019s\n daughter. He was C\u00e6sar\u2019s colleague in the consulship, but of no\n consequence in the state, according to this distich mentioned by\n _Suetonius_, _Julius C\u00e6sar_, ch. 20:\n\n _Non Bibulo quicquam nuper, sed C\u00e6sare factum est;\n Nam Bibulo fieri consule nil memini._\n\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the friends of Horace bore that name. Bk. 1, satire 10,\n li. 86.\n\n=Bices=, a marsh near the Palus M\u0153otis. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 68.\n\n=Bicon=, a Greek who assassinated Athenodorus, because he made himself\n master of a colony which Alexander had left at Bactra. _Curtius_,\n bk. 9, ch. 7.\n\n=Bicorn\u012dger=, a surname of Bacchus.\n\n=Bicornis=, the name of Alexander among the Arabians.\n\n=Biform\u012bs= (_two forms_), a surname of Bacchus and of Janus. Bacchus\n received it because he changed himself into an old woman to fly\n from the persecution of Juno; or perhaps because he was represented\n sometimes as a young, and sometimes as an old, man.\n\n=Bifrons=, a surname of Janus, because he was represented with _two\n faces_ among the Romans, as acquainted with the past and future.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 180.\n\n=Bilb\u012dlis=, a town of Celtiberia, where Martial was born. _Martial_,\n bk. 1, ltr. 50.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Spain. _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3.\n\n=Bim\u0101ter=, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies that he had _two\n mothers_, because, when he was taken from his mother\u2019s womb, he was\n placed in the thigh of his father Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 4, li. 12.\n\n=Bingium=, a town of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 70.\n\n=Bion=, a philosopher and sophist of Borysthenes in Scythia, who\n rendered himself famous for his knowledge of poetry, music, and\n philosophy. He made everybody the object of his satire, and rendered\n his compositions distinguished for clearness of expression, for\n facetiousness, wit, and pleasantry. He died 241 B.C. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek\n poet of Smyrna, who wrote pastorals in an elegant style. Moschus,\n his friend and disciple, mentions in an elegiac poem that he died by\n poison, about 300 years B.C. His Idyllia are written with elegance\n and simplicity, purity and ease, and they abound with correct images,\n such as the view of the country may inspire. There are many good\n editions of this poet\u2019s works, generally printed with those of\n Moschus, the best of which is that of Heskin, 8vo, Oxford, 1748.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A soldier in Alexander\u2019s army, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Propontis, in the age of Pherecydes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of\n Abdera, disciple to Democritus. He first found out that there were\n certain parts of the earth where there were six months of perpetual\n light and darkness alternately.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Soli, who composed a\n history of \u00c6thiopia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Syracuse, who wrote nine books\n on rhetoric, which he called by the names of the muses, and hence\n _Bionei sermones_ mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 60.\n \u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 4.\n\n=Birrhus.= _See:_ C\u0153lius.\n\n=Bisalt\u00e6=, a people of Scythia, or, according to some, of Thrace or\n Macedonia. Their country is called Bisaltia. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 29.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n\n=Bisaltes=, a man of Abydos, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 26.\n\n\u2666=Bisaltis=, a patronymic of Theophane, by whom Neptune, under the\n form of a ram, had the golden ram. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,\n li.117.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 18.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Bisaltes\u2019 replaced with \u2018Bisaltis\u2019\n\n=Bisanthe=, a town on the Hellespont. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 137.\n\n=Biston=, son of Mars and Callirhoe, built _Bistonia_ in Thrace,\n whence the Thracians are often called _Bistones_. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,\n ch. 110.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 569.\n\n=Bist\u014fnis=, a lake of Thrace near Abdera. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 109.\n\n=Bithus.= _See:_ Bacchius.\n\n=Bithy\u00e6=, a certain race of women of Scythia, whose eyes, as _Pliny_\n reports, bk. 7, ch. 2, killed those who gazed upon them for some\n time.\n\n=Bith\u0233nia=, a country of Asia Minor, formerly called Bebrycia. It\n was bounded by the Euxine on the north, on the south by Phrygia and\n Mysia, on the west by the Propontis, and the east by Paphlagonia.\n The country was first invaded by the Thracians, under Bithynus the\n son of Jupiter, who gave it the name of Bithynia. It was once a\n powerful kingdom. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 75.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bks. 1 & 2. According to _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 9, the\n inhabitants were descended from Mantinea in Peloponnesus.\n\n=Bitias=, a Trojan, son of Alcanor and Hiera, brought up in a wood\n sacred to Jupiter. He followed the fortune of \u00c6neas, and, with\n his brother, was killed by the Rutuli in Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 9, li. 672, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Dido\u2019s lovers, present when \u00c6neas and\n the Trojans were introduced to the queen. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1,\n li. 742.\n\n=Biton.= _See:_ Cleobis.\n\n=Bitu\u012btus=, a king of the Allobroges, conquered by a small number of\n Romans, &c.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 2.\n\n=Bituntum=, a town of Spain. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 55.\n\n=Bit\u016dr\u012dges=, a people of Gaul, divided from the \u00c6dui by the Ligeris.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 21.\n\n=Bitur\u012dcum=, a town of Gaul, formerly the capital of the Belg\u00e6.\n _Strabo_, bk. 4.\n\n=Bizia=, a citadel near Rhodope belonging to the kings of Thrace.\n Tereus was born there.\n\n=Bl\u00e6na=, a fruitful country of Pontus, where the general of Mithridates\n Eupator destroyed the forces of Nicomedes the Bithynian. _Strabo_,\n bk. 12.\n\n=Bl\u00e6sii=, two Romans who killed themselves because Tiberius deprived\n them of the priesthood. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 40.\n\n=Junius Bl\u00e6sus=, a governor of Gaul. _Tacitus._\n\n=Blandenona=, a place near Placentia. _Cicero_, bk. 2, ltr. 15,\n _Letters to his brother Quintus_.\n\n=Bland\u016dsia=, a fountain on the borders of the country of the Sabines\n near Mandela, Horace\u2019s country seat. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 13.\n\n=Blastoph\u0153n\u012bces=, a people of Lusitania. _Appian._\n\n=Blemmyes=, a people of Africa, who, as is fabulously reported, had\n no heads, but had the eyes and mouth placed in the breast. _Mela_,\n bk. 1, ch. 4.\n\n=Blen\u012bna=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.\n\n=Blitius Catulinus=, was banished into the \u00c6gean sea, after Piso\u2019s\n conspiracy, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.\n\n=Blucium=, a castle where king Dejotarus kept his treasures in\n Bithynia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\n\n=Boadicea.= _See:_ Boudicea.\n\n=Bo\u00e6= and =Boea=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.\n\n=Boagrius=, a river of Locris. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Bocalias=, a river in the island of Salamis.\n\n=Boccar=, a king of Mauritania. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 90, applies\n the word in a general sense to any native of Africa.\n\n=Bocch\u014fris=, a wise king and legislator of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Bocchus=, a king of G\u00e6tulia, in alliance with Rome, who perfidiously\n delivered Jugurtha to Sylla the lieutenant of Marius. _Sallust_,\n _Jugurthine War_.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.\n\n=Boduagn\u0101tus=, a leader of the Nervii, when C\u00e6sar made war against\n them. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 23.\n\n=Bod\u016bni=, a people of Britain who surrendered to Claudius. _Dio\n Cassius_, bk. 60.\n\n=Boea.= _See:_ Bo\u00e6.\n\n=B\u0153be=, a town of Thessaly. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 5.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lake of Crete. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=B\u0153b\u0113is=, a lake of Thessaly, near mount Ossa. _Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 176.\n\n=B\u0153bia lex=, was enacted to elect four pretors every year.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another\n to insure proprietors in the possession of their lands.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n A.U.C. 571, against using bribes at elections.\n\n=Boedromia=, an Athenian festival instituted in commemoration of\n the assistance which the people of Athens received in the reign\n of Erechtheus, from Ion son of Xuthus, when their country was\n invaded by Eumolpus son of Neptune. The word is derived \u1f01\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\n \u03b2\u03bf\u03b7\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _coming to help_. Plutarch in _Theseus_ mentions it\n as in commemoration of the victory which Theseus obtained over the\n Amazons, in a month called at Athens Boedromion.\n\n=B\u0153otarch\u00e6=, the chief magistrates in B\u0153otia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 43.\n\n=B\u0153otia=, a country of Greece, bounded on the north by Phocis, south\n by Attica, east by Eub\u0153a, and west by the bay of Corinth. It has\n been successively called Aonia, Mesapia, Hyantis, Ogygia, and\n Cadmeis, and now forms a part of Livadia. It was called B\u0153otia,\n from B\u0153otus son of Itonus; or, according to others, _a bove_, from a\n cow, by which Cadmus was led into the country where he built Thebes.\n The inhabitants were reckoned rude and illiterate, fonder of bodily\n strength than of mental excellence; yet their country produced many\n illustrious men, such as Pindar, Hesiod, Plutarch, &c. The mountains\n of B\u0153otia, particularly Helicon, were frequented by the Muses,\n to whom also many of their fountains and rivers were consecrated.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 5, ch. 57.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 3, li. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_,\n bk. 7, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 8, ch.\n 4.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 244.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 19.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 27, ch. 30, &c.\n\n=B\u0153otus=, a son of Itonus by Menalippa. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1.\n\n=B\u0153orobistas=, a man who made himself absolute among the Get\u00e6, by the\n strictness of his discipline. _Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=Boethius=, a celebrated Roman, banished and afterwards punished with\n death, on a suspicion of a conspiracy, by Theodoric king of the\n Ostrogoths, A.D. 525. It was during his imprisonment that he wrote\n his celebrated poetical treatise _De consolatione philosophi\u00e6_, in\n five books. The best edition of his works is that of Hagenau, 4to,\n 1491, or that of Leiden, 1671, with the _notis variorum_.\n\n=Boetus=, a foolish poet of Tarsus, who wrote a poem on the battle\n of Philippi. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Spain, more properly\n called B\u00e6tis. _See:_ B\u00e6tis.\n\n=Boeus=, one of the Heraclid\u00e6.\n\n=Boges= and =Boes=, a Persian who destroyed himself and family when\n besieged by the Athenians. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 107.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 8.\n\n=Bogud=, a king of Mauritania in the interest of C\u00e6sar. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Alexandrine War_, ch. 59.\n\n=Bogus=, a king of the Maurusii, present at the battle of Actium.\n _Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Boii=, a people of Celtic Gaul, who migrated into Cisalpine Gaul, and\n the north of Italy on the banks of the Po. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 1, ch. 28; bk. 7, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 158.\n\n=Bojocalus=, a general of the Germans in the age of Tiberius, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 55.\n\n=Bola=, a town of the \u00c6qui in Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 775.\n\n=Bol\u0101nus.= _See:_ Bollanus.\n\n=Bolbe=, a marsh near Mygdonia. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 58.\n\n=Bolbit\u012bnum=, one of the mouths of the Nile, with a town of the same\n name. Naucrautis was built near it. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 17.\n\n=Bolgius=, a general of Gaul, in an expedition against Ptolemy king of\n Macedonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 19.\n\n=Bol\u012bna=, a virgin of Achaia, who rejected the addresses of Apollo,\n and threw herself into the sea to avoid his importunities. The god\n made her immortal. There is a city which bears her name in Achaia.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.\n\n=Bolin\u00e6us=, a river near Bolina. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.\n\n=Bolissus=, a town and island near Chios. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 24.\n\n=Boll\u0101nus=, a man whom Horace represents, bk. 1, satire 9, li. 11, as\n of the most irascible temper and the most inimical to loquacity.\n\n=Bolus=, a king of the Cimbri, who killed a Roman ambassador. _Livy_,\n bk. 67.\n\n=Bomienses=, a people near \u00c6tolia. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 96.\n\n=Bomilcar=, a Carthaginian general, son of Amilcar. He was suspected\n of a conspiracy with Agathocles, and hung in the forum, where he\n had received all his dignity. _Diodorus_, bk. 26.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 22,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An African, for some time the instrument of all Jugurtha\u2019s\n cruelties. He conspired against Jugurtha, who put him to death.\n _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.\n\n=Bomon\u012bc\u00e6=, youths that were whipped at the altar of Diana Orthia\n during the festivals of the goddess. He who bore the lash of the\n whip with the greatest patience, and without uttering a groan, was\n declared victorious, and received an honourable prize. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 3, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.\n\n=Bona Dea=, a name given to Ops, Vesta, Cybele, and Rhea, by the\n Greeks; and by the Latins, to Fauna, or Fatua. This goddess was\n so chaste that no man but her husband saw her after her marriage;\n from which reason, her festivals were celebrated only in the night\n by the Roman matrons in the houses of the highest officers of the\n state, and all the statues of the men were carefully covered with a\n veil where the ceremonies were observed. In the latter ages of the\n republic, however, the sanctity of these mysteries was profaned\n by the introduction of lasciviousness and debauchery. _Juvenal_,\n satire 6, li. 313.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 25.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 637.\n\n=Bon\u014dnia=, called also Felsina, a town on the borders of the Rhine,\n or Rheno, which falls into the Po. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 599.\n\n=Bonosius=, an officer of Probus, who assumed the imperial purple in\n Gaul.\n\n=Bonus Eventus=, a Roman deity, whose worship was first introduced by\n the peasants. He was represented holding a cup in his right hand,\n and in his left, ears of corn. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.\n\n=Boos\u016bra= (_bovis cauda_), a town of Cyprus, where Venus had an\n ancient temple. _Strabo._\n\n=Bo\u014dtes=, a northern constellation near the Ursa Major, also called\n Bubulcus and Arctophylax. Some suppose it to be Icarus the father\n of Erigone, who was killed by shepherds for inebriating them. Others\n maintain that it is Arcas, whom Jupiter placed in heaven. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 405.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2,\n ch. 42.\n\n=Bootus= and =B\u0153otus=, a son of Neptune and Menalippe, exposed by his\n mother, but preserved by shepherds. _Hyginus_, fable 186.\n\n=Borea=, a town taken by Sextus Pompey. _Cicero_, bk. 16, _Letters to\n Atticus_, ltr. 4.\n\n=Bore\u0103des=, the descendants of Boreas, who long possessed the\n supreme power and the priesthood in the island of the Hyperboreans.\n _Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.\n\n=Boreas=, the name of the north wind blowing from the Hyperborean\n mountains. According to the poets, he was son of Astr\u00e6us and Aurora,\n but others make him son of the Strymon. He was passionately fond\n of Hyacinthus [_See:_ Hyacinthus], and carried away Orithyia, who\n refused to receive his addresses, and by her he had Zetes and Calais,\n Cleopatra and Chione. He was worshipped as a deity, and represented\n with wings and white hair. The Athenians dedicated altars to him,\n and to the winds, when Xerxes invaded Europe. Boreas changed himself\n into a horse, to unite himself with the mares of Dardanus, by which\n he had 12 mares so swift, that they ran or rather flew over the sea,\n without scarce wetting their feet. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 222.\n \u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 379.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 189.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,\n li. 700.\n\n=Boreasmi=, A festival at Athens in honour of Boreas, who, as the\n Athenians supposed, was related to them on account of his marriage\n with Orithyia the daughter of one of their kings. They attributed\n the overthrow of the enemy\u2019s fleet to the respect which he paid to\n his wife\u2019s native country. There were also sacrifices at Megalopolis\n in Arcadia, in honour of Boreas. _Pausanias_, _Attica_ & _Arcadia_.\n\n=Boreus=, a Persian, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 7, ch. 40.\n\n=Borges=, a Persian who burnt himself rather than submit to the enemy,\n &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 7, ch. 24.\n\n=Bornos=, a place of Thrace. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_, ch. 7.\n\n=Borsippa=, a town of Babylonia, sacred to Apollo and Diana. The\n inhabitants ate bats. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Borus=, a son of Perieres, who married Polydora the daughter of\n Peleus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16,\n li. 177.\n\n=Borysth\u0115nes=, a large river of Scythia, falling into the Euxine sea,\n now called the _Dnieper_, and inferior to no other European river\n but the Danube, according to _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 45, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There\n was a city of the same name on the borders of the river, built by a\n colony of Milesians, 655 years before the christian era. It was also\n called _Olba Salvia_. _Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A horse with\n which the emperor Adrian used to hunt. At his death he was honoured\n with a monument. _Diodorus._\n\n=Bosph\u014frus= and =Bosp\u014frus=, two narrow straits, situate at the confines\n of Europe and Asia. One was called Cimmerian, and joined the Palus\n M\u0153otis to the Euxine, now known by the name of the straits of Caffa;\n and the other, which was called the Thracian Bosphorus, and by the\n moderns the straits of Constantinople, made a communication between\n the Euxine sea and the Propontis. It is 16 miles long, and one and a\n half broad, and where narrowest 500 paces or four stadia, according\n to Herodotus. The word is derived from \u0392\u03bf\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, _bovis meatus_,\n because, on account of its narrowness, an ox could easily cross it.\n Cocks were heard to crow, and dogs to bark, from the opposite banks,\n and in a calm day persons could talk one to the other. _Pliny_, bk.\n 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 49.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 85.\n\n=Boter=, a freedman of Claudius. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_.\n\n=Bottia=, a colony of Macedonians in Thrace. The people were called\n _Botti\u00e6i_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 185, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 99.\n\n=Botti\u00e6is=, a country at the north of Macedonia, on the bay of Therma.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123, &c.\n\n=Boudicea=, a queen in Britain, who rebelled upon being insulted by\n the Romans. She poisoned herself when conquered, A.D. 61. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 31.\n\n=Boui\u0101num=, an ancient colony of the Samnites, at the foot of the\n Apennines not far from Beneventum. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 28.\n\n=Bovill\u00e6=, a town of Latium near Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3,\n li. 607.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Campania.\n\n=Brachmanes=, Indian philosophers, who derive their name from Brahma,\n one of the three beings whom God, according to their theology,\n created, and with whose assistance he formed the world. They devoted\n themselves totally to the worship of the gods, and were accustomed\n from their youth to endure labours, and to live with frugality and\n abstinence. They never ate flesh, and abstained from the use of\n wine, and all carnal enjoyments. After they had spent 37 years\n in the greatest trials, they were permitted to marry and indulge\n themselves in a more free and unbounded manner. According to modern\n authors, Brahma is the parent of all mankind, and he produced as\n many worlds as there are parts in the body, which they reckoned 14.\n They believed that there were seven seas, of water, milk, curds,\n butter, salt, sugar, and wine, each blessed with its particular\n paradise. _Strabo_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Br\u00e6sia=, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 14.\n\n=Branci\u0103des=, a surname of Apollo.\n\n=Branch\u012dd\u00e6=, a people of Asia, near the river Oxus, put to the sword\n by Alexander. They were originally of Miletus, near the temple of\n Branchus, but had been removed from thence by Xerxes. _Strabo_, bk.\n 11.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The priests of Apollo Didym\u00e6us, who\n gave oracles in Caria. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.\n\n=Branchyll\u012ddes=, a chief of the B\u0153otians. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 13.\n\n=Branchus=, a youth of Miletus, son of Smicrus, beloved by Apollo,\n who gave him the power of prophecy. He gave oracles at Didyme,\n which became inferior to none of the Grecian oracles except Delphi,\n and which exchanged the name of Didymean for that of Branchid\u00e6.\n The temple, according to Strabo, was set on fire by Xerxes, who\n took possession of the riches it contained, and transported the\n people into Sogdiana, where they built a city, which was afterwards\n destroyed by Alexander. _Strabo_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_,\n bk. 3, li. 479.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_, _de Domo_.\n\n=Brasl\u00e6=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.\n\n=Bras\u012ddas=, a famous general of Laced\u00e6mon, son of Tellus, who, after\n many great victories over Athens and other Grecian states, died of\n a wound at Amphipolis, which Cleon the Athenian had besieged, B.C.\n 422. A superb monument was raised to his memory. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,\n ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bks. 4 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of\n Cos. _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 7.\n\n=Brasid\u0113ia=, festivals at Laced\u00e6mon, in honour of Brasidas. None but\n freemen born Spartans were permitted to enter the lists, and such as\n were absent were fined.\n\n=Bras\u012dlas=, a man of Cos. _Theocritus_, poem 7.\n\n=Braure=, a woman who assisted in the murder of Pittacus king of the\n Edoni. _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 107.\n\n=Brauron=, a town of Attica, where Diana had a temple. The goddess had\n three festivals called _Brauronia_, celebrated once every fifth year\n by 10 men, who were called \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9. They sacrificed a goat to the\n goddess, and it was usual to sing one of the books of Homer\u2019s Iliad.\n The most remarkable that attended were young virgins in yellow gowns,\n consecrated to Diana. They were about 10 years of age, and not under\n five, and therefore their consecration was called \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, from\n \u03b4\u03b5\u03ba\u03b1, _decem_; and sometimes \u1f00\u03c1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, as the virgins themselves\n bore the name of \u1f00\u03c1\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9, _bears_, from this circumstance. There was\n a bear in one of the villages of Attica so tame, that he ate with\n the inhabitants, and played harmlessly with them. This familiarity\n lasted long, till a young virgin treated the animal too roughly,\n and was killed by it. The virgin\u2019s brother killed the bear, and\n the country was soon after visited by a pestilence. The oracle was\n consulted, and the plague removed by consecrating virgins to the\n service of Diana. This was so faithfully observed, that no woman\n in Athens was ever married before a previous consecration to the\n goddess. The statue of Diana of Tauris, which had been brought into\n Greece by Iphigenia, was preserved in the town of Brauron. Xerxes\n carried it away when he invaded Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 46.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Brenni= and =Breuni=, a people of Noricum. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14.\n\n=Brennus=, a general of the Galli Senones, who invaded Italy, defeated\n the Romans at the river Allia, and entered their city without\n opposition. The Romans fled into the capitol, and left the whole\n city in the possession of the enemies. The Gauls climbed the\n Tarpeian rock in the night, and the capitol would have been taken\n had not the Romans been awakened by the noise of geese which were\n before the doors, and immediately repelled the enemy. Camillus, who\n was in banishment, marched to the relief of his country, and so\n totally defeated the Gauls, that not one remained to carry the news\n of their destruction. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 36, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Camillus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another Gaul, who made an irruption into Greece with\n 150,000 men and 15,000 horse, and endeavoured to plunder the temple\n of Apollo at Delphi. He was destroyed, with all his troops, by the\n god, or more properly, he killed himself in a fit of intoxication,\n B.C. 278, after being defeated by the Delphians. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n chs. 22 & 23.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 6, &c.\n\n=Brenthe=, a ruined city of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.\n\n=Brescia=, a city of Italy, which had gods peculiar to itself.\n\n=Brettii=, a people of Italy. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\n\n=Bri\u0103reus=, a famous giant, son of C\u0153lus and Terra, who had 100 hands\n and 50 heads, and was called by men \u00c6geon, and only by the gods\n Briareus. When Juno, Neptune, and Minerva conspired to dethrone\n Jupiter, Briareus ascended the heavens, and seated himself next to\n him, and so terrified the conspirators by his fierce and threatening\n looks that they desisted. He assisted the giants in their war\n against the gods, and was thrown under mount \u00c6tna, according to\n some accounts. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 148.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 403.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6,\n li. 287; bk. 10, li. 565.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Cyclops, made judge between Apollo\n and Neptune, in their dispute about the isthmus and promontory of\n Corinth. He gave the former to Neptune, and the latter to Apollo.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Brias=, a town of Pisidia.\n\n=Brigrantes=, a people in the northern parts of Britain. _Juvenal_,\n satire 14, li. 196.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 43.\n\n=Brigrant\u012bnus=, a lake of Rh\u0153tia between the Alps, now the lake of\n Constance. The town on its eastern banks is now Bregentz in the\n Tyrol, anciently called Brigantium. _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 17.\n\n=Brilessus=, a mountain of Attica. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 23.\n\n=Br\u012bmo= (_terror_), a name given to Proserpine and Hecate. _Propertius_,\n bk. 2, poem 2, li. 11.\n\n=Bris\u0113is=, a woman of Lyrnessus, called also Hippodamia. When her\n country was taken by the Greeks, and her husband Mines and brother\n killed in the fight, she fell to the share of Achilles in the\n division of the spoils. Agamemnon took her away some time after\n from Achilles, who made a vow to absent himself from the field of\n battle. Briseis was very faithful to Achilles; and when Agamemnon\n restored her to him, he swore he had never offended her chastity.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1, 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 3; _De\n Ars Amatoria_, bks. 2 & 3.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poems 8, 20, & 22.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 4.\n\n=Brises=, a man of Lyrnessus, brother to the priest Chryses. His\n daughter Hippodamia was called _Briseis_, from him.\n\n=Briseus=, a surname of Bacchus, from his nurse Briso, or his temple\n at Brisa, a promontory at Lesbos. _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 76.\n\n=Britanni=, the inhabitants of Britain. _See:_ Britannia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man in\n Gallia Belgica. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 17.\n\n=Britannia=, an island in the northern ocean, the greatest in Europe,\n conquered by Julius C\u00e6sar during his Gallic wars, B.C. 55, and first\n known to be an island by Agricola, who sailed round it. It was a\n Roman province from the time of its conquest till the 448th year\n of the christian era. The inhabitants, in the age of C\u00e6sar, used\n to paint their bodies, to render themselves more terrible in the\n eyes of their enemies. The name of Britain was unknown to the Romans\n before C\u00e6sar conquered it. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 17.\n\n=Britann\u012dcus=, a son of Claudius C\u00e6sar by Messalina. Nero was raised\n to the throne in preference to him, by means of Agrippina, and\n caused him to be poisoned. His corpse was buried in the night;\n but it is said that a shower of rain washed away the white paint\n which the murderer had put over his face, so that it appeared quite\n black, and discovered the effects of poison. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.\n \u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 33.\n\n=Britomartis=, a beautiful nymph of Crete, daughter of Jupiter and\n Charme, who devoted herself to hunting, and became a great favourite\n of Diana. She was loved by Minos, who pursued her so closely,\n that, to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the sea.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Diana.\n\n=Britomarus=, a chief of the Galli Insubres conquered by \u00c6milius.\n _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Brit\u014fnes=, the inhabitants of Britain. _Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 124.\n\n=Brixellum=, a town in Italy near Mantua, where Otho slew himself when\n defeated. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 32.\n\n=Brixia=, a town of Italy beyond the Po, at the north of Cremona, now\n Brescia. _Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 5.\n\n=Brizo=, the goddess of dreams worshipped in Delos.\n\n=Brocub\u0113lus=, a governor of Syria, who fled to Alexander, when Darius\n was murdered by Bessus. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 13.\n\n=Bromius=, a surname of Bacchus, from \u03b2\u03c1\u03b5\u03bc\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _frendere_, alluding\n to the groans which Semele uttered when consumed by Jupiter\u2019s\n fire. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6gyptus.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Bromus=, one of the Centaurs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,\n li. 459.\n\n=Brongus=, a river falling into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.\n\n=Bront\u0113s= (_thunder_), one of the Cyclops. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8,\n li. 425.\n\n=Bront\u012bnus=, a Pythagorean philosopher.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Theano the\n wife of Pythagoras. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Broteas= and =Ammon=, two men famous for their skill in the cestus.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 107.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Lapith\u00e6.\n\n=Brotheus=, a son of Vulcan and Minerva, who burned himself to avoid\n the ridicule to which his deformity subjected him. _Ovid_, _Ibis_,\n li. 517.\n\n=Bruct\u0113ri=, a people of Germany, inhabiting the country at the east of\n Holland. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 51.\n\n=Brum\u0101lia=, festivals celebrated at Rome in honour of Bacchus, about\n the month of December. They were first instituted by Romulus.\n\n=Brundusium=, now _Brundisi_, a city of Calabria, on the Adriatic sea\n where the Appian road was terminated. It was founded by Diomedes\n after the Trojan war, or, according to Strabo, by Theseus, with\n a Cretan colony. The Romans generally embarked at Brundusium for\n Greece. It is famous for the birth of the poet Pacuvius and the\n death of Virgil, and likewise for its harbour, which is capacious\n and sheltered by the land, and by a small island at the entrance,\n against the fury of the winds and waves. Little remains of the\n ancient city, and even its harbour has now been choked up by the\n negligence of the inhabitants. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 12, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 1.\n\n=Brutidius=, a man dragged to prison in Juvenal\u2019s age, on suspicion of\n his favouring Sejanus. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 82.\n\n=Brutii=, a people in the furthest parts of Italy, who were originally\n shepherds of the Lucanians, but revolted, and went in quest of a\n settlement. They received the name of _Brutii_, from their stupidity\n and cowardice in submitting, without opposition, to Annibal in\n the second Punic war. They were ever after held in the greatest\n disgrace, and employed in every servile work. _Justin_, bk. 23,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Brut\u016dlus=, a Samnite, who killed himself, upon being delivered to the\n Romans for violating a treaty. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 39.\n\n=Brutus Lucius Junius=, a son of Marcus Junius and Tarquinia, second\n daughter of Tarquin Priscus. The father, with his eldest son, were\n murdered by Tarquin the Proud, and Lucius, unable to revenge their\n death, pretended to be insane. The artifice saved his life; he was\n called _Brutus_ for his stupidity, which he, however, soon after\n showed to be feigned. When Lucretia killed herself, B.C. 509, in\n consequence of the brutality of Tarquin, Brutus snatched the dagger\n from the wound, and swore, upon the reeking blade, immortal hatred\n to the royal family. His example animated the Romans. The Tarquins\n were proscribed by a decree of the senate, and the royal authority\n vested in the hands of consuls chosen from patrician families.\n Brutus, in his consular office, made the people swear they never\n would again submit to kingly authority; but the first who violated\n their oath were in his own family. His sons conspired with the\n Tuscan ambassador to restore the Tarquins; and when discovered, they\n were tried and condemned before their father, who himself attended\n at their execution. Some time after, in a combat that was fought\n between the Romans and Tarquins, Brutus engaged with Aruns, and\n so fierce was the attack that they pierced one another at the same\n time. The dead body was brought to Rome, and received as in triumph;\n a funeral oration was spoken over it, and the Roman matrons showed\n their grief by mourning a year for the father of the republic.\n _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 56; bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bks. 4 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Atticus_, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Eutropius_ on _Tarquin_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 6, li. 818.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Brutus_ & _C\u00e6sar_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus Junius,\n father of C\u00e6sar\u2019s murderer, wrote three books on civil law. He\n followed the party of Marius, and was conquered by Pompey. After\n the death of Sylla, he was besieged in Mutina by Pompey, to whom he\n surrendered, and by whose orders he was put to death. He had married\n Servilia, Cato\u2019s sister, by whom he had a son and two daughters.\n _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, ch. 55.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Brutus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015His son\n of the same name by Servilia, was lineally descended from Junius\n Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins from Rome. He seemed to inherit\n the republican principles of his great progenitor, and in the\n civil wars joined himself to the side of Pompey, though he was his\n father\u2019s murderer, only because he looked upon him as more just and\n patriotic in his claims. At the battle of Pharsalia, C\u00e6sar not only\n spared the life of Brutus, but he made him one of his most faithful\n friends. He, however, forgot the favour because C\u00e6sar aspired to\n tyranny. He conspired with many of the most illustrious citizens\n of Rome against the tyrant, and stabbed him in Pompey\u2019s Basilica.\n The tumult which this murder occasioned was great; the conspirators\n fled to the capitol, and by proclaiming freedom and liberty to the\n populace, they re-established tranquillity in the city. Antony, whom\n Brutus, contrary to the opinion of his associates, refused to seize,\n gained ground in behalf of his friend C\u00e6sar, and the murderers were\n soon obliged to leave Rome. Brutus retired into Greece, where he\n gained himself many friends by his arms, as well as by persuasion,\n and he was soon after pursued thither by Antony, whom young Octavius\n accompanied. A battle was fought at Philippi. Brutus, who commanded\n the right wing of the republican army, defeated the enemy; but\n Cassius, who had the care of the left, was overpowered, and as he\n knew not the situation of his friend, and grew desperate, he ordered\n one of his freedmen to run him through. Brutus deeply deplored\n his fall, and in the fulness of his grief called him the last of\n the Romans. In another battle, the wing which Brutus commanded\n obtained a victory; but the other was defeated, and he found himself\n surrounded by the soldiers of Antony. He, however, made his escape,\n and soon after fell upon his sword, B.C. 42. Antony honoured him\n with a magnificent funeral. Brutus is not less celebrated for his\n literary talents, than his valour in the field. When he was in the\n camp, the greatest part of his time was employed in reading and\n writing; and the day which preceded one of his most bloody battles,\n while the rest of his army was under continual apprehensions, Brutus\n calmly spent his hours till the evening, in writing an epitome of\n Polybius. He was fond of imitating the austere virtues of Cato, and\n in reading the histories of nations he imbibed those principles of\n freedom which were so eminently displayed in his political career.\n He was intimate with Cicero, to whom he would have communicated\n his conspiracy, had he not been apprehensive of his great timidity.\n He severely reprimanded him in his letters for joining the side of\n Octavius, who meditated the ruin of the republic. Plutarch mentions\n that C\u00e6sar\u2019s ghost made its appearance to Brutus in his tent, and\n told him that he would meet him at Philippi. Brutus married Portia\n the daughter of Cato, who killed herself by swallowing burning coals\n when she heard the fate of her husband. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 48.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Brutus_, &c.; _C\u00e6sar_,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Decimus Junius Albinus, one of C\u00e6sar\u2019s\n murderers, who, after the battle of Mutina, was deserted by the\n legions, with which he wished to march against Antony. He was put to\n death by Antony\u2019s orders, though consul elect.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Junius, one of the\n first tribunes of the people. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Carbo\u2019s generals.\n\n=Bryas=, a general of the Argives against Sparta, put to death by a\n woman, to whom he had offered violence. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general in the army of Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 72.\n\n=Bryaxis=, a marble sculptor, who assisted in making the Mausoleum.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.\n\n=Bryce=, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Brygres=, a people of Thrace, afterwards called Phryges. _Strabo_,\n bk. 7.\n\n=Brygri=, a people of Macedonia, conquered by Mardonius. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 6, ch. 45.\n\n=Brysea=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20.\n\n=Bubac\u0113ne=, a town of Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 5.\n\n=Bub\u0101ces=, a eunuch of Darius, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 11.\n\n=Bub\u0103ris=, a Persian who married the daughter of Amyntas, against whom\n he had been sent with an army. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 13.\n\n=Bubasti\u0103cus=, one of the mouths of the Nile.\n\n=Bubastis=, a city of Egypt, in the eastern parts of the Delta, where\n cats were held in great veneration, because Diana Bubastis, who is\n the chief deity of the place, is said to have transformed herself\n into a cat when the gods fled into Egypt. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs.\n 59, 137, & 154.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 690.\n\n=Bub\u0103sus=, a country of Caria, whence _Bubasides_ applied to the\n natives. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 643.\n\n=Bubon=, an inland city of Lycia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.\n\n=Buceph\u0103la=, a city of India near the Hydaspes, built by Alexander in\n honour of his favourite horse Bucephalus. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Buceph\u0103lus=, a horse of Alexander\u2019s, whose head resembled that of\n a bull, whence his name (\u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, _bovis caput_). Alexander\n was the only one who could mount on his back, and he always knelt\n down to take up his master. He was present in an engagement in Asia,\n where he received a heavy wound, and hastened immediately out of the\n battle, and dropped down dead as soon as he had set down the king in\n a safe place. He was 30 years old when he died, and Alexander built\n a city which he called after his name. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\n \u2015\u2015_Curtius._\u2015\u2015_Arrian_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 42.\n\n=Bucili\u0101nus=, one of C\u00e6sar\u2019s murderers. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,\n ch. 14.\n\n=Bucol\u012dca=, a sort of poem which treats of the care of the flocks, and\n of the pleasures and occupations of the rural life, with simplicity\n and elegance. The most famous pastoral writers of antiquity are\n Moschus, Bion, Theocritus, and Virgil. The invention of Bucolics, or\n pastoral poetry, is attributed to a shepherd of Sicily.\n\n=Bucol\u012dcum=, one of the mouths of the Nile, situate between the\n Sebennytican and Mendesian mouths, and called by Strabo, Phatniticum.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.\n\n=Bucolion=, a king of Arcadia, after Lais. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Laomedon and the nymph Calybe.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hercules and\n Praxithea. He was also called Bucolus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Lycaon king of\n Arcadia. _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.\n\n=Buc\u014flus=, a son of Hercules and Marse.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hippocoon.\n _Apollodorus_, bks. 2 & 3.\n\n=Budii=, a nation of Media. _Herodotus._\n\n=Bud\u012bni=, a people of Scythia. _Herodotus._\n\n=Bud\u014drum=, a promontory of Salamis. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 94.\n\n=Bulbus=, a Roman senator, remarkable for his meanness. _Cicero_,\n _Against Verres_.\n\n=Bulis=, a town of Phocis, built by a colony from Doris, near the sea,\n above the bay of Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Spartan\n given up to Xerxes, to atone for the offence which his countrymen\n had done in putting the king\u2019s messengers to death. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 7, ch. 134, &c.\n\n=Bullatius=, a friend of Horace to whom the poet addressed, bk. 1,\n ltr. 11, in consequence of his having travelled over part of Asia.\n\n=Bullis=, a town of Illyricum, near the sea, south of Apollonia.\n _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 7; bk. 44, ch. 30.\n\n=Bumellus=, a river of Assyria. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9.\n\n=Bunea=, a surname of Juno.\n\n=Bunus=, a son of Mercury and Alcidamea, who obtained the government\n of Corinth when \u00c6tes went to Colchis. He built a temple to Juno.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 4.\n\n=Bup\u0103lus=, a statuary of Clazomen\u00e6. _See:_ Anthermus.\n\n=Buph\u0103gus=, a son of Japetus and Thornax killed by Diana, whose virtue\n he had attempted. A river of Arcadia bears his name. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Hercules, given him on account of his\n gluttony.\n\n=Buph\u014fnia=, a festival in honour of Jupiter at Athens, where an ox was\n immolated. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_,\n bk. 8, ch. 3.\n\n=Bupr\u0101sium=, a city, country, and river of Elis. _Homer._\n\n=Bura=, a daughter of Jupiter, or, according to others, of Ion and\n Helice, from whom _Bura_ or _Buris_, once a flourishing city in the\n bay of Corinth, received its name. This city was destroyed by the\n sea. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 293.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7,\n ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 8.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 15.\n\n=Buraicus=, an epithet applied to Hercules, from his temple near Bura.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.\n\n=Burrhus Afranius=, a chief of the pretorian guards, put to death by\n Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother-in-law of the emperor Commodus.\n\n=Bursa=, a capital city of Bithynia, supposed to have been called\n Prusa, from its founder Prusias. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\n\n=Bursia=, a town of Babylonia. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 13.\n\n=Busa=, a woman of Apulia who entertained 1000 Romans after the battle\n of Cann\u00e6. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 8.\n\n=Bus\u00e6=, a nation of Media. _Herodotus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Bus\u012bris=, a king of Egypt, son of Neptune and Libya, or Lysianassa,\n who sacrificed all foreigners to Jupiter with the greatest cruelty.\n When Hercules visited Egypt, Busiris carried him to the altar bound\n hand and foot. The hero soon disentangled himself, and offered the\n tyrant, his son Amphidamas, and the ministers of his cruelty, on\n the altar. Many Egyptian princes have borne the same name. One of\n them built a town called _Busiris_, \u2666in the middle of the Delta,\n where Isis had a famous temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 61.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 132;\n _Heroides_, poem 9, li. 69.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 5.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n \u2666 extraneous \u2018and\u2019 removed\n\n=Buta=, a town of Achaia. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.\n\n=Buteo=, a surname of Marcus Fabius. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Roman orator. _Seneca._\n\n=Butes=, one of the descendants of Amycus king of the Bebryces, very\n expert in the combat of the cestus. He came to Sicily, where he was\n received by Lycaste, a beautiful harlot, by whom he had a son called\n Eryx. Lycaste, on account of her beauty, was called Venus; hence\n Eryx is often called the son of Venus.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5,\n li. 372.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Trojan slain by Camilla. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 690.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Boreas who built Naxos. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Pandion\n and Zeuxippe, priest of Minerva and Neptune. He married Chthonia\n daughter of Erechtheus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n armbearer to Anchises, and afterwards to Ascanius. Apollo assumed\n his shape when he descended from heaven to encourage Ascanius to\n fight. Butes was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 647;\n bk. 12, li. 632.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Darius, besieged by Conon the\n Athenian.\n\n=Buthr\u014dtum=, now _Butrinto_, a seaport town of Epirus, opposite\n Corcyra, visited by \u00c6neas, in his way from Troy to Italy. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 293.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\n\n=Buthr\u014dtus=, a river in Italy, near Locri.\n\n=Buthyreus=, a noble statuary, disciple to Myron. _Pliny_, bk. 34,\n ch. 8.\n\n=Butoa=, an island in the Mediterranean, near Crete. _Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 12.\n\n=Butor\u012ddes=, an historian who wrote concerning the pyramids. _Pliny_,\n bk. 36, ch. 12.\n\n=Butos=, a town of Egypt, where there was a temple of Apollo and Diana,\n and an oracle of Latona. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 59 & 63.\n\n=Butuntum=, an inland town of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\n\n=Butus=, a son of Pandion.\n\n=Buz\u0233ges=, an Athenian who first ploughed with harnessed oxen.\n Demophoon gave him the Palladium, with which Diomedes had entrusted\n him to be carried to Athens. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.\n\n=Byblesia= and =Bybassia=, a country of Caria. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 174.\n\n=Byblia=, a name of Venus.\n\n=Byblii=, a people of Syria. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Byblis=, a daughter of Miletus and Cyanea. She fell in love with\n her brother Caunus, and when he refused to gratify her passion, she\n destroyed herself. Some say that Caunus became enamoured of her,\n and fled from his country to avoid incest; and others report that he\n fled from his sister\u2019s importunities, who sought him all over Lycia\n and Caria, and at last sat down all bathed in tears, and was changed\n into a fountain of the same name. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1,\n li. 284; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 451.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 243.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small island in the Mediterranean.\n\n=Byblus=, a town of Syria, not far from the sea, where Adonis had a\n temple. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Bylliones=, a people of Illyricum.\n\n=Byrrhus=, a robber, famous for his dissipation. _Horace_, bk. 1,\n satire 4, li. 69.\n\n=Byrsa=, a citadel in the middle of Carthage, on which was the temple\n of \u00c6sculapius. Asdrubal\u2019s wife burnt it when the city was taken.\n When Dido came to Africa, she bought of the inhabitants as much\n land as could be encompassed by a bull\u2019s hide. After the agreement,\n she cut the hide in small thongs, and inclosed a large piece of\n territory, on which she built a citadel which she called Byrsa\n (\u0392\u03c5\u03c1\u03c3\u03b1, _a hide_). _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 371.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 34, ch. 62.\n\n=Byzacium=, a country of Africa.\n\n=Byzantium=, a town situate on the Thracian Bosphorus, founded by a\n colony of Megara, under the conduct of Byzas, 658 years before the\n christian era. Paterculus says it was founded by the Milesians, and\n by the Laced\u00e6monians according to Justin, and according to Ammianus\n by the Athenians. The pleasantness and convenience of its situation\n were observed by Constantine the Great, who made it the capital of\n the eastern Roman empire, A.D. 328, and called it Constantinopolis.\n A number of Greek writers, who have deserved or usurped the name of\n _Byzantine historians_, flourished at Byzantium, after the seat of\n the empire had been translated thither from Rome. Their works, which\n more particularly relate to the time in which they flourished, and\n are seldom read but by those who wish to form an acquaintance with\n the revolutions of the lower empire, were published in one large\n collection, in 36 vols., folio, 1648, &c., at Paris, and recommended\n themselves by the notes and supplements of du Fresne and du Cange.\n They were likewise printed at Venice, 1729, in 28 vols., though\n perhaps this edition is not so valuable as that of the French.\n _Strabo_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Pausanias_, _Alcibiades_, & _Timotheus_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, chs. 62 & 63.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Marcellinus_, bk. 22, ch. 8.\n\n=Byzas=, a son of Neptune king of Thrace, from whom it is said\n Byzantium receives its name. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Byzeres=, a people of Pontus, between Cappadocia and Colchis.\n _Dionysius Periegetes._\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 153.\n\n=Byzes=, a celebrated artist in the age of Astyages. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 5, ch. 10.\n\n=Byzia=, a town in the possession of the kings of Thrace, hated by\n swallows, on account of the horrible crimes of Tereus. _Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 11.\n\n\n C\n\n=Caanthus=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. He was ordered by his father\n to seek his sister Malia, whom Apollo had carried away, and he burnt\n in revenge the ravisher\u2019s temple near the \u2666Isthmus. He was killed\n for this impiety by the god, and a monument was raised to his memory.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Ithmus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Isthmus\u2019\n\n=Cabades=, a king of Persia, &c.\n\n=Cab\u0103la=, a place of Sicily where the Carthaginians were conquered by\n Dionysius. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\n\n=Cab\u0101les=, a people of Africa. _Herodotus._\n\n=Cabalii=, a people of Asia Minor. _Herodotus._\n\n=Caball\u012bnus=, a clear fountain on mount Helicon, sacred to the muses,\n and called also _Hippocrene_, as raised from the ground by the foot\n of Pegasus. _Persius._\n\n=Caball\u012bnum=, a town of the \u00c6dui, now _Chalons_, on the Saone. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, ch. 42.\n\n=Caballio=, a town of Gaul.\n\n=Cabarnos=, a deity worshipped at Paros. His priests were called\n Cabarni.\n\n=Cabassus=, a town of Cappadocia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A village near Tarsus.\n\n=Cab\u012bra=, a wife of Vulcan, by whom she had three sons.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n Paphlagonia.\n\n=Cab\u012bri=, certain deities held in the greatest veneration at Thebes,\n Lemnos, Macedonia, and Phrygia, but more particularly in the islands\n of Samothrace and Imbros. The number of these deities is uncertain.\n Some say there were only two, Jupiter and Bacchus; others mention\n three, and some four, Aschieros, Achiochersa, Achiochersus, and\n Camillus. It is unknown where their worship was first established;\n yet Ph\u0153nicia seems to be the place according to the authority of\n Sanchoniathon, and from thence it was introduced into Greece by the\n Pelasgi. The festivals or mysteries of the Cabiri were celebrated\n with the greatest solemnity at Samothrace, where all the ancient\n heroes and princes were generally initiated, as their power seemed\n to be great in protecting persons from shipwreck and storms. The\n obscenities which prevailed in the celebration have obliged the\n authors of every country to pass over them in silence, and say that\n it was unlawful to reveal them. These deities are often confounded\n with the Corybantes, Anaces, Dioscuri, &c., and, according to\n Herodotus, Vulcan was their father. This author mentions the\n sacrilege which Cambyses committed in entering their temple, and\n turning to ridicule their sacred mysteries. They were supposed to\n preside over metals. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 51.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,\n bk. 1.\n\n=Cabiria=, a surname of Ceres.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The festivals of the Cabiri. _See:_\n Cabiri.\n\n=Cab\u016bra=, a fountain of Mesopotamia, where Juno bathed. _Pliny_,\n bk. 31, ch. 3.\n\n=Cab\u016brus=, a chief of the Helvii. _C\u00e6sar._\n\n=Caca=, a goddess among the Romans, sister to Cacus, who is said to\n have discovered to Hercules where her brother had concealed his oxen.\n She presided over the excrements of the body. The vestals offered\n sacrifices in her temple. _Lactantius [Placidus]_, bk. 1, ch. 20.\n\n=Cach\u0103les=, a river of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 32.\n\n=Cacus=, a famous robber, son of Vulcan and Medusa, represented as a\n three-headed monster, and as vomiting flames. He resided in Italy,\n and the avenues of his cave were covered with human bones. He\n plundered the neighbouring country; and when Hercules returned\n from the conquest of Geryon, Cacus stole some of his cows, and\n dragged them backwards into his cave to prevent discovery. Hercules\n departed without perceiving the theft; but his oxen having lowed,\n were answered by the cows in the cave of Cacus, and the hero became\n acquainted with the loss he had sustained. He ran to the place,\n attacked Cacus, squeezed and strangled him in his arms, though\n vomiting fire and smoke. Hercules erected an altar to Jupiter\n Servator, in commemoration of his victory; and an annual festival\n was instituted by the inhabitants in honour of the hero, who had\n delivered them from such a public calamity. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1,\n li. 551.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 194.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 4,\n poem 10.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 125.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n\n=Cac\u016bthis=, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges. _Arrian_,\n _Indica_.\n\n=Cacyparis=, a river of Sicily.\n\n=Cadi=, a town of Phrygia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Lydia. _Propertius_,\n bk. 4, poem 6, li. 7.\n\n=Cadm\u0113a=, a citadel of Thebes, built by Cadmus. It is generally\n taken for Thebes itself, and the Thebans are often called Cadmeans.\n _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 601.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n=Cadm\u0113is=, an ancient name of B\u0153otia.\n\n=Cadmus=, son of Agenor king of Ph\u0153nicia by Telephassa or Agriope,\n was ordered by his father to go in quest of his sister Europa, whom\n Jupiter had carried away, and he was never to return to Ph\u0153nicia\n if he did not bring her back. As his search proved fruitless, he\n consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was ordered to build a city\n where he should see a young heifer stop in the grass, and to call\n the country B\u0153otia. He found the heifer according to the directions\n of the oracle; and as he wished to thank the god by a sacrifice, he\n sent his companions to fetch water from a neighbouring grove. The\n waters were sacred to Mars, and guarded by a dragon, which devoured\n all the Ph\u0153nician\u2019s attendants. Cadmus, tired of their seeming delay,\n went to the place, and saw the monster still feeding on their flesh.\n He attacked the dragon, and overcame it by the assistance of Minerva,\n and sowed the teeth in a plain, upon which armed men suddenly rose\n up from the ground. He threw a stone in the midst of them, and they\n instantly turned their arms one against another, till all perished\n except five, who assisted him in building his city. Soon after he\n married Hermione the daughter of Venus, with whom he lived in the\n greatest cordiality, and by whom he had a son Polydorus, and four\n daughters, Ino, Agave, Autonoe, and Semele. Juno persecuted these\n children; and their well-known misfortunes so distracted Cadmus\n and Hermione, that they retired to Illyricum, loaded with grief and\n infirm with age. They intreated the gods to remove them from the\n misfortunes of life, and they were immediately changed into serpents.\n Some explain the dragon\u2019s fable, by supposing that it was a king of\n the country whom Cadmus conquered by war; and the armed men rising\n from the field, is no more than men armed with brass, according\n to the ambiguous signification of a Ph\u0153nician word. Cadmus was\n the first who introduced the use of letters into Greece; but some\n maintain, that the alphabet which he brought from Ph\u0153nicia, was\n only different from that which was used by the ancient inhabitants\n of Greece. This alphabet consisted only of 16 letters, to which\n Palamedes afterwards added four, and Simonides of Melos the same\n number. The worship of many of the Egyptian and Ph\u0153nician deities\n was also introduced by Cadmus, who is supposed to have come into\n Greece 1493 years before the christian era, and to have died 61\n years after. According to those who believe that Thebes was built\n at the sound of Amphion\u2019s lyre, Cadmus built only a small citadel\n which he called Cadmea, and laid the foundations of a city which\n was finished by one of his successors. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 3, fables 1, 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 49; bk. 4, ch.\n 147.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 6, 76, 155, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 937,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Pandion of Miletus, celebrated as an historian\n in the age of Cr\u0153sus, and as the writer of an account of some\n cities of Ionia, in four books. He is called the _ancient_, in\n contradistinction from another of the same name and place, son of\n Archelaus, who wrote a history of Attica in 16 books, and a treatise\n on love in 14 books. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Clement of Alexandria_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 5, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman executioner, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 1,\n satire 5, li. 39.\n\n=Cadra=, a hill of Asia Minor. _Tacitus._\n\n=Cad\u016bceus=, a rod entwined at one end by two serpents, in the form\n of two equal semi-circles. It was the attribute of Mercury and\n the emblem of power, and it had been given him by Apollo in return\n for the lyre. Various interpretations have been put upon the two\n serpents round it. Some suppose them to be a symbol of Jupiter\u2019s\n amours with Rhea, when these two deities transformed themselves into\n snakes. Others say that it originates from Mercury\u2019s having appeased\n the fury of two serpents that were fighting, by touching them\n with his rod. Prudence is generally supposed to be represented by\n these two serpents, and the wings are the symbol of diligence; both\n necessary in the pursuit of business and commerce, which Mercury\n patronized. With it Mercury conducted to the infernal regions the\n souls of the dead, and could lull to sleep, and even raise to life\n a dead person. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 242.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1,\n ode 10.\n\n=Cadurci=, a people of Gaul, at the east of the Garonne. _C\u00e6sar._\n\n=Cadusci=, a people near the Caspian sea. _Plutarch._\n\n=Cadytis=, a town of Syria. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 159.\n\n=C\u00e6a=, an island of the \u00c6gean sea among the Cyclades, called also\n _Ceos_ and _Cea_, from Ceus the son of Titan. _Ovid_, poem 20.\n _Heroides_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 14.\n\n=C\u00e6cias=, a wind blowing from the north.\n\n=C\u00e6c\u012dlia=, the wife of Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of\n Lucullus. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Atticus.\n\n=C\u00e6cilia Caia=, or =Tanaquil=. _See:_ Tanaquil.\n\n=C\u00e6cilia lex=, was proposed A.U.C. 693, by C\u00e6cilius Metellus Nepos,\n to remove taxes from all the Italian states, and to give them free\n exportation.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, called also Didia, A.U.C. 656, by the\n consul Quintus C\u00e6cilius Metellus and Titus Didius. It required that\n no more than one single matter should be proposed to the people in\n one question, lest by one word they should give their assent to a\n whole bill, which might contain clauses worthy to be approved, and\n others unworthy. It required that every law, before it was preferred,\n should be exposed to public view on three market-days.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n enacted by C\u00e6cilius Metellus the censor, concerning fullers. _Pliny_,\n bk. 35, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, A.U.C. 701, to restore to the censors\n their original rights and privileges, which had been lessened by\n Publius Clodius the tribune.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, called also Gabinia, A.U.C.\n 685, against usury.\n\n=C\u00e6cili\u0101nus=, a Latin writer before the age of Cicero.\n\n=C\u00e6c\u012dlii=, a plebeian family at Rome, descended from C\u00e6cas, one of the\n companions of \u00c6neas, or from C\u00e6culus the son of Vulcan, who built\n Pr\u00e6neste. This family gave birth to many illustrious generals and\n patriots.\n\n=C\u00e6c\u012dlius Claudius Isidorus=, a man who left in his will to his heirs,\n 4116 slaves, 3600 yokes of oxen, 257,000 small cattle, 600,000\n pounds of silver. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Epirus, a freedman\n of Atticus, who opened a school at Rome, and is said to have first\n taught reading to Virgil and some other growing poets.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Sicilian\n orator in the age of Augustus, who wrote on the Servile wars, a\n comparison between Demosthenes and Cicero, and an account of the\n orations of Demosthenes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Metellus. _See:_ Metellus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Statius,\n a comic poet, deservedly commended by Cicero and Quintilian, though\n the orator, _Letters to Atticus_, calls him _Malum Latinitatis\n auctorem_. Above 30 of his comedies are mentioned by ancient\n historians, among which are his Nauclerus, Phocius, Epiclerus,\n Syracus\u00e6, F\u0153nerator, Fallacia, Pausimachus, &c. He was a native of\n Gaul, and died at Rome 168 B.C., and was buried on the Janiculum.\n _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1.\n\n=C\u00e6c\u012bna Tuscus=, a son of Nero\u2019s nurse, made governor of Egypt.\n _Suetonius_, _Nero_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who wrote some physical treatises.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A citizen of Volaterr\u00e6 defended by Cicero.\n\n=C\u00e6c\u016dbum=, a town of Campania in Italy, near the bay of Caieta,\n famous for the excellence and plenty of its wines. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20; bk. 2, ode 14, &c.\n\n=C\u00e6c\u016dlus=, a son of Vulcan, conceived, as some say, by his mother,\n when a spark of fire fell into her bosom. He was called C\u00e6culus\n because his eyes were small. After a life spent in plundering and\n rapine, he built Pr\u00e6neste; but being unable to find inhabitants, he\n implored Vulcan to show whether he really was his father. Upon this\n a flame suddenly shone among a multitude who were assembled to see\n some spectacle, and they were immediately persuaded to become the\n subjects of C\u00e6culus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 680, says that\n he was found in fire by shepherds, and on that account called son\n of Vulcan, who is the god of fire.\n\n=Quintus C\u00e6dicius=, a consul, A.U.C. 498.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, A.U.C. 465.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n military tribune in Sicily, who bravely devoted himself to rescue\n the Roman army from the Carthaginians, B.C. 254. He escaped with his\n life.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rich person, &c. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 362.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n friend of Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, lis. 7, 47.\n\n=C\u00e6lia lex=, was enacted, A.U.C. 635, by C\u00e6lius, a tribune. It ordained,\n that in judicial proceedings before the people, in cases of treason,\n the votes should be given upon tablets contrary to the exception of\n the Cassian law.\n\n=C\u00e6lius=, an orator, disciple to Cicero. He died very young. Cicero\n defended him when he was accused by Clodius of being accessary to\n Catiline\u2019s conspiracy, and of having murdered some ambassadors from\n Alexandria, and carried on an illicit amour with Clodia the wife\n of Metellus. _Pro C\u00e6lio_.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man\n of Tarracina, found murdered in his bed. His sons were suspected\n of the murder, but acquitted. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Aurelianus, a writer about 300 years after Christ, the best\n edition of whose works is that of Almeloveen, Amsterdam, 1722 and\n 1755.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius Antipater, wrote a history of Rome, which Marcus\n Brutus epitomized, and which Adrian preferred to the histories of\n Sallust. C\u00e6lius flourished 120 years B.C. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 13, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Tubero, a\n man who came to life after he had been carried to the burning pile.\n _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 52.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Vibienus, a king of Etruria, who assisted\n Romulus against the C\u00e6ninenses, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sabinus, a writer in the age\n of Vespasian, who composed a treatise on the edicts of the curule\n ediles.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the seven hills on which Rome was built. Romulus\n surrounded it with a ditch and rampart, and it was enclosed by\n walls by the succeeding kings. It received its name from C\u00e6lius,\n who assisted Romulus against the Sabines.\n\n=C\u00e6maro=, a Greek, who wrote an account of India.\n\n=C\u00e6ne=, a small island in the Sicilian sea.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town on the coast\n of Laconia, whence Jupiter is called C\u00e6nius. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 136.\n\n=C\u00e6neus=, one of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil._\n\n=C\u00e6nides=, a patronymic of Eetion, as descended from C\u00e6neus.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 92.\n\n=C\u00e6n\u012bna=, a town of Latium near Rome. The inhabitants, called\n _C\u00e6ninenses_, made war against the Romans when their virgins had\n been stolen away. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 135.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_,\n bk. 4, poem 11, li. 9.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n\n=C\u00e6nis=, a promontory of Italy, opposite to Pelorus in Sicily, a\n distance of about one mile and a half.\n\n=C\u00e6nis=, a Thessalian woman, daughter of Elatus, who, being forcibly\n ravished by Neptune, obtained from the god the power to change her\n sex, and to become invulnerable. She also changed her name, and was\n called _C\u00e6neus_. In the wars of the Lapith\u00e6 against the Centaurs,\n she offended Jupiter, and was overwhelmed with a huge pile of wood,\n and changed into a bird. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, lis. 172\n & 479.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 448, says that she returned\n again to her pristine form.\n\n=Quintus Servilius C\u00e6pio=, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 648, in the Cimbrian\n war. He plundered a temple at Tolossa, for which he was punished by\n divine vengeance, &c. _Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A questor who opposed Saturninus. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad\n Herennium_.\n\n=C\u00e6ratus=, a town of Crete. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river.\n\n=C\u00e6re=, =C\u00e6res=, anciently _Agylla_, now _Cerveteri_, a city of\n Etruria, once the capital of the whole country. It was in being in\n the age of Strabo. When \u00c6neas came to Italy, Mezentius was king over\n the inhabitants, called _C\u00e6retes_ or _C\u00e6rites_; but they banished\n their prince, and assisted the Trojans. The people of C\u00e6re received\n with all possible hospitality the Romans who fled with the fire\n of Vesta, when the city was besieged by the Gauls, and for this\n humanity they were made citizens of Rome, but without the privilege\n of voting; whence _C\u00e6rites tabul\u00e6_ was applied to those who had no\n suffrage, and _C\u00e6rites cera_ appropriated as a mark of contempt.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bks. 8 & 10.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 5.\n\n=C\u00e6resi=, a people of Germany. _C\u00e6sar._\n\n=C\u00e6sar=, a surname given to the Julian family at Rome, either because\n one of them kept an _elephant_, which bears the same name in the\n Punic tongue, or because one was born with a thick _head of hair_.\n This name, after it had been dignified in the person of Julius\n C\u00e6sar and of his successors, was given to the apparent heir of\n the empire, in the age of the Roman emperors. The 12 first Roman\n emperors were distinguished by the surname of _C\u00e6sar_. They reigned\n in the following order: Julius C\u00e6sar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula,\n Claudius, Nero, Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, and\n Domitian. In Domitian, or rather in Nero, the family of Julius C\u00e6sar\n was extinguished. But after such a lapse of time, the appellation\n of C\u00e6sar seemed inseparable from the imperial dignity, and therefore\n it was assumed by the successors of the Julian family. Suetonious\n has written an account of these 12 characters, in an extensive and\n impartial manner.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius Julius C\u00e6sar, the first emperor of Rome,\n was son of \u2666Caius C\u00e6sar and Aurelia the daughter of Cotta. He was\n descended, according to some accounts, from Julus the son of \u00c6neas.\n When he reached his 15th year he lost his father, and the year after\n he was made priest of Jupiter. Sylla was aware of his ambition, and\n endeavoured to remove him; but C\u00e6sar understood his intentions, and\n to avoid discovery changed every day his lodgings. He was received\n into Sylla\u2019s friendship some time after; and the dictator told those\n who solicited the advancement of young C\u00e6sar, that they were warm\n in the interest of a man who would prove some day or other the ruin\n of their country and of their liberty. When C\u00e6sar went to finish his\n studies at Rhodes, under Apollonius Molo, he was seized by pirates,\n who offered him his liberty for 30 talents. He gave them 40, and\n threatened to revenge their insults; and he no sooner was out of\n their power, than he armed a ship, pursued them, and crucified them\n all. His eloquence procured him friends at Rome; and the generous\n manner in which he lived equally served to promote his interest.\n He obtained the office of high priest at the death of Metellus; and\n after he had passed through the inferior employments of the state,\n he was appointed over Spain, where he signalized himself by his\n valour and intrigues. At his return to Rome, he was made consul, and\n soon after he effected a reconciliation between Crassus and Pompey.\n He was appointed for the space of five years over the Gauls, by\n the interest of Pompey, to whom he had given his daughter Julia in\n marriage. Here he enlarged the boundaries of the Roman empire by\n conquest, and invaded Britain, which was then unknown to the Roman\n people. He checked the Germans, and soon after had his government\n over Gaul prolonged to five other years, by means of his friends\n at Rome. The death of Julia and of Crassus, the corrupted state of\n the Roman senate, and the ambition of C\u00e6sar and Pompey, soon became\n the causes of a civil war. Neither of these celebrated Romans would\n suffer a superior, and the smallest matters were sufficient ground\n for unsheathing the sword. C\u00e6sar\u2019s petitions were received with\n coldness or indifference by the Roman senate; and, by the influence\n of Pompey, a decree was passed to strip him of his power. Antony,\n who opposed it as tribune, fled to C\u00e6sar\u2019s camp with the news; and\n the ambitious general no sooner heard this, than he made it a plea\n of resistance. On pretence of avenging the violence which had been\n offered to the sacred office of tribune in the person of Antony,\n he crossed the Rubicon, which was the boundary of his province. The\n passage of the Rubicon was a declaration of war, and C\u00e6sar entered\n Italy sword in hand. Upon this, Pompey, with all the friends of\n liberty, left Rome, and retired to Dyrrachium; and C\u00e6sar, after\n he had subdued all Italy, in 60 days, entered Rome, and provided\n himself with money from the public treasury. He went to Spain, where\n he conquered the partisans of Pompey, under Petreius, Afranius,\n and Varro; and, at his return to Rome, was declared dictator, and\n soon after consul. When he left Rome he went in quest of Pompey,\n observing that he was marching against a general without troops,\n after having defeated troops without a general in Spain. In the\n plains of Pharsalia, B.C. 48, the two hostile generals engaged.\n Pompey was conquered, and fled into Egypt, where he was murdered.\n C\u00e6sar, after he had made a noble use of victory, pursued his\n adversary into Egypt, where he for some time forgot his fame and\n character in the arms of Cleopatra, by whom he had a son. His\n danger was great while at Alexandria; but he extricated himself\n with wonderful success, and made Egypt tributary to his power. After\n several conquests in Africa, the defeat of Cato, Scipio, and Juba,\n and that of Pompey\u2019s sons in Spain, he entered Rome, and triumphed\n over five different nations, Gaul, Alexandria, Pontus, Africa, and\n Spain, and was created perpetual dictator. But now his glory was at\n an end, his uncommon success created him enemies, and the chiefest\n of the senators, among whom was Brutus his most intimate friend,\n conspired against him, and stabbed him in the senate house on the\n ides of March. He died, pierced with 23 wounds, the 15th of March,\n B.C. 44, in the 56th year of his age. Casca gave him the first blow,\n and immediately he attempted to make some resistance; but when he\n saw Brutus among the conspirators, he submitted to his fate, and\n fell down at their feet, muffling up his mantle, and exclaiming, _Tu\n quoque Brute_! C\u00e6sar might have escaped the sword of the conspirators\n if he had listened to the advice of his wife, whose dreams on the\n night previous to the day of his murder were alarming. He also\n received, as he went to the senate house, a paper from Artemidorus,\n which discovered the whole conspiracy to him; but he neglected the\n reading of what might have saved his life. When he was in his first\n campaign in Spain, he was observed to gaze at a statue of Alexander,\n and even shed tears at the recollection that that hero had conquered\n the world at an age in which he himself had done nothing. The\n learning of C\u00e6sar deserves commendation, as well as his military\n character. He reformed the calendar. He wrote his commentaries\n on the Gallic wars, on the spot where he fought his battles; and\n the composition has been admired for the elegance as well as the\n correctness of its style. This valuable book was nearly lost; and\n when C\u00e6sar saved his life in the bay of Alexandria, he was obliged\n to swim from his ship, with his arms in one hand and his commentaries\n in the other. Besides the Gallic and civil wars, he wrote other\n pieces, which are now lost. The history of the war in Alexandria and\n Spain is attributed to him by some, and by others to Hirtius. C\u00e6sar\n has been blamed for his debaucheries and expenses; and the first\n year he had a public office, his debts were rated at 830 talents,\n which his friends discharged: yet, in his public character, he must\n be reckoned one of the few heroes that rarely make their appearance\n among mankind. His qualities were such that in every battle he could\n not but be conqueror, and in every republic, master; and to his\n sense of his superiority over the rest of the world, or to his\n ambition, we are to attribute his saying, that he wished rather\n to be first in a little village, than second at Rome. It was after\n his conquest over Pharnaces in one day, that he made use of these\n remarkable words, to express the celerity of his operations: _Veni,\n vidi, vici_. Conscious of the services of a man who in the intervals\n of peace, beautified and enriched the capital of his country with\n public buildings, libraries, and porticoes, the senate permitted\n the dictator to wear a laurel crown on his bald head; and it is said\n that, to reward his benevolence, they were going to give him the\n title of authority of king all over the Roman empire, except Italy,\n when he was murdered. In his private character, C\u00e6sar has been\n accused of seducing one of the vestal virgins, and suspected of\n being privy to Catiline\u2019s conspiracy; and it was his fondness for\n dissipated pleasures which made his countrymen say, that he was the\n husband of all the women at Rome, and the woman of all men. It is\n said that he conquered 300 nations, took 800 cities, and defeated\n three millions of men, one of which fell in the field of battle.\n _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 25, says that he could employ at the same time,\n his ears to listen, his eyes to read, his hand to write, and his\n mind to dictate. His death was preceded, as many authors mention, by\n uncommon prodigies; and immediately after his death, a large comet\n made its appearance. The best editions of C\u00e6sar\u2019s commentaries,\n are the magnificent one by Dr. Clarke, folio, London, 1712; that of\n Cambridge, with a Greek translation, 4to, 1727; that of Oudendorp,\n 2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1737; and that of Elzevir, 8vo, Leiden, 1635.\n _Suetonius_ & _Plutarch_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015_Appian._\n \u2015\u2015_Orosius._\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 16 & fragments of bks. 31 & 37.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 466.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 15, li. 782.\u2015\u2015_Marcellinus._\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bks. 3 & 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius\n was father to the dictator. He died suddenly, when putting on his\n shoes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Octavianus. _See:_ Augustus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, a tragic poet\n and orator, commended by _Cicero_, _Brutus_. His brother C. Lucius\n was consul, and followed, as well as himself, the party of Sylla.\n They were both put to death by order of Marius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius, an uncle\n of Marcus Antony, who followed the interest of Pompey, and was\n proscribed by Augustus, for which Antony proscribed Cicero the\n friend of Augustus. His son Lucius was put to death by Julius C\u00e6sar\n in his youth.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Two sons of Agrippa bore also the name of C\u00e6sar,\n Caius and Lucius. _See:_ Agrippa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Augusta, a town of Spain, built\n by Augustus, on the Iberus, and now called _Saragossa_.\n\n \u2666 \u2018L.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Caius\u2019\n\n=C\u00e6sar\u0113a=, a city of Cappadocia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Bithynia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Mauritania,\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Palestine. There are many small insignificant towns of that\n name, either built by the emperors, or called by their name, in\n compliment to them.\n\n=C\u00e6sarion=, the son of Julius C\u00e6sar by queen Cleopatra, was, at the\n age of 13, proclaimed by Antony and his mother, king of Cyprus,\n Egypt, and C\u0153losyria. He was put to death five years after by\n Augustus. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 17, & _C\u00e6sar_, ch. 52.\n\n=C\u00e6sennius P\u00e6tus=, a general sent by Nero to Armenia, &c. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 15, chs. 6 & 25.\n\n=C\u00e6setius=, a Roman who protected his children against C\u00e6sar.\n _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 7.\n\n=C\u00e6sia=, a surname of Minerva.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wood in Germany. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 50.\n\n=C\u00e6sius=, a Latin poet, whose talents were not of uncommon brilliancy.\n _Catullus_, poem 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lyric and heroic poet in the reign of Nero.\n _Persius._\n\n=C\u00e6so=, a son of Quinctius Cincinnatus, who revolted to the Volsci.\n\n=C\u00e6sonia=, a lascivious woman who married Caligula, and was murdered\n at the same time with her daughter Julia. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_,\n ch. 59.\n\n=C\u00e6sonius Maximus=, was banished from Italy by Nero, on account of his\n friendship with Seneca, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.\n\n=C\u00e6t\u016dlum=, a town of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 2.\n\n=Cag\u0101co=, a fountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.\n\n=Caic\u012bnus=, a river of Locris. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 103.\n\n=Ca\u012bcus=, a companion of \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 187;\n bk. 9, li. 35.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Mysia, falling into the \u00c6gean sea,\n opposite Lesbos. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 370.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 243.\n\n=Cai\u0113ta=, a town, promontory, and harbour of Campania, which received\n its name from Caieta the nurse of \u00c6neas, who was buried there.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 1.\n\n=Caius= and =Caia=, a pr\u00e6nomen very common at Rome to both sexes. C,\n in its natural position, denoted the man\u2019s name, and when reversed \u2183\n it implied Cais. _Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\n\n=Caius=, a son of Agrippa by Julia. _See:_ Agrippa.\n\n=Quintus Cal\u0103ber=, called also Smyrn\u00e6us, wrote a Greek poem in 14\n books, as a continuation of Homer\u2019s Iliad, about the beginning of\n the third century. The best editions of this elegant and well-written\n book are that of Rhodoman, 12mo, Hanover, 1604, with the notes of\n Dausqueius; and that of Pauw, 8vo, Leiden, 1734.\n\n=Cal\u0101bria=, a country of Italy in Magna Gr\u00e6cia. It has been called\n Messapia, Japygia, Salentinia, and Peucetia. The poet Ennius was\n born there. The country was fertile, and produced a variety of\n fruits, much cattle, and excellent honey. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk.\n 3, li. 425.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 31; _Epodes_, poem 1, li. 27; bk.\n 1, ltr. 7, li. 14.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 8, ch. 48.\n\n=Cal\u0103brus=, a river of Calabria. _Pausanias_, bk. 6.\n\n=Calagurrit\u0101ni=, a people of Spain, who ate their wives and children\n rather than yield to Pompey. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.\n\n=Calais= and =Zethes=. _See:_ Zethes.\n\n=Calagutis=, a river of Spain. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 22.\n\n=Cal\u0103mis=, an excellent carver. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 10.\n\n=Cal\u0103m\u012bsa=, a place of Samos. _Herodotus_, bk. 9.\n\n=Cal\u0103mos=, a town of Asia, near mount Libanus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Ph\u0153nicia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Babylonia.\n\n=Cal\u0103mus=, a son of the river M\u00e6ander, who was tenderly attached to\n Carpo, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.\n\n=Cal\u0101nus=, a celebrated Indian philosopher, one of the gymnosophists.\n He followed Alexander in his Indian expedition, and being sick,\n in his 83rd year, he ordered a pile to be raised, upon which he\n mounted, decked with flowers and garlands, to the astonishment of\n the king and of the army. When the pile was fired, Alexander asked\n him whether he had anything to say. \u201cNo,\u201d said he, \u201cI shall meet you\n again in a very short time.\u201d Alexander died three months after in\n Babylon. _Strabo_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch.\n 23.\u2015\u2015_Arrian_ & _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, bk. 2, ch. 41;\n bk. 5, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\n\n=Calaon=, a river of Asia, near Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\n\n=Cal\u0103ris=, a city of Sardinia. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\n\n=Calath\u0101na=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13.\n\n=Calathes=, a town of Thrace near Tomus, on the Euxine sea. _Strabo_,\n bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Calathion=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26.\n\n=Calathus=, a son of Jupiter and Antiope.\n\n=Cal\u0101tia=, a town of Campania, on the Appian way. It was made a Roman\n colony in the age of Julius C\u00e6sar. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 543.\n\n=Calati\u00e6=, a people of India, who ate the flesh of their parents.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 38.\n\n=Calavii=, a people of Campania. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 27.\n\n=Calavius=, a magistrate of Capua, who rescued some Roman senators\n from death, &c. _Livy_, bk. 23, chs. 2 & 3.\n\n=Calaur\u0113a= and =Calaur\u012ba=, an island near Tr\u0153zene in the bay of Argos.\n Apollo, and afterwards Neptune, was the chief deity of the place.\n The tomb of Demosthenes was seen there, who poisoned himself to fly\n from the persecutions of Antipater. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7,\n li. 384.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Calbis=, a river of Caria. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16.\n\n=Calce=, a city of Campania. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\n\n=Calchas=, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Thestor. He accompanied\n the Greeks to Troy, in the office of high priest; and he informed\n them that the city could not be taken without the aid of Achilles,\n that their fleet could not sail from Aulis before Iphigenia was\n sacrificed to Diana, and that the plague could not be stopped in the\n Grecian army before the restoration of Chryseis to her father. He\n told them also that Troy could not be taken before 10 years\u2019 siege.\n He had received the power of divination from Apollo. Calchas was\n informed that as soon as he found a man more skilled than himself in\n divination, he must perish; and this happened near Colophon, after\n the Trojan war. He was unable to tell how many figs were in the\n branches of a certain fig tree; and when Mopsus mentioned the exact\n number, Calchas died through grief. _See:_ Mopsus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 1, li. 69.\u2015\u2015_Aeschylus_, _Agamemnon_.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.\n\n=Calchedonia.= _See:_ Chalcedon.\n\n=Calchinia=, a daughter of Leucippus. She had a son by Neptune, who\n inherited his grandfather\u2019s kingdom of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 5.\n\n=Caldus C\u00e6lius=, a Roman who killed himself when detained by the\n Germans. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 120.\n\n=Cale= (es), =Cales= (ium), and =Cal\u0113num=, now _Calvi_, a town of\n Campania. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 12.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 69.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 413.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7,\n li. 728.\n\n=Cal\u0113donia=, a country at the north of Britain, now called Scotland.\n The reddish hair and lofty stature of its inhabitants seemed\n to denote a German extraction, according to _Tacitus_, _Life of\n Agricola_. It was so little known to the Romans, and its inhabitants\n so little civilized, that they called it _Britannia Barbara_, and\n they never penetrated into the country either for curiosity or\n conquest. _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 44.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,\n li. 598.\n\n=Cal\u0113ntum=, a place of Spain, where it is said they made bricks so\n light that they swam on the surface of the water. _Pliny_, bk. 35,\n ch. 14.\n\n=Cal\u0113nus=, a famous soothsayer of Etruria in the age of Tarquin.\n _Pliny_, bk. 28, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lieutenant of C\u00e6sar\u2019s army. After\n C\u00e6sar\u2019s murder, he concealed some that had been proscribed by\n the triumvirs, and behaved with great honour to them. _Plutarch_,\n _C\u00e6sar_.\n\n=Cales.= _See:_ Cale.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Bithynia on the Euxine. _Arrian._\n\n=Calesius=, a charioteer of Axylus, killed by Diomedes in the Trojan\n war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 16.\n\n=Cal\u0113t\u00e6=, a people of Belgic Gaul, now _Pays de Caux_, in Normandy.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4. Their town was called Caletum.\n\n=Caletor=, a Trojan prince, slain by Ajax as he was going to set fire\n to the ship of Protesilaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 419.\n\n=Calex=, a river of Asia Minor, falling into the Euxine sea.\n _Thucydides_, bk. 4, ch. 75.\n\n=Caliadne=, the wife of \u00c6gyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Calic\u0113ni=, a people of Macedonia.\n\n=Marcus Calidius=, an orator and pretorian who died in the civil wars,\n &c. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius Julius, a man\n remarkable for his riches, the excellency of his character, his\n learning and poetical abilities. He was proscribed by Volumnius,\n but delivered by Atticus. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 12.\n\n=Caius Cal\u012dg\u016dla=, the emperor, received this surname from his wearing\n in the camp the _Caliga_, a military covering for the leg. He was\n son of Germanicus by Agrippina, and grandson to Tiberius. During\n the first eight months of his reign, Rome experienced universal\n prosperity, the exiles were recalled, taxes were remitted, and\n profligates dismissed; but Caligula soon became proud, wanton,\n and cruel. He built a temple to himself, and ordered his head to\n be placed on the images of the gods, while he wished to imitate\n the thunders and powers of Jupiter. The statues of all great men\n were removed, as if Rome would sooner forget their virtues in their\n absence; and the emperor appeared in public places in the most\n indecent manner, encouraged roguery, committed incest with his three\n sisters, and established public places of prostitution. He often\n amused himself with putting innocent people to death; he attempted\n to famish Rome by a monopoly of corn; and as he was pleased with\n the greatest disasters which befel his subjects, he often wished\n the Romans had but one head, that he might have the gratification\n to strike it off. Wild beasts were constantly fed in his palace with\n human victims, and a favourite horse was made high priest and consul,\n and kept in marble apartments, and adorned with the most valuable\n trappings and pearls which the Roman empire could furnish. Caligula\n built a bridge upwards of three miles in the sea; and would perhaps\n have shown himself more tyrannical had not Ch\u00e6reas, one of his\n servants, formed a conspiracy against his life, with others equally\n tired with the cruelties and the insults that were offered with\n impunity to the persons and feelings of the Romans. In consequence\n of this, the tyrant was murdered January 24th, in his 29th year,\n after a reign of three years and ten months, A.D. 41. It has been\n said that Caligula wrote a treatise on rhetoric; but his love of\n learning is better understood from his attempts to destroy the\n writings of Homer and of Virgil. _Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Lives\n of the Twelve Caesars_.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_.\n\n=Cal\u012dpus=, a mathematician of Cyzicus, B.C. 330.\n\n=Calis=, a man in Alexander\u2019s army, tortured for conspiring against\n the king. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.\n\n=Call\u00e6scherus=, the father of Critias. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.\n\n=Calla\u012dci=, a people of Lusitania, now _Gallicia_, at the north of\n Spain. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 461.\n\n=Callas=, a general of Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Cassander\n against Polyperchon. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Eub\u0153a.\n\n=Callat\u0113bus=, a town of Caria. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 32.\n\n=Calle=, a town of ancient Spain, now _Oporto_, at the mouth of the\n Douro in Portugal.\n\n=Calleteria=, a town of Campania.\n\n=Call\u0113ni=, a people of Campania.\n\n=Callia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.\n\n=Calli\u0103des=, a magistrate of Athens when Xerxes invaded Greece.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 51.\n\n=Callias=, an Athenian appointed to make peace between Artaxerxes and\n his country. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Temenus, who murdered\n his father with the assistance of his brothers. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek poet, son of Lysimachus. His compositions are lost.\n He was surnamed Sch\u0153nion, from his twisting ropes (\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2), through\n poverty. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A partial historian of Syracuse.\n He wrote an account of the Sicilian wars, and was well rewarded\n by Agathocles, because he had shown him in a favourable view.\n _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian greatly revered\n for his patriotism. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 121.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A soothsayer.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian commander of a fleet against Philip, whose ships\n he took, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rich Athenian, who liberated Cimon from prison,\n on condition of marrying his sister and wife Elpinice. _Cornelius\n Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian, who wrote an\n explanation of the poems of Alc\u00e6us and Sappho.\n\n=Callibius=, a general in the war between Mantinea and Sparta.\n _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.\n\n=Callic\u0113rus=, a Greek poet, some of whose epigrams are preserved in\n the Anthologia.\n\n=Callich\u014frus=, a place of Phocis, where the orgies of Bacchus were\n yearly celebrated.\n\n=Call\u012dcles=, an Athenian, whose house was not searched on account of\n his recent marriage, when an inquiry was made after the money given\n by Harpalus, &c. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary of Megara.\n\n=Callicol\u014dna=, a place of Troy, near the Simois.\n\n=Callicr\u0103tes=, an Athenian, who seized upon the sovereignty of\n Syracuse, by imposing upon Dion when he had lost his popularity.\n He was expelled by the sons of Dionysius, after reigning 13 months.\n He is called _Calippus_ by some authors. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer entrusted with the care of the treasures of Susa by\n Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An artist, who made, with\n ivory, ants and other insects, so small that they could scarcely\n be seen. It is said that he engraved some of Homer\u2019s verses upon a\n grain of millet. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_,\n bk. 1, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian, who, by his perfidy, constrained the\n Athenians to submit to Rome. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Syrian,\n who wrote an account of Aurelian\u2019s life.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brave Athenian, killed\n at the battle of Plat\u00e6a. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 72.\n\n=Callicrat\u012ddas=, a Spartan, who succeeded Lysander in the command of\n the fleet. He took Methymna, and routed the Athenian fleet under\n Conon. He was defeated and killed near the Arginus\u00e6, in a naval\n battle, B.C. 406. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the four ambassadors sent by the Laced\u00e6monians to Darius,\n upon the rupture of their alliance with Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 3,\n ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Pythagorean writer.\n\n=Callidius=, a celebrated Roman orator, contemporary with Cicero,\n who speaks of his abilities with commendation. _Cicero_, _Brutus_,\n ch. 274.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36.\n\n=Callidr\u014fmus=, a place near Thermopyl\u00e6. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 6.\n\n=Callig\u0113tus=, a man of Megara, received in his banishment by\n Pharnabazus. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 6.\n\n=Call\u012dm\u0103chus=, an historian and poet of Cyrene, son of Battus and\n Mesatma, and pupil to Hermocrates the grammarian. He had, in the\n age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, kept a school at Alexandria, and had\n Apollonius of Rhodes among his pupils, whose ingratitude obliged\n Callimachus to lash him severely in a satirical poem, under the name\n of _Ibis_. _See:_ Apollonius. The Ibis of Ovid is in imitation of\n this piece. He wrote a work, in 120 books, on famous men, besides\n treatises on birds; but of all his numerous compositions, only 31\n epigrams, an elegy, and some hymns on the gods, are extant; the\n best editions of which are that of Ernestus, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden,\n 1761, and that of Vulcanius, 12mo, Antwerp, 1584. Propertius styled\n himself the _Roman Callimachus_. The precise time of his death, as\n well as of his birth, is unknown. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li.\n 65.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputations_, bk. 1, ch. 84.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 109.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian\n general killed in the battle of Marathon. His body was found in an\n erect posture, all covered with wounds. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Colophonian,\n who wrote the life of Homer. _Plutarch._\n\n=Callim\u0115don=, a partisan of Phocion, at Athens, condemned by the\n populace.\n\n=Callim\u0115les=, a youth ordered to be killed and served up as meat by\n Apollodorus of Cassandrea. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 6, ch. 7.\n\n=Callinus=, an orator, who is said to have first invented elegiac\n poetry, B.C. 776. Some of his verses are to be found in Stob\u00e6us.\n _Athen\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\n\n=Calli\u014fpe=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who\n presided over eloquence and heroic poetry. She is said to be the\n mother of Orpheus by Apollo, and Horace supposes her able to play\n on any musical instrument. She was represented with a trumpet in her\n right hand, and with books in the other, which signified that her\n office was to take notice of the famous actions of heroes, as Clio\n was employed in celebrating them; and she held the three most famous\n epic poems of antiquity, and appeared generally crowned with laurels.\n She settled the dispute between Venus and Proserpine, concerning\n Adonis, whose company these two goddesses wished both perpetually to\n enjoy. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n _Odes_.\n\n=Callipat\u012bra=, daughter of Diagoras and wife of Callianax the athlete,\n went disguised in man\u2019s clothes with her son Pisidorus to the\n Olympic games. When Pisidorus was declared victor, she discovered\n her sex through excess of joy, and was arrested, as women were not\n permitted to appear there on pain of death. The victory of her son\n obtained her release; and a law was instantly made, which forbade\n any wrestlers to appear but naked. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 6; bk. 6,\n ch. 7.\n\n=Call\u012dphon=, a painter of Samos, famous for his historical pieces.\n _Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher who made the _summum\n bonum_ consist in pleasure joined to the love of honesty. This\n system was opposed by _Cicero_. _Academic Questions_, bk. 4, chs.\n 131 & 139; _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 119.\n\n=Call\u012dphron=, a celebrated dancing master, who had Epaminondas among\n his pupils. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.\n\n=Callip\u012dd\u00e6=, a people of Scythia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 17.\n\n=Callip\u014flis=, a city of Thrace on the Hellespont. _Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 14, li. 250.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Sicily near \u00c6tna.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of\n Calabria on the coast of Tarentum, on a rocky island, joined by a\n bridge to the continent. It is now called _Gallipoli_, and contains\n 6000 inhabitants, who trade in oil and cotton.\n\n=Call\u012dpus=, or =Calippus=, an Athenian, disciple to Plato. He\n destroyed Dion, &c. _See:_ Callicrates. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Corinthian, who wrote a history of Orchomenos. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 6, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Zeno_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the Athenians, when the Gauls invaded Greece by\n Thermopyl\u00e6. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\n\n=Callipyges=, a surname of Venus.\n\n=Callirhoe=, a daughter of the Scamander, who married Tros, by whom\n she had Ilus, Ganymede, and Assaracus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fountain of Attica\n where Callirhoe killed herself. _See:_ Coresus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,\n ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 12, _Thebiad_, li. 629.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n Oceanus and Tethys, mother of Echidna, Orthus, and Cerberus by\n Chrysaor. _Hesiod._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Lycus tyrant of Libya, who\n kindly received Diomedes at his return from Troy. He abandoned her,\n upon which she killed herself.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of the Achelous, who\n married Alcm\u00e6on. _See:_ Alcm\u00e6on. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Phocus the B\u0153otian, whose beauty procured her many\n admirers. Her father behaved with such coldness to her lovers that\n they murdered him. Callirhoe avenged his death with the assistance\n of the B\u0153otians. _Plutarch_, _Amatori\u00e6 narrationes_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Piras and Niobe. _Hyginus_, fable 145.\n\n=Calliste=, an island of the \u00c6gean sea, called afterwards _Thera_.\n _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015Its chief town\n was founded 1150 years before the christian era, by Theras.\n\n=Callisteia=, a festival at Lesbos, during which all the women\n presented themselves in the temple of Juno, and the fairest was\n rewarded in a public manner. There was also an institution of the\n same kind among the Parrhasians, first made by Cypselus, whose wife\n was honoured with the first prize. The Eleans had one also, in which\n the fairest man received as a prize a complete suit of armour, which\n he dedicated to Minerva.\n\n=Callisth\u0115nes=, a Greek who wrote a history of his own country in 10\n books, beginning from the peace between Artaxerxes and Greece, down\n to the plundering of the temple of Delphi by Philomelus. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who with others attempted to expel the garrison of\n Demetrius from Athens. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher\n of Olynthus, intimate with Alexander, whom he accompanied in his\n oriental expedition in the capacity of a preceptor, and to whom he\n had been recommended by his friend and master Aristotle. He refused\n to pay divine honours to the king, for which he was accused of\n conspiracy, mutilated and exposed to wild beasts, dragged about\n in chains, till Lysimachus gave him poison, which ended together\n his tortures and his life, B.C. 328. None of his compositions are\n extant. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Arrian_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 12, chs. 6 & 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer of Sybaris.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n freedman of Lucullus. It is said that he gave poison to his master.\n _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.\n\n=Callisto= and =Calisto=, called also Helice, was daughter of Lycaon\n king of Arcadia, and one of Diana\u2019s attendants. Jupiter saw her, and\n seduced her after he had assumed the shape of Diana. Her pregnancy\n was discovered as she bathed with Diana; and the fruit of her amour\n with Jupiter called Arcas, was hid in the woods and preserved. Juno,\n who was jealous of Jupiter, changed Calisto into a bear; but the\n god, apprehensive of her being hurt by the huntsmen, made her a\n constellation of heaven, with her son Arcas, under the name of the\n bear. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 176 & 177.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8,\n ch. 3.\n\n=Callistonicus=, a celebrated statuary at Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,\n ch. 16.\n\n=Callistr\u0103tus=, an Athenian, appointed general with Timotheus and\n Chabrias against Laced\u00e6mon. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator of\n Aphidna, in the time of Epaminondas, the most eloquent of his\n age.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian orator with whom Demosthenes made an intimate\n acquaintance after he had heard him plead. _Xenophon._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek\n historian praised by _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic poet,\n rival of Aristophanes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n secretary of Mithridates. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian,\n who made the alphabet of the Samians consist of 24 letters. Some\n suppose that he wrote a treatise on courtesans.\n\n=Callix\u0115na=, a courtesan of Thessaly, whose company Alexander refused,\n though requested by his mother Olympias. This was attributed by the\n Athenians to other causes than chastity, and therefore the prince\u2019s\n ambition was ridiculed.\n\n=Callix\u0115nus=, a general who perished by famine.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian\n imprisoned for passing sentence of death upon some prisoners.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 13.\n\n=Calon=, a statuary. _Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 34,\n ch. 8.\n\n=Calor=, now _Calore_, a river in Italy near Beneventum. _Livy_,\n bk. 24, ch. 14.\n\n=Calpe=, a lofty mountain in the most southern parts of Spain, opposite\n to mount Abyla on the African coast. These two mountains were called\n the pillars of Hercules. Calpe is now called Gibraltar.\n\n=Calphurnia=, a daughter of Lucius Piso, who was Julius C\u00e6sar\u2019s fourth\n wife. The night previous to her husband\u2019s murder, she dreamed that\n the roof of her house had fallen, and that he had been stabbed in\n her arms; and on that account she attempted, but in vain, to detain\n him at home. After C\u00e6sar\u2019s murder she placed herself under the\n patronage of Marcus Antony. _Suetonius_, _Julius_.\n\n=Calphurnius Bestia=, a noble Roman bribed by Jugurtha. It is said\n that he murdered his wives when asleep. _Pliny_, bk. 27, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Crassus, a patrician who went with Regulus against the Massyli.\n He was seized by the enemy as he attempted to plunder one of their\n towns, and he was ordered to be sacrificed to Neptune. Bisaltia the\n king\u2019s daughter fell in love with him, and gave him an opportunity\n of escaping and conquering her father. Calphurnius returned\n victorious, and Bisaltia destroyed herself.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who conspired\n against the emperor Nerva.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Galerianus, son of Piso, put to death,\n &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Piso, condemned for\n using seditious words against Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk.\n 4, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, famous for his abstinence. _Valerius Maximus_,\n bk. 4, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Titus, a Latin poet, born in Sicily in the age\n of Diocletian, seven of whose eclogues are extant, and generally\n found with the works of the poets who have written on hunting.\n Though abounding in many beautiful lines, they are, however, greatly\n inferior to the elegance and simplicity of Virgil. The best edition\n is that of Kempher, 4to, Leiden, 1728.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man surnamed Frugi, who\n composed annals, B.C. 130.\n\n=Calpurnia=, or =Calphurnia=, a noble family in Rome, derived from\n Calpus son of Numa. It branched into the families of the Pisones,\n Bibuli, Flamm\u00e6, C\u00e6sennini, Asprenates, &c. \u2666_Plutarch_, _Numa_.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Pliny\u2019 replaced with \u2018Plutarch\u2019\n\n=Calpurnia= and =Calphurnia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 604, severely\n to punish such as were guilty of using bribes, &c. _Cicero_, _De\n Officiis_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Marius, sacrificed to the gods\n by her father, who was advised to do it, in a dream, if he wished\n to conquer the Cimbri. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman\n who killed herself when she heard that her husband was murdered in\n the civil wars of Marius. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife\n of Julius C\u00e6sar. _See:_ Calphurnia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A favourite of the emperor\n Claudius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman ruined by Agrippina\n on account of her beauty, &c. _Tacitus._\n\n=Calvia=, a female minister of Nero\u2019s lusts. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,\n bk. 1, ch. 3.\n\n=Calv\u012bna=, a prostitute in Juvenal\u2019s age. Bk. 3, li. 133.\n\n=Calvisius=, a friend of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n officer whose wife prostituted herself in his camp by night, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 48.\n\n=Calumnia= and =Impudentia=, two deities worshipped at Athens. Calumnia\n was ingeniously represented in a painting by Apelles.\n\n=Calusidius=, a soldier in the army of Germanicus. When this general\n wished to stab \u2666himself with his own sword, Calusidius offered him\n his own, observing that it was sharper. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1,\n ch. 35.\n\n \u2666 \u2018himslf\u2019 replaced with \u2018himself\u2019\n\n=Calusium=, a town of Etruria.\n\n=Calvus Cornelius Licinius=, a famous orator, equally known for\n writing iambics. As he was both factious and satirical, he did not\n fail to excite attention by his animadversions upon C\u00e6sar and Pompey,\n and, from his eloquence, to dispute the palm of eloquence with\n Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters_.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 19.\n\n=Caly\u0306be=, a town of Thrace. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of\n Bucolion by Laomedon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An old woman,\n priestess in the temple which Juno had at Ardea. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 7, li. 419.\n\n=Calycadnus=, a river of Cilicia.\n\n=Caly\u0306ce=, a daughter of \u00c6olus son of Helenus and Enaretta, daughter\n of Deimachus. She had Endymion king of Elis, by \u00c6thlius the son of\n Jupiter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Grecian girl, who fell in love with a youth called Evathlus.\n As she was unable to gain the object of her love, she threw herself\n from a precipice. This tragical story was made into a song by\n Stesichorus, and was still extant in the age of _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 14.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Hecaton mother of Cycnus. _Hyginus_, fable 157.\n\n=Calydium=, a town on the Appian way.\n\n=Calydna=, an island in the Myrtoan sea. Some suppose it to be near\n Rhodes, others near Tenedos. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 205.\n\n=Calydon=, a city of \u00c6tolia, where \u0152neus the father of Meleager\n reigned. The Evenus flows through it, and it receives its name from\n Calydon the son of \u00c6tolus. During the reign of \u0152neus, Diana sent\n a wild boar to ravage the country, on account of the neglect which\n had been shown to her divinity by the king. All the princes of the\n age assembled to hunt this boar, which is greatly celebrated by the\n poets, under the name of the chase of Calydon, or the Calydonian\n boar. Meleager killed the animal with his own hand, and gave the\n head to Atalanta, of whom he was enamoured. The skin of the boar was\n preserved, and was still seen in the age of Pausanias, in the temple\n of Minerva Alea. The tusks were also preserved by the Arcadians in\n Tegea, and Augustus carried them away to Rome, because the people\n of Tegea had followed the party of Antony. These tusks were shown\n for a long time at Rome. One of them was about half an ell long, and\n the other was broken. _See:_ Meleager and Atalanta. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, \u2666_Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 577.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 174.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 4, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6tolus and Pronoe\n daughter of Phorbas. He gave his name to a town of \u00c6tolia.\n\n \u2666 Book reference omitted in text.\n\n=Caly\u0306d\u014dnis=, a name of Deianira, as living in Calydon. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 4.\n\n=Caly\u0306d\u014dnius=, a surname of Bacchus.\n\n=Calymne=, an island near Lebynthos. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2,\n li. 81.\n\n=Calynda=, a town of Caria. _Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\n\n=Cal\u0233pso=, one of the Oceanides, or one of the daughters of Atlas,\n according to some, was goddess of silence, and reigned in the island\n of Ogygia, whose situation and even existence is doubted. When\n Ulysses was shipwrecked on her coasts, she received him with great\n hospitality, and offered him immortality if he would remain with\n her as a husband. The hero refused, and after seven years\u2019 delay,\n he was permitted to depart from the island by order of Mercury\n the messenger of Jupiter. During his stay, Ulysses had two sons by\n Calypso, Nausithous, and Nausinous. Calypso was inconsolable at the\n departure of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 7 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, li. 360.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 18; _Amores_,\n bk. 2, poem 17.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 15.\n\n=Camalod\u016bnum=, a Roman colony in Britain, supposed Malden, or\n Colchester.\n\n=Camantium=, a town of Asia Minor.\n\n=Camar\u012bna=, a town of Italy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lake of Sicily, with a town of the\n same name, built B.C. 552. It was destroyed by the Syracusans, and\n rebuilt by a certain Hipponous. The lake was drained, contrary to\n the advice of Apollo, as the ancients supposed, and a pestilence\n was the consequence; but the lowness of the lake below the level of\n the sea prevents it being drained. The words _Camarinam movere_ are\n become proverbial to express an unsuccessful and dangerous attempt.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 701.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bk. 7, ch. 134.\n\n=Cambaules=, a general of some Gauls who invaded Greece. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 10, ch. 19.\n\n=Cambes=, a prince of Lydia, of such voracious appetite that he ate\n his own wife, &c. _\u00c6lian_, bk. 1, _Varia Historia_, ch. 27.\n\n=Cambre=, a place near Puteoli. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 154.\n\n=Cambunii=, mountains of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 53.\n\n=Camby\u0306ses=, a king of Persia, was son of Cyrus the Great. He conquered\n Egypt, and was so offended at the superstition of the Egyptians,\n that he killed their god Apis, and plundered their temples. When\n he wished to take Pelusium, he placed at the head of his army a\n number of cats and dogs; and the Egyptians refusing, in the attempt\n to defend themselves, to kill animals which they reverenced as\n divinities, became an easy prey to the enemy. Cambyses afterwards\n sent an army of 50,000 men to destroy Jupiter Ammon\u2019s temple, and\n resolved to attack the Carthaginians and \u00c6thiopians. He killed his\n brother Smerdis from mere suspicion, and flayed alive a partial\n judge, whose skin he nailed on the judgment seat, and appointed his\n son to succeed him, telling him to remember where he sat. He died\n of a small wound he had given himself with his sword as he mounted\n on horseback; and the Egyptians observed that it was the same\n place on which he had wounded their god Apis, and that therefore he\n was visited by the hand of the gods. His death happened 521 years\n before the birth of Christ. He left no issue to succeed him, and his\n throne was usurped by the magi, and ascended by Darius soon after.\n _Herodotus_, bks. 2, 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A person of obscure origin, to whom king\n Astyages gave his daughter Mandane in marriage. The king, who had\n been terrified by dreams which threatened the loss of his crown by\n the hand of his daughter\u2019s son, had taken this step in hopes that\n the children of so ignoble a bed would ever remain in obscurity.\n He was disappointed. Cyrus, Mandane\u2019s son, dethroned him when grown\n to manhood. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 46, 107, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 1,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Asia, which flows from mount Caucasus into the\n Cyrus. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Camel\u0101ni=, a people of Italy.\n\n=Camel\u012bt\u00e6=, a people of Mesopotamia.\n\n=Camera=, a field of Calabria. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 582.\n\n\u2666=Camer\u012bnum= and =Camertium=, a town of Umbria, very faithful to Rome.\n The inhabitants were called Camertes. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 36.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Camern\u012bum\u2019 replaced with \u2018Camer\u012bnum\u2019\n\n=Camer\u012bnus=, a Latin poet who wrote a poem on the taking of Troy by\n Hercules. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, poem 16, li. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Some of the\n family of the Camerini were distinguished for their zeal as citizens,\n as well as for their abilities as scholars, among whom was Sulpicius,\n commissioned by the Roman senate to go to Athens, to collect the\n best of Solon\u2019s laws. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 90.\n\n=Camerium=, an ancient town of Italy near Rome, taken by Romulus.\n _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\n\n=Camertes=, a friend of Turnus killed by \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 10, li. 562. _See:_ Camerinum.\n\n=Camilia=, queen of the Volsci, was daughter of Metabus and Casmilla.\n She was educated in the woods, inured to the labours of hunting, and\n fed upon the milk of mares. Her father devoted her, when young, to\n the service of Diana. When she was declared queen, she marched at\n the head of an army, and accompanied by three youthful females of\n equal courage as herself, to assist Turnus against \u00c6neas, where she\n signalized herself by the numbers that perished by her hand. She\n was so swift that she could run, or rather fly, over a field of corn\n without bending the blades, and make her way over the sea without\n wetting her feet. She died by a wound which she had received from\n Aruns. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 803; bk. 11, li. 435.\n\n=Camilli= and =Camill\u00e6=, the priests instituted by Romulus for the\n service of the gods.\n\n=Camillus Lucius Furius=, a celebrated Roman, called a second Romulus,\n from his services to his country. He was banished by the people,\n for distributing, contrary to his vow, the spoils he had obtained at\n Veii. During his exile, Rome was besieged by the Gauls under Brennus.\n In the midst of their misfortunes, the besieged Romans elected him\n dictator, and he forgot their ingratitude, and marched to the relief\n of his country, which he delivered, after it had been for some time\n in the possession of the enemy. He died in the 80th year of his\n age, B.C. 365, after he had been five times dictator, once censor,\n three times interrex, twice a military tribune, and obtained four\n triumphs. He conquered the Hernici, Volsci, Latini, and Etrurians,\n and dissuaded his countrymen from their intentions of leaving Rome\n to reside at Veii. When he besieged Falisci, he rejected, with\n proper indignation, the offers of a schoolmaster, who had betrayed\n into his hands the sons of the most worthy citizens. _Plutarch_,\n _Lives of the Roman Emperors_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch.\n 13.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 825.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n name of Mercury.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An intimate friend of Cicero.\n\n=Cam\u012bro= and =Clytia=, two daughters of Pandarus of Crete. When their\n parents were dead, they were left to the care of Venus; who, with\n the other goddesses, brought them up with tenderness, and asked\n Jupiter to grant them kind husbands. Jupiter, to punish upon them\n the crime of their father, who was accessary to the impiety of\n Tantalus, ordered the harpies to carry them away and deliver them to\n the furies. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 20,\n li. 66.\n\n=Cam\u012brus= and =Cam\u012bra=, a town of Rhodes, which received its name\n from Camirus, a son of Hercules and Iole. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2,\n li. 163.\n\n=Camissares=, a governor of part of Cilicia, father to Datames.\n _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.\n\n=Camma=, a woman of Calatia, who avenged the death of her husband\n Sinetus upon his murderer Sinorix, by making him drink in a cup, of\n which the liquor was poisoned, on pretence of marrying him, according\n to the custom of their country, which required that the bridegroom\n and his bride should drink out of the same vessel. She escaped by\n refusing to drink on pretence of illness. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Cam\u0153n\u00e6=, a name given to the muses from the sweetness and melody of\n their songs, _\u00e0 cantu am\u00e6no_, or, according to Varro, from _carmen_.\n _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 7.\n\n=Camp\u0101na lex=, or Julian agrarian law, was enacted by Julius C\u00e6sar,\n A.U.C. 691, to divide some lands among the people.\n\n=Camp\u0101nia=, a country of Italy, of which Capua was the capital, bounded\n by Latium, Samnium, Picenum, and part of the Mediterranean sea. It\n is celebrated for its delightful views, and for its fertility. Capua\n is often called _Campana urbs_. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On\n the Agrarian Law_, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1; bk. 22, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 16.\n\n=Campe=, kept the 100 handed monsters confined in Tartarus. Jupiter\n killed her, because she refused to give them their liberty to come\n to his assistance against the Titans. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 500.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\n\n=Campaspe=, or =Pancaste=, a beautiful concubine of Alexander, whom\n the king gave to Apelles, who had fallen in love with her, as\n he drew her picture in her naked charms. It is said that from\n this beauty the painter copied the thousand charms of his Venus\n Anadyomene. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.\n\n=Campi Diom\u0113dis=, a plain situate in Apulia. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 93.\n\n=Campsa=, a town near Pallene. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.\n\n=Campus Martius=, a large plain at Rome, without the walls of the\n city, where the Roman youths performed their exercises, and learnt to\n wrestle and box, to throw the discus, hurl the javelin, ride a horse,\n drive a chariot, &c. The public assemblies were held there, and the\n officers of state chosen, and audience given to foreign ambassadors.\n It was adorned with statues, columns, arches, and porticoes, and its\n pleasant situation made it very frequented. It was called Martius\n because dedicated to Mars. It was sometimes called Tiberinus, from\n its closeness to the Tiber. It was given to the Roman people by a\n vestal virgin; but they were deprived of it by Tarquin the Proud,\n who made it a private field, and sowed corn in it. When Tarquin\n was driven from Rome the people recovered it, and threw away into\n the Tiber the corn which had grown there, deeming it unlawful\n for any man to eat of the produce of that land. The sheaves which\n were thrown into the river stopped in a shallow ford, and by the\n accumulated collection of mud became firm ground, and formed an\n island, which was called the Holy Island, or the island of \u00c6sculapius.\n Dead carcases were generally burnt in the Campus Martius. _Strabo_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 6, ch. 20.\n\n=Camulog\u012bnus=, a Gaul raised to great honours by C\u00e6sar, for his\n military abilities. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 57.\n\n=Cam\u016dlus=, a surname of Mars among the Sabines and Etrurians.\n\n=Cana=, a city and promontory of \u00c6olia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.\n\n=Can\u0103ce=, a daughter of \u00c6olus and Enaretta, who became enamoured of\n her brother Macareus, by whom she had a child, whom she exposed. The\n cries of the child discovered the mother\u2019s incest; and \u00c6olus sent\n his daughter a sword, and obliged her to kill herself. Macareus fled,\n and became a priest of Apollo at Delphi. Some say that Canace was\n ravished by Neptune, by whom she had many children, among whom were\n Epopeus, Triops, and Alous. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables\n 238 & 242.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 11; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 384.\n\n=Can\u0103che=, one of Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs.\n\n=Can\u0103chus=, a statuary of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9.\n\n=Can\u00e6=, a city of Locris,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of \u00c6olia.\n\n=Can\u0101rii=, a people near mount Atlas in Africa, who received this name\n because they fed in common with their dogs. The islands which they\n inhabited were called _Fortunate_ by the ancients, and are now known\n by the name of the _Canaries_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\n\n=Can\u0103thus=, a fountain of Nauplia, where Juno yearly washed herself to\n recover her infant purity. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 38.\n\n=Cand\u0103ce=, a queen of \u00c6thiopia, in the age of Augustus, so prudent and\n meritorious that her successors always bore her name. She was blind\n of one eye. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 54.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 17.\n\n=Cand\u0101via=, a mountain of Epirus, which separates Illyria from\n Macedonia. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 331.\n\n=Candaules=, or =Myrsilus=, son of Myrsus, was the last of the\n Heraclid\u00e6 who sat on the throne of Lydia. He showed his wife naked\n to Gyges, one of his ministers; and the queen was so incensed,\n that she ordered Gyges to murder her husband, 718 years before\n the christian era. After this murder, Gyges married the queen and\n ascended the throne. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 7, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.\n\n=Cand\u0113i=, a people of Arabia who fed on serpents.\n\n=Candi\u014fpe=, a daughter of \u0152nopion, ravished by her brother.\n\n=Candy\u0306ba=, a town of Lycia.\n\n=Canens=, a nymph called also Venilia, daughter of Janus and wife\n to Picus king of the Laurentes. When Circe had changed her husband\n into a bird, she lamented him so much, that she pined away, and was\n changed into a voice. She was reckoned as a deity by the inhabitants.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 9.\n\n=Caneph\u014fria=, festivals at Athens in honour of Bacchus, or, according\n to others, of Diana, in which all marriageable women offered small\n baskets to the deity, and received the name of _Canephor\u00e6_, whence\n statues representing women in that attitude were called by the same\n appellation. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4.\n\n=Canethum=, a place of Eub\u0153a.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain in B\u0153otia.\n\n=C\u0103nicul\u0101res dies=, certain days in the summer, in which the star\n Canis is said to influence the season, and to make the days more\n warm during its appearance. _Marcus Manilius._\n\n=C\u0101n\u012ddia=, a certain woman of Neapolis, against whom Horace inveighed\n as a sorceress. _Horace_, _Epodes_.\n\n=Can\u012ddius=, a tribune, who proposed a law to empower Pompey to go\n only with two lictors, to reconcile Ptolemy and the Alexandrians.\n _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.\n\n=Caninef\u0101tes=, a people near Batavia, where modern Holland now is\n situate. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 15.\n\n=Caius Caninius Rebilus=, a consul with Julius C\u00e6sar, after the\n death of Trebonius. He was consul only for seven hours, because his\n predecessor died the last day of the year, and he was chosen only\n for the remaining part of the day; whence Cicero observed, that\n Rome was greatly indebted to him for his vigilance, as he had not\n slept during the whole time of his consulship. _Cicero_, bk. 7,\n _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 33.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _C\u00e6sar_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius,\n a lieutenant of C\u00e6sar\u2019s army in Gaul. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7,\n ch. 83.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Rufus, a friend of Pliny the younger. _Pliny_, bk. 1,\n ltr. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Gallus, an intimate friend of Cicero.\n\n=Canistius=, a Laced\u00e6monian courier, who ran 1200 stadia in one day.\n _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 20.\n\n=Canius=, a poet of Gades, contemporary with Martial. He was so\n naturally merry that he always laughed. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 62.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman knight who went to Sicily for his amusement, where he\n bought gardens well stocked with fish, which disappeared on the\n morrow. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Officiis_, ch. 14.\n\n=Cann\u00e6=, a small village of Apulia near the Aufidus, where Hannibal\n conquered the Roman consuls, Probus \u00c6mylius and Terentius Varro, and\n slaughtered 40,000 Romans, on the 21st of May, B.C. 216. The spot\n where this famous battle was fought is now shown by the natives, and\n denominated the field of blood. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 44.\u2015\u2015_Florus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_.\n\n=Can\u014dpicum ostium=, one of the mouths of the Nile, 12 miles from\n Alexandria. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21.\n\n=C\u0103n\u014dpus=, a city of Egypt, 12 miles from Alexandria, celebrated for\n the temple of Serapis. It was founded by the Spartans, and therefore\n called Amycl\u00e6a, and it received its name from Canopus the pilot of\n the vessel of Menelaus, who was buried in this place. The inhabitants\n were dissolute in their manners. Virgil bestows upon it the epithet\n of _Pell\u00e6us_, because Alexander, who was born at Pella, built\n Alexandria in the neighbourhood. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 11, li. 433.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_ bk. 4, li. 287.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The pilot of the ship of\n Menelaus, who died in his youth on the coast of Egypt, by the bite\n of a serpent. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Cant\u0103bra=, a river falling into the Indus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.\n\n=Cant\u0103bri=, a ferocious and warlike people of Spain, who rebelled\n against Augustus, by whom they were conquered. Their country is now\n called Biscay. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 326.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2,\n odes 6 & 11.\n\n=Cant\u0103bri\u00e6 lacus=, a lake in Spain, where a thunderbolt fell, and in\n which 12 axes were found. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 8.\n\n=Canth\u0103rus=, a famous sculptor of Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic poet of Athens.\n\n=Canthus=, a son of Abas, one of the Argonauts.\n\n=Cantium=, a country in the eastern parts of Britain, now called Kent.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_ bk. 5.\n\n=Canuleia=, one of the first vestals chosen by Numa. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n law. _See:_ Canuleius.\n\n=Caius Canuleius=, a tribune of the people of Rome, A.U.C. 310,\n who made a law to render it constitutional for the patricians and\n plebeians to intermarry. It ordained also, that one of the consuls\n should be yearly chosen from the plebeians. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 3,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 17.\n\n=Canulia=, a Roman virgin, who became pregnant by her brother, and\n killed herself by order of her father. _Plutarch_, _Parallela\n minora_.\n\n=Can\u016dsium=, now _Canosa_, a town of Apulia, whither the Romans\n fled after the battle of Cann\u00e6. It was built by Diomedes, and its\n inhabitants have been called _bilingues_, because they retained\n the language of their founder and likewise adopted that of their\n neighbours. Horace complained of the grittiness of their bread. The\n wools and the cloths of the place were in high estimation. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, satire 10, li. 30.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 8,\n ch. 11.\n\n=Can\u016dsius=, a Greek historian under Ptolemy Auletes. _Plutarch._\n\n=Canutius Tiberinus=, a tribune of the people, who, like Cicero,\n furiously attacked Antony, when declared an enemy to the state. His\n satire cost him his life. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 64.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman\n actor. _Plutarch_, _Brutus_.\n\n=C\u0103p\u0103neus=, a noble Argive, son of Hipponous and Astinome, and husband\n to Evadne. He was so impious, that when he went to the Theban war,\n he declared that he would take Thebes even in spite of Jupiter. Such\n contempt provoked the god, who struck him dead with a thunderbolt.\n His body was burnt separately from the others, and his wife threw\n herself on the burning pile to mingle her ashes with his. It is said\n that \u00c6sculapius restored him to life. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,\n li. 404.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 68 &\n 70.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Ph\u0153nician Women_ & _Suppliants_.\u2015\u2015_Aeschylus_,\n _Seven Against Thebes_.\n\n=Capella=, an elegiac poet in the age of Julius C\u00e6sar. _Ovid_,\n _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 36.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Martianus, a Carthaginian,\n A.D. 490, who wrote a poem on the marriage of Mercury and philology,\n and in praise of the liberal arts. The best edition is that of\n Walthardus, 8vo, Bern\u00e6, 1763.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A gladiator. _Juvenal_, satire 4,\n li. 155.\n\n=Cap\u0113na=, a gate of Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 192.\n\n=Cap\u0113nas=, a small river of Italy. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 13,\n li. 85.\n\n=Cap\u0113ni=, a people of Etruria, in whose territory Feronia had a grove\n and a temple. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 697.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bks. 5, 22,\n &c.\n\n=Caper=, a river of Asia Minor.\n\n=Cap\u0113tus=, a king of Alba, who reigned 26 years. _Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A suitor of Hippodamia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,\n ch. 21.\n\n=Caph\u0101reus=, a lofty mountain and promontory of Eub\u0153a, where Nauplius\n king of the country, to revenge the death of his son Palamedes,\n slain by Ulysses, set a burning torch in the darkness of night,\n which caused the Greeks to be shipwrecked on the coast. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 260.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 481.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 115.\n\n=Caphy\u00e6=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.\n\n=Capio=, a Roman, famous for his friendship with Cato. _Plutarch_,\n \u2666_de Pat. Am_.\n\n \u2666 reference unknown\n\n=Cap\u012dto=, the uncle of Paterculus, who joined Agrippa against Crassus.\n _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 69.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Fonteius, a man sent by Antony\n to settle his disputes with Augustus. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5,\n li. 32.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man accused of extortion in Cilicia, and severely\n punished by the senate. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 93.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An epic\n poet of Alexandria, who wrote on love.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Lycia,\n who wrote an account of Isauria in eight books.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet who wrote\n on illustrious men.\n\n=Cap\u012dtol\u012bni ludi=, games yearly celebrated at Rome in honour of\n Jupiter, who preserved the capitol from the Gauls.\n\n=Cap\u012dtol\u012bnus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple on mount\n Capitolinus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Marcus Manlius, who, for his ambition,\n was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock which he had so nobly\n defended.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain at Rome, called also Mons Tarpeius, and\n Mons Saturni. The Capitol was built upon it.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of lascivious\n morals, consul with Marcellus. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Julius,\n an author in Diocletian\u2019s reign, who wrote an account of the life of\n Verus, Antoninus Pius, the Gordians, &c., most of which are now lost.\n\n=Cap\u012dt\u014dlium=, a celebrated temple and citadel at Rome on the Tarpeian\n rock, the plan of which was made by Tarquin Priscus. It was begun\n by Servius Tullius, finished by Tarquin Superbus, and consecrated by\n the consul Horatius after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome.\n It was built upon four acres of ground, the front was adorned with\n three rows of pillars, and the other sides with two. The ascent to\n it from the ground was by 100 steps. The magnificence and richness\n of this temple are almost incredible. All the consuls successively\n made donations to the capitol, and Augustus bestowed upon it at one\n time 2000 pounds weight of gold. Its thresholds were made of brass,\n and its roof was gold. It was adorned with vessels and shields\n of solid silver, with golden chariots, &c. It was burnt during\n the civil war of Marius, and Sylla rebuilt it, but died before\n the dedication, which was performed by Quintus Catulus. It was\n again destroyed in the troubles under Vitellius; and Vespasian,\n who endeavoured to repair it, saw it again in ruins at his death.\n Domitian raised it again, for the last time, and made it more grand\n and magnificent than any of his predecessors, and spent 12,000\n talents in gilding it. When they first dug for the foundations, they\n found a man\u2019s head called Tolius, sound and entire in the ground,\n and from thence drew an omen of the future greatness of the Roman\n empire. The hill was from that circumstance called Capitolium, _a\n capite Toli_. The consuls and magistrates offered sacrifices there,\n when they first entered upon their offices, and the procession in\n triumphs was always conducted to the capitol. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 6, li. 136; bk. 8, li. 347.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3,\n ch. 72.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Publicola_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bks. 1, 10, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 33, &c.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 40.\n\n=Capp\u0103d\u014fcia=, a country of Asia Minor, between the Halys, the\n Euphrates, and the Euxine. It receives its name from the river\n Cappadox, which separates it from Galatia. The inhabitants were\n called Syrians and Leuco-Syrians by the Greeks. They were of a dull\n and submissive disposition, and addicted to every vice, according to\n the ancients, who wrote this virulent epigram against them:\n\n Vipera Cappadocem nocitura momordit; at illa\n Gustato periit sanguine Cappadocis.\n\n When they were offered their freedom and independence by the\n Romans, they refused it, and begged of them a king, and they\n received Ariobarzanes. It was some time after governed by a Roman\n proconsul. Though the ancients have ridiculed this country for the\n unfruitfulness of its soil, and the manners of its inhabitants, yet\n it can boast of the birth of the geographer Strabo, St. Basil, and\n Gregory Nazianzen, among other illustrious characters. The horses of\n this country were in general esteem, and with these they paid their\n tributes to the king of Persia, while under his power, for want of\n money. The kings of Cappadocia mostly bore the name of Ariarathes.\n _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 39.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_,\n bks. 3 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 16.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 73;\n bk. 5, ch. 49.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 8.\n\n=Capp\u0103dox=, a river of Cappadocia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 3.\n\n=Capr\u0103ria=, now _Cabrera_, a mountainous island on the coast of Spain,\n famous for its goats. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\n\n=C\u0103pre\u00e6=, now _Capri_, an island on the coast of Campania, abounding\n in quails, and famous for the residence and debaucheries of the\n emperor Tiberius, during the seven last years of his life. The\n island, in which now several medals are dug up expressive of the\n licentious morals of the emperor, is about 40 miles in circumference,\n and surrounded by steep rocks. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15,\n li. 709.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Sylv\u00e6_, bk. 3, li. 5.\n\n=Capr\u00e6a Palus=, a place near Rome where Romulus disappeared.\n _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 491.\n\n=Capricornus=, a sign of the zodiac, in which appear 28 stars in the\n form of a goat, supposed by the ancients to be the goat Amalth\u00e6a,\n which fed Jupiter with her milk. Some maintain that it is Pan,\n who changed himself into a goat when frightened at the approach of\n Typhon. When the sun enters this sign it is the winter solstice,\n or the longest night in the year. _Marcus Manilius_, bks. 2 & 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 17, li. 19.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 196; _Poetica\n Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 28.\n\n=Caprifici\u0101lis=, a day sacred to Vulcan, on which the Athenians offered\n him money. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 15.\n\n=Capr\u012bma=, a town of Caria.\n\n=Capr\u012dp\u0115des=, a surname of Pan, the Fauni and the Satyrs, from their\n having goats\u2019 feet.\n\n=Caprias=, a great informer in Horace\u2019s age. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4,\n li. 66.\n\n=Caprot\u012bna=, a festival celebrated at Rome in July in honour of Juno,\n at which women only officiated. _See:_ Philotis. _Varro_, _de Lingua\n Latina_, bk. 5.\n\n=Caprus=, a harbour near mount Athos.\n\n=Capsa=, a town of Libya, surrounded by vast deserts full of snakes.\n _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.\n\n=Caps\u0103ge=, a town of Syria. _Curtius_, bk. 10.\n\n=C\u0103pua=, the chief city of Campania in Italy, supposed to have been\n founded by Capys, the father, or rather the companion, of Anchises.\n This city was very ancient, and so opulent that it even rivalled\n Rome, and was called _altera Roma_. The soldiers of Annibal, after\n the battle of Cann\u00e6, were enervated by the pleasures and luxuries\n which powerfully prevailed in this voluptuous city and under a soft\n climate. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 145.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bks. 4, 7, 8,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 44.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 12, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Life\n of Hannibal_.\n\n=Capys=, a Trojan, who came with \u00c6neas into Italy, and founded Capua.\n He was one of those who, against the advice of Thym\u0153tes, wished\n to destroy the wooden horse, which proved the destruction of Troy.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 145.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Assaracus by a\n daughter of the Simois. He was father of Anchises by Themis. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 33.\n\n=Capys Sylvius=, a king of Alba, who reigned 28 years. _Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 768.\n\n=Car=, a son of Phoroneus king of Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 39\n & 40.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Manes, who married Callirhoe daughter of the\n M\u00e6ander. Caria received its name from him. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 171.\n\n=Carabactra=, a place in India.\n\n=Carabis=, a town of Spain.\n\n=Car\u0103calla.= _See:_ Antonius.\n\n=Caracates=, a people of Germany.\n\n=Caract\u0103cus=, a king of the Britons, conquered by an officer of\n Claudius C\u00e6sar, A.D. 47. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, \u2666bk. 12, chs. 33 & 37.\n\n \u2666 \u2018c. 12, 33,\u2019 replaced with \u201812, chs. 33,\u2019\n\n=Car\u00e6=, certain places between Susa and the Tigris, where Alexander\n pitched his camp.\n\n=Car\u00e6us=, a surname of Jupiter in B\u0153otia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015in Caria.\n\n=Car\u0103lis= (or es, ium), the chief city of Sardinia, _Pausanias_,\n bk. 10, ch. 17.\n\n=Carambis=, now _Kerempi_, a promontory of Paphlagonia. _Mela_, bk. 1,\n ch. 19.\n\n=Car\u0101nus=, one of the Heraclid\u00e6, the first who laid the foundation\n of the Macedonian empire, B.C. 814. He took Edessa, and reigned\n 28 years, which he spent in establishing and strengthening the\n government of his newly founded kingdom. He was succeeded by\n Perdiccas. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n general of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A harbour of Ph\u0153nicia.\n\n=Carausius=, a tyrant of Britain for seven years, A.D. 293.\n\n=Carro=, a Roman orator, who killed himself because he could not\n curb the licentious manners of his countrymen. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cneus, a son of the orator Carbo, who embraced the party of\n Marius, and after the death of Cinna succeeded to the government.\n He was killed in Spain in his third consulship, by order of Pompey.\n _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator, son of Carbo the\n orator, killed by the army when desirous of re-establishing the\n ancient military discipline. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.\n\n=Carch\u0113don=, the Greek name of Carthage.\n\n=Carc\u012bnus=, a tragic poet of Agrigentum, in the age of Philip of\n Macedon. He wrote on the rape of Proserpine. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Athens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Naupactum.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Rhegium,\n who exposed his son Agathocles on account of some uncommon dreams\n during his wife\u2019s pregnancy. Agathocles was preserved. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian general, who laid waste Peloponnesus in the\n time of Pericles. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.\n\n=Carc\u012dnus=, a constellation, the same as the Cancer. _Lucan_, bk. 9,\n li. 536.\n\n=Cardaces=, a people of Asia Minor. _Strabo_, bk. 15.\n\n=Card\u0103my\u0306le=, a town of Argos.\n\n=Cardia=, a town in the Thracian Chersonesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\n\n=Card\u016dchi=, a warlike nation of Media, along the borders of the Tigris.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=C\u0101res=, a nation which inhabited Caria, and thought themselves\n the original possessors of that country. They became so powerful\n that their country was not sufficiently extensive to contain them\n all, upon which they seized the neighbouring islands of the \u00c6gean\n sea. These islands were conquered by Minos king of Crete. Nileus\n son of Codrus invaded their country, and slaughtered many of the\n inhabitants. In this calamity, the Carians, surrounded on every side\n by enemies, fortified themselves in the mountainous parts of the\n country, and, soon after, made themselves terrible by sea. They\n were anciently called Leleges. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 146 & 171.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 6,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 725.\n\n=Caresa=, an island of the \u00c6gean sea, opposite Attica.\n\n=Caressus=, a river of Troas.\n\n=Carfinia=, an immodest woman, mentioned _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 69.\n\n=C\u0101ria=, now _Aidinelli_, a country of Asia Minor, whose boundaries\n have been different in different ages. Generally speaking, it was\n at the south of Iona, at the east and north of the Icarian sea, and\n at the west of Phrygia Major, and Lycia. It has been called Ph\u0153nicia,\n because a Ph\u0153nician colony first settled there; and afterwards it\n received the name of Caria, from Car, a king who first invented the\n auguries of birds. The chief town was called Halicarnassus, where\n Jupiter was the chief deity. _See:_ Cares.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of Thrace.\n _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Carias=, a town of Peloponnesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general. _See:_ Laches.\n\n=Cariate=, a town of Bactriana, where Alexander imprisoned Callisthenes.\n\n=Carilla=, a town of the Piceni, destroyed by Annibal for its great\n attachment to Rome. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Car\u012bna=, a virgin of Caria, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Carin\u00e6=, certain edifices at Rome, built in the manner of ships,\n which were in the temple of Tellus. Some suppose that it was a\n street in which Pompey\u2019s house was built. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8,\n li. 361.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 7.\n\n=Car\u012bne=, a town near the Caicus in Asia Minor. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,\n ch. 42.\n\n=Car\u012bnus Marcus Aurelius=, a Roman who attempted to succeed his father\n Carus as emperor. He was famous for his debaucheries and cruelties.\n Diocletian defeated him in Dalmatia, and he was killed by a soldier\n whose wife he had debauched, A.D. 268.\n\n=Carisi\u0103cum=, a town of ancient Gaul, now Cressy in Picardy.\n\n=Carissanum=, a place of Italy near which Milo was killed. _Pliny_,\n bk. 2, ch. 56.\n\n=Caristum=, a town of Liguria.\n\n=Carm\u0101nia=, a country of Asia, between Persia and India. _Arrian._\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.\n\n=Carm\u0101nor=, a Cretan, who purified Apollo of slaughter. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 30.\n\n=Carme=, a nymph, daughter of Eubulus and mother of Britomartis by\n Jupiter. She was one of Diana\u2019s attendants. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 30.\n\n=Carm\u0113lus=, a god among the inhabitants of \u2666mount Carmel, situate\n between Syria and Jud\u00e6a. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 78.\n \u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 5.\n\n \u2666 \u2018muont\u2019 replaced with \u2018mount\u2019\n\n=Carmenta= and =Carment\u012bs=, a prophetess of Arcadia, mother of Evander,\n with whom she came to Italy, and was received by king Faunus, about\n 60 years before the Trojan war. Her name was _Nicostrata_, and\n she received that of _Carmentis_ from the wildness of her looks\n when giving oracles, as if _carens mentis_. She was the oracle of\n the people of Italy during her life, and after death she received\n divine honours. She had a temple at Rome, and the Greeks offered\n her sacrifices under the name of _Themis_. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1,\n li. 467; bk. 6, li. 530.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 8, li. 339.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 47.\n\n=Carment\u0101les=, festivals at Rome in honour of Carmenta, celebrated\n the 11th of January, near the Porta Carmentalis, below the Capitol.\n This goddess was entreated to render the Roman matrons prolific, and\n their labours easy. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\n\n=Carment\u0101lis porta=, one of the gates of Rome in the neighbourhood of\n the Capitol. It was afterwards called _Scelerata_, because the Fabii\n passed through it on going to that famous expedition where they\n perished. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 338.\n\n=Carmides=, a Greek of an uncommon memory. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 24.\n\n=Carna= and =Cardinea=, a goddess at Rome who presided over hinges,\n as also over the entrails and secret parts of the human body. She\n was originally a nymph called _Grane_, whom Janus ravished, and, for\n the injury, he gave her the power of presiding over the exterior of\n houses, and of removing all noxious birds from the doors. The Romans\n offered her beans, bacon, and vegetables, to represent the simplicity\n of their ancestors. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 101, &c.\n\n=Carnasius=, a village of Messenia in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,\n ch. 33.\n\n=Carne\u0103des=, a philosopher of Cyrene in Africa, founder of a sect\n called the third or new academy. The Athenians sent him with\n Diogenes the Stoic, and Critolaus the Peripatetic, as ambassadors to\n Rome, B.C. 155. The Roman youth were extremely fond of the company\n of these learned philosophers; and when Carneades, in a speech,\n had given an accurate and judicious dissertation upon justice, and\n in another speech confuted all the arguments he had advanced, and\n apparently given no existence to the virtue he had so much commended,\n a report prevailed all over Rome, that a Grecian was come who had\n so captivated by his words the rising generation, that they forgot\n their usual amusements, and ran mad after philosophy. When this\n reached the ears of Cato the censor, he gave immediate audience to\n the Athenian ambassadors in the senate, and dismissed them in haste,\n expressing his apprehensions of their corrupting the opinions of\n the Roman people, whose only profession, he sternly observed, was\n arms and war. Carneades denied that anything could be perceived\n or understood in the world, and he was the first who introduced\n a universal suspension of assent. He died in the 90th year of his\n age, B.C. 128. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 23; _On\n Oratory_, bks. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Lactantius_, bk. 5,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 8.\n\n=Carneia=, a festival observed in most of the Grecian cities, but more\n particularly at Sparta, where it was first instituted, about 675\n B.C., in honour of Apollo, surnamed _Carneus_. It lasted nine days,\n and was an imitation of the manner of living in camps among the\n ancients.\n\n=Carnion=, a town of Laconia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 34.\n\n=Carnus=, a prophet of Acarnania, from whom Apollo was called\n _Carneus_. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\n\n=Carn\u016btes=, a people of Celtic Gaul. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6,\n ch. 4.\n\n=Carpasia= and =Carpasium=, a town of Cyprus.\n\n=Carp\u0103thus=, an island in the Mediterranean between Rhodes and Crete,\n now called _Scapanto_. It has given its name to a part of the\n neighbouring sea, thence called the _Carpathian sea_, between Rhodes\n and Crete. Carpathus was at first inhabited by some Cretan soldiers\n of Minos. It was 20 miles in circumference, and was sometimes called\n Tetrapolis, from its four capital cities. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 45.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\n\n=Carpia=, an ancient name of Tartessus. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 19.\n\n=Carpis=, a river of Mysia. _Herodotus._\n\n=Carpo=, a daughter of Zephyrus, and one of the Seasons. She was loved\n by Calamus the son of M\u00e6ander, whom she equally admired. She was\n drowned in the M\u00e6ander, and was changed by Jupiter into all sorts of\n fruit. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.\n\n=Carpoph\u014fra=, a name of Ceres and Proserpine in Tegea. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 53.\n\n=Carpoph\u014frus=, an actor greatly esteemed by Domitian. _Martial._\n \u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 198.\n\n=Carr\u00e6= and =Carrh\u00e6=, a town of Mesopotamia, near which Crassus was\n killed. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 105.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14.\n\n=Carr\u012bn\u0101tes Secundus=, a poor but ingenious rhetorician, who came from\n Athens to Rome, where the boldness of his expressions, especially\n against tyrannical power, exposed him to Caligula\u2019s resentment, who\n banished him. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 205.\n\n=Carr\u016bca=, a town of Spain. _Hirtius_, _Hispanic War_, ch. 27.\n\n=Carse\u014fli=, a town of the \u00c6qui, at the west of the lake Fucinus.\n _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 683.\n\n=Cartalias=, a town of Spain.\n\n=Carteia=, a town at the extremity of Spain, near the sea of Gades,\n supposed to be the same as Calpe.\n\n=Cart\u0113na=, a town of Mauritania, now _Tenez_, on the shores of the\n Mediterranean.\n\n=Carth\u00e6a=, a town in the island of Cea, whence the epithet of\n Cartheius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 368.\n\n=Carth\u0101g\u012dnienses=, the inhabitants of Carthage, a rich and commercial\n nation. _See:_ Carthago.\n\n=Carth\u0101go=, a celebrated city of Africa, the rival of Rome, and\n long the capital of the country, and mistress of Spain, Sicily, and\n Sardinia. The precise time of its foundation is unknown, yet most\n writers seem to agree that it was first built by Dido, about 869\n years before the christian era, or, according to others, 72 or\n 93 years before the foundation of Rome. This city and republic\n flourished for 737 years, and the time of its greatest glory was\n under Annibal and Amilcar. During the first Punic war, it contained\n no less than 700,000 inhabitants. It maintained three famous wars\n against Rome, called the Punic wars [_See:_ Punicum bellum], in the\n third of which Carthage was totally destroyed by Scipio the second\n Africanus, B.C. 147, and only 5000 persons were found within the\n walls. It was 23 miles in circumference, and when it was set on\n fire by the Romans, it burned incessantly during 17 days. After\n the destruction of Carthage, Utica became powerful, and the Romans\n thought themselves secure; and as they had no rival to dispute with\n them in the field, they fell into indolence and inactivity. C\u00e6sar\n planted a small colony on the ruins of Carthage. Augustus sent there\n 3000 men; and Adrian, after the example of his imperial predecessors,\n rebuilt part of it, which he called Adrianopolis. Carthage was\n conquered from the Romans by the arms of Genseric, A.D. 439; and it\n was for more than a century the seat of the Vandal empire in Africa,\n and fell into the hands of the Saracens in the seventh century.\n The Carthaginians were governed as a republic, and had two persons\n yearly chosen among them with regal authority. They were very\n superstitious, and generally offered human victims to their gods; an\n unnatural custom, which their allies wished them to abolish, but in\n vain. They bore the character of a faithless and treacherous people,\n and the proverb _Punica fides_ is well known. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_ bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Justin._\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bks. 1 & 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Life of Hannibal_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015N\u014fva, a town\n built in Spain, on the coasts of the Mediterranean, by Asdrubal the\n Carthaginian general. It was taken by Scipio when Hanno surrendered\n himself after a heavy loss. It now bears the name of _Carthagena_.\n _Polybius_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 43, &c.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 15, li. 220, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Hercules.\n\n=Carthasis=, a Scythian, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 7.\n\n=Carthea=, a town of Cos. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9.\n\n=Carvilius=, a king of Britain, who attacked C\u00e6sar\u2019s naval station by\n order of Cassivelaunus, &c. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 22.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Spurius, a Roman, who made a large image of the breastplates\n taken from the Samnites, and placed it in the capitol. _Pliny_, bk.\n 34, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The first Roman who divorced his wife during the space\n of about 600 years. This was for barrenness, B.C. 231. _Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Carus=, a Roman emperor who succeeded Probus. He was a prudent and\n active general; he conquered the Sarmatians, and continued the\n Persian war which his predecessor had commenced. He reigned two\n years, and died on the banks of the Tigris as he was going in an\n expedition against Persia, A.D. 283. He made his two sons, Carinus\n and Numerianus, C\u00e6sars; and as his many virtues had promised the\n Romans happiness, he was made a god after death. _Eutropius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One\n of those who attempted to scale the rock Aornus, by order of\n Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.\n\n=Carya=, a town of Arcadia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,\n ch. 10. Here a festival was observed in honour of Diana _Caryatis_.\n It was then usual for virgins to meet at the celebration and join\n in a certain dance, said to have been first instituted by Castor\n and Pollux. When Greece was invaded by Xerxes, the Laconians did not\n appear before the enemy, for fear of displeasing the goddess by not\n celebrating her festival. At that time the peasants assembled at the\n usual place, and sang pastorals called \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9, from \u0392\u03bf\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2,\n a _neatherd_. From this circumstance some suppose that Bucolics\n originated. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Thebiad_, li. 225.\n\n=Caryanda=, a town and island on the coast of Caria, now Karacoion.\n\n=Cary\u0101t\u00e6=, a people of Arcadia.\n\n=Carystius Antigonus=, an historian, &c. B.C. 248.\n\n=Carystus=, a maritime town on the south of Eub\u0153a, still in existence,\n famous for its marble. _Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 2, li. 93.\n \u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 76.\n\n=Caryum=, a place of Laconia, where Aristomenes preserved some virgins,\n &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 16.\n\n=Casca=, one of C\u00e6sar\u2019s assassins, who gave him the first blow.\n _Plutarch_, _C\u00e6sar_.\n\n=Cascellius Aulus=, a lawyer of great merit in the Augustan age.\n _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 371.\n\n=Casil\u012bnum=, a town of Campania. When it was besieged by Hannibal,\n a mouse sold for 200 denarii. The place was defended by 540 or 570\n natives of Pr\u00e6neste, who, when half their number had perished either\n by war or famine, surrendered to the conqueror. _Livy_, bk. 23,\n ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _De Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Cas\u012bna= and =Cas\u012bnum=, a town of Campania. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4,\n li. 227.\n\n=Casius=, a mountain near the Euphrates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another at the east\n of Pelusium, where Pompey\u2019s tomb was raised by Adrian. Jupiter,\n surnamed _Casius_, had a temple there. _Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 858.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Syria, from whose top the sun can be seen rising,\n though it be still the darkness of night at the bottom of the\n mountain. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bks. 1 & 3.\n\n=Casmen\u00e6=, a town built by the Syracusans in Sicily. _Thucydides_,\n bk. 6, ch. 5.\n\n=Casmilla=, the mother of Camilla. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 543.\n\n=Casp\u0115ria=, wife of Rh\u0153tus king of the Marrubii, committed adultery\n with her son-in-law. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 388.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town\n of the Sabines. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 714.\n\n=Casp\u0115r\u016dla=, a town of the Sabines. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 416.\n\n=Caspi\u00e6 port\u00e6=, certain passes of Asia, which some place about Caucasus\n and the Caspian sea, and others between Persia and the Caspian sea,\n or near mount Taurus, or Armenia, or Cilicia. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 27; bk. 6, ch. 13.\n\n=Caspiana=, a country of Armenia.\n\n=Caspii=, a Scythian nation near the Caspian sea. Such as had lived\n beyond their 70th year were starved to death. Their dogs were\n remarkable for their fierceness. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 92, &c.;\n bk. 7, ch. 67, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 14, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 798.\n\n=Caspium mare=, or =Hyrc\u0101num=, a large sea in the form of a lake,\n which has no communication with other seas, and lies between the\n Caspian and Hyrcanian mountains, at the north of Parthia, receiving\n in its capacious bed the tribute of several large rivers. Ancient\n authors assure us that it produced enormous serpents and fishes,\n different in colour and kind from those of all other waters. The\n eastern parts are more particularly called the _Hyrcanian sea_, and\n the western the _Caspian_. It is now called the sea of _Sala_ or\n _Baku_. The Caspian is about 680 miles long, and in no part more\n than 260 in breadth. There are no tides in it, and on account of\n its numerous shoals, it is navigable to vessels drawing only nine\n or ten feet of water. It has strong currents, and, like inland seas,\n is liable to violent storms. Some navigators examined it in 1708, by\n order of the Czar Peter, and after the labour of three years, a map\n of its extent was published. Its waters are described as brackish,\n and not impregnated with salt so much as the wide ocean. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 202, &c.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 6, ch. 4; bk. 7,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, chs. 5 & 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 50.\n\n=Caspius mons=, a branch of mount Taurus, between Media and Armenia,\n at the east of the Euphrates. The Caspi\u00e6 port\u00e6 are placed in the\n defiles of the mountain by some geographers.\n\n=Cassand\u0101ne=, the mother of Cambyses by Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 2.\n\n=Cassander=, son of Antipater, made himself master of Macedonia\n after his father\u2019s death, where he reigned for 18 years. He married\n Thessalonica the sister of Alexander, to strengthen himself on his\n throne. Olympias the mother of Alexander wished to keep the kingdom\n of Macedonia for Alexander\u2019s young children; and therefore she\n destroyed the relations of Cassander, who besieged her in the town\n of Pydna, and put her to death. Roxane, with her son Alexander, and\n Barsane the mother of Hercules, both wives of Alexander, shared the\n fate of Olympias with their children. Antigonus, who had been for\n some time upon friendly terms with Cassander, declared war against\n him; and Cassander, to make himself equal with his adversary, made\n a league with Lysimachus and Seleucus, and obtained a memorable\n victory at Ipsus, B.C. 301. He died three years after this victory,\n of a dropsy. His son Antipater killed his mother; and for his\n unnatural murder he was put to death by his brother Alexander, who,\n to strengthen himself, invited Demetrius the son of Antigonus from\n Asia. Demetrius took advantage of the invitation, and put to death\n Alexander, and ascended the throne of Macedonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,\n ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 19.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bks. 12, 13, &c.\n\n=Cassandra=, daughter of Priam and Hecuba, was passionately loved by\n Apollo, who promised to grant her whatever she might require, if she\n would gratify his passion. She asked the power of knowing futurity;\n and as soon as she had received it, she refused to perform her\n promise, and slighted Apollo. The god, in his disappointment, wetted\n her lips with his tongue, and by this action effected that no credit\n or reliance should ever be put upon her predictions, however true or\n faithful they might be. Some maintain that she received the gift of\n prophecy with her brother Helenus, by being placed when young one\n night in the temple of Apollo, where serpents were found wreathed\n round their bodies and licking their ears, which circumstance gave\n them the knowledge of futurity. She was looked upon by the Trojans\n as insane, and she was even confined, and her predictions were\n disregarded. She was courted by many princes during the Trojan war.\n When Troy was taken, she fled for shelter to the temple of Minerva,\n where Ajax found her, and offered her violence, with the greatest\n cruelty, at the foot of Minerva\u2019s statue. In the division of the\n spoils of Troy, Agamemnon, who was enamoured of her, took her as\n his wife, and returned with her to Greece. She repeatedly foretold\n to him the sudden calamities that awaited his return; but he gave\n no credit to her, and was assassinated by his wife Clytemnestra.\n Cassandra shared his fate, and saw all her prophecies but too truly\n fulfilled. _See:_ Agamemnon. _Aeschylus_, _Agamemnon_.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 363; _Odyssey_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 117.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 246, &c.\u2015\u2015_Quintus Calaber\n [Smyrn\u00e6us]_, bk. 13, li. 421.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Trojan Women_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 16; bk. 3, ch. 19.\n\n=Cassandria=, a town of the peninsula of Pallene in Macedonia, called\n also _Potid\u00e6a_. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.\n\n=Cassia lex=, was enacted by Cassius Longinus, A.U.C. 649. By it no\n man condemned or deprived of military power was permitted to enter\n the senate house.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, enacted by Caius Cassius the pretor,\n to choose some of the plebeians to be admitted among the patricians.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another. A.U.C. 616, to make the suffrages of the Roman people\n free and independent. It ordained that they should be received upon\n tablets. _Cicero_, _de Amicitia_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, A.U.C. 267, to make\n a division of the territories taken from the Hernici, half to the\n Roman people and half to the Latins.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, enacted A.U.C. 596,\n to grant a consular power to Publius Anicius and Octavius on the day\n they triumphed over Macedonia. _Livy._\n\n=Cassiod\u014drus=, a great statesman and writer in the sixth century. He\n died A.D. 562, at the age of 100.\u2015\u2015His works were edited by Chandler,\n 8vo, London, 1722.\n\n=Cassi\u014fpe= and =Cassi\u014fpea=, married Cepheus king of \u00c6thiopia, by\n whom she had Andromeda. She boasted herself to be fairer than the\n Nereides; upon which Neptune, at the request of these despised\n nymphs, punished the insolence of Cassiope, and sent a huge sea\n monster to ravage \u00c6thiopia. The wrath of Neptune could be appeased\n only by exposing Andromeda, whom Cassiope tenderly loved, to the\n fury of this sea monster; and just as she was going to be devoured,\n Perseus delivered her. _See:_ Andromeda. Cassiope was made a\n southern constellation, consisting of 13 stars called Cassiope.\n _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 43.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 738.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable\n 64.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 17, li. 3.\u2015\u2015_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Epirus near Thesprotia. Another in the island of\n Corcyra. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Epaphus. _Statius_,\n _Sylv\u00e6_.\n\n=Cassit\u0115r\u012ddes=, islands in the western ocean, where tin was found,\n supposed to be the _Scilly_ islands, the _Land\u2019s End_, and _Lizard\n Point_, of the moderns. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22.\n\n=Cassivelaunus=, a Briton invested with sovereign authority when\n Julius C\u00e6sar made a descent upon Britain. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 5, ch. 19, &c.\n\n=Caius Cassius=, a celebrated Roman, who made himself known by being\n first questor to Crassus in his expedition against Parthia, from\n which he extricated himself with uncommon address. He followed the\n interest of Pompey; and when C\u00e6sar had obtained the victory in the\n plains of Pharsalia, Cassius was one of those who owed their life\n to the mercy of the conqueror. He married Junia the sister of Brutus,\n and with him he resolved to murder the man to whom he was indebted\n for his life, on account of his oppressive ambition; and before he\n stabbed C\u00e6sar, he addressed himself to the statue of Pompey, who had\n fallen by the avarice of him whom he was going to assassinate. When\n the provinces were divided among C\u00e6sar\u2019s murderers, Cassius received\n Africa; and when his party had lost ground at Rome, by the superior\n influence of Augustus and Marcus Antony, he retired to Philippi,\n with his friend Brutus and their adherents. In the battle that was\n fought there, the wing which Cassius commanded was defeated, and his\n camp was plundered. In this unsuccessful moment he suddenly gave up\n all hopes of recovering his losses, and concluded that Brutus was\n conquered and ruined as well as himself. Fearful to fall into the\n enemy\u2019s hands, he ordered one of his freedmen to run him through,\n and he perished by that very sword which had given wounds to C\u00e6sar.\n His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral by his friend\n Brutus, who declared over him that he deserved to be called the last\n of the Romans. If he were brave, he was equally learned. Some of his\n letters are still extant among Cicero\u2019s epistles. He was a strict\n follower of the doctrines of Epicurus. He was often too rash and\n too violent, and many of the wrong steps which Brutus took are\n to be ascribed to the prevailing advice of Cassius. He is allowed\n by Paterculus to have been a better commander than Brutus, though\n a less sincere friend. The day after C\u00e6sar\u2019s murder he dined at\n the house of Antony, who asked him whether he had then a dagger\n concealed in his bosom. \u201cYes,\u201d replied he, \u201cif you aspire to\n tyranny.\u201d _Seutonius_, _C\u00e6sar_ & _Augustus_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Brutus_\n & _C\u00e6sar_.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 46.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 40.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman citizen who condemned his son to death, on pretence\n of his raising commotions in the state. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,\n ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune of the people, who made many laws tending to\n diminish the influence of the Roman nobility. He was competitor with\n Cicero for the consulship.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Pompey\u2019s officers, who, during\n the civil wars, revolted to C\u00e6sar with 10 ships.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of Parma,\n of great genius. He was killed by Varus, by order of Augustus, whom\n he had offended by his satirical writings. His fragments of Orpheus\n were found and edited some time after by the poet Statius. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, satire 10, li. 62.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Spurius, a Roman, put to death on\n suspicion of his aspiring to tyranny, after he had been three times\n consul, B.C. 485. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Brutus, a Roman who betrayed his country to the Latins,\n and fled to the temple of Pallas, where his father confined him, and\n he was starved to death.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Longinus, an officer of C\u00e6sar in Spain,\n much disliked. _C\u00e6sar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 48.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul, to\n whom Tiberius married Drusilla daughter of Germanicus. _Seutonius_,\n _Galba_, ch. 57.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lawyer whom Nero put to death, because he\n bore the name of Julius C\u00e6sar\u2019s murderer. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch.\n 37.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius Hemina, the most ancient writer of annals at Rome.\n He lived A.U.C. 608.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius, a Roman lawyer, whose severity in\n the execution of the law has rendered the words _Cassiani judices_\n applicable to rigid judges. _Cicero_, _For Sextus Roscius of\n Ameria_, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Longinus, a critic. _See:_ Longinus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius,\n a consul with Caius Marius, slain with his army by the Gauls Senones.\n _Appian_, _Gallic History_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus Sc\u00e6va, a soldier of uncommon\n valour in C\u00e6sar\u2019s army. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n officer under Aurelius, made emperor by his soldiers, and murdered\n three months after.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Felix, a physician in the age of Tiberius,\n who wrote on animals.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Severus, an orator who wrote a severe\n treatise on illustrious men and women. He died in exile, in his 25th\n year. _See:_ Severus. The family of Cassii branched into the surname\n of Longinus, Viscellinus, Brutus, &c.\n\n=Cass\u014dtis=, a nymph and fountain of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 24.\n\n=Castabala=, a city of Cilicia, whose inhabitants made war with their\n dogs. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 40.\n\n=Castabus=, a town of Chersonesus.\n\n=Cast\u0103lia=, a town near Phocis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of the Achelous.\n\n=Cast\u0103lius fons=, or =Castalia=, a fountain of Parnassus, sacred to\n the Muses. The waters of this fountain were cool and excellent,\n and they had the power of inspiring those who drank of them with\n the true fire of poetry. The Muses have received the surname of\n _Castalides_ from this fountain. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,\n li. 293.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 11; bk. 12, ltr. 3.\n\n=Castanea=, a town near the Peneus, whence the _nuces Castane\u00e6_\n received their name. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 9.\n\n=Castellum menapi\u014drum=, a town of Belgium on the Maese, now _Kessel_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Morinorum, now _mount Cassel_, in Flanders.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cattorum, now\n _Hesse Cassel_.\n\n=Casth\u0115nes=, a bay of Thrace, near Byzantium.\n\n=Castianira=, a Thracian, mistress of Priam and mother of Gorgythion.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8.\n\n=Castor= and =Pollux=, were twin brothers, sons of Jupiter by Leda,\n the wife of Tyndarus king of Sparta. The manner of their birth is\n uncommon. Jupiter, who was enamoured of Leda, changed himself into\n a beautiful swan, and desired Venus to metamorphose herself into an\n eagle. After this transformation the goddess pursued the god with\n apparent ferocity, and Jupiter fled for refuge into the arms of\n Leda, who was bathing in the Eurotas. Jupiter took advantage of his\n situation, and nine months after Leda, who was already pregnant,\n brought forth two eggs, from one of which came Pollux and Helena;\n and from the other, Castor and Clytemnestra. The two former were\n the offspring of Jupiter, and the latter were believed to be the\n children of Tyndarus. Some suppose that Leda brought forth only one\n egg, from which Castor and Pollux sprung. Mercury, immediately after\n their birth, carried the two brothers to Pallena, where they were\n educated; and as soon as they had arrived at years of maturity, they\n embarked with Jason to go in quest of the golden fleece. In this\n expedition both behaved with superior courage: Pollux conquered and\n slew Amycus in the combat of the cestus, and was ever after reckoned\n the god and patron of boxing and wrestling. Castor distinguished\n himself in the management of horses. The brothers cleared the\n Hellespont and the neighbouring seas from pirates, after their\n return from Colchis, from which circumstance they have been always\n deemed the friends of navigation. During the Argonautic expedition,\n in a violent storm, two flames of fire were seen to play around the\n heads of the sons of Leda, and immediately the tempest ceased and\n the sea was calmed. From this occurrence their power to protect\n sailors has been more firmly credited, and the two before-mentioned\n fires, which are very common in storms, have since been known by\n the name of Castor and Pollux; and when they both appeared, it was\n a sign of fair weather; but if only one was seen it prognosticated\n storms, and the aid of Castor and Pollux was consequently solicited.\n Castor and Pollux made war against the Athenians to recover\n their sister Helen, whom Theseus had carried away; and from their\n clemency to the conquered, they acquired the surname of _Anaces_\n or benefactors. They were initiated in the sacred mysteries of the\n Cabiri, and in those of Ceres of Eleusis. They were invited to a\n feast when Lynceus and Idas were going to celebrate their marriage\n with Ph\u0153be and Talaira the daughters of Leucippus, who was brother\n to Tyndarus. Their behaviour after this invitation was cruel.\n They became enamoured of the two women whose nuptials they were\n to celebrate, and resolved to carry them away and marry them. This\n violent step provoked Lynceus and Idas: a battle ensued, and Castor\n killed Lynceus, and was killed by Idas. Pollux revenged the death of\n his brother by killing Idas; and, as he was immortal, and tenderly\n attached to his brother, he entreated Jupiter to restore him to life,\n or to be deprived himself of immortality. Jupiter permitted Castor\n to share the immortality of his brother; and consequently, as long\n as the one was upon earth, so long was the other detained in the\n infernal regions, and they alternately lived and died every day; or,\n according to others, every six months. This act of fraternal love\n Jupiter rewarded by making the two brothers constellations in heaven,\n under the name of _Gemini_, which never appear together, but when\n one rises the other sets, and so on alternately. Castor made Talaira\n mother of Anogon, and Ph\u0153be had Mnesileus by Pollux. They received\n divine honours after death, and were generally called _Dioscuri_,\n sons of Jupiter. White lambs were more particularly offered on their\n altars, and the ancients were fond of swearing by the divinity of\n the _Dioscuri_, by the expressions of _\u00c6depol_ and _\u00c6castor_. Among\n the ancients, and especially among the Romans, there prevailed many\n public reports, at different times, that Castor and Pollux had made\n their appearance to their armies; and mounted on white steeds, had\n marched at the head of their troops, and furiously attacked the\n enemy. Their surnames were many, and they were generally represented\n mounted on two white horses, armed with spears, and riding side\n by side, with their head covered with a bonnet, on whose top\n glittered a star. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 109; _Fasti_,\n bk. 5, li. 701; _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 2, li. 54.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fables 77 & 78.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Hymn 33 to the Dioscuri_.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_,\n _Helen_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6,\n li. 121.\u2015\u2015_Marcus Manilius_, _Astronomica_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 27.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 8, 9; bk. 2, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 4, chs. 3 & 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient\n physician.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A swift runner.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of \u00c6neas, who accompanied\n him into Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 124.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator of\n Rhodes, related to king Dejotarus. He wrote two books on Babylon,\n and one on the Nile.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A gladiator. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18,\n li. 19.\n\n=Castra Alexandri=, a place of Egypt about Pelusium. _Curtius_, bk. 4,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cornelia, a maritime town of Africa, between Carthage and\n Utica. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Annibalis, a town of the Brutii, now\n _Rocella_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cyri, a country of Cilicia, where Cyrus encamped when\n he marched against Cr\u0153sus. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Julia, a town\n of Spain.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Posthumania, a place of Spain. _Hirtius_, _Hispanic\n War_, ch. 8.\n\n=Castratius=, a governor of Placentia during the civil wars of Marius.\n _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 2.\n\n=Castrum Novum=, a place on the coast of Etruria. _Livy_, bk. 36,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Truentinum, a town of Picenum. _Cicero_, _Letters to\n Atticus_, bk. 8, ltr. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Inui, a town on the shores of the\n Tyrrhene sea. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 775.\n\n=Cast\u016dlo=, a town of Spain, where Annibal married one of the natives.\n _Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 41.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 3, lis. 99 & 391.\n\n=Catabathmos=, a great declivity near Cyrene fixed by Sallust as\n the boundary of Africa. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, chs. 17 & 19.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5.\n\n=Catad\u016bpa=, the name of the large cataracts of the Nile, whose immense\n noise stuns the ears of travellers for a short space of time, and\n totally deprives the neighbouring inhabitants of the power of hearing.\n _Cicero_, _Somnium Scipionis_, ch. 5.\n\n=Catagogia=, festivals in honour of Venus, celebrated by the people of\n Eryx. _See:_ Anagogia.\n\n=Catamenteles=, a king of the Sequani, in alliance with Rome, &c.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\n\n=Cat\u0103na=, a town of Sicily at the foot of mount \u00c6tna, founded by a\n colony from Chalcis, 753 years before the christian era. Ceres had\n there a temple, in which none but women were permitted to appear.\n It was large and opulent, and it is rendered remarkable for the\n dreadful overthrows to which it has been subjected from its vicinity\n to \u00c6tna, which has discharged, in some of its eruptions, a stream\n of lava four miles broad and 50 feet deep, advancing at the rate of\n seven miles in a day. Catana contains now about 30,000 inhabitants.\n _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 53; bk. 5, ch. 84.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bks. 11 & 14.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 3.\n\n=Cataonia=, a country above Cilicia, near Cappadocia. _Cornelius\n Nepos_, _Datames_, ch. 4.\n\n=Cataracta=, a city of the Samnites.\n\n=Cataractes=, a river of Pamphylia, now _Dodensoui_.\n\n=Cat\u0115nes=, a Persian by whose means Bessus was seized. _Curtius_,\n bk. 7, ch. 43.\n\n=Cath\u00e6a=, a country of India.\n\n=Cath\u0103ri=, certain gods of the Arcadians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Indian nation, where\n the wives accompany their husbands to the burning pile, and are\n burnt with them. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Catia=, an immodest woman, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2,\n li. 95.\n\n=Cati\u0113na=, a courtesan in Juvenal\u2019s age. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 133.\n\n=Cati\u0113nus=, an actor at Rome in Horace\u2019s age, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 61.\n\n=Lucius Sergius C\u0103t\u012dl\u012bna=, a celebrated Roman, descended of a noble\n family. When he had squandered away his fortune by his debaucheries\n and extravagance, and been refused the consulship, he secretly\n meditated the ruin of his country, and conspired with many of\n the most illustrious of the Romans, as dissolute as himself, to\n extirpate the senate, plunder the treasury, and set Rome on fire.\n This conspiracy was timely discovered by the consul Cicero, whom\n he had resolved to murder; and Catiline, after he had declared his\n intentions in the full senate, and attempted to vindicate himself,\n on seeing five of his accomplices arrested, retired to Gaul,\n where his partisans were assembling an army; while Cicero at Rome\n punished the condemned conspirators. Petreius, the other consul\u2019s\n lieutenant, attacked Catiline\u2019s ill-disciplined troops, and routed\n them. Catiline was killed in the engagement, bravely fighting, about\n the middle of December, B.C. 63. His character has been deservedly\n branded with the foulest infamy; and to the violence he offered to\n a vestal, he added the more atrocious murder of his own brother,\n for which he would have suffered death, had not friends and bribes\n prevailed over justice. It has been reported that Catiline and the\n other conspirators drank human blood, to make their oaths more firm\n and inviolable. _Sallust_ has written an account of the conspiracy.\n _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 668.\n\n=Catilli=, a people near the river Anio. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4,\n li. 225.\n\n=Catilius=, a pirate of Dalmatia. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,\n bk. 5, ch. 10.\n\n=Catillus=, or =Catilus=, a son of Amphiaraus, who came to Italy with\n his brothers Coras and Tiburtus, where he built Tibur, and assisted\n Turnus against \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 672.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 1, ode 18, li. 2.\n\n=Cat\u012bna=, a town of Sicily, called also Catana. _See:_ Catana.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Arcadia.\n\n=M. Catius=, an epicurean philosopher of Insubria, who wrote a\n treatise in four books, on the nature of things, and the _summum\n bonum_, and an account of the doctrine and tenets of Epicurus.\n But as he was not a sound or faithful follower of the epicurean\n philosophy, he has been ridiculed by _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Vestinus, a military tribune in\n Marcus Antony\u2019s army. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10,\n ch. 23.\n\n=Catizi=, a people of the Pygm\u00e6ans, supposed to have been driven from\n their country by cranes. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\n\n=Cato=, a surname of the Porcian family, rendered illustrious by Marcus\n Porcius Cato, a celebrated Roman, afterwards called _Censorius_,\n from his having exercised the office of censor. He rose to all\n the honours of the state, and the first battle he ever saw was\n against Annibal, at the age of 17, where he behaved with uncommon\n valour. In his questorship, under Africanus against Carthage, and\n in his expedition in Spain against the Celtiberians, and in Greece,\n he displayed equal proofs of his courage and prudence. He was\n remarkable for his love of temperance; he never drank but water, and\n was always satisfied with whatever meats were laid upon his table by\n his servants, whom he never reproved with an angry word. During his\n censorship, which he obtained, though he had made many declarations\n of his future severity if ever in office, he behaved with the\n greatest rigour and impartiality, showed himself an enemy to all\n luxury and dissipation, and even accused his colleague of embezzling\n the public money. He is famous for the great opposition which he\n made against the introduction of the finer arts of Greece into Italy,\n and his treatment of Carneades is well known. This prejudice arose\n from an apprehension that the learning and luxury of Athens would\n destroy the valour and simplicity of the Roman people; and he often\n observed to his son, that the Romans would be certainly ruined\n whenever they began to be infected with Greek. It appears, however,\n that he changed his opinion, for he made himself remarkable for the\n knowledge of Greek, which he acquired in his old age. He himself\n educated his son, and instructed him in writing and grammar. He\n taught him dexterously to throw the javelin, and inured him to\n the labours of the field, and to bear cold and heat with the same\n indifference, and to swim across the most rapid rivers with ease and\n boldness. He was universally deemed so strict in his morals, that\n Virgil makes him one of the judges of hell. He repented only of\n three things during his life; to have gone by sea when he could go\n by land, to have passed a day inactive, and to have told a secret\n to his wife. A statue was raised to his memory, and he distinguished\n himself as much for his knowledge of agriculture as for his\n political life. In Cicero\u2019s age there were 50 orations of his,\n besides letters, and a celebrated work called _Origines_, of which\n the first book gave a history of the Roman monarchy; the second and\n third an account of the neighbouring cities of Italy; the fourth\n a detail of the first, and the fifth of the second Punic war; and\n in the others the Roman history was brought down to the war of the\n Lusitanians, carried on by Servius Galba. Some fragments of the\n _Origines_ remain, supposed by some to be supposititious. Cato\u2019s\n treatise, _De Re Rustic\u00e2_, was edited by Auson. Pompna, 8vo, Antwerp,\n Plantin, 1590; but the best edition of Cato, &c., seems to be\n Gesner\u2019s, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1735. Cato died in extreme old\n age, about 150 B.C.; and Cicero, to show his respect for him,\n has introduced him in his treatise on old age, as the principal\n character. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 14. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_\n have written an account of his life. _Cicero_, _Academica_ & _De\n Senectute_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus, the son of the Censor, married the\n daughter of Paullus \u00c6mylius. He lost his sword in a battle, and\n though wounded and tired, he went to his friends, and, with their\n assistance, renewed the battle, and recovered his sword. _Plutarch_,\n _Cato_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A courageous Roman, grandfather to Cato the censor. He\n had five horses killed under him in battles. _Plutarch_, _Cato_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Valerius, a grammarian of Gallia Narbonensis, in the time\n of Sylla, who instructed at Rome many noble pupils, and wrote\n some poems. _Ovid_, bk. 2, _Tristia_, poem 1, li. 436.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus,\n surnamed _Uticensis_, from his death at Utica, was great grandson to\n the censor of the same name. The early virtues that appeared in his\n childhood seemed to promise a great man; and, at the age of 14, he\n earnestly asked his preceptor for a sword, to stab the tyrant Sylla.\n He was austere in his morals, and a strict follower of the tenets of\n the Stoics; he was careless of his dress, often appeared barefooted\n in public, and never travelled but on foot. He was such a lover\n of discipline, that in whatever office he was employed, he always\n reformed its abuses, and restored the ancient regulations. When\n he was set over the troops in the capacity of a commander, his\n removal was universally lamented, and deemed almost a public loss\n by his affectionate soldiers. His fondness for candour was so great,\n that the veracity of Cato became proverbial. In his visits to his\n friends, he wished to give as little molestation as possible; and\n the importuning civilities of king Dejotarus so displeased him when\n he was at his court, that he hastened away from his presence. He was\n very jealous of the safety and liberty of the republic, and watched\n carefully over the conduct of Pompey, whose power and influence\n were great. He often expressed his dislike to serve the office of\n tribune; but when he saw a man of corrupted principles apply for\n it, he offered himself a candidate to oppose him, and obtained the\n tribuneship. In the conspiracy of Catiline, he supported Cicero, and\n was the chief cause that the conspirators were capitally punished.\n When the provinces of Gaul were decreed for five years to C\u00e6sar,\n Cato observed to the senators that they had introduced a tyrant into\n the Capitol. He was sent to Cyprus against Ptolemy, who had rebelled,\n by his enemies, who hoped that the difficulty of the expedition\n would injure his reputation. But his prudence extricated him from\n every danger. Ptolemy submitted, and after a successful campaign,\n Cato was received at Rome with the most distinguishing honours,\n which he, however, modestly declined. When the first triumvirate was\n formed between C\u00e6sar, Pompey, and Crassus, Cato opposed them with\n all his might, and with an independent spirit foretold to the Roman\n people all the misfortunes which soon after followed. After repeated\n applications he was made pretor, but he seemed rather to disgrace\n than support the dignity of that office, by the meanness of his\n dress. He applied for the consulship, but could never obtain it.\n When C\u00e6sar had passed the Rubicon, Cato advised the Roman senate to\n deliver the care of the republic into the hands of Pompey; and when\n his advice had been complied with, he followed him with his son to\n Dyrrachium, where, after a small victory there, he was entrusted\n with the care of the ammunition, and of 15 cohorts. After the battle\n of Pharsalia, Cato took the command of the Corcyrean fleet; and when\n he heard of Pompey\u2019s death on the coast of Africa, he traversed the\n deserts of Libya, to join himself to Scipio. He refused to take the\n command of the army in Africa, a circumstance of which he afterwards\n repented. When Scipio had been defeated, partly for not paying\n regard to Cato\u2019s advice, Cato fortified himself in Utica, but,\n however, not with the intentions of supporting a siege. When C\u00e6sar\n approached near the city, Cato disdained to fly, and rather than\n fall alive into the conqueror\u2019s hands, he stabbed himself after he\n had read Plato\u2019s treatise on the immortality of the soul, B.C. 46,\n in the 59th year of his age. He had first married Attilia, a woman\n whose licentious conduct obliged him to divorce her. Afterwards he\n united himself to Martia daughter of Philip. Hortensius, his friend,\n wished to raise children by Martia, and therefore obtained her\n from Cato. After the death of Hortensius, Cato took her again. This\n conduct was ridiculed by the Romans, who observed that Martia had\n entered the house of Hortensius very poor, but returned to the bed\n of Cato loaded with treasures. It was observed that Cato always\n appeared in mourning, and never laid himself down at his meals\n since the defeat of Pompey, but always sat down, contrary to the\n custom of the Romans, as if depressed with the recollection that\n the supporters of republican liberty were decaying. _Plutarch_\n has written an account of his life. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 128, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 21.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 841; bk. 8, li. 670.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Cato of Utica, who was killed in a battle after he had acquired much\n honour. _Plutarch_, _Cato Minor_.\n\n=Catrea=, a town of Crete. _Pausanias._\n\n=Catreus=, a king of Crete, killed by his son at Rhodes, unknowingly.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Catta=, a woman who had the gift of prophecy. _Suetonius_, _Vitellius_,\n ch. 14.\n\n=Catti=, a people of Gaul and Germany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13,\n li. 57.\n\n=Catuli\u0101na=, a surname of Minerva, from Lutatius Catulus, who dedicated\n a standard to her. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.\n\n=Catullus Caius=, or =Quintus Valerius=, a poet of Verona, whose\n compositions, elegant and simple, are the offspring of a luxuriant\n imagination. He was acquainted with the most distinguished people of\n his age, and directed his satire against C\u00e6sar, whose only revenge\n was to invite the poet, and hospitably entertain him at his table.\n Catullus was the first Roman who imitated with success the Greek\n writers, and introduced their numbers among the Latins. Though\n the pages of the poet are occasionally disfigured with licentious\n expressions, the whole is written with great purity of style.\n Catullus died in the 46th year of his age, B.C. 40. The best\n editions of his works, which consist only of epigrams, are that of\n Vulpius, 4to, Patavii, 1737, and that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1754.\n _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 62.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 427.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n man surnamed _Urbicarius_, was a mimographer. _Juvenal_, satire 13,\n li. 111.\n\n=Quintus Luctatius Cat\u016dlus=, went with 300 ships during the first\n Punic war against the Carthaginians, and destroyed 600 of their\n ships under Hamilcar, near the \u00c6gates. This celebrated victory put\n an end to the war.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator, distinguished also as a writer of\n epigrams, and admired for the neatness, elegance, and polished style\n of his compositions. He is supposed to be the same as the colleague\n of Marius, when a consul the fourth time; and he shared with him the\n triumph over the Cimbri. He was, by his colleague\u2019s order, suffocated\n in a room filled with the smoke of burning coals. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li.\n 174.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman sent by his countrymen\n to carry a present to the god of Delphi, from the spoils taken from\n Asdrubal. _Livy_, bk. 27.\n\n=Catur\u012dges=, a people of Gaul, now _Chorges_, near the source of the\n Durance. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3,\n ch. 20.\n\n=Cavares=, a people of Gaul, who inhabited the present province of\n _Comtat_ in Provence.\n\n=Cavarillus=, a commander of some troops of the \u00c6dui in C\u00e6sar\u2019s army.\n _C\u00e6sar_. _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 67.\n\n=Cavarinus=, a Gaul, made king of the Senones by C\u00e6sar, and banished\n by his subjects. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 54.\n\n=Cauc\u0103sus=, a celebrated mountain between the Euxine and Caspian seas,\n which may be considered as the continuation of the ridge of mount\n Taurus. Its height is immense. It was inhabited anciently by various\n savage nations who lived upon the wild fruits of the earth. It was\n covered with snow in some parts, and in others it was variegated\n with fruitful orchards and plantations. The inhabitants formerly\n were supposed to gather gold on the shores of their rivulets\n in sheepskins, but they now live without making use of money.\n Prometheus was tied on the top of Caucasus by Jupiter, and\n continually devoured by vultures, according to ancient authors.\n The passes near this mountain, called _Caucasi\u00e6 port\u00e6_, bear now\n the name of _Derbent_, and it is supposed that through them the\n Sarmatians, called Huns, made their way, when they invaded the\n provinces of Rome. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 203, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6;\n _Georgics_, ch. 2, li. 440; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 366.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_,\n bk. 5, li. 155.\n\n=Caucon=, a son of Clinus, who first introduced the Orgies into\n Messenia from Eleusis. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\n\n=Caucones=, a people of Paphlagonia, originally inhabitants of Arcadia,\n or of Scythia, according to some accounts. Some of them made a\n settlement near Dym\u00e6 in Elis. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 8, &c.\n\n=Caudi= and =Caudium=, a town of the Samnites, near which, in a\n place called _Caudin\u00e6 Furcul\u00e6_, the Roman army under Titus Veturius\n Calvinus and Spurius Posthumius was obliged to surrender to the\n Samnites, and pass under the yoke with the greatest disgrace. _Livy_,\n bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 138.\n\n=Cavii=, a people of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 30.\n\n=Caulonia=, or =Caulon=, a town of Italy near the country of the\n Brutii, founded by a colony of Ach\u00e6ans, and destroyed in the wars\n between Pyrrhus and the Romans. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 553.\n\n=Caunius=, a man raised to affluence from poverty by Artaxerxes.\n _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.\n\n=Caunus=, a son of Miletus and Cyane. He was passionately fond of, or,\n according to others, he was tenderly beloved by, his sister Byblis,\n and to avoid an incestuous commerce, he retired to Caria, where\n he built a city called by his own name. _See:_ Byblis. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Caria, opposite\n Rhodes, where Protogenes was born. The climate was considered as\n unwholesome, especially in summer, so that Cicero mentions the cry\n of a person who sold Caunian figs, which were very famous (_qui\n Cauneas clamitabat_), at Brundusium, as a bad omen (_cave ne eas_)\n against Crassus going to attack the Parthians. _Cicero_, _de\n Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 176.\n\n=Cauros=, an island with a small town formerly called Andros, in the\n \u00c6gean sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Caurus=, a wind blowing from the west. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,\n li. 356.\n\n=Caus=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.\n\n=Ca\u0233ci=, or =Chauci=, a nation of Germany, now the people of Friesland\n and Groningen. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 463.\n\n=Ca\u0233cus=, a river of Mysia. _See:_ Caicus.\n\n=Cayster=, or =Caystrus=, now _Kitcheck-Meinder_, a rapid river of\n Asia, rising in Lydia, and, after a meandering course, falling into\n the \u00c6gean sea near Ephesus. According to the poets, the banks and\n neighbourhood of this river were generally frequented by swans.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 253; bk. 5, li. 386.\u2015\u2015_Martial_,\n bk. 1, ltr. 54.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 461.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 384.\n\n=Cea=, or =Ceos=, an island near Eub\u0153a, called also Co. _See:_ Co.\n\n=Ce\u0103des=, a Thracian, whose son Euphemus was concerned in the Trojan\n war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\n\n=Ceba=, now _Ceva_, a town of modern Piedmont, famous for cheese.\n _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 42.\n\n=Ceball\u012bnus=, a man who gave information of the snares laid against\n Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.\n\n=Cebarenses=, a people of Gaul. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 36.\n\n=Cebenna=, mountains of Gaul, now the Cevennes, separating the Arverni\n from the Helvii, extending from the Garonne to the Rhone. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n=Cebes=, a Theban philosopher, one of the disciples of Socrates,\n B.C. 405. He attended his learned preceptor in his last moments,\n and distinguished himself by three dialogues that he wrote; but more\n particularly by his tables, which contain a beautiful and affecting\n picture of human life, delineated with accuracy of judgment and\n great splendour of sentiment. Little is known of the character of\n Cebes from history. Plato mentions him once, and Xenophon the same,\n but both in a manner which conveys most fully the goodness of his\n heart and the purity of his morals. The best editions of Cebes are\n those of Gronovius, 8vo, 1689; and Glasgow, 12mo, 1747.\n\n=Cebren=, the father of Asterope. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 21.\n\n=Cebr\u0113nia=, a country of Troas with a town of the same name, called\n after the river _Cebrenus_, which is in the neighbourhood. \u0152none\n the daughter of the Cebrenus receives the patronymic of _Cebrenis_.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 769.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylv\u00e6_,\n bk. 5, li. 21.\n\n=Cebri\u014fnes=, one of the giants conquered by Venus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An illegitimate\n son of Priam, killed with a stone by Patroclus. _Homer_, _Iliad_.\n\n=Cebrus=, now _Zebris_, a river falling in a southern direction into\n the Danube, and dividing Lower from Upper M\u0153sia.\n\n=Cecidas=, an ancient dithyrambic poet.\n\n=Cecilius.= _See:_ C\u00e6cilius.\n\n=Cec\u012bna=, a river near Volaterra in Etruria. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=A. Cecinna=, a Roman knight in the interest of Pompey, who used to\n breed up young swallows, and send them to carry news to his friends\n as messengers. He was a particular friend of Cicero, with whom\n he corresponded. Some of his letters are still extant in Cicero.\n _Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 15, ltr. 66; _Orator_,\n ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A scribe of Octavius C\u00e6sar. _Cicero_, bk. 16, _Letters\n to Atticus_, ltr. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consular man suspected of conspiracy\n and murdered by Titus, after an invitation to supper. _Suetonius_,\n _Titus_, ch. 6.\n\n=Cecr\u014fpia=, the original name of Athens, in honour of Cecrops, its\n first founder. The ancients often use this word for Attica, and the\n Athenians are often called _Cecropid\u00e6_. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6,\n li. 21.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 671; _Fasti_, bk. 2, li.\n 81.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 306.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.\u2015\u2015_Catullus_,\n poems 62, 79.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 186.\n\n=Cecr\u014fp\u012dd\u00e6=, an ancient name of the Athenians, more particularly\n applied to those who were descended from Cecrops the founder of\n Athens. The honourable name of Cecropid\u00e6 was often conferred as a\n reward for some virtuous action in the field of battle. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 21.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 671.\n\n=Cecrops=, a native of Sais in Egypt, who led a colony to Attica about\n 1556 years before the christian era, and reigned over part of the\n country which was called from him Cecropia. He softened and polished\n the rude and uncultivated manners of the inhabitants, and drew them\n from the country to inhabit 12 small villages which he had founded.\n He gave them laws and regulations, and introduced among them the\n worship of those deities which were held in adoration in Egypt. He\n married the daughter of Act\u00e6us, a Grecian prince, and was deemed\n the first founder of Athens. He taught his subjects to cultivate\n the olive, and instructed them to look upon Minerva as the watchful\n patroness of their city. It is said that he was the first who raised\n an altar to Jupiter in Greece, and offered him sacrifices. After\n a reign of 50 years, spent in regulating his newly formed kingdom,\n and in polishing the minds of his subjects, Cecrops died, leaving\n three daughters, Aglauros, Herse, and Pandrosos. He was succeeded\n by Cranaus, a native of the country. Some time after, Theseus, one\n of his successors on the throne, formed the 12 villages which he had\n established into one city, to which the name of Athens was given.\n _See:_ Athen\u00e6. Some authors have described Cecrops as a monster,\n half a man and half a serpent; and this fable is explained by the\n recollection that he was master of two languages, the Greek and the\n Egyptian; or that he had the command over two countries, Egypt and\n Greece. Others explain it by an allusion to the regulations which\n Cecrops made amongst the inhabitants concerning marriage and the\n union of the two sexes. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 44.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 561.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 166.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second of that name was the seventh king of Athens,\n and the son and successor of Erechtheus. He married Metiadusa the\n sister of D\u00e6dalus, by whom he had Pandion. He reigned 40 years, and\n died 1307 B.C. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1,\n ch. 5.\n\n=Cecyphal\u00e6=, a place of Greece, where the Athenians defeated the fleet\n of the Peloponnesians. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 105.\n\n=Cedre\u0101tis=, the name of Diana among the Orchomenians, because her\n images were hung on lofty cedars.\n\n=Cedon=, an Athenian general, killed in an engagement against the\n Spartans. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\n\n=Cedrusii=, an Indian nation. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 11.\n\n=Cegl\u016dsa=, the mother of Asopus by Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 12.\n\n=Cei=, the inhabitants of the island Cea.\n\n=Cel\u0103don=, a man killed by Perseus, at the marriage of Andromeda.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 144.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Greece,\n flowing into the Alpheus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7,\n li. 133.\n\n=Cel\u0103dus=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n island of the Adriatic sea. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Cel\u00e6n\u00e6=, or =Cel\u0113ne=, a city of Phrygia, of which it was once the\n capital. Cyrus the younger had a palace there, with a park filled\n with wild beasts, where he exercised himself in hunting. The M\u00e6ander\n arose in this park. Xerxes built a famous citadel there after\n his defeat in Greece. The inhabitants of Cel\u00e6n\u00e6 were carried by\n Antiochus Soter to people Apamea when newly founded. _Strabo_,\n bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 1.\n Marsyas is said to have contended in its neighbourhood against\n Apollo. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 206.\n\n=Cel\u00e6no=, one of the daughters of Atlas, ravished by Neptune. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 173.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Harpies, daughter of Neptune\n and Terra. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 245.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Danaides.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Neptune and Ergea.\n _Hyginus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Hyamus, mother of Delphus by Apollo.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.\n\n=Cele\u00e6=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14.\n\n=Celeia= and =Cela=, a town of Noricum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 24.\n\n=Celelates=, a people of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.\n\n=Celendr\u00e6=, =Celendris=, and =Celenderis=, a colony of the Samians in\n Cilicia, with a harbour of the same name at the mouth of the Selinus.\n _Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 259.\n\n=Celeneus=, a Cimmerian, who first taught how persons guilty of murder\n might be expiated. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 406.\n\n=Celenna=, or =Cel\u00e6na=, a town of Campania, where Juno was worshipped.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 739.\n\n=Celer=, a man who, with Severus, \u2666undertook to rebuild Nero\u2019s palace\n after the burning of Rome. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 42.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n man called Fabius, who killed Remus when he leaped over the walls\n of Rome, by order of Romulus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 837.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Metius, a noble youth to whom Statius\n dedicated a poem.\n\n \u2666 \u2018untook\u2019 replaced with \u2018undertook\u2019\n\n=Cel\u0115res=, 300 of the noblest and strongest youths at Rome, chosen by\n Romulus to be his body-guards, to attend him wherever he went, and\n to protect his person. The chief or captain was called _Tribunus\n Celerum_. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 15.\n\n=Celetrum=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 40.\n\n=Celeus=, a king of Eleusis, father to Triptolemus by Metanira. He\n gave a kind reception to Ceres, who taught his son the cultivation\n of the earth. _See:_ Triptolemus. His rustic dress became a proverb.\n The invention of several agricultural instruments made of osiers is\n attributed to him. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 508; bk. 5, li. 269.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 165.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Cephallenia.\n\n=Celmus=, a man who nursed Jupiter, by whom he was greatly esteemed.\n He was changed into a magnet stone for saying that Jupiter was\n mortal. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 281.\n\n=Celon\u00e6=, a place of Mesopotamia. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Celsus=, an epicurean philosopher in the second century, to whom\n Lucian dedicated one of his compositions. He wrote a treatise\n against the christians, to which an answer was returned by Origen.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cornelius, a physician in the age of Tiberius, who wrote eight\n books on medicine, besides treatises on agriculture, rhetoric, and\n military affairs. The best editions of Celsus _de medicin\u00e2_ are the\n 8vo, Leiden, 1746, and that of Vallart, 12mo, Paris, apud Didot,\n 1772.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Albinoyanus, a friend of Horace, warned against plagiarism,\n bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 15, and pleasantly ridiculed, in the eighth\n epistle, for his foibles. Some of his elegies have been preserved.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Juventius, a lawyer who conspired against Domitian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Titus,\n a man proclaimed emperor, A.D. 265, against his will, and murdered\n seven days after.\n\n=Celt\u00e6=, a name given to the nation that inhabited the country between\n the Ocean and the Palus M\u00e6otis, according to some authors mentioned\n by _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_. This name, though anciently applied\n to the inhabitants of Gaul, as well as of Germany and Spain, was\n more particularly given to a part of the Gauls, whose country,\n called Gallia Celtica, was situate between the rivers Sequana and\n Garumna, modernly called _la Seine_ and _la Garonne_. The Celt\u00e6\n seemed to receive their name from Celtus, a son of Hercules or of\n Polyphemus. The promontory which bore the name of _Celticum_ is now\n called Cape Finisterre. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.\n\n=Celt\u012db\u0113ri=, a people of Spain, descended from the Celt\u00e6. They settled\n near the Iberus, and added the name of the river to that of their\n nation, and were afterwards called Celtiberi. They made strong head\n against the Romans and Carthaginians when they invaded their country.\n Their country, called _Celtiberia_, is now known by the name of\n Arragon. _Diodorus_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 10.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 339.\n\n=Celt\u012dca=, a well-populated part of Gaul, inhabited by the Celt\u00e6.\n\n=Celt\u012dci=, a people of Spain. The promontory which bore their name is\n now _Cape Finisterre_.\n\n=Celtillus=, the father of Vercingetorix among the Arverni. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 4.\n\n=Celtorii=, a people of Gaul, near the Senones. _Plutarch._\n\n=Celtoscy\u0306th\u00e6=, a northern nation of Scythians. _Strabo_, bk. 10.\n\n=Cemm\u0115nus=, a lofty mountain of Gaul. _Strabo._\n\n=Cempsi=, a people of Spain at the bottom of the Pyrenean mountains.\n _Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 358.\n\n=Cen\u0103bum=, or =Gen\u0103bum=. _See:_ Genabum.\n\n=Cen\u00e6um=, a promontory of Eub\u0153a, where Jupiter _C\u00e6neus_ had an\n altar raised by Hercules. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 136.\n \u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 93.\n\n=Cenchre\u00e6=, now _Kenkri_, a town of Peloponnesus on the isthmus of\n Corinth.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A harbour of Corinth. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 9,\n li. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 4.\n\n=Cenchreis=, the wife of Cinyras king of Cyprus, or, as others say, of\n Assyria. _Hyginus_, fable 58.\n\n=Cenchreus=, a son of Neptune and Salamis, or, as some say, of Pyrene.\n He killed a large serpent at Salamas. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Cenchrius=, a river of Ionia near Ephesus, where some suppose that\n Latona was washed after she had brought forth. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 3, ch. 61.\n\n=Cenep\u014flis=, a town of Spain, the same as Carthago Nova. _Polybius._\n\n=Cenetium=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Strabo._\n\n=Cenneus.= _See:_ C\u00e6nis.\n\n=Cenim\u0101gni=, a people on the western parts of Britain.\n\n=Cen\u012bna.= _See:_ C\u00e6nina.\n\n=Cenon=, a town of Italy. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 63.\n\n=Cens\u014dres=, two magistrates of great authority at Rome, first created\n B.C. 443. Their office was to number the people, estimate the\n possessions of every citizen, reform and watch over the manners of\n the people, and regulate the taxes. Their power was also extended\n over private families; they punished irregularity, and inspected\n the management and education of the Roman youth. They could inquire\n into the expenses of every citizen, and even degrade a senator from\n all his privileges and honours, if guilty of any extravagance. This\n punishment was generally executed in passing over the offender\u2019s\n name in calling the list of the senators. The office of public\n censor was originally exercised by the kings. Servius Tullius, the\n sixth king of Rome, first established a _census_, by which every\n man was obliged to come to be registered, and give in writing the\n place of his residence, his name, his quality, the number of his\n children, of his tenants, estates, and domestics, &c. The ends of\n the census were very salutary to the Roman republic. They knew their\n own strength, their ability to support a war, or to make a levy of\n troops, or raise a tribute. It was required that every knight should\n be possessed of 400,000 sesterces to enjoy the rights and privileges\n of his order; and a senator was entitled to sit in the senate,\n if he was really worth 800,000 sesterces. This laborious task of\n numbering and reviewing the people was, after the expulsion of the\n Tarquins, one of the duties and privileges of the consuls. But when\n the republic was become more powerful, and when the number of its\n citizens was increased, the consuls were found unable to make the\n census, on account of the multiplicity of business. After it had\n been neglected for 16 years, two new magistrates called censors were\n elected. They remained in office for five years, and every fifth\n year they made a census of all the citizens in the Campus Martius,\n and offered a solemn sacrifice, and made a lustration in the name\n of all the Roman people. This space of time was called a _lustrum_,\n and 10 or 20 years were commonly expressed by two or four lustra.\n After the office of the censors had remained for some time unaltered,\n the Romans, jealous of their power, abridged the duration of their\n office, and a law was made, A.U.C. 420, by Mamercus \u00c6milius, to\n limit the time of the censorship to 18 months. After the second\n Punic war, they were always chosen from such persons as had been\n consuls; their office was more honourable, though less powerful,\n than that of the consuls; the badges of their office were the same,\n but the censors were not allowed to have lictors to walk before them\n as the consuls. When one of the censors died, no one was elected\n in his room till the five years were expired, and his colleague\n immediately resigned. This circumstance originated from the death of\n a censor before the sacking of Rome by Brennus, and was ever deemed\n an unfortunate event to the republic. The emperors abolished the\n censors, and took upon themselves to execute their office.\n\n=Censor\u012bnus, Appius Claudius=, was compelled, after many services to\n the state, to assume the imperial purple by the soldiers, by whom\n he was murdered some days after, A.D. 270.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Martius, a consul, to\n whom, as a particular friend, _Horace_ addressed his bk. 4, ode 8.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian of the third century, whose book, _De Die Natali_,\n is extant, best edited in 8vo, by Havercamp, Leiden, 1767. It treats\n of the birth of man, of years, months, and days.\n\n=Census=, the numbering of the people at Rome, performed by the censors;\n _\u00e0 censeo_, to value. _See:_ Censores.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A god worshipped at Rome,\n the same as Consus.\n\n=Centaretus=, a Galatian, who, when Antiochus was killed, mounted\n his horse in the greatest exultation. The horse, as if conscious of\n disgrace, immediately leaped down a precipice, and killed himself\n and his rider. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 42.\n\n=Centaur\u012b=, a people of Thessaly, half men and half horses. They were\n the offspring of Centaurus son of Apollo, by Stilbia daughter of the\n Peneus. According to some, the Centaurs were the fruit of Ixion\u2019s\n adventure with the cloud in the shape of Juno, or, as others assert,\n of the union of Centaurus with the mares of Magnesia. This fable of\n the existence of the Centaurs, monsters supported upon the four legs\n of a horse, arises from the ancient people of Thessaly having tamed\n horses, and having appeared to their neighbours mounted on horseback,\n a sight very uncommon at that time, and which, when at a distance,\n seems only one body, and consequently one creature. Some derive the\n name \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, _goading bulls_, because they went\n on horseback after their bulls which had strayed, or because they\n hunted wild bulls with horses. Some of the ancients have maintained\n that monsters like the Centaurs can have existed in the natural\n course of things. Plutarch, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_ mentions\n one seen by Periander tyrant of Corinth; and Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 3,\n says that he saw one embalmed in honey, which had been brought to\n Rome from Egypt in the reign of Claudius. The battle of the Centaurs\n with the Lapith\u00e6 is famous in history. Ovid has elegantly described\n it, and it has also employed the pen of \u2666Hesiod, Valerius Flaccus,\n &c.; and Pausanias in _Elis_ says it was represented in the temple\n of Jupiter at Olympia, and also at Athens by Phidias and Parrhasius,\n according to Pliny, bk. 36, ch. 5. The origin of the battle was\n a quarrel at the marriage of Hippodamia with Pirithous, where the\n Centaurs, intoxicated with wine, behaved with rudeness, and even\n offered violence to the women that were present. Such an insult\n irritated Hercules, Theseus, and the rest of the Lapith\u00e6, who\n defended the women, wounded and defeated the Centaurs, and obliged\n them to leave their country, and retire to Arcadia. Here their\n insolence was a second time punished by Hercules, who, when he was\n going to hunt the boar of Erymanthus, was kindly entertained by the\n Centaur Pholus, who gave him wine which belonged to the rest of the\n Centaurs, but had been given them on condition of their treating\n Hercules with it whenever he passed through their territory. They\n resented the liberty which Hercules took with their wine, and\n attacked him with uncommon fury. The hero defended himself with\n his arrows, and defeated his adversaries, who fled for safety to\n the Centaur Chiron. Chiron had been the preceptor of Hercules, and\n therefore they hoped that he would desist in his presence. Hercules,\n though awed at the sight of Chiron, did not desist, but in the midst\n of the engagement, he wounded his preceptor in the knee, who, in\n the excessive pain he suffered, exchanged immortality for death. The\n death of Chiron irritated Hercules the more, and the Centaurs that\n were present were all extirpated by his hand, and indeed few escaped\n the common destruction. The most celebrated of the Centaurs were\n Chiron, Eurytus, Amycus, Gryneus, Caumas, Lycidas, Arneus, Medon,\n Rh\u0153tus, Pisenor, Mermeros, Pholus, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Tzetzes_,\n _Historiarum variarum Chiliades_, bk. 9, ch. 237.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Shield\n of Heracles_.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10, &c.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_,\n _Varia Historia_, bk. 11, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3;\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 286.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 33\n & 62.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Pythian_, li. 2.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Hesoid\u2019 replaced with \u2018Hesiod\u2019\n\n=Centaurus=, a ship in the fleet of \u00c6neas, which had the figure of a\n Centaur. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 122.\n\n=Centobrica=, a town of Celtiberia. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\n\n=Cent\u014fres=, a people of Scythia. _Flaccus._\n\n=Centoripa=, or =Centuripa=. _See:_ Centuripa.\n\n=Centrites=, a river between Armenia and Media.\n\n=Centrones=, a people of Gaul, severely beaten by Julius C\u00e6sar when\n they attempted to obstruct his passage. They inhabited the modern\n country of _Tarantaise_ in Savoy. There was a horde of Gauls of the\n same name subject to the Nervii, now supposed to be near _Courtray_\n in Flanders. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 5, ch. 38.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20.\n\n=Centronius=, a man who squandered his immense riches on useless and\n whimsical buildings. _Juvenal_, satire 14, li. 86.\n\n\u2666=Centum cellum=, a seaport town of Etruria built by Trajan, who had\n there a villa. It is now _Civita Vecchia_, and belongs to the pope.\n _Pliny the Younger_, bk. 6, ltr. 51.\n\n \u2666 Placed in correct alphabetical order.\n\n=Centumv\u012dri=, the members of a court of justice at Rome. They were\n originally chosen, three from the 35 tribes of the people, and\n though 105, they were always called Centumvirs. They were afterwards\n increased to the number of 180, and still kept their original name.\n The pretor sent to their tribunal causes of the greatest importance,\n as their knowledge of the law was extensive. They were generally\n summoned by the Decemviri, who seemed to be the chiefest among them;\n and they assembled in the Basilica, or public court, and had their\n tribunal distinguished by a spear with an iron head, whence a decree\n of their court was called _Hast\u00e6 judicium_: their sentences were\n very impartial, and without appeal. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1,\n ch. 38.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bks. 4, 5, & 11.\u2015\u2015_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 6,\n ltr. 33.\n\n=Cent\u016dria=, a division of the people among the Romans, consisting of\n 100. The Roman people were originally divided into three tribes, and\n each tribe into 10 curi\u00e6. Servius Tullius made a census; and when he\n had enrolled the place of habitation, name, and profession of every\n citizen, which amounted to 80,000 men, all able to bear arms, he\n divided them into six classes, and each class into several centuries,\n or companies of 100 men. The first class consisted of 80 centuries,\n 40 of which were composed of men from the age of 45 and upwards,\n appointed to guard the city. The 40 others were young men, from 17\n to 45 years of age, appointed to go to war, and fight the enemies of\n Rome. Their arms were all the same; that is, a buckler, a cuirass, a\n helmet, cuishes of brass, with a sword, a lance, and a javelin; and\n as they were of the most illustrious citizens, they were called, by\n way of eminence, _Classici_, and their inferiors _infra classem_.\n They were to be worth 1,100,000 _asses_, a sum equivalent to 1800_l._\n English money. The second, third, and fourth classes, consisted each\n of 20 centuries, 10 of which were composed of the more aged, and the\n others of the younger sort of people. Their arms were a large shield,\n a spear, and a javelin; they were to be worth in the second class,\n 75,000 _asses_, or about 121_l._ In the third, 50,000, or about\n 80_l._; and in the fourth, 25,000, or about 40_l._ The fifth class\n consisted of 30 centuries, three of which were carpenters by trade,\n and the others of different professions, such as were necessary in\n the camp. They were all armed with slings and stones. They were to\n be worth 11,000 _asses_, or about 18_l._ The sixth class contained\n only one centuria, comprising the whole body of the poorest\n citizens, who were called _Proletarii_, as their only service to\n the state was procreating children. They were also called _capite\n censi_, as the censor took notice of their person, not of their\n estate. In the public assemblies in the Campus Martius, at the\n election of public magistrates, or at the trial of capital crimes,\n the people gave their vote by centuries, whence the assembly was\n called _comitia centuriata_. In these public assemblies, which were\n never convened but only by the consuls at the permission of the\n senate, or by the dictator in the absence of the consuls, some of\n the people appeared under arms, for fear of an attack from some\n foreign enemy. When a law was proposed in the public assemblies,\n its necessity was explained, and the advantages it would produce\n to the state were enlarged upon in a harangue; after which it was\n exposed in the most conspicuous parts of the city three market-days,\n that the people might see and consider. Exposing it to public view,\n was called _proponere legem_, and explaining it, _promulgare legem_.\n He who merely proposed it, was called _lator legis_; and he who\n dwelt upon its importance and utility, and wished it to be enforced,\n was called _auctor legis_. When the assembly was to be held, the\n auguries were consulted by the consul, who, after haranguing the\n people, and reminding them to have in view the good of the republic,\n dismissed them to their respective centuries, that their votes\n might be gathered. They gave their votes _viv\u00e2 voce_, till the year\n of Rome A.U.C. 615, when they changed the custom, and gave their\n approbation or disapprobation by ballots thrown into an urn. If the\n first class was unanimous, the others were not consulted, as the\n first was superior to all the others in number; but if they were\n not unanimous, they proceeded to consult the rest, and the majority\n decided the question. This advantage of the first class gave\n offence to the rest; and it was afterwards settled, that one class\n of the six should be drawn by lot, to give its votes first, without\n regard to rank or priority. After all the votes had been gathered,\n the consul declared aloud, that the law which had been proposed\n was duly and constitutionally approved. The same ceremonies\n were observed in the election of consuls, pretors, &c. The word\n _Centuria_ is also applied to a subdivision of one of the Roman\n legions which consisted of 100 men, and was the half of a manipulus,\n the sixth part of a cohort, and the sixtieth part of a legion.\n The commander of a centuria was called _centurion_, and he was\n distinguished from the rest by a branch of a vine which he carried\n in his hand.\n\n=Cent\u016dr\u012dpa= (es, or \u00e6, arum), now _Centorlu_, a town of Sicily at\n the foot of mount \u00c6tna. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 23.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 205.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.\n\n=Ceos= and =Cea=, an island. _See:_ Co.\n\n=Ceph\u0103las=, a lofty promontory of Africa near the Syrtis Major.\n _Strabo._\n\n=Cephaledion=, a town of Sicily near the river Himera. _Pliny_, bk. 3,\n ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 52.\n\n=Cephallen=, a noble musician, son of Lampus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 7.\n\n=Cephal\u0113na= and =Cephallenia=, an island in the Ionian sea, below\n Corcyra, whose inhabitants went with Ulysses to the Trojan war. It\n abounds in oil and excellent wines. It was anciently divided into\n four different districts, from which circumstance it received the\n name of Tetrapolis. It is about 90 miles in circumference, and from\n its capital Samo, or Samos, it has frequently been called Same.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 6, ch. 15.\n\n=Ceph\u0103lo=, an officer of Eumenes. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 19.\n\n=Cephaloedis= and =Cephaludium=, now _Cephalu_, a town at the north\n of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 253.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 2,\n _Against Verres_, ch. 51.\n\n=Ceph\u0103lon=, a Greek of Ionia, who wrote a history of Troy, besides\n an epitome of universal history from the age of Ninus to Alexander,\n which he divided into nine books, inscribed with the name of the\n nine muses. He affected not to know the place of his birth, expecting\n it would be disputed like Homer\u2019s. He lived in the reign of Adrian.\n\n=C\u0115ph\u0103lus=, son of Deioneus king of Thessaly, by Diomede daughter\n of Xuthus, married Procris, daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens.\n Aurora fell in love with him, and carried him away; but he refused\n to listen to her addresses, and was impatient to return to Procris.\n The goddess sent him back; and to try the fidelity of his wife, she\n made him put on a different form, and he arrived at the house of\n Procris in the habit of a merchant. Procris was deaf to every offer;\n but she suffered herself to be seduced by the gold of this stranger,\n who discovered himself the very moment that Procris had yielded up\n her virtue. This circumstance so ashamed Procris, that she fled from\n her husband, and devoted herself to hunting in the island of Eub\u0153a,\n where she was admitted among the attendants of Diana, who presented\n her with a dog always sure of his prey, and a dart which never\n missed its aim, and always returned to the hands of its mistress\n of its own accord. Some say that the dog was a present from Minos,\n because Procris had cured his wounds. After this Procris returned\n in disguise to Cephalus, who was willing to disgrace himself by\n some unnatural concessions to obtain the dog and the dart of Procris.\n Procris discovered herself at the moment that Cephalus showed\n himself faithless, and a reconciliation was easily made between\n them. They loved one another with more tenderness than before, and\n Cephalus received from his wife the presents of Diana. As he was\n particularly fond of hunting, he every morning early repaired to\n the woods, and after much toil and fatigue, laid himself down in\n the cool shade, and earnestly called for _Aura_, or the refreshing\n breeze. This ambiguous word was mistaken for the name of a mistress;\n and some informer reported to the jealous Procris that Cephalus\n daily paid a visit to a mistress, whose name was Aura. Procris too\n readily believed the information, and secretly followed her husband\n into the woods. According to his daily custom, Cephalus retired\n to the cool, and called after Aura. At the name of Aura, Procris\n eagerly lifted up her head to see her expected rival. Her motion\n occasioned rustling among the leaves of a bush that concealed her;\n and as Cephalus listened, he thought it to be a wild beast, and\n he let fly his unerring dart. \u2666Procris was struck to the heart,\n and instantly expired in the arms of her husband, confessing that\n ill-grounded jealousy was the cause of her death. According to\n Apollodorus, there were two persons of the name of Cephalus; one,\n son of Mercury and Herse, carried away by Aurora, with whom he\n dwelt in Syria, and by whom he had a son called Tithonus. The other\n married Procris, and was the cause of the tragical event mentioned\n above. Cephalus was father of Arcefius by Procris, and of Phaeton,\n according to Hesiod, by Aurora. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7,\n fable 26.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 189.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Corinthian lawyer, who assisted Timoleon in regulating the republic\n of Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king\n of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator frequently mentioned\n by Demosthenes.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Procus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Procris\u2019\n\n=Ceph\u0113is=, a name given to Andromeda as daughter of Cepheus. _Ovid_,\n _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 193.\n\n=Ceph\u0113nes=, an ancient name of the Persians. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,\n ch. 61.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name of the \u00c6thiopians, from Cepheus, one of their\n kings. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 1.\n\n=C\u0113pheus=, a king of \u00c6thiopia, father of Andromeda by Cassiope. He\n was one of the Argonauts, and was changed into a constellation after\n his death. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 669; bk. 5, li. 12.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35; bk. 8, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 9; bk. 2, chs. 1, 4, & 7; bk. 3, ch. 9, mentions one, son of\n Aleus, and another, son of Belus. The former he makes king of Tegea\n and father of Sterope; and says that he, with his 12 sons, assisted\n Hercules in a war against Hippocoon, where they were killed. The\n latter he calls king of \u00c6thiopia and father of Andromeda.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Lycurgus, present at the chase of the Calydonian boar.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\n\n=Ceph\u012bsia=, a part of Attica, through which the Cephisus flows.\n _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.\n\n=Ceph\u012bsi\u0103des=, a patronymic of Eteocles son of Andreus and Evippe, from\n the supposition of his being the son of the Cephisus. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 9, ch. 34.\n\n=Cephisid\u014drus=, a tragic poet of Athens in the age of \u00c6schylus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n historian who wrote an account of the Phocian war.\n\n=Ceph\u012bsion=, the commander of some troops sent by the Thebans to assist\n Megalopolis, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Cephisod\u014ftus=, a disciple of Isocrates, a great reviler of Aristotle,\n who wrote a book of proverbs. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 2.\n\n=Ceph\u012bsus= and =Cephissus=, a celebrated river of Greece, that rises\n at Lil\u00e6a in Phocis, and after passing at the north of Delphi and\n mount Parnassus, enters B\u0153otia, where it flows into the lake Copais.\n The Graces were particularly fond of this river, whence they are\n called the goddesses of the Cephisus. There was a river of the same\n name in Attica, and another in Argolis. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 2, li. 29.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 175.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 1, li. 369; bk. 3, li. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man changed into a sea monster\n by Apollo, when lamenting the death of his grandson. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 388.\n\n=Cephren=, a king of Egypt, who built one of the pyramids. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 1.\n\n=Cepio=, or =C\u00e6pio=, a man who, by a quarrel with Drusus, caused\n a civil war at Rome, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Servilius, a Roman consul, who put\n an end to the war in Spain. He took gold from a temple, and for\n that sacrilege the rest of his life was always unfortunate. He was\n conquered by the Cimbrians, his goods were publicly confiscated, and\n he died at last in prison.\n\n=Cepion=, a musician. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.\n\n=Ceraca=, a town of Macedonia. _Polybius_, bk. 5.\n\n=Ceracates=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 70.\n\n=Cerambus=, a man changed into a beetle, or, according to others, into\n a bird, on mount Parnassus, by the nymphs, before the deluge. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9.\n\n=Ceram\u012bcus=, now _Keramo_, a bay of Caria, near Halicarnassus,\n opposite Cos, receiving its name from Ceramus. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A public walk, and a place to\n bury those that were killed in defence of their country, at Athens.\n _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 10.\n\n=Cer\u0103mium=, a place of Rome, where Cicero\u2019s house was built. _Cicero_,\n _Letters to Atticus_.\n\n=Cer\u0103mus=, a town at the west of Asia Minor.\n\n=Ceras=, a people of Cyprus metamorphosed into bulls.\n\n=Cer\u0103sus= (untis), now _Keresoun_, a maritime city of Cappadocia, from\n which cherries were first brought to Rome by Lucullus. _Marcellinus_,\n bk. 22, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 15, ch. 25; bk. 16, ch. 18; bk. 17,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, built by a Greek colony\n from Sinope. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Cerata=, a place near Megara.\n\n=Cer\u0101tus=, a river of Crete.\n\n=Ceraunia=, a town of Achaia.\n\n=Ceraunia= and =Ceraunii=, large mountains of Epirus, extending far\n into the sea, and forming a promontory which divides the Ionian\n and Adriatic seas. They are the same as the Acroceraunia. _See:_\n Acroceraunium.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Mount Taurus is also called Ceraunius. _Pliny_,\n bk. 5, ch. 27.\n\n=Ceraunii=, mountains of Asia, opposite the Caspian sea. _Mela_, bk. 1,\n ch. 19.\n\n=Ceraunus=, a river of Cappadocia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Ptolemy II., from\n his boldness. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_, ch. 3.\n\n=Cerausius=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41.\n\n=Cerbalus=, a river of Apulia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\n\n=Cerberion=, a town of the Cimmerian Bosphorus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 6.\n\n=Cerb\u0115rus=, a dog of Pluto, the fruit of Echidna\u2019s union with Typhon.\n He had 50 heads according to Hesiod, and three according to other\n mythologists. He was stationed at the entrance into hell, as a\n watchful keeper, to prevent the living from entering the infernal\n regions, and the dead from escaping from their confinement. It\n was usual for those heroes, who in their lifetime visited Pluto\u2019s\n kingdom, to appease the barking mouths of Cerberus with a cake.\n Orpheus lulled him to sleep with his lyre; and Hercules dragged\n him from hell when he went to redeem Alceste. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 5, li. 134; bk. 6, li. 417.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11,\n li. 622.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31; bk. 3, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, li. 312.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 10, li. 35.\n\n=Cerc\u0103phus=, a son of \u00c6olus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Sol, of great power at Rhodes.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Cercas\u014drum=, a town of Egypt, where the Nile divides itself into the\n Pelusian and Canopic mouths. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\n\n=Cerc\u0113is=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 355.\n\n=Cerc\u0113ne=, a country of Africa. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Cercestes=, a son of \u00c6gyptus and Ph\u0153nissa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 1.\n\n=Cercides=, a native of Megalopolis, who wrote iambics. _Athen\u00e6us_,\n bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13.\n\n=Cercii=, a people of Italy.\n\n=Cercina= and =Cercinna=, a small island of the Mediterranean, near\n the smaller Syrtis, on the coast of Africa. _Tacitus_, bk. 1,\n _Annals_, ch. 53.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 48.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Thrace, towards Macedonia.\n _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 98.\n\n=Cercinium=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 41.\n\n=Cercius= and =Rhetius=, charioteers of Castor and Pollux.\n\n=Cerc\u014dpes=, a people of Ephesus, made prisoners by Hercules.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The inhabitants of the island\n Pithecusa, changed into monkeys on account of their dishonesty.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 91.\n\n=Cercops=, a Milesian, author of a fabulous history mentioned by\n Athen\u00e6us.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Pythagorean philosopher.\n\n=Cercyon= and =Cercy\u014fnes=, a king of Eleusis, son of Neptune, or,\n according to others, of Vulcan. He obliged all strangers to wrestle\n with him; and as he was a dexterous wrestler, they were easily\n conquered and put to death. After many cruelties, he challenged\n Theseus in wrestling, and he was conquered and put to death by his\n antagonist. His daughter Alope was loved by Neptune, by whom she had\n a child. Cercyon exposed the child, called Hippothoon; but he was\n preserved by a mare, and afterwards placed upon his grandfather\u2019s\n throne by Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 439.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 187.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1,\n chs. 5 & 39.\n\n=Cerc\u0233ra= and =Corc\u0233ra=, an island in the Ionian sea, which receives\n its name from Cercyra daughter of Asopus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Cerdylium=, a place near Amphipolis. _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 6.\n\n=Cere\u0101lia=, festivals in honour of Ceres; first instituted at Rome by\n Memmius the edile, and celebrated on the 19th of April. Persons in\n mourning were not permitted to appear at the celebration; therefore\n they were not observed after the battle of Cann\u00e6. They are the same\n as the Thesmophoria of the Greeks. _See:_ Thesmophoria.\n\n=Ceres=, the goddess of corn and of harvests, was daughter of Saturn\n and Vesta. She had a daughter by Jupiter, whom she called Pherephata,\n _fruit-bearing_, and afterwards Proserpine. This daughter was\n carried away by Pluto, as she was gathering flowers in the plains\n near Enna. The rape of Proserpine was grievous to Ceres, who sought\n her all over Sicily; and when night came, she lighted two torches in\n the flames of mount \u00c6tna, to continue her search by night all over\n the world. She at last found her veil near the fountain Cyane; but\n no intelligence could be received of the place of her concealment,\n till at last the nymph Arethusa informed her that her daughter\n had been carried away by Pluto. No sooner had Ceres heard this,\n than she flew to heaven with her chariot drawn by two dragons, and\n demanded of Jupiter the restoration of her daughter. The endeavours\n of Jupiter to soften her by representing Pluto as a powerful god,\n to become her son-in-law, proved fruitless, and the restoration was\n granted, provided Proserpine had not eaten anything in the kingdom\n of Pluto. Ceres upon this repaired to Pluto, but Proserpine had\n eaten the grains of a pomegranate which she had gathered as she\n walked over the Elysian fields, and Ascalaphus, the only one who had\n seen her, discovered it to make his court to Pluto. The return of\n Proserpine upon earth was therefore impracticable; but Ascalaphus,\n for his unsolicited information, was changed into an owl. _See:_\n Ascalaphus. The grief of Ceres for the loss of her daughter was so\n great, that Jupiter granted Proserpine to pass six months with her\n mother, and the rest of the year with Pluto. During the inquiries of\n Ceres for her daughter, the cultivation of the earth was neglected,\n and the ground became barren; therefore, to repair the loss which\n mankind had suffered by her absence, the goddess went to Attica,\n which was become the most desolate country in the world, and\n instructed Triptolemus of Eleusis in everything which concerned\n agriculture. She taught him how to plough the ground, to sow and\n reap the corn, to make bread, and to take particular care of the\n fruit trees. After these instructions, she gave him her chariot\n and commanded him to travel all over the world, and communicate his\n knowledge of agriculture to the rude inhabitants, who hitherto lived\n upon acorns and the roots of the earth. _See:_ Triptolemus. Her\n beneficence to mankind made Ceres respected. Sicily was supposed to\n be the favourite retreat of the goddess, and Diodorus says that\n she and her daughter made their first appearance to mankind in\n Sicily, which Pluto received as a nuptial dowry from Jupiter when he\n married Proserpine. The Sicilians made a yearly sacrifice to Ceres,\n every man according to his abilities; and the fountain of Cyane,\n through which Pluto opened himself a passage with his trident when\n carrying away Proserpine, was publicly honoured with an offering of\n bulls, and the blood of the victims was shed in the waters of the\n fountain. Besides these, other ceremonies were observed in honour\n of the goddesses who had so peculiarly favoured the island. The\n commemoration of the rape was celebrated about the beginning of\n the harvest, and the search of Ceres at the time that corn is sown\n in the earth. The latter festival continued six successive days;\n and during the celebration, the votaries of Ceres made use of some\n free and wanton expressions, as that language had made the goddess\n smile while melancholy for the loss of her daughter. Attica, which\n had been so eminently distinguished by the goddess, gratefully\n remembered her favours in the celebration of the Eleusinian\n mysteries. _See:_ Eleusinia. Ceres also performed the duties of a\n legislator, and the Sicilians found the advantages of her salutary\n laws; hence her surname of Thesmophora. She is the same as the Isis\n of the Egyptians, and her worship, it is said, was first brought\n into Greece by Erechtheus. She met with different adventures when\n she travelled over the earth, and the impudence of Stellio was\n severely punished. To avoid the importunities of Neptune, she changed\n herself into a mare; but the god took advantage of the metamorphosis,\n and from their union arose the horse Arion. _See:_ Arion. The birth\n of this monster so offended Ceres, that she withdrew herself from\n the sight of mankind; and the earth would have perished for want\n of her assistance, had not Pan discovered her in Arcadia, and given\n information of it to Jupiter. The Parc\u00e6 were sent by the god to\n comfort her, and at their persuasion she returned to Sicily, where\n her statues represented her veiled in black, with the head of a\n horse, and holding a dove in one hand, and in the other a dolphin.\n In their sacrifices the ancients offered Ceres a pregnant sow, as\n that animal often injures and destroys the productions of the earth.\n While the corn was yet in the grass, they offered her a ram, after\n the victim had been led three times round the field. Ceres was\n represented with a garland of ears of corn on her head, holding\n in one hand a lighted torch, and in the other a poppy, which was\n sacred to her. She appears as a countrywoman mounted on the back\n of an ox, and carrying a basket on her left arm, and holding a\n hoe; and sometimes she rides in a chariot drawn by winged dragons.\n She was supposed to be the same as Rhea, Tellus. Cybele, Bona\n Dea, Berecynthia, &c. The Romans paid her great adoration, and her\n festivals were yearly celebrated by the Roman matrons in the month\n of April, during eight days. These matrons abstained during several\n days from the use of wine and every carnal enjoyment. They always\n bore lighted torches in commemoration of the goddess; and whoever\n came to these festivals without a previous initiation, was punished\n with death. _Ceres_ is metaphorically called _bread_ and _corn_,\n as the word _Bacchus_ is frequently used to signify _wine_.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, chs. 12 & 14.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31; bk. 2, ch. 34; bk. 3, ch. 23;\n bk. 8, ch. 25, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 417; _Metamorphoses_, fables 7,\n 8, &c.\u2015\u2015_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpin\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against\n Verres_.\u2015\u2015_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Demeter_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bks. 29\n & 31.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2.\n\n=Ceressus=, a place of B\u0153otia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 14.\n\n=Cer\u0115t\u00e6=, a people of Crete.\n\n=Ceri\u0101lis Anicius=, a consul elect, who wished a temple to be raised\n to Nero, as to a god, after the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy,\n &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 74.\n\n=Cerii=, a people of Etruria.\n\n=Cerilli=, or =Carill\u00e6=, now _Cirella_, a town of the Brutii near the\n Laus. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\n\n=Cerillum=, a place of Lucania. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 8, li. 580.\n\n=Cerinthus=, now _Zero_, a town of Eub\u0153a, whose inhabitants went\n to the Trojan war, headed by Elphenor son of Chalcedon. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 45.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A beautiful youth,\n long the favourite of the Roman ladies, and especially of Sulpitia,\n &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, _Statius_, bk. 2, li. 81.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the early\n heretics from christianity.\n\n=Cermanus=, a place where Romulus was exposed by one of the servants\n of Amulius. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\n\n=Cerne=, an island without the pillars of Hercules, on the African\n coast. _Strabo_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bks. 5 & 6.\n\n=Cernes=, a priest of Cybele.\n\n=Ceron=, a fountain of Histi\u00e6otis, whose waters rendered black all the\n sheep that drank of them. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\n\n=Ceropasades=, a son of Phraates king of Persia, given as a hostage to\n Augustus.\n\n=Cerossus=, a place of the Ionian sea.\n\n=Cerpheres=, a king of Egypt, who is supposed to have built the\n smallest pyramid.\n\n=Cerrh\u00e6i=, a people of Greece, who profaned the temple of Delphi.\n _Plutarch_, _Solon_.\n\n=Cerret\u0101ni=, a people of Spain that inhabited the modern district of\n Cerdana in Catalonia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\n\n=Cersobleptes=, a king of Thrace, conquered by Philip king of\n Macedonia. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 7, ch. 31.\n\n=Certima=, a town of Celtiberia. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 47.\n\n=Certonium=, a town of Asia Minor.\n\n=Cervarius=, a Roman knight who conspired with Piso against Nero.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 50.\n\n=Publius Cervius=, an officer under Verres. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_,\n speech 5, ch. 44.\n\n=Ceryces=, a sacerdotal family at Athens. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 53.\n\n=Cerycius=, a mountain of B\u0153otia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 20.\n\n=Cerym\u012bca=, a town of Cyprus. _Diodorus._\n\n=Ceryn\u0113a=, a town of Achaia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 7, ch. 25.\n\n=Ceryn\u012btes=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.\n\n=Cesellius Balsus=, a turbulent Carthaginian, who dreamt of money, and\n persuaded Nero that immense treasures had been deposited by Dido in\n a certain place, which he described. Inquiry was made, and when no\n money was found, Cesellius destroyed himself. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 16, ch. 1, &c.\n\n=Cesennia=, an infamous prostitute, born of an illustrious family at\n Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 135.\n\n=Cestius=, an epicurean of Smyrna, who taught rhetoric at Rhodes, in\n the age of Cicero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Syria. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Severus, an informer under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Proculus, a man acquitted of an accusation of embezzling\n the public money. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A bridge at Rome.\n\n=Cestr\u012bna=, a part of Epirus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 23.\n\n=Cestr\u012bnus=, a son of Helenus and Andromache. After his father\u2019s\n death he settled in Epirus, above the river Thyamis, and called the\n country Cestrina. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\n\n=Cetes=, king of Egypt, the same as Proteus. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Ceth\u0113gus=, the surname of one of the branches of the Cornelii.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus, a consul in the second Punic war. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune at Rome, of the most corrupted morals, who joined\n Catiline in his conspiracy against the state, and was commissioned\n to murder Cicero. He was apprehended, and, with Lentulus, put to\n death by the Roman senate. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan,\n killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 513.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius\n Cornelius, a powerful Roman, who embraced the party of Marius\n against Sylla. His mistress had obtained such an ascendancy over\n him, that she distributed his favours, and Lucullus was not ashamed\n to court her smiles, when he wished to be appointed general against\n Mithridates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A senator put to death for adultery under Valentinian.\n\n=Cetii=, a people of Cilicia.\n\n=Cetius=, a river of Mysia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain which separates Noricum from\n Pannonia.\n\n=Ceto=, a daughter of Pontus and Terra, who married Phorcys, by\n whom she had the three Gorgons, &c. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 237.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucian_, bk. 9, li. 646.\n\n=Ceus= and =C\u00e6us=, a son of C\u0153lus and Terra, who married Ph\u0153be, by\n whom he had Latona and Asteria. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 135.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 179.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Tr\u0153zen.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 354.\n\n=C\u0113yx=, a king of Trachinia, son of Lucifer and husband of Alcyone.\n He was drowned as he went to consult the oracle of Claros. His wife\n was apprised of his misfortune in a dream, and found his dead body\n washed on the sea-shore. They were both changed into birds, called\n Alcyons. _See:_ Alcyone. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 587.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32. According to _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch.\n 7; bk. 2, ch. 7, the husband of Alcyone and the king of Trachinia\n were two different persons.\n\n=Chea=, a town of Peloponnesus.\n\n=Chabinus=, a mountain of Arabia Felix. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.\n\n=Chabria=, a village of Egypt.\n\n=Chabrias=, an Athenian general and philosopher, who chiefly signalized\n himself when he assisted the B\u0153otians against Agesilaus. In this\n celebrated campaign, he ordered his soldiers to put one knee upon\n the ground, and firmly to rest their spear upon the other, and cover\n themselves with their shields, by which means he daunted the enemy,\n and had a statue raised to his honour in that same posture. He\n assisted also Nectanebus king of Egypt, and conquered the whole\n island of Cyprus; but he at last fell a sacrifice to his excessive\n courage, and despised to fly from his ship, when he had it in his\n power to save his life like his companions, B.C. 376. _Cornelius\n Nepos_, _De Viris Illustribus_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Phocion_.\n\n=Chabryis=, a king of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Ch\u00e6anit\u00e6=, a people at the foot of \u2666Caucasus.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Causacus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Caucasus\u2019\n\n=Ch\u00e6reas=, an Athenian who wrote on agriculture.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer who\n murdered Caligula, A.D. 41, to prevent the infamous death which was\n prepared against himself.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 8,\n ch. 74, &c.\n\n=Ch\u00e6redemus=, a brother of Epicurus, &c. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Ch\u00e6r\u0113mon=, a comic poet, and disciple of Socrates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A stoic, who\n wrote on the Egyptian priests.\n\n=Ch\u00e6r\u0115phon=, a tragic poet of Athens, in the age of Philip of Macedonia.\n\n=Ch\u00e6restr\u0103ta=, the mother of Epicurus, descended of a noble family.\n\n=Ch\u00e6rinthus=, a beautiful youth, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 81.\n\n=Ch\u00e6rippus=, an extortioner, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 96.\n\n=Ch\u00e6ro=, the founder of Ch\u00e6ronea. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.\n\n=Ch\u00e6ronia=, =Ch\u00e6ronea=, and =Cherronea=, a city of B\u0153otia, on the\n Cephisus, celebrated for a defeat of the Athenians by the B\u0153otians,\n B.C. 447, and for the victory which Philip of Macedonia obtained\n there with 32,000 men over the confederate army of the Thebans and\n the Athenians, consisting of 30,000 men, the 2nd of August, B.C.\n 338. Plutarch was born there. The town was anciently called Arne.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 9.\n\n=Chal\u00e6on=, a city of Locris.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A port of B\u0153otia.\n\n=Chales=, a herald of Busiris, put to death by Hercules. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n=Chalc\u00e6a=, a town of Caria,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Ph\u0153nicia.\n\n=Chalcea=, an island with a town near Rhodes. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A festival at Athens. _See:_ Panathen\u00e6a.\n\n=Chalc\u0113don= and =Chalc\u0113d\u014fnia=, now _Kadi-Keni_, an ancient city of\n Bithynia, opposite Byzantium, built by a colony from Megara, headed\n by Argias, B.C. 685. It was first called Procerastis, and afterwards\n Colpusa. Its situation, however, was so improperly chosen that it\n was called the city of blind men, intimating the inconsiderate plan\n of the founders. _Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 1, ch. 19.\n\n=Chalcid\u0113ne=, a part of Syria, very fruitful. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 23.\n\n=Chalcidenses=, the inhabitants of the isthmus between Teos and\n Erythr\u00e6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A people near the Phasis.\n\n=Chalcideus=, a commander of the Laced\u00e6monian fleet killed by the\n Athenians, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 8.\n\n=Chalcid\u012dca=, a country of Thrace,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Syria.\n\n=Chalcid\u012dcus= (of _Chalcis_), an epithet applied to Cum\u00e6 in Italy, as\n built by a colony from Chalcis. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 17.\n\n=Chalci\u0153us=, a surname of Minerva, because she had a temple at Chalcis\n in Eub\u0153a. She was also called Chalciotis and Chalcidica.\n\n=Chalci\u014fpe=, a daughter of \u00c6etes king of Colchis, who married Phryxus\n son of Athamas, who had fled to her father\u2019s court for protection.\n She had some children by Phryxus, and she preserved her life from\n the avarice and cruelty of her father, who had murdered her husband\n to obtain the golden fleece. _See:_ Phryxus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_,\n poem 17, li. 232.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 14, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of\n Thessalus by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The daughter\n of Rhexenor, who married \u00c6geus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Chalcis=, now _Egripo_, the chief city of Eub\u0153a, in that part which\n is nearest to B\u0153otia. It was founded by an Athenian colony. The\n island is said to have been anciently joined to the continent in\n the neighbourhood of Chalcis. There were three other towns of the\n same name, in Thrace, Acarnania, and Sicily, all belonging to the\n Corinthians. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 5, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n\n=Chalc\u012btis=, a country of Ionia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.\n\n=Chalc\u014fdon=, a son of \u00c6gyptus by Arabia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Cos, who wounded Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Elephenor, one of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan\n war. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who assisted Hercules in\n his war against Augias. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 15.\n\n=Chalcon=, a Messenian, who reminded Antilochus son of Nestor to be\n aware of the \u00c6thiopians, by whom he was to perish.\n\n=Chalcus=, a man made governor of Cyzicus by Alexander. _Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=Chald\u00e6a=, a country of Asia between the Euphrates and Tigris.\n Its capital is Babylon, whose inhabitants were famous for their\n knowledge of astrology, _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 28.\n\n=Chald\u00e6i=, the inhabitants of Chald\u00e6a.\n\n=Chalestra=, a town of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.\n\n=Chalon\u012btis=, a country of Media.\n\n=Chaly\u0306bes= and =Caly\u0306bes=, a people of Asia Minor, near Pontus,\n once very powerful, and possessed of a great extent of country,\n abounding in iron mines, where the inhabitants worked naked. The\n Calybes attacked the 10,000 in their retreat, and behaved with\n much spirit and courage. They were partly conquered by Cr\u0153sus\n king of Lydia. Some authors imagine that the Calybes are a nation\n of Spain. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 421.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 12,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 2, li. 375.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 4,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 28.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3.\n\n=Chalybon=, now supposed to be _Aleppo_, a town of Syria, which gave\n the name of _Chalybonitis_ to the neighbouring country.\n\n=Chalybon\u012btis=, a country of Syria, so famous for its wines that the\n king of Persia drank no other.\n\n=Chalybs=, a river of Spain, where _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3, places the\n people called Calybes.\n\n=Chamani= and =Chamaviri=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_.\n\n=Chane=, a river between Armenia and Albania, falling into the Caspian\n sea.\n\n=Chaon=, a mountain of Peloponnesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Priam. _See:_ Chaonia.\n\n=Cha\u014fnes=, a people of Epirus.\n\n=Cha\u014fnia=, a mountainous part of Epirus, which receives its name from\n Chaon, a son of Priam, inadvertently killed by his brother Helenus.\n There was a wood near, where doves (_Chaoni\u00e6 aves_) were said to\n deliver oracles. The words _Chaonius victus_ are by ancient authors\n applied to acorns, the food of the first inhabitants. _Lucan_,\n bk. 6, li. 426.\u2015\u2015_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpin\u00e6_, bk. 3, li. 47.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 335.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1.\n\n=Chaonitis=, a country of Assyria.\n\n=Chaos=, a rude and shapeless mass of matter, and confused assemblage\n of inactive elements, which, as the poets suppose, pre-existed the\n formation of the world, and from which the universe was formed by\n the hand and power of a superior being. This doctrine was first\n established by Hesiod, from whom the succeeding poets have copied it;\n and it is probable that it was obscurely drawn from the account of\n Moses, by being copied from the annals of Sanchoniathon, whose age\n is fixed antecedent to the siege of Troy. Chaos was deemed by some\n as one of the oldest of the gods, and invoked as one of the infernal\n deities. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 510.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 1, fable 1.\n\n=Char\u0103dra=, a town of Phocis. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 33.\n\n=Charadros=, a river of Phocis, falling into the Cephisus. _Statius_,\n _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 46.\n\n=Char\u0103drus=, a place of Argos where military causes were tried.\n _Thucydides_, bk. 5, ch. 60.\n\n=Chor\u00e6adas=, an Athenian general, sent with 20 ships to Sicily during\n the Peloponnesian war. He died 426 B.C., &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 3,\n ch. 86.\n\n=Charand\u00e6i=, a people near Pontus.\n\n=Charax=, a town of Armenia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of Pergamus, who wrote a\n history of Greece in 40 books.\n\n=Charaxes= and =Charaxus=, a Mitylenean, brother to Sappho, who became\n passionately fond of the courtesan Rhodope, upon whom he squandered\n all his possessions, and reduced himself to poverty, and the\n necessity of piratical excursions. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17,\n li. 117.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 135, &c.\n\n=Charuxus=, one of the centaurs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,\n li. 272.\n\n=Chares=, an Athenian general.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary of Lindus, who was 12\n years employed in making the famous Colossus of Rhodes. _Pliny_,\n bk. 34, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wounded Cyrus when fighting against his\n brother Artaxerxes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Mitylene, who wrote a life of\n Alexander.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian who fought with Darius against Alexander.\n _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Peloponnesus. _Plutarch_,\n _Aratus_.\n\n=Char\u012dcles=, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Laced\u00e6monians.\n _Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5,\n ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous physician under Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 6, ch. 50.\n\n=Charicl\u012bdes=, an officer of Dionysius the younger, whom Dion gained\n to dethrone the tyrant. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Char\u012dclo=, the mother of Tiresias, greatly favoured by Minerva.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Apollo, who married\n the centaur Chiron. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 635.\n\n=Charid\u0113mus=, a Roman exposed to wild beasts. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr.\n 44.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian banished by Alexander, and killed by Darius, &c.\n\n=Char\u012dla=, a festival observed once in nine years by the Delphians. It\n owes its origin to this circumstance: In a great famine the people\n of Delphi assembled and applied to their king to relieve their wants.\n He accordingly distributed the little corn which he had among the\n noblest; but as a poor little girl, called Charila, begged the king\n with more than common earnestness, he beat her with his shoe, and\n the girl, unable to bear his treatment, hanged herself in her girdle.\n The famine increased; and the oracle told the king that, to relieve\n his people, he must atone for the murder of Charila. Upon this a\n festival was instituted, with expiatory rites. The king presided\n over this institution, and distributed pulse and corn to such as\n attended. Charila\u2019s image was brought before the king, who struck it\n with his shoe; after which it was carried to a desolate place, where\n they put a halter round its neck, and buried it where Charila was\n buried. _Plutarch_, _Qu\u00e6stiones Gr\u00e6c\u00e6_.\n\n=Charil\u0101us= and =Charillus=, a son of Polydectes king of Sparta,\n educated and protected by his uncle Lycurgus. He made war against\n Argos, and attacked Tegea. He was taken prisoner, and released on\n promising that he would cease from war, an engagement which he soon\n broke. He died in the 64th year of his age. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.\n 36; bk. 6, ch. 48.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Spartan who changed the monarchical power\n into an aristocracy. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 12.\n\n=Charillus=, one of the ancestors of Leutychides. _Herodotus_, bk. 8,\n ch. 131.\n\n=Char\u012bni= and =Car\u012bni=, a people of Germany. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 14.\n\n=Charis=, a goddess among the Greeks, surrounded with pleasures,\n graces, and delight. She was the wife of Vulcan. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 18, li. 382.\n\n=Charisia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A festival\n in honour of the Graces, with dances which continued all night. He\n who continued awake the longest was rewarded with a cake.\n\n=Charisius=, an orator at Athens. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 83.\n\n=Charistia=, festivals at Rome celebrated on the 20th of February,\n by the distribution of mutual presents, with the intention of\n reconciling friends and relations. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2.\n\n=Char\u012dtes= and =Grati\u00e6=, the Graces, daughters of Venus by Jupiter or\n Bacchus, are three in number\u2015\u2015Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrosyne. They\n were the constant attendants of Venus, and they were represented as\n three young, beautiful, and modest virgins, all holding one another\n by the hand. They presided over kindness, and all good offices,\n and their worship was the same as that of the nine muses, with whom\n they had a temple in common. They were generally represented naked,\n because kindness ought to be done with sincerity and candour. The\n moderns explain the allegory of their holding their hands joined,\n by observing that there ought to be a perpetual and never-ceasing\n intercourse of kindness and benevolence among friends. Their youth\n denotes the constant remembrance that we ought ever to have of\n kindnesses received; and their virgin purity and innocence teach us\n that acts of benevolence ought to be done without any expectation of\n restoration, and that we ought never to suffer others or ourselves\n to be guilty of base or impure favours. Homer speaks only of two\n Graces.\n\n=Char\u012dton=, a writer of Aphrodisium, at the latter end of the fourth\n century. He composed a Greek romance called _The Loves of Ch\u00e6reas\n and Callirhoe_, which has been much admired for its elegance, and\n the originality of the characters it describes. There is a very\n learned edition of Chariton, by Reiske, with D\u2019Orville\u2019s notes,\n 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1750.\n\n=Charm\u0103das=, a philosopher of uncommon memory. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 24.\n\n=Charme= and =Carme=, the mother of Britomartis by Jupiter.\n\n=Charmides=, a Laced\u00e6monian, sent by the king to quell a sedition in\n Crete. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A boxer. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of the third academy, B.C. 95.\n\n=Charm\u012bnus=, an Athenian general, who defeated the Peloponnesians.\n _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 42.\n\n=Charmione=, a servant-maid of Cleopatra, who stabbed herself after\n the example of her mistress. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\n\n=Charmis=, a physician of Marseilles, in Nero\u2019s age, who used cold\n baths for his patients, and prescribed medicines contrary to those\n of his cotemporaries. _Pliny_, bk. 21, ch. 1.\n\n=Charmosy\u0306na=, a festival in Egypt. _Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.\n\n=Charmotas=, a part of Arabia.\n\n=Charmus=, a poet of Syracuse, some of whose fragments are found\n scattered in Athen\u00e6us.\n\n=Charon=, a Theban, who received into his house Pelopidas and his\n friends, when they delivered Thebes from tyranny, &c. _Plutarch_,\n _Pelopidas_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Lampsacus, son of Pytheus, who\n wrote two books on Persia, besides other treatises, B.C. 479.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n historian of Naucratis, who wrote a history of his country and of\n Egypt.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Carthaginian writer, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A god of hell, son of Erebus\n and Nox, who conducted the souls of the dead in a boat over the\n rivers Styx and Acheron to the infernal regions, for an obolus. Such\n as had not been honoured with a funeral were not permitted to enter\n his boat, without previously wandering on the shore for 100 years.\n If any living person presented himself to cross the Stygian lake, he\n could not be admitted before he showed Charon a golden bough, which\n he had received from the Sibyl, and Charon was imprisoned for one\n year, because he had ferried over, against his own will, Hercules,\n without this passport. Charon is represented as an old robust man,\n with a hideous countenance, long white beard, and piercing eyes.\n His garment is ragged and filthy, and his forehead is covered with\n wrinkles. As all the dead were obliged to pay a small piece of money\n for their admission, it was always usual, among the ancients, to\n place under the tongue of the deceased a piece of money for Charon.\n This fable of Charon and his boat is borrowed from the Egyptians,\n whose dead were carried across a lake, where sentence was passed on\n them, and according to their good or bad actions, they were honoured\n with a splendid burial, or left unnoticed in the open air. _See:_\n Acherusia. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_, li. 765.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 298, &c.\n\n=Charondas=, a man of Catana, who gave laws to the people of Thurium,\n and made a law that no man should be permitted to come armed into\n the assembly. He inadvertently broke this law, and when told of it\n he fell upon his sword, B.C. 446. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, li. 5.\n\n=Charonea=, a place of Asia, &c.\n\n=Charonia scrobs=, a place of Italy emitting deadly vapours. _Pliny_,\n bk. 2, ch. 23.\n\n=Charonium=, a cave near Nysa, where the sick were supposed to be\n delivered from their disorders by certain superstitious solemnities.\n\n=Charops= and =Char\u014fpes=, a Trojan killed by Ulysses. _Homer_, _Iliad_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A powerful Epirot who assisted Flaminius when making war against\n Philip the king of Macedonia. _Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n first decennial archon at Athens. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\n\n=Charybdis=, a dangerous whirlpool on the coast of Sicily, opposite\n another whirlpool called Scylla, on the coast of Italy. It was very\n dangerous to sailors, and it proved fatal to part of the fleet of\n Ulysses. The exact situation of the Charybdis is not discovered by\n the moderns, as no whirlpool sufficiently tremendous is now found to\n correspond with the descriptions of the ancients. The words,\n\n _Incidit in Scyllam qui vult vitare Charybdim_,\n\n became a proverb, to show that in our eagerness to avoid one evil,\n we often fall into a greater. The name of _Charybdis_ was properly\n bestowed on mistresses who repay affection and tenderness with\n ingratitude. It is supposed that Charybdis was an avaricious woman,\n who stole the oxen of Hercules, for which theft she was struck\n with thunder by Jupiter, and changed into a whirlpool. _Lycophron_,\n _Cassandra_.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem\n 11.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 10;\n _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 16.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 420.\n\n=Chaubi= and =Chauci=, people of Germany, supposed to inhabit the\n country now called Friesland and Bremen.\n\n=Chaula=, a village of Egypt.\n\n=Chauros.= _See:_ Caurus.\n\n=Chel\u00e6=, a Greek word (\u03c7\u03b7\u03bb\u03b7), signifying _claws_, which is applied to\n the Scorpion, one of the signs of the zodiac, and lies, according\n to the ancients, contiguous to Virgo. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1,\n li. 33.\n\n=Cheles=, a satrap of Seleucus, &c.\n\n=Chel\u012ddon=, a mistress of Verres. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1,\n ch. 40.\n\n=Chel\u012bd\u014fnia=, a festival at Rhodes, in which it was customary for\n boys to go begging from door to door and singing certain songs, &c.\n _Athen\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wind Favonius was called also _Chelidonia_, from\n the 6th of the ides of February to the 7th of the calends of March,\n the time when swallows first made their appearance. _Pliny_, bk. 2,\n ch. 47.\n\n=Chel\u012bdoni\u00e6=, now _Kelidoni_, small islands opposite the promontory\n of Taurus of the same name, very dangerous to sailors. _Dionysius\n Periegetes_, li. 506.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, chs. 27 & 31.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 33,\n ch. 41.\n\n=Chel\u012dd\u014fnis=, a daughter of king Leotychides, who married Cleonymus,\n and committed adultery with Acrotatus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.\n\n=Chelid\u014fnium=, a promontory of mount Taurus, projecting into the\n Pamphylian sea.\n\n=Chel\u014fne=, a nymph changed into a tortoise by Mercury, for not being\n present at the nuptials of Jupiter and Juno, and condemned to\n perpetual silence for having ridiculed these deities.\n\n=Chel\u014dnis=, a daughter of Leonidas king of Sparta, who married\n Cleombrotus. She accompanied her father, whom her husband had\n expelled, and soon after went into banishment with her husband,\n who had in his turn been expelled by Leonidas. _Plutarch_, _Agis_\n & _Cleomenes_.\n\n=Chelonoph\u0103gi=, a people of Carmania, who fed upon turtle, and covered\n their habitations with the shells. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 24.\n\n=Chelydoria=, a mountain of Arcadia.\n\n=Chemmis=, an island in a deep lake of Egypt. _Herodotus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 156.\n\n=Chena=, a town of Laconia.\n\n=Chen\u00e6=, a village on mount \u0152ta. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24.\n\n=Chenion=, a mountain in Asia Minor, from which the 10,000 Greeks\n first saw the sea. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Chenius=, a mountain near Colchis.\n\n=Cheops= and =Cheospes=, a king of Egypt, after Rhampsinitus, who\n built famous pyramids, upon which 1060 talents were expended only\n in supplying the workmen with leeks, parsley, garlic, and other\n vegetables. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 124.\n\n=Chephren=, a brother of Cheops, who also built a pyramid. The\n Egyptians so inveterately hated these two royal brothers, that they\n publicly reported, that the pyramids which they had built had been\n erected by a shepherd. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 127.\n\n=Cheremocr\u0103tes=, an artist who built Diana\u2019s temple at Ephesus, &c.\n _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Cheris\u014fphus=, a commander of 800 Spartans, in the expedition which\n Cyrus undertook against his brother Artaxerxes. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Cheron\u00e6a.= _See:_Ch\u00e6ronea.\n\n=Cher\u014fphon=, a tragic writer of Athens, in the age of Philip.\n _Philostratus_, _Lives_.\n\n=Cherron\u0113sus.= _See:_ Chersonesus.\n\n=Chersias=, an Orchomenian, reconciled to Periander by Chilo.\n _Pausanias_ praises some of his poetry, bk. 9, ch. 38.\n\n=Chersid\u0103mas=, a Trojan killed by Ulysses in the Trojan war. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 259.\n\n=Chersiphro=, an architect, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 14.\n\n=Cherson\u0113sus=, a Greek word, rendered by the Latins _Peninsula_. There\n were many of these among the ancients, of which these five were the\n most celebrated: one called _Peloponnesus_; one called _Thracian_,\n in the south of Thrace and west of the Hellespont, where Miltiades\n led a colony of Athenians, and built a wall across the isthmus. From\n its isthmus to its further shores, it measured 420 stadia, extending\n between the bay of Melas and the Hellespont. The third, called\n _Taurica_, now _Crim Tartary_, was situate near the Palus M\u00e6otis.\n The fourth, called _Cimbrica_, now _Jutland_, is in the northern\n parts of Germany; and the fifth, surnamed _Aurea_, lies in India,\n beyond the Ganges. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 33; bk. 7, ch. 58.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 31, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a peninsula near\n Alexandria in Egypt. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 10.\n\n=Cherusci=, a people of Germany, who long maintained a war against\n Rome. They inhabited the country between the Weser and the Elbe.\n _Tacitus_.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 9.\n\n=Chidn\u00e6i=, a people near Pontus.\n\n=Chid\u014drus=, a river of Macedonia near Thessalonica, not sufficiently\n large to supply the army of Xerxes with water. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,\n ch. 127.\n\n=Chiliarchus=, a great officer of state at the court of Persia.\n _Cornelius Nepos_, _Conon_.\n\n=Chilius= and =Chileus=, an Arcadian, who advised the Laced\u00e6monians,\n when Xerxes was in Greece, not to desert the common cause of their\n country. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 9.\n\n=Chilo=, a Spartan philosopher who has been called one of the seven\n wise men of Greece. One of his maxims was \u201cKnow thyself.\u201d He died\n through excess of joy, in the arms of his son, who had obtained a\n victory at Olympia, B.C. 597. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Ephori at Sparta, B.C. 556.\n\n=Chilonis=, the wife of Theopompus king of Sparta. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Chim\u00e6ra=, a celebrated monster, sprung from Echidna and Typhon,\n which had three heads, that of a lion, of a goat, and a dragon,\n and continually vomited flames. The fore parts of its body were\n those of a lion, the middle was that of a goat, and the hinder\n parts were those of a dragon. It generally lived in Lycia, about\n the reign of Jobates, by whose orders Bellerophon, mounted on the\n horse Pegasus, overcame it. This fabulous tradition is explained\n by the recollection that there was a burning mountain in Lycia,\n called Chim\u00e6ra, whose top was the resort of lions, on account\n of its desolate wilderness; the middle, which was fruitful, was\n covered with goats; and at the bottom the marshy ground abounded\n with serpents. Bellerophon is said to have conquered the Chim\u00e6ra,\n because he first made his habitation on that mountain. Plutarch\n says that it was the captain of some pirates, who adorned their ship\n with the images of a lion, a goat, and a dragon. From the union of\n the Chim\u00e6ra with Orthos sprung the Sphinx and the lion of Nem\u00e6a.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 181.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 322.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Lucretius_, bk. 5, li.\n 903.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 646.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 6, li. 288.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the ships in the fleet of \u00c6neas. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 118.\n\n=Chimarus=, a river of Argolis. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.\n\n=Chimerium=, a mountain of Phthiotis, in Thessaly. _Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 8.\n\n=Chiomara=, a woman who cut off the head of a Roman tribune when she\n had been taken prisoner, &c. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_.\n\n=Chion=, a Greek writer, whose epistles were edited cum notis Cobergi,\n 8vo, Lipscomb, 1765.\n\n=Chi\u014fne=, a daughter of D\u00e6dalion, of whom Apollo and Mercury became\n enamoured. To enjoy her company, Mercury lulled her to sleep with\n his Caduceus, and Apollo, in the night, under the form of an old\n woman, obtained the same favours as Mercury. From this embrace\n Chione became mother of Philammon and Autolycus, the former of whom,\n as being son of Apollo, became an excellent musician; and the latter\n was equally notorious for his robberies, of which his father Mercury\n was the patron. Chione grew so proud of her commerce with the gods,\n that she even preferred her beauty to that of Diana, for which\n impiety she was killed by the goddess, and changed into a hawk.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Boreas\n and Orithyia, who had Eumolpus by Neptune. She threw her son into\n the sea, but he was preserved by his father. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous prostitute.\n _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 34.\n\n=Chionides=, an Athenian poet, supposed by some to be the inventor of\n comedy.\n\n=Chionis=, a victor at Olympia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 13.\n\n=Chios=, now _Scio_, an island in the \u00c6gean sea, between Lesbos and\n Samos, on the coast of Asia Minor, which receives its name, as some\n suppose, from Chione, or from \u03c7\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd, _snow_, which was very frequent\n there. It was well inhabited, and could once equip 100 ships; and\n its chief town, called Chios, had a beautiful harbour, which could\n contain 80 ships. The wine of this island, so much celebrated by\n the ancients, is still in general esteem. Chios was anciently called\n \u00c6thalia, Macris, and Pityasa. There was no adultery committed there\n for the space of 700 years. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutes_.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 19, li. 5; bk. 1, satire 10, li. 24.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 2.\n\n=Chiron=, a centaur, half a man and half a horse, son of Philyra\n and Saturn, who had changed himself into a horse, to escape the\n inquiries of his wife Rhea. Chiron was famous for his knowledge of\n music, medicine, and shooting. He taught mankind the use of plants\n and medicinal herbs: and he instructed in all the polite arts the\n greatest heroes of his age; such as Achilles, \u00c6sculapius, Hercules,\n Jason, Peleus, \u00c6neas, &c. He was wounded on the knee by a poisoned\n arrow, by Hercules, in his pursuit of the centaurs. Hercules flew\n to his assistance; but as the wound was incurable, and the cause of\n the most excruciating pains, Chiron begged Jupiter to deprive him\n of immortality. His prayers were heard, and he was placed by the god\n among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. _Hesiod_,\n _Shield of Heracles_.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3,\n ch. 18; bk. 5, ch. 19; bk. 9, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk.\n 2, li. 676.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n epode 13.\n\n=Chloe=, a surname of Ceres at Athens. Her yearly festivals, called\n Chloeia, were celebrated with much mirth and rejoicing, and a ram\n was always sacrificed to her. The name of Chloe is supposed to bear\n the same signification as _Flava_, so often applied to the goddess\n of corn. The name, from its signification (\u03c7\u03bb\u03bf\u03b7, _herba virens_),\n has generally been applied to women possessed of beauty and of\n simplicity.\n\n=Chloreus=, a priest of Cybele, who came with \u00c6neas into Italy, and was\n killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 768.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, &c.\n\n=Chloris=, the goddess of flowers, who married Zephyrus. She is the\n same as Flora. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Amphion,\n son of Jasus and Persephone, who married Neleus king of Pylos, by\n whom she had one daughter and 12 sons, who all, except Nestor, were\n killed by Hercules. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 280.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 21; bk. 9, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A prostitute, &c. _Horace_, bk. 3,\n ode 15.\n\n=Chlorus=, a river of Cilicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Constantine,\n one of the C\u00e6sars, in Diocletian\u2019s age, who reigned two years after\n the emperor\u2019s abdication, and died July 25, A.D. 306.\n\n=Choar\u012bna=, a country near India, reduced by Craterus, &c.\n\n=Choaspes=, a son of Phasis, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 585.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n Indian river. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Media, flowing\n into the Tigris, and now called _Karun_. Its waters are so sweet,\n that the kings of Persia drank no other, and in their expeditions\n they always had some with them which had been previously boiled.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 188.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch.\n 40.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 141.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.\n\n=Chobus=, a river of Colchis. _Arrian._\n\n=Ch\u0153rades= and =Pharos=, two islands opposite Alexandria in Egypt.\n _Thucydides_, bk. 7, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015 Others in the Euxine sea.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n island in the Ionian sea, or near the Hellespont. _Theocritus_,\n _Idylls_, poem 13.\n\n=Ch\u0153r\u012dlus=, a tragic poet of Athens, who wrote 150 tragedies, of which\n 13 obtained the prize.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Samos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Two other poets,\n one of whom was very intimate with Herodotus. He wrote a poem on the\n victory which the Athenians had obtained over Xerxes, and on account\n of the excellence of the composition, he received a piece of gold\n for each verse from the Athenians, and was publicly ranked with\n Homer as a poet. The other was one of Alexander\u2019s flatterers and\n friends. It is said the prince promised him as many pieces of gold\n as there should be good verses in his poetry, and as many slaps on\n his forehead as there were bad; and in consequence of this, scarce\n six of his verses in each poem were entitled to gold, while the rest\n were rewarded with castigation. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 232.\n\n=Ch\u0153re\u00e6=, a place of B\u0153otia.\n\n=Chonnidas=, a man made preceptor to Theseus, by his grandfather\n Pittheus king of Tr\u0153zene. The Athenians instituted sacrifices to\n him for the good precepts which he had inculcated into his pupil.\n _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\n\n=Chon\u016bphis=, an Egyptian prophet. _Plutarch_, _de Genio Socratis_.\n\n=Chorasmi=, a people of Asia near the Oxus. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 93.\n\n=Chorineus=, a man killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 9, li. 571.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another. _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 298.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A priest\n with \u00c6neas. _\u00c6neid._\n\n=Chor\u0153bus=, a man of Elis, who obtained a prize the first olympiad.\n _See:_ Cor\u0153bus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A youth of Mygdonia, who was enamoured of\n Cassandra. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 341.\n\n=Choromn\u00e6i=, a people subdued by Ninus. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Chosroes=, a king of Persia, in Justinian\u2019s reign.\n\n=Chremes=, a sordid old man, mentioned in Terence\u2019s Andria. _Horace_,\n _Art of Poetry_, li. 94.\n\n=Chrem\u0115tes=, a river of Libya.\n\n=Chresiphon=, an architect of Diana\u2019s temple in Ephesus. _Pliny_,\n bk. 36, ch. 14.\n\n=Chresphontes=, a son of Aristomachus. _See:_ Aristodemus.\n\n=Chrestus=, an approved writer of Athens, &c. _Columella_, bk. 1, _de\n Res Rustica_, ch. 1.\n\n=Chromia=, a daughter of Itonus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\n\n=Chromios=, a son of Neleus and Chloris, who, with 10 brothers,\n was killed in a battle by Hercules.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Priam, killed by\n Diomedes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\n\n=Chromis=, a captain in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n young shepherd. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Phrygian killed\n by Camilla. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 675.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hercules.\n _Statius_, bk. 6, li. 346.\n\n=Chromius=, a son of Pterilaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n Argive, who, alone with Alcenor, survived a battle between 300 of\n his countrymen and 300 Spartans. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 82.\n\n=Chronius=, a man who built a temple of Diana at Orchomenos.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.\n\n=Chronos=, the Greek name of Saturn, or time, in whose honour festivals\n called _Chronia_ were yearly celebrated by the Rhodians, and some of\n the Greeks.\n\n=Chryasus=, a king of Argos, descended from Inachus.\n\n=Chrysa= and =Chryse=, a town of Cilicia, famous for a temple of\n Apollo Smintheus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 37.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 174.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Halmus,\n mother of Phlegias by Mars. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.\n\n=Chrys\u0103me=, a Thessalian, priestess of Diana Trivia. She fed a bull\n with poison, which she sent to the enemies of her country, who ate the\nflesh, and became delirious, and were an easy conquest. _Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=Chrysantas=, a man who refrained from killing another, by hearing a\n dog bark. _Plutarch_, _Qu\u00e6stiones Roman\u00e6_.\n\n=Chrysanthius=, a philosopher in the age of Julian, known for the\n great number of volumes which he wrote.\n\n=Chrysantis=, a nymph who told Ceres, when she was at Argos with\n Pelagus, that her daughter had been carried away. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.\n\n=Chrysaor=, a son of Medusa by Neptune. Some report that he sprung from\n the blood of Medusa, armed with a _golden sword_, whence his name,\n \u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bf\u03c1. He married Callirhoe, one of the Oceanides, by whom he\n had Geryon, Echidna, and the Chim\u00e6ra. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 295.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rich king of Iberia. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Glaucus.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21.\n\n=Chrysaoreus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his temple at Stratonice,\n where all the Carians assembled upon any public emergency. _Strabo_,\n bk. 4.\n\n=Chrysa\u014fris=, a town of Cilicia. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 2.\n\n=Crysas=, a river of Sicily, falling into the Sim\u00e6thus, and worshipped\n as a deity. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, Speech 4, ch. 44.\n\n=Chryseis=, the daughter of Chryses. _See:_ Chryses.\n\n=Chrysermus=, a Corinthian, who wrote a history of Peloponnesus and of\n India, besides a treatise on rivers. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\n\n=Chryses=, the priest of Apollo, father of Astynome, called from him\n _Chryseis_. When Lyrnessus was taken, and the spoils divided among\n the conquerors, Chryseis, who was the wife of Eetion the sovereign\n of the place, fell to the share of Agamemnon. Chryses, upon this,\n went to the Grecian camp to solicit his daughter\u2019s restoration;\n and when his prayers were fruitless, he implored the aid of Apollo,\n who visited the Greeks with a plague, and obliged them to restore\n Chryseis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 11, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Chrysippe=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Chrysippus=, a natural son of Pelops, highly favoured by his father,\n for which Hippodamia, his stepmother, ordered her own sons, Atreus\n and Thyestes, to kill him, and to throw his body into a well, on\n account of which they were banished. Some say that Hippodamia\u2019s\n sons refused to murder Chrysippus, and that she did it herself. They\n further say, that Chrysippus had been carried away by Laius king\n of Thebes, to gratify his unnatural lusts, and that he was in his\n arms when Hippodamia killed him. _Hyginus_, fable 85.\u2015\u2015_Plato_, _de\n Leges_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch.\n 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A stoic philosopher of Tarsus, who wrote about 311 treatises.\n Among his curious opinions was his approbation of a parent\u2019s\n marriage with his child, and his wish that dead bodies should be\n eaten rather than buried. He died through excess of wine, or, as\n others say, from laughing too much on seeing an ass eating figs on\n a silver plate, 207 B.C., in the 80th year of his age. _Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus._\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3,\n li. 40. There were also others of the same name. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A freedman of Cicero.\n\n=Chrysis=, a mistress of Demetrius. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n priestess of Juno at Mycen\u00e6. The temple of the goddess was burnt\n by the negligence of Chrysis, who fled to Tegea, to the altar of\n Minerva. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17.\n\n=Chrysoasp\u012ddes=, soldiers in the armies of Persia, whose arms were all\n covered with silver, to display the opulence of the prince whom they\n served. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 7.\n\n=Chrysog\u014fnus=, a freedman of Sylla. _Cicero_, _pro Sexto Roscio\n Amerino_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated singer in Domitian\u2019s reign. _Juvenal_,\n satire 6, li. 74.\n\n=Chrysol\u0101us=, a tyrant of Methymna, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.\n\n=Chrysondium=, a town of Macedonia. _Polybius_, bk. 5.\n\n=Chrysop\u014flis=, a promontory and port of Asia, opposite Byzantium, now\n _Scutari_.\n\n=Chrysorhoas=, a river of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 31.\n\n=Chrysorrh\u014d\u00e6=, a people in whose country are golden streams.\n\n=Chrysostom=, a bishop of Constantinople, who died A.D. 407, in his\n 53rd year. He was a great disciplinarian, and by severely lashing\n the vices of his age, he procured himself many enemies. He was\n banished for opposing the raising of a statue to the empress, after\n having displayed his abilities as an elegant preacher, a sound\n theologian, and a faithful interpreter of Scripture. Chrysostom\u2019s\n works were nobly and correctly edited, without a Latin version,\n by Saville, 8 vols., folio, Eton\u00e6, 1613. They have appeared with\n a translation, at Paris, editor, Benedictine Montfaucon, 13 vols.,\n folio, 1718\n\n=Chrysoth\u0115mis=, a name given by Homer to Iphigenia daughter of\n Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Cretan, who first obtained the\n poetical prize at the Pythian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 7.\n\n=Chryxus=, a leader of the Boii, grandson to Brennus, who took Rome.\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 148.\n\n=Chthonia=, a daughter of Erechtheus, who married Butes. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Ceres, from a temple built to her\n by Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a festival there called by the\n same name, and celebrated every summer. During the celebration,\n the priests of the goddess marched in procession, accompanied by\n the magistrates, and a crowd of women and boys in white apparel,\n with garlands of flowers on their heads. Behind was dragged an\n untamed heifer, just taken from the herd. When they came to the\n temple, the victim was let loose, and four old women armed with\n scythes sacrificed the heifer, and killed her by cutting her\n throat. A second, a third, and a fourth victim were in a like manner\n despatched by the old women; and it was observable that they all\n fell on the same side. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35.\n\n=Chthonius=, a centaur, killed by Nestor in a battle at the nuptials\n of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 441.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n the soldiers who sprang from the dragon\u2019s teeth sown by Cadmus.\n _Hyginus_, fable 178.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6gyptus and Calliadne.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Chitrium=, a name given to part of the town of Clazomen\u00e6.\n\n=Cibal\u00e6=, now _Swilei_, a town of Pannonia, where Licinius was defeated\n by Constantine. It was the birthplace of Gratian. _Eutropius_, bk.\n 10, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Marcellinus_, bk. 30, ch. 24.\n\n=Cibar\u012btis=, a country of Asia, near the M\u00e6ander.\n\n=Cibyra=, now _Burun_, a town of Phrygia, of which the inhabitants\n were dexterous hunters. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 33.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5,\n ltr. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Caria.\n\n=Caius Cicereius=, a secretary of Scipio Africanus, who obtained a\n triumph over the Corsicans. _Livy_, bks. 41 & 42.\n\n=Marcus Tullius Cicero=, born at Arpinum, was son of a Roman knight,\n and lineally descended from the ancient kings of the Sabines. His\n mother\u2019s name was Helvia. After displaying many promising abilities\n at school, he was taught philosophy by Philo, and law by Mutius\n Sc\u00e6vola. He acquired and perfected a taste for military knowledge\n under Sylla, in the Marsian war, and retired from Rome, which was\n divided into factions, to indulge his philosophic propensities. He\n was naturally of a weak and delicate constitution, and he visited\n Greece on account of his health; though, perhaps, the true cause\n of his absence from Rome might be attributed to his fear of Sylla.\n His friends, who were well acquainted with his superior abilities,\n were anxious for his return; and when at last he obeyed their\n solicitations, he applied himself with uncommon diligence to oratory,\n and was soon distinguished above all the speakers of his age in\n the Roman forum. When he went to Sicily as questor, he behaved with\n great justice and moderation; and the Sicilians remembered with\n gratitude the eloquence of Cicero, their common patron, who had\n delivered them from the tyranny and avarice of Verres. After he had\n passed through the offices of edile and pretor, he stood a candidate\n for the consulship, A.U.C. 691; and the patricians and plebeians\n were equally anxious to raise him to that dignity, against the\n efforts and bribery of Catiline. His new situation was critical, and\n required circumspection. Catiline, with many dissolute and desperate\n Romans, had conspired against their country, and combined to murder\n Cicero himself. In this dilemma, Cicero, in full senate, accused\n Catiline of treason against the state; but as his evidence was not\n clear, his efforts were unavailing. He, however, stood upon his\n guard, and by the information of his friends and the discovery of\n Fulvia, his life was saved from the dagger of Marcius and Cethegus,\n whom Catiline had sent to assassinate him. After this, Cicero\n commanded Catiline, in the senate, to leave the city; and this\n desperate conspirator marched out in triumph to meet the 20,000 men\n who were assembled to support his cause. The lieutenant of Caius\n Antony, the other consul, defeated them in Gaul; and Cicero, at\n Rome, punished the rest of the conspirators with death. This capital\n punishment, though inveighed against by Julius C\u00e6sar as too severe,\n was supported by the opinion of Lutatius Catulus and Cato, and\n confirmed by the whole senate. After this memorable deliverance,\n Cicero received the thanks of all the people, and was styled _The\n father of his country, and a second founder of Rome_. The vehemence\n with which he had attacked Clodius proved injurious to him; and\n when his enemy was made tribune, Cicero was banished from Rome,\n though 20,000 young men were supporters of his innocence. He was\n not, however, deserted in his banishment. Wherever he went, he\n was received with the highest marks of approbation and reverence;\n and when the faction had subsided at Rome, the whole senate and\n people were unanimous for his return. After 16 months\u2019 absence, he\n entered Rome with universal satisfaction; and when he was sent, with\n the power of proconsul, to Cilicia, his integrity and prudence made\n him successful against the enemy, and at his return he was honoured\n with a triumph which the factious prevented him to enjoy. After much\n hesitation during the civil commotions between C\u00e6sar and Pompey,\n he joined himself to the latter, and followed him to Greece. When\n victory had declared in favour of C\u00e6sar, at the battle of Pharsalia,\n Cicero went to Brundusium, and was reconciled to the conqueror, who\n treated him with great humanity. From this time Cicero retired into\n the country, and seldom visited Rome. When C\u00e6sar had been stabbed in\n the senate, Cicero recommended a general amnesty, and was the most\n earnest to decree the provinces to Brutus and Cassius. But when he\n saw the interest of C\u00e6sar\u2019s murderers decrease, and Antony come into\n power, he retired to Athens. He soon after returned, but lived in\n perpetual fear of assassination. Augustus courted the approbation of\n Cicero, and expressed his wish to be his colleague in the consulship.\n But his wish was not sincere; he soon forgot his former professions\n of friendship; and when the two consuls had been killed at Mutina,\n Augustus joined his interest to that of Antony, and the triumvirate\n was soon after formed. The great enmity which Cicero bore to Antony\n was fatal to him; and Augustus, Antony, and Lepidus, the triumvirs,\n to destroy all cause of quarrel and each to despatch his enemies,\n produced their lists of proscription. About 200 were doomed to death,\n and Cicero was among the number upon the list of Antony. Augustus\n yielded a man to whom he partly owed his greatness, and Cicero was\n pursued by the emissaries of Antony, among whom was Popilius, whom\n he had defended upon an accusation of parricide. He had fled in a\n litter towards the sea of Caieta; and when the assassins came up\n to him, he put his head out of the litter, and it was severed from\n the body by Herennius. This memorable event happened in December,\n 43 B.C., after the enjoyment of life for 63 years, 11 months, and\n five days. The head and right hand of the orator were carried to\n Rome, and hung up in the Roman forum; and so inveterate was Antony\u2019s\n hatred against the unfortunate man, that even Fulvia, the triumvir\u2019s\n wife, wreaked her vengeance upon his head, and drew the tongue\n out of the mouth, and bored it through repeatedly with a gold\n bodkin, verifying in this act of inhumanity what Cicero had once\n observed, that _no animal is more revengeful than a woman_. Cicero\n has acquired more real fame by his literary compositions than by\n his spirited exertions as a Roman senator. The learning and the\n abilities which he possessed have been the admiration of every age\n and country, and his style has always been accounted as the true\n standard of pure latinity. The words _nascitur poeta_ have been\n verified in his attempts to write poetry; and the satire of Martial,\n _Carmina quod scribit musis et Apolline nullo_, though severe, is\n true. He once formed a design to write the history of his country,\n but he was disappointed. He translated many of the Greek writers,\n poets as well as historians, for his own improvement. When he\n travelled into Asia, he was attended by most of the learned men of\n his age; and his stay at Rhodes, in the school of the famous Molo,\n conduced not a little to perfect his judgment. Like his countrymen\n he was not destitute of ambition, and the arrogant expectations with\n which he returned from his questorship in Sicily are well known. He\n was of a timid disposition; and he who shone as the father of Roman\n eloquence, never ascended the pulpit to harangue without feeling a\n secret emotion of dread. His conduct during the civil wars is far\n from that of a patriot; and when we view him, dubious and irresolute,\n sorry not to follow Pompey and yet afraid to oppose C\u00e6sar, the\n judgment would almost brand him with the name of coward. In his\n private character, however, Cicero was of an amiable disposition;\n and though he was too elated with prosperity, and debased by\n adversity, the affability of the friend conciliated the good graces\n of all. He married Terentia, whom he afterwards divorced, and by\n whom he had a son and a daughter. He afterwards married a young\n woman to whom he was guardian; and because she seemed elated at\n the death of his daughter Tullia, he repudiated her. The works of\n this celebrated man, of which, according to some, the tenth part\n is scarce extant, have been edited by the best scholars in every\n country. The most valuable editions of the works complete, are that\n of Verburgius, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1724; that of Olivet,\n 9 vols., 4to, Geneva, 1758; the Oxford edition, in 10 vols., 4to,\n 1782; and that of Lallemand, 12mo, 14 vols., Paris apud Barbou,\n 1768. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian._\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius._\n \u2015\u2015_Appian._\u2015\u2015_Florus._\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepo_, _Atticus_.\u2015\u2015_Eutropius._\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus, the son of Cicero, was taken by Augustus\n as his colleague in the consulship. He revenged his father\u2019s death,\n by throwing public dishonour upon the memory of Antony. He disgraced\n his father\u2019s virtues, and was so fond of drinking, that Pliny\n observes, he wished to deprive Antony of the honour of being\n the greatest drunkard in the Roman empire. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus, the brother of the orator, was C\u00e6sar\u2019s lieutenant in\n Gaul, and proconsul of Asia for three years. He was proscribed with\n his son at the same time as his brother Tully.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Cicero_.\n \u2015\u2015_Appian._\n\n=Cicer\u014dnis villa=, a place near Puteoli in Campania. _Pliny_, bk. 31,\n ch. 2.\n\n=Cichyris=, a town of Epirus.\n\n=Cic\u014fnes=, a people of Thrace near the Hebrus. Ulysses, at his return\n from Troy, conquered them, and plundered their chief city Ismarus\n because they had assisted Priam against the Greeks. They tore to\n pieces Orpheus for his obscene indulgencies. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 10, li. 83; bk. 15, li. 313.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li.\n 520, &c.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Cil\u016bta=, an old avaricious usurer. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 69.\n\n=C\u012dl\u012dcia=, a country of Asia Minor, on the sea coast, at the north of\n Cyprus, the south of mount Taurus, and the west of the Euphrates.\n The inhabitants enriched themselves by piratical excursions, till\n they were conquered by Pompey. The country was opulent, and was\n governed by kings, under some of the Roman emperors; but reduced\n into a province by Vespasian. Cicero presided over it as proconsul.\n It receives its name from Cilix the son of Agenor. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _Re Rustica_, bk. 2, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_,\n _Vespasian_, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 17, 34.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 11, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Part of the country between \u00c6olia and Troas is also called\n Cilicia. _Strabo_, bk. 13, calls it Trojan, to distinguish it from\n the other Cilicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.\n\n=Cilissa=, a town of Phrygia.\n\n=Cilix=, a son of Ph\u0153nix, or, according to Herodotus, of Agenor, who,\n after seeking in vain his sister Europa, settled in a country to\n which he gave the name of Cilicia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 91.\n\n=Cilla=, a town of Africa Propria. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n \u00c6olia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 149.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Troas, which received its\n name, according to Theopompus, from a certain Cillus, who was one of\n Hippodamia\u2019s suitors, and was killed by \u0152nomaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 1, li. 38.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 174.\n\n=Cilles=, a general of Ptolemy, conquered by Demetrius. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 19.\n\n=Cillus=, a charioteer of Pelops, in whose honour a city was built.\n _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n\n=Cilnius=, the surname of M\u00e6cenas.\n\n=Cilo, Junius=, an oppressive governor of Bithynia and Pontus. The\n provinces carried their complaints against him to Rome; but such was\n the noise of the flatterers that attended the emperor Claudius, that\n he was unable to hear them; and when he asked what they had said,\n he was told by one of Cilo\u2019s friends that they returned thanks for\n his good administration; upon which the emperor said, \u201cLet Cilo be\n continued two years longer in his province.\u201d _Dio Cassius_, bk. 60.\n \u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 21.\n\n=Cimber, Tillius=, one of C\u00e6sar\u2019s murderers. He laid hold of the\n dictator\u2019s robe, which was a signal for the rest to strike.\n _Plutarch_, _C\u00e6sar_.\n\n=Cimberius=, a chief of the Suevi.\n\n=Cimbri=, a people of Germany, who invaded the Roman empire with a\n large army, and were conquered by Marius. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\n\n=Cimbr\u012bcum bellum=, was begun by the Cimbri and Teutones, by an\n invasion of the Roman territories, B.C. 109. These barbarians\n were so courageous, and even desperate, that they fastened their\n first ranks each to the other with cords. In the first battle they\n destroyed 80,000 Romans, under the consuls Manlius and Servilius\n C\u00e6po. But when Marius, in his second consulship, was chosen to\n carry on the war, he met the Teutones at Aqu\u00e6 Sexti\u00e6, where, after\n a bloody engagement, he left dead on the field of battle 20,000, and\n took 90,000 prisoners, B.C. 102. The Cimbri, who had formed another\n army, had already penetrated into Italy, where they were met, at the\n river Athesis, by Marius and his colleague Catulus a year after. An\n engagement ensued, and 140,000 of them were slain. This last battle\n put an end to this dreadful war, and the two consuls entered Rome in\n triumph. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 22; bk. 17, ch.\n 1.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Caius Marius_.\n\n=Cim\u012dnus=, now _Viterbe_, a lake and mountain of Etruria. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 697.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 36.\n\n=Cimm\u0115rii=, a people near the Palus M\u0153otis, who invaded Asia Minor,\n and seized upon the kingdom of Cyaxeres. After they had been masters\n of the country for 28 years, they were driven back by Alyattes\n king of Lydia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 6, &c.; bk. 4, ch. 1, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another nation on the western coast of Italy, generally imagined\n to have lived in caves near the sea-shore of Campania, and there, in\n concealing themselves from the light of the sun, to have made their\n retreat the receptacle of their plunder. In consequence of this\n manner of living, the country which they inhabited was supposed to\n be so gloomy, that, to mention a great obscurity, the expression of\n _Cimmerian darkness_ has proverbially been used. Homer, according\n to Plutarch, drew his images of hell and Pluto from this gloomy and\n dismal country, where also Virgil and Ovid have placed the Styx,\n the Phlegethon, and all the dreadful abodes of the infernal regions.\n _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_ bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 592, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\n\n=Cimm\u0115ris=, a town of Troas, formerly called Edonis. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 30.\n\n=Cimm\u0115rium=, now _Crim_, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, whose\n inhabitants are called Cimmerii. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.\n\n=Cim\u014dlis= and =Cinolis=, a town of Paphlagonia.\n\n=Cim\u014dlus=, now _Argentiera_, an island in the Cretan sea, producing\n chalk and fuller\u2019s earth. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 463.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 16.\n\n=Cimon=, an Athenian, son of Miltiades and Hegisipyle, famous for\n his debaucheries in his youth, and his reformation of his morals\n when arrived to years of discretion. When his father died, he was\n imprisoned, because unable to pay the fine levied upon him by the\n Athenians; but he was released from confinement by his sister and\n wife Elpinice. _See:_ Elpinice. He behaved with great courage at the\n battle of Salamis, and rendered himself popular by his munificence\n and valour. He defeated the Persian fleet, and took 200 ships, and\n totally routed their land army, the very same day. The money that\n he obtained by his victories was not applied to his own private\n use; but with it he fortified and embellished the city. He some time\n after lost all his popularity, and was banished by the Athenians,\n who declared war against the Laced\u00e6monians. He was recalled from his\n exile, and at his return he made a reconciliation between Laced\u00e6mon\n and his countrymen. He was afterwards appointed to carry on the war\n against Persia in Egypt, and Cyprus, with a fleet of 200 ships; and\n on the coast of Asia he gave battle to the enemy, and totally ruined\n their fleet. He died as he was besieging the town of Citium in\n Cyprus, B.C. 449, in the 51st year of his age. He may be called the\n last of the Greeks, whose spirit and boldness defeated the armies of\n the barbarians. He was such an inveterate enemy to the Persian power,\n that he formed a plan of totally destroying it; and in his wars he\n had so reduced the Persians, that they promised, in a treaty, not to\n pass the Chelidonian islands with their fleet, or to approach within\n a day\u2019s journey of the Grecian seas. The munificence of Cimon has\n been highly extolled by his biographers, and he has been deservedly\n praised for leaving his gardens open to the public. _Thucydides_,\n bk. 1, chs. 100 & 112.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian, father\n of Miltiades. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman, supported in\n prison by the milk of his daughter.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian, who wrote an\n account of the war of the Amazons against his country.\n\n=Cin\u00e6thon=, an ancient poet of Laced\u00e6mon, &c. _See:_ Cinethon.\n\n=Cinaradas=, one of the descendants of Cinyras, who presided over the\n ceremonies of Venus at Paphos. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Cincia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Cincius tribune of the people,\n A.U.C. 549. By it no man was permitted to take any money as a gift\n or a fee in judging a cause. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 4.\n\n=Lucius Quinctius Cincinn\u0101tus=, a celebrated Roman, who was informed,\n as he ploughed his field, that the senate had chosen him dictator.\n Upon this he left his ploughed land with regret, and repaired to\n the field of battle, where his countrymen were closely besieged by\n the Volsci and \u00c6qui. He conquered the enemy and returned to Rome in\n triumph; and 16 days after his appointment he laid down his office,\n and retired back to plough his fields. In his 80th year he was\n again summoned against Pr\u00e6neste as dictator, and after a successful\n campaign, he resigned the absolute power he had enjoyed only 21 days,\n nobly disregarding the rewards that were offered him by the senate.\n He flourished about 460 years before Christ. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 26.\n \u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et\n Malorum_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 3.\n\n=Lucius Cincius Alimentus=, a pretor of Sicily in the second Punic\n war, who wrote annals in Greek. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus a tribune of the people, A.U.C. 549, author of the Cincia\n lex.\n\n=Cineas=, a Thessalian, minister and friend to Pyrrhus king of Epirus.\n He was sent to Rome by his master to sue for a peace, which he,\n however, could not obtain. He told Pyrrhus that the Roman senate\n were a venerable assembly of kings; and observed, that to fight with\n them was to fight against another Hydra. He was of such a retentive\n memory, that the day after his arrival at Rome he could salute every\n senator and knight by his name. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 9, ltr. 25.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Thessaly.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 63.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 32.\n\n=Cinesias=, a Greek poet of Thebes in B\u0153otia, who composed some\n dithyrambic verses. _Athen\u00e6us._\n\n=Cinethon=, a Spartan, who wrote genealogical poems, in one of which he\n asserted that Medea had a son by Jason, called Medus, and a daughter\n called Eriopis. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.\n\n=Cinga=, now _Cinea_, a river of Spain, flowing from the Pyrenean\n mountains into the Iberus. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 21.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic\n War_, bk. 1, ch. 48.\n\n=Cinget\u014frix=, a prince of Gaul, in alliance with Rome. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A prince of Britain, who attacked\n C\u00e6sar\u2019s camp, by order of Cassivelaunus. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 5, ch. 22.\n\n=Cing\u016dlum=, now _Cingoli_, a town of Picenum, whose inhabitants\n are called _Cingulani_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Civil\n War_, bk. 1, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 10, li. 34.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 11.\n\n=Cini\u0101t\u0101=, a place of Galatia.\n\n=Cinithii=, a people of Africa.\n\n=Lucius Cornelius Cinna=, a Roman who oppressed the republic with his\n cruelties, and was banished by Octavius, for attempting to make the\n fugitive slaves free. He joined himself to Marius; and with him,\n at the head of 30 legions, he filled Rome with blood, defeated his\n enemies, and made himself consul even to a fourth time. He massacred\n so many citizens at Rome, that his name became odious; and one of\n his officers assassinated him at Ancona, as he was preparing war\n against Sylla. His daughter Cornelia married Julius C\u00e6sar, and\n became mother of Julia. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_, _Pompey_, &\n _Sulla_.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 822.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Civil Wars_, bk.\n 1.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _C\u00e6sar_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of C\u00e6sar\u2019s murderers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius Helvius\n Cinna, a poet intimate with C\u00e6sar. He went to attend the obsequies\n of C\u00e6sar, and being mistaken by the populace for the other Cinna, he\n was torn to pieces. He had been eight years in composing an obscure\n poem called Smyrna, in which he made mention of the incest of\n Cinyras. _Plutarch_, _C\u00e6sar_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grandson of Pompey. He conspired\n against Augustus, who pardoned him, and made him one of his most\n intimate friends. He was consul, and made Augustus his heir. _Dio\n Cassius._\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _de Clementia_, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Italy,\n taken by the Romans from the Samnites.\n\n=Cinnadon=, a Laced\u00e6monian youth, who resolved to put to death the\n Ephori, and seize upon the sovereign power. His conspiracy was\n discovered, and he was put to death. _Aristotle._\n\n=Cinn\u0103mus=, a hair-dresser at Rome, ridiculed by _Martial_, bk. 7,\n ltr. 63.\n\n=Cinniana=, a town of Lusitania, famous for the valour of its citizens.\n _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 4.\n\n=Cinxia=, a surname of Juno, who presided over marriages, and was\n supposed to untie the girdles of new brides.\n\n=Cinyps= and =Cinyphus=, a river and country of Africa near the\n Garamantes, whence Cinyphius. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 312.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 198.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Martial_,\n bk. 7, ltr. 94.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 272; bk. 15,\n li. 755.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 787.\n\n=Ciny\u0306ras=, a king of Cyprus, son of Paphus, who married Cenchreis, by\n whom he had a daughter called Myrrha. Myrrha fell in love with her\n father; and, in the absence of her mother at the celebration of the\n festivals of Ceres, she introduced herself into his bed by means\n of her nurse. Cinyras had by her a son called Adonis; and when he\n knew the incest which he had committed, he attempted to stab his\n daughter, who escaped his pursuit and fled to Arabia, where, after\n she had brought forth, she was changed into a tree, which still\n bears her name. Cinyras, according to some, stabbed himself. He was\n so rich, that his opulence, like that of Cr\u0153sus, became proverbial.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 9.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Parallela\n minora_\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 242, 248, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Laodice.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who brought a colony from\n Syria to Cyprus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Ligurian, who\n assisted \u00c6neas against Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 186.\n\n=Cios=, a river of Thrace. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A commercial\n place of Phrygia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of three cities in Bithynia.\n\n=Cippus=, a noble Roman, who, as he returned home victorious, was\n told that if he entered the city he must reign there. Unwilling to\n enslave his country, he assembled the senate without the walls, and\n banished himself for ever from the city, and retired to live upon a\n single acre of ground. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 565.\n\n=Circ\u00e6um=, now _Circello_, a promontory of Latium, near a small town\n called _Circeii_, at the south of the Pontine marshes. The people\n were called _Circeienses_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li.\n 248.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 799.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19.\n\n=Circe=, a daughter of Sol and Perseis, celebrated for her knowledge\n of magic and venomous herbs. She was sister to \u00c6etes king of Colchis,\n and Pasiphae the wife of Minos. She married a Sarmatian prince of\n Colchis, whom she murdered to obtain his kingdom. She was expelled\n by her subjects, and carried by her father upon the coasts of Italy,\n in an island called \u00c6\u00e6a. Ulysses, at his return from the Trojan war,\n visited the place of her residence; and all his companions, who ran\n headlong into pleasure and voluptuousness, were changed by Circe\u2019s\n potions into filthy swine. Ulysses, who was fortified against all\n enchantments by a herb called _moly_, which he had received from\n Mercury, went to Circe, and demanded, sword in hand, the restoration\n of his companions to their former state. She complied, and loaded\n the hero with pleasures and honours. In this voluptuous retreat,\n Ulysses had by Circe one son called Telegonus, or two according\n to Hesiod, called Agrius and Latinus. For one whole year Ulysses\n forgot his glory in Circe\u2019s arms, and at his departure the nymph\n advised him to descend into hell, and consult the manes of Tiresias,\n concerning the fates that attended him. Circe showed herself cruel\n to Scylla her rival, and to Picus. _See:_ Scylla and Picus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fables 1 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 2;\n bk. 1, ode 17.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8, li. 70; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3,\n li. 386; bk. 7, li. 10, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 125.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_,\n bk. 4, _Argonautica_.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 136, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 956.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\n\n=Circenses ludi=, games performed in the circus at Rome. They were\n dedicated to the god Consus, and were first established by Romulus\n at the rape of the Sabines. They were in imitation of the Olympian\n games among the Greeks, and, by way of eminence, were often called\n the great games. Their original name was Consualia, and they were\n first called Circensians by Tarquin the elder after he had built the\n Circus. They were not appropriated to one particular exhibition; but\n were equally celebrated for leaping, wrestling, throwing the quoit\n and javelin, races on foot as well as in chariots, and boxing. Like\n the Greeks, the Romans gave the name of Pentathlum or Quinquertium\n to these five exercises. The celebration continued five days,\n beginning on the 15th of September. All games in general that were\n exhibited in the Circus, were soon after called Circensian games.\n Some sea-fights and skirmishes, called by the Romans Naumachi\u00e6,\n were afterwards exhibited in the Circus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8,\n li. 636.\n\n=Circius=, a part of mount Taurus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rapid\n and tempestuous wind frequent in Gallia Narbonensis, and unknown in\n any other country. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 408.\n\n=Circum padani agri=, the country around the river Po. _Livy_, bk. 21,\n ch. 35.\n\n=Circus=, a large and elegant building at Rome, where plays and shows\n were exhibited. There were about eight at Rome; the first, called\n Maximus Circus, was the grandest, raised and embellished by Tarquin\n Priscus. Its figure was oblong, and it was filled all round with\n benches, and could contain, as some report, about 300,000 spectators.\n It was about 2187 feet long and 960 broad. All the emperors vied in\n beautifying it, and Julius C\u00e6sar introduced in it large canals of\n water, which, on a sudden, could be covered with an infinite number\n of vessels, and represent a sea-fight.\n\n=Ciris=, the name of Scylla daughter of Nisus, who was changed into a\n bird of the same name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 151.\n\n=Cirr\u00e6atum=, a place near Arpinum, where Caius Marius lived when young.\n _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.\n\n=Cirrha= and =Cyrrha=, a town of Phocis, at the foot of Parnassus,\n where Apollo was worshipped. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 172.\n\n=Cirtha= and =Cirta=, a town of Numidia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=Cisalp\u012bna Gallia=, a part of Gaul, called also Citerior and Togata.\n Its furthest boundary was near the Rubicon, and it touched the Alps\n on the Italian side.\n\n=Cispad\u0101na Gallia=, part of ancient Gaul, south of the Po.\n\n=Cisrhen\u0101ni=, part of the Germans who lived nearest Rome, on the west\n of the Rhine. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 2.\n\n=Cissa=, a river of Pontus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island near Istria.\n\n=Ciss\u0113is=, a patronymic given to Hecuba as daughter of Cisseus.\n\n=Ciss\u0113us=, a king of Thrace, father to Hecuba, according to some\n authors. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 320.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Melampus,\n killed by \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 317.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n \u00c6gyptus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Cissia=, a country of Susiana, of which Susa was the capital.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 49.\n\n=Cissi\u00e6=, some gates in Babylon. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 155.\n\n=Cissides=, a general of Dionysius, sent with nine galleys to assist\n the Spartans, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\n\n=Cissoessa=, a fountain of B\u0153otia. _Plutarch._\n\n=Cissus=, a mountain of Macedonia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Thrace.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man\n who acquainted Alexander with the flight of Harpalus. _Plutarch_,\n _Alexander_.\n\n=Cissusa=, a fountain where Bacchus was washed when young. _Plutarch_,\n _Lysander_.\n\n=Cisten\u00e6=, a town of \u00c6olia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Lycia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.\n\n=Cith\u00e6ron=, a king who gave his name to a mountain of B\u0153otia, situate\n at the south of the river Asopus, and sacred to Jupiter and the\n Muses. Act\u00e6on was torn to pieces by his own dogs on this mountain,\n and Hercules killed there an immense lion. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk.\n 4, li. 303.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\n\n=Citharista=, a promontory of Gaul.\n\n=Citium=, now _Chitti_, a town of Cyprus, where Cimon died in his\n expedition against Egypt _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 1,\n ch. 112.\n\n=Cius=, a town of Mysia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n\n=Julius Civ\u012blis=, a powerful Batavian, who raised a sedition against\n Galba, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 59.\n\n=Cizycum=, a city of Asia in the Propontis, the same as Cyzicus.\n _See:_ \u2666Cyzicus.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Cizycus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Cyzicus\u2019.\n\n=Cladeus=, a river of Elis, passing near Olympia, and honoured next to\n the Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 7.\n\n=Clanes=, a river falling into the Ister.\n\n=Clanis=, a centaur killed by Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 12, li. 379.\n\n=Clanius=, or =Clanis=, a river of Campania. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 2, li. 225.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Etruria, now _Chiana_. _Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 8, li. 454.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 79.\n\n=Clarus=, or =Claros=, a town of Iona, famous for an oracle of Apollo.\n It was built by Manto daughter of Tiresias, who fled from Thebes,\n after it had been destroyed by the Epigoni. She was so afflicted\n with her misfortunes, that a lake was formed with her tears, where\n she first founded the oracle. Apollo was from thence surnamed\n _Clarius_. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 516.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island\n of the \u00c6gean, between Tenedos and Scios. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch.\n 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the companions of \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n li. 126.\n\n=Clastidium=, now _Schiatezzo_, a town of Liguria. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A village of Gaul. _Plutarch_,\n _Marcellus_.\n\n=Claudia=, a patrician family at Rome, descended from Clausus, a king\n of the Sabines. It gave birth to many illustrious patriots in the\n republic; and it was particularly recorded that there were not less\n than 28 of that family who were invested with the consulship, five\n with the office of dictator, and seven with that of censor, besides\n the honour of six triumphs. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 1.\n\n=Claudia=, a vestal virgin accused of incontinence. To show her\n innocence, she offered to remove a ship which had brought the image\n of Vesta to Rome, and had stuck in one of the shallow places of the\n river. This had already baffled the efforts of a number of men; and\n Claudia, after addressing her prayers to the goddess, untied her\n girdle, and with it easily dragged after her the ship to shore, and\n by this action was honourably acquitted. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 12, li. 52.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 17, li. 34.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 315; _ex Ponto_,\n bk. 1, ltr. 2, li. 144.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A step-daughter of Marcus Antony, whom\n Augustus married. He dismissed her undefiled, immediately after the\n contract of marriage, on account of a sudden quarrel with her mother\n Fulvia. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 62.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of the poet\n Statius. _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Appius\n Claudius, betrothed to Tiberias Gracchus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Metellus\n Celer, sister to Publius Clodius and to Appius Claudius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n inconsiderable town of Noricum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman\n road, which led from the Milvian bridge to the Flaminian way.\n _Ovid_, bk. 1, _ex Ponto_, poem 8, li. 44.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribe which received\n its name from Appius Claudius, who came to settle at Rome with a\n large body of attendants. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quinta, a daughter of Appius C\u00e6cus, whose\n statue in the vestibulum of Cybele\u2019s temple was unhurt when that\n edifice was reduced to ashes. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 64.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pulchra, a cousin of\n Agrippina, accused of adultery and criminal designs against Tiberius.\n She was condemned. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 52.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Antonia,\n a daughter of the emperor Claudius, married Cnaeus Pompey, whom\n Messalina caused to be put to death. Her second husband, Sylla\n Faustus, by whom she had a son, was called Nero, and she shared his\n fate, when she refused to marry his murderer.\n\n=Claudia lex=, _de comitiis_, was enacted by Marcus Claudius Marcellus,\n A.U.C. 702. It ordained, that at public elections of magistrates,\n no notice should be taken of the votes of such as were absent.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de usur\u00e2_, which forbade people to lend money to\n minors on condition of payment after the decease of their parents.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de negotiatione_, by Quintus Claudius the tribune,\n A.U.C. 535. It forbade any senator, or father of a senator, to have\n any vessel containing above 300 amphor\u00e6, for fear of their engaging\n themselves in commercial schemes. The same law also forbade the same\n thing to the scribes and the attendants of the questors, as it was\n naturally supposed that people who had any commercial connections\n could not be faithful to their trust, nor promote the interest of\n the state.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, A.U.C. 576, to permit the allies to return\n to their respective cities, after their names were enrolled. _Livy_,\n bk. 41, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, to take away the freedom of the city of\n Rome from the colonists, which C\u00e6sar had carried to Novicomum.\n _Suetonius_, _Julius_, ch. 28.\n\n=Claudi\u00e6 aqu\u00e6=, the first water brought to Rome by means of an aqueduct\n of 11 miles, erected by the censor Appius Claudius, A.U.C. 441.\n _Eutropius_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 29.\n\n=Claudi\u0101nus=, a celebrated poet, born at Alexandria in Egypt, in\n the age of Honorius and Arcadius, who seems to possess all the\n majesty of Virgil, without being a slave to the corrupt style which\n prevailed in his age. Scaliger observes that he has supplied the\n poverty of his matter by the purity of his language, the happiness\n of his expressions, and the melody of his numbers. As he was the\n favourite of Stilicho, he removed from the court when his patron was\n disgraced, and passed the rest of his life in retirement and learned\n ease. His poems of Rufinus and Eutropius seem to be the best of his\n compositions. The best editions of his works are those of Burman,\n 4to, 2 vols., Amsterdam, 1760, and that of Gesner, 2 vols., 8vo,\n Lipscomb, 1758.\n\n=Claudiop\u014flis=, a town of Cappadocia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.\n\n=Claudius I.= (Tiberius Drusus Nero), son of Drusus, Livia\u2019s second\n son, succeeded as emperor of Rome, after the murder of Caligula,\n whose memory he endeavoured to annihilate. He made himself popular\n for a while, by taking particular care of the city, and by adorning\n and beautifying it with buildings. He passed over into Britain, and\n obtained a triumph for victories which his generals had won, and\n suffered himself to be governed by favourites, whose licentiousness\n and avarice plundered the state and distracted the provinces. He\n married four wives, one of whom, called Messalina, he put to death\n on account of her lust and debauchery. He was at last poisoned by\n another called Agrippina, who wished to raise her son Nero to the\n throne. The poison was conveyed in mushrooms; but as it did not\n operate fast enough, his physician, by order of the empress, made\n him swallow a poisoned feather. He died in the 63rd year of his\n age, 13 October, A.D. 54, after a reign of 13 years; distinguished\n neither by humanity nor courage, but debased by weakness and\n irresolution. He was succeeded by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk.\n 11, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 60.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 619.\n \u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _The Twelve Caesars_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second emperor of that\n name was a Dalmatian, who succeeded Gallienus. He conquered the\n Goths, Scythians, and Heruli, and killed no less than 300,000 in\n a battle; and after a reign of about two years, died of the plague\n in Pannonia. The excellence of his character, marked with bravery,\n and tempered with justice and benevolence, is well known by these\n words of the senate, addressed to him: _Claudi Auguste, tu frater,\n tu pater, tu amicus, tu bonus senator, tu vere princeps_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Nero,\n a consul, with Livius Salinator, who defeated and killed Asdrubal,\n near the river Metaurum, as he was passing from Spain into Italy,\n to go to the assistance of his brother Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 27, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 37.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n father of the emperor Tiberius, questor to C\u00e6sar in the wars of\n Alexandria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pollos, an historian. _Pliny the Younger_, bk. 7, ltr.\n 51.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pontius, a general of the Samnites, who conquered the Roman\n at Furc\u00e6 Caudin\u00e6, and made them pass under the yoke. _Livy_, bk. 9,\n ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Petilius, a dictator, A.U.C. 442.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Appius, an orator.\n _Cicero_, _Brutus_. _See:_ Appius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Appius C\u00e6cus, a Roman censor,\n who built an aqueduct, A.U.C. 441, which brought water to Rome from\n Tusculum, at the distance of seven or eight miles. The water was\n called _Appia_, and it was the first that was brought to the city\n from the country. Before his age the Romans were satisfied with the\n waters of the Tiber, or of the fountains and wells in the city. _See:\n _ Appius. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 203.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Senectute_, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A pretor of Sicily.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius,\n a great enemy to Cicero. _See:_ Clodius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcellus. _See:_\n Marcellus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pulcher, a consul, who, when consulting the sacred\n chickens, ordered them to be dipped in water because they would not\n eat. _Livy_, bk. 19. He was unsuccessful in his expedition against\n the Carthaginians in Sicily, and disgraced on his return to Rome.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Tiberius Nero, was elder brother of Drusus and son of Livia\n Drusilla, who married Augustus, after his divorce of Scribonia. He\n married Livia, the emperor\u2019s daughter by Scribonia and succeeded\n in the empire by the name of Tiberius. _See:_ Tiberius. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of Claudius is common to many\n Roman consuls, and other officers of state; but nothing is recorded\n of them, and their name is but barely mentioned. _Livy._\n\n=Clavi\u0113nus=, an obscure poet in Juvenal\u2019s age. Bk. 1, li. 8.\n\n=Clav\u012dger=, a surname of Janus, from his being represented with a\n _key_. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 228.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Hercules received also\n that surname, as he was armed with a _club_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 15, li. 284.\n\n=Clausius=, or =Clusius=, a surname of Janus.\n\n=Clausus=, or =Claudius=, a king of the Sabines, who assisted Turnus\n against \u00c6neas. He was the progenitor of that Appius Claudius, who\n migrated to Rome, and became the founder of the Claudian family.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 707; bk. 10, li. 345.\n\n=Claz\u014fm\u0115n\u00e6= and =Claz\u014fm\u0115na=, now _Vourla_, a city of Ionia, on the\n coasts of the \u00c6gean sea, between Smyrna and Chios. It was founded\n A.U.C. 98, by the Ionians, and gave birth to Anaxagoras and other\n illustrious men. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 39.\n\n=Cleadas=, a man of Plat\u00e6a, who raised tombs over those who had been\n killed in the battle against Mardonius. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 85.\n\n=Cleander=, one of Alexander\u2019s officers, who killed Parmenio by the\n king\u2019s command. He was punished with death, for offering violence\n to a noble virgin, and giving her as a prostitute to his servants.\n _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The first tyrant of Gela.\n _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A soothsayer of Arcadia.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 83.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A favourite of the emperor Commodus,\n who was put to death, A.D. 190, after abusing public justice, and\n his master\u2019s confidence.\n\n=Cleandridas=, a Spartan general, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man punished with death for\n bribing two of the Ephori.\n\n=Cleanthes=, a stoic philosopher of Assos in Troas, successor of Zeno.\n He was so poor, that to maintain himself he used to draw out water\n for a gardener in the night, and study in the daytime. Cicero calls\n him the father of the stoics; and, out of respect for his virtues,\n the Roman senate raised a statue to him in Assos. It is said that\n he starved himself in his 90th year, B.C. 240. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, ch. 69; bk. 4,\n ch. 7.\n\n=Clearchus=, a tyrant of Heraclea in Pontus, who was killed by\n Chion and Leonidas, Plato\u2019s pupils, during the celebration of the\n festivals of Bacchus, after the enjoyment of the sovereign power\n during 12 years, 353 B.C. _Justin_, bk. 16, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk.\n 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second tyrant of Heraclea of that name, died B.C. 288.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Laced\u00e6monian sent to quiet the Byzantines. He was recalled but\n refused to obey, and fled to Cyrus the younger, who made him captain\n of 13,000 Greek soldiers. He obtained a victory over Artaxerxes,\n who was so enraged at the defeat, that when Clearchus fell into\n his hands by the treachery of Tissaphernes, he put him to immediate\n death. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A disciple of Aristotle, who wrote a\n treatise on tactics, &c. _Xenophon._\n\n=Clearides=, a son of Cleonymus governor of Amphipolis. _Thucydides_,\n bk. 4, ch. 132; bk. 5, ch. 10.\n\n=Clemens Romanus=, one of the fathers of the church, said to be\n contemporary with St. Paul. Several spurious compositions are\n ascribed to him, but the only thing extant is his epistle to the\n Corinthians, written to quiet the disturbances that had arisen\n there. It has been much admired. The best edition is that of Wotton,\n 8vo, Cambridge, 1718.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Alexandria, called from thence\n _Alexandrinus_, who flourished 206 A.D. His works are various,\n elegant, and full of erudition; the best edition of which is\n Potter\u2019s, 2 vols., folio, Oxford, 1715.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A senator who favoured\n the party of Niger against Severus.\n\n=Clementia=, one of the virtues to whom the Romans paid adoration.\n\n=Cleo=, a Sicilian among Alexander\u2019s flatterers. _Curtius_, bk. 8,\n ch. 5.\n\n=Cle\u014fbis= and =Biton=, two youths, sons of Cydippe, the priestess\n of Juno at Argos. When oxen could not be procured to draw their\n mother\u2019s chariot to the temple of Juno, they put themselves\n under the yoke, and drew it 45 stadia to the temple, amidst the\n acclamations of the multitude, who congratulated the mother on\n account of the filial affection of her sons. Cydippe entreated the\n goddess to reward the piety of her sons with the best gift that\n could be granted to a mortal. They went to rest, and awoke no more;\n and by this the goddess showed, that death is the only true happy\n event that can happen to man. The Argives raised statues at Delphi.\n _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputations_, bk. 1, ch. 47.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _de Consolatio ad Apollonium_.\n\n=Cleob\u016bla=, the wife of Amyntor, by whom she had Ph\u0153nix.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Boreas and Orithyia, called also Cleopatra. She married Phineus\n son of Agenor, by whom she had Plexippus and Pandion. Phineus\n repudiated her to marry a daughter of Dardanus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman, mother of a son called Euripides by Apollo.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who bore Cepheus and Amphidamus to \u00c6geus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother\n of Pithus. _Hyginus_, fables 14, 97, &c.\n\n=Cleob\u016bl\u012bna=, a daughter of Cleobulus, remarkable for her genius,\n learning, judgment, and courage. She composed enigmas, some of\n which have been preserved. One of them runs thus: \u201cA father had 12\n children, and these 12 children had each 30 white sons and 30 black\n daughters, who are immortal, though they died every day.\u201d In this\n there is no need of an \u0152dipus to discover that there are 12 months\n in the year, and that every month consists of 30 days, and of the\n same number of nights. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Cleob\u016blus=, one of the seven wise men of Greece, son of Evagoras\n of Lindos, famous for the beautiful shape of his body. He wrote\n some few verses, and died in the 70th year of his age, B.C. 564.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian.\n _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Ephori. _Thucydides._\n\n=Cleochares=, a man sent by Alexander to demand Porus to surrender.\n _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 13.\n\n=Cleocharia=, the mother of Eurotas by Lelax. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 10.\n\n=Cleod\u00e6us=, a son of Hyllus. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 52; bk. 7,\n ch. 204; bk. 8, ch. 131. He endeavoured to recover Peloponnesus\n after his father\u2019s death, but to no purpose.\n\n=Cleodamus=, a Roman general under Gallienus.\n\n=Cleod\u0113mus=, a physician. _Plutarch_, _de Convivium Septem Sapientium_.\n\n=Cleod\u014dra=, a nymph, mother of Parnassus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Danaides, who married Lyxus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 1.\n\n=Cleodoxa=, a daughter of Niobe and Amphion, changed into a stone as\n a punishment for her mother\u2019s pride. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Cleog\u0115nes=, a son of Silenus, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 1.\n\n=Cleol\u0101us=, a son of Hercules, by Argele daughter of Thestius, who,\n upon the ill success of the Heraclid\u00e6 in Peloponnesus, retired to\n Rhodes with his wife and children. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Cleom\u0103chus=, a boxer of Magnesia.\n\n=Cleomantes=, a Laced\u00e6monian soothsayer. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\n\n=Cleombr\u014ftus=, son of Pausanias, a king of Sparta after his brother\n Agesipolis I. He made war against the B\u0153otians, and lest he should\n be suspected of treacherous communication with Epaminondas, he gave\n that general battle at Leuctra, in a very disadvantageous place.\n He was killed in the engagement, and his army destroyed, B.C. 371.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son-in-law of Leonidas king of Sparta, who for a while usurped the\n kingdom, after the expulsion of his father-in-law. When Leonidas was\n recalled, Cleombrotus was banished; and his wife Chelonis, who had\n accompanied her father, now accompanied her husband in his exile.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Agis_ & _Cleomenes_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n youth of Ambracia, who threw himself into the sea, after reading\n Plato\u2019s treatise on the immortality of the soul. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6\n Disputations_, bk. 1, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 493.\n\n=Cleom\u0113des=, a famous athlete of Astypal\u00e6a, above Crete. In a combat\n at Olympia, he killed one of his antagonists by a blow with his\n fist. On account of this accidental murder, he was deprived of the\n victory, and he became delirious. In his return to Astypal\u00e6a, he\n entered a school and pulled down the pillars which supported the\n roof, and crushed to death 60 boys. He was pursued with stones, and\n he fled for shelter into a tomb, whose doors he so strongly secured,\n that his pursuers were obliged to break them for access. When the\n tomb was opened, Cleomedes could not be found either dead or alive.\n The oracle of Delphi was consulted, and gave this answer, _Ultimus\n heroum Cleomedes Astypal\u00e6us_. Upon this they offered sacrifices to\n him as a god. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\n\n=Cleom\u0115nes I.=, king of Sparta, conquered the Argives, and burnt 5000\n of them by setting fire to a grove where they had fled, and freed\n Athens from the tyranny of the Pisistratid\u00e6. By bribing the oracle,\n he pronounced Demaratus, his colleague on the throne, illegitimate,\n because he had refused to punish the people of \u00c6gina, who had\n deserted the Greeks. He killed himself in a fit of madness, 491 B.C.\n _Herodotus_, bks. 5, 6, & 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3, &c.\n\n=Cleom\u0115nes II.=, succeeded his brother Agesipolis II. He reigned 61\n years in the greatest tranquillity, and was father to Acrotatus\n and Cleonymus, and was succeeded by Areus I. son of Acrotatus.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\n\n=Cleom\u0115nes III.=, succeeded his father Leonidas. He was of an\n enterprising spirit, and resolved to restore the ancient discipline\n of Lycurgus in its full force, by banishing luxury and intemperance.\n He killed the Ephori, and removed by poison his royal colleague\n Eurydamidas, and made his own brother Euclidas king, against the\n laws of the state, which forbade more than one of the same family\n to sit on the throne. He made war against the Ach\u00e6ans, and attempted\n to destroy their league. Aratus the general of the Ach\u00e6ans, who\n supposed himself inferior to his enemy, called Antigonus to his\n assistance; and Cleomenes, when he had fought the unfortunate battle\n of Sellasia, B.C. 222, retired into Egypt, to the court of Ptolemy\n Evergetes, where his wife and children had fled before him. Ptolemy\n received him with great cordiality; but his successor, weak and\n suspicious, soon expressed his jealousy of this noble stranger, and\n imprisoned him. Cleomenes killed himself, and his body was flayed\n and exposed on a cross, B.C. 219. _Polybius_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Parallel Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 28, ch. 4.\n\n=Cleom\u0115nes=, a man appointed by Alexander to receive the tributes\n of Egypt and Africa. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man placed as\n arbitrator between the Athenians and the people of Megara.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n historian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A dithyrambic poet of Rhegium.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Sicilian\n contemporary with Verres, whose licentiousness and avarice he was\n fond of gratifying. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Laced\u00e6monian general.\n\n=Cleon=, an Athenian, who, though originally a tanner, became\n general of the armies of the state, by his intrigues and eloquence.\n He took Thoron in Thrace, and after distinguishing himself in\n several engagements, he was killed at Amphipolis, in a battle with\n Brasidas the Spartan general, 422 B.C. _Thucydides_, bks. 3, 4, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Messenia, who disputed with\n Aristodemus for the sovereignty.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,\n ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet who wrote a poem on the Argonauts.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator\n of Halicarnassus, who composed an oration for Lysander, in which he\n intimated the propriety of making the kingdom of Sparta elective.\n _Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Magnesian, who\n wrote some commentaries, in which he speaks of portentous events,\n &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Sicilian, one of Alexander\u2019s\n flatterers. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Sicyon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n friend of Phocion.\n\n=Cle\u014dn\u00e6= and =Cleona=, a village of Peloponnesus, between Corinth and\n Argos. Hercules killed the lion of Nem\u00e6a in its neighbourhood, and\n thence it is called Cleon\u00e6us. It was made a constellation. _Statius_,\n bk. 4, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 4, li. 28.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li.\n 417.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 32.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Phocis.\n\n=Cle\u014dne=, a daughter of Asopus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Cleon\u012bca=, a young virgin of Byzantium, whom Pausanias king of Sparta\n invited to his bed. She was introduced into his room when he was\n asleep, and unluckily overturned a burning lamp which was by the\n side of the bed. Pausanias was awakened at the sudden noise, and\n thinking it to be some assassin, he seized his sword, and killed\n Cleonica before he knew who it was. Cleonica often appeared to\n him, and he was anxious to make a proper expiation to her manes.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Cimon_, &c.\n\n=Cleon\u012bcus=, a freedman of Seneca, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15,\n ch. 45.\n\n=Cleonnis=, a Messenian who disputed with Aristodemus for the sovereign\n power of his country. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n\n=Cleony\u0306mus=, a son of Cleomenes II., who called Pyrrhus to his\n assistance, because Areus his brother\u2019s son had been preferred to\n him in the succession; but the measure was unpopular, and even the\n women united to repel the foreign prince. His wife was unfaithful\n to his bed, and committed adultery with Acrotatus. _Plutarch_,\n _Pyrrhus_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general who assisted the\n Tarentines, and was conquered by \u00c6milius the Roman consul. _Strabo_,\n bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A person so cowardly that _Cleonymo timidior_ became\n proverbial.\n\n=Cle\u014fp\u0103ter=, an officer of Aratus.\n\n=Cle\u014fp\u0101tra=, the granddaughter of Attalus, betrothed to Philip of\n Macedonia, after he had divorced Olympias. When Philip was murdered\n by Pausanias, Cleopatra was seized by order of Olympias, and put\n to death. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Pyrrhus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sister of Alexander the Great, who married Perdiccas,\n and was killed by Antigonus as she attempted to fly to Ptolemy in\n Egypt. _Diodorus_, bks. 16 & 20.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 9, ch. 6; bk. 13,\n ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A harlot of Claudius C\u00e6sar.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Boreas. _See:_\n Cleobula.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Idas and Marpessa, daughter of Evenus\n king of \u00c6tolia. She married Meleager son of king \u0152neus. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 552.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Amyntas\n of Ephesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wife of Tigranes king\n of Armenia, sister of Mithridates. _Justin_, bk. 38, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Tros and Callirhoe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Ptolemy Philometor, who married Alexander Bala, and\n afterwards Nicanor. She killed Seleucus, Nicanor\u2019s son, because\n he ascended the throne without her consent. She was suspected of\n preparing poison for Antiochus her son, and compelled to drink\n it herself, B.C. 120.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wife and sister of Ptolemy Evergetes,\n who raised her son Alexander a minor, to the throne of Egypt, in\n preference to his elder brother Ptolemy Lathurus, whose interest\n the people favoured. As Alexander was odious, Cleopatra suffered\n Lathurus to ascend the throne, on condition, however, that he should\n repudiate his sister and wife, called Cleopatra, and marry Seleuca\n his younger sister. She afterwards raised her favourite Alexander to\n the throne; but her cruelties were so odious, that he fled to avoid\n her tyranny. Cleopatra laid snares for him; and when Alexander heard\n it, he put her to death. _Justin_, bk. 39, chs. 3 & 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A queen of\n Egypt, daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, and sister and wife to Ptolemy\n Dionysius, celebrated for her beauty and her cunning. She admitted\n C\u00e6sar to her arms, to influence him to give her the kingdom, in\n preference to her brother who had expelled her, and had a son by\n him called C\u00e6sarion. As she had supported Brutus, Antony, in his\n expedition to Parthia, summoned her to appear before him. She\n arrayed herself in the most magnificent apparel, and appeared before\n her judge in the most captivating attire. Her artifice succeeded;\n Antony became enamoured of her, and publicly married her, forgetful\n of his connections with Octavia the sister of Augustus. He gave her\n the greatest part of the eastern provinces of the Roman empire. This\n behaviour was the cause of a rupture between Augustus and Antony;\n and these two celebrated Romans met at Actium, where Cleopatra,\n by flying with 60 sail, ruined the interest of Antony, and he was\n defeated. Cleopatra had retired to Egypt, where soon after Antony\n followed. Antony killed himself upon the false information that\n Cleopatra was dead; and as his wound was not mortal, he was carried\n to the queen, who drew him up by a cord from one of the windows of\n the monument, where she had retired and concealed herself. Antony\n soon after died of his wounds; and Cleopatra, after she had received\n pressing invitations from Augustus, and even pretended declarations\n of love, destroyed herself by the bite of an asp not to fall into\n the conqueror\u2019s hands. She had previously attempted to stab herself,\n and had once made a resolution to starve herself. Cleopatra was a\n voluptuous and extravagant woman, and in one of the feasts she gave\n to Antony at Alexandria, she melted pearls in her drink to render\n her entertainment more sumptuous and expensive. She was fond of\n appearing dressed as the goddess Isis; and she advised Antony to\n make war against the richest nations, to support her debaucheries.\n Her beauty has been greatly commended, and her mental perfections so\n highly celebrated, that she has been described as capable of giving\n audience to the ambassadors of seven different nations, and of\n speaking their various languages as fluently as her own. In Antony\u2019s\n absence, she improved the public library of Alexandria, with the\n addition of that of Pergamus. Two treatises, _De medicamene faciei\n epistol\u00e6 erotic\u00e6_, and _De morbis mulierum_, have been falsely\n attributed to her. She died B.C. 30 years, after a reign of 24 years,\n aged 39. Egypt became a Roman province at her death. _Florus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, bk. 5, _Civil Wars_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Pompey_ &\n _Antonius_.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 37, li. 21, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Ptolemy Epiphanes, who married Philometor, and\n afterwards Physcon of Cyrene.\n\n=Cleopatris=, or =Arsinoe=, a fortified town of Egypt on the Arabian\n gulf.\n\n=Cleoph\u0103nes=, an orator.\n\n=Cleophanthus=, a son of Themistocles, famous for his skill in riding.\n\n=Cle\u014fphes=, a queen of India, who submitted to Alexander, by whom, as\n some suppose, she had a son. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 10.\n\n=Cleoph\u014flus=, a Samian, who wrote an account of Hercules.\n\n=Cle\u014fphon=, a tragic poet of Athens.\n\n=Cleoph\u0233lus=, a man whose posterity saved the poems of Homer.\n _Plutarch._\n\n=Cleopompus=, an Athenian, who took Thronium, and conquered the\n Locrians, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, chs. 26 & 58.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who\n married the nymph Cleodora, by whom he had Parnassus. As Cleodora\n was beloved by Neptune, some have supposed that she had two husbands.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.\n\n=Cleoptol\u0115mus=, a man of Chalcis, whose daughter was given in marriage\n to Antiochus. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 11.\n\n=Cle\u014fpus=, a son of Codrus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\n\n=Cleora=, the wife of Agesilaus. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.\n\n=Cleostr\u0103tus=, a youth devoted to be sacrificed to a serpent among the\n Thespians, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient philosopher\n and astronomer of Tenedos, about 536 years before Christ. He first\n found the constellations of the zodiac, and reformed the Greek\n calendar.\n\n=Cleox\u0115nus=, wrote a history of Persia.\n\n=Clepsy\u0306dra=, a fountain of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.\n\n=Cleri=, a people of Attica.\n\n=Clesides=, a Greek painter, about 276 years before Christ, who\n revenged the injuries he had received from queen Stratonice, by\n representing her in the arms of a fisherman. However indecent the\n painter might represent the queen, she was drawn with such personal\n beauty, that she preserved the piece, and liberally rewarded the\n artist.\n\n=Cleta= and =Phaenna=, two of the Graces, according to some.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\n\n=Clid\u0113mus=, a Greek who wrote the history of Attica. _Vossius_,\n _historicis gr\u00e6cis_, bk. 3.\n\n=Climax=, a pass of mount Taurus, formed by the projection of a brow\n into the Mediterranean sea. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Clim\u0115nus=, a son of Arcas descended from Hercules.\n\n=Clinias=, a Pythagorean philosopher and musician, 520 years before\n the christian era. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_,\n _Varia Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Alcibiades, the bravest\n man in the Grecian fleet that fought against Xerxes. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 8, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Alcibiades, killed at the battle of\n Coronea. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Aratus, killed\n by Abantidas, B.C. 263. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Solon.\n _Plutarch_, _Solon_.\n\n=Clinipp\u012ddes=, an Athenian general in Lesbos. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.\n\n=Clinus= of Cos, was general of 7000 Greeks in the pay of king\n Nectanebus. He was killed, with some of his troops, by Nicostratus\n and the Argives, as he passed the Nile. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Clio=, the first of the muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne.\n She presided over history. She is represented crowned with laurels,\n holding in one hand a trumpet, and a book in the other. Sometimes\n she holds a _plectrum_ or quill with a lute. Her name signifies\n honour and reputation (\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03bf\u03c2, _gloria_); and it was her office\n faithfully to record the actions of brave and illustrious heroes.\n She had Hyacintha by Pierus son of Magnus. She was also mother of\n Hymen\u00e6us and Ialemus, according to others. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_,\n li. 75.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n Cyrene\u2019s nymphs. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 341.\n\n=Clisithera=, a daughter of Idomeneus, promised in marriage to Leucus,\n by whom she was murdered.\n\n=Clisth\u0115nes=, the last tyrant of Sicyon. _Aristotle._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian\n of the family of Alcm\u00e6on. It is said that he first established\n ostracism, and that he was the first who was banished by that\n institution. He banished Isagoras, and was himself soon after\n restored. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 66, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A person censured as effeminate and incontinent. _Aristotle_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 7.\n\n=Clit\u00e6=, a people of Cilicia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 55.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n place near mount Athos. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 11.\n\n=Clitarchus=, a man who made himself absolute at Eretria, by means of\n Philip of Macedonia. He was ejected by Phocion.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian, who\n accompanied Alexander the Great, of whose life he wrote the history.\n _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5.\n\n=Clite=, the wife of Cyzicus, who hung herself when she saw her husband\n dead. _Apollonius_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Orpheus._\n\n=Cliternia=, a town of Italy. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Clitod\u0113mus=, an ancient writer. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 15.\n\n=Clitom\u0103chus=, a Carthaginian philosopher of the third academy, who\n was pupil and successor to Carneades at Athens, B.C. 128. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n athlete of a modest countenance and behaviour. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia\n Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 30.\n\n=Clitonymus=, wrote a treatise on Sybaris and Italy.\n\n=Clitophon=, a man of Rhodes, who wrote a history of India, &c.\n\n=Clitor=, a son of Lycaon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Azan, who founded a city\n in Arcadia, called after his name. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 8. Ceres, \u00c6sculapius, Ilythia, the\n Dioscuri, and other deities, had temples in that city. There is\n also in this town a fountain called _Clitorium_, whose waters gave a\n dislike for wine. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 322.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 32, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12.\n\n=Clitoria=, the wife of Cimon the Athenian.\n\n=Clitumnus=, a river of Campania, whose waters, when drunk, made oxen\n white. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 10, li. 25.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 2, li. 146.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.\n\n=Clitus=, a familiar friend and foster-brother of Alexander. Though he\n had saved the king\u2019s life in a bloody battle, yet Alexander killed\n him with a javelin, in a fit of anger, because, at a feast, he\n preferred the actions of Philip to those of his son. Alexander was\n inconsolable for the loss of his friend, whom he had sacrificed in\n the hour of his drunkenness and dissipation. _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 4, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A commander\n of Polyperchon\u2019s ships, defeated by Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer sent by Antipater, with 240 ships, against the\n Athenians, whom he conquered near the Echinades. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan prince killed by Teucer.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A disciple of Aristotle,\n who wrote a book on Miletus.\n\n=Cloac\u012bna=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the Cloac\u00e6. Some\n suppose her to be Venus, whose statue was found in the _Cloac\u00e6_,\n whence the name. The Cloac\u00e6 were large receptacles for the filth\n and dung of the whole city, begun by Tarquin the elder, and finished\n by Tarquin the Proud. They were built all under the city; so that,\n according to an expression of Pliny, Rome seemed to be suspended\n between heaven and earth. The building was so strong, and the stones\n so large, that though they were continually washed by impetuous\n torrents, they remained unhurt during above 700 years. There were\n public officers chosen to take care of the Cloac\u00e6, called _Curatores\n Cloacarum urbis_. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 48.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.\n\n=Cloanthus=, one of the companions of \u00c6neas, from whom the family\n of the Cluentii at Rome were descended. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5,\n li. 122.\n\n=Clodia=, the wife of Lucullus, repudiated for her lasciviousness.\n _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An opulent matron at Rome, mother of\n Decimus Brutus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A vestal virgin.\n _See:_ Claudia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of the same family who successfully\n repressed the rudeness of a tribune that attempted to stop the\n procession of her father in his triumph through the streets of\n Rome. _Cicero_, _For Marcus C\u00e6lius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman who married Quintus\n Metellus, and afterwards disgraced herself by her amours with C\u0153lius,\n and her incest with her brother Publius, for which he is severely\n and eloquently arraigned by Cicero. _For Marcus C\u00e6lius._\n\n=Clodia lex=, _de Cypro_, was enacted by the tribune Clodius, A.U.C.\n 695, to reduce Cyprus into a Roman province, and expose Ptolemy\n king of Egypt to sale in his regal ornaments. It empowered Cato\n to go with the pretorian power and see the auction of the king\u2019s\n goods, and commissioned him to return the money to Rome.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n _de Magistratibus_, A.U.C. 695, by Clodius the tribune. It forbade\n the censors to put a stigma or mark of infamy upon any person who\n had not been actually accused and condemned by both the censors.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de Religione_, by the same, A.U.C. 696, to deprive the\n priest of Cybele, a native of Pessinus, of his office, and confer\n the priesthood upon Brotigonus, a Gallogrecian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de\n Provinciis_, A.U.C. 696, which nominated the provinces of Syria,\n Babylon, and Persia, to the consul Gabinius; and Achaia, Thessaly,\n Macedon, and Greece, to his colleague Piso, with proconsular power.\n It empowered them to defray the expenses of their march from the\n public treasury.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, A.U.C. 695, which required the same\n distribution of corn among the people _gratis_, as had been given\n them before at six _asses_ and a _triens_ the bushel.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n A.U.C. 695 by the same, _de Judiciis_. It called to an account such\n as had executed a Roman citizen without a judgment of the people,\n and all the formalities of a trial.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by the same, to pay\n no attention to the appearances of the heavens, while any affair\n was before the people.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, to make the power of the tribunes\n free, in making and proposing laws.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, to re-establish the\n companies of artists, which had been instituted by Numa, but since\n his time abolished.\n\n=Clodii forum=, a town of Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\n\n=Publius Cl\u014ddius=, a Roman descended from an illustrious family,\n and remarkable for his licentiousness, avarice, and ambition. He\n committed incest with his three sisters, and introduced himself\n in women\u2019s clothes into the house of Julius C\u00e6sar, whilst Pompeia,\n C\u00e6sar\u2019s wife, of whom he was enamoured, was celebrating the mysteries\n of Ceres, where no man was permitted to appear. He was accused for\n this violation of human and divine laws; but he corrupted his judges,\n and by that means screened himself from justice. He descended from\n a patrician into a plebeian family to become a tribune. He was such\n an enemy to Cato, that he made him go with pretorian power in an\n expedition against Ptolemy king of Cyprus, that, by the difficulty\n of the campaign, he might ruin his reputation, and destroy his\n interest at Rome during his absence. Cato, however, by his uncommon\n success, frustrated the views of Clodius. He was also an inveterate\n enemy to Cicero; and by his influence he banished him from Rome,\n partly on pretence that he had punished with death, and without\n trial, the adherents of Catiline. He wreaked his vengeance upon\n Cicero\u2019s house, which he burnt, and set all his goods to sale; which,\n however, to his great mortification, no one offered to buy. In spite\n of Clodius, Cicero was recalled, and all his goods restored to him.\n Clodius was some time after murdered by Milo, whose defence Cicero\n took upon himself. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.\u2015\u2015_Appian_ _on Cicero_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _for Milo_ & _On his House_.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n certain author, quoted by _Plutarch_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Licinius, wrote a history\n of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quirinalis, a rhetorician in\n Nero\u2019s age. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sextus, a\n rhetorician of Sicily, intimate with Marcus Antony, whose preceptor\n he was. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Rhetoricians_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Philippics_.\n\n=Cl\u0153lia=, a Roman virgin, given, with other maidens, as hostages to\n Porsonna king of Etruria. She escaped from her confinement, and swam\n across the Tiber to Rome. Her unprecedented virtue was rewarded by\n her countrymen with an equestrian statue in the Via Sacra. _Livy_,\n bk. 2, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 651.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 265.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A patrician\n family descended from Cl\u0153lius, one of the companions of \u00c6neas.\n _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\n\n=Cl\u0153li\u00e6 foss\u00e6=, a place near Rome. _Plutarch_, _Coriolanus_.\n\n=Cl\u0153lius Gracchus=, a general of the Volsci and Sabines against Rome,\n conquered by Quinctius Cincinnatus the dictator.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Tullus, a Roman\n ambassador, put to death by Tolumnius king of the Veientes.\n\n=Clonas=, a musician. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.\n\n=Clonia=, the mother of Nycteus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n\n=Clonius=, a B\u0153otian, who went with 50 ships to the Trojan war.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan killed by Messapus in Italy.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 749.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, killed by Turnus.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 574.\n\n=Clotho=, the youngest of the three Parc\u00e6, daughter of Jupiter and\n Themis, or, according to Hesiod, of Night, was supposed to preside\n over the moment that we are born. She held the distaff in her hand,\n and spun the thread of life, whence her name (\u03ba\u03bb\u03c9\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _to spin_).\n She was represented wearing a crown with seven stars, and covered\n with a variegated robe. _See:_ Parc\u00e6. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 218.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\n\n=Cluac\u012bna=, a name of Venus, whose statue was erected in that place\n where peace was made between the Romans and Sabines, after the rape\n of the virgins. _See:_ Cloacina.\n\n=Cluentius=, a Roman citizen, accused by his mother of having murdered\n his father, 54 years B.C. He was ably defended by Cicero, in an\n oration still extant. The family of the Cluentii was descended from\n Cloanthus, one of the companions of \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5,\n li. 122.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_.\n\n=Cluilia fossa=, a place five miles distant from Rome. _Livy_, bk. 1,\n ch. 23; bk. 2, ch. 39.\n\n=Cl\u016dpea= and =Cly\u0306pea=, now _Aklibia_, a town of Africa Propria,\n 22 miles east of Carthage, which receives its name from its exact\n resemblance to a shield, _clypeus_. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 586.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_,\n bk. 2, ch. 23.\n\n=Clusia=, a daughter of an Etrurian king, of whom Valerius Torquatus\n the Roman general became enamoured. He asked her of her father, who\n slighted his addresses; upon which he besieged and destroyed his\n town. Clusia threw herself down from a high tower, and came to the\n ground unhurt. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\n\n=Clus\u012bni fontes=, baths in Etruria. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 15, li. 9.\n\n=Clusium=, now _Chiusi_, a town of Etruria, taken by the Gauls under\n Brennus. Porsena was buried there. At the north of Clusium there was\n a lake called _Clusina lacus_, which extended northward as far as\n Arretium, and had a communication with the Arnus, which falls into\n the sea at Pisa. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n lis. 167 & 655.\n\n=Clusius=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul. _Polybius_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The surname\n of Janus, when his temple was shut. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 130.\n\n=Cluvia=, a noted debauchee, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 49.\n\n=Cluvius Rufus=, a questor, A.U.C. 693. _Cicero_, _Letters to his\n Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 56.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Puteoli appointed by C\u00e6sar\n to divide the lands of Gaul, &c. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,\n bk. 13, ch. 7.\n\n=Clym\u0115ne=, a daughter of Oceanus and \u2666Tethys, who married Japetus, by\n whom she had Atlas, Prometheus, Men\u0153tius, and Epimetheus. _Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Nereides, mother of Mnemosyne by Jupiter.\n _Hyginus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Thesimenus by Parthenop\u00e6us. _Hyginus_,\n fable 71.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Mymas, mother of Atalanta by Jasus.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Crateus, who married Nauplius.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Phaeton by Apollo. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 756.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan woman. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 10, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Homer. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A female servant of Helen, who accompanied her mistress to Troy,\n when she eloped with Paris. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17, li. 267.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3, li. 144.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Thetys\u2019 replaced with \u2018Tethys\u2019\n\n=Clymene\u012ddes=, a patronymic given to Phaeton\u2019s sisters, who were\n daughters of Clymene.\n\n=Clym\u0115nus=, a king of Orchomenos, son of Presbon and father of Erginus,\n Stratius, Arrhon, and Axius. He received a wound from a stone thrown\n by a Theban, of which he died. His son Erginus, who succeeded him,\n made war against the Thebans, to revenge his death. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 9, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the descendants of Hercules, who built\n a temple to Minerva of Cydonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Phoroneus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Elis.\n _Pausanias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u0152neus king of Calydon.\n\n=Clysony\u0306mus=, a son of Amphidamas, killed by Patroclus. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 13.\n\n=Clytemnestra=, a daughter of Tyndarus king of Sparta by Leda. She\n was born, together with her brother Castor, from one of the eggs\n which her mother brought forth after her amour with Jupiter, under\n the form of a swan. Clytemnestra married Agamemnon king of Argos.\n She had before married Tantalus son of Thyestes, according to some\n authors. When Agamemnon went to the Trojan war, he left his cousin\n \u00c6gysthus to take care of his wife, of his family, and all his\n domestic affairs. Besides this, a certain favourite musician was\n appointed by Agamemnon to watch over the conduct of the guardian as\n well as that of Clytemnestra. In the absence of Agamemnon, \u00c6gysthus\n made his court to Clytemnestra, and publicly lived with her. Her\n infidelity reached the ears of Agamemnon before the walls of Troy,\n and he resolved to take full revenge upon the adulterers at his\n return. He was prevented from putting his scheme into execution;\n Clytemnestra, with her adulterer, murdered him at his arrival, as\n he came out of the bath, or, according to other accounts, as he sat\n down at a feast prepared to celebrate his happy return. Cassandra,\n whom Agamemnon had brought from Troy, shared his fate; and Orestes\n would also have been deprived of his life, like his father, had\n not his sister Electra removed him from the reach of Clytemnestra.\n After this murder, Clytemnestra publicly married \u00c6gysthus, and he\n ascended the throne of Argos. Orestes, after an absence of seven\n years, returned to Mycen\u00e6, resolved to avenge his father\u2019s murder.\n He concealed himself in the house of his sister Electra, who had been\n married by the adulterers to a person of mean extraction and indigent\n circumstances. His death was publicly announced; and when \u00c6gysthus\n and Clytemnestra repaired to the temple of Apollo, to return thanks\n to the god for the death of the surviving son of Agamemnon, Orestes,\n who with his faithful friend Pylades had concealed himself in the\n temple, rushed upon the adulterers and killed them with his own hand.\n They were buried without the walls of the city, as their remains\n were deemed unworthy to be laid in the sepulchre of Agamemnon. _See:\n _ \u00c6gysthus, Agamemnon, Orestes, Electra. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, chs. 18 & 22.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia in Aulis_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fables 117 & 140.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 19.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 4, li. 471.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 9.\n\n=Clytia=, or =Clytie=, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, beloved by\n Apollo. She was deserted by her lover, who paid his addresses to\n Leucothoe; and this so irritated her, that she discovered the whole\n intrigue to her rival\u2019s father. Apollo despised her the more for\n this, and she pined away, and was changed into a flower, commonly\n called a sunflower, which still turns its head towards the sun\n in his course, as in pledge of her love. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 4, fable 3, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Amphidamus, mother of Pelops by\n Tantalus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A concubine of Amyntor son of Phrastor, whose calumny\n caused Amyntor to put out the eyes of his falsely accused son Ph\u0153nix.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Pandarus.\n\n=Clytius=, a son of Laomedon by Strymo. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n youth in the army of Turnus, beloved by Cydon. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk.\n 10, li. 325.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A giant, killed by Vulcan, in the war waged against\n the gods. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Pireus, who\n faithfully attended Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 251.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6olus, who followed \u00c6neas in Italy, where he was killed\n by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 744.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Alcm\u00e6on\n the son of Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.\n\n=Clytus=, a Greek in the Trojan war, killed by Hector. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 302.\n\n=Cnacadium=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.\n\n=Cnac\u0103lis=, a mountain of Arcadia, where festivals were celebrated in\n honour of Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.\n\n=Cnagia=, a surname of Diana.\n\n=Cnemus=, a Macedonian general, unsuccessful in an expedition against\n the Acarnanians. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 66, &c.\n\n=Cneus=, or =Cn\u00e6us=, a pr\u00e6nomen common to many Romans.\n\n=Cnidinium=, a name given to a monument near Ephesus.\n\n=Cnidus= and =Gnidus=, a town and promontory of Doris in Caria. Venus\n was the chief deity of the place, and had there a famous statue made\n by Praxiteles. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 30.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.\n\n=Cnopus=, one of the descendants of Codrus, who went to settle a\n colony, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Cnossia=, a mistress of Menelaus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\n\n=Cnossus=, or =Gnossus=, a town of Crete, about 25 stadia from the\n sea. It was built by Minos, and had a famous labyrinth. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 27.\n\n=Co=, =Coos=, and =Cos=, now _Zia_, one of the Cyclades, situate near\n the coasts of Asia, about 15 miles from the town of Halicarnassus.\n Its town is called Cos, and anciently bore the name of Astypal\u00e6a.\n It gave birth to Hippocrates, Apelles, and Simonides, and was famous\n for its fertility, for the wine and silkworms which it produced, and\n for the manufacture of silk and cotton of a beautiful and delicate\n texture. The women of the island always dressed in white; and their\n garments were so clear and thin, that their bodies could be seen\n through, according to _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 9. The\n women of Cos were changed into cows by Venus or Juno; whom they\n reproached for suffering Hercules to lead Geryon\u2019s flocks through\n their territories. _Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 29.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk.\n 1, satire 2, li. 101.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 23.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 2; bk. 2, poem 1, li. 5; bk. 4,\n poem 2, li. 23.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 298.\n\n=Coamani=, a people of Asia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\n\n=Coastr\u00e6=, and =Coactr\u00e6=, a people of Asia near the Palus M\u00e6otis.\n _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 246.\n\n=Cobares=, a celebrated magician of Media, in the age of Alexander.\n _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 4.\n\n=C\u014dc\u0103lus=, a king of Sicily, who hospitably received D\u00e6dalus, when he\n fled before Minos. When Minos arrived in Sicily, the daughters of\n Cocalus destroyed him. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 261.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Cocceius Nerva=, a friend of Horace and Mec\u00e6nas, and grandfather\n to the emperor Nerva. He was one of those who settled the disputes\n between Augustus and Antony. He afterwards accompanied Tiberius in\n his retreat in Campania, and starved himself to death. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 58; bk. 6, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5,\n li. 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An architect of Rome, one of whose buildings is still\n in being, the present cathedral of Naples.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nephew of Otho.\n _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man to whom Nero granted a triumph, after the\n discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15,\n ch. 72.\n\n=Coccygius=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.\n\n=Cocintum=, a promontory of the Brutii, now Cape _Stilo_.\n\n=Cocles Publius Horatius=, a celebrated Roman, who, alone, opposed the\n whole army of Porsenna at the head of a bridge, while his companions\n behind him were cutting off the communication with the other shore.\n When the bridge was destroyed, Cocles, though severely wounded in\n the leg by the darts of the enemy, leaped into the Tiber, and swam\n across with his arms. A brazen statue was raised to him in the\n temple of Vulcan, by the consul Publicola, for his eminent services.\n He had the use only of _one eye_, as _Cocles_ signifies. _Livy_,\n bk. 2, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 8, li. 650.\n\n=Cocti\u00e6= and =Cotti\u00e6=, certain parts of the Alps, called after Coctius,\n the conqueror of the Gauls, who was in alliance with Augustus.\n _Tacitus_, _Histories_.\n\n=Coc\u0233tus=, a river of Epirus. The word is derived from \u03ba\u03c9\u03ba\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _to\n weep and to lament_. Its etymology, the unwholesomeness of its water,\n and above all, its vicinity to the Acheron, have made the poets\n call it one of the rivers of hell, hence _Cocytia virgo_, applied\n to Alecto, one of the furies. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 38;\n bk. 4, li. 479; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, lis. 297, 323; bk. 7, li. 479.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Campania, flowing into\n the Lucrine lake.\n\n=Codanus sinus=, one of the ancient names of the Baltic. _Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 13.\n\n=Codom\u0103nus=, a surname of Darius III. king of Persia.\n\n=Codr\u012dd\u00e6=, the descendants of Codrus, who went from Athens at the head\n of several colonies. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.\n\n=Codrop\u014flis=, a town of Illyricum.\n\n=Codrus=, the seventeenth and last king of Athens, son of Melanthus.\n When the Heraclid\u00e6 made war against Athens, the oracle declared that\n the victory would be granted to that nation whose king was killed in\n battle. The Heraclid\u00e6 upon this gave strict orders to spare the life\n of Codrus; but the patriotic king disguised himself, and attacked\n one of the enemy, by whom he was killed. The Athenians obtained the\n victory, and Codrus was deservedly called the father of his country.\n He reigned 21 years, and was killed 1070 years before the christian\n era. To pay greater honour to his memory, the Athenians made a\n resolution that no man after Codrus should reign in Athens under the\n name of king, and therefore the government was put into the hands\n of perpetual archons. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2,\n chs. 6 & 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 7, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who, with his brothers, killed\n Hegesias tyrant of Ephesus, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 6, ch. 49.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Latin poet contemporary with Virgil. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in the reign of Domitian, whose poverty became a proverb.\n _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 203.\n\n=C\u0153cilus=, a centurion. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_.\n\n=C\u0153la=, a place in the bay of Eub\u0153a. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 47.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A part\n of Attica. _Strabo_, bk. 10.\n\n=C\u0153lalet\u00e6=, a people of Thrace.\n\n=C\u0153lesyria= and =C\u0153losyria=, a country of Syria, between mount Libanus\n and Antilibanus, where the Orontes takes its rise. Its capital was\n Damascus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Antiochus Cyzicenus gave his name to that part of Syria\n which he obtained as his share when he divided his father\u2019s dominions\n with Grypus, B.C. 112. _Dionysius Periegetes._\n\n=C\u0153lia=, the wife of Sylla. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_. The C\u0153lian family,\n which was plebeian, but honoured with the consulship, was descended\n from Vibenna C\u0153les, an Etrurian, who came to settle at Rome in the\n age of Romulus.\n\n=C\u0153lius=, a Roman, defended by Cicero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Two brothers of Tarracina\n accused of having murdered their father in his bed. They were\n acquitted when it was proved that they were both asleep at the\n time of the murder. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Cicero_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Carbo.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lieutenant of Antony\u2019s.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cursor, a Roman knight, in the age\n of Ticerius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who, after spending his all in dissipation and\n luxury, became a public robber with his friend Birrhus. _Horace_, bk.\n 1, satire 4, li. 69.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman historian, who flourished B.C. 121.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A hill of Rome. _See:_ C\u00e6lius.\n\n=C\u0153lus=, or =Ur\u0101nus=, an ancient deity, supposed to be the father\n of Saturn, Oceanus, Hyperion, &c. He was son of Terra, whom he\n afterwards married. The number of his children, according to some,\n amounted to 45. They were called Titans, and were so closely confined\n by their father, that they conspired against him, and were supported\n by their mother, who provided them with a scythe. Saturn armed\n himself with this scythe, and deprived his father of the organs\n of generation, as he was going to unite himself to Terra. From\n the blood which issued from the wound, sprang the giants, furies,\n and nymphs. The mutilated parts were thrown into the sea, and from\n them, and the foam which they occasioned, arose Venus the goddess of\n beauty. _Hesiod_, &c.\n\n=C\u0153nus=, an officer of Alexander, son-in-law to Parmenio. He died\n of a distemper, in his return from India. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=C\u0153r\u0103nus=, a stoic philosopher. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 52.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A person slain by Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13,\n li. 157.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek, charioteer to Merion. He was killed by Hector.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17, li. 610.\n\n=Coes=, a man of Mitylene, made sovereign master of his country by\n Darius. His countrymen stoned him to death. _Herodotus_, bk. 5,\n chs. 11 & 38.\n\n=Coeus=, a son of C\u0153lus and Terra. He was father of Latona, Asteria,\n &c., by Ph\u0153be. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, lis. 135 & 405.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 279.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Messenia, flowing by\n Electra. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.\n\n=Cogamus=, a river of Lydia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.\n\n=Cogid\u016bnus=, a king of Britain, faithful to Rome. _Tacitus_,\n _Agricola_, ch. 14.\n\n=Cohibus=, a river of Asia, near Pontus.\n\n=Cohors=, a division in the Roman armies, consisting of about 600 men.\n It was the tenth part of a legion, and consequently its number was\n under the same fluctuation as that of the legions, being sometimes\n more and sometimes less.\n\n=Col\u00e6nus=, a king of Attica, before the age of Cecrops, according to\n some accounts. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31.\n\n=Colaxias=, one of the remote ancestors of the Scythians. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 4, ch. 5, &c.\n\n=Colaxes=, a son of Jupiter and Ora. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 48.\n\n=Colchi=, the inhabitants of Colchis.\n\n=Colchis= and =Colchos=, a country of Asia, at the south of Asiatic\n Sarmatia, east of the Euxine sea, north of Armenia, and west of\n Iberia, now called _Mingrelia_. It is famous for the expedition\n of the Argonauts, and as the birthplace of Medea. It was fruitful\n in poisonous herbs, and produced excellent flax. The inhabitants\n were originally Egyptians, who settled there when Sesostris king\n of Egypt extended his conquests in the north. From the country\n arises the epithets of _Colchus_, _Colchicus_, _Colchiachus_,\n and Medea receives the name of _Colchis_. _Juvenal_, satire 6,\n li. 640.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 418.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 13,\n li. 8.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 24; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 28.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Colenda=, a town of Spain.\n\n=Colias=, now _Agio Nicolo_, a promontory of Attica, in the form of a\n man\u2019s foot, where Venus had a temple. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 96.\n\n=Collatia=, a town on the Anio, built by the people of Alba. It was\n there that Sextus Tarquin offered violence to Lucretia. _Livy_,\n bk. 1, ch. 37, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6,\n li. 774.\n\n=Lucius Tarquinius Collat\u012bnus=, a nephew of Tarquin the Proud, who\n married Lucretia, to whom Sextus Tarquin offered violence. He, with\n Brutus, drove the Tarquins from Rome, and were made first consuls.\n As he was one of the Tarquins, so much abominated by all the Roman\n people, he laid down his office of consul, and retired to Alba in\n voluntary banishment. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 57; bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Florus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the seven hills of Rome.\n\n=Coll\u012bna=, one of the gates of Rome, on mount Quirinalis. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 871.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A goddess at Rome, who presided over\n hills. One of the original tribes established by Romulus.\n\n=Collucia=, a lascivious woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 306.\n\n=Junius Colo=, a governor of Pontus, who brought Mithridates to the\n emperor Claudius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 21.\n\n=Col\u014dn\u00e6=, a place of Troas. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 4, ch. 3.\n\n=Col\u014dne=, a city of Phocis,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Erythr\u00e6a,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Thessaly,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of\n Messenia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rock of Asia, on the Thracian Bosphorus.\n\n=Col\u014dnia Agrippina=, a city of Germany on the Rhine, now _Cologne_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Equestris, a town on the lake of Geneva, now _Noyon_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Morinorum, a town of Gaul, now _Terrouen_, in Artois.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Norbensis, a town of Spain, now _Alcantara_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Trajana, or\n Ulpia, a town of Germany, now _Kellen_, near Cleves.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Valentia,\n a town of Spain, which now bears the same name.\n\n=Col\u014dnos=, an eminence near Athens, where \u0152dipus retired during his\n banishment, from which circumstance Sophocles has given the title\n of \u0152dipus _Coloneus_ to one of his tragedies.\n\n=Col\u014fphon=, a town of Ionia, at a small distance from the sea, first\n built by Mopsus the son of Manto, and colonized by the sons of\n Codrus. It was the native country of Mimnermus, Nicander, and\n Xenophanes, and one of the cities which disputed for the honour of\n having given birth to Homer. Apollo had a temple there. _Strabo_, bk.\n 14.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 54.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 8.\n\n=Colosse= and =Colossis=, a large town of Phrygia, near Laodicea, of\n which the government was democratical, and the first ruler called\n archon. One of the first christian churches was established there,\n and one of St. Paul\u2019s epistles was addressed to it. _Pliny_, bk. 21,\n ch. 9.\n\n=Colossus=, a celebrated brazen image at Rhodes, which passed for one\n of the seven wonders of the world. Its feet were upon the two moles\n which formed the entrance of the harbour, and ships passed full sail\n between its legs. It was 70 cubits, or 105 feet high, and everything\n in equal proportion, and few could clasp round its thumb. It was the\n work of Chares the disciple of Lysippus, and the artist was 12 years\n in making it. It was begun 300 years before Christ; and after it had\n remained unhurt during 56 or 88 years, it was partially demolished\n by an earthquake, 224 B.C. A winding staircase ran to the top, from\n which could easily be discerned the shores of Syria, and the ships\n that sailed on the coast of Egypt, by the help of glasses, which\n were hung on the neck of the statue. It remained in ruins for the\n space of 894 years; and the Rhodians, who had received several large\n contributions to repair it, divided the money amongst themselves,\n and frustrated the expectations of the donors, by saying that the\n oracle of Delphi forbade them to raise it up again from its ruins.\n In the year 672 of the christian era, it was sold by the Saracens,\n who were masters of the island, to a Jewish merchant of Edessa, who\n loaded 900 camels with the brass, whose value has been estimated at\n 36,000_l._ English money.\n\n=Colotes=, a Teian painter, disciple of Phidias. _Pliny_, bk. 35,\n ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A disciple of Epictetus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A follower of Epicurus,\n accused of ignorance by _Plutarch_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sculptor who made a statue\n of \u00c6sculapius. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Colpe=, a city of Ionia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.\n\n=Colubraria=, now _Monte Colubre_, a small island at the east of Spain,\n supposed to be the same as Ophiusa. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Columbra=, a dove, the symbol of Venus among the poets. This bird\n was sacred to Venus, and received divine honours in Syria. Doves\n disappeared once every year at Eryx, where Venus had a temple, and\n they were said to accompany the goddess to Libya, whither she went\n to pass nine days, after which they returned. Doves were supposed to\n give oracles in the oaks of the forest of Dodona. _Tibullus_, bk. 1,\n poem 7, li. 17.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 15.\n\n=Columella Lucius Junius Moderatus=, a native of Gades, who wrote,\n among other works, 12 books on agriculture, of which the tenth, on\n gardening, is in verse. The style is elegant, and the work displays\n the genius of a naturalist, and the labours of an accurate observer.\n The best edition of Columella is that of Gesner, 2 vols., 4to,\n Lipscomb, 1735, and reprinted there 1772.\n\n=Column\u00e6 Herc\u016dlis=, a name given to two mountains on the extremest\n parts of Spain and Africa, at the entrance into the Mediterranean.\n They were called _Calpe_ and _Abyla_, the former on the coast of\n Spain, and the latter on the side of Africa, at the distance of\n only 18 miles. They are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of\n Hercules, and they were supposed to have been joined, till the hero\n separated them, and opened a communication between the Mediterranean\n and Atlantic seas.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Protei, the boundaries of Egypt, or the extent\n of the kingdom of Proteus. Alexandria was supposed to be built near\n them, though Homer places them in the island Pharos. _Odyssey_,\n bk. 4, li. 351.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 262.\n\n=Col\u016bthus=, a native of Lycopolis in Egypt, who wrote a short poem on\n the rape of Helen, an imitation of Homer. The composition remained\n long unknown, till it was discovered at Lycopolis in the 15th\n century, by the learned cardinal Bessarion. Coluthus was, as some\n suppose, a contemporary of Tryphiodorus.\n\n=Colyttus=, a tribe of Athens.\n\n=Comag\u0113na=, a part of Syria, above Cilicia, extending on the east\n as far as the Euphrates. Its chief town was called Samosata, the\n birthplace of Lucian. _Strabo_, bks. 11 & 17.\n\n=Com\u0101na= (a and orum), a town of Pontus. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_,\n ch. 34.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Cappadocia, famous for a temple of Bellona,\n where there were above 6000 ministers of both sexes. The chief\n priest among them was very powerful, and knew no superior but\n the king of the country. This high office was generally conferred\n upon one of the royal family. _Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 66.\n \u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 7, li. 636.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 12.\n\n=Comania=, a country of Asia.\n\n=Comarea=, the ancient name of Cape _Comorin_ in India.\n\n=Com\u0103ri=, a people of Asia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\n\n=Com\u0103rus=, a port in the bay of Ambracia, near Nicopolis.\n\n=Comastus=, a place of Persia.\n\n=Combabus=, a favourite of Stratonice wife of Antiochus.\n\n=Combe=, a daughter of Ophius, who first invented a brazen suit of\n armour. She was changed into a bird, and escaped from her children,\n who had conspired to murder her. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7,\n li. 382.\n\n=Combi=, or =Ombi=, a city of Egypt on the Nile. _Juvenal_, satire 15,\n li. 35.\n\n=Combr\u0113a=, a town near Pallene. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.\n\n=Combutis=, a general under Brennus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 22.\n\n=Com\u0113tes=, the father of Asterion, and one of the Argonauts. _Flaccus_,\n bk. 1, li. 356.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Centaurs, killed at the nuptials of\n Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 284.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Thestius, killed at the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 45.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Magi, intimate with Cambyses king of\n Persia. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An adulterer of \u00c6giale.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Orestes.\n\n=Cometho=, a daughter of Pterilaus, who deprived her father of a golden\n hair in his head, upon which depended his fate. She was put to death\n by Amphitryon for her perfidy. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Quintus Cominius=, a Roman knight, who wrote some illiberal verses\n against Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 31.\n\n=Comitia= (orum), an assembly of the Roman people. The word is derived\n from _Comitium_, the place where they were convened, _quasi a cum\n eundo_. The Comitium was a large hall, which was left uncovered at\n the top, in the first ages of the republic; so that the assembly\n was often dissolved in rainy weather. The Comitia were called, some\n _consularia_, for the election of the consuls; others _pr\u00e6toria_,\n for the election of pretors, &c. These assemblies were more generally\n known by the name of _Comitia_, _Curiata_, _Centuriata_, and\n _Tributa_. The _Curiata_ was when the people gave their votes\n by curi\u00e6. _Centuriata_ were not convened in later times. _See:_\n Centuria. Another assembly was called _Comitia Tributa_, where\n the votes were received from the whole tribes together. At first\n the Roman people were divided only into three tribes; but as their\n numbers increased, the tribes were at last swelled to 35. The object\n of these assemblies was the electing of magistrates, and all the\n public officers of state. They could be dissolved by one of the\n tribunes, if he differed in opinion from the rest of his colleagues.\n If one among the people was taken with the falling sickness, the\n whole assembly was immediately dissolved, whence that disease is\n called _morbus comitialis_. After the custom of giving their votes\n _viv\u00e2 voce_ had been abolished, every one of the assembly, in the\n enacting of a law, was presented with two ballots, on one of which\n were the letters U. R., that is, _uti rogas_, be it as is required;\n on the other was an A., that is, _antiquo_, which bears the same\n meaning as _antiquam volo_, I forbid it; the old law is preferable.\n If the number of ballots with U. R. was superior to the A.\u2019s,\n the law was approved constitutionally; if not, it was rejected.\n Only the chief magistrates, and sometimes the pontifices, had the\n privilege of convening these assemblies. There were only these\n eight of the magistrates who had the power of proposing a law, the\n consuls, the dictator, the pretor, the interrex, the decemvirs, the\n military tribunes, the kings, and the triumvirs. These were called\n _majores magistratus_; to whom one of the _minores magistratus_ was\n added, the tribune of the people.\n\n=Comius=, a man appointed king over the Attrebates, by Julius C\u00e6sar,\n for his services. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 21.\n\n=Commag\u0113ne.= _See:_ Comagena.\n\n=Commodus Lucius Aurelius Antoninus=, son of Marcus Antoninus,\n succeeded his father in the Roman empire. He was naturally cruel,\n and fond of indulging his licentious propensities; and regardless\n of the instructions of philosophers, and of the decencies of nature,\n he corrupted his own sisters, and kept 300 women, and as many boys,\n for his illicit pleasures. Desirous to be called Hercules, like\n that hero he adorned his shoulders with a lion\u2019s skin, and armed his\n hands with a knotted club. He showed himself naked in public, and\n fought with the gladiators, and boasted of his dexterity in killing\n the wild beasts in the amphitheatre. He required divine honours\n from the senate, and they were granted. He was wont to put such an\n immense quantity of gold dust in his hair, that when he appeared\n bare-headed in the sunshine, his head glittered as if surrounded\n with sunbeams. Martia, one of his concubines, whose death he had\n prepared, poisoned him; but as the poison did not quickly operate,\n he was strangled by a wrestler. He died in the 31st year of his age,\n and the 13th of his reign, A.D. 192. It has been observed, that he\n never trusted himself to a barber, but always burnt his beard, in\n imitation of the tyrant Dionysius. _Herodian._\n\n=Commoris=, a village of Cilicia. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,\n bk. 15, ltr. 4.\n\n=Comon=, a general of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 26.\n\n=Comp\u012dt\u0101lia=, festivals celebrated by the Romans the 12th of January\n and the 6th of March, in the cross ways, in honour of the household\n gods called Lares. Tarquin the Proud, or, according to some, Servius\n Tullius, instituted them on account of an oracle which ordered him\n to offer heads to the Lares. He sacrificed to them human victims;\n but Junius Brutus, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, thought it\n sufficient to offer them only poppy heads, and men of straw. The\n slaves were generally the ministers, and during the celebration they\n enjoyed their freedom. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 140.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,\n bk. 4.\n\n=Compsa=, now _Consa_, a town of the Hirpini in Italy, at the east of\n Vesuvius.\n\n=Compustus=, a river of Thrace, falling into the lake Bistonis.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 109.\n\n=Compusa=, a town of Bithynia.\n\n=Comum=, now _Como_, a town at the north of Insubria, at the bottom\n of the lake Como, in the modern duchy of Milan. It was afterwards\n called _Novo Comum_ by Julius C\u00e6sar, who transplanted a colony there,\n though it resumed its ancient name. It was the birthplace of the\n younger Pliny. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 34, chs. 36\n & 37.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Julius_, ch. 28.\u2015\u2015_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 1,\n ltr. 3.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 35.\n\n=Comus=, the god of revelry, feasting, and nocturnal entertainments.\n During his festivals, men and women exchanged each other\u2019s dress.\n He was represented as a young and drunken man, with a garland of\n flowers on his head, and a torch in his hand, which seemed falling.\n He is more generally seen sleeping upon his legs, and turning\n himself when the heat of the falling torch scorched his side.\n _Philostratus_, bk. 2, _Imagines_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Qu\u00e6stiones roman\u00e6_.\n\n=Conc\u0103ni=, a people of Spain, who lived chiefly on milk mixed\n with horses\u2019 blood. Their chief town, _Concana_, is now called\n _Sanlinala_, or _Cangas de Onis_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li.\n 463.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 361.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4,\n li. 34.\n\n=Concerda=, a town belonging to Venice in Italy.\n\n=Concordia=, the goddess of peace and concord at Rome, to whom Camillus\n first raised a temple in the Capitol, where the magistrates often\n assembled for the transaction of public business. She had, besides\n this, other temples and statues, and was addressed to promote the\n peace and union of families and citizens. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On his House_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 1, li. 639; bk. 6, li. 637.\n\n=Condate=, a town of Gaul, now _Rennes_ (_Rhedonum urbs_), in Britany.\n\n=Condlaus=, an avaricious officer, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_.\n\n=Condivicnum=, a town of Gaul, now _Nantes_, in Britany.\n\n=Condoch\u0101tes=, a river of India, flowing into the Ganges.\n\n=Condr\u016bsi=, a people of Belgium, now _Condrotz_, in Liege. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 6.\n\n=Condy\u0306lia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.\n\n=Cone=, a small island at the mouth of the Ister, supposed to be the\n same as the _insula Conop\u00f4n_ of _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 3, li. 200.\n\n=Conet\u014dd\u016bnus= and =Cotuatus=, two desperate Gauls, who raised their\n countrymen against Rome, &c.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\n\n=Confluentes=, a town at the confluence of the Moselle and Rhine, now\n _Coblentz_.\n\n=Confucius=, a Chinese philosopher, as much honoured among his\n countrymen as a monarch. He died about 479 years B.C.\n\n=Cong\u0113dus=, a river of Spain. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 50, li. 9.\n\n=Coni\u0103ci=, a people of Spain, at the head of the Iberus. _Strabo_,\n bk. 3.\n\n=Conimbr\u012dca=, a town of Spain, now _Coimbra_ of Portugal.\n\n=Conisaltus=, a god worshipped at Athens, with the same ceremonies as\n Priapus at Lampsacus. _Strabo_, bk. 3.\n\n=Conisc\u012b=, a people of Spain.\n\n=Conn\u012bdas=, the preceptor of Theseus, in whose honour the Athenians\n instituted a festival called _Connideia_. It was then usual to\n sacrifice to him a ram. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\n\n=Conon=, a famous general of Athens, son of Timotheus. He was made\n governor of all the islands of the Athenians, and was defeated in\n a naval battle by Lysander, near the \u00c6gospotamos. He retired in\n voluntary banishment to Evagoras king of Cyprus, and afterwards to\n Artaxerxes king of Persia, by whose assistance he freed his country\n from slavery. He defeated the Spartans near Cnidos, in an engagement,\n where Pisander, the enemy\u2019s admiral, was killed. By his means the\n Athenians fortified their city with a strong wall, and attempted\n to recover Ionia and \u00c6olia. He was perfidiously betrayed by a\n Persian, and died in prison, B.C. 393. _Cornelius Nepos_, _De Viris\n Illustribus_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lysander_ & _Artaxerxes_.\u2015\u2015_Isocrates.\n _\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek astronomer of Samos, who, to gain the favour of Ptolemy\n Evergetes, publicly declared that the queen\u2019s locks, which had\n been dedicated in the temple of Venus, and had since disappeared,\n were become a constellation. He was intimate with Archimedes, and\n flourished 247 B.C. _Catullus_, poem 67.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_,\n poem 3, li. 40.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Grecian mythologist in the age of Julius C\u00e6sar,\n who wrote a book which contained 40 fables, still extant, preserved\n by Photius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was a treatise written on Italy by a man of the\n same name.\n\n=Consentes=, the name which the Romans gave to the 12 superior\n gods, the _Dii majorum gentium_. The word signifies as much as\n _consentientes_, that is, who consented to the deliberations of\n Jupiter\u2019s council. They were 12 in number, whose names Ennius has\n briefly expressed in these lines:\n\n _Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars,\n Mercurius, Jovi, Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo._\n _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_\n\n=Consentia=, now _Cosenza_, a town in the country of the Brutii.\n _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 28, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Finibus\n Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\n\n=Considius \u00c6quus=, a Roman knight, &c. _Tacitus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, one of\n Pompey\u2019s adherents, &c. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2, ch. 23.\n\n=Consilinum=, a town of Italy. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Constans=, a son of Constantine. _See:_ Constantius.\n\n=Constantia=, a granddaughter of the great Constantine, who married\n the emperor Gratian.\n\n=Constant\u012bna=, a princess, wife of the emperor Gallus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of\n the imperial family.\n\n=Constantinop\u014flis=, now _Stamboul_, formerly Byzantium, the capital of\n Thrace, a noble and magnificent city, built by Constantine the Great,\n and solemnly dedicated A.D. 330. It was the capital of the eastern\n Roman empire, and was called after its foundation, _Roma nova_, on\n account of its greatness, which seemed to rival Rome. The beauty of\n its situation, with all its conveniences, have been the admiration\n of every age. Constantinople became long the asylum of science and\n of learned men, but upon its conquest by Mahomet II., 28th May,\n 1453, the professors retired from the barbarity of their victors,\n and found in Italy the protection which their learning deserved.\n This migration was highly favourable to the cause of science, and\n whilst the Pope, the head of the house of Medicis, and the emperor,\n munificently supported the fugitives, other princes imitated their\n example, and equally contributed to the revival of literature in\n Europe.\n\n=Constant\u012bnus=, surnamed _the Great_, from the greatness of his\n exploits, was son of Constantius. As soon as he became independent\n he assumed the title of Augustus, and made war against Licinius,\n his brother-in-law and colleague on the throne, because he was cruel\n and ambitious. He conquered him, and obliged him to lay aside the\n imperial power. It is said that as he was going to fight against\n Maxentius, one of his rivals, he saw a cross in the sky, with this\n inscription, \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1, _in hoc vince_. From this circumstance\n he became a convert to christianity and obtained an easy victory,\n ever after adopting a cross or _abarum_ as his standard. After the\n death of Diocletian, Maximian, Maxentius, Maximinus, and Licinius,\n who had reigned together, though in a subordinate manner, Constantine\n became sole emperor, and began to reform the state. He founded a\n city in the most eligible situation, where old Byzantium formerly\n stood, and called it by his own name, _Constantinopolis_. Thither\n he transported part of the Roman senate; and by keeping his court\n there, he made it the rival of Rome, in population and magnificence,\n and from that time the two imperial cities began to look upon each\n other with an eye of envy; and soon after the age of Constantine,\n a separation was made of the two empires, and Rome was called the\n capital of the western, and Constantinopolis was called the capital\n of the eastern, dominions of Rome. The emperor has been distinguished\n for personal courage, and praised for the protection which he\n extended to the christians. He at first persecuted the Arians, but\n afterwards inclined to their opinions. His murder of his son Crispus\n has been deservedly censured. By removing the Roman legions from the\n garrisons on the rivers, he opened an easy passage to the barbarians,\n and rendered his soldiers unwarlike. He defeated 100,000 Goths,\n and received into his territories 300,000 Samartians, who had\n been banished by their slaves, and allowed them land to cultivate.\n Constantine was learned, and preached as well as composed many\n sermons, one of which remains. He died A.D. 337, after a reign of\n 31 years of the greatest glory and success. He left three sons,\n Constantinus, Constans, and Constantius, among whom he divided his\n empire. The first, who had Gaul, Spain, and Britain for his portion,\n was conquered by the armies of his brother Constans, and killed in\n the 25th year of his age, A.D. 340. Magnentius, the governor of the\n provinces of Rh\u00e6tia, murdered Constans in his bed, after a reign\n of 13 years over Italy, Africa, and Illyricum; and Constantius,\n the only surviving brother, now become the sole emperor, A.D.\n 353, punished his brother\u2019s murderer, and gave way to cruelty and\n oppression. He visited Rome, where he displayed a triumph, and died\n in his march against Julian, who had been proclaimed independent\n emperor by his soldiers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of Constantine was very common\n to the emperors of the east, in a later period.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A private soldier\n in Britain, raised on account of his name to the imperial dignity.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Belisarius.\n\n=Constantius Chlorus=, son of Eutropius and father of the great\n Constantine, merited the title of C\u00e6sar, which he obtained by\n his victories in Britain and Germany. He became the colleague\n of Galerius, on the abdication of Docletian; and after bearing\n the character of a humane and benevolent prince, he died at York,\n and made his son his successor, A.D. 306.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second son of\n Constantine the Great. _See:_ Constantinus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Julian\n and Gallus, was son of Constantius by Theodora, and died A.D. 337.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman general of Nyssa, who married Placidia the sister of\n Honorius, and was proclaimed emperor, an honour he enjoyed only seven\n months. He died universally regretted, 421 A.D., and was succeeded\n by his son Valentinian in the west.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the servants of Attila.\n\n=Consu\u0101les Ludi=, or =Consu\u0101lia=, festivals at Rome in honour of\n Consus, the god of counsel, whose altar Romulus discovered under\n the ground. This altar was always covered, except at the festival,\n when a mule was sacrificed, and games and horse-races exhibited\n in honour of Neptune. It was during these festivals that Romulus\n carried away the Sabine women who had assembled to be spectators of\n the games. They were first instituted by Romulus. Some say, however,\n that Romulus only regulated and reinstituted them after they had\n been before established by Evander. During the celebration, which\n happened about the middle of August, horses, mules, and asses were\n exempted from all labour, and were led through the streets adorned\n with garlands and flowers. _Ausonius_, bk. 69, li. 9.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 199.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus._\n\n=Consul=, a magistrate at Rome, with regal authority for the space of\n one year. There were two consuls, a _consulendo_, annually chosen in\n the Campus Martius. The two first consuls were Lucius Junius Brutus\n and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, chosen A.U.C. 244, after the\n expulsion of the Tarquins. In the first ages of the republic, the\n two consuls were always chosen from patrician families, or noblemen;\n but the people obtained the privilege, A.U.C. 388, of electing one\n of their consuls from their own body; and sometimes both were\n plebeians. The first consul among the plebeians was Lucius Sextius.\n It was required that every candidate for the consulship should be\n 43 years of age, called _legitimum tempus_. He was always to appear\n at the election as a private man, without a retinue; and it was\n requisite, before he canvassed for the office, to have discharged\n the inferior functions of questor, edile, and pretor. Sometimes\n these qualifications were disregarded. Valerius Corvinus was made\n a consul in his 23rd year, and Scipio in his 24th. Young Marius,\n Pompey, and Augustus, were also under the proper age when they\n were invested with the office, and Pompey had never been questor\n or pretor. The power of the consuls was unbounded, and they knew\n no superior but the gods and the laws; but after the expiration of\n their office, their conduct was minutely scrutinized by the people,\n and \u2666misbehaviour was often punished by the laws. The badge of their\n office was the _pr\u00e6texta_, a robe fringed with purple, afterwards\n exchanged for the _toga picta_ or _palmata_. They were preceded\n by 12 lictors, carrying the _fasces_, or bundle of sticks, in the\n middle of which appeared an axe. The axe, as being the characteristic\n rather of tyranny than of freedom, was taken away from the _fasces_\n by Valerius Poplicola, but it was restored by his successor. The\n consuls took it by turns, monthly to be preceded by the lictors\n while at Rome, lest the appearance of two persons with their badges\n of royal authority should raise apprehensions in the multitude.\n While one appeared publicly in state, only a crier walked before\n the other, and the lictors followed behind without the fasces. Their\n authority was equal; yet the Valerian law gave the right of priority\n to the older, and the Julian law to him who had the most children,\n and he was generally called _consul major_ or _prior_. As their\n power was absolute, they presided over the senate, and could convene\n and dismiss it at pleasure. The senators were their counsellors;\n and among the Romans, the manner of reckoning their years was by the\n name of the consuls, and by _Marcus Tullius Cicerone_ & _L. Antonio\n Consulibus_, for instance, the year of Rome 691 was always understood.\n This custom lasted from the year of Rome 244 till the year 1294,\n or 541st year of the christian era, when the consular office was\n totally suppressed by Justinian. In public assemblies the consuls\n sat in ivory chairs and held in their hands an ivory wand, called\n _scipio eburneus_, which had an eagle on its top, as a sign of\n dignity and power. When they had drawn by lot the provinces over\n which they were to preside during their consulship, they went to\n the Capitol to offer their prayers to the gods, and entreat them\n to protect the republic; after this they departed from the city,\n arrayed in their military dress, and preceded by the lictors.\n Sometimes the provinces were assigned them, without drawing by lot,\n by the will and appointment of the senators. At their departure they\n were provided by the state with whatever was requisite during their\n expedition. In their provinces they were both attended by the 12\n lictors, and equally invested with regal authority. They were not\n permitted to return to Rome without the special command of the\n senate, and they always remained in their province till the arrival\n of their successor. At their return they harangued the people,\n and solemnly protested that they had done nothing against the laws\n or interest of their country, but had faithfully and diligently\n endeavoured to promote the greatness and welfare of the state. No\n man could be consul two following years; yet this institution was\n sometimes broken, and we find Marius re-elected consul, after the\n expiration of his office, during the Cimprian war. The office of\n consul, so dignified during the times of the commonwealth, became a\n mere title under the emperors, and retained nothing of its authority\n but the useless ensigns of original dignity. Even the office of\n consul, which was originally annual, was reduced to two or three\n months by Julius C\u00e6sar; but they who were admitted on the 1st of\n January denominated the year, and were called _ordinarii_. Their\n successors, during the year, were distinguished by the name of\n _suffecti_. Tiberius and Claudius abridged the time of the consulship,\n and the emperor Commodus made no less than 25 consuls in one year.\n Constantine the Great renewed the original institution, and permitted\n them to be a whole year in office.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Here is annexed a list of the\n consuls from the establishment of the consular power to the battle\n of Actium, in which it may be said that the authority of the consuls\n was totally extinguished.\n\n \u2666 \u2018misbehavour\u2019 replaced with \u2018misbehaviour\u2019\n\n The first two consuls, chosen about the middle of June, A.U.C.\n 244, were Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus.\n Collatinus retired from Rome as being of the family of the Tarquins,\n and Publius Valerius was chosen in his room. When Brutus was killed\n in battle, Spurius Lucretius was elected to succeed him; and after\n the death of Lucretius, Marcus Horatius was chosen for the rest of\n the year with Valerius Publicola. The first consulship lasted about\n 16 months, during which the Romans fought against the Tarquins, and\n the Capitol was dedicated.\n\n A.U.C. 246. Publius Valerius Publicola 2; Titus Lucretius. Porsenna\n supported the claims of Tarquin. The noble actions of Cocles,\n Sc\u00e6vola, and Cl\u0153lia.\n\n A.U.C. 247. Publius Lucretius, or Marcus Horatius; Publius Valerius\n Publicola 3. The vain efforts of Porsenna continued.\n\n A.U.C. 248. Spurius Lartius; Titus Herminus. Victories obtained over\n the Sabines.\n\n A.U.C. 249. Marcus Valerius; Publius Postumius. Wars with the\n Sabines continued.\n\n A.U.C. 250. Publius Valerius 4; Titus Lucretius 2.\n\n A.U.C. 251. Agrippa Menenius; Publius Postumius 2. The death of\n Publicola.\n\n A.U.C. 252. Opiter Virginius; Spurius Cassius. Sabine war.\n\n A.U.C. 253. Postumius Cominius; Titus Lartius. A conspiracy of\n slaves at Rome.\n\n A.U.C. 254. Servvius Sulpicius; Marcus Tullus.\n\n A.U.C. 255. Publius Veturius Geminus; Titus \u00c6butius Elva.\n\n A.U.C. 256. Titus Lartius 2; Quintus Cl\u0153lius. War with the Latins.\n\n A.U.C. 257. Aulus Sempronius Atratinus; Marcus Minucius.\n\n A.U.C. 258. Aulus Postumius; Titus Virginius. The battle of Regill\u00e6.\n\n A.U.C. 259. Appius Claudius; Publius Servilius. War with the Volsci.\n\n A.U.C. 260. Aulus Virginius; Titus Veturius. The dissatisfied people\n retired to Mons Sacer.\n\n A.U.C. 261. Postumius Cominius 2; Spurius Cassius 2. A reconciliation\n between the senate and people, and the election of the tribunes.\n\n A.U.C. 262. Titus Geganius; Publius Minucius. A famine at Rome.\n\n A.U.C. 263. Marcus Minucius 2; Aulus Sempronius 2. The haughty\n behaviour of Coriolanus to the populace.\n\n A.U.C. 264. Quintus Sulpicius Camerinus; Spurius Lartius Flavus 2.\n Coriolanus retires to the Volsci.\n\n A.U.C. 265. Caius Julius; Paius Pinarius. The Volsci make\n declarations of war.\n\n A.U.C. 266. Spurius Nautius; Sextus Furius. Coriolanus forms the\n siege of Rome. He retires at the entreaties of his mother and wife,\n and dies.\n\n A.U.C. 267. Titus Sicinius; Caius Aquilius. The Volsci defeated.\n\n A.U.C. 268. Spurius Cassius 3; Proculus Virginius. Cassius aspires\n to tyranny.\n\n A.U.C. 269. Servius Cornelius; Quintus Fabius. Cassius is condemned,\n and thrown down the Tarpeian rock.\n\n A.U.C. 270. Lucius \u00c6milius; C\u00e6sio Fabius. The \u00c6qui and Volsci\n defeated.\n\n A.U.C. 271. Marcus Fabius; Lucius Valerius.\n\n A.U.C. 272. Qucius Fabius 2; Caius Julius. War with the \u00c6qui.\n\n A.U.C. 273. C\u00e6sio Fabius 2; Spurius Furius. War continued with the\n \u00c6qui and Veientes.\n\n A.U.C. 274. Marcus Fabius 2; Cn\u00e6us Manlius. Victory over the Hernici.\n\n A.U.C. 275. C\u00e6sio Fabius 3; Titus Virginius. The march of the Fabii\n to the river Cremera.\n\n A.U.C. 276. Lucius \u00c6milius 2; C. Servilius. The wars continued\n against the neighbouring states.\n\n A.U.C. 277. Caius Horatius; Titus Menenius. The defeat and death of\n the 300 Fabii.\n\n A.U.C. 278. Spurius Servilius; Aulus Virginius. Menenius brought to\n his trial for the defeat of the armies under him.\n\n A.U.C. 279. Caius Nautius; Publius Valerius.\n\n A.U.C. 280. Lucius Furius; Cublius Manlius. A truce of 40 years\n granted to the Veientes.\n\n A.U.C. 281. Lucius \u00c6milius 3; Virginius or Vopiscus Julius. The\n tribune Genutius murdered in his bed for his seditions.\n\n A.U.C. 282. Lucius Pinarius; Publius Furius.\n\n A.U.C. 283. Appius Claudius; Titus Quintius. The Roman army suffer\n themselves to be defeated by the Volsci on account of their hatred\n to Appius, while his colleague is boldly and cheerfully obeyed\n against the \u00c6qui.\n\n A.U.C. 284. Lucius Valerius 2; Tiberius \u00c6milius. Appius is cited to\n take his trial before the people, and dies before the day of trial.\n\n A.U.C. 285. Titus Numicius Priscus; Aulus Virginius.\n\n A.U.C. 286. Tulus Quintius 2; Quintus Servilius.\n\n A.U.C. 287. Tiberius \u00c6milius 2; Quintus Fabius.\n\n A.U.C. 288. Quintus Servilius 2; Spurius Postumius.\n\n A.U.C. 289. Quintus Fabius 2; Titus Quintius 3. In the census made\n this year, which was the ninth, there were found 124,214 citizens\n in Rome.\n\n A.U.C. 290. Aulus Postumius; Spurius Furius.\n\n A.U.C. 291. Lucius \u00c6butius; Publius Servilius. A plague at Rome.\n\n A.U.C. 292. Lucius Lucretius Tricipitinus; Titus Veturius Geminus.\n\n A.U.C. 293. Publius Volumnius; Servius Sulpicius. Dreadful prodigies\n at Rome, and seditions.\n\n A.U.C. 294. Caius Claudius; Publius Valerius 2. A Sabine seizes\n the Capitol, and is defeated and killed. Valerius is killed in\n an engagement, and Cincinnatus is taken from the plough, and made\n dictator; he quelled the dissensions at Rome, and returned to his\n farm.\n\n A.U.C. 295. Quintus Fabius 3; Lucius Cornelius. The census made the\n Romans amount to 132,049.\n\n A.U.C. 296. Lucius Minucius; Caius Nautius 2. Minucius is besieged\n in his camp by the \u00c6qui; and Cincinnatus, being elected dictator,\n delivers him, obtains a victory, and lays down his power 16 days\n after his election.\n\n A.U.C. 297. Quintus Minucius; Caius Horatius. War with the \u00c6qui and\n Sabines. Ten tribunes elected instead of five.\n\n A.U.C. 298. Marcus Valerius; Spurius Virginius.\n\n A.U.C. 299. Titus Romilius; Caius Veturius.\n\n A.U.C. 300. Spurius Tarpeius; Aulus Aterius.\n\n A.U.C. 301. Publius Curiatius; Sextus Quintilius.\n\n A.U.C. 302. Titus Menenius; Publius Cestius Capitolinus. The\n Decemvirs reduce the laws into 12 tables.\n\n A.U.C. 303. Appius Claudius; Titus Genutius; Publius Cestius, &c.\n The Decemvirs assume the reins of government, and preside with\n consular power.\n\n A.U.C. 304 & 305. Appius Claudius; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus\n Cornelius, &c. The Decemvirs continued. They act with violence.\n Appius endeavours to take possession of Virginia, who is killed by\n her father. The Decemvirs abolished, and Valerius Potitus, Marcus\n Horatius Barbatus, are created consuls for the rest of the year.\n Appius is summoned to take his trial. He dies in prison, and the\n rest of the Decemvirs are banished.\n\n A.U.C. 306. Lars Herminius; Titus Virginius.\n\n A.U.C. 307. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Caius Julius. Domestic troubles.\n\n A.U.C. 308. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 4; Agrippa Furius. The \u00c6qui\n and Volsci come near the gates of Rome, and are defeated.\n\n A.U.C. 309. Marcus Genucius; Caius Curtius. A law passed to permit\n the patrician and plebeian families to intermarry.\n\n A.U.C. 310. Military tribunes are chosen instead of consuls. The\n plebeians admitted among them. The first were Aulus Sempronius;\n Lucius Atilius; Titus Cl\u0153lius. They abdicated three months after\n their election, and consuls were again chosen. Lucius Papirius\n Mugillanus; Lucius Sempronius Atratinus.\n\n A.U.C. 311. Marcus Geganius Macerinus 2; Titus Quintius Capitolinus\n 5. The censorship instituted.\n\n A.U.C. 312. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Postumius \u00c6butius Cornicen.\n\n A.U.C. 313. Caius Furius Pacilus; Maius Papirius Crassus.\n\n A.U.C. 314. Proculus Geganius Macerinus; Lucius Menenius Lanatus. A\n famine at Rome. M\u00e6lius attempts to make himself king.\n\n A.U.C. 315. Titus Quintius Capitolinus 6; Agrippa Menenius Lanatus.\n\n A.U.C. 316. Mamercus \u00c6milius; Lucius Quintius; Lucius Julius.\n Military tribunes.\n\n A.U.C. 317. Marcus Geganius Macerinus; Sergius Fidenas. Tolumnius\n king of the Veientes killed by Cossus, who takes the second royal\n spoils called _Opima_.\n\n A.U.C. 318. Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis; Lucius Papirius Crassus.\n\n A.U.C. 319. Caius Julius; Lucius Virginius.\n\n A.U.C. 320. Caius Julius 2; Lucius Virginius 2. The duration of the\n censorship limited to 18 months.\n\n A.U.C. 321. Marcus Fabius Vibulanus; Marcus Fossius; Lucius Sergius\n Fidenas. Military tribunes.\n\n A.U.C. 322. Lucius Pinarius Mamercus; Lucius Furius Medullinus;\n Spurius Postumius Albus. Military tribunes.\n\n A.U.C. 323. Titus Quintius Cincinnatus; Caius Julius Manto; consuls.\n A victory over the Veientes and Fidenates by the dictator\n Posthumius.\n\n A.U.C. 324. Caius Papirius Crassus; Lucius Julius.\n\n A.U.C. 325. Lucius Sergius Fidenas 2; Hostus Lucretius Tricipitinus.\n\n A.U.C. 326. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Titus Quintus Pennus 2.\n\n A.U.C. 327. Servilius Ahala; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus 2.\n\n A.U.C. 328. Titus Quintius Pennus; Caius Furius; Marcus Posthumius;\n Aulus Cornelius Cossus. Military tribunes, all of patrician\n families. Victory over the Veientes.\n\n A.U.C. 329. Aarcus Sempronius Atratinus; Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus;\n Lucius Furius Medullinus; Lucius Horatius Barbatus.\n\n A.U.C. 330. Appius Claudius Crassus, &c. Military tribunes.\n\n A.U.C. 331. Caius Sempronius Atratinus; Quintus Fabius Vibulanus.\n Consuls who gave much dissatisfaction to the people.\n\n A.U.C. 332. Lucius Manlius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes.\n\n A.U.C. 333. Numerius Fabius Vibulanus; Titus Quinctius Capitolinus.\n\n A.U.C. 334. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus 3; Lucius Furius Medullinus\n 2; Mucius Manlius; Aulus Sempronius Atratinus. Military tribunes.\n\n A.U.C. 335. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus, &c. Military tribunes.\n\n A.U.C. 336. Lucius Sergius Fidenas; Marcus Papirius Mugillanus;\n Caius Servilius.\n\n A.U.C. 337. Agrippa Menenius Lanatus 2, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 338. Agrippa Sempronius Atratinus 3, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 339. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 340. Cn\u00e6us Cornelius Cossus, &c. One of the military tribunes\n stoned to death by the army.\n\n A.U.C. 341. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus,\n consuls. Domestic seditions.\n\n A.U.C. 342. Quintus Fabius Ambustus; Caius Furius Pacilus.\n\n A.U.C. 343. Marcus Papirius Atratinus. Spurius Nautius Rutilus.\n\n A.U.C. 344. Mamercus \u00c6milius; Caius Valerius Potitus.\n\n A.U.C. 345. Cnaeus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Furius Medullinus 2.\n Plebeians for the first time questors.\n\n A.U.C. 346. Caius Julius, &c. Military tribunes.\n\n A.U.C. 347. Lucius Furius Medullinus, &c. Military tribunes.\n\n A.U.C. 348. Publius & Cn\u00e6us Cornelii Cossi, &c. Military tribunes.\n This year the Roman soldiers first received pay.\n\n A.U.C. 349. Titus Quintius Capitolinus, &c. Military tribunes. The\n siege of Veii begun.\n\n A.U.C. 350. Caius Valerius Potitus &c. Military tribunes.\n\n A.U.C. 351. Manlius \u00c6milius Mamercinus, &c. The Roman cavalry begin\n to receive pay.\n\n A.U.C. 352. Caius Servilius Ahala, &c. A defeat at Veii, occasioned\n by a quarrel between two of the military tribunes.\n\n A.U.C. 353. Lucius Valerius Potitus 4; Marcus Furius Camillus 2, &c.\n A military tribune chosen from among the plebeians.\n\n A.U.C. 354. Publius Licinius Calvus, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 355. Marcus Veturius, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 356. Lucius Valerius Potitus 5; Marcus Furius Camillus 3, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 357. Lucius Julius Iulus, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 358. Publius Licinius, &c. Camillus declared dictator. The\n city of Veii taken by means of a mine. Camillus obtains a triumph.\n\n A.U.C. 359. Publius Cornelius Cossus, &c. The people wished to\n remove to Veii.\n\n A.U.C. 360. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c.; Falisci surrendered to the\n Romans.\n\n A.U.C. 361. Lucius Lucretius Flaccus; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus,\n Consuls, after Rome had been governed by military tribunes for 15\n successive years. Camillus strongly opposes the removing to Veii,\n and it is rejected.\n\n A.U.C. 362. Lucius Valerius Potitus; Mucius Manlius. One of the\n censors dies.\n\n A.U.C. 363. Lucius Lucretius, &c. Military tribunes. A strange voice\n heard, which foretold the approach of the Gauls. Camillus goes\n to banishment to Ardea. The Gauls besiege Clusium, and soon after\n march towards Rome.\n\n A.U.C. 364. Three Fabii military tribunes. The Romans defeated at\n Allia, by the Gauls. The Gauls enter Rome, and set it on fire.\n Camillus declared dictator by the senate, who had retired into the\n Capitol. The geese save the Capitol, and Camillus suddenly comes\n and defeats the Gauls.\n\n A.U.C. 365. Lucius Valerius Poplicola 3; Lucius Virginius, &c.\n Camillus declared dictator, defeats the Volsci, \u00c6qui, and Tuscans.\n\n A.U.C. 366. Titus Quinctius Cincinnatus; Quintus Servilius Fidenas;\n Lucius Julius Iulus.\n\n A.U.C. 367. Lucius Papirius; Cn\u00e6us Sergius; Lucius \u00c6milius, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 368. Marcus Furius Camillus, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 369. Aulus Manlius; Publius Cornelius, &c. The Volsci\n defeated. Manlius aims at royalty.\n\n A.U.C. 370. Servius Cornelius Maluginensis; Publius Valerius Potitus;\n Marcus Furius \u2666Camillus. Manlius is condemned and thrown down the\n Tarpeian rock.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Carnillus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Camillus\u2019\n\n A.U.C. 371. Lucius Valerius; Aulus Manlius; Servius Sulpicius, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 372. Spurius & Lucius Papirii, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 373. Marcus Furius Camillus; Lucius Furius, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 374. Lucius & Publius Valerii.\n\n A.U.C. 375. Cn\u00e6us Manlius, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 376. Spurius Furius, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 377. Lucius \u00c6milius, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 378. } For five years anarchy at Rome. No consuls or\n A.U.C. 379. } military tribunes elected, but only for that\n A.U.C. 380. } time, Lucius Sextinus; Caius Licinius Calvus\n A.U.C. 381. } Stolo, tribunes of the people.\n A.U.C. 382. }\n\n A.U.C. 383. Lucius Furius, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 384. Quintus Servilius; Caius Veturius, &c. Ten magistrates\n are chosen to take care of the Sibylline books.\n\n A.U.C. 385. Lucius Qunitus Capitolinus; Spurius Servilius, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 386. According to some writers, Camillus this year was sole\n dictator, without consuls or tribunes.\n\n A.U.C. 387. Aulus Cornelius Cossus; Lucius Veturius Crassus, &c.\n The Gauls defeated by Camillus. One of the consuls for the future\n to be elected from among the plebeians.\n\n A.U.C. 388. Lucius \u00c6milius, patrician; Lucius Sextius, plebeian;\n consuls. The offices of pretor and curule \u00e6dile granted to the\n senate by the people.\n\n A.U.C. 389. Lucius Genucius; Quintus Servilius. Camillus died.\n\n A.U.C. 390. Caius Sulpicius Peticus; Caius Licinius Stolo.\n\n A.U.C. 391. Cn\u00e6us Genucius; Lucius \u00c6milius.\n\n A.U.C. 392. Quintus Servilius Ahala 2; Lucius Genucius 2. Curtius\n devotes himself to the _Dii manes_.\n\n A.U.C. 393. Caius Sulpicius 2; Caius Licinius 2. Manlius conquers a\n Gaul in single battle.\n\n A.U.C. 394. Caius Petilius Balbus; Marcus Fabius Ambustus.\n\n A.U.C. 395. Marcus Popilius L\u00e6nas; Cn\u00e6us Manlius.\n\n A.U.C. 396. Caius Fabius; Caius Plautius. Gauls defeated.\n\n A.U.C. 397. Caius Marcinus; Cn\u00e6us Manlius 2.\n\n A.U.C. 398. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 2; Marcus Popilius L\u00e6nas 2. A\n dictator elected from the plebeians for the first time.\n\n A.U.C. 399. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 3; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 2;\n both of patrician families.\n\n A.U.C. 400. Marcus Fabius Ambustus 3; Titus Quintius.\n\n A.U.C. 401. Caius Sulpicius Peticus 4; Marcus Valerius Poplicola 3.\n\n A.U.C. 402. Publius Valerius Poplicola 4; Caius Marcius Rutilus.\n\n A.U.C. 403. Gaius Sulpicius Peticus 5; Titus Quinctius Pennus. A\n censor elected for the first time from the plebeians.\n\n A.U.C. 404. Marcus Popilius L\u00e6nas 3; Lucius Cornelius Scipio.\n\n A.U.C. 405. Lucius Furius Camillus; Appius Claudius Crassus.\n Valerius surnamed Corvinus, after conquering a Gaul.\n\n A.U.C. 406. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Popilius L\u00e6nas 4. Corvus\n was elected at 23 years of age, against the standing law. A treaty\n of amity concluded with Carthage.\n\n A.U.C. 407. Titus Manlius Torquatus; Caius Plautius.\n\n A.U.C. 408. Marcus Valerius Corvus 2; Caius P\u00e6tilius.\n\n A.U.C. 409. Marcus Fabius Dorso; Servius Sulpicius Camerinus.\n\n A.U.C. 410. Caius Marcius Rutilus; Titus Manlius Torquatus.\n\n A.U.C. 411. Marcus Valerius Corvus 3; Aulus Cornelius Cossus. The\n Romans begin to make war against the Samnites, at the request of\n the Campanians. They obtained a victory.\n\n A.U.C. 412. Caius Marcius Rutilus 4; Quintus Servilius.\n\n A.U.C. 413. Caius Plautinus; Lucius \u00c6milius Mamercinus.\n\n A.U.C. 414. Titus Manlius Torquatus 3; Publius Decius Mus. The\n victories of Alexander the Great in Asia. Manlius puts his son to\n death for fighting against his order. Decius devotes himself for\n the army, which obtains a great victory over the Latins.\n\n A.U.C. 415. Tiberius \u00c6milius Mamercinus; Quintus Publilius Philo.\n\n A.U.C. 416. Lucius Furius Camillus; Caius M\u00e6nius. The Latins\n conquered.\n\n A.U.C. 417. Caius Sulpicius Longus; Publius \u00c6lius P\u00e6tus. The\n pretorship granted to a plebeian.\n\n A.U.C. 418. Lucius Papirius Crassus; C\u00e6so Duillius.\n\n A.U.C. 419. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Marcus Atilius Regulus.\n\n A.U.C. 420. Titus Veturius; Spurius Posthumius.\n\n A.U.C. 421. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Caius P\u00e6tilius Libo.\n\n A.U.C. 422. Aulus Cornelius 2; Cn\u00e6us Domitius.\n\n A.U.C. 423. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Valerius Potitus.\n\n A.U.C. 424. Lucius Papirius Crassus; Caius Plautius Venno.\n\n A.U.C. 425. Lucius \u00c6milius Mamercinus 2; Caius Plautius.\n\n A.U.C. 426. Publius Plautius Proculus; Publius Cornelius Scapula.\n\n A.U.C. 427. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Quintus Publilius Philo 2.\n\n A.U.C. 428. Caius P\u00e6tilius; Lucius Papirius Mugillanus.\n\n A.U.C. 429. Lucius Furius Camillus 2; Ducius Junius Brutus Sc\u00e6va.\n The dictator Papirius \u2666Cursor is for putting to death Fabius his\n master of horse, because he fought in his absence, and obtained a\n famous victory. He pardons him.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Curso\u2019 replaced with \u2018Cursor\u2019\n\n A.U.C. 430. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected\n this year, but only a dictator, Lucius Papirius Cursor.\n\n A.U.C. 431. Gaius Sulpicius Longus; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus.\n\n A.U.C. 432. Quintus Fabius; Lucius Fulvius.\n\n A.U.C. 433. Titus Veturius Calvinus 2; Spurius Posthumius Albinus 2.\n Caius Pontius the Samnite takes the Roman consuls in an ambuscade\n at Caudium.\n\n A.U.C. 434. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Quintus Publilius Philo 3.\n\n A.U.C. 435. Lucius Papirius Cursor 3; Quintus Aulius Cerretanus 2.\n\n A.U.C. 436. Marcus Fossius Flaccinator; Lucius Plautius Venno.\n\n A.U.C. 437. Caius Junius Bubulcus; Lucius \u00c6milius Barbula.\n\n A.U.C. 438. Spurius Nautius; Marcus Popilius.\n\n A.U.C. 439. Lucius Papirius 4; Quintus Publilius 4.\n\n A.U.C. 440. Marcus P\u00e6tilius; Caius Sulpicius.\n\n A.U.C. 441. Lucius Papirius Cursor 5; Caius Junius Bubulcus 2.\n\n A.U.C. 442. Marcus Valerius; Publius Decius. The censor Appius makes\n the Appian way and aqueducts. The family of the Potitii extinct.\n\n A.U.C. 443. Caius Junius Bubulcus 3; Quintus \u00c6milius Barbula 2.\n\n A.U.C. 444. Quintus Fabius 2; Caius Martius Rutilius.\n\n A.U.C. 445. According to some authors, there were no consuls elected\n this year, but only a dictator. Lucius Papirius Cursor.\n\n A.U.C. 446. Quintus Fabius 3; Pucius Decius 2.\n\n A.U.C. 447. Appius Claudius; Lucius Volumnius.\n\n A.U.C. 448. Publius Cornelius Arvina; Quintus Marcius Tremulus.\n\n A.U.C. 449. Lucius Posthumius; Tiberias Minucius.\n\n A.U.C. 450. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Sempronius Sophus. The \u00c6qui\n conquered.\n\n A.U.C. 451. Lucius Genucius; Servius Cornelius.\n\n A.U.C. 452. Marcus Livius; Marcus \u00c6milius.\n\n A.U.C. 453. Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus; Marcus Valerius Corvus;\n not consuls, but dictators, according to some authors.\n\n A.U.C. 454. Marcus Valerius Corvus; Quintus Apuleius. The priesthood\n made common to the plebeians.\n\n A.U.C. 455. Marcus Fulvius P\u00e6tinus; Titus Manlius Torquatus.\n\n A.U.C. 456. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Cn\u00e6us Fulvius.\n\n A.U.C. 457. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Publius Decius Mus 3. Wars\n against the Samnites.\n\n A.U.C. 458. Lucius Volumnius 2; Appius Claudius 2. Conquest over the\n Etrurians and Samnites.\n\n A.U.C. 459. Quintus Fabius 5; Publius Decius 4. Decius devotes\n himself in a battle against the Samnites and the Gauls, and the\n Romans obtain a victory.\n\n A.U.C. 460. Lucius Posthumius Megellus; Marcus Atilius Regulus.\n\n A.U.C. 461. Lucius Papirius Cursor; Spurius Carvilius. Victories\n over the Samnites.\n\n A.U.C. 462. Quintus Fabius Gurges; Decimus Junius Brutus Sc\u00e6va.\n Victory over the Samnites.\n\n A.U.C. 463. Lucius Posthumius 3; Caius Junius Brutus. \u00c6sculapius\n brought to Rome in the form of a serpent from Epidaurus.\n\n A.U.C. 464. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Marcus Curius Dentatus.\n\n A.U.C. 465. Marcus Valerius Corvinus; Quintus C\u00e6dicius Noctua.\n\n A.U.C. 466. Quintus Marcius Tremulus; Publius Cornelius Arvina.\n\n A.U.C. 467. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Nautius.\n\n A.U.C. 468. Marcus Valerius Potitus; Caius \u00c6lius P\u00e6tus.\n\n A.U.C. 469. Caius Claudius C\u00e6nina; Marcus \u00c6milius Lepidus.\n\n A.U.C. 470. Caius Servilius Tucca; C\u00e6cilius Metellus. War with the\n Senones.\n\n A.U.C. 471. Parcus Cornelius Dolabella; Cn\u00e6us Domitius Calvinus. The\n Senones defeated.\n\n A.U.C. 472. Qelius \u00c6milius; Caius Fabricius. War with Tarentum.\n\n A.U.C. 473. Lucius \u00c6milius Barbula; Qelius Murcius. Pyrrhus comes to\n assist Tarentum.\n\n A.U.C. 474. Publius Valerius L\u00e6vinus: Tiberius Coruncanius. Pyrrhus\n conquers the consul L\u00e6vinus, and though victorious sues for peace,\n which is refused by the Roman senate. The census was made, and\n 272,222 citizens were found.\n\n A.U.C. 475. Publius Sulpicius Saverrio; Publius Decius Mus. A battle\n with Pyrrhus.\n\n A.U.C. 476. Caius Fabricius Luscinus 2; Quintus \u00c6milius Papus 2.\n Pyrrhus goes to Sicily. The treaty between Rome and Carthage\n renewed.\n\n A.U.C. 477. Publius Cornelius Rufinus; Caius Junius Brutus. Crotona\n and Locri taken.\n\n A.U.C. 478. Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges 2; Caius Genucius Clepsina.\n Pyrrhus returns from Sicily to Italy.\n\n A.U.C. 479. Manius Curius Dentatus 2; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus.\n Pyrrhus finally defeated by Curius.\n\n A.U.C. 480. Manius Curius Dentatus 3; Servius Cornelius Merenda.\n\n A.U.C. 481. Caius Fabius Dorso; Caius Claudius C\u00e6nina 2. An embassy\n from Philadelphus to conclude an alliance with the Romans.\n\n A.U.C. 482. Lucius Papirius Cursor 2; Spurius Carvilius 2. Tarentum\n surrenders.\n\n A.U.C. 483. Lucius Genucius; Caius Quintilius.\n\n A.U.C. 484. Caius Genucius; Cn\u00e6us Cornelius.\n\n A.U.C. 485. Quintus Ogulinus Gallus; Caius Fabius Pictor. Silver\n money coined at Rome for the first time.\n\n A.U.C. 486. Publius Sempronius Sophus; Appius Claudius Crassus.\n\n A.U.C. 487. Marcus Attilius Regulus; Lucius Julius Libo. Italy\n enjoys peace universally.\n\n A.U.C. 488. Numerius Fabius; Decimus Junius.\n\n A.U.C. 489. Quintus Fabius Gurges 3; Lucius Mamilius Vitulus. The\n number of the questors doubled to eight.\n\n A.U.C. 490. Appius Claudius Caudex; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus. The\n Romans aid the Mamertines, which occasions the first Punic war.\n Appius defeats the Carthaginians in Sicily. The combats of\n gladiators first instituted.\n\n A.U.C. 491. Manius Valerius Maximus; Manius Otacilius Crassus.\n Alliance between Rome and Hiero king of Syracuse. A sun-dial first\n put up at Rome, brought from Catana.\n\n A.U.C. 492. Lucius Posthumius Gemellus; Quintus Mamilius Vitulus.\n The siege and taking of Agrigentum. The total defeat of the\n Carthaginians.\n\n A.U.C. 493. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Titus Otacilius Crassus.\n\n A.U.C. 494. Cn\u00e6us Cornelius Scipio Asina; Caius Duillius. In two\n months the Romans build and equip a fleet of 120 galleys. The\n naval victory and triumph of Duillius.\n\n A.U.C. 495. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Aquilius Florus.\n Expedition against Sardinia and Corsica.\n\n A.U.C. 496. Aulus Attilius Calatinus; Caius Sulpicius Paterculus.\n The Carthaginians defeated in a naval battle.\n\n A.U.C. 497. Caius Attilius Regulus; Cn\u00e6us Cornelius Blasio.\n\n A.U.C. 498. Lucius Manlius Vulso; Quintus C\u00e6dicius. At the death of\n C\u00e6dicius, Marcus Attilius Regulus 2 was elected for the rest of\n the year. The famous battle of Ecnoma. The victorious consuls land\n in Africa.\n\n A.U.C. 499. Servius Fulvius P\u00e6tinus Nobilior; Marcus \u00c6milius Paulus.\n Regulus, after many victories in Africa, is defeated and taken\n prisoner by Xanthippus. Agrigentum retaken by the Carthaginians.\n\n A.U.C. 500. Cn\u00e6us Cornelius Scipio Asina 2; Aulus Attilius Calatinus\n 2. Panormus taken by the Romans.\n\n A.U.C. 501. Cn\u00e6us Servilius C\u00e6pio; Caius Sempronius Bl\u00e6sus. The\n Romans, discouraged by shipwrecks, renounce the sovereignty of the\n seas.\n\n A.U.C. 502. Caius Aurelius Cotta; Publius Servilius Geminus.\n Citizens capable to bear arms amounted to 297,797.\n\n A.U.C. 503. Lucius C\u00e6cilius Metellus 2; Caius Furius Pacilus. The\n Romans begin to recover their power by sea.\n\n A.U.C. 504. Caius Attilius Regulus 2; Lucius Manlius Volso 2. The\n Carthaginians defeated near Panormus in Sicily. One hundred and\n forty-two elephants taken and sent to Rome. Regulus advises the\n Romans not to exchange prisoners. He is put to death in the most\n excruciating torments.\n\n A.U.C. 505. Publius Clodius Pulcher; Lucius Junius Pullus. The\n Romans defeated in a naval battle. The Roman fleet lost in a storm.\n\n A.U.C. 506. Caius Aurelius Cotta 2; Publius Servilius Geminus 2.\n\n A.U.C. 507. Lucius C\u00e6cilius Metellus 3; Numerius Fabius Buteo. The\n number of the citizens 252,222.\n\n A.U.C. 508. Manius Otacilius Crassus; Marcus Fabius Licinius.\n\n A.U.C. 509. Marcus Fabius Buteo; Caius Attilius Balbus.\n\n A.U.C. 510. Aulus Manlius Torquatus 2; Caius Sempronius Bl\u00e6sus.\n\n A.U.C. 511. Caius Fundanius Fundulus; Caius Sulpicius Gallus. A\n fleet built by individuals at Rome.\n\n A.U.C. 512. Caius Lutatius Catulus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus. The\n Carthaginian fleet defeated near the islands \u00c6gates. Peace made\n between Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians evacuate Sicily.\n\n A.U.C. 513. Quintus Lutatius Cerco; Aulus Manlius Atticus. Sicily is\n made a Roman province. The 39th census taken. The citizens amount\n to 260,000.\n\n A.U.C. 514. Caius Claudius Centho; Marcus Sempronius Tuditanus.\n\n A.U.C. 515. Caius Mamilius Turinus; Quintus Valerius Falto.\n\n A.U.C. 516. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Publius Valerius Falto.\n The Carthaginians give up Sardinia to Rome.\n\n A.U.C. 517. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Quintus Fulvius\n Flaccus. The Romans offer Ptolemy Evergetes assistance against\n Antiochus Theos.\n\n A.U.C. 518. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Caudinus; Licinius Varus.\n Revolt of Corsica and Sardinia.\n\n A.U.C. 519. Caius Attilius Balbus 2; Titus Manlius Torquatus. The\n temple of Janus shut for the first time since the reign of Numa,\n about 440 years. A universal peace at Rome.\n\n A.U.C. 520. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Spurius Carvilius Maximus.\n\n A.U.C. 521. Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus; Manius Pomponius\n Matho. Differences and jealousy between Rome and Carthage.\n\n A.U.C. 522. Marcus \u00c6milius Lepidus; Marcus Publicius Malleolus.\n\n A.U.C. 523. Marcus Pomponius Matho 2; Carcus Papirius Maso. The\n first divorce known at Rome.\n\n A.U.C. 524. Marcus \u00c6milius Barbula; Marcus Junius Pera. War with the\n Illyrians.\n\n A.U.C. 525. Lucius Postumius Albinus 2; Cn\u00e6us Fulvius Centumalus.\n The building of new Carthage.\n\n A.U.C. 526. Spurius Carvilius Maximus 2; Quintus Fabius Maximus.\n\n A.U.C. 527. Publius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Attilius Regulus. Two\n new pretors added to the other pretors.\n\n A.U.C. 528. Marcus Valerius Messala; Lucius Apulius Fullo. Italy\n invaded by the Gauls. The Romans could now lead into the field of\n battle 770,000 men.\n\n A.U.C. 529. Lucius \u00c6milius Papus; Caius Attilius Regulus. The Gauls\n defeat the Romans near Clusium. The Romans obtain a victory near\n Telamon.\n\n A.U.C. 530. Titus Manlius Torquatus 2; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 2.\n The Boii, part of the Gauls, surrender.\n\n A.U.C. 531. Caius Flaminius; Publius Furius Philus.\n\n A.U.C. 532. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Cn\u00e6us Cornelius Scipio Calvus.\n A new war with the Gauls. Marcellus gains the spoils called _opima_.\n\n A.U.C. 533. Publius Cornelius; Marcus Minucius Rufus. Annibal takes\n the command of the Carthaginian armies in Spain.\n\n A.U.C. 534. Lucius Veturius; Caius Lutatius. The Via Flaminia built.\n\n A.U.C. 535. Marcus Livius Salinator; Lucius \u00c6milius Paulus. War with\n Illyricum.\n\n A.U.C. 536. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Tiberius Sempronius Longus.\n Siege of Saguntum, by Annibal, the cause of the second Punic\n war. Annibal marches towards Italy, and crosses the Alps. The\n Carthaginian fleet defeated near Sicily. Sempronius defeated near\n Trebia, by Annibal.\n\n A.U.C. 537. Cn\u00e6us Servilius; Caius Flaminius 2. A famous battle near\n the lake Thrasymenus. Fabius is appointed dictator. Success of\n Cn\u00e6us Scipio in Spain.\n\n A.U.C. 538. Caius Terentius Varro; Lucius \u00c6milius Paulus 2. The\n famous battle of Cann\u00e6. Annibal marches to Capua. Marcellus beats\n Annibal near Nola. Asdrubal begins his march towards Italy, and\n his army is totally defeated by the Scipios.\n\n A.U.C. 539. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Quintus Fabius Maximus 2.\n Philip of Macedonia enters into alliance with Annibal. Sardinia\n revolts, and is reconquered by Manlius. The Carthaginians twice\n beaten in Spain by Scipio.\n\n A.U.C. 540. Quintus Fabius Maximus 3; Marcus Claudius Marcellus 2.\n Marcellus besieges Syracuse by sea and land.\n\n A.U.C. 541. Quintus Fabius Maximus 4; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus 3.\n The siege of Syracuse continued.\n\n A.U.C. 542. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Appius Claudius Pulcher.\n Syracuse taken and plundered. Sicily made a Roman province.\n Tarentum treacherously delivered to Annibal. The two Scipios\n conquered in Spain.\n\n A.U.C. 543. Cn\u00e6us Fulvius Centumalus. Publius Sulpicius Galba. Capua\n besieged and taken by the Romans. Publius Scipio sent to Spain\n with proconsular power.\n\n A.U.C. 544. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 4; Marcus Valerius L\u00e6vinus 2.\n The Carthaginians driven from Sicily. Carthagena taken by young\n Scipio.\n\n A.U.C. 545. Quintus Fabius Maximus 5; Quintus Fulvius Flaccus 4.\n Annibal defeated by Marcellus. Fabius takes Tarentum. Asdrubal\n defeated by Scipio.\n\n A.U.C. 546. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 5; Titus Quintius Crispinus.\n Marcellus killed in an ambuscade by Annibal. The Carthaginian\n fleet defeated.\n\n A.U.C. 547. Caius Claudius Nero; Marcus Livius 2. Asdrubal passes\n the Alps. Nero obtains some advantage over Annibal. The two\n consuls defeat Asdrubal, who is killed, and his head thrown into\n Annibal\u2019s camp. The Romans make war against Philip.\n\n A.U.C. 548. Lucius Veturius; Quintus C\u00e6cilius. Scipio obtains a\n victory over Asdrubal the son of Gisgo in Spain. Masinissa sides\n with the Romans.\n\n A.U.C. 549. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Publius Licinius Crassus.\n Scipio is empowered to invade Africa.\n\n A.U.C. 550. Marcus Cornelius Cethegus; Publius Sempronius Tuditanus.\n Scipio lands in Africa. The census taken, and 215,000 heads of\n families found in Rome.\n\n A.U.C. 551. Cn\u00e6us Servilius C\u00e6pio; Caius Servilius Geminus. Scipio\n spreads general consternation in Africa. Annibal is recalled from\n Italy by the Carthaginian senate.\n\n A.U.C. 552. Marcus Servilius; Tiberius Claudius. Annibal and Scipio\n come to a parley; they prepare for battle. Annibal is defeated at\n Zama. Scipio prepares to besiege Carthage.\n\n A.U.C. 553. Cn\u00e6us Cornelius Lentulus; Publius \u00c6lius P\u00e6tus. Peace\n granted to the Carthaginians. Scipio triumphs.\n\n A.U.C. 554. Publius Sulpicius Galba 2; Caius Aurelius Cotta. War\n with the Macedonians.\n\n A.U.C. 555. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Villius Tapulus. The\n Macedonian war continued.\n\n A.U.C. 556. Sextus \u00c6lius P\u00e6tus; Titus Quintius Flaminius. Philip\n defeated by Quintius.\n\n A.U.C. 557. Caius Cornelius Cethegus; Qitus Minucius Rufus. Philip\n is defeated. Quintius grants him peace.\n\n A.U.C. 558. Lucius Furius Purpureo; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. The\n independence of Greece proclaimed by Flaminius at the Isthmian\n games.\n\n A.U.C. 559. Lucius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Porcius Cato. Quintius\n regulates the affairs of Greece. Cato\u2019s victories in Spain, and\n triumph. The Romans demand Annibal from the Carthaginians.\n\n A.U.C. 560. Publius Corn. Scipio Africanus 2; T. Sempronius Longus.\n Annibal flies to Antiochus.\n\n A.U.C. 561. Lucius Cornelius Merula; Quintus Minucius Thermus.\n Antiochus prepares to make war against Rome, and Annibal\n endeavours in vain to stir up the Carthaginians to take up arms.\n\n A.U.C. 562. Lucius Quintus Flamininus; Cn\u00e6us Domitius. The Greeks\n call Antiochus to deliver them.\n\n A.U.C. 563. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Manlius Acilius Glabrio.\n The success of Acilius in Greece against Antiochus.\n\n A.U.C. 564. Lucius Cornelius Scipio; Caius L\u00e6lius. The fleet of\n Antiochus under Annibal defeated by the Romans. Antiochus defeated\n by Scipio.\n\n A.U.C. 565. Marcus Fulvius Nobilior; Cn\u00e6us Manlius Vulso. War with\n the Gallogrecians.\n\n A.U.C. 566. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Livius Salinator.\n Antiochus dies.\n\n A.U.C. 567. Marcus \u00c6milius Lepidus; Caius Flaminius. The Ligurians\n reduced.\n\n A.U.C. 568. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Marcius Philippus.\n The Bacchanalia abolished at Rome.\n\n A.U.C. 569. Appius Claudius Pulcher; L. Marcus Sempronius\n Tuditanus. Victories in Spain and Liguria.\n\n A.U.C. 570. Publius Claudius Pulcher; Lucius Porcius Licinius.\n Philip of Macedon sends his son Demetrius to Rome.\n\n A.U.C. 571. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Quintus Fabius Labeo. Death\n of Annibal, Scipio, and Philop\u0153men. Gauls invade Italy.\n\n A.U.C. 572. \u2666Cn\u00e6us B\u00e6bius Tamphilus; Lucius \u00c6milius Paulus. Death of\n Philip.\n\n \u2666 \u2018M.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Cn\u00e6us\u2019\n\n A.U.C. 573. Publius Cornelius Cethegus; Marcus B\u00e6bius Tamphilus 2.\n Expeditions against Liguria. The first gilt statue raised at Rome.\n\n A.U.C. 574. Aulus Postumius Albinus Luscus; Caius Calpurnius Piso.\n Celtiberians defeated.\n\n A.U.C. 575. Quintus Fulvius Flaccus; Lucius Manlius Acidinus.\n Alliance renewed with Perseus the son of Philip.\n\n A.U.C. 576. Marcus Junius Brutus; Aulus Manlius Vulso.\n\n A.U.C. 577. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus.\n The Istrians defeated.\n\n A.U.C. 578. Cn\u00e6us Cornelius Scipio Hispalus; Quintus Petillius\n Spurinus.\n\n A.U.C. 579. Publius Mucius; Marcus \u00c6milius Lepidus 2.\n\n A.U.C. 580. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Quintus Mucius Sc\u00e6vola.\n\n A.U.C. 581. Lucius Postumius Albinus; Marcus Popilius L\u00e6nas.\n\n A.U.C. 582. Caius Popilius L\u00e6nas; Publius \u00c6lius Ligur. War declared\n against Perseus.\n\n A.U.C. 583. Publius Licinius Crassus; Caius Cassius Longinus.\n Perseus gains some advantages over the Romans.\n\n A.U.C. 584. Aulus Hostilius Mancinus; Aulus Atilius Serranus.\n\n A.U.C. 585. Quintus Marcius Philippus 2; Cn\u00e6us Servilius C\u00e6pio. The\n campaign in Macedonia.\n\n A.U.C. 586. Lucius \u00c6milius Paulus 2; Caius Licinius Crassus. Perseus\n is defeated and taken prisoner by Paulus.\n\n A.U.C. 587. Quintus \u00c6lius P\u00e6tus; Marcus Junius Pennus.\n\n A.U.C. 588. Marcus Claudius Marcellus; Caius Sulpicius Galba.\n\n A.U.C. 589. Cn\u00e6us Octavius Nepos; Titus Manlius Torquatus.\n\n A.U.C. 590. Aulus Manlius Torquatus; Quintus Cassius Longus.\n\n A.U.C. 591. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus; Manlius Juvencius Phalna.\n\n A.U.C. 592. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Caius Marcius Figulus.\n Demetrius flies from Rome, and is made king of Syria.\n\n A.U.C. 593. Marcus Valerius Messala; Caius Fannius Strabo.\n\n A.U.C. 594. Lucius Anicius Gallus; Marcus Cornelius Cethegus.\n\n A.U.C. 595. Cn\u00e6us Cornelius Dolabella; Marcus Fulvius Nobilior.\n\n A.U.C. 596. Marcus \u00c6milius Lepidus; Caius Popilius L\u00e6nas.\n\n A.U.C. 597. Sextus Julius C\u00e6sar; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. War\n against the Dalmatians.\n\n A.U.C. 598. Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Lupus; Caius Marcius Figulus 2.\n\n A.U.C. 599. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica 2; Marcus Claudius\n Marcellus 2.\n\n A.U.C. 600. Quintus Opimius Nepos; Lucius Postumius Albinus.\n\n A.U.C. 601. Quintus Fulvius Nobilior; Titus Annius Luscus. The false\n Philip. Wars in Spain.\n\n A.U.C. 602. Marcus Claudius Marcellus 3; Lucius Valerius Flaccus.\n\n A.U.C. 603. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Aulus Posthumius Albinus.\n\n A.U.C. 604. Titus Quintius Flamininus; Manius Acilius Balbus. War\n between the Carthaginians and Masinissa.\n\n A.U.C. 605. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Manius Manlius Nepos. The\n Romans declare war against Carthage. The Carthaginians wish to\n accept the hard conditions which are imposed upon them; but the\n Romans say that Carthage must be destroyed.\n\n A.U.C. 606. Spurius Postumius Albinus; Lucius Calpurnius Piso.\n Carthage besieged.\n\n A.U.C. 607. Publius Cornelius Scipio; Caius Livius Drusus. The siege\n of Carthage continued with vigour by Scipio.\n\n A.U.C. 608. Cn\u00e6us Cornelius Lentulus; Lucius Mummius. Carthage\n surrenders, and is destroyed. Mummius takes and burns Corinth.\n\n A.U.C. 609. Quintus Fabius \u00c6milianus; Lucius Hostilius Mancinius.\n\n A.U.C. 610. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Lucius Aurelius Cotta.\n\n A.U.C. 611. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Quintus C\u00e6cilius Metellus\n Macedonicus. War against the Celtiberians.\n\n A.U.C. 612. Lucius Metellus Calvus; Quintus Fabius Maximus\n Servilianus.\n\n A.U.C. 613. Quintus Pompeius; Cn\u00e6us Servilius C\u00e6pio.\n\n A.U.C. 614. Caius L\u00e6lius Sapiens; Quintus Servilius C\u00e6pio. The wars\n with Viriatus.\n\n A.U.C. 615. Marcus Popilius L\u00e6nas; Cn\u00e6us Calpurnius Piso.\n\n A.U.C. 616. Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica; Decimus Junius Brutus.\n The two consuls imprisoned by the tribunes.\n\n A.U.C. 617. Marcus \u00c6milius Lepidus; Caius Hostilius Mancinus. Wars\n against Numantia.\n\n A.U.C. 618. \u2666Lucius Furius Philus; Sextus Atilius Serranus.\n\n \u2666 \u2018P.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Lucius\u2019\n\n A.U.C. 619. Servius Fulvius Flaccus; Quintus Calpurnius Piso.\n\n A.U.C. 620. Publius Cornelius Scipio 2; Caius Fulvius Flaccus.\n\n A.U.C. 621. Publius Mucius Sc\u00e6vola; Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi.\n Numantia surrenders to Scipio, and is entirely demolished. The\n seditions of Tiberias Gracchus at Rome.\n\n A.U.C. 622. Publius Popilius L\u00e6nas; Publius Rupillus.\n\n A.U.C. 623. Publius Licinius Crassus; Lucius Valerius Flaccus.\n\n A.U.C. 624. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. In the census\n are found 313,823 citizens.\n\n A.U.C. 625. Caius Sempronius Tuditanus; Manius Aquilius Nepos.\n\n A.U.C. 626. Cn\u00e6us Octavius Nepos; Titus Annius Luscus.\n\n A.U.C. 627. Lucius Cassius Longus; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. A revolt\n of slaves in Sicily.\n\n A.U.C. 628. \u2666Marcus \u00c6milius Lepidus; Lucius Aurelius Orestes.\n\n \u2666 \u2018L.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Marcus\u2019\n\n A.U.C. 629. Marcus Plautius Hyps\u00e6us; Marcus Fulvius Flaccus.\n\n A.U.C. 630. Caius Cassius Longinus; \u2666Caius Sextius Calvinus.\n\n \u2666 \u2018L.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Caius\u2019\n\n A.U.C. 631. Quintus C\u00e6cilius Metellus; Titus Quintius Flamininus.\n\n A.U.C. 632. Caius Fannius Strabo; Cn\u00e6us Domitius Ahenobarbus. The\n seditions of Caius Gracchus.\n\n A.U.C. 633. Lucius Opimius; Quintus Fabius Maximus. The unfortunate\n end of Caius Gracchus. The Allobroges defeated.\n\n A.U.C. 634. Publius Manlius Nepos; Caius Papirius Carbo.\n\n A.U.C. 635. Lucius C\u00e6cilius Metellus Calvus; Lucius Aurelius Cotta.\n\n A.U.C. 636. Marcus Portius Cato; Quintus Marcius Rex.\n\n A.U.C. 637. Lucius C\u00e6cilius Metellus; Quintus Mutius Sc\u00e6vola.\n\n A.U.C. 638. Caius Licinius Geta; Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus.\n\n A.U.C. 639. Marcus C\u00e6cilius Metellus; Marcus \u00c6milius Scaurus.\n\n A.U.C. 640. Manius Acilius Balbus; Caius Portius Cato.\n\n A.U.C. 641. Caius C\u00e6cilius Metellus; Cn\u00e6us Papirius Carbo.\n\n A.U.C. 642. Marcus Livius Drusis; Lucius Calpurnius Piso. The Romans\n declare war against Jugurtha.\n\n A.U.C. 643. Publius Scipio Nasica; Lucius Calpurnius Bestia.\n Calpurnius bribed and defeated by \u2666Jugurtha.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Jugartha\u2019 replaced with \u2018Jugurtha\u2019\n\n A.U.C. 644. Marcus Minucius Rufus; Spurius Postumius Albinus.\n\n A.U.C. 645. Quintus C\u00e6cilius Metellus; Marcus Junius Silanus.\n Success of Metellus against Jugurtha.\n\n A.U.C. 646. Servius Sulpicius Galba; Marcus Aurelius Scaurus.\n Metellus continues the war.\n\n A.U.C. 647. Caius Marius; Lucius Cassius. The war against Jugurtha\n continued with vigour by Marius.\n\n A.U.C. 648. Caius Atilius Serranus; Quintus Servilius C\u00e6pio.\n Jugurtha betrayed by Bocchus into the hands of Sylla the\n lieutenant of Marius.\n\n A.U.C. 649. Publius Rutilius Rufus; \u2666Cn\u00e6us Mallius Maximus. Marius\n triumphs over Jugurtha. Two Roman armies defeated by the Cimbri\n and Teutones.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Corn. Maniius\u2019 replaced with \u2018Cn\u00e6us Mallius\u2019\n\n A.U.C. 650. Caius Marius 2; Caius Flavius Fimbria. The Cimbri march\n towards Spain.\n\n A.U.C. 651. Caius Marius 3; Lucius Aurelius Orestes. The Cimbri\n defeated in Spain.\n\n A.U.C. 652. Caius Marius 4; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. The Teutones\n totally defeated by Marius.\n\n A.U.C. 653. Caius Marius 5; Manius Aquilius. The Cimbri enter Italy,\n and are defeated by Marius and Catulus.\n\n A.U.C. 654. Caius Marius 6; Lucius Valerius Flaccus. Factions\n against Metellus.\n\n A.U.C. 655. Marcus Antonius; Aulus Postumius Albinus. Metellus is\n gloriously recalled.\n\n A.U.C. 656. \u2666Quintus C\u00e6cilius Metellus Nepos; Titus Didius.\n\n \u2666 \u2018L.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Quintus\u2019\n\n A.U.C. 657. Cn\u00e6us Cornelius Lentulus; Publius Licinius Crassus.\n\n A.U.C. 658. Cn\u00e6us Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Cassius Longinus. The\n kingdom of Cyrene left by will to the Roman people.\n\n A.U.C. 659. Lucius Licinius Crassus; Quintus Mucius Sc\u00e6vola.\n Seditions of Norbanus.\n\n A.U.C. 660. Caius C\u0153lius Caldus; Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.\n\n A.U.C. 661. Caius Valerius Flaccus; Marcus Herennius. Sylla\n exhibited a combat of 100 lions with men in the Circus.\n\n A.U.C. 662. Caius Claudius Pulcher; Marcus Perpenna. The allies wish\n to be admitted citizens of Rome.\n\n A.U.C. 663. Lucius Marcius Philippus; Sextus Julius C\u00e6sar. The\n allies prepare to revolt.\n\n A.U.C. 664. \u2666Lucius Julius C\u00e6sar; Publius Rutulius Rufus. Wars with\n the Marsi.\n\n \u2666 \u2018M.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Lucius\u2019\n\n A.U.C. 665. Cn\u00e6us Pompeius Strabo; Lucius Portius Cato. The great\n valour of Sylla surnamed the Fortunate.\n\n A.U.C. 666. Lucius Cornelius Sylla; Quintus Pompeius Rufus. Sylla\n appointed to conduct the Mithridatic war. Marius is empowered to\n supersede him; upon which Sylla returns to Rome with his army, and\n takes it, and has Marius and his adherents judged as enemies.\n\n A.U.C. 667. Cn\u00e6us Octavius; Lucius Cornelius Cinna. Cinna endeavours\n to recall Marius, and is expelled. Marius returns, and with Cinna\n marches against Rome. Civil wars and slaughter.\n\n A.U.C. 668. Caius Marius 7; Lucius Cornelius Cinna 2. Marius died,\n and Lucius Valerius Flaccus was chosen in his room. The Mithridatic\n war.\n\n A.U.C. 669. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 3; Cn\u00e6us Papirius Carbo. The\n Mithridatic war continued by Sylla.\n\n A.U.C. 670. Lucius Cornelius Cinna 4; Cn\u00e6us Papirius Carbo 2. Peace\n with Mithridates.\n\n A.U.C. 671. Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus; Caius Norbanus. The\n capitol burnt. Pompey joins Sylla.\n\n A.U.C. 672. Caius Marius; Cn\u00e6us Papirius Carbo 3. Civil wars at Rome\n between Marius and Sylla. Murder of the citizens by order of Sylla,\n who makes himself dictator.\n\n A.U.C. 673. Marcus Tullius Decula; Cn\u00e6us Cornelius Dolabella. Sylla\n weakens and circumscribes the power of the tribunes. Pompey\n triumphs over Africa.\n\n A.U.C. 674. Lucius Cornelius Sylla Felix 2; Quintus C\u00e6cilius Metellus\n Pius. War against Mithridates.\n\n A.U.C. 675. Publius Servilius Vatia; Appius Claudius Pulcher. Sylla\n abdicates the dictatorship.\n\n A.U.C. 676. Marcus \u00c6milius Lepidus; Quintus Lutatius Catulus. Sylla\n dies.\n\n A.U.C. 677. Decimus Junius Brutus; Mamercus \u00c6milius Lepidus Livianus.\n A civil war between Lepidus and Catulus. Pompey goes against\n Sertorius in Spain.\n\n A.U.C. 678. Cn\u00e6us Octavius; \u2666Gaius Scribonius Curio. Sertorius\n defeated.\n\n \u2666 \u2018M.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Gaius\u2019\n\n A.U.C. 679. \u2666Lucius Octavius; Caius Aurelius Cotta. Mithridates and\n Sertorius make a treaty of alliance together. Sertorius murdered\n by Perpenna.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Cn.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Lucius\u2019\n\n A.U.C. 680. Lucius Licinius Lucullus; Marcus Aurelius Cotta.\n Lucullus conducts the Mithridatic war.\n\n A.U.C. 681. Marcus Terentius Varro Lucullus; Caius Cassius \u2666Longinus.\n The gladiators make head against the Romans with much success.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Varus Spartacus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Longinus\u2019\n\n A.U.C. 682. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Cn\u00e6us Cornelius Lentulus\n Clodianus. Victories of Spartacus over three Roman generals.\n\n A.U.C. 683. Cn\u00e6us Aufidius Orestes; Publius Cornelius Lentulus Sura.\n Crassus defeats and kills Spartacus near Apulia.\n\n A.U.C. 684. Marcus Licinius Crassus; Cn\u00e6us Pompeius Magnus.\n Successes of Lucullus against Mithridates. The census amounts to\n above 900,000.\n\n A.U.C. 685. Quintus Hortensius 2; Quintus C\u00e6cilius Metellus.\n Lucullus defeats Tigranes king of Armenia, and meditates the\n invasion of Parthia.\n\n A.U.C. 686. Quintus Marcius Rex; Lucius C\u00e6cilius Metellus. Lucullus\n defeats the united forces of Mithridates and Tigranes.\n\n A.U.C. 687. Manius Acilius Glabrio; Caius Calpurnius Piso. Lucullus\n falls under the displeasure of his troops, who partly desert him.\n Pompey goes against the pirates.\n\n A.U.C. 688. Manius \u00c6milius Lepidus; Lucius Volcatus Tullus. Pompey\n succeeds Lucullus to finish the Mithridatic war, and defeats the\n enemy.\n\n A.U.C. 689. Lucius Aurelius Cotta; Lucius Manlius Torquatus. Success\n of Pompey in Asia.\n\n A.U.C. 690. Lucius Julius C\u00e6sar; Caius Martius Figulus. Pompey goes\n to Syria. His conquests there.\n\n A.U.C. 691. Marcus Tullius Cicero; Caius Antonius. Mithridates\n poisons himself. Catiline conspires against the state. Cicero\n discovers the conspiracy, and punishes the adherents.\n\n A.U.C. 692. Decimus Junius Silanus; Lucius Licinius Mur\u00e6na. Pompey\n triumphs over the Pirates, and over Mithridates, Tigranes, and\n Aristobulus.\n\n A.U.C. 693. Marcus Puppius Piso; Marcus Valerius Messala Niger.\n\n A.U.C. 694. Lucius Afranius; Quintus Metellus Celer. A reconciliation\n between Crassus, Pompey, and C\u00e6sar.\n\n A.U.C. 695. Caius Julius C\u00e6sar; Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. C\u00e6sar\n breaks the fasces of his colleague, and is sole consul. He obtains\n the government of Gaul for five years.\n\n A.U.C. 696. \u2666Lucius Calpurnius Piso; Aulus Gabinius Paulus. Cicero\n banished by means of Clodius. Cato goes against Ptolemy king of\n Cyprus. Successes of C\u00e6sar in Gaul.\n\n \u2666 \u2018C.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Lucius\u2019\n\n A.U.C. 697. Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther; Quintus C\u00e6cilius\n Metellus Nepos. Cicero recalled. C\u00e6sar\u2019s success and victories.\n\n A.U.C. 698. Cn\u00e6us Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus; Lucius Marcius\n Philippus. The triumvirate of C\u00e6sar, Pompey, and Crassus.\n\n A.U.C. 699. Cn\u00e6us Pompeius Magnus 2; Marcus Licinius Crassus 2.\n Crassus goes against Parthia. C\u00e6sar continued for five years more\n in the administration of Gaul. His conquest of Britain.\n\n A.U.C. 700. Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; Appius Claudius Pulcher.\n Great victories of C\u00e6sar.\n\n A.U.C. 701. Cn\u00e6us Domitius Calvinus; Marcus Valerius Messala.\n Crassus defeated and slain in Parthia. Milo kills Clodius.\n\n A.U.C. 702. Cn\u00e6us Pompeius Magnus 3; the only consul. He afterwards\n took for colleague, Quintus C\u00e6cilius Metullus Pius Scipio. Revolts\n of the Gauls crushed by C\u00e6sar.\n\n A.U.C. 703. Servius Sulpicius Rufus; Marcus Claudius Marcellus. Rise\n of the jealousy between C\u00e6sar and Pompey.\n\n A.U.C. 704. Lucius \u00c6milius Paulus; \u2666Gaius Claudius Marcellus. Cicero\n proconsul of Cilicia. Increase of the differences between C\u00e6sar\n and Pompey.\n\n \u2666 \u2018P.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Gaius\u2019\n\n A.U.C. 705. Caius Claudius Marcellus; Lucius Cornelius Lentulus.\n C\u00e6sar begins the civil war. Pompey flies from Rome. C\u00e6sar made\n dictator.\n\n A.U.C. 706. Caius Julius C\u00e6sar 2; Publius Servilius Isauricus. C\u00e6sar\n defeats Pompey at Pharsalia Pompey murdered in Egypt. The wars of\n C\u00e6sar in Egypt.\n\n A.U.C. 707. Quintus Fusius Calenus; Publius Vatinius. Power and\n influence of C\u00e6sar at Rome. He reduces Pontus.\n\n A.U.C. 708. Caius Julius C\u00e6sar 3; Marcus \u00c6milius Lepidus. C\u00e6sar\n defeats Pompey\u2019s partisans in Africa, and takes Utica.\n\n A.U.C. 709. Caius Julius C\u00e6sar 4; Consul alone. He conquered the\n partisans of Pompey in Spain, and was declared perpetual Dictator\n and Imperator, &c.\n\n A.U.C. 710. Caius Julius C\u00e6sar 5; Marcus Antonius. C\u00e6sar meditates a\n war against Parthia. Above 600 Romans conspire against C\u00e6sar, and\n murder him in the senate-house. Antony raises himself to power.\n The rise of Octavius.\n\n A.U.C. 711. Caius Vibius Pansa; Aulus Hirtius. Antony judged a\n public enemy. He joins Augustus. Triumvirate of Antony, Augustus,\n and Lepidus.\n\n A.U.C. 712. Lucius Minucius Plancus; Marcus \u00c6milius Lepidus 2. Great\n honours paid to the memory of Julius C\u00e6sar. Brutus and Cassius\n join their forces against Augustus and Antony.\n\n A.U.C. 713. Lucius Antonius; Publius Servilius Isauricus 2. Battle\n of Philippi, and the defeat of Brutus and Cassius.\n\n A.U.C. 714. Cn\u00e6us Domitius Calvinus; Caius Asinius Pollio. Antony\n joins the son of Pompey against Augustus. The alliance of short\n duration.\n\n A.U.C. 715. Lucius Marcius Censorinus; Caius Calvisius Sabinus.\n Antony marries Octavia the sister of Augustus, to strengthen their\n mutual alliance.\n\n A.U.C. 716. Appius Claudius Pulcher; Caius Norbanus Flaccus; to\n whom were substituted Caius Octavianus and Quintus Pedius. Sext.\n Pompey the son of Pompey the Great makes himself powerful by sea\n to oppose Augustus.\n\n A.U.C. 717. Marcus Agrippa; Lucius Caninius Gallus. Agrippa is\n appointed by Augustus to oppose Sextus Pompey with a fleet. He\n builds the famous harbour of Misenum.\n\n A.U.C. 718. Lucius Gellius Poplicola; Marcus Cocceius Nerva. Agrippa\n obtains a naval victory over Pompey, who delivers himself to\n Antony, by whom he is put to death.\n\n A.U.C. 719. Lucius Cornificus Nepos; Sextus Pompeius Nepos. Lentulus\n removed from power by Augustus.\n\n A.U.C. 720. Lucius Scribonius Libo; Marcus Antonius 2. Augustus\n and Antony, being sole masters of the Roman empire, make another\n division of the provinces. C\u00e6sar obtains the west, and Antony the\n east.\n\n A.U.C. 721. Caius C\u00e6sar Octavianus 2; Lucius Volcatius Tullus.\n Octavia divorced by Antony, who marries Cleopatra.\n\n A.U.C. 722. Cn\u00e6us Domitius Ahenobarbus; Caius Sosius. Dissensions\n between Augustus and Antony.\n\n A.U.C. 723. Caius C\u00e6sar Octavianus 3; Marcus Valerius Messala\n Corvinus. The battle of Actium, which, according to some authors,\n happened the year of Rome 721. The end of the commonwealth.\n\n=Consus=, a deity at Rome, who presided over councils. His temple was\n covered in the Maximus Circus, to show that councils ought to be\n secret and inviolable. Some suppose that it is the same as Neptunus\n Equestris. Romulus instituted festivals to his honour, called\n _Consualia_, during the celebration of which the Romans carried\n away the Sabine women. _See:_ Consuales ludi. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Ausonius_, ltr. 69, & Ecolgue 13, poem 23, _on Roman festivals_,\n li. 19.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n\n=Consygna=, the wife of Nicomedes king of Bithynia, torn in pieces by\n dogs for her lascivious deportment. _Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 40.\n\n=Contadesdus=, a river of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 90.\n\n=Contubia=, a town in Spain. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.\n\n=Coon=, the eldest son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_.\n\n=Coos=, =Cos=, =Cea=, and =Co=, an island of the \u00c6gean sea. _See:_ Co.\n\n=Cop\u00e6=, a place of Greece, near the Cephisus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.\n\n=Copais lacus=, now _Limne_, a lake of B\u0153otia, into which the Cephisus\n and other rivers empty themselves. It is famous for its excellent\n eels. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.\n\n=Cophas=, a son of Artabazus. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of\n India. _Dionysius Periegetes._\n\n=Cophontis=, a burning mountain of Bactriana. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 106.\n\n=Copia=, the goddess of plenty among the Romans, represented as bearing\n a horn filled with grapes, fruits, &c.\n\n=Copillus=, a general of the Tectosag\u00e6, taken by the Romans.\n _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.\n\n=C. Coponius=, a commander of the fleet of Rhodes, at Dyrracchium, in\n the interest of Pompey. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _de Divinatione_, ch. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 83.\n\n=Coprates=, a river of Asia, falling into the Tigris. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 19.\n\n=Copreus=, a son of Pelops, who fled to Mycen\u00e6 at the death of Iphitus.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n=Coptus= and =Coptos=, now _Kypt_, a town of Egypt, about 100 leagues\n from Alexandria, on a canal which communicates with the Nile.\n _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9; bk. 6, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_,\n satire 15, li. 28.\n\n=Cora=, a town of Latium, on the confines of the Volsci, built by a\n colony of Dardanians before the foundation of Rome. _Lucan_, bk. 7,\n li. 392.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 775.\n\n=Corac\u0113sium= and =Coracensium=, a maritime town of Pamphylia. _Livy_,\n bk. 33, ch. 20.\n\n=Coracon\u0101sus=, a town of Arcadia, where the Ladon falls into the\n Alpheus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.\n\n=Coralet\u00e6=, a people of Scythia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 81.\n\n=Coralli=, a savage people of Pontus. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4,\n poem 2, li. 37.\n\n=Coranus=, a miser. _See:_ \u2666Nascia.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Nascia\u2019 not referenced\n\n=Coras=, a brother of Catillus and Tyburtus, who fought against \u00c6neas.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 672.\n\n=Corax=, an ancient rhetorician of Sicily, who first demanded a salary\n of his pupils. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 12; _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch.\n 20.\u2015\u2015_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 5, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Sicyon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of \u00c6tolia. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 30.\n\n=Coraxi=, a people of Colchis. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 5.\n\n=Corbeus=, a Gaul, &c. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 6.\n\n=Corbis= and =Orsua=, two brothers, who fought for the dominion of a\n city, in the presence of Scipio, in Spain. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 21.\n \u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 11.\n\n=Corb\u016dlo Domitius=, a prefect of Belgium, who, when governor of\n Syria, routed the Parthians, destroyed Artaxata, and made Tigranes\n king of Armenia. Nero, jealous of his virtues, ordered him to be\n murdered; and Corbulo hearing this, fell upon his sword, exclaiming,\n \u201cI have well deserved this!\u201d A.D. 66. His name was given to a\n place (_Monumentum_) in Germany, which some suppose to be modern\n _Groningen_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 18.\n\n=Corc\u0233ra=, an island in the Ionian sea, about 12 miles from Buthrotum,\n on the coast of Epirus; famous for the shipwreck of Ulysses, and the\n gardens of Alcinous. It has been successively _Drepane_, _Scheria_,\n and _Ph\u00e6acia_, and now bears the name of _Corfu_. Some Corinthians,\n with Chersicrates at their head, came to settle there, when banished\n from their country, 703 years before the christian era. A colony of\n Colchis had settled there 1349 years before Christ. The war which\n was carried on by the Athenians against the Corcyreans, and was\n called _Corcyrean_, became but a preparation for the Peloponnesian\n war. The people of Corcyra were once so hated by the Cretans, that\n such as were found on the island of Crete were always put to death.\n _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 512.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 9, li. 32.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\n\n=Cord\u016dba=, now _Cordova_, a famous city of Hispania B\u00e6tica, the native\n place of both the Senecas and of Lucan. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 62.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 57.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Cordyla=, a port of Pontus, supposed to give its name to a peculiar\n sort of fishes caught there (_Cordyl\u00e6_). _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 15.\n \u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 1.\n\n=Core=, a daughter of Ceres, the same as Proserpine. Festivals called\n _Coreia_ were instituted to her honour in Greece.\n\n=Coressus=, a hill near Ephesus. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 100.\n\n=Cor\u0115sus=, a priest of Bacchus at Calydon in B\u0153otia, who was deeply\n enamoured of the nymph Callirhoe, who treated him with disdain. He\n complained to Bacchus, who visited the country with a pestilence.\n The Calydonians were directed by the oracle to appease the god by\n sacrificing Callirhoe on his altar. The nymph was led to the altar,\n and Coresus, who was to sacrifice her, forgot his resentment, and\n stabbed himself. Callirhoe, conscious of her ingratitude to the\n love of Coresus, killed herself on the brink of a fountain, which\n afterwards bore her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21.\n\n=Cor\u0113tas=, a man who first gave oracles at Delphi. _Plutarch_, _de\n Defectu Oraculorum_.\n\n=Corfinium=, now _San Ferino_, the capital of the Peligni, three miles\n from the Aternus, which falls into the Adriatic. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil\n War_, bk. 1, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 478.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 5, li. 522.\n\n=Coria=, a surname of Minerva among the Arcadians. _Cicero_, _de\n Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.\n\n=Corinna=, a celebrated woman of Tanagra, near Thebes, disciple to\n Myrtis. Her father\u2019s name was Archelodorus. It is said that she\n obtained five times a poetical prize, in which Pindar was her\n competitor; but it must be acknowledged that her beauty greatly\n contributed to defeat her rivals. She had composed 50 books of\n epigrams and odes, of which only some few verses remain. _Propertius_,\n bk. 2, poem 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman of Thespis,\n celebrated for her beauty.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Ovid\u2019s mistress was also called\n Corinna. _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 6.\n\n=Corinnus=, an ancient poet in the time of the Trojan war, on which he\n wrote a poem. Homer, as some suppose, took his subject from the poem\n of Corinnus.\n\n=Corinthi\u0103cus sinus=, is now called the gulf of Lepanto.\n\n=Corinthus=, an ancient city of Greece, now called _Corito_, situated\n on the middle of the isthmus of Corinth, at the distance of about 60\n stadia on either side from the sea. It was first founded by Sisyphus\n son of \u00c6olus, A.M. 2616, and received its name from Corinthus the\n son of Pelops. Its original name was _Ephyre_; and it is called\n _Bimaris_, because situated between the Saronicus Sinus and the\n Crisseus Sinus. The inhabitants were once very powerful, and had\n great influence among the Grecian states. They colonized Syracuse in\n Sicily, and delivered it from the tyranny of its oppressors, by the\n means of Timoleon. Corinth was totally destroyed by Lucius Mummius\n the Roman consul, and burnt to the ground, 146 B.C. The riches\n which the Romans found there were immense. During the conflagration,\n all the metals which were in the city melted and mixed together,\n and formed that valuable composition of metals which has since\n been known by the name of _Corinthium \u00c6s_. This, however, appears\n improbable, especially when it is remembered that the artists of\n Corinth made a mixture of copper with small quantities of gold and\n silver, and so brilliant was the composition, that the appellation\n of _Corinthian brass_ afterwards stamped an extraordinary value\n on pieces of inferior worth. There was there a famous temple of\n Venus, where lascivious women resorted, and sold their pleasures so\n dear, that many of their lovers were reduced to poverty; whence the\n proverb of\n\n _Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthian_,\n\n to show that all voluptuous indulgences are attended with much\n expense. Julius C\u00e6sar planted a colony at Corinth, and endeavoured\n to raise it from its ruins, and restore it to its former grandeur.\n The government of Corinth was monarchical till 779 years B.C., when\n officers called Pyrtanes were instituted. The war which has received\n the name of _Corinthian war_, because the battles were fought in the\n neighbourhood of Corinth, was begun B.C. 395, by the combination of\n the Athenians, Thebans, Corinthians, and Argives, against Laced\u00e6mon.\n Pisander and Agesilaus distinguished themselves in that war; the\n former, in the first year of hostilities, was defeated with the\n Laced\u00e6monian fleet, by Conon, near Cnidus; while a few days after\n Agesilaus slaughtered 10,000 of the enemy. The most famous battles\n were fought at Coronea and Leuctra; but Agesilaus refused to\n besiege Corinth, lamenting that the Greeks, instead of destroying\n one another, did not turn their arms against the Persian power.\n _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 58.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 70.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 45, ch. 28.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 2, li. 240.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 17, li. 36.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 34,\n ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 106.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8, &c.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 14; _Against Verres_, bk. 4,\n ch. 44; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An actor at Rome. _Juvenal_,\n satire 8, li. 197.\n\n=Cori\u014fl\u0101nus=, the surname of Caius Martius from his victory over\n Corioli, where, from a private soldier, he gained the amplest\n honours. When master of the place, he accepted, as the only reward,\n the surname of Coriolanus, a horse and prisoners, and his ancient\n host, to whom he immediately gave his liberty. After a number\n of military exploits, and many services to his country, he was\n refused the consulship by the people, when his scars had for a while\n influenced them in his favour. This raised his resentment; and when\n the Romans had received a present of corn from Gelo king of Sicily,\n Coriolanus insisted that it should be sold for money, and not be\n given gratis. Upon this the tribunes raised the people against him\n for his imprudent advice, and even wished him to be put to death.\n This rigorous sentence was stopped by the influence of the senators,\n and Coriolanus submitted to a trial. He was banished by a majority\n of three tribes, and he immediately retired among the Volsci, to\n Attius Tullus, his greatest enemy, from whom he met a most friendly\n reception. He advised him to make war against Rome, and he marched\n at the head of the Volsci as general. The approach of Coriolanus\n greatly alarmed the Romans, who sent him several embassies to\n reconcile him to his country, and to solicit his return. He was deaf\n to all proposals, and bade them prepare for war. He pitched his camp\n only at the distance of five miles from the city; and his enmity\n against his country would have been fatal, had not his wife Volumnia,\n and his mother Veturia, been prevailed upon by the Roman matrons to\n go and appease his resentment. The meeting of Coriolanus with his\n family was tender and affecting. He remained long inexorable; but\n at last the tears and entreaties of a mother and a wife prevailed\n over the stern and obstinate resolutions of an enemy, and Coriolanus\n marched the Volsci from the neighbourhood of Rome. To show their\n sense of Volumnia\u2019s merit and patriotism, the Romans dedicated a\n temple to _Female Fortune_. The behaviour of Coriolanus, however,\n displeased the Volsci. He was summoned to appear before the people\n of Antium; but the clamours which his enemies raised were so\n prevalent, that he was murdered at the place appointed for his\n trial, B.C. 488. His body was honoured with a magnificent funeral\n by the Volsci, and the Roman matrons put on mourning for his loss.\n Some historians say that he died in exile, in an advanced old age.\n _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 22.\n\n=Cori\u014fli= and =Coriolla=, a town of Latium on the borders of the\n Volsci, taken by the Romans under Caius Martius, called from thence\n Coriolanus. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 2,\n ch. 33.\n\n=Corissus=, a town of Ionia.\n\n=Coritus.= _See:_ Corytus.\n\n=Cormasa=, a town of Pamphylia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15.\n\n=Cormus=, a river near Assyria. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 14.\n\n=Corn\u0113lia lex=, _de Civitate_, was enacted A.U.C. 670, by Lucius\n Cornelius Sylla. It confirmed the Sulpician law, and required that\n the citizens of the eight newly elected tribes should be divided\n among the 35 ancient tribes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de Judiciis_, A.U.C. 673,\n by the same. It ordained that the pretor should always observe the\n same invariable method in judicial proceedings, and that the process\n should not depend upon his will.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de Sumptibus_, by the\n same. It limited the expenses which generally attended funerals.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de Religione_, by the same, A.U.C. 677. It restored\n to the college of priests the privilege of choosing the priests,\n which, by the Domitian law, had been lodged in the hands of the\n people.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de Municipiis_, by the same, which revoked\n all the privileges which had been some time before granted to\n the several towns that had assisted Marius and Cinna in the civil\n wars.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de Magistratibus_, by the same, which gave the\n power of bearing honours and being promoted before the legal age,\n to those who had followed the interest of Sylla, while the sons and\n partisans of his enemies, who had been proscribed, were deprived of\n the privilege of standing for any office of the state.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n _de Magistratibus_, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It ordained that no\n person should exercise the same office within 10 years\u2019 distance, or\n be invested with two different magistracies in one year.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n _de Magistratibus_, by the same, A.U.C. 673. It divested the tribunes\n of the privilege of making laws interfering, holding assemblies,\n and receiving appeals. All such as had been tribunes were incapable\n of holding any other office in the state by that law.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n _de Majestate_, by the same, A.U.C. 670. It made it treason to\n send an army out of a province, or engage in a war without orders,\n to influence the soldiers to spare or ransom a captive general of\n the enemy, to pardon the leaders of robbers or pirates, or for the\n absence of a Roman citizen to a foreign court without previous leave.\n The punishment was, _aqu\u00e6 et ignis interdictio_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by\n the same, which gave the power to a man accused of murder, either\n by poison, weapons, or false accusations, and the setting fire\n to buildings, to choose whether the jury that tried him should\n give their verdict _clam_ or _palam_, _viv\u00e2 voce_ or by _ballot_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by the same, which made it _aqu\u00e6 et ignis interdictio_\n to such as were guilty of forgery, concealing and altering of wills,\n corruption, false accusations, and the debasing or counterfeiting\n of the public coin; all such as were accessary to this offence\n were deemed as guilty as the offender.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de pecuniis\n repetundis_, by which a man convicted of peculation or extortion\n in the provinces was condemned to suffer the _aqu\u00e6 et ignis\n interdictio_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by the same, which gave the power to such\n as were sent into the provinces with any government, of retaining\n their command and appointment, without a renewal of it by the senate,\n as was before observed.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by the same, which ordained that\n the lands of proscribed persons should be common, especially those\n about Volaterr\u00e6 and Fesul\u00e6 in Etruria, which Sylla divided among\n his soldiers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by Caius Cornelius, tribune of the people,\n A.U.C. 686, which ordained that no person should be exempted from\n any law, according to the general custom, unless 200 senators were\n present in the senate; and no person thus exempted could hinder the\n bill of his exemption from being carried to the people for their\n concurrence.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by Nasica, A.U.C. 582, to make war against\n Perseus, son of Philip king of Macedonia, if he did not give proper\n satisfaction to the Roman people.\n\n=Corn\u0113lia=, a daughter of Cinna, who was the first wife of Julius\n C\u00e6sar. She became mother of Julia, Pompey\u2019s wife, and was so\n affectionately loved by her husband, that at her death he pronounced\n a funeral oration over her body. _Plutarch_, _C\u00e6sar_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Metellus Scipio, who married Pompey, after the death of her\n husband Publius Crassus. She has been praised for her great virtues.\n When her husband left her in the bay of Alexandria, to go on shore\n in a small boat, she saw him stabbed by Achillas, and heard his\n dying groans without the possibility of aiding him. She attributed\n all his misfortunes to his connection with her. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Scipio Africanus, who married Sempronius Gracchus,\n and was the mother of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus. She was courted\n by a king; but she preferred being the wife of a Roman citizen\n to that of a monarch. Her virtues have been deservedly commended,\n as well as the wholesome principles which she inculcated in her\n two sons. When a Campanian lady made once a show of her jewels at\n Cornelia\u2019s house, and entreated her to favour her with a sight of\n her own, Cornelia produced her two sons, saying, \u201cThese are the only\n jewels of which I can boast.\u201d In her lifetime, a statue was raised\n to her, with this inscription, _Cornelia mater Gracchorum_. Some\n of her epistles are preserved. _Plutarch_, _Gracchus_.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_,\n satire 6, li. 167.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Brutus_, ch. 58; _de Claris Oratoribus_, ch. 58.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A vestal\n virgin, buried alive in Domitian\u2019s age, as guilty of incontinence.\n _Suetonius_, _Domitian_.\n\n=Corn\u0113lii=, an illustrious family at Rome, of whom the most\n distinguished were, Caius Cornelius, a soothsayer of Padua, who\n foretold the beginning and issue of the battle of Pharsalia.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Dolabella, a friend and admirer of Cleopatra. He told her that\n Augustus intended to remove her from the monument, where she had\n retired.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Sylla, whom Julius C\u00e6sar bribed to escape\n the proscription which threatened his life.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cethegus, a priest,\n degraded from his office for want of attention.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cn\u00e6us, a man\n chosen by Marcellus to be his colleague in the consulship.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Balbus,\n a man who hindered Julius C\u00e6sar from rising up at the arrival of\n the senators.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cossus, a military tribune during the time that\n there were no consuls in the republic. He offered to Jupiter the\n spoils called _opima_. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Balbus, a man\n of Gades, intimate with Cicero, by whom he was ably defended when\n accused.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A freedman of Sylla the dictator.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Scipio, a man\n appointed master of the horse by Camillus, when dictator.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Gallus,\n an elegiac poet. _See:_ Gallus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Merula, was made consul by\n Augustus, in the room of Cinna.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcellus, a man killed in Spain\n by Galba.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cornelius Nepos, an historian. _See:_ Nepos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Merula,\n a consul sent against the Boii in Gaul. He killed 1400 of them. His\n grandson followed the interest of Sylla; and when Marius entered\n the city he killed himself, by opening his veins.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Gallus, a\n man who died in the act of copulation. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9,\n ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Severus, an epic poet in the age of Augustus, of great\n genius. He wrote a poem on mount \u00c6tna, and on the death of Cicero.\n _Quintilian_, bk. 10, li. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Thuscus, a mischievous person.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lentulus Cethegus, a consul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Aulus Celsus, wrote eight books\n on medicine, still extant, and highly valued.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cn\u00e6us and Publius\n Scipio. _See:_ Scipio.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lentulus, a high priest, &c. _Livy._\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus._\u2015\u2015_Tacitus._\u2015\u2015_Suetonius._\n \u2015\u2015_Polybius._\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, &c.\n\n=Cornic\u016dlum=, a town of Latium. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\n\n=Cornificius=, a poet and general in the age of Augustus, employed\n to accuse Brutus, &c. His sister Cornificia was also blessed with\n a poetical genius. _Plutarch_, _Brutus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lieutenant of Julius\n C\u00e6sar. _Plutarch_, _C\u00e6sar_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Cicero, and his colleague\n in the office of augur.\n\n=Corn\u012dger=, a surname of Bacchus.\n\n=Corn\u016btus=, a stoic philosopher of Africa, preceptor to Persius\n the satirist. He wrote some treatises on philosophy and rhetoric.\n _Persius_, bk. 5, li. 36.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A pretor of Rome, in the age of Cicero.\n _Cicero_, bk. 10, ltr. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman, saved from the proscription\n of Marius by his servants, who hung up a dead man in his room, and\n said it was their master. _Plutarch_, _Marius_.\n\n=Cor\u0153bus=, a Phrygian, son of Mygdon and Anaximena. He assisted Priam\n in the Trojan war, with the hopes of being rewarded with the hand of\n Cassandra for his services. Cassandra advised him in vain to retire\n from the war. He was killed by Peneleus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch.\n 37.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 341, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A courier of Elis,\n killed by Neoptolemus. He obtained a prize at Olympia, B.C. 776, in\n the 28th olympiad, from the institution of Iphitus; but this year\n has generally been called the first olympiad. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,\n ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A hero of Argolis, who killed a serpent called P\u0153ne,\n sent by Apollo to avenge Argos, and placed by some authors in the\n number of the furies. His country was afflicted with the plague, and\n he consulted the oracle of Delphi, which commanded him to build a\n temple where a tripod which was given him should fall from his hand.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.\n\n=Cor\u014dna=, a town of Messenia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\n\n=Coron\u0113a=, a town of B\u0153otia, where, in the first year of the Corinthian\n war, Agesilaus defeated the allied forces of Athens, Thebes, Corinth,\n and Argos, B.C. 394. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 9, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Peloponnesus,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of\n Corinth,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Cyprus,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Ambracia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Phthiotis.\n\n=Cor\u014dnis=, a daughter of Phlegias, loved by Apollo. She became pregnant\n by her lover, who killed her on account of her criminal partiality\n to Ischys the Thessalian. According to some, Diana killed her for\n her infidelity to her brother, and Mercury saved the child from her\n womb, as she was on the burning pile. Others say that she brought\n forth her son and exposed him, near Epidaurus, to avoid her father\u2019s\n resentment; and they further mention that Apollo had set a crow to\n watch her behaviour. The child was preserved, and called \u00c6sculapius;\n and the mother, after death, received divine honours, and had a\n statue at Sicyon, in her son\u2019s temple, which was never exposed to\n public view. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The daughter of Coron\u00e6us\n king of Phocis, changed into a crow by Minerva, when flying before\n Neptune. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 543.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n daughters of Atlas and Pleione.\n\n=Coronia=, a town of Acarnania. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 102.\n\n=Cor\u014dnus=, a son of Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Phoroneus king of the Lapith\u00e6. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Corrh\u0101gium=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27.\n\n=Corsi=, a people of Sardinia, descended from the Corsicans.\n\n=Corsia=, a town of B\u0153otia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.\n\n=Cors\u012bca=, a mountainous island in the Mediterranean, on the coast\n of Italy. Its inhabitants were savage, and bore the character of\n robbers, liars, and atheists, according to Seneca, who was exiled\n among them. They lived to a great age, and fed on honey, which\n was produced in great abundance, though bitter in taste, from the\n number of yew trees and hemlock which grew there. Corsica was in the\n possession of the Carthaginians, and was conquered by the Romans,\n B.C. 231. The Greeks called it Cyrnos. In the age of Pliny it was\n considered as in a flourishing state, as it contained no less than\n 33 towns, a number far exceeding its present population.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\n \u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 27.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 7, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 12, li. 10.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_,\n poem 9, li. 30.\n\n=Corsote=, a town of Armenia.\n\n=Cors\u016bra=, an island in the bay of Carthage.\n\n=Cort\u014dna=, an ancient town of Etruria, called _Corytum_ by Virgil. It\n was at the north of the Thrasymene lake. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,\n bk. 1, chs. 20 & 26.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 37; bk. 22, ch. 4.\n\n=Corv\u012bnus=, a name given to Marcus Valerius from a _crow_, which\n assisted him when he was fighting against a Gaul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator.\n _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Messala, an eloquent orator, in\n the Augustan age, distinguished for integrity and patriotism, yet\n ridiculed for his frequent quotations of Greek in his orations. In\n his old age he became so forgetful as not even to remember his own\n name.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of this family became so poor, that he was obliged, to\n maintain himself, to be a mercenary shepherd. _Juvenal_, satire 1,\n li. 108.\n\n=Tiberius Corunc\u0101nius=, the first plebeian who was made high priest at\n Rome.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The family of the _Coruncanii_ was famous for the number of\n great men which it supplied for the service and honour of the Roman\n republic. _Cicero_, _On his House_.\n\n=Corus=, a river of Arabia, falling into the Red sea. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 9.\n\n=Corybantes=, the priests of Cybele, called also Galli. In the\n celebration of their festivals, they beat their cymbals, and behaved\n as if delirious. They first inhabited on mount Ida, and from thence\n passed into Crete, and \u2666secretly brought up Jupiter. Some suppose\n that they received their name from Corybas son of Jasus and Cybele,\n who first introduced the rites of his mother into Phrygia. There was\n a festival at Cnossus in Crete called _Corybantica_, in commemoration\n of the Corybantes, who there educated Jupiter. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,\n ch. 37.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 16.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 617; bk. 10, li. 250.\n\n \u2666 \u2018secretely\u2019 replaced with \u2018secretly\u2019\n\n=Cory\u0306bas=, a son of Jasus and Cybele. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter,\n disciple to Nicomachus. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.\n\n=Corybassa=, a city of Mysia.\n\n=Cory\u0306bus=, a promontory of Crete.\n\n=Corycia=, a nymph, mother of Lycorus by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 6.\n\n=C\u014dry\u0306c\u012ddes=, the nymphs who inhabited the foot of Parnassus. This\n name is often applied to the Muses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,\n li. 320.\n\n=Corycius=, an old man of Tarentum, whose time was happily employed in\n taking care of his bees. He is represented by _Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 4, li. 12, &c., as a contented old man, whose assiduity and\n diligence are exemplary. Some suppose that the word _Corycius_\n implies not a person of that name, but a native of Corycus, who had\n settled in Italy.\n\n=Cory\u0306cus=, now _Curco_, a lofty mountain of Cilicia, with a town\n of the same name, and also a cave, with a grove which produced\n excellent saffron. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 4, li. 68.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 9, li. 809.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to\n his Friends_, bk. 12, ltr. 13.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of\n Ionia, long the famous retreat of robbers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another at the foot\n of Parnassus, sacred to the Muses. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Cory\u0306don=, a fictitious name of a shepherd, often occuring in the\n pastorals of Theocritus and Virgil.\n\n=Coryla= and =Coryleum=, a village of Paphlagonia.\n\n=Cory\u0306na=, a town of Ionia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.\n\n=Corymb\u012dfer=, a surname of Bacchus, from his wearing a crown of\n _corymbi_, certain berries that grow on the ivy. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 1, li. 393.\n\n=Coryneta= and =Corynetes=, a famous robber, son of Vulcan, killed by\n Theseus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\n\n=Coryphasium=, a promontory of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,\n ch. 36.\n\n=Coryphe=, a daughter of Oceanus. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2,\n ch. 23.\n\n=Corythenes=, a place of Tegea. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45.\n\n=Corythus=, a king of Corinth. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Corytus=, a king of Etruria, father to Jasius, whom Dardanus is\n said to have put to death to obtain the kingdom. It is also a town\n and mountain of Etruria, now _Cortona_, near which Dardanus was\n born. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 170; bk. 7, li. 209.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 123; bk. 4, li. 721.\n\n=Cos=, an island. _See:_ Co.\n\n=Cosa= and =Cossa=, or =C\u014fs\u00e6=, a town of Etruria. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 10, li. 168.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 9, _Letters\n to Atticus_, ltr. 6.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 34.\n\n=Cosconius=, a Latin writer. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n wretched epigram writer. _Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 77.\n\n=Cosingas=, a Thracian priest of Juno, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 7, ch. 22.\n\n=Cosis=, a brother to the king of Albania, killed by Pompey. _Plutarch_,\n _Pompey_.\n\n=Cosmus=, an effeminate Roman. _Juvenal_, satire 8.\n\n=Cossea=, a part of Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Cossus=, a surname given to the family of the Cornelii.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman\n who killed Volumnius king of Veii, and obtained the _Spolia Opima_,\n A.U.C. 317. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 841.\n\n=Cossutii=, a family of Rome, of which Cossutia, C\u00e6sar\u2019s wife, was\n descended. _Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_, ch. 1. One of the family was\n distinguished as an architect about 200 B.C. He first introduced\n into Italy the more perfect models of Greece.\n\n=Costob\u0153i=, robbers in Galatia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 34.\n\n=Cos\u0233ra=, a barren island in the African sea near Melita. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 567.\n\n=Cotes= and =Cottes=, a promontory of Mauritania.\n\n=Cothon=, a small island near the citadel of Carthage, with a\n convenient bay which served for a dock-yard. _Servius_ on _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 431.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 3.\n\n=Cothonea=, the mother of Triptolemus. _Hyginus_, fable 147.\n\n=C\u014ft\u012dso=, a king of the Daci, whose army invaded Pannonia, and was\n defeated by Cornelius Lentulus the lieutenant of Augustus. It is\n said that Augustus solicited his daughter in marriage. _Suetonius_,\n _Augustus_, ch. 63.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 8, li. 18.\n\n=Cot\u014dnis=, an island near the Echinades. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Cotta Marcus Aurelius=, a Roman who opposed Marius. He was consul\n with Lucullus; and when in Asia, he was defeated by sea and land by\n Mithridates. He was surnamed _Ponticus_, because he took Heraclea of\n Pontus by treachery. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator, greatly\n commended by _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Paphlagonia,\n very faithful to Sardanapalus. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A spendthrift\n in the age of Nero, &c. _Tacitus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of C\u00e6sar in Gaul.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet mentioned by \u2666_Ovid_, _Epistul\u00e6 ex Ponto_.\n\n \u2666 added author\u2019s name \u2018Ovid\u2019\n\n=Cotti\u00e6 Alpes=, a certain part of the Alps, by which Italy is separated\n from Gaul. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 37; _Nero_, ch. 18.\n\n=Cottus=, a giant, son of C\u0153lus and Terra, who had 100 hands and\n 50 heads. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 147.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man among the \u00c6dui.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\n\n=Coty\u00e6um=, a town of Galatia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Phrygia.\n\n=Coty\u00e6us=, a surname of \u00c6sculapius, worshipped on the borders of\n the Eurotas. His temple was raised by Hercules. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,\n ch. 19.\n\n=Cotylius=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41.\n\n=Cotyora=, a city of Asia Minor, founded by a colony from Sinope.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Cotys=, the father of Asia. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 45.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Manes by Callirhoe, who succeeded his father on the throne of M\u00e6onia.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Thrace. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Iphicrates_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n who favoured the interest of Pompey. He was of an irascible temper.\n _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 54.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, king of Thrace, who divided the\n kingdom with his uncle, by whom he was killed. It is the same to\n whom Ovid writes from his banishment. _Tacitus_, bk. 2, _Annals_,\n ch. 64.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, bk. 2, _Epistul\u00e6 ex Ponto_, ltr. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of\n the Odrys\u00e6. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Armenia Minor,\n who fought against Mithridates, in the age of Claudius. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bks. 11 & 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who imagined he should marry\n Minerva, and who murdered some of his servants who wished to\n dissuade him from expectations so frivolous and inconsistent.\n _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 12.\n\n=Cotytto=, the goddess of all debauchery, whose festivals, called\n _Cotyttia_, were celebrated by the Athenians, Corinthians,\n Thracians, &c., during the night. Her priests were called Bapt\u00e6, and\n nothing but debauchery and wantonness prevailed at the celebration.\n A festival of the same name was observed in Sicily, where the\n votaries of the goddess carried about boughs hung with cakes and\n fruit, which it was lawful for any person to pluck off. It was a\n capital punishment to reveal whatever was seen or done at these\n sacred festivals; and it cost Eupolis his life for an unseasonable\n reflection upon them. The goddess \u2666Cotytto is supposed to be the\n same as Proserpine or Ceres. _Horace_, epode 17, li. 58.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_,\n satire 2, li. 91.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Corytto\u2019 replaced with \u2018Cotytto\u2019\n\n=Cragus=, a woody mountain of Cilicia, part of mount Taurus, sacred to\n Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 645.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1,\n ode 21.\n\n=Cramb\u016bsa=, a town of Lycia.\n\n=Cranai=, a surname of the Athenians, from their king Cranaus.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 44.\n\n=Cranapes=, a Persian, &c. _Herodotus._\n\n=Cranaus=, the second king of Athens, who succeeded Cecrops, and\n reigned nine years, B.C. 1497. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city\n of Caria. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.\n\n=Crane=, a nymph. _See:_ \u2666Cara.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Arcadia.\n\n \u2666 no reference found for \u2018Cara\u2019\n\n=Craneum=, a gymnastic school at Corinth. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Cranii=, a town of Cephallenia. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 30.\n\n=Cranon= and =Crannon=, a town of Thessaly on the borders of Macedonia,\n where Antipater and Craterus defeated the Athenians after Alexander\u2019s\n death. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 10; bk. 42, ch. 64.\n\n=Crantor=, a philosopher of Soli, among the pupils of Plato, B.C. 310.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An armour-bearer of Peleus, killed by\n Demoleon. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 361.\n\n=Crass\u012dpes=, a surname of the family of the Furii, one of whom married\n Tullia, Cicero\u2019s daughter, whom he soon after divorced. _Cicero_,\n _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 5.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 42.\n\n=Lucius Crassitius=, a man who opened a school at Rome. _Suetonius_,\n _Lives of the Grammarians_, ch. 18.\n\n=Crassus=, the grandfather of Crassus the Rich, who never laughed.\n _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius Licinius, a Roman high priest\n about 131 years B.C., who went into Asia with an army against\n Aristonicus, where he was killed and buried at Smyrna.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus\n Licinius, a celebrated Roman, surnamed _Rich_, on account of his\n opulence. At first he was very circumscribed in his circumstances;\n but, by educating slaves, and selling them at a high price, he soon\n enriched himself. The cruelties of Cinna obliged him to leave Rome;\n and he retired to Spain, where he remained concealed for eight\n months. After Cinna\u2019s death he passed into Africa, and thence to\n Italy, where he served Sylla, and ingratiated himself in his favour.\n When the gladiators, with Spartacus at their head, had spread a\n universal alarm in Italy, and defeated some of the Roman generals,\n Crassus was sent against them. A battle was fought, in which Crassus\n slaughtered 12,000 of the slaves, and by this decisive blow he soon\n put an end to the war, and was honoured with an _ovatio_ at his\n return. He was soon after made consul with Pompey; and in this\n high office he displayed his opulence, by entertaining the populace\n at 10,000 tables. He was afterwards censor, and formed the first\n triumvirate with Pompey and C\u00e6sar. As his love of riches was more\n predominant than that of glory, Crassus never imitated the ambitious\n conduct of his colleagues, but was satisfied with the province of\n Syria, which seemed to promise an inexhaustible source of wealth.\n With hopes of enlarging his possessions, he set off from Rome,\n though the omens proved unfavourable, and everything seemed to\n threaten his ruin. He crossed the Euphrates, and, forgetful of the\n rich cities of Babylon and Seleucia, he hastened to make himself\n master of Parthia. He was betrayed in his march by the delay of\n Artavasdes king of Armenia, and the perfidy of Ariamnes. He was\n met in a large plain by Surena, the general of the forces of Orodes\n the king of Parthia; and a battle was fought in which 20,000 Romans\n were killed, and 10,000 taken prisoners. The darkness of the night\n favoured the escape of the rest, and Crassus, forced by the mutiny\n and turbulence of his soldiers, and the treachery of his guides,\n trusted himself to the general of the enemy, on pretence of\n proposing terms of accommodation, and he was put to death, B.C. 53.\n His head was cut off and sent to Orodes, who poured melted lead\n down his throat, and insulted his misfortunes. The firmness with\n which Crassus received the news of his son\u2019s death, who perished in\n that expedition, has been deservedly commended; and the words that\n he uttered when he surrendered himself into the hands of Surena,\n equally claim our admiration. He was wont often to say, that no\n man ought to be accounted rich if he could not maintain an army.\n Though he has been called avaricious, yet he showed himself always\n ready to lend money to his friends without interest. He was fond of\n philosophy, and his knowledge of history was great and extensive.\n _Plutarch_ has written his life. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius,\n the son of the rich Crassus, went into Parthia with his father.\n When he saw himself surrounded by the enemy, and without any hope of\n escape, he ordered one of his men to run him through. His head was\n cut off, and shown with insolence to his father by the Parthians.\n _Plutarch_, _Crassus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius Licinius, a celebrated Roman orator,\n commended by Cicero, and introduced in his book _On Oratory_ as the\n principal speaker.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Crassus the Rich, killed in the civil\n wars, after C\u00e6sar\u2019s death.\n\n=Crast\u012bnus=, a man in C\u00e6sar\u2019s army, killed at the battle of Pharsalia.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 29.\n\n=Cratais=, the mother of Scylla, supposed to be the same as Hecate.\n _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12, li. 124.\n\n=Crat\u00e6us=, conspired against Archelaus, &c. _Aristotle._\n\n=Crater=, a bay of Campania near Misenus.\n\n=Crat\u0115rus=, one of Alexander\u2019s generals. He rendered himself\n conspicuous by his literary fame, as well as by his valour in the\n field, and wrote the history of Alexander\u2019s life. He was greatly\n respected and loved by the Macedonian soldiers, and Alexander always\n trusted him with unusual confidence. After Alexander\u2019s death he\n subdued Greece with Antipater, and passed with his colleague into\n Asia, where he was killed in a battle against Eumenes, B.C. 321.\n He had received for his share of Alexander\u2019s kingdoms, Greece and\n Epirus. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bks. 12\n & 13.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Arrian._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n physician of Atticus, mentioned by _Cicero_, bk. 12, _Letters to\n Atticus_, ltr. 13.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 161.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter\n whose pieces adorned the public buildings of Athens. _Pliny_, bk. 35,\n ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian, who collected into one body all the decrees\n which had passed in the public assemblies at Athens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous\n sculptor.\n\n=Crates=, a philosopher of B\u0153otia, son of Ascondus, and disciple of\n Diogenes the Cynic, B.C. 324. He sold his estates, and gave the\n money to his fellow-citizens. He was naturally deformed, and he\n rendered himself more hideous by sewing sheepskins to his mantle,\n and by the singularity of his manners. He clothed himself as warm\n as possible in the summer; but in the winter, his garments were\n uncommonly thin, and incapable to resist the inclemency of the\n season. Hipparchia, the sister of a philosopher, became enamoured of\n him; and as he could not check her passion by representing himself\n as poor and deformed, he married her. He had by her two daughters,\n whom he gave in marriage to his disciples, after he had permitted\n them their company for 30 days, by way of trial. Some of his letters\n are extant. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent\n Philosophers_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A stoic, son of Timocrates, who opened a school at\n Rome, where he taught grammar. _Suetonius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Pergamus,\n who wrote an account of the most striking events of every age, B.C.\n 165. _\u00c6lian_, _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 17, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher\n of Athens, who succeeded in the school of his master Polemon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n Athenian comic poet.\n\n=Cratesicl\u0113a=, the mother of Cleomenes, who went to Egypt in hopes of\n serving her country, &c. _Plutarch_, _Cleomenes_.\n\n=Cratesip\u014flis=, a queen of Sicyon, who severely punished some of her\n subjects, who had revolted at the death of Alexander her husband, &c.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8, ch. 58.\n\n=Cratesipp\u012ddas=, a commander of the Laced\u00e6monian fleet against the\n Athenians, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.\n\n=Crat\u0113vas=, a general of Cassander. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.\n\n=Crateus=, a son of Minos.\n\n=Crathis=, a river of Achaia, falling into the bay of Corinth.\n _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Magna Gr\u00e6cia, whose waters were\n supposed to give a yellow colour to the hair and beard of those that\n drank them. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 315.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 7, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.\n\n=Crat\u012bnus=, a native of Athens, celebrated for his comic writings,\n and his fondness for drinking. He died at the age of \u266697 years,\n B.C. 431. Quintilian greatly commends his comedies, which the\n little remains of his poetry do not seem fully to justify. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, satire 4.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wrestler of an uncommon beauty.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Asia. _Pliny_, bk. 37,\n ch. 2.\n\n \u2666 \u201897, B.C. 431 years.\u2019 replaced with \u201897 years, B.C. 431.\u2019\n\n=Cratippus=, a philosopher of Mitylene, who, among others, taught\n Cicero\u2019s son at Athens. After the battle of Pharsalia, Pompey\n visited the house of Cratippus, where their discourse was chiefly\n turned upon Providence, which the warrior blamed, and the philosopher\n defended. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian contemporary with Thucydides. _Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus._\n\n=Craty\u0306les=, a philosopher, preceptor to Plato after Socrates.\n\n=Crausi\u00e6=, two islands on the coast of Peloponnesus.\n\n=Crausis=, the father of Philop\u0153men.\n\n=Craux\u012ddas=, a man who obtained an Olympic crown at a horse-race.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 8.\n\n=Cr\u0115m\u0115ra=, a small river of Tuscany, falling into the Tiber, famous\n for the death of the 300 Fabii, who were killed there in a battle\n against the Veientes, A.U.C. 277. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 205.\n \u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 155.\n\n=Cremides=, a place of Bithynia. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Cremma=, a town of Lycia.\n\n=Cremmyon= and =Crommyon=, a town near Corinth, where Theseus killed a\n sow of uncommon bigness. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 435.\n\n=Cremni= and =Cremnos=, a commercial place on the Palus M\u00e6otis.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.\n\n=Crem\u014dna=, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, on the Po, near Mantua. It was a\n Roman colony, and suffered much when Annibal first passed into Italy.\n _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 56.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, chs. 4 & 19.\n\n=Crem\u014dnis Jugum=, a part of the Alps, over which, as some suppose,\n Annibal passed to enter Italy. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38.\n\n=Cremutius Cordus=, an historian who wrote an account of Augustus, and\n of the civil wars, and starved himself for fear of the resentment\n of Tiberius, whom he had offended by calling Cassius the last of\n the Romans. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 55, chs. 34, 35.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_,\n _Augustus_, ch. 35; _Tiberius_, ch. 60, _Caligula_, ch. 16.\n\n=Crenis=, a nymph mentioned by _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 313.\n\n=Creon=, king of Corinth, was son of Sisyphus. He promised his daughter\n Glauce to Jason, who repudiated Medea. To revenge the success of\n her rival, Medea sent her for a present a gown covered with poison.\n Glauce put it on and was seized with sudden pains. Her body took\n fire, and she expired in the greatest torments. The house was also\n consumed by the fire, and Creon and his family shared Glauce\u2019s fate.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Medea_.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 25.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Men\u0153tius\n father of Jocasta, the wife and mother of \u0152dipus. At the death of\n Laius, who married Jocasta, Creon ascended the vacant throne of\n Thebes. As the ravages of the Sphinx [_See:_ Sphinx] were intolerable,\n Creon offered his crown and daughter in marriage to him who could\n explain the enigmas which the monster proposed. \u0152dipus was happy in\n his explanations, and he ascended the throne of Thebes, and married\n Jocasta without knowing that she was his mother, and by her he had\n two sons, Polynices and Eteocles. These two sons mutually agreed,\n after their father\u2019s death, to reign in the kingdom each alternately.\n Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of seniority; but when\n he was once in power, he refused to resign at the appointed time,\n and his brother led against him an army of Argives to support his\n right. The war was decided by single combat between the two brothers.\n They both killed one another and Creon ascended the throne, till\n Leodamas the son of Eteocles should be of sufficient age to assume\n the reins of government. In his regal capacity, Creon commanded\n that the Argives, and more particularly Polynices, who was the cause\n of all the bloodshed, should remain unburied. If this was in any\n manner disobeyed, the offenders were to be buried alive. Antigone\n the sister of Polynices transgressed, and was accordingly punished.\n H\u00e6mon the son of Creon, who was passionately fond of Antigone, killed\n himself on her grave, when his father refused to grant her pardon.\n Creon was afterwards killed by Theseus, who had made war against him\n at the request of Adrastus, because he refused burial to the Argives.\n _See:_ Eteocles, Polynices, Adrastus, \u0152dipus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 56, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39; bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Statius_,\n _Thebiad_.\u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _Antigone_.\u2015\u2015_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against\n Thebes_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 67 & 76.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n first annual archon at Athens. 684 B.C. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\n\n=Creonti\u0103des=, a son of Hercules by Megara daughter of Creon, killed\n by his father because he had slain Lycus.\n\n=Cre\u014fph\u012dlus=, a Samian who hospitably entertained Homer, from whom he\n received a poem in return. Some say that he was that poet\u2019s master,\n &c. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 8.\n\n=Creperius Pollio=, a Roman, who spent his all in the most extravagant\n debauchery. _Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 6.\n\n=Cres=, an inhabitant of Crete.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The first king of Crete. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 53.\n\n=Cresa= and =Cressa=, a town of Caria.\n\n=Cresius=, a hill of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.\n\n=Cresphontes=, a son of Aristomachus, who, with his brothers Temenus\n and Aristodemus, attempted to recover the Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 4, ch. 3, &c.\n\n=Cressius=, belonging to Crete. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 70;\n bk. 8, li. 294.\n\n=Creston=, a town of Thrace, capital of a part of the country called\n _Crestonia_. The inhabitants had each many wives; and when the\n husband died, she who had received the greatest share of his\n affection was cheerfully slain on his grave. _Herodotus_, bk. 5,\n ch. 5.\n\n=Cresus= and =Ephesus=, two men who built the temple of Diana at\n Ephesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.\n\n=Cr\u0113ta=, now _Candia_, one of the largest islands of the Mediterranean\n sea, at the south of all the Cyclades. It was once famous for its\n 100 cities, and for the laws which the wisdom of Minos established\n there. The inhabitants have been detested for their unnatural loves,\n their falsehood, their piracies, and robberies. Jupiter, as some\n authors report, was educated in that island by the Corybantes,\n and the Cretans boasted that they could show his tomb. There\n were different colonies from Phrygia, Doris, Achaia, &c., that\n established themselves there. The island, after groaning under\n the tyranny of democratical usurpation, and feeling the scourge of\n frequent sedition, was made a Roman province, B.C. 66, after a war\n of three years, in which the inhabitants were so distressed that\n they were even compelled to drink the water of their cattle. Chalk\n was produced there and thence called _Creta_, and with it the Romans\n marked their lucky days in their calendar. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 36,\n li. 10; epode 9.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 444; _Epistles_,\n bk. 10, li. 106.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 184.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li.\n 104.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Cret\u00e6us=, a poet mentioned by _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 34, li. 29.\n\n=Crete=, the wife of Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Deucalion. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\n\n=Cretea=, a country of Arcadia, where Jupiter was educated, according\n to some traditions. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.\n\n=Cretes=, inhabitants of Crete. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 146.\n\n=Creteus=, a Trojan, distinguished as a poet and musician. He followed\n \u00c6neas, and was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 774.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 538.\n\n=Cretheis=, the wife of Acastus king of Iolchos, who fell in love with\n Peleus son of \u00c6acus, and accused him of attempts upon her virtue,\n because he refused to comply with her wishes, &c. She is called by\n some Hippolyte or Astyadamia. _Pindar_, _Nemean_, ch. 4.\n\n=Cretheus=, a son of \u2666\u00c6olus father of \u2665\u00c6son, by Tyro his brother\u2019s\n daughter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.\n\n \u2666 \u2018\u0152olus\u2019 replaced with \u2018\u00c6olus\u2019\n \u2665 \u2018\u0152son\u2019 replaced with \u2018\u00c6son\u2019\n\n=Crethon=, a son of Diocles, engaged in the Trojan war on the side\n of Greece. He was slain, with his brother Orsilochus, by \u2666\u00c6neas.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 540.\n\n \u2666 \u2018\u0152neas\u2019 replaced with \u2018\u00c6neas\u2019\n\n=Cret\u012dcus=, a certain orator. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 67.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n surname of Marcus Antony\u2019s father.\n\n=Cressas=, a famous boxer. _Pausanias_, bk. 2.\n\n=Cre\u016bsa=, a daughter of Creon king of Corinth. As she was going to\n marry Jason, who had divorced Medea, she put on a poisoned garment,\n which immediately set her body on fire, and she expired in the most\n excruciating torments. She had received this gown as a gift from\n Medea, who wished to take that revenge upon the infidelity of Jason.\n Some call her Glauce. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 335.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Priam king of Troy by Hecuba. She married \u00c6neas,\n by whom she had some children, among which was Ascanius. When Troy\n was taken, she fled in the night, with her husband; but they were\n separated in the midst of the confusion, and \u00c6neas could not recover\n her, nor hear where she was. Cybele saved her, and carried her to\n her temple, of which she became priestess; according to the relation\n of Vigil, who makes Creusa appear to her husband in a vision, while\n he was seeking her in the tumult of war. She predicted to \u00c6neas the\n calamities that attended him, the fame he should acquire when he\n came to Italy, and his consequent marriage with a princess of the\n country. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2,\n li. 562, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. She was\n mother of Janus by Apollo.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of B\u0153otia. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.\n\n=Creusis=, a naval station of the Thespians. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,\n ch. 32.\n\n=Cri\u0103sus=, a son of Argos king of Peloponnesus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 1.\n\n=Crinippus=, a general of Dionysius the elder.\n\n=Crinis=, a stoic philosopher. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A priest of\n Apollo.\n\n=Crin\u012bsus= and =Crim\u012bsus=, now _Caltabellota_, a river on the\n western parts of \u2666Sicily near Segesta, where Timoleon defeated\n the Carthaginian forces. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 38. The word in the various editions of Virgil,\n is spelt Cremissus, Crimissus, Crimisus, Crimesus, Crinisus,\n Crimnisus. The Crinisus was a Trojan prince, who exposed his\n daughter on the sea, rather than suffer her to be devoured by the\n sea monster which Neptune sent to punish the infidelity of Laomedon.\n _See:_ Laomedon. The daughter came safe to the shores of Sicily.\n Crinisus some time after went in quest of his daughter, and was so\n disconsolate for her loss, that the gods changed him into a river\n in Sicily, and granted him the power of metamorphosing himself into\n whatever shape he pleased. He made use of this privilege to seduce\n the neighbouring nymphs.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Cicily\u2019 replaced with \u2018Sicily\u2019\n\n=Crino=, a daughter of Antenor. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One\n of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Crison=, a man of Himera, who obtained a prize at Olympia, &c.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.\n\n=Crisp\u012bna=, a Roman matron, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Histories_, ch. 47.\n\n=Crisp\u012bnus=, a pretorian, who, though originally a slave in Egypt,\n was, after the acquisition of riches, raised to the honours of Roman\n knighthood by Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A stoic\n philosopher, as remarkable for his loquacity as for the foolish and\n tedious poem which he wrote, to explain the tenets of his own sect,\n to which _Horace_ alludes in the last verses of bk. 1, satire 1.\n\n=Crispus Sallustius.= _See:_ Sallustius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Virio, a famous orator.\n _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second husband of Agrippina.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Flavius Julius, a son of the Great Constantine, made C\u00e6sar by\n his father, and distinguished for valour and extensive knowledge.\n Fausta, his stepmother, wished to seduce him; and when he refused,\n she accused him before Constantine, who believed the crime, and\n caused his son to be poisoned, A.D. 326.\n\n=Criss\u00e6us sinus=, a bay on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Corinth,\n now the bay of _Salona_. It received its name from _Crissa_, a town\n of Phocis, situate on the bay and near Delphi.\n\n=Crit\u0101la=, a town of Cappadocia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 26.\n\n=Crith\u0113is=, a daughter of Melanippus, who became pregnant by an unknown\n person, and afterwards married Phemicis of Smyrna, and brought forth\n the poet Homer, according to _Herodotus_, _Life of Homer_.\n\n=Crith\u014dte=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus. _Cornelius Nepos._\n\n=Critias=, one of the 30 tyrants set over Athens by the Spartans.\n He was eloquent and well-bred, but of dangerous principles, and he\n cruelly persecuted his enemies, and put them to death. He was killed\n in a battle against those citizens whom his oppression had banished.\n He had been among the disciples of Socrates, and had written elegies\n and other compositions, of which some fragments remain. _Cicero_, bk.\n 2, _On Oratory_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote on republics.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another who addressed an elegy to Alcibiades.\n\n=Crito=, one of the disciples of Socrates, who attended his learned\n preceptor in his last moments, and composed some dialogues, now\n lost. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician in the age of Artaxerxes\n Longimanus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Naxus, who wrote an account of all\n that had happened during eight particular years of his life.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Macedonian historian, who wrote an account of Pallene, of Persia,\n of the foundation of Syracuse, of the Get\u00e6, &c.\n\n=Critob\u016blus=, a general of Phocis, at the battle of Thermopyl\u00e6, between\n Antiochus and the Romans. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician\n in the age of Philip king of Macedonia. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Crito, disciple to Socrates. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Crito_.\n\n=Critod\u0113mus=, an ancient historian. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 76.\n\n=Critogn\u0101tus=, a celebrated warrior of Alesia, when C\u00e6sar was in Gaul.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\n\n=Critol\u0101us=, a citizen of Tegea in Arcadia, who, with two brothers,\n fought against the three sons of Demostratus of Pheneus, to put an\n end to the long war between their respective nations. The brothers\n of Critolaus were both killed, and he alone remained to withstand\n his three bold antagonists. He conquered them; and when, at his\n return, his sister deplored the death of one of his antagonists to\n whom she was betrothed, he killed her in a fit of resentment. The\n offence deserved capital punishment; but he was pardoned, on account\n of the services he had rendered his country. He was afterwards\n general of the Ach\u00e6ans, and it is said that he poisoned himself,\n because he had been conquered at Thermopyl\u00e6 by the Romans. _Cicero_,\n _de Natura Deorum_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A peripatetic philosopher of Athens, sent\n ambassador to Rome, &c., 140 B.C. _Cicero_, bk. 2, _On Oratory_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian who wrote about Epirus.\n\n=Crius=, a soothsayer, son of Theocles. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of \u00c6gina, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 50.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of\n Achaia, called after a giant of the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,\n ch. 27.\n\n=Crobialus=, a town of Paphlagonia.\n\n=Crobyzi=, a people of Thrace.\n\n=Cr\u014fc\u0103le=, one of Diana\u2019s attendants. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.\n\n=Croce\u00e6=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.\n\n=Crocodilop\u014f1is=, a town of Egypt, near the Nile, above Memphis. The\n crocodiles were held there in the greatest veneration; and they were\n so tame, that they came to feed from the hand of their feeders. It\n was afterwards called Arsinoe. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 69.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 17.\n\n=Crocus=, a beautiful youth enamoured of the nymph Smilax. He was\n changed into a flower of the same name, on account of the impatience\n of his love, and Smilax was metamorphosed into a yew tree. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 283.\n\n=Cr\u0153sus=, the fifth and last of the Mermnad\u00e6, who reigned in Lydia,\n was son of Alyattes, and passed for the richest of mankind. He was\n the first who made the Greeks of Asia tributary to the Lydians. His\n court was the asylum of learning; and \u00c6sop the famous fable-writer,\n among others, lived under his patronage. In a conversation with\n Solon, Cr\u0153sus wished to be thought the happiest of mankind; but the\n philosopher apprised him of his mistake, and gave the preference to\n poverty and domestic virtue. Cr\u0153sus undertook a war against Cyrus\n the king of Persia, and marched to meet him with an army of 420,000\n men and 60,000 horse. After a reign of 14 years, he was defeated,\n B.C. 548; his capital was besieged, and he fell into the conqueror\u2019s\n hands, who ordered him to be burnt alive. The pile was already on\n fire, when Cyrus heard the conquered monarch three times exclaim,\n \u201cSolon!\u201d with lamentable energy. He asked him the reason of his\n exclamation, and Cr\u0153sus repeated the conversation which he had\n once with Solon on human happiness. Cyrus was moved at the recital,\n and at the recollection of the inconstancy of human affairs, he\n ordered Cr\u0153sus to be taken from the burning pile, and he became one\n of his most intimate friends. The kingdom of Lydia became extinct\n in his person, and the power was transferred to Persia. Cr\u0153sus\n survived Cyrus. The manner of his death is unknown. He is celebrated\n for the immensely rich presents which he made to the temple of\n Delphi, from which he received an obscure and ambiguous oracle,\n which he interpreted in his favour, and which was fulfilled in\n the destruction of his empire. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 26, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Solon_, bk. 8, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\n\n=Cromi=, a people of Arcadia.\n\n=Crom\u012btis=, a country of Arcadia.\n\n=Crommyon= and =Cromyon=, a place of Attica, where Perseus killed\n a large sow that laid waste the neighbouring country. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town near Corinth.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Cromna=, a town of Bithyna.\n\n=Cromus=, a son of Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Lycaon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.\n\n=Cronia=, a festival at Athens in honour of Saturn. The Rhodians\n observed the same festival, and generally sacrificed to the god a\n condemned malefactor.\n\n=Cronium=, a town of Elis,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Sicily.\n\n=Crophi=, a mountain of Egypt, near which were the sources of the Nile,\n according to some traditions, in the city of _Sais_. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 28.\n\n=Cross\u00e6a=, a country situate partly in Thrace, and partly in Macedonia.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.\n\n=Crot\u0103lus=, a navigable river of Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n\n=Croton=, a man killed by Hercules, by whom he was afterwards greatly\n honoured. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Cr\u014ft\u014dna=, a town of Italy, still known by the same name, in the bay\n of Tarentum, founded 759 years before the Augustan age, by a colony\n from Achaia. The inhabitants were excellent warriors, and great\n wrestlers. Democedes, Alcm\u00e6on, Milo, &c., were natives of this place.\n It was surrounded with a wall 12 miles in circumference, before the\n arrival of Pyrrhus in Italy. Crotona struggled in vain against the\n attacks of Dionysius of Sicily, who took it. It suffered likewise\n in the wars of Pyrrhus and Annibal, but it received ample glory, in\n being the place where Pythagoras established his school. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 8, ch. 47.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 96.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 1, ch. 18; bk. 24, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 2.\n\n=Crotoniat\u00e6=, the inhabitants of Crotona. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_,\n bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Crotoniatis=, a part of Italy, of which Crotona is the capital.\n _Thucydides_, bk. 7, ch. 35.\n\n=Crotopi\u0103des=, a patronymic of Linus, as grandson of Crotopus.\n\n=Crot\u014dpias=, the patronymic of Linus grandson of Crotopus. _Ovid_,\n _Ibis_, li. 480.\n\n=Crot\u014dpus=, a king of Argos, son of Agenor, and father to Psamathe the\n mother of Linus by Apollo. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 480.\n\n=Crotus=, a son of Eumene the nurse of the Muses. He devoted his life\n to the labours of the chase, and after death Jupiter placed him\n among the constellations, under the name of Sagittarius. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 9, ch. 29.\n\n=Crunos=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Crusis=, a place near Olynthos.\n\n=Crust\u016dm\u0115rium= and =Crustumeria=, a town of the Sabines. _Livy_, bk. 4,\n ch. 9; bk. 42, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 631.\n\n=Crust\u016bm\u012bnum=, a town of Etruria, near Veii, famous for pears; whence\n the adjective _Crustumia_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 88.\n\n=Crust\u016dmium=, =Crustunus=, and =Crusturnenius=, now _Conca_, a river\n flowing from the Apennines by Ariminum. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406.\n\n=Crynis=, a river of Bithynia.\n\n=Crypta=, a passage through mount Pausilypus. _See:_ Pausilypus.\n\n=Cte\u0103tus=, one of the Grecian chiefs before Troy. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,\n ch. 4.\n\n=Ctemene=, a town of Thessaly.\n\n=Ctenos=, a harbour of Chersonesus Taurica.\n\n=Ctesias=, a Greek historian and physician of Cnidos, taken prisoner\n by Artaxerxes Mnemon at the battle of Cunaxa. He cured the king\u2019s\n wounds, and was his physician for 17 years. He wrote a history of\n the Assyrians and Persians, which Justin and Diodorus have partially\n preferred to that of Herodotus. Some fragments of his compositions\n have been preserved by Photius, and are to be found in Wesseling\u2019s\n edition of Herodotus. _Strabo_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 12.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sycophant of Athens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n historian of Ephesus.\n\n=Ctesibius=, a mathematician of Alexandria, who flourished 135\n years B. C. He was the inventor of the pump and other hydraulic\n instruments. He also invented a _clepsydra_, or water clock. This\n invention of measuring time by water was wonderful and ingenious.\n Water was made to drop upon wheels, which it turned. The wheels\n communicated their regular motion to a small wooden image, which,\n by a gradual rise, pointed with a stick to the proper hours and\n months, which were engraved on a column near the machine. This artful\n invention gave rise to many improvements; and the modern manner of\n measuring time with an hour-glass is an imitation of the clepsydra\n of Ctesibius. _Vitruvius_, _On Architecture_, bk. 9, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n cynic philosopher.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian, who flourished 254 years B.C.,\n and died in his 104th year. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.\n\n=Ctes\u012dcle=, a general of Zacynthos.\n\n=Ctesid\u0113mus=, a painter who had Antiphilus for pupil. _Pliny_, bk. 35,\n ch. 10.\n\n=Ctesil\u014fchus=, a noble painter, who represented Jupiter as bringing\n forth Bacchus. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.\n\n=Ctes\u012dphon=, an Athenian, son of Leosthenes, who advised his\n fellow-citizens publicly to present Demosthenes with a golden crown\n for his probity and virtue. This was opposed by the orator \u00c6schines,\n the rival of Demosthenes, who accused Ctesiphon of seditious views.\n Demosthenes undertook the defence of his friend, in a celebrated\n oration still extant, and \u00c6schines was banished. _Demosthenes_\n & _\u00c6schines_, _On the Crown_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek architect, who made the\n plan of Diana\u2019s temple at Ephesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An elegiac poet, whom king\n Attalus sat over his possessions in \u00c6olia. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Greek historian, who wrote a history of B\u0153otia, besides a treatise\n on trees and plants. \u2666_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A large village\n of Assyria, now _Elmodain_, on the banks of the Tigris, where the\n kings of Parthia generally resided on account of the mildness of the\n climate. _Strabo_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Put.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Plutarch\u2019\n\n=Ctesippus=, a son of Chabrias. After his father\u2019s death he was\n received into the house of Phocion, the friend of Chabrias. Phocion\n attempted in vain to correct his natural foibles and extravagancies.\n _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote a history of Scythia.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the descendants of Hercules.\n\n=Ctim\u0115ne=, the youngest daughter of Laertes by Anticlea. _Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 334.\n\n=Cularo=, a town of the Allobroges in Gaul, called afterwards\n _Gratianopolis_, and now _Grenoble_. _Cicero_, _Letters to his\n Friends_.\n\n=Cuma= and =Cum\u00e6=, a town of \u00c6olia, in Asia Minor. The inhabitants\n have been accused of stupidity for not laying a tax upon all the\n goods which entered their harbour during 300 years. They were called\n _Cumani_. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city\n of Campania, near Puteoli, founded by a colony from Chalcis and Cum\u00e6,\n of \u00c6olia, before the Trojan war. The inhabitants were called _Cum\u00e6i_\n and _Cumani_. There was one of the Sibyls that fixed her residence\n in a cave in the neighbourhood, and was called the _Cum\u00e6an_ Sibyl.\n _See:_ Sibyll\u00e6.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 712; _Fasti_,\n bk. 4, li. 158; _Ex Ponto_, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 41.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _De\n Lege Agraria contra Rullum_, bk. 2, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch.\n 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 441.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_,\n bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\n\n=Cum\u0101num=, a country house of Pompey, near Cum\u00e6. _Cicero_, _Letters to\n Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Varro. _Cicero_, _Academica_,\n bk. 1, ch. 1.\n\n=Cunaxa=, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia from Babylon, famous for a\n battle fought there between Artaxerxes and his brother Cyrus the\n younger, B.C. 401. The latter entered the field of battle with 113,\n 000 men, and the former\u2019s forces amounted to 900,000 men. The valour\n and the retreat of the 10,000 Greeks, who were among the troops\n of Cyrus, are well known, and have been celebrated by the pen of\n Xenophon, who was present at the battle, and who had the principal\n care of the retreat. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.\u2015\u2015_Ctesias._\n\n=Cuneus=, a cape of Spain, now _Algarve_, extending into the sea in\n the form of a wedge. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22.\n\n=Cap\u0101vo=, a son of Cycnus, who assisted \u00c6neas against Turnus. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 186.\n\n=Cupentus=, a friend of Turnus, killed by \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 12, li. 539.\n\n=Cup\u012bdo=, a celebrated deity among the ancients, god of love, and\n love itself. There are different traditions concerning his parents.\n Cicero mentions three Cupids: one, son of Mercury and Diana; another,\n son of Mercury and Venus; and the third, of Mars and Venus. Plato\n mentions two; Hesiod, the most ancient theogonist, speaks only of\n one, who as he says, was produced at the same time as Chaos and\n the earth. There are, according to the more received opinions, two\n Cupids, one of whom is a lively, ingenious youth, son of Jupiter and\n Venus; whilst the other, son of Nox and Erebus, is distinguished by\n his debauchery and riotous disposition. Cupid is represented as a\n winged infant, naked, armed with a bow and a quiver full of arrows.\n On gems, and all other pieces of antiquity, he is represented as\n amusing himself with some childish diversion. Sometimes he appears\n driving a hoop, throwing a quoit, playing with a nymph, catching\n a butterfly, or trying to burn with a torch; at other times he\n plays upon a horn before his mother, or closely embraces a swan,\n or with one foot raised in the air, he, in a musing posture, seems\n to meditate some trick. Sometimes, like a conqueror, he marches\n triumphantly, with a helmet on his head, a spear on his shoulder,\n and a buckler on his arm, intimating that even Mars himself owns\n the superiority of love. His power was generally known by his riding\n on the back of a lion, or on a dolphin, or breaking to pieces the\n thunderbolts of Jupiter. Among the ancients he was worshipped with\n the same solemnity as his mother Venus, and as his influence was\n extended over the heavens, the sea, and the earth, and even the\n empire of the dead, his divinity was universally acknowledged, and\n vows, prayers, and sacrifices were daily offered to him. According\n to some accounts, the union of Cupid with Chaos gave birth to men,\n and all the animals which inhabit the earth, and even the gods\n themselves, were the offspring of love, before the foundation of the\n world. Cupid, like the rest of the gods, assumed different shapes;\n and we find him in the \u00c6neid putting on, at the request of his\n mother, the form of Ascanius, and going to Dido\u2019s court, where he\n inspired the queen with love. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 693, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 1, fable 10.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 121, &c.\u2015\u2015_Oppian_,\n _Halieutica_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Cynegetica_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Bion_, _Idylls_, bk. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Moschus._\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Hippolytus_.\u2015\u2015_Theocritus_, _Idylls_,\n poems 3, 11, &c.\n\n=Cupiennius=, a friend of Augustus, who made himself ridiculous for\n the nicety and effeminacy of his dress. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2,\n li. 36.\n\n=Cures=, a town of the Sabines, of which Tatius was king. The\n inhabitants, called _Quirites_, were carried to Rome, of which\n they became citizens. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 292; bk. 8,\n li. 638.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Macrobius_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 2, lis. 477 & 480; bk. 3, li. 94.\n\n=Cur\u0113tes=, a people of Crete, called also _Corybantes_, who, according\n to Ovid, were produced from rain. Their knowledge of all the arts\n was extensive, and they communicated it to many parts of ancient\n Greece. They were entrusted with the education of Jupiter, and\n to prevent his being discovered by his father, they invented a\n kind of dance, and drowned his cries in the harsh sounds of their\n shields and cymbals. As a reward for their attention, they were made\n priests and favourite ministers of Rhea, called also Cybele, who had\n entrusted them with the care of Jupiter. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 151.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,\n li. 282; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 210.\n\n=Cur\u0113tis=, a name given to Crete, as being the residence of the\n Curetes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 136.\n\n=Curia=, a division of the Roman tribes. Romulus originally divided\n the people into three tribes, and each tribe into 10 Curi\u00e6. Over\n each Curia was appointed a priest, who officiated at the sacrifices\n of his respective assembly. The sacrifices were called _Curionia_\n and the priest _Curio_. He was to be above the age of 50. His morals\n were to be pure and unexceptionable, and his body free from all\n defects. The _Curiones_ were elected by their respective Curi\u00e6, and\n above them was a superior priest called _Curio maximus_, chosen by\n all the Curi\u00e6 in a public assembly.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The word _Curia_ was also\n applied to public edifices among the Romans. These were generally of\n two sorts, divine and civil. In the former were held the assemblies\n of the priests, and of every religious order, for the regulation\n of religious sacrifices and ceremonies. The other was appointed\n for the senate, where they assembled for the despatch of public\n business. The Curia was solemnly consecrated by the Augurs, before\n a lawful assembly could be convened there. There were three at Rome,\n which more particularly claim our attention: _Curia Hostilia_, built\n by king Tullus Hostilius: _Curia Pompeii_, where Julius C\u00e6sar was\n murdered; and _Curia Augusti_, the palace and court of the emperor\n Augustus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of the Rh\u0153ti, now _Coire_, the capital of the\n Grisons.\n\n=Curia lex=, _de Comitiis_, was enacted by Marcus Curius Dentatus the\n tribune. It forbade the convening of the _Comitia_, for the election\n of magistrates, without a previous permission from the senate.\n\n=Curias.= _See:_ Curium.\n\n=Curiatii=, a family of Alba, which was carried to Rome by Tullus\n Hostilius, and entered among the patricians. The three Curiatii,\n who engaged the Horatii, and lost the victory, were of this family.\n _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 24.\n\n\u2666=Caius Curio=, an excellent orator, who called C\u00e6sar in full senate,\n _Omnium mulierum virum et omnium virorum mulierem_. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 21, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_, ch. 49.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Brutus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015His son Caius Scribonius, was tribune of the people,\n and an intimate friend of C\u00e6sar. He saved C\u00e6sar\u2019s life as he returned\n from the senate house, after the debates concerning the punishments\n which ought to be inflicted on the adherents of Catiline. He killed\n himself in Africa. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Pompey_ &\n _C\u00e6sar_, ch. 49.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 4,\n li. 268.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Q.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Caius\u2019\n\n=Curiosolit\u00e6=, a people among the Celt\u00e6, who inhabited the country\n which now forms Lower Brittany. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 34;\n bk. 3, ch. 11.\n\n=Curium=, a town of Cyprus, at a small distance from which, in the\n south of the island, there is a Cape, which bears the name of\n _Curias_. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 113.\n\n=Curius Dent\u0101tus Marcus Annius=, a Roman celebrated for his fortitude\n and frugality. He was three times consul, and was twice honoured\n with a triumph. He obtained decisive victories over the Samnites,\n the Sabines, and the Lucanians, and defeated Pyrrhus near Tarentum.\n The ambassadors of the Samnites visited his cottage, while he was\n boiling some vegetables in an earthen pot, and they attempted to\n bribe him by the offer of large presents. He refused their offers\n with contempt, and said. \u201cI prefer my earthen pots to all your\n vessels of gold and silver, and it is my wish to command those who\n are in possession of money, while I am deprived of it, and live in\n poverty.\u201d _Plutarch_, _Marcus Cato_.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 12, li.\n 41.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lieutenant of C\u00e6sar\u2019s cavalry,\n to whom six cohorts of Pompey revolted, &c. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_,\n \u2666bk. 1, ch. 24.\n\n \u2666 Book number omitted in text.\n\n=Curtia=, a patrician family, which migrated with Tatius to Rome.\n\n=Curt\u012bllus=, a celebrated epicure, &c. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 8,\n li. 52.\n\n=Marcus Curtius=, a Roman youth who devoted himself to the gods\u2019\n manes for the safety of his country about 360 years B.C. A wide gap,\n called afterwards _Curtius lacus_, had suddenly opened in the forum,\n and the oracle had said that it never would close before Rome threw\n into it whatever it had most precious. Curtius immediately perceived\n that no less than a human sacrifice was required. He armed himself,\n mounted his horse, and solemnly threw himself into the gulf, which\n immediately closed over his head. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus Rufus. _See:_ Quintus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Nicias,\n a grammarian, intimate with Pompey, &c. _Suetonius_, _Lives of\n the Grammarians_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Montanus, an orator and poet under Vespasian.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Atticus, a Roman knight, who\n accompanied Tiberius in his retreat into Campania. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lacus, the gulf into which Curtius leaped.\n _See:_ Marcus Curtius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Fons, a stream which conveyed water to\n Rome from the distance of 40 miles, by an aqueduct so elevated as\n to be distributed through all the hills of the city. _Pliny_, bk. 36,\n ch. 15.\n\n=Cur\u016blis magistratus=, a state officer at Rome, who had the privilege\n of sitting in an ivory chair in public assemblies. The dictator,\n the consuls, the censors, the pretors, and ediles, claimed that\n privilege, and therefore were called _curules magistratus_. The\n senators who had passed through the above-mentioned offices, were\n generally carried to the senate-house in ivory chairs, as also all\n generals in their triumphant procession to the Capitol. When names\n of distinction began to be known among the Romans, the descendants\n of curule magistrates were called _nobiles_, the first of a family\n who discharged that office were known by the name of _notii_, and\n those that had never been in office were called _ignobiles_.\n\n=Cuss\u00e6i=, a nation of Asia, destroyed by Alexander to appease the\n manes of Heph\u00e6stion. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\n\n=Cusus=, a river of Hungary falling into the Danube, now the _Vag_.\n\n=Cutilium=, a town of the Sabines, near a lake which contained a\n floating island, and of which the water was of an unusually cold\n quality. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 31, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Naturales\n quaestiones_, bk. 3, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 11.\n\n=Cyamos\u014drus=, a river of Sicily.\n\n=Cy\u0103ne=, a nymph of Syracuse, to whom her father offered violence in\n a fit of drunkenness. She dragged her ravisher to the altar, where\n she sacrificed him, and killed herself to stop a pestilence, which,\n from that circumstance, had already begun to afflict the country.\n _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nymph of Sicily, who endeavoured\n to assist Proserpine when she was carried away by Pluto. The god\n changed her into a fountain now called _Pisme_, a few miles from\n Syracuse. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 112.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n Lycia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An inn-keeper, &c. _Juvenal_,\n satire 8, li. 162.\n\n=Cy\u0103ne\u00e6=, now _the Pavorane_, two rugged islands at the entrance\n of the Euxine sea, about 20 stadia from the mouth of the Thracian\n Bosphorus. One of them is on the side of Asia, and the other on the\n European coast, and, according to Strabo, there is only a space of\n 20 furlongs between them. The waves of the sea, which continually\n break against them with a violent noise, fill the air with a\n darkening foam, and render the passage extremely dangerous. The\n ancients supposed that these islands floated, and even sometimes\n united to crush vessels into pieces when they passed through the\n straits. This tradition arose from their appearing, like all other\n objects, to draw nearer when navigators approached them. They were\n sometimes called _Symplegades_ and _Planet\u00e6_. Their true situation\n and form was first explored and ascertained by the Argonauts.\n _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 85.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_,\n bk. 2, lis. 317 & 600.\u2015\u2015_Lycophron_, li. 1285.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 1 &\n 3.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 34.\n\n=Cyanee= and =Cyanea=, a daughter of the M\u00e6ander, mother of Byblis\n and Caunus by Miletus, Apollo\u2019s son. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,\n li. 451.\n\n=Cyaneus=, a large river of Colchis.\n\n=Cyanippe=, a daughter of Adrastus.\n\n=Cyanippus=, a Syracusan, who derided the orgies of Bacchus, for\n which impiety the god so inebriated him, that he offered violence\n to his daughter Cyane, who sacrificed him on the altar. _Plutarch_,\n _Parallela minora_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Thessalian, whose wife met with the same\n fate as Procris. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\n\n=Cyaraxes=, or =Cyaxares=, son of Phraortes, was king of Media and\n Persia. He bravely defended his kingdom, which the Scythians had\n invaded. He made war against Alyattes king of Lydia, and subjected\n to his power all Asia beyond the river Halys. He died after a reign\n of 40 years, B.C. 585. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs.\n 73 & 103.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another prince, supposed by some to be the same as\n Darius the Mede. He was the son of Astyages king of Media. He added\n seven provinces to his father\u2019s dominions, and made war against the\n Assyrians, whom Cyrus favoured. _Xenophon_, _Cyrop\u00e6dia_, bk. 1.\n\n=Cyb\u0113be=, a name of Cybele, from \u2666\u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b7\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, because in the celebration\n of her festivals men were driven to madness.\n\n \u2666 \u2018\u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03bc\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u2019 replaced with \u2018\u03ba\u03c5\u03b2\u03b7\u03b2\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u2019\n\n=Cyb\u0115le=, a goddess, daughter of C\u0153lus and Terra, and wife of Saturn.\n She is supposed to be the same as Ceres, Rhea, Ops, Vesta, Bona\n Mater, Magna Mater, Berecynthia, Dindymene, &c. According to Diodorus,\n she was the daughter of a Lydian prince called Menos, by his wife\n Dindymene, and he adds, that as soon as she was born she was exposed\n on a mountain. She was preserved and suckled by some of the wild\n beasts of the forest, and received the name of Cybele from the\n mountain where her life had been preserved. When she returned to her\n father\u2019s court, she had an intrigue with Atys, a beautiful youth,\n whom her father mutilated, &c. All the mythologists are unanimous\n in mentioning the amours of Atys and Cybele. The partiality of the\n goddess for Atys seems to arise from his having first introduced\n her worship in Phrygia. She enjoined him perpetual celibacy, and\n the violation of his promise was expiated by voluntary mutilation.\n In Phrygia the festivals of Cybele were observed with the greatest\n solemnity. Her priests, called Corybantes, Galli, &c., were not\n admitted in the service of the goddess without a previous mutilation.\n In the celebration of the festivals, they imitated the manners of\n madmen, and filled the air with dreadful shrieks and howlings, mixed\n with the confused noise of drums, tabrets, bucklers, and spears.\n This was in commemoration of the sorrow of Cybele for the loss of\n her favourite Atys. Cybele was generally represented as a robust\n woman, far advanced in her pregnancy, to intimate the fecundity\n of the earth. She held keys in her hand, and her head was crowned\n with rising turrets, and sometimes with the leaves of an oak. She\n sometimes appears riding in a chariot drawn by two tame lions; Atys\n follows by her side, carrying a ball in his hand, and supporting\n himself upon a fir tree, which is sacred to the goddess. Sometimes\n Cybele is represented with a sceptre in her hand, with her head\n covered with a tower. She is also seen with many breasts, to show\n that the earth gives aliments to all living creatures; and she\n generally carries two lions under her arms. From Phrygia the worship\n of Cybele passed into Greece, and was solemnly established at\n Eleusis, under the name of the Eleusinian mysteries of Ceres. The\n Romans, by order of the Sibylline books, brought the statue of the\n goddess from Pessinus into Italy; and when the ship which carried\n it had run on a shallow bank of the Tiber, the virtue and innocence\n of Claudia were vindicated in removing it with her girdle. It is\n supposed that the mysteries of Cybele were first known about 1580\n years B.C. The Romans were particularly superstitious in washing\n every year, on the 6th of the calends of April, the shrine of this\n goddess in the waters of the river Almon. There prevailed many\n obscenities in the observation of the festivals, and the priests\n themselves were the most eager to use indecent expressions, and to\n show their unbounded licentiousness by the impurity of their actions.\n _See:_ Atys, Eleusis, Rhea, Corybantes, Galli, &c. _Augustine_,\n _City of God_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Lactantius._\u2015\u2015_Lucian_, _De Syria Dea_.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 617; bk. 10,\n li. 252.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 566.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, lis.\n 210 & 361.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Garrulitate_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to\n Atticus_.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6lius_, _Rhodiginus_, \u2666bk. 18, ch. 17, &c.\n\n \u2666 \u20188\u2019 replaced with \u201818\u2019\n\n=Cyb\u0115le= and =Cybela=, a town of Phrygia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Cyb\u0115lus=, a mountain of Phrygia, where Cybele was worshipped.\n\n=Cy\u0306b\u012dra=, a town of Phrygia, whence Cybiraticus. _Horace_, bk. 1,\n ltr. 6, li. 33.\n\n=Cybistria=, a town of Cappadocia. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,\n bk. 15.\n\n=Cycesium=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Pisa.\n\n=Cychreus=, a son of Neptune and Salamis. After death he was honoured\n as a god in Salamis and Attica. As he left no children, he made\n Telamon his successor, because he had freed the country from\n a monstrous serpent. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\n\n=Cycl\u0103des=, a name given to certain islands of the \u00c6gean sea, those\n particularly that surround Delos as with a circle; whence the name\n (\u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, _circulus_). They were about 53 in number, the principal\n of which were Ceos, Naxos, Andros, Paros, Melos, Seriphos, Gyarus,\n Tenedos, &c. The Cyclades were reduced under the power of Athens by\n Miltiades; but during the invasion of Greece by the Persians, they\n revolted from their ancient and natural allies. _Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Miltiades_, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius Periegeta._\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 64.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3,\n li. 127; bk. 8, li. 692.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 247.\n\n=Cycl\u014dpes=, a certain race of men of gigantic stature, supposed to be\n the sons of C\u0153lus and Terra. They had but one eye, in the middle of\n the forehead; whence their name (\u03ba\u03c5\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, _circulus_, \u1f60\u03c8, _oculus_).\n They were three in number, according to Hesiod, called Arges,\n Brontes, and Steropes. Their number was greater according to other\n mythologists, and in the age of Ulysses, Polyphemus was their king.\n _See:_ Polyphemus. They inhabited the western parts of the island\n of Sicily; and because they were uncivilized in their manners, the\n poets speak of them as men-eaters. The tradition of their having\n only one eye originates from their custom of wearing small bucklers\n of steel which covered their faces, and had a small aperture in the\n middle, which corresponded exactly to the eye. From their vicinity\n to mount \u00c6tna, they have been supposed to be the workmen of Vulcan,\n and to have fabricated the thunderbolts of Jupiter. The most solid\n walls and impregnable fortresses were said, among the ancients, to\n be the work of the Cyclops, to render them more respectable; and we\n find that Jupiter was armed with what they had fabricated, and that\n the shield of Pluto, and the trident of Neptune, were the produce of\n their labour. The Cyclops were reckoned among the gods, and we find\n a temple dedicated to their service at Corinth, where sacrifices\n were solemnly offered. Apollo destroyed them all, because they had\n made the thunderbolts of Jupiter, with which his son \u00c6sculapius had\n been killed. From the different accounts given of the Cyclops by the\n ancients, it may be concluded that they were all the same people,\n to whom various functions have been attributed, which cannot be\n reconciled one to the other, without drawing the pencil of fiction\n or mythology. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_,\n bks. 1 & 9.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 140.\u2015\u2015_Theocritus_, _Idylls_,\n poem 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 170;\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 630; bk. 8, li. 418, &c.; bk. 11, li. 263.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 780; bk. 14, li. 249.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n people of Asia.\n\n=Cycnus=, a son of Mars by Pelopea, killed by Hercules. The manner of\n his death provoked Mars to such a degree that he resolved severely\n to punish his murderer, but he was prevented by the thunderbolts of\n Jupiter. _Hyginus_, fables 31 & 261.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Neptune, invulnerable in every part of his body.\n Achilles fought against him; but when he saw that his darts were of\n no effect, he threw him on the ground and smothered him. He stripped\n him of his armour, and saw him suddenly changed into a bird of the\n same name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, fable 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Hyrie, changed into a swan.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Sthenelus king of Liguria.\n He was deeply afflicted at the death of his friend and relation\n Phaeton, and in the midst of his lamentations he was metamorphosed\n into a swan. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 367.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 189.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A horse\u2019s\n name. _Statius_, bk. 6, _Thebiad_ li. 524.\n\n=Cydas=, a profligate Cretan, made judge at Rome by Antony. _Cicero_,\n _Philippics_, speeches 5 & 8.\n\n=Cydias=, an Athenian of great valour, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 21.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter who made a painting of the Argonauts. This celebrated\n piece was bought by the orator Hortensius, for 164 talents. _Pliny_,\n bk. 34.\n\n=Cydippe=, the wife of Anaxilaus, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 165.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Cleobis and Biton. _See:_ Cleobis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A girl\n beloved by Acontius. _See:_ Acontius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Cyrene\u2019s attendants.\n _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 329.\n\n=Cydnus=, a river of Cilicia, near Tarsus, where Alexander bathed\n when covered with sweat. The consequences proved almost fatal to\n the monarch. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 8.\n\n=Cydon=, a friend of Turnus against \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n li. 335.\n\n=Cydon= and =Cydonia=, now _Canea_, a town of Crete, built by a colony\n from Samos. It was supposed that Minos generally resided there.\n Hence _Cydoneus_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 22.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 858.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 109.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 37, ch. 60.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 229.\n\n=Cydonia=, an island opposite Lesbos. _Pliny_, bks. 2 & 4.\n\n=Cydrara=, a city of Phrygia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 30.\n\n=Cydrol\u0101us=, a man who led a colony to Samos. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Cygnus.= _See:_ Cycnus.\n\n=Cylabus=, a place near Argos in Peloponnesus. \u2666_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Piut.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Plutarch\u2019\n\n=Cylbiani=, mountains of Phrygia where the Gayster takes its rise.\n _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.\n\n=Cylices=, a people among the Illyrians. There was in their country a\n monument in honour of Cadmus. _Athen\u00e6us._\n\n=Cylindus=, a son of Phryxus and Calliope.\n\n=Cyllabaris=, a public place for exercises at Argos, where was a\n statue of Minerva. _Pausanias_, _Corinthia_.\n\n=Cyllab\u0103rus=, a gallant of the wife of Diomedes, &c.\n\n=Cyll\u0103rus=, the most beautiful of all the Centaurs, passionately\n fond of Hylonome. They perished both at the same time. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 408.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated horse of Pollux or\n of Castor, according to Seneca. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 90.\n\n=Cyllen=, a son of Elatus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.\n\n=Cyll\u0113ne=, the mother of Lycaon by Pelasgus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A naval station of Elis in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 4, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Arcadia, with a small town on its\n declivity, which received its name from Cyllen. Mercury was born\n there; hence his surname of _Cylleneius_, which is indiscriminately\n applied to anything he invented, or over which he presided. _Lucan_,\n bk. 1, li. 663.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, epode 13, li. 13.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8,\n ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 139.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 13, li. 146; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 147.\n\n=Cyll\u0113n\u0113ius=, a surname of Mercury, from his being born on the mountain\n of Cyllene.\n\n=Cyllyrii=, certain slaves at Syracuse. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 155.\n\n=Cylon=, an Athenian who aspired to tyranny. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 71.\n\n=Cyma=, or =Cym\u00e6=, the largest and most beautiful town of \u00c6olia,\n called also _Phriconis_, and _Phricontis_, and _Cum\u00e6_. _See:_ Cum\u00e6.\n _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Flaccus_, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 149.\n\n=Cymod\u014fce=, =Cyme=, and =Cymo=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, li. 255.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 388.\n\n=Cym\u014dlus= and =Cim\u014dlus=, an island of the Cretan sea. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 463.\n\n=Cym\u014fthoe=, one of the Nereides, represented by _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 1, li. 148, as assisting the Trojans with Triton after the storm\n with which \u00c6olus, at the request of Juno, had afflicted the fleet.\n\n=Cynara=, one of Horace\u2019s favourites. Bk. 4, ode 1, li. 4.\n\n=Cyn\u00e6g\u012brus=, an Athenian, celebrated for his extraordinary courage.\n He was brother to the poet \u00c6schylus. After the battle of Marathon,\n he pursued the flying Persians to their ships, and seized one of\n their vessels with his right hand, which was immediately severed by\n the enemy. Upon this he seized the vessel with his left hand, and\n when he had lost that also, he still kept his hold with his teeth.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 114.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 9.\n\n=Cyn\u00e6thium=, a town of Arcadia, founded by one of the companions of\n \u00c6neas. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\n\n=Cyn\u0101ne=, a daughter of Philip king of Macedonia, who married Amyntas\n son of Perdiccas, by whom she had Eurydice. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Cyn\u0101pes=, a river falling into the Euxine. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_,\n ltr. 10, li. 49.\n\n=Cynaxa.= _See:_ Cunaxa.\n\n=Cyneas.= _See:_ Cineas.\n\n=Cynesii= and =Cynet\u00e6=, a nation on the remotest shores of Europe,\n towards the ocean. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 33.\n\n=Cynethussa=, an island in the \u00c6gean sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Cynia=, a lake of Acarcania. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Cyn\u012dci=, a sect of philosophers founded by Antisthenes the Athenian.\n They received this name _\u00e0 canin\u00e2 mordacitate_, from their canine\n propensity to criticize the lives and actions of men, or because,\n like dogs, they were not ashamed to gratify their criminal desires\n publicly. They were famous for their contempt of riches, for their\n negligence of their dress, and the length of their beards. Diogenes\n was one of their sect. They generally slept on the ground. _Cicero_,\n bk. 1, _De Officiis_, chs. 35 & 41.\n\n=Cynisca=, a daughter of Archidamus king of Sparta, who obtained the\n first prize in the chariot-races at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 3, ch. 8.\n\n=Cyno=, a woman who preserved the life of Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 110.\n\n=Cynoceph\u0103le=, a town of Thessaly, where the proconsul Quintius\n conquered Philip of Macedon, and put an end to the first Macedonian\n war, B.C. 197. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 7.\n\n=Cynoceph\u0103li=, a nation of India, who have the head of a dog, according\n to some traditions. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.\n\n=Cynophontis=, a festival of Argos, observed during the dog days. It\n received its name \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2 \u03c6\u03bf\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _killing dogs_, because they\n used to kill all the dogs they met.\n\n=Cynortas=, one of the ancient kings of Sparta, son of Amyclas and\n Diomede. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Cynortion=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 27.\n\n=Cynos=, a town of Locris.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Thessaly, where Pyrrha,\n Deucalion\u2019s wife, was buried.\n\n=Cynosargres=, a surname of Hercules.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small village of Attica of\n the same name, where the Cynic philosophers had established their\n school. _Herodotus_, bks. 5 & 6.\n\n=Cynoss\u0113ma= (_a dog\u2019s tomb_), a promontory of the Thracian Chersonesus,\n where Hecuba was changed into a dog, and buried. _Ovid_, bk. 13,\n _Metamorphoses_, li. 569.\n\n=Cynos\u016bra=, a nymph of Ida in Crete. She nursed Jupiter, who changed\n her into a star which bears the same name. It is the same as the\n Ursa Minor. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 107.\n\n=Cynthia=, a beautiful woman who was mistress to _Propertius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n surname of Diana, from mount Cynthus, where she was born.\n\n=Cynthius=, a surname of Apollo, from mount Cynthus.\n\n=Cynthus=, a mountain of Delos, so high that it is said to overshadow\n the whole island. Apollo was surnamed _Cynthius_, and Diana\n _Cynthia_, as they were born on the mountain, which was sacred to\n them. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 36.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 6, li. 304; _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 346.\n\n=Cyn\u016brenses=, a people of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.\n\n=Cynus=, a naval station of Opus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\n\n=Cyp\u0103rissi= and =Cyparissia=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Massenia.\n _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\n\n=Cyp\u0103rissus=, a youth, son of Telephus of Cea, beloved by Apollo.\n He killed a favourite stag of Apollo\u2019s, for which he was so sorry\n that he pined away, and was changed by the god into a cypress tree.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 680.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10,\n li. 121.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town near Delphi. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Cyph\u0103ra=, a fortified place of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13.\n\n=Cypri\u0101nus=, a native of Carthage, who, though born of heathen parents,\n became a convert to christianity, and the bishop of his countrymen.\n To be more devoted to purity and study, he abandoned his wife; and\n as a proof of his charity, he distributed his goods to the poor. He\n wrote 81 letters, besides several treatises, _De Dei grati\u00e2_, _De\n virginum habitu_, &c., and rendered his compositions valuable by\n the information which he conveys of the discipline of the ancient\n church, and by the soundness and purity of his theology. He died\n a martyr, A.D. 258. The best editions of Cyprian are that of Fell,\n folio, Oxford, 1682, and that reprinted Amsterdam, 1700.\n\n=Cyprus=, a daughter of Antony and Cleopatra, who married Agrippa.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A large island in the Mediterranean sea, at the south of Cilicia,\n and at the west of Syria, formerly joined to the continent near\n Syria, according to Pliny. It has been anciently called _Acamantis_,\n _Amathusia_, _Aspelia_, _Cerastis_, _Colonia_ or _Colinia_, _Macaria_,\n and _Spechia_. It has been celebrated for giving birth to Venus\n surnamed _Cypris_, who was the chief deity of the place, and to\n whose service many places and temples were consecrated. It was\n anciently divided into nine kingdoms, and was for some time under\n the power of Egypt, and afterwards of the Persians. The Greeks made\n themselves masters of it, and it was taken from them by the Romans.\n Its length, according to Strabo, is 1400 stadia. There were three\n celebrated temples there, two sacred to Venus, and the other to\n Jupiter. The inhabitants were given much to pleasure and dissipation.\n _Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 12, ch. 24; bk. 33, ch. 3;\n bk. 36, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Cyps\u0115l\u012ddes=, the name of three princes as descendants of Cypselus,\n who reigned at Corinth during 73 years. Cypselus was succeeded by\n his son Periander, who left his kingdom, after a reign of 40 years,\n to Cypselus II.\n\n\u2666=Cyps\u0115sus=, a king of Arcadia, who married the daughter of Ctesiphon,\n to strengthen himself against the Heraclid\u00e6. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Corinth, son of Eetion and father of Periander.\n He destroyed the Bacchiad\u00e6, and seized upon the sovereign power,\n about 659 years before Christ. He reigned 30 years, and was succeeded\n by his son. Periander had two sons, Lycophron and Cypselus, who\n was insane. Cypselus received his name from the Greek word \u03ba\u03c5\u03c8\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2,\n _a coffer_, because when the Bacchiad\u00e6 attempted to kill him, his\n mother saved his life by concealing him in a coffer. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 5, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 37.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 114; bk. 5, ch. 92, &c.\u2015\u2015_Aristotle_,\n _Politics_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Miltiades. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 35.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Cys\u0115sus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Cyps\u0115sus\u2019\n\n=Cyraunis=, an island of Libya. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 195.\n\n=Cyrbi\u0101na=, a province of the Elym\u00e6ans.\n\n=Cyre=, a fountain near Cyrene.\n\n=Cyr\u0113na\u012dca=, a country of Africa, of which Cyrene is the capital.\n _See:_ Cyrene.\n\n=Cyr\u0113na\u012dci=, a sect of philosophers who followed the doctrine of\n Aristippus. They placed their _summum bonum_ in pleasure, and\n said that virtue ought to be commended because it gave pleasure.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Aristotle_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,\n bk. 3.\n\n=Cyr\u0113ne=, the daughter of the river Peneus, of whom Apollo became\n enamoured. He carried her to that part of Africa which is called\n _Cyrenaica_, where she brought forth Arist\u00e6us. She is called by\n some daughter of Hypseus, king of the Lapith\u00e6 and son of the Peneus.\n _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 321.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Pythian_, li. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated city of Libya, to\n which Arist\u00e6us, who was the chief of the colonists settled there,\n gave his mother\u2019s name. Cyrene was situate in a beautiful and\n fertile plain, about 11 miles from the Mediterranean sea, and it\n became the capital of the country, which was called _Pentapolis_, on\n account of the five cities which it contained. It gave birth to many\n great men, among whom were Callimachus, Eratosthenes, Carneades,\n Aristippus, &c. The town of Cyrene was built by Battus, B.C. 630,\n and the kingdom was bequeathed to the Romans, B.C. 97, by king\n Ptolemy Appion. _Herodotus_, bks. 3 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch.\n 13.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 70.\n\n=Cyriades=, one of the 30 tyrants who harassed the Roman empire in the\n reign of Gallienus. He died A.D. 259.\n\n=Cyrillus=, a bishop of Jerusalem, who died A.D. 386. Of his writings,\n composed in Greek, there remain 23 _catecheses_, and a letter to the\n emperor Constantine, the best edition of which is by Milles, folio,\n Oxford, 1703.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A bishop of Alexandria, who died A.D. 444. The best\n edition of his writings, which are mostly controversial, in Greek,\n is that of Paris, folio, 7 vols., 1638.\n\n=Cyrne=, a place of Eub\u0153a.\n\n=Cyrnus=, a driver in the games which Scipio exhibited in Africa, &c.\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 16, li. 342.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Argos, who founded\n a city of Chersonesus. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river that falls into\n the Caspian sea. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island on the coast\n of Liguria, the same as Corsica; and called after Cyrnus the son of\n Hercules. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 9, li. 30.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 17.\n\n=Cyrr\u00e6i=, a people of \u00c6thiopia.\n\n=Cyrrhad\u00e6=, an Indian nation.\n\n=Cyrrhes=, a people of Macedonia, near Pella.\n\n=Cyrrhest\u012dca=, a country of Syria near Cilicia, of which the capital\n was called _Cyrrhum_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to\n Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 18.\n\n=Cyrrhus= and =Cyrus=, a river of Iberia in Asia.\n\n=Cyrs\u012blus=, an Athenian, stoned to death by his countrymen, because\n he advised them to receive the army of Xerxes, and to submit to the\n power of Persia. _Demosthenes_, _de Coron\u00e2_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 3, _de\n Officiis_, ch. 11.\n\n=Cyrus=, a king of Persia, son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter\n of Astyages king of Media. His father was of an ignoble family,\n whose marriage with Mandane had been consummated on account of the\n apprehensions of Astyages. _See:_ Astyages. Cyrus was exposed as\n soon as born; but he was preserved by a shepherdess, who educated\n him as her own son. As he was playing with his equals in years, he\n was elected king in a certain diversion, and he exercised his power\n with such an independent spirit, that he ordered one of his play\n companions to be severely whipped for disobedience. The father of\n the youth, who was a nobleman, complained to the king of the ill\n treatment which his son had received from a shepherd\u2019s son. Astyages\n ordered Cyrus before him, and discovered that he was Mandane\u2019s son,\n from whom he had so much to apprehend. He treated him with great\n coldness; and Cyrus, unable to bear his tyranny, escaped from his\n confinement, and began to levy troops to dethrone his grandfather.\n He was assisted and encouraged by the ministers of Astyages, who\n were displeased with the king\u2019s oppression. He marched against\n him, and Astyages was defeated in a battle, and taken prisoner,\n B.C. 559. From this victory the empire of Media became tributary\n to the Persians. Cyrus subdued the eastern parts of Asia, and made\n war against Cr\u0153sus king of Lydia, whom he conquered, B.C. 548.\n He invaded the kingdom of Assyria, and took the city of Babylon\n by drying the channels of the Euphrates, and marching his troops\n through the bed of the river, while the people were celebrating\n a grand festival. He afterwards marched against Tomyris the queen\n of the Massaget\u00e6, a Scythian nation, and was defeated in a bloody\n battle, B.C. 530. The victorious queen, who had lost her son in\n a previous encounter, was so incensed against Cyrus, that she cut\n off his head, and threw it into a vessel filled with human blood,\n exclaiming, _Satia te sanguine quem sitisti_. Xenophon has written\n the life of Cyrus; but his history is not perfectly authentic. In\n the character of Cyrus he delineates a brave and virtuous prince,\n and often puts in his mouth many of the sayings of Socrates. The\n chronology is false; and Xenophon, in his narration, has given\n existence to persons whom no other historian ever mentioned. The\n _Cyrop\u00e6dia_, therefore, is not to be looked upon as an authentic\n history of Cyrus the Great, but we must consider it as showing\n what every good and virtuous prince ought to be. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 75, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 1, chs. 5 & 7.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The younger Cyrus was the younger son of Darius Nothus, and the\n brother of Artaxerxes. He was sent by his father, at the age of 16,\n to assist the Laced\u00e6monians against Athens. Artaxerxes succeeded to\n the throne at the death of Nothus; and Cyrus, who was of an aspiring\n soul, attempted to assassinate him. He was discovered, and would\n have been punished with death, had not his mother Parysatis saved\n him from the hands of the executioner by her tears and entreaties.\n This circumstance did not in the least check the ambition of Cyrus;\n he was appointed over Lydia and the sea coasts, where he secretly\n fomented rebellion, and levied troops under various pretences.\n At last he took the field with an army of 100,000 barbarians, and\n 13,000 Greeks under the command of Clearchus. Artaxerxes met him\n with 900,000 men near Cunaxa. The battle was long and bloody, and\n Cyrus might have perhaps obtained the victory, had not his uncommon\n rashness proved his ruin. It is said that the two royal brothers\n met in person, and engaged with the most inveterate fury, and their\n engagement ended in the death of Cyrus, 401 years B.C. Artaxerxes\n was so anxious of its being universally reported that his brother\n had fallen by his hand, that he put to death two of his subjects for\n boasting that they had killed Cyrus. The Greeks, who were engaged\n in the expedition, obtained much glory in the battle; and after\n the death of Cyrus, they remained victorious in the field without\n a commander. They were not, however, discouraged, though at a\n great distance from their country, and surrounded on every side\n by a powerful enemy. They unanimously united in the election of\n commanders, and traversed all Asia, in spite of the continual\n attacks of the Persians; and nothing is more truly celebrated in\n ancient history than the bold retreat of the 10,000. The journey\n that they made from the place of their first embarkation till their\n return, has been calculated at 1155 leagues, performed in the space\n of 15 months, including all the time which was devoted to take\n rest and refreshment. This retreat has been celebrated by Xenophon,\n who was one of their leaders, and among the friends and supporters\n of Cyrus. It is said, that in the letter he wrote to Laced\u00e6mon to\n solicit auxiliaries, Cyrus boasted his philosophy, his royal blood,\n and his ability to drink more wine than his brother without being\n intoxicated. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 5, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rival of Horace, in the affections of one of his\n mistresses, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 24.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of Panopolis, in the\n age of Theodosius.\n\n=Cyrus= and =Cyrop\u014flis=, a city of Syria, built by the Jews in honour\n of Cyrus, whose humanity in relieving them from their captivity they\n wished thus to commemorate.\n\n=Cyrus=, a river of Persia, now _Kur_.\n\n=Cyta=, a town of Colchis, famous for the poisonous herbs which it\n produced, and for the birth of Medea. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 693.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 73.\n\n=Cyt\u00e6is=, a surname of Medea, from her being an inhabitant of Cyta.\n _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 7.\n\n=Cyth\u0113ra=, now _Cesigo_, an island on the coast of Laconia in\n Peloponnesus. It was particularly sacred to the goddess Venus,\n who was from thence surnamed _Cyther\u00e6a_, and who rose, as some\n suppose, from the sea, near its coasts. It was for some time under\n the power of the Argives, and always considered as of the highest\n importance to maritime powers. The Ph\u0153nicians had built there a\n famous temple to Venus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 262; bk. 10,\n li. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,\n li. 288; bk. 15, li. 386; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 15.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 29.\n\n=Cyth\u0115r\u00e6a=, a surname of Venus.\n\n=Cyth\u0113ris=, a certain courtesan, much respected by the poet Gallus, as\n well as by Antony.\n\n=Cyth\u0113ron.= _See:_ Cith\u00e6ron.\n\n=Cyth\u0113run=, a place of Attica.\n\n=Cytherus=, a river of Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22.\n\n=Cythnos=, now _Thermia_, an island near Attica, famous for its cheese.\n It has been called _Ophiousa_ and _Dryopis_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 5, li. 252.\n\n=Cytineum=, one of the four cities called Tetrapolis in Doris.\n _Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 107.\n\n=Cytissorus=, a son of Phryxus, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 197.\n\n=Cyt\u014drus=, now _Kudros_, a mountain and town of Galatia, built by\n Cytorus son of Phryxus, and abounding in box-wood. _Catullus_,\n poem 4, li. 13.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 311.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 437.\n\n=Cyz\u012dcum=, or =Cyzicus=, an island of the Propontis, about 530 stadia\n in circumference, with a town called Cyzicus. Alexander joined it\n to the continent by two bridges, and from that time it was called\n a peninsula. It had two harbours called Panormus and Chytus, the\n first natural, and the other artificial. It became one of the most\n considerable cities of Asia. It was besieged by Mithridates, and\n relieved by Lucullus. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch.\n 32.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 18.\n\n=Cyz\u012dcus=, a son of \u0152neus and Stilba, who reigned in Cyzicus. He\n hospitably received the Argonauts, in their expedition against\n Colchis. After their departure from the coast of Cyzicus, they\n were driven back in the night, by a storm, upon the coast; and\n the inhabitants seeing such an unexpected number of men, furiously\n attacked them, supposing them to be the Pelasgi, their ancient\n enemies. In this nocturnal engagement, many were killed on\n both sides, and Cyzicus perished by the hands of Jason himself,\n who honoured him with a splendid funeral, and raised a stately\n monument over his grave. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus._\n \u2015\u2015_Apollonius._\u2015\u2015_Orpheus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The chief town of the island of\n Cyzicum, built where the island is joined by the bridges to the\n continent. It has two excellent harbours, called Panormus and Chytus.\n The former is naturally large and beautiful, and the other owes\n all its conveniences to the hand of art. The town is situate partly\n on a mountain, and partly in a plain. The Argonauts built a temple\n to Cybele in the neighbourhood. It derives its name from Cyzicus,\n who was killed there by Jason. The Athenians defeated near this\n place their enemies of Laced\u00e6mon, assisted by Pharnabazus, B.C.\n 410. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 22.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 636.\n\n\n D\n\n=Da\u00e6=, =Dah\u00e6=, or =Dai=, now the _Dahistan_, a people of Scythia, who\n dwelt on the borders of the Caspian sea. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13,\n li. 764.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 420.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 728.\n\n=Daci= and =Dac\u00e6=, a warlike nation of Germany, beyond the Danube,\n whose country, called _Dacia_, was conquered by the Romans under\n Trajan, after a war of 15 years, A.D. 103. The emperor joined the\n country to M\u0153sia, by erecting a magnificent bridge across the Danube,\n considered as the best of his works, which, however, the envy of his\n successor Adrian demolished. Dacia now forms the modern countries of\n _Walachia_, _Transylvania_, and _Moldavia_. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 53.\n\n=Dac\u012dcus=, a surname assumed by Domitian on his pretended victory over\n the Dacians. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 204.\n\n=Dacty\u0306li=, a name given to the priests of Cybele, which some derive\n from \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, _finger_, because they were 10, the same number as\n the fingers of the hands. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\n\n=Dadic\u00e6=, a people of Asiatic Scythia. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 91.\n\n=D\u00e6d\u0103la=, a mountain and city of Lycia, where D\u00e6dalus was buried\n according to _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name given to Circe, from\n her being _cunning_ (\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2), and like D\u00e6dalus, addicted to deceit\n and artifice. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 282.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Two festivals\n in B\u0153otia. One of these was observed at Alalcomenos by the Plat\u00e6ans,\n in a large grove, where they exposed in the open air pieces of\n boiled flesh, and carefully observed whither the crows that came\n to prey upon them directed their flight. All the trees upon which\n any of these birds alighted were immediately cut down, and with\n them statues were made called _D\u00e6dala_, in honour of D\u00e6dalus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n other festival was of a more solemn kind. It was celebrated every\n 60 years by all the cities of B\u0153otia, as a compensation for the\n intermission of the smaller festivals, for that number of years,\n during the exile of the Plat\u00e6ans. Fourteen of the statues, called\n D\u00e6dala, were distributed by lot among the Plat\u00e6ans, Lebad\u00e6ans,\n Coroneans, Orchomenians, Thespians, Thebans, Tanagr\u00e6ans, and\n Ch\u00e6roneans, because they had effected a reconciliation among the\n Plat\u00e6ans and had caused them to be recalled from exile, about the\n time that Thebes was restored by Cassander the son of Antipater.\n During this festival, a woman in the habit of a bride-maid\n accompanied a statue, which was dressed in female garments, on\n the banks of the Eurotas. This procession was attended to the\n top of mount Cith\u00e6ron, by many of the B\u0153otians, who had places\n assigned them by lot. Here an altar of square pieces of wood\n cemented together like stones, was erected, and upon it were thrown\n large quantities of combustible materials. Afterwards a bull was\n sacrificed to Jupiter, and an ox or heifer to Juno, by every one\n of the cities of B\u0153otia, and by the most opulent that attended.\n The poorest citizens offered small cattle; and all these oblations,\n together with the D\u00e6dala, were thrown in the common heap and set\n on fire, and totally reduced to ashes. They originated in this:\n When Juno, after a quarrel with Jupiter, had retired to Eub\u0153a, and\n refused to return to his bed, the god, anxious for her return, went\n to consult Cith\u00e6ron king of Plat\u00e6a, to find some effectual measure\n to break her obstinacy. Cith\u00e6ron advised him to dress a statue in\n woman\u2019s apparel, and carry it in a chariot, and publicly to report\n that it was Plat\u00e6a the daughter of Asopus, whom he was going to\n marry. The advice was followed, and Juno, informed of her husband\u2019s\n future marriage, repaired in haste to meet the chariot, and was\n easily united to him, when she discovered the artful measures he\n made use of to effect a reconciliation. _Pausanias_ & _Plutarch_.\n\n=D\u00e6d\u0103lion=, a son of Lucifer, brother to Ceyx and father of Philonis.\n He was so afflicted at the death of Philonis, whom Diana had put to\n death, that he threw himself down from the top of mount Parnassus,\n and was changed into a falcon by Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 11, li. 295.\n\n=D\u00e6d\u0103lus=, an Athenian, son of Eupalamus, descended from Erechtheus\n king of Athens. He was the most ingenious artist of his age, and\n to him we are indebted for the invention of the wedge, the axe,\n the wimble, the level, and many other mechanical instruments, and\n the sails of ships. He made statues, which moved of themselves, and\n seemed to be endowed with life. Talus, his sister\u2019s son, promised\n to be as great as himself, by the ingenuity of his inventions; and\n therefore, from envy, he threw him down from a window and killed\n him. After the murder of this youth, D\u00e6dalus, with his son Icarus,\n fled from Athens to Crete, where Minos king of the country gave him\n a cordial reception. D\u00e6dalus made a famous labyrinth for Minos, and\n assisted Pasiphae the queen to gratify her unnatural passion for a\n bull. For this action, D\u00e6dalus incurred the displeasure of Minos,\n who ordered him to be confined in the labyrinth which he had\n constructed. Here he made himself wings with feathers and wax, and\n carefully fitted them to his body, and to that of his son, who was\n the companion of his confinement. They took their flight in the air\n from Crete; but the heat of the sun melted the wax on the wings of\n Icarus, whose flight was too high, and he fell into that part of the\n ocean, which from him has been called the Icarian sea. The father,\n by a proper management of his wings, alighted at Cum\u00e6, where he\n built a temple to Apollo, and thence directed his course to Sicily,\n where he was kindly received by Cocalus, who reigned over part of\n the country. He left many monuments of his ingenuity in Sicily,\n which still existed in the age of Diodorus Siculus. He was despatched\n by Cocalus, who was afraid of the power of Minos, who had declared\n war against him, because he had given an asylum to D\u00e6dalus. The\n flight of D\u00e6dalus from Crete, with wings, is explained, by observing\n that he was the inventor of sails, which in his age might pass\n at a distance for wings. _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 7 & 9.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 3; _Heroides_, poem 4;\n _De Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 40.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 14.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 170.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There were two statuaries\n of the same name, one of Sicyon son of Patroclus, the other a native\n of Bithynia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Arrian._\n\n=D\u00e6mon=, a kind of spirit which, as the ancients supposed, presided\n over the actions of mankind, gave them their private counsels, and\n carefully watched over their most secret intentions. Some of the\n ancient philosophers maintained that every man had two of these\n D\u00e6mons; the one bad and the other good. These D\u00e6mons had the power\n of changing themselves into whatever they pleased, and of assuming\n whatever shapes were most subservient to their intentions. At the\n moment of death, the D\u00e6mon delivered up to judgment the person with\n whose care he had been entrusted; and according to the evidence he\n delivered, sentence was passed over the body. The D\u00e6mon of Socrates\n is famous in history. That great philosopher asserted that the\n genius informed him when any of his friends was going to engage in\n some unfortunate enterprise, and stopped him from the commission\n of all crimes and impiety. These Genii or D\u00e6mons, though at first\n reckoned only as the subordinate ministers of the superior deities,\n received divine honour in length of time, and we find altars and\n statues erected to a _Genio loci_, _Genio Augusti_, _Junonibus_, &c.\n _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Genio\n Socratis_.\n\n=Dah\u00e6.= _See:_ Da\u00e6.\n\n=Dai=, a nation of Persia, all shepherds. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125.\n\n=Daicles=, a victor at Olympia, B.C. 753.\n\n=Da\u012ddis=, a solemnity observed by the Greeks. It lasted three days.\n The first was in commemoration of Latona\u2019s labour; the second in\n memory of Apollo\u2019s birth; and the third in honour of the marriage of\n Podalirius, and the mother of Alexander. Torches were always carried\n at the celebration; whence the name.\n\n=Daim\u0103chus=, a master of horse at Syracuse, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Daim\u0115nes=, a general of the Ach\u00e6ans. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n officer exposed on a cross, by Dionysius of Syracuse. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 14.\n\n=Da\u012dphron=, a son of \u00c6gyptus, killed by his wife, &c. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Da\u012bra=, one of the Oceanides, mother of Eleusis by Mercury.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.\n\n=Daldia=, a town of Lydia.\n\n=Dalmatius=, one of the C\u00e6sars in the age of Constantine, who died\n A.D. 337.\n\n=Dalm\u0103tia=, a part of Illyricum, at the east of the Adriatic, near\n Liburnia on the west, whose inhabitants, called _Dalmat\u00e6_, were\n conquered by Metellus, B.C. 118. They chiefly lived upon plunder,\n and from their rebellious spirit were troublesome to the Roman\n empire. They wore a peculiar garment called _Dalmatica_, afterwards\n introduced at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 1, li. 16.\u2015\u2015_Lampridus_,\n _Commodus_, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 2.\n\n=Dalmium=, the chief town of Dalmatia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=Damagetus=, a man of Rhodes, who inquired of the oracle what wife he\n ought to marry? and received for answer the daughter of the bravest\n of the Greeks. He applied to Aristomenes, and obtained his daughter\n in marriage, B.C. 670. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 24.\n\n=Dam\u0103lis=, a courtesan at Rome in the age of Horace, bk. 1, ode 36,\n li. 13.\n\n=Damas=, a Syracusan in the interest of Agathocles. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.\n\n=Damasc\u0113na=, a part of Syria near mount Libanus.\n\n=Damascius=, a stoic of Damascus, who wrote a philosophical history,\n the life of Isidorus, and four books on extraordinary events, in\n the age of Justinian. His works, which are now lost, were greatly\n esteemed according to Photius.\n\n=Damascus=, a rich and ancient city of _Damascene_ in Syria, where\n Demetrius Nicanor was defeated by Alexander Zebina. It is the modern\n _Damas_, or _Sham_, inhabited by about 80,000 souls. _Lucan_, bk. 3,\n li. 215.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\n\n=Damasia=, a town called also _Augusta_, now \u2666_Augsburg_, in Swabia,\n on the Leck.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Ausburg\u2019 replaced with \u2018Augsburg\u2019\n\n=Damasichthon=, a king of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.\n\n=Damasippus=, a captain in Philip\u2019s army.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A senator who accompanied\n Juba when he entered Utica in triumph. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A great enemy of Sylla. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n orator. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 185.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A merchant of old seals and\n vessels, who, after losing his all in unfortunate schemes in commerce,\n assumed the name and habit of a stoic philosopher. _Horace_, bk. 2,\n satire 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Niobe\u2019s sons.\n\n=Damasistr\u0103tus=, a king of Plat\u00e6a, who buried Laius. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Damasithynus=, a son of Candaules general in the army of Xerxes.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 98.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Calynd\u00e6, sunk in his ship\n by Artemisia. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 87.\n\n=Damastes=, a man of Sig\u00e6um, disciple of Hellanicus about the age of\n Herodotus, &c. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous robber.\n _See:_ Procrustes.\n\n=Damastor=, a Trojan chief, killed by Patroclus at the siege of Troy.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16, li. 416.\n\n=Damia=, a surname of Cybele.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman to whom the Epidaurians raised\n a statue. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 82.\n\n=Damias=, a statuary of Clitor, in Arcadia, in the age of Lysander.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 9.\n\n=Damippus=, a Spartan taken by Marcellus as he sailed out of the port\n of Syracuse. He discovered to the enemy that a certain part of the\n city was negligently guarded, and in consequence of this discovery\n Syracuse was taken. _Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=Damis=, a man who disputed with Aristodemus the right of reigning\n over the Messenians. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n\n=Damnii=, a people at the north of Britain.\n\n=Damnonii=, a people of Britain, now supposed Devonshire.\n\n=Damn\u014drix=, a celebrated Gaul in the interest of Julius C\u00e6sar, &c.\n\n=Damo=, a daughter of Pythagoras, who, by order of her father,\n devoted her life to perpetual celibacy, and induced others to follow\n her example. Pythagoras at his death entrusted her with all the\n secrets of his philosophy, and gave her the unlimited care of his\n compositions, under the promise that she never would part with them.\n She faithfully obeyed his injunctions; and though in the extremest\n poverty, she refused to obtain money by the violation of her father\u2019s\n commands. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Pythagoras_.\n\n=Dam\u014fcles=, one of the flatterers of Dionysius the elder, of Sicily.\n He admired the tyrant\u2019s wealth, and pronounced him the happiest\n man on earth. Dionysius prevailed upon him to undertake for a while\n the charge of royalty, and be convinced of the happiness which a\n sovereign enjoyed. Damocles ascended the throne, and while he gazed\n upon the wealth and splendour that surrounded him, he perceived a\n sword hanging over his head by a horse hair. This so terrified him\n that all his imaginary felicity vanished at once, and he begged\n Dionysius to remove him from a situation which exposed his life to\n such fears and dangers. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 5,\n ch. 21.\n\n=Damocr\u0103tes=, a hero, &c. _Plutarch_, _Aristotle_.\n\n=Damocr\u012dta=, a Spartan matron, wife of Alcippus, who severely punished\n her enemies who had banished her husband, &c. _Plutarch_, _Parallela\n minora_.\n\n=Damocr\u012dtus=, a timid general of the Ach\u00e6ans, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,\n ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek writer, who composed two treatises, one upon the\n art of drawing an army in battle array, and the other concerning the\n Jews.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote a poetical treatise upon medicine.\n\n=Damon=, a victor at Olympia, Olympiad 102. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,\n ch. 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet and musician of Athens, intimate with Pericles,\n and distinguished for his knowledge of government and fondness of\n discipline. He was banished for his intrigues about 430 years before\n Christ. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 15, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Pericles_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Pythagorean philosopher, very intimate with Pythias. When\n he had been condemned to death by Dionysius, he obtained from the\n tyrant leave to go and settle his domestic affairs, on promise\n of returning at a stated hour to the place of execution. Pythias\n pledged himself to undergo the punishment which was to be inflicted\n on Damon, should he not return in time, and he consequently\n delivered himself into the hands of the tyrant. Damon returned at\n the appointed moment, and Dionysius was so struck with the fidelity\n of those two friends, that he remitted the punishment, and entreated\n them to permit him to share their friendship, and enjoy their\n confidence. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Cheron\u00e6a,\n who killed a Roman officer, and was murdered by his fellow-citizens.\n _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Cyrenean, who wrote a history of philosophy.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Damophantus=, a general of Elis in the age of Philop\u0153men. _Plutarch_,\n _Philop\u0153men_.\n\n=Damoph\u012dla=, a poetess of Lesbos, wife of Pamphilus. She was intimate\n with Sappho, and not only wrote hymns in honour of Diana and of the\n gods, but opened a school where the younger persons of her sex were\n taught the various powers of music and poetry. _Philostratus._\n\n=Damoph\u012dlus=, an historian. _Diodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Rhodian general against\n the fleet of Demetrius. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.\n\n=Dam\u014fphon=, a sculptor of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.\n\n=Damostr\u0103tus=, a philosopher who wrote a treatise concerning fishes.\n _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 21.\n\n=Damox\u0115nus=, a comic writer of Athens. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A boxer\n of Syracuse, banished for killing his adversary. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,\n ch. 40.\n\n=Damyrias=, a river of Sicily. _Plutarch_, _Timoleon_.\n\n=Dana=, a large town of Cappadocia.\n\n=Dan\u0103ce=, the name of the piece of money which Charon required to\n convey the dead over the Styx. _Suidas._\n\n=D\u0103nae=, the daughter of Acrisius king of Argos by Eurydice. She was\n confined in a brazen tower by her father, who had been told by an\n oracle that his daughter\u2019s son would put him to death. His endeavours\n to prevent Danae from becoming a mother proved fruitless; and Jupiter,\n who was enamoured of her, introduced himself to her bed, by changing\n himself into a golden shower. From his embraces Danae had a son,\n with whom she was exposed on the sea by her father. The wind drove\n the bark which carried her to the coasts of the island of Seriphus,\n where she was saved by some fishermen, and carried to Polydectes\n king of the place, whose brother called Dictys educated the child\n called Perseus, and tenderly treated the mother. Polydectes fell\n in love with her; but as he was afraid of her son, he sent him to\n conquer the Gorgons, pretending that he wished Medusa\u2019s head to\n adorn the nuptials which he was going to celebrate with Hippodamia\n the daughter of \u0152nomaus. When Perseus had victoriously finished his\n expedition, he retired to Argos with Danae, to the house of Acrisius,\n whom he inadvertently killed. Some suppose that it was Pr\u0153tus the\n brother of Acrisius who introduced himself to Danae in the brazen\n tower; and instead of a golden shower, it was maintained that the\n keepers of Danae were bribed by the gold of her seducer. Virgil\n mentions that Danae came to Italy with some fugitives of Argos, and\n that she founded a city called Ardea. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,\n li. 611; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 415; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 19,\n li. 27.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 16.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14, li. 319.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 2 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 1, li.\n 255.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 410.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Leontium,\n mistress to Sophron governor of Ephesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Danaus, to\n whom Neptune offered violence.\n\n=D\u0103nai=, a name given to the people of Argos, and promiscuously to all\n the Greeks, from Danaus their king. _Virgil_, & _Ovid_, _passim_.\n\n=D\u0103na\u012ddes=, the 50 daughters of Danaus king of Argos. When their\n uncle \u00c6gyptus came from Egypt with his 50 sons, they were promised\n in marriage to their cousins; but before the celebration of their\n nuptials, Danaus, who had been informed by an oracle that he was to\n be killed by the hands of one of his sons-in-law, made his daughters\n solemnly promise that they would destroy their husbands. They were\n provided with daggers by their father, and all, except Hypermnestra,\n stained their hands with the blood of their cousins, the first\n night of their nuptials; and as a pledge of their obedience to their\n father\u2019s injunctions, they presented him each with the head of the\n murdered sons of \u00c6gyptus. Hypermnestra was summoned to appear before\n her father, and answer for her disobedience in suffering her husband\n Lynceus to escape, but the unanimous voice of the people declared\n her innocent, and in consequence of her honourable acquittal, she\n dedicated a temple to the goddess of Persuasion. The sisters were\n purified of this murder by Mercury and Minerva, by order of Jupiter;\n but according to the more received opinion, they were condemned\n to severe punishment in hell, and were compelled to fill with\n water a vessel full of holes, so that the water ran out as soon as\n poured into it, and therefore their labour was infinite, and their\n punishment eternal. The names of the Danaides and their husbands\n were as follows, according to Apollodorus: Amymone married Enceladus;\n Automate, Busiris; Agave, Lycus; Scea, Dayphron; Hippodamia, Ister;\n Rhodia, Chalcedon; Calyce, another Lynceus; Gorgophone, Proteus;\n Cleopatra, Agenor; Asteria, Ch\u00e6tus; Glauce, Aleis; Hippodamia,\n Diacorytes; Hippomedusa, Alcmenon; Gorge, Hippothous; Iphimedusa,\n Euchenor; Rhode, Hippolytus; Pirene, Agaptolemus; Cercestis, Dorion;\n Pharte, Eurydamas; Mnestra, \u00c6gius; Evippe, Arigius; Anaxibia,\n Archelaus; Nelo, Melachus; Clite, Clitus; Stenele, Stenelus;\n Chrysippe, Chrysippus; Autonoe, Eurylochus; Theano, Phantes; Electra,\n Peristhenes; Eurydice, Dryas; Glaucippe, Potamon; Autholea, Cisseus;\n Cleodora, Lixus; Evippe, Imbrus; Erata, Bromius; Stygne, Polyctor;\n Bryce, Chthonius; Actea, Periphas; Podarce, \u0152neus; Dioxippe, \u00c6gyptus;\n Adyte, Menalces; Ocypete, Lampus; Pilarge, Idmon; Hippodice, Idas;\n Adiante, Diaphron; Callidia, Pandion; \u0152me, Arbelus; Celena, Hixbius;\n Hyperia, Hippocoristes. The heads of the sons of \u00c6gyptus were buried\n at Argos; but their bodies were left at Lerna, where the murder\n had been committed. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3,\n ode 11.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 168, &c.\n\n=Dan\u0103la=, a castle of Galatia.\n\n=Danapris=, now the _Nieper_, a name given in the middle ages to the\n Borysthenes, as _Danaster_ the _Neister_, was applied to the Tyras.\n\n=D\u0103naus=, a son of Belus and Anchinoe, who, after his father\u2019s death,\n reigned conjointly with his brother \u00c6gyptus on the throne of Egypt.\n Some time after, a difference arose between the brothers, and Danaus\n set sail with his 50 daughters in quest of a settlement. He visited\n Rhodes, where he consecrated a statue to Minerva, and arrived safe\n on the coast of Peloponnesus, where he was hospitably received\n by Gelanor king of Argos. Gelanor had lately ascended the throne,\n and the first years of his reign were marked with dissensions with\n his subjects. Danaus took advantage of Gelanor\u2019s unpopularity,\n and obliged him to abdicate the crown. In Gelanor, the race of the\n _Inaehid\u00e6_ was extinguished, and the _Belides_ began to reign at\n Argos in Danaus. Some authors say that Gelanor voluntarily resigned\n the crown to Danaus, on account of the wrath of Neptune, who had\n dried up all the waters of Argolis, to punish the impiety of Inachus.\n The success of Danaus invited the 50 sons of \u00c6gyptus to embark\n for Greece. They were kindly received by their uncle, who, either\n apprehensive of their number, or terrified by an oracle which\n threatened his ruin by one of his sons-in-law, caused his daughters,\n to whom they were promised in marriage, to murder them the first\n night of their nuptials. His fatal orders were executed, but\n Hypermnestra alone spared the life of Lynceus. _See:_ Danaides.\n Danaus at first persecuted Lynceus with unremitted fury, but he\n was afterwards reconciled to him, and he acknowledged him for his\n son-in-law and successor, after a reign of 50 years. He died about\n 1425 years before the christian era, and after death he was honoured\n with a splendid monument in the town of Argos, which still existed\n in the age of Pausanias. According to \u00c6schylus, Danaus left Egypt,\n not to be present at the marriage of his daughters with the sons of\n his brother, a connection which he deemed unlawful and impious. The\n ship in which Danaus came to Greece was called _Armais_, and was\n the first that had ever appeared there. It is said that the use of\n pumps was first introduced into Greece by Danaus. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 168,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 91, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 94.\n\n=Dand\u0103ri= and =Dandar\u012dd\u00e6=, certain inhabitants near mount Caucasus.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 18.\n\n=Dandon=, a man of Illyricum, who, as _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 48, reports,\n lived 500 years.\n\n=D\u0101n\u016dbius=, a celebrated river, the greatest in Europe, which rises,\n according to Herodotus, near the town of Pyrene, in the country of\n the Celt\u00e6, and after flowing through the greatest part of Europe,\n falls into the Euxine sea. The Greeks called it _Ister_; but the\n Romans distinguished it by the appellation of the _Danube_, from its\n source till the middle of its course; and from thence to its mouths\n they called it _Ister_, like the Greeks. It falls into the Euxine\n through seven mouths, or six according to others. Herodotus mentions\n five, and modern travellers discover only two. The Danube was\n generally supposed to be the northern boundary of the Roman empire\n in Europe; and therefore, several castles were erected on its banks,\n to check the incursions of the barbarians. It was worshipped as a\n deity by the Scythians. According to modern geography, the Danube\n rises in Suabia, and after receiving about 40 navigable rivers,\n finishes a course of 1600 miles, by emptying itself into the Black\n sea. _Dionysius Periegetes._\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 33; bk. 4,\n ch. 48, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Ammianus_,\n bk. 23.\n\n=Da\u014fchus=, an officer of Philip, &c. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.\n\n=Daphn\u00e6=, a town in Egypt on one of the mouths of the Nile, 16 miles\n from Pelusium. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 30.\n\n=Daphn\u00e6us=, a general of Syracuse, against Carthage. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Daphne=, a daughter of the river Peneus or of the Ladon by the goddess\n Terra, of whom Apollo became enamoured. This passion had been raised\n by Cupid, with whom Apollo, proud of his late conquest over the\n serpent Python, had disputed the power of his darts. Daphne heard\n with horror the addresses of the god, and endeavoured to remove\n herself from his importunities by flight. Apollo pursued her; and\n Daphne, fearful of being caught, intreated the assistance of the\n gods, who changed her into a laurel. Apollo crowned his head with\n the leaves of the laurel, and for ever ordered that that tree should\n be sacred to his divinity. Some say that Daphne was admired by\n Leucippus, son of \u0152nomaus king of Pisa, who, to be in her company,\n disguised his sex, and attended her in the woods, in the habit of a\n huntress. Leucippus gained Daphne\u2019s esteem and love; but Apollo, who\n was his powerful rival, discovered his sex, and Leucippus was killed\n by the companions of Diana. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 452,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatori\u00e6_, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Tiresias priestess in the temple of\n Delphi, supposed by some to be the same as Manto. She was consecrated\n to the service of Apollo by the Epigoni, or, according to others, by\n the goddess Tellus. She was called Sibyl, on account of the wildness\n of her looks and expressions when she delivered oracles. Her oracles\n were generally in verse, and Homer, according to some accounts,\n has introduced much of her poetry in his compositions. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous grove near Antioch,\n consecrated to voluptuousness and luxury.\n\n=Daphn\u0113ph\u014fria=, a festival in honour of Apollo, celebrated every ninth\n year by the B\u0153otians. It was then usual to adorn an olive bough with\n garlands of laurel and other flowers, and place on the top a brazen\n globe, on which were suspended smaller ones. In the middle were\n placed a number of crowns, and a globe of inferior size, and the\n bottom was adorned with a saffron-coloured garment. The globe on the\n top represented the sun, or Apollo; that in the middle was an emblem\n of the moon, and the others of the stars. The crowns, which were 65\n in number, represented the sun\u2019s annual revolutions. This bough was\n carried in solemn procession by a beautiful youth of an illustrious\n family, and whose parents were both living. The youth was dressed in\n rich garments which reached to the ground, his hair hung loose and\n dishevelled, his head was covered with a golden crown, and he wore\n on his feet shoes called _Iphicratid\u00e6_, from Iphicrates, an Athenian\n who first invented them. He was called \u03b4\u03b1\u03c6\u03bd\u03b7\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, _laurel-bearer_,\n and at that time he executed the office of priest of Apollo. He was\n preceded by one of his nearest relations, bearing a rod adorned with\n garlands, and behind him followed a train of virgins, with branches\n in their hands. In this order the procession advanced as far as\n the temple of Apollo, surnamed Ismenius, where supplicatory hymns\n were sung to the god. This festival owed its origin to the following\n circumstance: When an oracle advised the \u00c6tolians, who inhabited\n Arne and the adjacent country, to abandon their ancient possessions,\n and go in quest of a settlement, they invaded the Theban territories,\n which at that time were pillaged by an army of Pelasgians. As\n the celebration of Apollo\u2019s festivals was near, both nations, who\n religiously observed it, laid aside all hostilities, and according\n to custom, cut down laurel boughs from mount Helicon and in the\n neighbourhood of the river Melas, and walked in procession in honour\n of the divinity. The day that this solemnity was observed, Polemates\n the general of the \u2666B\u0153otian army saw a youth in a dream that\n presented him with a complete suit of armour, and commanded the\n B\u0153otians to offer solemn prayers to Apollo, and walk in procession\n with laurel boughs in their hands every ninth year. Three days\n after this dream, the B\u0153otian general made a sally, and cut off\n the greatest part of the besiegers, who were compelled by this blow\n to relinquish their enterprise. Polemates immediately instituted\n a novennial festival to the god who seemed to be the patron of the\n B\u0153otians. _Pausanias_, _B\u0153otia_, &c.\n\n \u2666 \u2018B\u0153tian\u2019 replaced with \u2018B\u0153otian\u2019\n\n=Daphnis=, a shepherd of Sicily, son of Mercury by a Sicilian nymph.\n He was educated by the nymphs, Pan taught him to sing and play upon\n the pipe, and the muses inspired him with the love of poetry. It was\n supposed that he was the first who wrote pastoral poetry, in which\n his successor Theocritus so happily excelled. He was extremely fond\n of hunting; and at his death five of his dogs, from their attachment\n to him, refused all aliments, and pined away. From the celebrity\n of this shepherd, the name of _Daphnis_ has been appropriated by\n the poets, ancient and modern, to express a person fond of rural\n employments, and the peaceful innocence which accompanies the tending\n of flocks. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 10, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was another shepherd on mount Ida of the same name\n changed into a rock, according to _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,\n li. 275.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A servant of Nicocrates tyrant of Cyrene, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_,\n bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Paris and \u0152none.\n\n=Daphnus=, a river of Locris, into which the body of Hesiod was thrown\n after his murder. _Plutarch_, _de Convivium Septem Sapientium_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n physician who preferred a supper to a dinner, because he supposed\n that the moon assisted digestion. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 7.\n\n=Dar\u0103ba=, a town of Arabia.\n\n=Darantasia=, a town of Belgic Gaul, called also _Forum Claudii_, and\n now _Motier_.\n\n=Daraps=, a king of the Gangarid\u00e6, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 67.\n\n=Dard\u0103ni=, the inhabitants of Dardania.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a people of M\u0153sia,\n very inimical to the neighbouring power of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 26,\n ch. 25; bk. 27, ch. 33; bk. 31, ch. 28; bk. 40, ch. 57.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 1.\n\n=Dard\u0103nia=, a town or country of Troas, from which the Trojans were\n called _Dardani_ and _Dardanid\u00e6_. There is also a country of the\n same name near Illyricum. This appellation is also applied to\n Samothrace. _Virgil_ & _Ovid_, _passim_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=Dard\u0103n\u012ddes=, a name given to \u00c6neas, as descended from Dardanus. The\n word, in the plural number, is applied to the Trojan women. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_.\n\n=Dardanium=, a promontory of Troas, called from the small town of\n _Dardanus_, about seven miles from Abydos. The two castles built on\n each side of the strait by the emperor Mahomet IV., A.D. 1659, gave\n the name of _Dardanelles_ to the place. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n\n=Dard\u0103nus=, a son of Jupiter and Electra, who killed his brother\n Jasius to obtain the kingdom of Etruria after the death of his\n reputed father Corytus, and fled to Samothrace, and thence to\n Asia Minor, where he married Batia the daughter of Teucer, king\n of Teucria. After the death of his father-in-law he ascended the\n throne, and reigned 62 years. He built the city of Dardania, and\n was reckoned the founder of the kingdom of Troy. He was succeeded\n by Erichthonius. According to some, Corybas his nephew accompanied\n him to Teucria, where he introduced the worship of Cybele. Dardanus\n taught his subjects to worship Minerva; and he gave them two statues\n of the goddess, one of which is well known by the name of Palladium.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 167.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 155 & 275.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 20, li. 460.\n\n=Dard\u0103rii=, a nation near the Palus M\u00e6otis. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.\n\n=Dares=, a Phrygian who lived during the Trojan war, in which he was\n engaged, and of which he wrote the history in Greek. This history\n was extant in the age of \u00c6lian; the Latin translation, now extant,\n is universally believed to be spurious, though it is attributed by\n some to Cornelius Nepos. The best edition is that of Smids cum not.\n var. 4to & 8vo, Amsterdam, 1702.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, lis. 10\n & 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the companions of \u00c6neas, descended from Amycus, and\n celebrated as a pugilist at the funeral games in honour of Hector,\n where he killed Butes. He was killed by Turnus in Italy. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 369; bk. 12, li. 363.\n\n=Dar\u0113tis=, a country of Macedonia.\n\n=Dar\u012ba=, a town of Mesopotamia.\n\n=Dariaves=, the name of Darius in Persian. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Dariobrigum=, a town of Gaul, now _Vennes_ in Britany.\n\n=Dar\u012bt\u00e6=, a people of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 92.\n\n=Dar\u012bus=, a noble satrap of Persia, son of Hystaspes, who conspired\n with six other noblemen to destroy Smerdis, who usurped the crown\n of Persia after the death of Cambyses. On the murder of the usurper,\n the seven conspirators universally agreed, that he whose horse\n neighed first should be appointed king. In consequence of this\n resolution the groom of Darius previously led his master\u2019s horse\n to a mare at a place near which the seven noblemen were to pass.\n On the morrow before sunrise, when they proceeded all together,\n the horse, recollecting the mare, suddenly neighed; and at the same\n time a clap of thunder was heard, as if in approbation of the choice.\n The noblemen dismounted from their horses, and saluted Darius king;\n and a resolution was made among them, that the king\u2019s wives and\n concubines should be taken from no other family but that of the\n conspirators, and that they should for ever enjoy the unlimited\n privilege of being admitted into the king\u2019s presence without\n previous introduction. Darius was 29 years old when he ascended\n the throne, and he soon distinguished himself by his activity and\n military accomplishments. He besieged Babylon, which he took after\n a siege of 20 months, by the artifices of Zopyrus. From thence he\n marched against the Scythians, and in his way conquered Thrace. This\n expedition was unsuccessful; and, after several losses and disasters\n in the wilds of Scythia, the king retired with shame, and soon after\n turned his arms against the Indians, whom he subdued. The burning\n of Sardis, which was a Grecian colony, incensed the Athenians, and a\n war was kindled between Greece and Persia. Darius was so exasperated\n against the Greeks, that a servant every evening, by his order,\n repeated these words: \u201cRemember, O king, to punish the Athenians.\u201d\n Mardonius, the king\u2019s son-in-law, was entrusted with the care of\n the war, but his army was destroyed by the Thracians; and Darius,\n more animated by his loss, sent a more considerable force, under\n the command of Datis and Artaphernes. They were conquered at the\n celebrated battle of Marathon, by 10,000 Athenians; and the Persians\n lost in that expedition no less than 206,000 men. Darius was not\n disheartened by this severe blow, but he resolved to carry on the\n war in person, and immediately ordered a still larger army to be\n levied. He died in the midst of his preparations, B.C. 485, after\n a reign of 36 years, in the 65th year of his age. _Herodotus_, bks.\n 1, 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Aristotle_.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second king of\n Persia, of that name, was also called _Ochus_ or _Nothus_, because\n he was the illegitimate son of Artaxerxes by a concubine. Soon after\n the murder of Xerxes he ascended the throne of Persia, and married\n Parysatis his sister, a cruel and ambitious woman, by whom he had\n Artaxerxes Memnon, Amestris, and Cyrus the younger. He carried on\n many wars with success, under the conduct of his generals and of\n his son Cyrus. He died B.C. 404, after a reign of 19 years, and was\n succeeded by his son Artaxerxes, who asked him on his death-bed, what\n had been the guide of his conduct in the management of the empire,\n that he might imitate him? \u201cThe dictates of justice and of religion,\u201d\n replied the expiring monarch. _Justin_, bk. 5, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The third of that name was the last king of Persia,\n surnamed _Codomanus_. He was son of Arsanes and Sysigambis, and\n descended from Darius Nothus. The eunuch Bagoas raised him to the\n throne, though not nearly allied to the royal family, in hopes that\n he would be subservient to his will; but he prepared to poison him,\n when he saw him despise his advice, and aim at independence. Darius\n discovered his perfidy, and made him drink the poison which he had\n prepared against his life. The peace of Darius was early disturbed,\n and Alexander invaded Persia to avenge the injuries which the Greeks\n had suffered from the predecessors of Darius. The king of Persia met\n his adversary in person, at the head of 600,000 men. This army was\n remarkable more for its opulence and luxury than for the military\n courage of its soldiers; and Athen\u00e6us mentions that the camp of\n Darius was crowded with 277 cooks, 29 waiters, 87 cup-bearers, 40\n servants to perfume the king, and 66 to prepare garlands and flowers\n to deck the dishes and meat which appeared on the royal table. With\n these forces Darius met Alexander. A battle was fought near the\n Granicus, in which the Persians were easily defeated. Another was\n soon after fought near Issus; and Alexander left 110,000 of the\n enemy dead on the field of battle, and took among the prisoners of\n war, the mother, wife, and children of Darius. The darkness of the\n night favoured the retreat of Darius, and he saved himself by flying\n in disguise, on the horse of his armour-bearer. These losses weakened,\n but discouraged not Darius. He assembled another more powerful army,\n and the last decisive battle was fought at Arbela. The victory was\n long doubtful; but the intrepidity of Alexander, and the superior\n valour of the Macedonians, prevailed over the effeminate Persians;\n and Darius, sensible of his disgrace and ruin, fled towards Media.\n His misfortunes were now completed. Bessus the governor of Bactriana\n took away his life, in hopes of succeeding him on the throne; and\n Darius was found by the Macedonians in his chariot, covered with\n wounds, and almost expiring, B.C. 331. He asked for water, and\n exclaimed, when he received it from the hand of a Macedonian, \u201cIt\n is the greatest of my misfortunes that I cannot reward thy humanity.\n Beg Alexander to accept my warmest thanks for the tenderness with\n which he has treated my wretched family, whilst I am doomed to\n perish by the hand of a man whom I have loaded with kindness.\u201d These\n words of the dying monarch were reported to Alexander, who covered\n the dead body with his own mantle, and honoured it with a most\n magnificent funeral. The traitor Bessus met with a due punishment\n from the conquerer, who continued his kindness to the unfortunate\n family of Darius. Darius has been accused of imprudence, for the\n imperious and arrogant manner in which he wrote his letters to\n Alexander, in the midst of his misfortunes. In him the empire of\n Persia was extinguished 228 years after it had been first founded\n by Cyrus the Great. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bks. 10, 11, &c.\u2015\u2015_Curtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Xerxes, who\n married Artaynta, and was killed by Artabanus. _Herodotus_, bk. 9,\n ch. 108.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Artaxerxes, declared\n successor to the throne, as being the eldest prince. He conspired\n against his father\u2019s life, and was capitally punished. _Plutarch_,\n _Artaxerxes_.\n\n=Dascon=, a man who founded Camarina. _Thucydides_, bk. 6, ch. 5.\n\n=Dascylitis=, a province of Persia. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 129.\n\n=Dascy\u0306lus=, the father of Gyges. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\n\n=Dasea=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.\n\n=Dasius=, a chief of Salapia, who favoured Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 26,\n ch. 38.\n\n=Dassar\u0115t\u00e6=, =Dassar\u012bt\u00e6=, =Dassar\u0113ni=, or =Dassariti=, a people of\n Illyricum, or Macedonia. _Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_.\n\n=Dat\u0103mes=, son of Camissares, governor of Caria and general of the\n armies of Artaxerxes. The influence of his enemies at court obliged\n him to fly for safety, after he had greatly signalized himself by\n his military exploits. He took up arms in his own defence, and\n the king made war against him. He was treacherously killed by\n Mithridates, who had invited him under pretence of entering into the\n most inviolable connection and friendship, 362 B.C. _Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Datames_.\n\n=Dataphernes=, one of the friends of Bessus. After the murder of Darius,\n he betrayed Bessus into Alexander\u2019s hands. He also revolted from the\n conqueror, and was delivered up by the Dah\u00e6. _Curtius_, bk. 7, chs.\n 5 & 8.\n\n=Datis=, a general of Darius I., sent with an army of 200,000 foot and\n 10,000 horse, against the Greeks, in conjunction with Artaphernes.\n He was defeated at the celebrated battle of Marathon by Miltiades,\n and some time after put to death by the Spartans. _Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Miltiades_.\n\n=Datos=, or =Daton=, a town of Thrace, on a small eminence, near the\n Strymon. There is in the neighbourhood a fruitful plain, from which\n Proserpine, according to some, was carried away by Pluto. That city\n was so rich, that the ancients generally made use of the word _Datos_\n to express abundance. When the king of Macedonia conquered it he\n called it _Philippi_, after his own name. _Appian_, _Civil Wars_.\n\n=Davara=, a hill near mount Taurus, in Asia Minor.\n\n=Daulis=, a nymph, from whom the city of Daulis in Phocis, anciently\n called _Anacris_, received its name. It was there that Philomela\n and Procne made Tereus eat the flesh of his son, and hence the\n nightingale, into which Philomela was changed, is often called\n _Daulias avis_. _Ovid_, ltr. 15, li. 154.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 32, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 3.\n\n=Dauni=, a people on the eastern part of Italy, conquered by Daunus,\n from whom they received their name.\n\n=Daunia=, a name given to the northern parts of Apulia, on the coast\n of the Adriatic. It receives its name from Daunus, who settled there,\n and is now called _Capitanata_. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 146.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 9, li. 500; bk. 12, li. 429.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 4, ode 6, li. 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Juturna, the sister of Turnus, was called\n _Daunia_, after she had been made a goddess by Jupiter. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, lis. 139 & 785.\n\n=Daunus=, a son of Pilumnus and Danae. He came from Illyricum into\n Apulia, where he reigned over part of the country, which from him\n was called Daunia, and he was still on the throne when Diomedes came\n to Italy. _Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Apulia, now _Carapelle_. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 30.\n\n=Daur\u012dfer= and =Daurises=, a brave general of Darius, treacherously\n killed by the Carians. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 116, &c.\n\n=Davus=, a comic character in the Andria of Terence. _Horace_, bk. 1,\n satire 10, li. 40.\n\n=Deb\u00e6=, a nation of Arabia. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.\n\n=Decap\u014flis=, a district of Jud\u00e6a, from its 10 cities. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 18.\n\n=Deceb\u0103lus=, a warlike king of the Daci, who made a successful war\n against Domitian. He was conquered by Trajan, Domitian\u2019s successor,\n and he obtained peace. His active spirit again kindled rebellion,\n and the Roman emperor marched against him, and defeated him. He\n destroyed himself, and his head was brought to Rome, and Dacia became\n a Roman province, A.D. 103. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 68.\n\n=Deceleum= (or ea), now _Biala Castro_, a small village of Attica,\n north of Athens; which, when in the hands of the Spartans, proved\n a very galling garrison to the Athenians. The Peloponnesian war\n has occasionally been called _Decelean_, because for some time\n hostilities were carried on in its neighbourhood. _Cornelius Nepos_,\n bk. 7, ch. 4.\n\n=Dec\u0115lus=, a man who informed Castor and Pollux that their sister,\n whom Theseus had carried away, was concealed at Aphidn\u00e6. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 9, ch. 73.\n\n=Decemv\u012dri=, 10 magistrates of absolute authority among the Romans.\n The privileges of the patricians raised dissatisfaction among the\n plebeians; who, though freed from the power of the Tarquins, still\n saw that the administration of justice depended upon the will and\n caprice of their superiors, without any written statute to direct\n them, and convince them that they were governed with equity and\n impartiality. The tribunes complained to the senate, and demanded\n that a code of laws might be framed for the use and benefit of the\n Roman people. This petition was complied with, and three ambassadors\n were sent to Athens, and to all the other Grecian states, to collect\n the laws of Solon, and of the other celebrated legislators of Greece.\n Upon the return of the commissioners, it was universally agreed that\n 10 new magistrates, called _decemviri_, should be elected from the\n senate, to put the project into execution. Their power was absolute;\n all other offices ceased after their election, and they presided\n over the city with regal authority. They were invested with the\n badges of the consul, in the enjoyment of which they succeeded by\n turns, and only one was preceded by the fasces, and had the power\n of assembling the senate and confirming decrees. The first decemvirs\n were Appius Claudius, Titus Genutius, Publius Sextus, Spurius\n Veturius, Caius Julius, Aulus Manlius, Servius Sulpitius Pluriatius,\n Titus Romulus, Spurius Posthumius, A.U.C. 303. Under them, the laws\n which had been exposed to public view, that every citizen might speak\n his sentiments, were publicly approved of as constitutional, and\n ratified by the priests and augurs in the most solemn and religious\n manner. These laws were 10 in number, and were engraved on tables of\n brass; two were afterwards added, and they were called the laws of\n the 12 tables, _leges duodecim tabularum_, and _leges decemvirales_.\n The decemviral power, which was beheld by all ranks of people with\n the greatest satisfaction, was continued; but in the third year\n after their creation, the decemvirs became odious, on account of\n their tyranny; and the attempt of Appius Claudius to ravish Virginia,\n was followed by the total abolition of the office. The people were\n so exasperated against them, that they demanded them from the senate,\n to burn them alive. Consuls were again appointed, and tranquillity\n re-established in the state.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There were other officers in Rome,\n called _decemvirs_, who were originally appointed, in the absence\n of the pretor, to administer justice. Their appointment became\n afterwards necessary, and they generally assisted at sales called\n _subhastationes_, because a spear, _hasta_, was fixed at the door\n of the place where the goods were exposed to sale. They were called\n _decemviri litibus judicandis_. The officers whom Tarquin appointed\n to guard the Sibylline books, were also called decemviri. They were\n originally two in number, called _duumviri_, till the year of Rome\n 388, when their number was increased to 10, five of which were chosen\n from the plebeians, and five from the patricians. Sylla increased\n their number to 15, called _quindecemvirs_.\n\n=Decetia=, a town of Gaul. _C\u00e6sar._\n\n=Decia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Decius the tribune, A.U.C. 442, to\n empower the people to appoint two proper persons to fit and repair\n the fleets.\n\n=Lucius Decidius Saxa=, a Celtiberian in C\u00e6sar\u2019s camp. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil\n War_, bk. 1.\n\n=Decineus=, a celebrated soothsayer. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Decius Mus=, a celebrated Roman consul, who, after many glorious\n exploits, devoted himself to the gods\u2019 manes for the safety of his\n country, in a battle against the Latins, 338 years B.C. His son\n Decius imitated his example, and devoted himself in like manner in\n his fourth consulship, when fighting against the Gauls and Samnites,\n B.C. 296. His grandson also did the same in the wars against Pyrrhus\n and the Tarentines, B.C. 280. This action of devoting oneself was\n of infinite service to the state. The soldiers were animated by the\n example, and induced to follow with intrepidity a commander who,\n arrayed in an unusual dress, and addressing himself to the gods with\n solemn invocation, rushed into the thickest part of the enemy to\n meet his fate. _Livy_, bks. 8, 9, &c.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch.\n 6.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 824.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Brutus,\n conducted C\u00e6sar to the senate-house the day that he was murdered.\n \u2015\u2015Cn\u00e6us Metius Q. Trajanus, a native of Pannonia, sent by the\n emperor Philip to appease a sedition in M\u0153sia. Instead of obeying\n his master\u2019s command, he assumed the imperial purple, and soon after\n marched against him, and at his death became the only emperor. He\n signalized himself against the Persians; and when he marched against\n the Goths, he pushed his horse in a deep marsh, from which he could\n not extricate himself, and he perished with all his army by the\n darts of the barbarians, A.D. 251, after a reign of two years.\n This monarch enjoyed the character of a brave man and of a great\n disciplinarian; and by his justice and exemplary life merited the\n title of _Optimus_, which a servile senate had lavished upon him.\n\n=Decurio=, a subaltern officer in the Roman armies. He commanded a\n _decuria_, which consisted of 10 men, and was the third part of\n a _turma_, or the thirtieth part of a _legio_ of horse, which was\n composed of 300 men. The badge of the centurions was a vine rod or\n sapling, and each had a deputy called _optio_. There were certain\n magistrates in the provinces called _decuriones municipales_, who\n formed a body to represent the Roman senate in free and corporate\n towns. They consisted of 10, whence the name; and their duty\n extended to watch over the interest of their fellow-citizens,\n and to increase the revenues of the commonwealth. Their court was\n called _curia decurionum_, and _minor senatus_; and their decrees,\n called _decreta decurionum_, were marked with two D. D. at the top.\n They generally styled themselves _civitatum patres curiales_, and\n _honorati municipiorum senatores_. They were elected with the same\n ceremonies as the Roman senators; they were to be at least 25 years\n of age, and to be possessed of a certain sum of money. The election\n happened on the calends of March.\n\n=Decumates agri=, lands in Germany which paid the tenth part of their\n value to the Romans. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 29.\n\n=Deditam\u0115nes=, a friend of Alexander, made governor of Babylonia.\n _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 3.\n\n=Degis=, a brother of Decebalus king of the Daci. He came as ambassador\n to the court of Domitian. _Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 3.\n\n=D\u0113j\u0103n\u012bra=, a daughter of \u0152neus king of \u00c6tolia. Her beauty procured\n her many admirers, and her father promised to give her in marriage\n to him only who proved to be the strongest of all his competitors.\n Hercules obtained the prize, and married Dejanira, by whom he had\n three children, the most known of whom is Hyllus. As Dejanira was\n once travelling with her husband, they were stopped by the swollen\n streams of the Evenus, and the centaur Nessus offered Hercules\n to convey her safe to the opposite shore. The hero consented; but\n no sooner had Nessus gained the bank, than he attempted to offer\n violence to Dejanira, and to carry her away in the sight of her\n husband. Hercules, upon this, aimed from the other shore a poisoned\n arrow at the seducer, and mortally wounded him. Nessus, as he\n expired, wished to avenge his death upon his murderer; and he gave\n Dejanira his tunic, which was covered with blood, poisoned and\n infected by the arrow, observing that it had the power of reclaiming\n a husband from unlawful loves. Dejanira accepted the present;\n and when Hercules proved faithless to her bed, she sent him the\n centaur\u2019s tunic, which instantly caused his death. _See:_ Hercules.\n Dejanira was so disconsolate at the death of her husband, which\n she had ignorantly occasioned, that she destroyed herself. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bks. 8 & 9.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_,\n _Hercules_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 34.\n\n=Deicoon=, a Trojan prince, son of Pergasus, intimate with \u00c6neas. He\n was killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 534.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Hercules and Megara. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=D\u0113\u012dd\u0103m\u012ba=, a daughter of Lycomedes king of Scyros. She bore a son\n called Pyrrhus, or Neoptolemus, to Achilles, who was disguised at\n her father\u2019s court in woman\u2019s clothes, under the name of Pyrrha.\n _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 9.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Pyrrhus, killed by the Epirots. _Poly\u00e6nus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Adrastus king of Argos, called also Hippodamia.\n\n=Deil\u0113on=, a companion of Hercules in his expedition against the\n Amazons. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 115.\n\n=Deil\u014fchus=, a son of Hercules.\n\n=Deim\u0103chus=, a son of Neleus and Chloris, was killed, with all his\n brothers, except Nestor, by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Enarette. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\n\n=Dei\u014fces=, a son of Phraortes, by whose means the Medes delivered\n themselves from the yoke of the Assyrians. He presided as judge\n among his countrymen, and his great popularity and love of equity\n raised him to the throne, and he made himself absolute, B.C. 700.\n He was succeeded by his son Phraortes, after a reign of 53 years.\n He built Ecbatana according to Herodotus, and surrounded it with\n seven different walls, in the middle of which was the royal palace.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 96, &c.\u2015\u2015_Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=Dei\u014fchus=, a Greek captain killed by Paris in the Trojan war. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 341.\n\n=D\u0113\u012b\u014fne=, the mother of Miletus by Apollo. Miletus is often called\n _Deionides_, on account of his mother. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 9, li. 442.\n\n=D\u0113\u012b\u014fneus=, a king of Phocis, who married Diomede daughter of Xuthus,\n by whom he had Dia. He gave his daughter Dia in marriage to Ixion,\n who promised to make a present to his father-in-law. Deioneus\n accordingly visited the house of Ixion, and was thrown into a large\n hole filled with burning coal, by his son-in-law. _Hyginus_, fables\n 48 & 241.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 9; bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=D\u0113\u012d\u014fp\u0113ia=, a nymph, the fairest of all the 14 nymphs that attended\n upon Juno. The goddess promised her in marriage to \u00c6olus the god of\n the winds, if he would destroy the fleet of \u00c6neas, which was sailing\n for Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 76.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the attendant\n nymphs of Cyrene. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 343.\n\n=Deiot\u0103rus=, a governor of Galatia, made king of that province by\n the Roman people. In the civil wars of Pompey and C\u00e6sar, Deiotarus\n followed the interest of the former. After the battle of Pharsalia,\n C\u00e6sar severely reprimanded Deiotarus for his attachment to Pompey,\n deprived him of part of his kingdom, and left him only the bare\n title of royalty. When he was accused by his grandson of attempts\n upon C\u00e6sar\u2019s life, Cicero ably defended him in the Roman senate.\n He joined Brutus with a large army, and faithfully supported the\n republican cause. His wife was barren; but fearing that her husband\n might die without issue, she presented him with a beautiful slave,\n and tenderly educated, as her own, the children of this union.\n Deiotarus died in an advanced old age. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 5, li. 55.\n\n=De\u012dph\u012dla.= _See:_ Deipyle.\n\n=D\u0113\u012dph\u014fbe=, a sibyl of Cum\u00e6, daughter of Glaucus. It is supposed that\n she led \u00c6neas to the infernal regions. _See:_ Sibyll\u00e6. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 36.\n\n=D\u0113\u012dph\u014fbus=, a son of Priam and Hecuba, who, after the death of his\n brother Paris, married Helen. His wife unworthily betrayed him, and\n introduced into his chamber her old husband Menelaus, to whom she\n wished to reconcile herself. He was shamefully mutilated and killed\n by Menelaus. He had highly distinguished himself during the war,\n especially in his two combats with Merion, and in that in which\n he slew Ascalaphus son of Mars. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 495.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hippolytus, who purified\n Hercules after the murder of Iphitus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\n\n=De\u012dphon=, a brother of Triptolemus, son of Celeus and Metanira.\n When Ceres travelled over the world, she stopped at his father\u2019s\n court, and undertook to nurse him and bring him up. To reward the\n hospitality of Celeus, the goddess began to make his son immortal;\n and every evening she placed him on burning coals to purify him from\n whatever mortal particles he still possessed. The uncommon growth\n of Deiphon astonished Metanira, who wished to see what Ceres did to\n make him so vigorous. She was frightened to see her son on burning\n coals, and the shrieks that she uttered disturbed the mysterious\n operations of the goddess, and Deiphon perished in the flames.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The husband of Hyrnetho, daughter of\n Temenus king of Argos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=D\u0113iphontes=, a general of Temenus, who took Epidauria, &c. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the Dorians, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=D\u0113ipy\u0306le=, a daughter of Adrastus, who married Tydeus, by whom she had\n Diomedes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\n\n=D\u0113ipy\u0306lus=, a son of Sthenelus, in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 5.\n\n=D\u0113ipy\u0306rus=, a Grecian chief during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 8.\n\n=Deldon=, a king of Mysia, defeated by Crassus.\n\n=D\u0113lia=, a festival celebrated every fifth year in the island of Delos,\n in honour of Apollo. It was first instituted by Theseus, who, at his\n return from Crete, placed a statue there, which he had received from\n Ariadne. At the celebration, they crowned the statue of the goddess\n with garlands, appointed a choir of music, and exhibited horse-races.\n They afterwards led a dance, in which they imitated, by their motions,\n the various windings of the Cretan labyrinth, from which Theseus had\n extricated himself by Ariadne\u2019s assistance.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was also another\n festival of the same name, yearly celebrated by the Athenians in\n Delos. It was also instituted by Theseus, who, when he was going to\n Crete, made a vow, that if he returned victorious, he would yearly\n visit in a solemn manner the temple of Delos. The persons employed\n in this annual procession were called _Deliast\u00e6_ and _Theori_.\n The ship, the same which carried Theseus, and had been carefully\n preserved by the Athenians, was called _Theoria_ and _Delias_. When\n the ship was ready for the voyage, the priest of Apollo solemnly\n adorned the stern with garlands, and a universal lustration was made\n all over the city. The _Theori_ were crowned with laurel, and before\n them proceeded men armed with axes, in commemoration of Theseus, who\n had cleared the way from Tr\u0153zene to Athens, and delivered the country\n from robbers. When the ship arrived at Delos, they offered solemn\n sacrifices to the god of the island, and celebrated a festival in\n his honour. After this they retired to their ship, and sailed back\n to Athens, where all the people of the city ran in crowds to meet\n them. Every appearance of festivity prevailed at their approach, and\n the citizens opened their doors, and prostrated themselves before\n the Deliast\u00e6, as they walked in procession. During this festival,\n it was not lawful to put to death any malefactor, and on that\n account the life of Socrates was prolonged for 30 days. _Xenophon_,\n _Memorabilia_ & _Symposium_.\u2015\u2015\u2666_Plato_, _Ph\u00e6do_.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, ltr. 70.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Plutarch\u2019 replaced with \u2018Plato\u2019\n\n=D\u0113lia=, a surname of Diana, because she was born in Delos. _Virgil_,\n _Eclogues_, poem 3, li. 67.\n\n=D\u0113li\u0103des=, a son of Glaucus, killed by his brother Bellerophon.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The priestesses in Apollo\u2019s temple.\n _Homer_, _Hymn to Apollo_.\n\n=D\u0113lium=, a temple of Apollo.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of B\u0153otia opposite Calchis,\n famous for a battle fought there, B.C. 424, &c. _Livy_, bk. 31,\n ch. 45; bk. 35, ch. 51.\n\n=D\u0113lius=, a surname of Apollo, because he was born in Delos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus,\n an officer of Antony, who, when he was sent to cite Cleopatra\n before his master, advised her to make her appearance in the most\n captivating attire. The plan succeeded. He afterwards abandoned his\n friend, and fled to Augustus, who received him with great kindness.\n Horace has addressed bk. 2, ode 3 to him. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\n\n=Delmatius Flavius Julius=, a nephew of Constantine the Great, honoured\n with the title of C\u00e6sar, and put in possession of Thrace, Macedonia,\n and Achaia. His great virtues were unable to save him from a violent\n death, and he was assassinated by his own soldiers, &c.\n\n=Delm\u012dnium=, a town of Dalmatia. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=D\u0113los=, one of the Cyclades at the north of Naxos, was severally\n called Lagia, Ortygia, Asteria, Chlamidia, Pelasgia, Pyrpyle,\n Cynthus, and Cyn\u00e6thus, and now bears the name of Sailles. It was\n called Delos from \u03b4\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, because it suddenly made its _appearance_\n on the surface of the sea, by the power of Neptune, who, according\n to the mythologists, permitted Latona to bring forth there, when she\n was persecuted all over the earth, and could find no safe asylum.\n _See:_ Apollo. The island is celebrated for the nativity of Apollo\n and Diana; and the solemnity with which the festivals of these\n deities were celebrated there, by the inhabitants of the neighbouring\n islands and of the continent, is well known. One of the altars of\n Apollo, in the island, was reckoned among the seven wonders of the\n world. It had been erected by Apollo when only four years old, and\n made with the horns of goats, killed by Diana on mount Cynthus. It\n was unlawful to sacrifice any living creature upon that altar, which\n was religiously kept pure from blood and every pollution. The whole\n island of Delos was held in such veneration, that the Persians, who\n had pillaged and profaned all the temples of Greece, never offered\n violence to the temple of Apollo, but respected it with the most\n awful reverence. Apollo, whose image was in the shape of a dragon,\n delivered there oracles during the summer, in a plain manner, without\n any ambiguity or obscure meaning. No dogs, as Thucydides mentions,\n were permitted to enter the island. It was unlawful for a man to die,\n or for a child to be born there; and when the Athenians were ordered\n to purify the place, they dug up all the dead bodies that had been\n interred there, and transported them to the neighbouring islands.\n An edict was also issued, which commanded all persons labouring\n under any mortal or dangerous disease to be instantly removed to the\n adjacent island called Rhane. Some mythologists suppose that Asteria,\n who changed herself into a quail, to avoid the importuning addresses\n of Jupiter, was metamorphosed into this island, originally called\n Ortygia _ab_ \u1f40\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03be, _a quail_. The people of Delos are described by\n _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 18; bk. 4, ch. 18, as famous\n for rearing hens. _Strabo_, bks. 8 & 10.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 5, li. 329; bk. 6, li. 333.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk.\n 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Sollertia Animalium_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_,\n bks. 3, 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 73.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 3,\n ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Delos_.\u2015\u2015_Claudian_, _Panegyricus\n de Consulatu Honorii Augusti_, bk. 4.\n\n=Delphi=, now _Castri_, a town of Phocis, situate in a valley at\n the south-west side of mount Parnassus. It was also called _Pytho_,\n because the serpent Python was killed there; and it received the\n name of _Delphi_, from Delphus the son of Apollo. Some have also\n called it _Parnassia Nape_, the _valley_ of Parnassus. It was famous\n for a temple of Apollo, and for an oracle celebrated in every age\n and country. The origin of the oracle, though fabulous, is described\n as something wonderful. A number of goats that were feeding on mount\n Parnassus came near a place which had a deep and long perforation.\n The steam which issued from the hole seemed to inspire the goats,\n and they played and frisked about in such an uncommon manner,\n that the goat-herd was tempted to lean on the hole, and see what\n mysteries the place contained. He was immediately seized with a fit\n of enthusiasm, and his expressions were wild and extravagant, and\n passed for prophecies. This circumstance was soon known about the\n country, and many experienced the same enthusiastic inspiration.\n The place was revered, and a temple was soon after erected in honour\n of Apollo, and a city built. According to some accounts, Apollo was\n not the first who gave oracles there; but Terra, Neptune, Themis,\n and Ph\u0153be were in possession of the place before the son of Latona.\n The oracles were generally given in verse; but when it had been\n sarcastically observed that the god and patron of poetry was the\n most imperfect poet in the world, the priestess delivered her answers\n in prose. The oracles were always delivered by a priestess called\n _Pythia_. _See:_ Pythia. The temple was built and destroyed several\n times. It was customary for those who consulted the oracle to make\n rich presents to the god of Delphi; and no monarch distinguished\n himself more by his donations than Cr\u0153sus. This sacred repository of\n opulence was often the object of plunder, and the people of Phocis\n seized 10,000 talents from it, and Nero carried away no less than\n 500 statues of brass, partly of the gods, and partly of the most\n \u2666illustrious heroes. In another age, Constantine the Great removed\n its most splendid ornaments to his new capital. It was universally\n believed, and supported, by the ancients, that Delphi was in the\n middle of the earth; and on that account it was called _terr\u00e6\n umbilicus_. This, according to mythology, was first found out by\n two doves, which Jupiter had let loose from the two extremities of\n the earth, and which met at the place where the temple of Delphi\n was built. _Apollonius_, bk. 2, li. 706.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 168.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 9.\n\n \u2666 \u2018illustrous\u2019 replaced with \u2018illustrious\u2019\n\n=Delph\u012dcus=, a surname of Apollo, from the worship paid to his\n divinity at Delphi.\n\n=Delph\u012bnia=, festivals at \u00c6gina, in honour of Apollo of Delphi.\n\n=Delph\u012bnium=, a place in B\u0153otia, opposite Eub\u0153a.\n\n=Delphis=, the priestess of Delphi. _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 43.\n\n=Delphus=, a son of Apollo, who built Delphi, and consecrated it to\n his father. The name of his mother is differently mentioned. She is\n called by some Cel\u00e6no, by others Mel\u00e6ne daughter of Cephis, and by\n others Thyas daughter of Castalius, the first who was priestess of\n Bacchus. _Hyginus_, fable 161.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.\n\n=Delph\u0233ne=, a serpent which watched over Jupiter. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 6.\n\n=Delta=, a part of Egypt, which received that name from its resemblance\n to the form of the fourth letter of the Greek alphabet. It lies\n between the Canopian and Pelusian mouths of the Nile, and begins\n to be formed where the river divides itself into several streams.\n It has been formed totally by the mud and sand, which are washed\n down from the upper parts of Egypt by the Nile, according to ancient\n tradition. _C\u00e6sar_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 15\n & 17.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 13, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\n\n=Dem\u0103des=, an Athenian, who, from a sailor, became an eloquent orator,\n and obtained much influence in the state. He was taken prisoner\n at the battle of Cheron\u00e6a by Philip, and ingratiated himself into\n the favour of that prince, by whom he was greatly esteemed. He was\n put to death, with his son, on suspicion of treason, B.C. 322. One\n of his orations is extant. _Diodorus_, bks. 16 & 17.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Demosthenes_.\n\n=Dem\u00e6netus=, a rhetorician of Syracuse, enemy to Timoleon. _Cornelius\n Nepos_, _Timoleon_, ch. 5.\n\n=Demag\u014fras=, one of Alexander\u2019s flatterers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian, who wrote\n concerning the foundation of Rome. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,\n bk. 1.\n\n=Demar\u0101ta=, a daughter of Hiero, &c. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 22.\n\n=Demar\u0101tus=, the son and successor of Ariston on the throne of Sparta,\n B.C. 526. He was banished by the intrigues of Cleomenes his royal\n colleague, as being illegitimate. He retired into Asia, and was\n kindly received by Darius son of Hystaspes king of Persia. When\n the Persian monarch made preparations to invade Greece, Demaratus,\n though persecuted by the Laced\u00e6monians, informed them of the\n hostilities which hung over their head. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 75,\n &c.; bk. 6, ch. 50, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rich citizen of Corinth, of the family\n of the Bacchiad\u00e6. When Cypselus had usurped the sovereign power\n of Corinth, Demaratus, with all his family, migrated to Italy, and\n settled at Tarquinii, 658 years before Christ. His son Lucumon was\n king of Rome, under the name of Tarquinius Priscus. _Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Corinthian exile at the court of Philip king of\n Macedonia. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\n\n=Demarchus=, a Syracusan put to death by Dionysius.\n\n=Demar\u0113ta=, the wife of Gelon. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\n\n=Demariste=, the mother of Timoleon.\n\n=D\u0113m\u0101tria=, a Spartan mother, who killed her son because he returned\n from a battle without glory. _Plutarch_, _Instituta Laconica_.\n\n=Demetria=, a festival in honour of Ceres, called by the Greeks\n _Demeter_. It was then customary for the votaries of the goddess\n to lash themselves with whips made with the bark of trees. The\n Athenians had a solemnity of the same name, in honour of Demetrius\n Poliorcetes.\n\n=D\u0113m\u0113trias=, a town of Thessaly. The name was common to other places.\n\n=D\u0113m\u0113trius=, a son of Antigonus and Stratonice, surnamed Poliorcetes,\n _destroyer of towns_. At the age of 22, he was sent by his father\n against Ptolemy, who had invaded Syria. He was defeated near Gaza,\n but he soon repaired his loss by a victory over one of the generals\n of the enemy. He afterwards sailed with a fleet of 250 ships to\n Athens, and restored the Athenians to liberty, by freeing them from\n the power of Cassander and Ptolemy, and expelling the garrison,\n which was stationed there under Demetrius Phalereus. After this\n successful expedition, he besieged and took Munychia, and defeated\n Cassander at Thermopyl\u00e6. His reception at Athens, after these\n victories, was attended with the greatest servility; and the\n Athenians were not ashamed to raise altars to him as to a god, and\n to consult his oracles. This uncommon success raised the jealousy of\n the successors of Alexander; and Seleucus, Cassander, and Lysimachus\n united to destroy Antigonus and his son. Their hostile armies met at\n Ipsus, B.C. 301. Antigonus was killed in the battle; and Demetrius,\n after a severe loss, retired to Ephesus. His ill success raised\n him many enemies; and the Athenians, who lately adored him as a\n god, refused to admit him into their city. He soon after ravaged\n the territories of Lysimachus, and reconciled himself to Seleucus,\n to whom he gave his daughter Stratonice in marriage. Athens now\n laboured under tyranny; and Demetrius relieved it, and pardoned the\n inhabitants. The loss of his possessions in Asia recalled him from\n Greece, and he established himself on the throne of Macedonia, by\n the murder of Alexander the son of Cassander. Here he was continually\n at war with the neighbouring states; and the superior power of his\n adversaries obliged him to leave Macedonia, after he had sat on the\n throne for seven years. He passed into Asia, and attacked some of\n the provinces of Lysimachus with various success; but famine and\n pestilence destroyed the greatest part of his army, and he retired\n to the court of Seleucus for support and assistance. He met with\n a kind reception, but hostilities were soon begun; and after he\n had gained some advantages over his son-in-law, Demetrius was\n totally forsaken by his troops in the field of battle, and became\n an easy prey to the enemy. Though he was kept in confinement by his\n son-in-law, yet he maintained himself like a prince, and passed his\n time in hunting and in every laborious exercise. His son Antigonus\n offered Seleucus all his possessions and even his person, to procure\n his father\u2019s liberty; but all proved unavailing, and Demetrius died\n in the 54th year of his age, after a confinement of three years,\n 286 B. C. His remains were given to Antigonus, and honoured with a\n \u2666splendid funeral pomp at Corinth, and thence conveyed to Demetrias.\n His posterity remained in possession of the Macedonian throne till\n the age of Perseus, who was conquered by the Romans. Demetrius has\n rendered himself famous for his fondness of dissipation when among\n the dissolute, and his love of virtue and military glory in the\n field of battle. He has been commended as a great warrior, and his\n ingenious inventions, his warlike engines, and stupendous machines\n in his war with the Rhodians, justify his claims to that perfect\n character. He has been blamed for his voluptuous indulgencies; and\n his biographer observes, that no Grecian prince had more wives and\n concubines than Poliorcetes. His obedience and reverence to his\n father have been justly admired; and it has been observed, that\n Antigonus ordered the ambassadors of a foreign prince particularly\n to remark the cordiality and friendship which subsisted between\n him and his son. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 17, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A prince who succeeded his father\n Antigonus on the throne of Macedonia. He reigned 11 years, and was\n succeeded by Antigonus Doson. _Justin_, bk. 26, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Philip king of Macedonia, given up as a hostage\n to the Romans. His modesty delivered his father from a heavy\n accusation laid before the Roman senate. When he returned to\n Macedonia, he was falsely accused by his brother Perseus, who was\n jealous of his popularity, and his father too credulously consented\n to his death, B.C. 180. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 32,\n ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Magnesian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A servant of Cassius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Demetrius\n of Cyrene.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A freedman of Pompey.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Demetrius, surnamed\n Slender.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A prince surnamed _Soter_, was son of Seleucus Philopater,\n the son of Antiochus the Great king of Syria. His father gave him\n as a hostage to the Romans. After the death of Seleucus, Antiochus\n Epiphanes, the deceased monarch\u2019s brother, usurped the kingdom\n of Syria, and was succeeded by his son Antiochus Eupator. This\n usurpation displeased Demetrius, who was detained at Rome; he\n procured his liberty on pretence of going to hunt, and fled to Syria,\n where the troops received him as their lawful sovereign, B.C. 162.\n He put to death Eupator and Lysias, and established himself on his\n throne by cruelty and oppression. Alexander Bala the son of Antiochus\n Epiphanes laid claim to the crown of Syria, and defeated Demetrius\n in a battle, in the 12th year of his reign. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Appian._\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 34, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The Second, surnamed\n _Nicanor_, or _Conqueror_, was son of Soter, to whom he succeeded by\n the assistance of Ptolemy Philometer, after he had driven out the\n usurper Alexander Bala, B.C. 146. He married Cleopatra daughter of\n Ptolemy; who was, before, the wife of the expelled monarch. Demetrius\n gave himself up to luxury and voluptuousness, and suffered his\n kingdom to be governed by his favourites. At that time a pretended\n son of Bala, called Diodorus Tryphon, seized a part of Syria; and\n Demetrius, to oppose his antagonist, made an alliance with the Jews,\n and marched into the east, where he was taken by the Parthians.\n Phraates king of Parthia gave him his daughter Rhodogyne in marriage;\n and Cleopatra was so incensed at this new connection, that she gave\n herself up to Antiochus Sidetes her brother-in-law, and married him.\n Sidetes was killed in a battle against the Parthians, and Demetrius\n regained the possession of his kingdom. His pride and oppression\n rendered him odious, and his subjects asked a king of the house of\n Seleucus, from Ptolemy Physcon king of Egypt; and Demetrius, unable\n to resist the power of his enemies, fled to Ptolemais, which was\n then in the hands of his wife Cleopatra. The gates were shut up\n against his approach by Cleopatra; and he was killed by order of\n the governor of Tyre, whither he had fled for protection. He was\n succeeded by Alexander Zebina, whom Ptolemy had raised to the throne,\n B.C. 127. _Justin_, bk. 36, &c.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.\u2015\u2015_Josephus._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The Third, surnamed _Eucerus_, was son of Antiochus Gryphus.\n After the example of his brother Philip, who had seized Syria, he\n made himself master of Damascus, B.C. 93, and soon after obtained\n a victory over his brother. He was taken in a battle against the\n Parthians, and died in captivity. _Josephus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Phalereus,\n a disciple of Theophrastus, who gained such an influence over the\n Athenians, by his eloquence, and the purity of his manners, that\n he was elected decennial archon, B.C. 317. He so embellished the\n city, and rendered himself so popular by his munificence, that the\n Athenians raised 360 brazen statues to his honour. Yet in the midst\n of all this popularity, his enemies raised a sedition against him,\n and he was condemned to death, and all his statues thrown down,\n after obtaining the sovereign power for 10 years. He fled without\n concern or mortification to the court of Ptolemy Lagus, where he\n met with kindness and cordiality. The Egyptian monarch consulted\n him concerning the succession of his children; and Demetrius advised\n him to raise to the throne the children of Eurydice, in preference\n to the offspring of Berenice. This counsel so irritated Philadelphus\n the son of Berenice, that after his father\u2019s death he sent the\n philosopher into Upper Egypt, and there detained him in strict\n confinement. Demetrius, tired with his situation, put an end to his\n life by the bite of an asp, 284 B.C. According to some, Demetrius\n enjoyed the confidence of Philadelphus, and enriched his library\n at Alexandria with 200,000 volumes. All the works of Demetrius,\n on rhetoric, history, and eloquence are lost; and the treatise on\n rhetoric, falsely attributed to him, is by some supposed to be the\n composition of Halicarnassus. The last edition of this treatise is\n that of Glasgow, 8vo, 1743. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives and Opinions\n of Eminent Philosophers_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Brutus_ & _de Officiis_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _De Exilio_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Cynic philosopher, disciple\n of Apollonius Thyaneus, in the age of Caligula. The emperor wished\n to gain the philosopher to his interest by a large present; but\n Demetrius refused it with indignation, and said, \u201cIf Caligula wishes\n to bribe me, let him send me his crown.\u201d Vespasian was displeased\n with his insolence, and banished him to an island. The Cynic derided\n the punishment, and bitterly inveighed against the emperor. He died\n in a great old age; and Seneca observes, that _nature had brought\n him forth, to show mankind that an exalted genius can live securely\n without being corrupted by the vices of the surrounding world_.\n _Seneca._\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, _Apollonius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Alexander\u2019s\n flatterers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Byzantium, who wrote on the Greek poets.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian killed at Mantinea, when fighting against the\n Thebans. _Poly\u00e6nus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer who published a history of the\n irruptions of the Gauls into Asia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philological writer in the\n age of Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 8, ltr. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n stage player. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 99.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Syrus, a rhetorician\n at Athens. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 174.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A geographer surnamed the\n Calatian. _Strabo_, bk. 1.\n\n \u2666 \u2018splended\u2019 replaced with \u2018splendid\u2019\n\n=Demo=, a sibyl of Cum\u00e6.\n\n=Demoanassa=, the mother of \u00c6gialeus.\n\n=Democ\u0113des=, a celebrated physician of Crotona, son of Calliphon, and\n intimate with Polycrates. He was carried as a prisoner from Samos\n to Darius king of Persia, where he acquired great riches and much\n reputation by curing the king\u2019s foot, and the breast of Atossa. He\n was sent to Greece as a spy by the king, and fled away to Crotona,\n where he married the daughter of the wrestler Milo. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia\n Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 124, &c.\n\n=D\u0113m\u014fch\u0103res=, an Athenian sent with some of his countrymen with an\n embassy to Philip king of Macedonia. The monarch gave them audience,\n and when he asked them what he could do to please the people of\n Athens, Demochares replied, \u201cHang yourself.\u201d This imprudence raised\n the indignation of all the hearers; but Philip mildly dismissed\n them, and bade them ask their countrymen, which deserved most the\n appellation of wise and moderate, either they who gave such ill\n language, or he who received it without any signs of resentment?\n _Seneca_, _de Ir\u00e2_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 3, 7, 8,\n 12.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 3; _On Oratory_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of\n Soli, who composed a comedy on Demetrius Poliorcetes. _Plutarch_,\n _Demetrius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary, who wished to make a statue to mount\n Athos. _Vitruvius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Pompey the younger, who died\n B.C. 36.\n\n=D\u0113m\u014fcles=, a man accused of disaffection towards Dionysius, &c.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A beautiful youth, passionately loved by\n Demetrius Poliorcetes. He threw himself into a cauldron of boiling\n water, rather than submit to the unnatural lusts of the tyrant.\n _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.\n\n=Dem\u014fcoon=, a natural son of Priam, who came from his residence at\n Abydos to protect his country against the Greeks. He was, after a\n glorious defence, killed by Ulysses. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4.\n\n=D\u0113m\u014fcr\u0103tes=, an architect of Alexandria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wrestler. _\u00c6lian_,\n _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian, who fought on the\n side of Darius against the Macedonians. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 5.\n\n=D\u0113m\u014fcr\u012dtus=, a celebrated philosopher of Abdera, disciple to\n Leucippus. He travelled over the greatest part of Europe, Asia, and\n Africa, in quest of knowledge, and returned home in the greatest\n poverty. There was a law at Abdera, which deprived of the honour\n of a funeral the man who had reduced himself to indigence; and\n Democritus, to avoid ignominy, repeated before his countrymen one\n of his compositions called _Diacosmus_. It was received with such\n uncommon applause that he was presented with 500 talents; statues\n were erected in his honour; and a decree passed that the expenses\n of his funeral should be paid from the public treasury. He retired\n to a garden near the city, where he dedicated his time to study\n and solitude; and according to some authors he put out his eyes,\n to apply himself more closely to philosophical inquiries. He was\n accused of insanity, and Hippocrates was ordered to inquire into\n the nature of his disorder. The physician had a conference with the\n philosopher, and declared that not Democritus, but his enemies, were\n insane. He continually laughed at the follies and vanity of mankind,\n who distract themselves with care, and are at once a prey to hope\n and anxiety. He told Darius, who was inconsolable for the loss of\n his wife, that he would raise her from the dead, if he could find\n three persons who had gone through life without adversity, whose\n names he might engrave on the queen\u2019s monument. The king\u2019s inquiries\n to find such persons proved unavailing, and the philosopher in some\n manner soothed the sorrow of his sovereign. He taught his disciples\n that the soul died with the body; and therefore, as he gave no\n credit to the existence of ghosts, some youths, to try his fortitude,\n dressed themselves in a hideous and deformed habit, and approached\n his cave in the dead of night, with whatever could create terror\n and astonishment. The philosopher received them unmoved; and without\n even looking at them, he desired them to cease making themselves\n such objects of ridicule and folly. He died in the 109th year of his\n age, B.C. 361. His father was so rich, that he entertained Xerxes,\n with all his army, as he was marching against Greece. All the works\n of Democritus are lost. He was the author of the doctrine of atoms,\n and first taught that the milky way was occasioned by a confused\n light from a multitude of stars. He may be considered as the parent\n of experimental philosophy, in the prosecution of which he showed\n himself so ardent, that he declared he would prefer the discovery\n of one of the causes of the works of nature to the diadem of Persia.\n He made artificial emeralds, and tinged them with various colours;\n he likewise dissolved stones, and softened ivory. _Eusebius_,\n bk. 14, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent\n Philosophers_.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Ephesian, who wrote a book on\n Diana\u2019s temple, &c. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A powerful man of Naxos.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 46.\n\n=D\u0113m\u014fd\u012dce=, the wife of Cretheus king of Iolchos. Some call her\n Biadice, or Tyro. _Hyginus_, _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 20.\n\n=D\u0113m\u014fd\u014fchus=, a musician at the court of Alcinous, who sang, in\n the presence of Ulysses, the secret amours of Mars and Venus, &c.\n _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8, li. 44.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Musica_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Trojan chief, who came with \u00c6neas into Italy, where he was killed.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 413.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian. _Plutarch_,\n _de Fluviis_.\n\n_D\u0113m\u014fleon_, a centaur, killed by Theseus at the \u2666nuptials of\n Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 356.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Antenor, killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 395.\n\n \u2666 \u2018nupitals\u2019 replaced with \u2018nuptials\u2019\n\n=D\u0113m\u014fleus=, a Greek, killed by \u00c6neas in the Trojan war. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 260.\n\n=D\u0113mon=, an Athenian, nephew to Demosthenes. He was at the head of the\n government during the absence of his uncle, and obtained a decree\n that Demosthenes should be recalled, and that a ship should be sent\n to bring him back.\n\n=D\u0113monassa=, a daughter of Amphiaraus, who married Thersander.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.\n\n=D\u0113m\u014dnax=, a celebrated philosopher of Crete, in the reign of Adrian.\n He showed no concern about the necessaries of life; but when hungry,\n he entered the first house he met, and there satisfied his appetite.\n He died in his 100th year.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Mantinea, sent to settle the\n government of Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 161.\n\n=D\u0113m\u014fn\u012bca=, a woman who betrayed Ephesus to Brennus. _Plutarch_,\n _Parallela minora_.\n\n=D\u0113m\u014fphantus=, a general killed by Antigonus, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,\n ch. 49.\n\n=Demoph\u012dle=, a name given to the sibyl of Cum\u00e6, who, as it is supposed\n by some, sold the sibylline books to Tarquin. _Varro_, cited by\n _Lactantius_, _[Divine Institutes]_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\n\n=D\u0113m\u014fph\u012dlus=, an Athenian archon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Agathocles.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 19.\n\n=D\u0113m\u014fphon=, an Athenian, who assisted the Thebans in recovering Cadmea,\n &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\n\n=D\u0113m\u014fphoon=, son of Theseus and Ph\u00e6dra, was king of Athens, B.C. 1182\n and reigned 33 years. At his return from the Trojan war, he visited\n Thrace, where he was tenderly received and treated by Phyllis. He\n retired to Athens, and forgot the kindness and love of Phyllis, who\n hanged herself in despair. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 10, ch. 55.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of \u00c6neas, killed by Camilla. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 675.\n\n=D\u0113m\u014fp\u014flis=, a son of Themistocles. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.\n\n=D\u0113mos=, a place of Ithaca.\n\n=D\u0113mosth\u0115nes=, a celebrated Athenian, son of a rich blacksmith, called\n Demosthenes, and of Cleobule. He was but seven years of age when\n his father died. His guardians negligently managed his affairs, and\n embezzled the greatest part of his possessions. His education was\n totally neglected; and for whatever advances he made in learning,\n he was indebted to his own industry and application. He became the\n pupil of Is\u00e6us and Plato, and applied himself to study the orations\n of Isocrates. At the age of 17 he gave an early proof of his\n eloquence and abilities against his guardians, from whom he obtained\n the retribution of the greatest part of his estate. His rising\n talents were, however, impeded by weak lungs, and a difficulty of\n pronunciation, especially of the letter \u03c1, but these obstacles were\n soon conquered by unwearied application. To correct the stammering\n of his voice, he spoke with pebbles in his mouth; and removed the\n distortion of his features, which accompanied his utterance, by\n watching the motions of his countenance in a looking-glass. That\n his pronunciation might be loud and full of emphasis, he frequently\n ran up the steepest and most uneven walks, where his voice acquired\n force and energy; and on the sea-shore, when the waves were violently\n agitated, he declaimed aloud, to accustom himself to the noise\n and tumults of a public assembly. He also confined himself in a\n subterraneous cave, to devote himself more closely to studious\n pursuits; and to eradicate all curiosity of appearance in public,\n he shaved one half of his head. In this solitary retirement, by\n the help of a glimmering lamp, he composed the greatest part of his\n orations, which have ever been the admiration of every age, though\n his contemporaries and rivals severely inveighed against them, and\n observed that they smelt of oil. His abilities as an orator raised\n him to consequence at Athens, and he was soon placed at the head\n of the government. In this public capacity he roused his countrymen\n from their indolence, and animated them against the encroachments of\n Philip of Macedonia. In the battle of Cheron\u00e6a, however, Demosthenes\n betrayed his pusillanimity, and saved his life by flight. After\n the death of Philip, he declared himself warmly against his son and\n successor Alexander, whom he branded with the appellation of boy;\n and when the Macedonians demanded of the Athenians their orators,\n Demosthenes reminded his countrymen of the fable of the sheep which\n delivered their dogs to the wolves. Though he had boasted that all\n the gold of Macedonia could not tempt him, yet he suffered himself\n to be bribed by a small golden cup from Harpalus. The tumults\n which this occasioned forced him to retire from Athens; and in his\n banishment, which he passed at Tr\u0153zene and \u00c6gina, he lived with more\n effeminacy than true heroism. When Antipater made war against Greece,\n after the death of Alexander, Demosthenes was publicly recalled from\n his exile, and a galley was sent to fetch him from \u00c6gina. His return\n was attended with much splendour, and all the citizens crowded at\n the Pir\u00e6us to see him land. His triumph and popularity, however,\n were short. Antipater and Craterus were near Athens, and demanded\n all the orators to be delivered up into their hands. Demosthenes,\n with all his adherents, fled to the temple of Neptune in Calauria,\n and when he saw that all hopes of safety were banished, he took\n a dose of poison, which he always carried in a quill, and expired\n on the day that the Thesmophoria were celebrated, in the 60th year\n of his age, B.C. 322. The Athenians raised a brazen statue to his\n honour, with an inscription translated into this distich:\n\n _Si tibi par menti robur, Vir magne, fuisset,\n Gr\u00e6cia non Maced\u00e6 succubuisset hero._\n\n Demosthenes has been deservedly called the prince of orators; and\n Cicero, his successful rival among the Romans, calls him a perfect\n model, and such as he wished to be. These two great princes of\n eloquence have often been compared together; but the judgment\n hesitates to which to give the preference. They both arrived\n at perfection, but the measures by which they obtained it were\n diametrically opposite. Demosthenes has been compared, and with\n propriety, by his rival \u00c6schines, to a Siren, from the melody of\n his expressions. No orator can be said to have expressed the various\n passions of hatred, resentment, or indignation, with more energy\n than he; and as a proof of his uncommon application, it need only be\n mentioned, that he transcribed eight or even ten times the history\n of Thucydides, that he might not only imitate, but possess the force\n and energy of the great historian. The best editions of his works\n are that of Wolfius, folio, Frankof. 1604; that left unfinished by\n Taylor, Cambridge, 4to, and that published in 12 vols., 8vo, 1720,\n &c., Lipscomb, by Reiske and his widow. Many of the orations of\n Demosthenes have been published separately. _Plutarch_, _Parallel\n Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Orator_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 2, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian general, sent to succeed\n Alcibiades in Sicily. He attacked Syracuse with Nicias, but his\n efforts were ineffectual. After many calamities he fell into the\n enemy\u2019s hands, and his army was confined to hard labour. The accounts\n about the death of Demosthenes are various; some believe that he\n stabbed himself, while others suppose that he was put to death by\n the Syracusans, B.C. 413. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 4,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of the orator Demosthenes.\n He was very rich, and employed an immense number of slaves in the\n business of a sword-cutler. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor\n of C\u00e6sarea, under the Roman emperors.\n\n=D\u0113mostr\u0103tus=, an Athenian orator.\n\n=Dem\u016bchus=, a Trojan, son of Philetor, killed by Achilles. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 457.\n\n=D\u0113my\u0306lus=, a tyrant who tortured the philosopher Zeno. _Plutarch_,\n _de Stoicorum Repugnantiis_.\n\n=Denselet\u00e6=, a people of Thrace. _Cicero_, _Against Piso_, ch. 34.\n\n=Deobriga=, a town on the Iberus in Spain, now _Miranda de Ebro_.\n\n=Deod\u0103tus=, an Athenian who opposed the cruel resolutions of Cleon\n against the captive prisoners of Mitylene.\n\n=D\u0113\u014dis=, a name given to Proserpine from her mother Ceres, who was\n called _Deo_. This name Ceres received, because when she sought her\n daughter all over the world, all wished her success in her pursuits,\n with the word \u03b4\u03b7\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, _invenies_; a \u03b4\u03b7\u03c9, _invenio_. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 114.\n\n=Der\u00e6=, a place of Messenia.\n\n=Derbe=, a town of Lycaonia, at the north of mount Taurus in Asia\n Minor, now _Alah-Dag_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13,\n ltr. 73.\n\n=Derb\u012dces=, a people near Caucasus, who killed all those that had\n reached their 70th year. They buried such as died a natural death.\n _Strabo._\n\n=Derce=, a fountain in Spain, whose waters were said to be uncommonly\n cold.\n\n=Dercennus=, an ancient king in Latium. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11,\n li. 850.\n\n=Derc\u0115to= and =Derc\u0115tis=, a goddess of Syria, called also _Atergatis_,\n whom some supposed to be the same as Astarte. She was represented as\n a beautiful woman above the waist, and the lower part terminated in\n a fish\u2019s tail. According to Diodorus, Venus, whom she had offended,\n made her passionately fond of a young priest, remarkable for the\n beauty of his features. She had a daughter by him, and became so\n ashamed of her incontinence, that she removed her lover, exposed\n the fruit of her amour, and threw herself into a lake. Her body was\n transformed into a fish, and her child was preserved, and called\n Semiramis. As she was chiefly worshipped in Syria, and represented\n like a fish, the Syrians anciently abstained from fishes. _Lucian_,\n _de De\u00e2 Syria_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 4, li. 44.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Dercyll\u012ddas=, a general of Sparta, celebrated for his military\n exploits. He took nine different cities in eight days, and freed\n Chersonesus from the inroads of the Thracians by building a\n wall across the country. He lived B.C. 399. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n \u2015\u2015_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_, bk. 1, &c.\n\n=Dercyllus=, a man appointed over Attica by Antipater. _Cornelius\n Nepos_, _Phocion_, ch. 2.\n\n=Dercy\u0306nus=, a son of Neptune, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 5.\n\n=Ders\u00e6i=, a people of Thrace.\n\n=Derthona=, now _Tortona_, a town of Liguria, between Genoa and\n Placentia, where a Roman colony was settled. _Cicero_, _De\n Divinatione_, bk. 2.\n\n=Dertose=, now _Tortosa_, a town of Spain near the Iberus.\n\n=Derusi\u00e6i=, a people of Persia.\n\n=D\u0113sud\u0103ba=, a town of Media. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 26.\n\n=Deva=, a town of Britain, now _Chester_ on the Dee.\n\n=Deuc\u0103lion=, a son of Prometheus, who married Pyrrha the daughter of\n Epimetheus. He reigned over part of Thessaly, and in his age the\n whole earth was overwhelmed with a deluge. The impiety of mankind\n had irritated Jupiter, who resolved to destroy the world, and\n immediately the earth exhibited a boundless scene of waters. The\n highest mountains were climbed up by the frightened inhabitants of\n the country; but this seeming place of security was soon overtopped\n by the rising waters, and no hope was left of escaping the universal\n calamity. Prometheus advised his son to make himself a ship, and\n by this means he saved himself and his wife Pyrrha. The vessel was\n tossed about during nine successive days, and at last stopped on\n the top of mount Parnassus, where Deucalion remained till the waters\n had subsided. Pindar and Ovid make no mention of a vessel built\n by the advice of Prometheus; but, according to their relation,\n Deucalion saved his life by taking refuge on the top of Parnassus,\n or, according to Hyginus, of \u00c6tna in Sicily. As soon as the waters\n had retired from the surface of the earth, Deucalion and his wife\n went to consult the oracle of Themis, and were directed to repair\n the loss of mankind, by throwing behind them the bones of their\n grandmother. This was nothing but the stones of the earth; and after\n some hesitation about the meaning of the oracle, they obeyed. The\n stones thrown by Deucalion became men, and those of Pyrrha women.\n According to Justin, Deucalion was not the only one who escaped\n from the universal calamity. Many saved their lives by ascending the\n highest mountains, or trusting themselves in small vessels to the\n mercy of the waters. This deluge, which chiefly happened in Thessaly,\n according to the relation of some writers, was produced by the\n inundation of the waters of the river Peneus, whose regular course\n was stopped by an earthquake near mount Ossa and Olympus. According\n to Xenophon, there were no less than five deluges. The first\n happened under Ogyges, and lasted three months. The second, which\n was in the age of Hercules and Prometheus, continued but one month.\n During the third, which happened in the reign of another Ogyges, all\n Attica was laid waste by the waters. Thessaly was totally covered by\n the waters during the fourth, which happened in the age of Deucalion.\n The last was before the Trojan war, and its effects were severely\n felt by the inhabitants of Egypt. There prevailed a report in Attica,\n that the waters of Deucalion\u2019s deluge had disappeared through a\n small aperture about a cubit wide, near Jupiter Olympius\u2019s temple;\n and Pausanias, who saw it, further adds, that a yearly offering\n of flour and honey was thrown into it with religious ceremony.\n The deluge of Deucalion, so much celebrated in ancient history, is\n supposed to have happened 1503 years B.C. Deucalion had two sons\n by Pyrrha, Hellen, called by some son of Jupiter, and Amphictyon\n king of Attica, and also a daughter, Protogenia, who became mother\n of \u00c6thlius by Jupiter. _Pindar_, poem 9, _Olympian_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 8; _Heroides_, \u2666poem 15, li. 167.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 10;\n bk. 5, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 81.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 153.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_, _de\n De\u00e2 Syri\u00e2_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 62.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n Argonauts.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Abas.\n\n \u2666 \u201845\u2019 replaced with \u201815\u2019\n\n=Deucetius=, a Sicilian general. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.\n\n=Deudorix=, one of the Cherusci, led in triumph by Germanicus.\n\n=Dexam\u0115ne=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18.\n\n=Dexam\u0115nus=, a man delivered by Hercules from the hands of his\n daughter\u2019s suitors. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Olenus\n in Achaia, whose two daughters married the sons of Actor. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 5, ch. 3.\n\n=Dexippus=, a Spartan who assisted the people of Agrigentum, &c.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 13.\n\n=Dexithea=, the wife of Minos. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Dexius=, a Greek, father of Iphinous, killed by Glaucus in the Trojan\n war, &c. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.\n\n=D\u012ba=, a daughter of Deion, mother of Pirithous by Ixion.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island\n in the \u00c6gean sea, 17 miles from Delos. It is the same as Naxos.\n _See:_ Naxos. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 157.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another on\n the coast of Crete, now _Standia_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Thrace,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Eub\u0153a,\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Peloponnesus,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lusitania,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Italy, near the Alps,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Scythia,\n near the Phasis,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caria,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Bithynia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015and Thessaly.\n\n=Diactor\u012ddes=, one of Agarista\u2019s suitors. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 127.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Eurydame the wife of Leutychides. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 6, ch. 71.\n\n=Di\u00e6us=, of Megalopolis, a general of the Ach\u00e6ans, who killed himself\n when his affairs became desperate. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 16.\n\n=Diadumeni\u0101nus=, a son of Macrinus, who enjoyed the title of C\u00e6sar\n during his father\u2019s lifetime, &c.\n\n=Di\u0103gon= and =Di\u0103gum=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing into the\n Alpheus, and separating Pisa from Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,\n ch. 21.\n\n=Diagondas=, a Theban who abolished all nocturnal sacrifices. _Cicero_,\n _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\n\n=Di\u0103g\u014fras=, an Athenian philosopher. His father\u2019s name was Teleclytus.\n From the greatest superstition, he became a most unconquerable\n atheist, because he saw a man who laid a false claim to one of\n his poems, and who perjured himself, go unpunished. His great\n impiety and blasphemies provoked his countrymen, and the Areopagites\n promised one talent to him who brought his head before their\n tribunal, and two if he were produced alive. He lived about 416\n years before Christ. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 23;\n bk. 3, ch. 37, &c.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An athlete\n of Rhodes, 460 years before the christian era. Pindar celebrated\n his merit in a beautiful ode still extant, which was written in\n golden letters in a temple of Minerva. He saw his three sons crowned\n the same day at Olympia, and died through excess of joy. _Cicero_,\n _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 7.\n\n=Di\u0101lis=, a priest of Jupiter at Rome, first instituted by Numa. He\n was never permitted to swear, even upon public trials. _Varro_, _de\n Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 20.\n\n=Diallus=, an Athenian who wrote a history of all the memorable\n occurrences of his age.\n\n=Diamastig\u014dsis=, a festival of Sparta in honour of Diana Orthia, which\n received that name, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd, _from whipping_, because boys\n were whipped before the altar of the goddess. These boys, called\n Bomonic\u00e6, were originally free-born Spartans; but, in the more\n delicate ages, they were of mean birth, and generally of a slavish\n origin. This operation was performed by an officer in a severe and\n unfeeling manner; and that no compassion should be raised, the priest\n stood near the altar with a small light statue of the goddess, which\n suddenly became heavy and insupportable if the lash of the whip was\n more lenient or less rigorous. The parents of the children attended\n the solemnity, and exhorted them not to commit anything, either by\n fear or groans, that might be unworthy of Laconian education. These\n flagellations were so severe, that the blood gushed in profuse\n torrents, and many expired under the lash of the whip without\n uttering a groan, or betraying any marks of fear. Such a death\n was reckoned very honourable, and the corpse was buried with much\n solemnity, with a garland of flowers on its head. The origin of this\n festival is unknown. Some suppose that Lycurgus first instituted\n it to inure the youths of Laced\u00e6mon to bear labour and fatigue, and\n render them insensible to pain and wounds. Others maintain that it\n was a mitigation of an oracle, which ordered that human blood should\n be shed on Diana\u2019s altar; and according to their opinion, Orestes\n first introduced that barbarous custom, after he had brought the\n statue of Diana Taurica into Greece. There is another tradition,\n which mentions that Pausanias, as he was offering prayers and\n sacrifices to the gods, before he engaged with Mardonius, was\n suddenly attacked by a number of Lydians who disturbed the sacrifice,\n and were at last repelled with staves and stones, the only weapons\n with which the Laced\u00e6monians were provided at that moment. In\n commemoration of this, therefore, the whipping of boys was instituted\n at Sparta, and after that the Lydian procession.\n\n=Di\u0101na=, was the goddess of hunting. According to Cicero, there were\n three of this name; a daughter of Jupiter and Proserpine, who became\n mother of Cupid; a daughter of Jupiter and Latona; and a daughter\n of Upis and Glauce. The second is the most celebrated, and to her\n all the ancients allude. She was born at the same birth as Apollo;\n and the pains which she saw her mother suffer during her labour,\n gave her such an aversion to marriage, that she obtained from her\n father the permission to live in perpetual celibacy, and to preside\n over the travails of women. To shun the society of men, she devoted\n herself to hunting, and obtained the permission of Jupiter to have\n for her attendants 60 of the Oceanides, and 20 other nymphs, all of\n whom, like herself, abjured the use of marriage. She is represented\n with a bent bow and quiver, and attended with dogs, and sometimes\n drawn in a chariot by two white stags. Sometimes she appears with\n wings, holding a lion in one hand and a panther in the other, with\n a chariot drawn by two heifers, or two horses of different colours.\n She is represented taller by the head than her attendant nymphs, her\n face has something manly, her legs are bare, well-shaped, and strong,\n and her feet are covered with a buskin, worn by huntresses among the\n ancients. Diana received many surnames, particularly from the places\n where her worship was established, and from the functions over\n which she presided. She was called Lucina, Ilythia, or Juno Pronuba,\n when invoked by women in child-bed, and Trivia when worshipped in\n the cross-ways, where her statues were generally erected. She was\n supposed to be the same as the moon, and Proserpine or Hecate, and\n from that circumstance she was called Triformis; and some of her\n statues represented her with three heads, that of a horse, a dog,\n and a boar. Her power and functions under these three characters\n have been beautifully expressed in these two verses:\n\n Terret, lustrat, agit, Proserpina, Luna, Diana,\n Ima, suprema, feras, sceptro, fulgore, sagitt\u00e2.\n\n She was also called Agrotera, Orthia, Taurica, Delia, Cynthia,\n Aricia, &c. She was supposed to be the same as the Isis of the\n Egyptians, whose worship was introduced into Greece with that of\n Osiris under the name of Apollo. When Typhon waged war against the\n gods, Diana is said to have metamorphosed herself into a cat, to\n avoid his fury. The goddess is generally known in the figures that\n represent her, by the crescent on her head, by the dogs which attend\n her, and by her hunting habit. The most famous of her temples was\n that of Ephesus, which was one of the seven wonders of the world.\n _See:_ Ephesus. She was there represented with a great number of\n breasts, and other symbols which signified the earth, or Cybele.\n Though she was the patroness of chastity, yet she forgot her dignity\n to enjoy the company of Endymion, and the very familiar favours\n which, according to mythology, she granted to Pan and Orion are\n well known. _See:_ Endymion, Pan, Orion. The inhabitants of Taurica\n were particularly attached to the worship of this goddess, and they\n cruelly offered on her altar all the strangers that were shipwrecked\n on their coasts. Her temple in Aricia was served by a priest who\n had always murdered his predecessor, and the Laced\u00e6monians yearly\n offered her human victims till the age of Lycurgus, who changed this\n barbarous custom for the sacrifice of flagellation. The Athenians\n generally offered her goats, and others a white kid, and sometimes\n a boar pig, or an ox. Among plants the poppy and the ditamy were\n sacred to her. She, as well as her brother Apollo, had some oracles,\n among which those of Egypt, Cilicia, and Ephesus are the most known.\n _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 155; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 156;\n bk. 7, lis. 94 & 194, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 22.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 302;\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 505.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, chs. 31 & 37.\u2015\u2015_Catullus._\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 1,\n li. 57.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_ bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.\n\n=Dianasa=, the mother of Lycurgus. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.\n\n=Dianium=, a town and promontory of Spain, now cape _Martin_, where\n Diana was worshipped.\n\n=Diasia=, festivals in honour of Jupiter at Athens. They received\n their name \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u1f01\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, _from Jupiter and misfortune_,\n because, by making application to Jupiter, men obtained relief from\n their misfortunes, and were delivered from dangers. During this\n festival things of all kinds were exposed for sale.\n\n=Dibio=, a town of France, now _Dijon_ in Burgundy.\n\n=Dic\u00e6a= and =Dic\u00e6archea=, a town of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13,\n li. 385.\n\n=Dic\u00e6us=, an Athenian who was supernaturally apprised of the defeat of\n the Persians in Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 65.\n\n=Dice=, one of the Hor\u00e6, daughters of Jupiter. _Apollonius_, bk. 1,\n ch. 3.\n\n=Dicearchus=, a Messenian famous for his knowledge of philosophy,\n history, and mathematics. He was one of Aristotle\u2019s disciples.\n Nothing remains of his numerous compositions. He had composed\n a history of the Spartan republic, which was publicly read over\n every year by order of the magistrates, for the improvement and\n instruction of youth.\n\n=Diceneus=, an Egyptian philosopher in the age of Augustus, who\n travelled into Scythia, where he ingratiated himself with the king\n of the country, and by his instruction softened the wildness and\n rusticity of his manners. He also gained such an influence over\n the multitude, that they destroyed all the vines which grew in\n their country, to prevent the riot and dissipation which the wine\n occasioned among them. He wrote all his maxims and his laws in a\n book, that they might not lose the benefit of them after his death.\n\n=Dicomas=, a king of the Get\u00e6. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\n\n=Dict\u00e6= and =Dict\u00e6us mons=, a mountain of Crete. The island is often\n known by the name of _Dict\u00e6a arva_. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6;\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 171.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Jupiter was called _Dict\u00e6us_, because\n worshipped there, and the same epithet was applied to Minos.\n _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 536.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_. _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 8, li. 43.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\n\n=Dictamnum= and =Dictynna=, a town of Crete, where the herb called\n _dictamnus_ chiefly grows. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 412.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 50.\n\n=Dict\u0101tor=, a magistrate at Rome, invested with regal authority.\n This officer, whose magistracy seems to have been borrowed from\n the customs of the Albans or Latins, was first chosen during the\n Roman wars against the Latins. The consuls being unable to raise\n forces for the defence of the state, because the plebeians refused\n to enlist, if they were not discharged from all the debts they had\n contracted with the patricians, the senate found it necessary to\n elect a new magistrate, with absolute and incontrollable power to\n take care of the state. The dictator remained in office for six\n months, after which he was again elected, if the affairs of the\n state seemed to be desperate; but if tranquillity was re-established,\n he generally laid down his power before the time was expired. He\n knew no superior in the republic, and even the laws were subjected\n to him. He was called dictator, because _dictus_, named by the\n consul, or _quoniam dictis ejus parebat populus_, because the people\n implicitly obeyed his command. He was named by the consul in the\n night, _viv\u00e2 voce_, and his election was confirmed by the auguries,\n though sometimes he was nominated or recommended by the people. As\n his power was absolute, he could proclaim war, levy forces, conduct\n them against an enemy, and disband them at pleasure. He punished\n as he pleased; and from his decision there was no appeal, at least\n till later times. He was preceded by 24 lictors, with the _fasces_:\n during his administration, all other offices, except the tribunes of\n the people, were suspended, and he was the master of the republic.\n But amidst all his independence he was not permitted to go beyond\n the borders of Italy, and he was always obliged to march on foot in\n his expeditions; and he never could ride in difficult and laborious\n marches, without previously obtaining a formal leave from the people.\n He was chosen only when the state was in imminent dangers from\n foreign enemies or inward seditions. In the time of a pestilence, a\n dictator was sometimes elected, as also to hold the _comitia_, or to\n celebrate the public festivals, to hold trials, to choose senators,\n or drive a nail in the Capitol, by which superstitious ceremonies\n the Romans believed that a plague could be averted, or the progress\n of an enemy stopped. This office, so respectable and illustrious\n in the first ages of the republic, became odious by the perpetual\n usurpations of Sylla and Julius C\u00e6sar; and after the death of the\n latter the Roman senate, on the motion of the consul Antony, passed\n a decree, which for ever after forbade a dictator to exist in Rome.\n The dictator, as soon as elected, chose a subordinate officer,\n called his master of horse, _magister equitum_. This officer was\n respectable, but he was totally subservient to the will of the\n dictator, and could do nothing without his express order, though he\n enjoyed the privilege of using a horse, and had the same insignia\n as the pretors. This subordination, however, was some time after\n removed; and during the second Punic war the master of the horse\n was invested with a power equal to that of the dictator. A second\n dictator was also chosen for the election of magistrates at Rome,\n after the battle of Cann\u00e6. The dictatorship was originally confined\n to the patricians, but the plebeians were afterwards admitted to\n share it. Titus Lartius Flavus was the first dictator, A.U.C. 253.\n _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Fabius Maximus_.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, bk. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 28.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1,\n ch. 23; bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 4, ch. 57; bk. 9, ch. 38.\n\n=Dictidienses=, certain inhabitants of mount Athos. _Thucydides_,\n bk. 5, ch. 82.\n\n=Dictynna=, a nymph of Crete, who first invented hunting nets. She\n was one of Diana\u2019s attendants, and for that reason the goddess is\n often called _Dictynnia_. Some have supposed that Minos pursued her,\n and that, to avoid his importunities, she threw herself into the\n sea, and was caught in fishermen\u2019s nets, \u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03b1, whence her name.\n There was a festival at Sparta in honour of Diana, called Dictynnia.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30; bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Crete.\n\n=Dictys=, a Cretan, who went with Idomeneus to the Trojan war. It is\n supposed that he wrote a history of this celebrated war, and that\n at his death he ordered it to be laid in his tomb, where it remained\n till a violent earthquake, in the reign of Nero, opened the monument\n where he had been buried. This convulsion of the earth threw out his\n history of the \u2666Trojan war, which was found by some shepherds, and\n afterwards carried to Rome. This mysterious tradition is deservedly\n deemed fabulous; and the history of the Trojan war, which is now\n extant as the composition of Dictys of Crete, was composed in the\n 15th century, or, according to others, in the age of Constantine,\n and falsely attributed to one of the followers of Idomeneus. The\n edition of Dictys is by Mascellus Venia, 4to, Milan, 1477.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king\n of the island of Seriphus, son of Magnes and Nais. He married the\n nymph Clymene, and was made king of Seriphus by Perseus, who deposed\n Polydectes, because he behaved with wantonness to Danae. _See:_\n Polydectes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A centaur,\n killed at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,\n li. 334.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Trojon\u2019 replaced with \u2018Trojan\u2019\n\n=Didas=, a Macedonian who was employed by Perseus to render Demetrius\n suspected to his father Philip. _Livy_, bk. 40.\n\n=Didia lex=, _de Sumptibus_, by Didius, A.U.C. 606, to restrain the\n expenses that attended public festivals and entertainments, and\n limit the number of guests which generally attended them, not only\n at Rome, but in all the provinces of Italy. By it, not only those\n who received guests in these festive meetings, but the guests\n themselves, were liable to be fined. It was an extension of the\n Oppian and Fannian laws.\n\n=Didius=, a governor of Spain, conquered by Sertorius. _Plutarch_,\n _Sertorius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who brought C\u00e6sar the head of Pompey\u2019s\n eldest son. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Britain under Claudius.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Julianus, a rich Roman, who, after the murder of Pertinax,\n bought the empire which the pretorians had exposed to sale, A.D.\n 192. His great luxury and extravagance rendered him odious; and when\n he refused to pay the money which he had promised for the imperial\n purple, the soldiers revolted against him, and put him to death,\n after a short reign. Severus was made emperor after him.\n\n=D\u012bdo=, called also _Elissa_, a daughter of Belus king of Tyre, who\n married Sich\u00e6us, or Sicharbas, her uncle, who was priest of Hercules.\n Pygmalion, who succeeded to the throne of Tyre after Belus, murdered\n Sich\u00e6us, to get possession of the immense riches which he possessed;\n and Dido, disconsolate for the loss of a husband whom she tenderly\n loved, and by whom she was equally esteemed, set sail in quest of\n a settlement, with a number of Tyrians, to whom the cruelty of the\n tyrant became odious. According to some accounts, she threw into the\n sea the riches of her husband, which Pygmalion so greatly desired;\n and by that artifice compelled the ships to fly with her, that had\n come by order of the tyrant to obtain the riches of Sich\u00e6us. During\n her voyage, Dido visited the coast of Cyprus, where she carried away\n 50 women, who prostituted themselves on the sea-shore, and gave them\n as wives to her Tyrian followers. A storm drove her fleet on the\n African coast, and she bought of the inhabitants as much land as\n could be covered by a bull\u2019s hide, cut into thongs. Upon this piece\n of land she built a citadel, called Byrsa [_See:_ Byrsa], and in the\n increase of population, and the rising commerce among her subjects,\n soon obliged her to enlarge her city and the boundaries of her\n dominions. Her beauty, as well as the fame of her enterprise, gained\n her many admirers; and her subjects wished to compel her to marry\n Iarbas king of Mauritania, who threatened them with a dreadful war.\n Dido begged three months to give her decisive answer; and during\n that time, she erected a funeral pile, as if wishing, by a solemn\n sacrifice, to appease the manes of Sich\u00e6us, to whom she had promised\n eternal fidelity. When all was prepared, she stabbed herself on the\n pile in presence of her people, and by this uncommon action obtained\n the name of Dido, _valiant woman_, instead of Elissa. According\n to Virgil and Ovid, the death of Dido was caused by the sudden\n departure of \u00c6neas, of whom she was deeply enamoured, and whom she\n could not obtain as a husband. This poetical fiction represents\n \u00c6neas as living in the age of Dido, and introduces an anachronism\n of near 300 years. Dido left Ph\u0153nicia, 247 years after the Trojan\n war, or the age of \u00c6neas; that is, about 953 years B.C. This\n chronological error proceeds not from the ignorance of the poets,\n but it is supported by the authority of Horace,\n\n _Aut famam sequere, aut sibi convenientia finge._\n\n While Virgil describes, in a beautiful episode, the desperate love\n of Dido, and the submission of \u00c6neas to the will of the gods, he\n at the same time gives an explanation of the hatred which existed\n between the republics of Rome and Carthage, and informs his readers\n that their mutual enmity originated in their very first foundation,\n and was apparently kindled by a more remote cause than the jealousy\n and rivalship of two flourishing empires. Dido, after her death,\n was honoured as a deity by her subjects. _Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 4,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, fable 2; _Heroides_, poem 6.\u2015\u2015_Appian_,\n _Punic Wars_.\u2015\u2015_Orosius_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Herodian._\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus._\n\n=D\u012ddy\u0306ma=, a place of Miletus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island\n in the Sicilian sea. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 11.\n\n=D\u012ddy\u0306m\u00e6us=, a surname of Apollo.\n\n=D\u012ddy\u0306m\u0101on=, an excellent artist, famous for making suits of armour.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 359.\n\n=D\u012ddy\u0306me=, one of the Cyclades. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 469.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Sicily. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 476.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n the Lipari isles, now _Saline_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A place near Miletus, where the\n Branchid\u00e6 had their famous oracle.\n\n=D\u012ddy\u0306mum=, a mountain of Asia Minor.\n\n=D\u012ddy\u0306mus=, a freedman of Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6,\n ch. 24.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A scholiast on Homer, surnamed \u03a7\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, flourished\n B.C. 40. He wrote a number of books, which are now lost. The editions\n of his commentaries are, that in 2 vols., Venice, by Aldus Manutius,\n 1528, and that of Paris, 8vo, 1530.\n\n=Di\u0113n\u0115ces=, a Spartan, who, upon hearing, before the battle of\n Thermopyl\u00e6, that the Persians were so numerous that their arrows\n would darken the light of the sun, observed that it would be a great\n convenience, for they then should fight in the shade. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 7, ch. 226.\n\n=Diesp\u012dter=, a surname of Jupiter, as being the father of light.\n\n=Digentia=, a small river which watered Horace\u2019s farm, in the country\n of the Sabines. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 104.\n\n=Digma=, a part of the Pir\u00e6us at Athens.\n\n=Dii=, the divinities of the ancient inhabitants of the earth, were\n very numerous. Every object which causes terror, inspires gratitude,\n or bestows affluence, received the tribute of veneration. Man\n saw a superior agent in the stars, the elements, or the trees,\n and supposed that the waters which communicated fertility to his\n fields and possessions, were under the influence and direction of\n some invisible power, inclined to favour and to benefit mankind.\n Thus arose a train of divinities, which imagination arrayed in\n different forms, and armed with different powers. They were endowed\n with understanding, and were actuated by the same passions which\n daily afflict the human race; and those children of superstition\n were appeased or provoked as the imperfect being which gave them\n birth. Their wrath was mitigated by sacrifice and incense, and\n sometimes human victims bled to expiate a crime which superstition\n alone supposed to exist. The sun, from its powerful influence\n and animating nature, first attracted the notice, and claimed the\n adoration, of the uncivilized inhabitants of the earth. The moon\n also was honoured with sacrifices, and addressed in prayers; and\n after immortality had been liberally bestowed on all the heavenly\n bodies, mankind classed among their deities the brute creation,\n and the cat and the sow shared equally with Jupiter himself, the\n father of gods and men, the devout veneration of their votaries.\n This immense number of deities have been divided into classes,\n according to the will and pleasure of the mythologists. The Romans,\n generally speaking, reckoned two classes of the gods, the _dii\n majorum gentium_, or _dii consulentes_, and the _dii minorum\n gentium_. The former were 12 in number, six males and six females.\n _See:_ Consentes. In the class of the latter, were ranked all the\n gods who were worshipped in different parts of the earth. Besides\n these, there were some called _dii selecti_, sometimes classed with\n the 12 greater gods; these were Janus, Saturn, the Genius, the Moon,\n Pluto, and Bacchus. There were also some called demi-gods, that is,\n who deserved immortality by the greatness of their exploits, and\n for their uncommon services to mankind. Among these were Priapus,\n Vertumnus, Hercules, and those whose parents were some of the\n immortal gods. Besides these, there were some called _topici_, whose\n worship was established at particular places, such as Isis in Egypt,\n Astarte in Syria, Uranus at Carthage, &c. In process of time also,\n all the passions and the moral virtues were reckoned as powerful\n deities, and temples were raised to a goddess of concord, peace,\n &c. According to the authority of Hesiod, there were no less than\n 30,000 gods that inhabited the earth, and were guardians of men,\n all subservient to the power of Jupiter. To these succeeding ages\n have added an almost equal number; and indeed they were so numerous,\n and their functions so various, that we find temples erected, and\n sacrifices offered, to unknown gods. It is observable, that all\n the gods of the ancients have lived upon earth as mere mortals; and\n even Jupiter, who was the ruler of heaven, is represented by the\n mythologists as a helpless child; and we are acquainted with all\n the particulars that attended the birth and education of Juno. In\n process of time, not only good and virtuous men who had been the\n patrons of learning and the supporters of liberty, but also thieves\n and pirates, were admitted among the gods; and the Roman senate\n courteously granted immortality to the most cruel and abandoned of\n their emperors.\n\n=Dii=, a people of Thrace, on mount Rhodope.\n\n=Dimassus=, an island near Rhodes. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.\n\n=Dinarchus=, a Greek orator, son of Sostratus, and disciple to\n Theophrastus at Athens. He acquired much money by his compositions,\n and suffered himself to be bribed by the enemies of the Athenians,\n 307 B.C. Of 64 of his orations, only three remain. _Cicero_, _On\n Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 53.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Corinthian ambassador, put to death\n by Polyperchon. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Delos, who\n collected some fables in Crete, &c. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_.\n\n=Dindy\u0306mus= (or a, orum), a mountain of Phrygia, near a town of the\n same name in the neighbourhood of Cyzicus. It was from this place\n that Cybele was called _Dindymene_, as her worship was established\n there by Jason. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 1,\n li. 9.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 16, li. 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 617.\n\n=Dinia=, a town of Phrygia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Gaul,\n now _Digne_ in Provence.\n\n=Dinias=, a general of Cassander. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of\n Pher\u00e6, who seized the supreme power at Cranon. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote a history of Argos. _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.\n\n=Din\u012dche=, the wife of Archidamus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n\n=Din\u014fch\u0103res=, an architect who finished the temple of Diana at Ephesus,\n after it had been burnt by Erostratus.\n\n=Din\u014fcr\u0103tes=, an architect of Macedonia, who proposed to Alexander to\n cut mount Athos in the form of a statue, holding a city in one hand,\n and in the other a basin, into which all the waters of the mountain\n should empty themselves. This project Alexander rejected as too\n chimerical, but he employed the talents of the artist in building\n and beautifying Alexandria. He began to build a temple in honour of\n Arsinoe, by order of Ptolemy Philadelphus, in which he intended to\n suspend a statue of the queen, by means of loadstones. His death,\n and that of his royal patron, prevented the execution of a work\n which would have been the admiration of future ages. _Pliny_, bk. 7,\n ch. 37.\u2015\u2015_Marcellinus_, bk. 22, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Agathocles.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Messenian, who behaved with great\n effeminacy and wantonness. He defeated Philop\u0153men, and put him to\n death, B.C. 183. _Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_.\n\n=Din\u014fd\u014fchus=, a swift runner. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 1.\n\n=Dinol\u014fchus=, a Syracusan, who composed 14 comedies. _\u00c6lian_, _de\n Natura Animalium_, bk. 6, ch. 52.\n\n=Din\u014fm\u0115nes=, a tyrant of Syracuse. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 42.\n\n=Dinon=, a governor of Damascus, under Ptolemy, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Clitarchus, who wrote a history of Persia in\n Alexander\u2019s age. He is esteemed a very \u2666authentic historian by\n _Cornelius Nepos_, _Conon_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius._\n\n \u2666 \u2018anthentic\u2019 replaced with \u2018authentic\u2019\n\n=Dinosth\u0115nes=, a man who made himself a statue of an Olympian victor.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16.\n\n=Dinostr\u0103tus=, a celebrated geometrician in the age of Plato.\n\n=Di\u014fclea=, festivals in the spring at Megara, in honour of Diocles,\n who died in the defence of a certain youth to whom he was tenderly\n attached. There was a contention on his tomb, and the youth who gave\n the sweetest kiss was publicly rewarded with a garland. Theocritus\n has described them in his _Idylls_, bk. 12, li. 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town on the\n coast of Dalmatia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 23.\n\n=Diocles=, a general of Athens, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic\n poet of Athens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian, the first Grecian who ever wrote\n concerning the origin of the Romans, and the fabulous history of\n Romulus. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the four brothers placed\n over the citadel of Corinth by Archelaus, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 6.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rich man of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general\n of Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.\n\n=Diocletianop\u014flis=, a town of Thessaly, called so in honour of\n Diocletian.\n\n=Diocleti\u0101nus Caius Valerius Jovius=, a celebrated Roman emperor, born\n of an obscure family in Dalmatia. He was first a common soldier, and\n by merit and success he gradually rose to the office of a general,\n and at the death of Numerian he was invested with the imperial\n purple. In this high station, he rewarded the virtue and fidelity\n of Maximian, who had shared with him all the subordinate offices\n in the army, by making him his colleague on the throne. He created\n two subordinate emperors, Constantius and Galerius, whom he called\n _C\u00e6sars_, whilst he claimed for himself and his colleague the\n superior title of _Augustus_. Diocletian has been celebrated for\n his military virtues; and though he was naturally unpolished by\n education and study, yet he was the friend and patron of learning\n and true genius. He was bold and resolute, active and diligent,\n and well acquainted with the arts which endear a sovereign to his\n people, and make him respectable even in the eyes of his enemies.\n His cruelty, however, against the followers of christianity has\n been deservedly branded with the appellation of unbounded tyranny,\n and insolent wantonness. After he had reigned 21 years in the\n greatest prosperity, he publicly abdicated the crown at Nicomedia,\n on the 1st of May, A.D. 304, and retired to a private station at\n Salona. Maximian, his colleague, followed his example, but not\n from voluntary choice; and when he some time after endeavoured to\n rouse the ambition of Diocletian, and persuade him to reassume the\n imperial purple, he received for answer, that Diocletian took now\n more delight in cultivating his little garden, than he formerly\n enjoyed in a palace, when his power was extended over all the earth.\n He lived nine years after his abdication in the greatest security\n and enjoyment at Salona, and died in the 68th year of his age.\n Diocletian is the first sovereign who voluntarily resigned his power;\n a philosophical resolution, which, in a later age, was imitated by\n the emperor Charles V. of Germany.\n\n=Di\u014fd\u014drus=, an historian, surnamed _Siculus_, because he was born at\n Argyra in Sicily. He wrote a history of Egypt, Persia, Syria, Media,\n Greece, Rome, and Carthage, which was divided into 40 books, of\n which only 15 are extant, with some few fragments. This valuable\n composition was the work of an accurate inquirer, and it is said\n that he visited all the places of which he has made mention in his\n history. It was the labour of 30 years, though the greater part\n may be considered as nothing more than a judicious compilation\n from Berosus, Tim\u00e6us, Theopompus, Callisthenes, and others. The\n author, however, is too credulous in some of his narrations, and\n often wanders far from the truth. His style is neither elegant\n nor too laboured, but it contains great simplicity and unaffected\n correctness. He often dwells too long upon fabulous reports and\n trifling incidents, while events of the greatest importance to\n history are treated with brevity, and sometimes passed over in\n silence. His manner of reckoning, by the Olympiads and the Roman\n consuls, will be found very erroneous. The historian flourished\n about 44 years B.C. He spent much time at Rome to procure\n information, and authenticate his historical narrations. The best\n edition of his works is that of Wesseling, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam,\n 1746.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A disciple of Euclid, in the age of Plato. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n comic poet.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Echeanax, who, with his brothers Codrus\n and Anaxagoras, murdered Hegesias the tyrant of Ephesus, &c.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Ephesian, who wrote an account of the life\n of Anaximander. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator of Sardis, in\n the time of the Mithridatic war.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A stoic philosopher, preceptor\n to Cicero. He lived and died in the house of his pupil, whom he\n instructed in the various branches of Greek literature. _Cicero_,\n _Brutus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Demetrius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer, surnamed\n _Periegetes_, who wrote a description of the earth. _Plutarch_,\n _Themistocles_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An African, &c. _Plutarch._\n\n=Dioetas=, a general of Achaia, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 2.\n\n=D\u012b\u014fg\u0113nes=, a celebrated Cynic philosopher of Sinope, banished from\n his country for coining false money. From Sinope, he retired to\n Athens, where he became the disciple of Antisthenes, who was at\n the head of the Cynics. Antisthenes, at first, refused to admit him\n into his house, and even struck him with a stick. Diogenes calmly\n bore the rebuke, and said, \u201cStrike me, Antisthenes, but never shall\n you find a stick sufficiently hard to remove me from your presence,\n whilst there is anything to be learnt, any information to be gained,\n from your conversation and acquaintance.\u201d Such firmness recommended\n him to Antisthenes, and he became his most devoted pupil. He dressed\n himself in the garment which distinguished the Cynics, and walked\n about the streets with a tub on his head, which served him as\n a house and a place of repose. Such singularity, joined to the\n greatest contempt for riches, soon gained him reputation, and\n Alexander the Great condescended to visit the philosopher in his tub.\n He asked Diogenes if there was anything in which he could gratify\n or oblige him. \u201cGet out of my sunshine,\u201d was the only answer which\n the philosopher gave. Such an independence of mind so pleased the\n monarch, that he turned to his courtiers, and said, \u201cWere I not\n Alexander, I would wish to be Diogenes.\u201d He was once sold as a slave,\n but his magnanimity so pleased his master, that he made him the\n preceptor of his children, and the guardian of his estates. After a\n life spent in the greatest misery and indigence, he died B.C. 324,\n in the 96th year of his age. He ordered his body to be carelessly\n thrown into a ditch, and some dust to be sprinkled over it. His\n orders were, however, disobeyed in this particular, and his friends\n honoured his remains with a magnificent funeral at Corinth. The\n inhabitants of Sinope raised statues to his memory; and the marble\n figure of a dog was placed on a high column erected on his tomb.\n His biographer has transmitted to posterity a number of his sayings,\n remarkable for their simplicity and moral tendency. The life of\n Diogenes, however, shrinks from the eye of a strict examination; he\n boasted of his poverty, and was so arrogant, that many have observed\n that the virtues of Diogenes arose from pride and vanity, not from\n wisdom and sound philosophy. His morals were corrupted, and he gave\n way to his most vicious indulgencies, and his unbounded wantonness\n has given occasion to some to observe, that the bottom of his tub\n would not bear too close an examination. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives\n and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata\n Laconica_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 36, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n stoic of Babylon, disciple of Chrysippus. He went to Athens, and was\n sent as ambassador to Rome, with Carneades and Critolaus, 155 years\n before Christ. He died in the 88th year of his age, after a life of\n the most exemplary virtue. Some suppose that he was strangled by\n order of Antiochus king of Syria, for speaking disrespectfully of\n his family in one of his treatises. _Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 5, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 51.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Apollonia, celebrated for his knowledge of philosophy\n and physic. He was pupil to Anaxagoras. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives\n and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015La\u00ebrtius, an epicurean\n philosopher, born in Cilicia. He wrote the lives of the philosophers\n in 10 books, still extant. This work contains an accurate account\n of the ancient philosophers, and is replete with all their anecdotes\n and particular opinions. It is compiled, however, without any\n plan, method, or precision, though much neatness and conciseness\n are observable through the whole. In this multifarious biography\n the author does not seem particularly partial to any sect, except\n perhaps it be that of Potamon of Alexandria. Diogenes died A.D. 222.\n The best editions of his works are that of Meibomius, 2 vols., 4to,\n Amsterdam, 1692, and that of Lipscomb, 8vo, 1759.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Macedonian,\n who betrayed Salamis to Aratus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There\n was a philosopher of that name who attended Alexander in his Asiatic\n expedition, for the purpose of marking out and delineating his march,\n &c.\n\n=Diog\u0115nia=, a daughter of Celeus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of the Cephisus, who married Erechtheus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Diog\u0115nus=, a man who conspired with Dymnus against Alexander.\n _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.\n\n=Diognetus=, a philosopher who instructed Marcus Aurelius in\n philosophy, and in writing dialogues.\n\n=Di\u014fm\u0113da=, a daughter of Phorbas, whom Achilles brought from Lemnos,\n to be his mistress after the loss of Briseis. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 9, li. 661.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Deion of Amycl\u00e6.\n\n=Di\u014fm\u0113des=, son of Tydeus and Deiphyle, was king of \u00c6tolia, and one\n of the bravest of the Grecian chiefs in the Trojan war. He engaged\n Hector and \u00c6neas, and by repeated acts of valour obtained much\n military glory. He went with Ulysses to steal the Palladium from the\n temple of Minerva at Troy; and assisted in murdering Rhesus king of\n Thrace, and carrying away his horses. At his return from the siege\n of Troy, he lost his way in the darkness of the night, and landed\n in Attica, where his companions plundered the country, and lost the\n Trojan Palladium. During his long absence, his wife \u00c6giale forgot\n her marriage vows, and prostituted herself to Cometes, one of her\n servants. This lasciviousness of the queen was attributed by some\n to the resentment of Venus, whom Diomedes had severely wounded\n in the arm in a battle before Troy. The infidelity of \u00c6giale was\n highly displeasing to Diomedes. He resolved to abandon his native\n country, which was the seat of his disgrace, and the attempts of\n his wife to take away his life, according to some accounts, did not\n a little contribute to hasten his departure. He came to that part\n of Italy which has been called Magna Gr\u00e6cia, where he built a city\n called Argyripa, and married the daughter of Daunus the king of\n the country. He died there in extreme old age, or, according to a\n certain tradition, he perished by the hand of his father-in-law. His\n death was greatly lamented by his companions, who in the excess of\n their grief were changed into birds resembling swans. These birds\n took flight into a neighbouring island in the Adriatic, and became\n remarkable for the tameness with which they approached the Greeks,\n and for the horror with which they shunned all other nations. They\n are called the birds of Diomedes. Altars were raised to Diomedes, as\n to a god, one of which Strabo mentions at Timavus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 1, li. 756; bk. 11, li. 243, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk.\n 14, fable 10.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fables 97, 112, & 113.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of\n Thrace, son of Mars and Cyrene, who fed his horses with human flesh.\n It was one of the labours of Hercules to destroy him; and accordingly\n the hero, attended with some of his friends, attacked the inhuman\n tyrant, and gave him to be devoured by his own horses, which he had\n fed so barbarously. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Alcibiades. _Plutarch_,\n _Alcibiades_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian.\n\n=Di\u014fm\u0113don=, an Athenian general, put to death for his negligence at\n Arginus\u00e6. _Thucydides_, bk. 8, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Cyzicus, in the\n interest of Artaxerxes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.\n\n=Dion=, a Syracusan, son of Hipparinus, famous for his power and\n abilities. He was related to Dionysius, and often advised him,\n together with the philosopher Plato, who at his request had come to\n reside at the tyrant\u2019s court, to lay aside the supreme power. His\n great popularity rendered him odious in the eyes of the tyrant, who\n banished him to Greece. There he collected a numerous force, and\n encouraged by the influence of his name, and the hatred of his enemy,\n he resolved to free his country from tyranny. He entered the port\n of Syracuse only with two ships, and in three days reduced under his\n power an empire which had already subsisted for 50 years, and which\n was guarded by 500 ships of war, and 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse.\n The tyrant fled to Corinth, and Dion kept the power in his own hands,\n fearful of the aspiring ambition of some of the friends of Dionysius.\n He was, however, shamefully betrayed and murdered by one of his\n familiar friends, called Callicrates, or Callipus, 354 years before\n the christian era, in the 55th year of his age, and four years after\n his return from Peloponnesus. His death was universally lamented by\n the Syracusans, and a monument was raised to his memory. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Life of Dion_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Macedonia.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cassius, a native of Nic\u00e6a in\n Bithynia. His father\u2019s name was Apronianus. He was raised to the\n greatest offices of state in the Roman empire by Pertinax and his\n three successors. Naturally fond of study, he improved himself by\n unwearied application, and was 10 years collecting materials for a\n history of Rome, which he made public in 80 books, after a laborious\n employment of 12 years in composing it. This valuable history began\n with the arrival of \u00c6neas in Italy, and was continued down to the\n reign of the emperor Alexander Severus. The 34 first books are\n totally lost, the 20 following are mutilated, and fragments are all\n that we possess of the last 20. In the compilation of his extensive\n history, Dion proposed to himself Thucydides for a model; but he is\n not perfectly happy in his imitation. His style is pure and elegant,\n and his narrations are judiciously managed, and his reflections\n learned; but upon the whole he is credulous, and the bigoted\n slave of partiality, satire, and flattery. He inveighs against the\n republican principles of Brutus and Cicero, and extols the cause of\n C\u00e6sar. Seneca also is the object of his satire, and he represents\n him as debauched and licentious in his morals. Dion flourished about\n the 230th year of the christian era. The best edition of his works\n is that of Reimarus, 2 vols., folio, Hamburg, 1750.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous\n christian writer, surnamed _Chrysostom_, &c.\n\n=Di\u014dn\u00e6a=, a surname of Venus, supposed to be the daughter of Jupiter\n and Done.\n\n=Di\u014dne=, a nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. She was mother of\n Venus by Jupiter, according to Homer and others. Hesiod, however,\n gives Venus a different origin. _See:_ Venus. Venus is herself\n sometimes called Dione. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 19.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 381.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 1, li. 86.\n\n=Dion\u0233sia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus among the Greeks. Their\n form and solemnity were first introduced into Greece from Egypt by a\n certain Melampus, and if we admit that Bacchus is the same as Isis,\n the Dionysia of the Greeks are the same as the festivals celebrated\n by the Egyptians in honour of Isis. They were observed at Athens\n with more splendour and ceremonious superstition than in any other\n part of Greece. The years were numbered by their celebration, the\n Archon assisted at the solemnity, and the priests that officiated\n were honoured with the most dignified seats at the public games.\n At first they were celebrated with great simplicity, and the time\n was consecrated to mirth. It was then usual to bring a vessel of\n wine adorned with a vine branch, after which followed a goat, a\n basket of figs, and the \u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9. The worshippers imitated in their\n dress and actions the poetical fictions concerning Bacchus. They\n clothed themselves in fawns\u2019 skins, fine linen, and mitres; they\n carried thyrsi, drums, pipes, and flutes, and crowned themselves\n with garlands of ivy, vine, fir, &c. Some imitated Silenus, Pan,\n and the Satyrs by the uncouth manner of their dress, and their\n fantastical motions. Some rode upon asses, and others drove the\n goats to slaughter for the sacrifice. In this manner both sexes\n joined in the solemnity, and ran about the hills and country,\n nodding their heads, dancing in ridiculous postures, and filling the\n air with hideous shrieks and shouts, and crying aloud, \u201cEvoe Bacche!\n Io! Io! Evoe! Iacche! Io Bacche! Evohe!\u201d With such solemnities were\n the festivals of Bacchus celebrated by the Greeks, particularly\n the Athenians. In one of these there followed a number of persons\n carrying sacred vessels, one of which contained water. After these\n came a select number of noble virgins, carrying little baskets of\n gold filled with all sorts of fruits. This was the most mysterious\n part of the solemnity. Serpents were sometimes put in the baskets,\n and by their wreathing and crawling out they amused and astonished\n the beholders. After the virgins followed a company of men carrying\n poles, at the end of which were fastened \u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9. The heads of these\n men, who were called \u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9, were crowned with ivy and violets,\n and their faces covered with other herbs. They marched singing songs\n upon the occasion of the festivals, called \u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1 \u1f81\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1. Next to\n the \u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 followed the \u1f30\u03b8\u03c5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9 in women\u2019s apparel, with white\n striped garments reaching to the ground; their heads were decked\n with garlands, and on their hands they wore gloves composed of\n flowers. Their gestures and actions were like those of a drunken\n man. Besides these, there were a number of persons called \u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9,\n who carried the \u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd or _musical van_ of Bacchus; without their\n attendance none of the festivals of Bacchus were celebrated with\n due solemnity, and on that account the god is often called \u03bb\u03b9\u03ba\u03bd\u03b9\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2.\n The festivals of Bacchus were almost innumerable. The name of the\n most celebrated were the Dionysia \u2666\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, at Limn\u00e6 in Attica.\n The chief persons that officiated were 14 women called \u03b3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9,\n _venerable_. They were appointed by one of the archons, and before\n their appointment they solemnly took an oath before the archon\n or his wife, that their body was free from all pollution.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n greater Dionysia, sometimes called \u1f00\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1 or \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u2019 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c4\u03c5, as\n being celebrated _within the city_, were the most famous. They\n were supposed to be the same as the preceding.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The less Dionysia,\n sometimes called \u03c4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u2019 \u1f00\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, because celebrated _in the country_,\n or \u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03b1, from \u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, _a wine-press_, were, to all appearance,\n a preparation for the greater festivals. They were celebrated in\n autumn.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The Dionysia \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, observed at _Brauron_ in Attica,\n were a scene of lewdness, extravagance, and debauchery.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n Dionysia \u03bd\u03c5\u03ba\u03c4\u03b7\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1 were observed by the Athenians in honour of\n Bacchus Nyctelius. It was unlawful to reveal whatever was seen\n or done during the celebration.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The Dionysia called \u1f60\u03bc\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1,\n because human victims were offered to the god, or because the\n priests imitated the _eating of raw flesh_, were celebrated with\n much solemnity. The priests put serpents in their hair, and by\n the wildness of their looks, and the oddity of their actions, they\n feigned insanity.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The Dionysia \u1f00\u03c1\u03ba\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1 were yearly observed in\n Arcadia, and the children who had been instructed in the music of\n Philoxenus and Timotheus, were introduced in a theatre, where they\n celebrated the festivals of Bacchus by entertaining the spectators\n with songs, dances, and different exhibitions. There were, besides\n these, others of inferior note. There was also one observed every\n three years called Dionysia \u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b5\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1, and it is said that Bacchus\n instituted it himself in commemoration of his Indian expedition, in\n which he spent three years. There is also another, celebrated every\n fifth year, as mentioned by the scholiast of Aristophanes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015All\n these festivals, in honour of the god of wine, were celebrated by\n the Greeks with great licentiousness, and they contributed much\n to the corruption of morals among all ranks of people. They were\n also introduced into Tuscany, and from thence to Rome. Among the\n Romans, both sexes promiscuously joined in the celebration during\n the darkness of night. The drunkenness, the debauchery, and impure\n actions and indulgencies which soon prevailed at the solemnity,\n called aloud for the interference of the senate, and the consuls\n Spurius Posthumius Albinus and Quintus Martius Philippus made\n a strict examination concerning the propriety and superstitious\n forms of the Bacchanalia. The disorder and pollution which was\n practised with impunity by no less than 7000 votaries of either\n sex, were beheld with horror and astonishment by the consuls, and\n the Bacchanalia were for ever banished from Rome by a decree of\n the senate. They were again reinstituted there in length of time,\n but not with such licentiousness as before. _Euripides_, _Bacch\u00e6_.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 737.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 533; bk. 4, li. 391; bk. 6, li. 587.\n\n \u2666 \u2018\u1f00\u03bb\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u2019 replaced with \u2018\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1\u2019\n\n=Di\u014fn\u0233si\u0103des=, two small islands near Crete.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Festivals in honour of\n Bacchus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\n\n=Di\u014fn\u0233sias=, a fountain. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36.\n\n=Di\u014fnysides=, a tragic poet of Tarsus.\n\n=Di\u014fn\u0233siod\u014drus=, a famous geometer. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 109.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n B\u0153otian historian. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Tarentine, who obtained\n a prize at Olympia in the 100th Olympiad.\n\n=Dion\u0233sion=, a temple of Bacchus in Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.\n\n=Dion\u0233sip\u014flis=, a town of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Dion\u0233sius I.=, or the elder, was son of Hermocrates. He signalized\n himself in the wars which the Syracusans carried on against the\n Carthaginians, and, taking advantage of the power lodged in his\n hands, he made himself absolute at Syracuse. To strengthen himself\n in his usurpation, and acquire popularity, he increased the pay of\n the soldiers, and recalled those that had been banished. He vowed\n eternal enmity against Carthage, and experienced various success in\n his wars against that republic. He was ambitious of being thought a\n poet, and his brother Theodorus was commissioned to go to Olympia,\n and repeat there some verses in his name, with other competitors,\n for the poetical prizes. His expectations were frustrated, and his\n poetry was received with groans and hisses. He was not, however, so\n unsuccessful at Athens, where a poetical prize was publicly adjudged\n to one of his compositions. This victory gave him more pleasure\n than all the victories he had ever obtained in the field of battle.\n His tyranny and cruelty at home rendered him odious in the eyes of\n his subjects, and he became so suspicious that he never admitted\n his wife or children to his private apartment without a previous\n examination of their garments. He never trusted his head to a barber,\n but always burnt his beard. He made a subterraneous cave in a rock,\n said to be still extant, in the form of a human ear, which measured\n 80 feet in height and 250 in length. It was called the ear of\n Dionysius. The sounds of this subterraneous cave were all necessarily\n directed to one common tympanum, which had a communication with an\n adjoining room, where Dionysius spent the greatest part of his time\n to hear whatever was said by those whom his suspicion and cruelty\n had confined in the apartments above. The artists that had been\n employed in making this cave were all put to death by order of\n the tyrant, for fear of their revealing to what purposes a work of\n such uncommon construction was to be appropriated. His impiety and\n sacrilege were as conspicuous as his suspicious credulity. He took a\n golden mantle from the statue of Jupiter, observing that the son of\n Saturn had a covering too warm for the summer, and too cold for the\n winter, and he placed one of wool instead. He also robbed \u00c6sculapius\n of his golden beard, and plundered the temple of Proserpine. He died\n of an indigestion in the 63rd year of his age, B.C. 368, after a\n reign of 38 years. Authors, however, are divided about the manner\n of his death, and some are of opinion that he died a violent death.\n Some suppose that the tyrant invented the _catapulta_, an engine\n which proved of infinite service for the discharging of showers of\n darts and stones in the time of a siege. _Diodorus_, bks. 13, 15, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius\n Nepos_, _Timoleon_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Diodorus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second of that\n name, surnamed the younger, was son of Dionysius I. by Doris. He\n succeeded his father as tyrant of Sicily, and by the advice of Dion\n his brother-in-law, he invited the philosopher Plato to his court,\n under whom he studied for a while. The philosopher advised him to\n lay aside the supreme power, and in his admonitions he was warmly\n seconded by Dion. Dionysius refused to consent, and soon after Plato\n was seized and publicly sold as a slave. Dion likewise, on account\n of his great popularity, was severely abused and insulted in his\n family, and his wife given in marriage to another. Such a violent\n behaviour was highly resented; Dion, who was banished, collected\n some forces in Greece, and in three days rendered himself master of\n Syracuse, and expelled the tyrant B.C. 357. _See:_ Dion. Dionysius\n retired to Locri, where he behaved with the greatest oppression,\n and was ejected by the citizens. He recovered Syracuse 10 years\n after his expulsion, but his triumph was short, and the Corinthians,\n under conduct of Timoleon, obliged him to abandon the city. He fled\n to Corinth, where to support himself he kept a school, as Cicero\n observes, that he might still continue to be tyrant; and as he could\n not command over men, that he might still exercise his power over\n boys. It is said that he died from excess of joy, when he heard that\n a tragedy of his own composition had been rewarded with a poetical\n prize. Dionysius was as cruel as his father, but he did not, like\n him, possess the art of restraining his power. This was seen and\n remarked by the old man, who, when he saw his son attempting to\n debauch the wives of some of his old subjects, asked him, with\n the greatest indignation, whether he had ever heard of his having\n acted so brutal a part in his younger days? \u201cNo,\u201d answered the son,\n \u201cbecause you were not the son of a king.\u201d \u201cWell, my son,\u201d replied\n the old man, \u201cnever shalt thou be the father of a king.\u201d _Justin_,\n bk. 21, chs. 1, 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 15, &c.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia\n Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 8, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius\n Nepos_, _Dion_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of _Halicarnassus_, who left his country and came\n to reside at Rome, that he might carefully study all the Greek and\n Latin writers, whose compositions treated of the Roman history. He\n formed an acquaintance with all the learned of the age, and derived\n much information from their company and conversation. After an\n unremitted application, during 24 years, he gave to the world his\n Roman antiquities in 20 books, of which only the 11 first are now\n extant, nearly containing the account of 312 years. His composition\n has been greatly valued by the ancients as well as the moderns for\n the easiness of his style, the fidelity of his chronology, and the\n judiciousness of his remarks and criticism. Like a faithful historian,\n he never mentioned anything but what was authenticated, and he\n totally disregarded the fabulous traditions which fill and disgrace\n the pages of both his predecessors and followers. To the merits of\n the elegant historian, Dionysius, as may be seen in his treatises,\n has also added the equally respectable character of the eloquent\n orator, the critic, and the politician. He lived during the Augustan\n age, and came to Rome about 80 years before the christian era. The\n best editions of his works are that of Oxford, 2 vols., folio, 1704,\n and that of Reiske, 6 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of\n Heraclea in Pontus, in the age of Alexander the Great. After the\n death of the conqueror and of Perdiccas, he married Amestris the\n niece of king Darius, and assumed the title of king. He was of such\n an uncommon corpulence that he never exposed his person in public,\n and when he gave audience to foreign ambassadors, he always placed\n himself in a chair which was conveniently made to hide his face\n and person from the eyes of the spectators. When he was asleep,\n it was impossible to awake him without boring his flesh with pins.\n He died in the 55th year of his age. As his reign was remarkable\n for mildness and popularity, his death was severely lamented by his\n subjects. He left two sons and a daughter, and appointed his widow\n queen-regent.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Bacchus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A disciple of Ch\u00e6remon.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Chalcis, who wrote a book entitled \u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2, or _the\n origin of cities_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A commander of the Ionian fleet against the\n Persians, who went to plunder Ph\u0153nicia. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 17.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Antiochus Hierax.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of Heraclea,\n disciple to Zeno. He starved himself to death, B.C. 279, in the\n 81st year of his age. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An epic poet of\n Mitylene.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist of Pergamus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer\n in the Augustan age, called _Periegetes_. He wrote a very valuable\n geographical treatise in Greek hexameters, still extant. The best\n edition of his treatise is that of Henry Stephens, 4to, 1577, with\n the scholia, and that of Hill, 8vo, London, 1688.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A christian\n writer, A.D. 492, called _Areopagita_. The best edition of his works\n is that of Antwerp, 2 vols., folio, 1634.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The music master of\n Epaminondas. _Cornelius Nepos._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated critic. _See:_\n Longinus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rhetorician of Magnesia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Messenian madman, &c.\n _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Thrace, generally called the\n Rhodian, because he lived there. He wrote some grammatical treatises\n and commentaries, B.C. 64. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter of\n Colophon.\n\n=Di\u014fph\u0103nes=, a man who joined Peloponnesus to the Ach\u00e6an league.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rhetorician intimate with Tiberias\n Gracchus. _Plutarch_, _Tiberius Gracchus_.\n\n=Di\u014fphantus=, an Athenian general of the Greek mercenary troops in\n the service of Nectanebus king of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Greek orator of Mitylene, preceptor to Tiberius Gracchus. _Cicero_,\n _Brutus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Alexandria in the fourth century. He wrote\n 13 books of arithmetical questions, of which six are still extant,\n the best edition of which is that in folio, Tolos\u00e6, 1670. He died\n in his 84th year, but the age in which he lived is uncertain. Some\n place him in the reign of Augustus, others under Nero and Antonines.\n\n=Diop\u0153nus=, a noble sculptor of Crete. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 4.\n\n=Diop\u014flis=, a name given to Cabira, a town of Paphlagonia, by Pompey.\n _Strabo_, bk. 12.\n\n=Di\u014dres=, a friend of \u00c6neas, killed by Turnus. He had engaged in the\n games exhibited by \u00c6neas on his father\u2019s tomb in Sicily. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 297; bk. 12, li. 509.\n\n=Dioryctus=, a place of Acarnania, where a canal was cut (\u03b4\u03b9\u03b1 \u1f40\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9),\n to make Leucadia an island. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\n\n=Dioscor\u012ddes=, a native of Cilicia, who was physician to Antony and\n Cleopatra, or lived, as some suppose, in the age of Nero. He was\n originally a soldier, but afterwards he applied himself to study,\n and wrote a book upon medicinal herbs, of which the best edition\n is that of Saracenus, folio, Frankfurt. 1598.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote\n an account of the republic of Laced\u00e6mon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nephew of Antigonus.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Cyprian, blind of one eye, in the age of\n Ptolemy Philadelphus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A disciple of Isocrates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An astrologer\n sent ambassador by Julius C\u00e6sar to Achillas, &c. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil\n War_, bk. 3, ch. 109.\n\n=Dioscor\u012ddis insula=, an island situate at the south of the entrance\n of the Arabic gulf, and now called _Socotra_.\n\n=Diosc\u016bri=, or _sons of Jupiter_, a name given to Castor and Pollux.\n There were festivals in their honour, called _Dioscuria_, celebrated\n by the people of Corcyra, and chiefly by the Laced\u00e6monians. They\n were observed with much jovial festivity. The people made a free\n use of the gifts of Bacchus, and diverted themselves with sports,\n of which wrestling matches always made a part.\n\n=Dioscurias=, a town of Colchis. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 28.\n\n=Diosp\u0103ge=, a town of Mesopotamia. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.\n\n=Diosp\u014flis=, or =Theb\u00e6=, a famous city of Egypt, formerly called\n Hecatompylos. _See:_ Theb\u00e6.\n\n=Diot\u012bme=, a woman who gave lectures upon philosophy, which Socrates\n attended. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.\n\n=Diot\u012bmus=, an Athenian skilled in maritime affairs, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A stoic, who flourished 85 B.C.\n\n=Diotrephes=, an Athenian officer, &c. _Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch. 75.\n\n=Dioxippe=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Dioxippus=, a soldier of Alexander, who killed one of his\n fellow-soldiers in a fury, &c. _\u00c6lian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian boxer, &c.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 9, li. 574.\n\n=Dip\u00e6a=, a place of Peloponnesus, where a battle was fought between\n the Arcadians and Spartans. _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 35.\n\n=Diph\u012dlas=, a man sent to Rhodes by the Spartans, to destroy the\n Athenian faction there. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Babylon\n in the interest of Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian.\n\n=D\u012bph\u012dlus=, an Athenian general, A.U.C. 311.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An architect so slow\n in finishing his works, that _Diphilo tardior_ became a proverb.\n _Cicero_, _Letters to his brother Quintus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tragic\n writer.\n\n=Diphor\u012ddas=, one of the Ephori at Sparta. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.\n\n=Dip\u0153n\u00e6=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 31.\n\n=Dip\u014flis=, a name given to Lemnos, as having two cities, Heph\u00e6stia and\n Myrina.\n\n=Dipsas= (antis), a river of Cilicia, flowing from mount Taurus.\n _Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 255.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015(adis), a profligate and incontinent\n woman mentioned by _Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A kind of\n serpent. _Lucan_, bk. 9.\n\n=Dipylon=, one of the gates of Athens.\n\n=Dir\u00e6=, the daughters of Acheron and Nox, who persecuted the souls of\n the guilty. They are the same as the furies, and some suppose they\n are called Furies in hell, Harpies on earth, and Dir\u00e6 in heaven.\n They were represented as standing near the throne of Jupiter, in\n an attitude which expressed their eagerness to receive his orders,\n and the power of tormenting the guilty on earth with the most\n excruciating punishments. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 473; bk. 8,\n li. 701.\n\n=Dirce=, a woman whom Lycus king of Thebes married after he had\n divorced Antiope. When Antiope became pregnant by Jupiter, Dirce\n suspected her husband of infidelity to her bed, and imprisoned\n Antiope, whom she tormented with the greatest cruelty. Antiope\n escaped from her confinement, and brought forth Amphion and\n Zethus on mount Cith\u00e6ron. When these children were informed of the\n cruelties to which their mother had been exposed, they besieged\n Thebes, put Lycus to death, and tied the cruel Dirce to the tail\n of a wild bull, which dragged her over rocks and precipices, and\n exposed her to the most poignant pains, till the gods, pitying her\n fate, changed her into a fountain, in the neighbourhood of Thebes.\n According to some accounts, Antiope was mother of Amphion and Zethus\n before she was confined and exposed to the tyranny of Dirce. _See:_\n Amphion, Antiope. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 15, li. 37.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 9, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 57.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 3, li. 175; bk. 4, li. 550.\n\n=Dircenna=, a cold fountain of Spain, near Bilbilis. _Martial_, bk. 1,\n ltr. 50, li. 17.\n\n=Dirphyia=, a surname of Juno, from _Dirphya_, a mountain of B\u0153otia,\n where the goddess had a temple.\n\n=Dis=, a god of the Gauls, the same as Pluto the god of hell. The\n inhabitants of Gaul supposed themselves descended from that deity.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 84.\n\n=Discordia=, a malevolent deity, daughter of Nox, and sister to\n Nemesis, the Parc\u00e6, and death. She was driven from heaven by Jupiter,\n because she sowed dissensions among the gods, and was the cause\n of continual quarrels. When the nuptials of Peleus and Thetis were\n celebrated, the goddess of discord was not invited, and this seeming\n neglect so irritated her, that she threw an apple into the midst of\n the assembly of the gods, with the inscription of _detur pulchriori_.\n This apple was the cause of the ruin of Troy, and of infinite\n misfortunes to the Greeks. _See:_ Paris. She is represented with\n a pale, ghastly look, her garment is torn, her eyes sparkle with\n fire, and she holds a dagger concealed in her bosom. Her head is\n generally entwined with serpents, and she is attended by Bellona.\n She is supposed to be the cause of all dissensions, murders, wars,\n and quarrels which arise upon earth, public as well as private.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 702.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 225.\n \u2015\u2015_Petronius._\n\n=Dithyrambus=, a surname of Bacchus, whence the hymns sung in his\n honour were called Dithyrambics. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 2.\n\n=Dittani=, a people of Spain.\n\n=Divi=, a name chiefly appropriated to those who were made gods after\n death, such as heroes and warriors, or the Lares and Penates, and\n other domestic gods.\n\n=Diviti\u0103cus=, one of the \u00c6dui, intimate with C\u00e6sar. _Cicero_ bk. 1,\n _de Divinatione_.\n\n=Dium=, a town of Eub\u0153a, where there were hot baths. _Pliny_, bk. 31,\n ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A promontory of Crete.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Macedonia. _Livy_,\n bk. 44, ch. 7.\n\n=Divodurum=, a town of Gaul, now _Metz_ in Lorrain.\n\n=Divus Fidius=, a god of the Sabines, worshipped also at Rome.\n _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\n\n=Diyllus=, an Athenian historian. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.\n\n=Doberes=, a people of P\u00e6onia. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 16.\n\n=Doc\u012dlis=, a gladiator at Rome, mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18,\n li. 19.\n\n=Doc\u012dmus=, a man of Tarentum, deprived of his military dignity\n by Philip son of Amyntas, for indulging himself with hot baths.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Perdiccas, taken by Antigonus. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.\n\n=D\u014dd\u014dna=, a town of Thesprotia in Epirus, or, according to others,\n in Thessaly. There was in its neighbourhood, upon a small hill\n called Tmarus, a celebrated oracle of Jupiter. The town and temple\n of the god were first built by Deucalion, after the universal deluge.\n It was supposed to be the most ancient oracle of all Greece, and\n according to the traditions of the Egyptians mentioned by Herodotus,\n it was founded by a dove. Two black doves, as he relates, took\n their flight from the city of Thebes in Egypt, one of which flew\n to the temple of Jupiter Ammon, and the other to Dodona, where,\n with a human voice, they acquainted the inhabitants of the country\n that Jupiter had consecrated the ground, which in future would\n give oracles. The extensive grove which surrounded Jupiter\u2019s temple\n was endowed with the gift of prophecy, and oracles were frequently\n delivered by the sacred oaks, and the doves which inhabited the\n place. This fabulous tradition of the oracular power of the doves\n is explained by Herodotus, who observes that some Ph\u0153nicians carried\n away two priestesses from Egypt, one of which went to fix her\n residence at Dodona, where the oracle was established. It may\n further be observed, that the fable might have been founded upon the\n double meaning of the word \u03c0\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9, which signifies _doves_ in most\n parts of Greece, while in the dialect of the Epirots, it implies\n _old women_. In ancient times the oracles were delivered by the\n murmuring of a neighbouring fountain, but the custom was afterwards\n changed. Large kettles were suspended in the air near a brazen\n statue, which held a lash in its hand. When the wind blew strong,\n the statue was agitated and struck against one of the kettles, which\n communicated the motion to all the rest, and raised that clattering\n and discordant din which continued for a while, and from which the\n artifice of the priests drew their predictions. Some suppose that\n the noise was occasioned by the shaking of the leaves and boughs\n of an old oak, which the superstition of the people frequently\n consulted, and from which they pretended to receive oracles. It may\n be observed with more probability that the oracles were delivered by\n the priests, who, by artfully concealing themselves behind the oaks,\n gave occasion to the superstitious multitude to believe that the\n trees were endowed with the power of prophecy. As the ship Argo was\n built with some of the oaks of the forest of Dodona, there were some\n beams in the vessel which gave oracles to the Argonauts, and warned\n them against the approach of calamity. Within the forest of Dodona\n there was a stream with a fountain of cool water, which had the\n power of lighting a torch as soon as it touched it. This fountain\n was totally dry at noonday, and was restored to its full course\n at midnight, from which time till the following noon it began to\n decrease, and at the usual hour was again deprived of its waters.\n The oracles of Dodona were originally delivered by men, but\n afterwards by women. _See:_ Dodonides. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 57.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 14; _Iliad_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 427.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 23.\n\n=D\u014dd\u014dn\u00e6us=, a surname of Jupiter from Dodona.\n\n=D\u014dd\u014dne=, a daughter of Jupiter and Europa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fountain in the forest\n of Dodona. _See:_ Dodona.\n\n=D\u014dd\u014dn\u012ddes=, the priestesses who gave oracles in the temple of Jupiter\n in Dodona. According to some traditions the temple was originally\n inhabited by seven daughters of Atlas, who nursed Bacchus. Their\n names were Ambrosia, Eudora, Pasithoe, Pytho, Plexaure, Coronis,\n Tythe or Tyche. In the latter ages the oracles were always delivered\n by three old women, which custom was first established when Jupiter\n enjoyed the company of Dione, whom he permitted to receive divine\n honour in his temple at Dodona. The B\u0153otians were the only people\n of Greece who received their oracles at Dodona from men, for reasons\n which _Strabo_, bk. 9, fully explains.\n\n=Doii=, a people of Arabia Felix.\n\n=Dolabella Publius Cornelius=, a Roman who married the daughter of\n Cicero. During the civil wars he warmly espoused the interest of\n Julius C\u00e6sar, whom he accompanied at the famous battles at Pharsalia,\n Africa, and Munda. He was made consul by his patron, though Marcus\n Antony his colleague opposed it. After the death of Julius C\u00e6sar,\n he received the government of Syria as his province. Cassius opposed\n his views, and Dolabella, for violence, and for the assassination\n of Trebonius, one of C\u00e6sar\u2019s murderers, was declared an enemy\n to the republic of Rome. He was besieged by Cassius in Laodicea,\n and when he saw that all was lost, he killed himself, in the 27th\n year of his age. He was of small stature, which gave occasion to\n his father-in-law to ask him once when he entered his house, who\n had tied him so cleverly to his sword.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A proconsul of Africa.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who conquered the Gauls, Etrurians, and Boii at the\n lake of Vadimonis, B. C. 283.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The family of the Dolabell\u00e6\n distinguished themselves at Rome, and one of them, Lucius Cornelius,\n conquered Lusitania, B.C. 99.\n\n=Dolichaon=, the father of the Hebrus, &c. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n li. 696.\n\n=Dol\u012bche=, an island in the \u00c6gean sea. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Syria,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 53.\n\n=Dolius=, a faithful servant of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4,\n li. 675.\n\n=Dolom\u0113na=, a country of Assyria. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=D\u014flon=, a Trojan, son of Eumedes, famous for his swiftness. Being\n sent by Hector to spy the Grecian camp by night, he was seized by\n Diomedes and Ulysses, to whom he revealed the situation, schemes,\n and resolutions of his countrymen, with the hopes of escaping with\n his life. He was put to death by Diomedes, as a traitor. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 10, li. 314.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 349, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet. _See:_ Susarion.\n\n=D\u014dlonci=, a people of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 34.\n\n=D\u014fl\u014fpes=, a people of Thessaly, near mount Pindus. Peleus reigned\n there, and sent them to the Trojan war under Ph\u0153nix. They became\n also masters of Scyros, and like the rest of the ancient Greeks,\n were fond of migration. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 7.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_,\n bk. 2, li. 10.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Cimon_.\n\n=D\u014fl\u014fpia=, the country of the Dolopes, near Pindus, through which the\n Achelous flowed.\n\n=D\u014flops=, a Trojan, son of Lampus, killed by Menelaus. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 525.\n\n=Domid\u016bcus=, a god who presided over marriage. Juno also was called\n _Domiduca_, from the power she was supposed to have in marriages.\n\n=Dom\u012bn\u012dca=, a daughter of Petronius, who married the \u2666emperor Valens.\n\n \u2666 \u2018emperior\u2019 replaced with \u2018emperor\u2019\n\n=Domit\u012da lex=, _de Religione_, was enacted by Domitius Ahenobarbus the\n tribune, A.U.C. 650. It transferred the right of electing priests\n from the college to the people.\n\n=Dom\u012dtia Long\u012bna=, a Roman lady who boasted in her debaucheries. She\n was the wife of the emperor Domitian.\n\n=Dom\u012dti\u0101nus Titus Flavius=, son of Vespasian and Flavia Domatilla,\n made himself emperor of Rome at the death of his brother Titus,\n whom, according to some accounts, he destroyed by poison. The\n beginning of his reign promised tranquillity to the people, but\n their expectations were soon frustrated. Domitian became cruel,\n and gave way to incestuous and unnatural indulgencies. He commanded\n himself to be called God and Lord in all the papers which were\n presented to him. He passed the greatest part of the day in catching\n flies and killing them with a bodkin, so that it was wittily\n answered by Vibius to a person who asked him who was with the\n emperor, \u201cNobody, not even a fly.\u201d In the latter part of his reign\n Domitian became suspicious, and his anxieties were increased by\n the predictions of astrologers, but still more poignantly by the\n stings of remorse. He was so distrustful even when alone, that round\n the terrace, where he usually walked, he built a wall with shining\n stones, that from them he might perceive as in a looking-glass\n whether anybody followed him. All these precautions were unavailing;\n he perished by the hand of an assassin the 18th of September, A.D.\n 96, in the 45th year of his age and the 15th of his reign. He was\n the last of the 12 C\u00e6sars. He distinguished himself for his love\n of learning, and in a little treatise which he wrote upon the great\n care which ought to be taken of the hair to prevent baldness, he\n displayed much taste and elegance, according to the observations\n of his biographers. After his death he was publicly deprived by the\n senate of all the honours which had been profusely heaped upon him,\n and even his body was left in the open air without the honours of\n a funeral. This disgrace might proceed from the resentment of the\n senators, whom he had exposed to terror as well as to ridicule. He\n once assembled that august body, to know in what vessel a turbot\n might be most conveniently dressed. At another time they received\n a formal invitation to a feast, and when they arrived at the palace,\n they were introduced into a large gloomy hall hung with black, and\n lighted with a few glimmering tapers. In the middle were placed a\n number of coffins, on each of which was inscribed the name of some\n one of the invited senators. On a sudden a number of men burst into\n the room, clothed in black, with drawn swords and flaming torches,\n and after they had for some time terrified the guests, they permitted\n them to retire. Such were the amusements and cruelties of a man who,\n in the first part of his reign, was looked upon as the father of his\n people, and the restorer of learning and liberty. _Suetonius_, _The\n Twelve Caesars_.\u2015\u2015_Eutropius_, bk. 7.\n\n=Dom\u012dtilla Flavia=, a woman who married Vespasian, by whom she had\n Titus a year after her marriage, and, 11 years after, Domitian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n niece of the emperor Domitian, by whom she was banished.\n\n=Dom\u012dtius Domiti\u0103nus=, a general of Diocletian in Egypt. He assumed\n the imperial purple at Alexandria, A.D. 288, and supported the\n dignity of emperor for about two years. He died a violent death.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius. _See:_ \u00c6nobarbus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cn\u00e6us \u00c6nobarbus, a Roman consul,\n who conquered Bituitus the Gaul, and left 20,000 of the enemy on\n the field of battle, and took 3000 prisoners.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian in\n the reign of Adrian. He was remarkable for his virtues, and his\n melancholy disposition.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who revolted from Antony to\n Augustus. He was at the battle of Pharsalia, and forced Pompey to\n fight by the mere force of his ridicule.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Nero,\n famous for his cruelties and debaucheries. _Suetonius_, _Nero_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n tribune of the people, who conquered the Allobroges. _Plutarch._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul during whose consulate peace was concluded with\n Alexander king of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul under\n Caligula. He wrote some few things now lost.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Latin poet, called\n also Marsus, in the age of Horace. He wrote epigrams, remarkable for\n little besides their indelicacy. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16,\n li. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Afer, an orator, who was preceptor to Quintilian. He\n disgraced his talents by his adulation, and by practising the arts\n of an informer under Tiberius and his successors. He was made a\n consul by Nero, and died A.D. 59.\n\n=\u00c6lius Don\u0101tus=, a grammarian, who flourished A.D. 353.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A bishop\n of Numidia, a promoter of the Donatists, A.D. 311.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A bishop of\n Africa, banished from Carthage, A.D. 356.\n\n=Donil\u0101us=, a prince of Gallogr\u00e6cia, who assisted Pompey with 300\n horsemen against Julius C\u00e6sar.\n\n=Don\u016bca=, a mountain of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 57.\n\n=D\u014fn\u0233sa=, one of the Cyclades in the \u00c6gean, where green marble is\n found. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 125.\n\n=Doracte=, an island in the Persian gulf.\n\n=D\u014dres=, the inhabitants of Doris. _See:_ Doris.\n\n=Dori= and =Dorica=, a part of Achaia near Athens.\n\n=Dor\u012dcus=, an epithet applied not only to Doris, but to all the Greeks\n in general. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 27.\n\n=Dorienses=, a people of Crete,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Cyrene.\n\n=Dorieus=, a son of Anaxandridas, who went with a colony into\n Sicily, because he could not bear to be under his brother at home.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 42, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 3 & 16,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Diagoras of Rhodes. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 7.\n\n=Dorilas=, a rich Libyan prince, killed in the court of Cepheus.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 4.\n\n=Dorilaus=, a general of the great Mithridates.\n\n=Dorion=, a town of Thessaly, where Thamyras the musician challenged\n the muses to a trial of skill. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 182.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 22, li. 19.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 352.\n\n=D\u014dris=, a country of Greece between Phocis, Thessaly, and Acarnania.\n It received its name from Dorus the son of Deucalion, who made a\n settlement there. It was called _Tetrapolis_, from the four cities\n of Pindus or Dryopis, Erineum, Cytinium, Borium, which it contained.\n To these four some add Lil\u00e6um and Carphia, and therefore call it\n Hexapolis. The name of Doris has been common to many parts of Greece.\n The Dorians, in the age of Deucalion, inhabited Phthiotis, which\n they exchanged for Histi\u00e6otis, in the age of Dorus. From thence\n they were driven by the Cadm\u00e6ans, and came to settle near the town\n of Pindus. From thence they passed into Dryopis, and afterwards\n into Peloponnesus. Hercules having re-established \u00c6gimius king of\n Phthiotis or Doris, who had been driven from his country by the\n Lapith\u00e6, the grateful king appointed Hyllus the son of his patron\n to be his successor, and the Heraclid\u00e6 marched from that part of\n the country to go to recover Peloponnesus. The Dorians sent many\n colonies into different places, which bore the same name as their\n native country. The most famous of these is _Doris in Asia Minor_,\n of which Halicarnassus was once the capital. This part of Asia Minor\n was called Hexapolis, and afterwards Pentapolis, after the exclusion\n of Halicarnassus. _Strabo_, bk. 9, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2,\n li. 27.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 144; bk. 8, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A goddess of the sea, daughter\n of Oceanus and Tethys. She married her brother Nereus, by whom she\n had 50 daughters called Nereides. Her name is often used to express\n the sea itself. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 17, li. 25.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Eclogues_, poem 10.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 240.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman of\n Locri, daughter of Xenetus, whom Dionysius the elder, of Sicily,\n married the same day with Aristomache. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6\n Disputationes_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the 50 Nereides. _Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, li. 250.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 45.\n\n=Doriscus=, a place of Thrace near the sea, where Xerxes numbered his\n forces. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 59.\n\n=Dorium=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One\n of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Dorius=, a mountain of Asia Minor. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 3.\n\n=Dorsennus=, a comic poet of great merit in the Augustan age. _Pliny_,\n bk. 14, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 10, li. 173.\n\n=Dorso Caius Fabius=, a Roman who, when Rome was in the possession of\n the Gauls, issued from the Capitol, which was then besieged, to go\n and offer a sacrifice, which was to be offered on mount Quirinalis.\n He dressed himself in sacerdotal robes, and carrying on his\n shoulders the statues of his country gods, passed through the guards\n of the enemy, without betraying the least signs of fear. When he had\n finished his sacrifice, he returned to the Capitol unmolested by the\n enemy, who were astonished at his boldness, and did not obstruct his\n passage or molest his sacrifice. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 46.\n\n=D\u014drus=, a son of Hellen and Orseis, or, according to others, of\n Deucalion, who left Phthiotis, where his father reigned, and went to\n make a settlement with some of his companions near mount Ossa. The\n country was called Doris, and the inhabitants Dorians. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 56, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Ph\u0153nicia, whose inhabitants are\n called Dorienses. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24.\n\n=Doryasus=, a Spartan, father to Agesilaus.\n\n=D\u014fr\u0233clus=, an illegitimate son of Priam, killed by Ajax in the Trojan\n war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Phineus king of\n Thrace, who married Beroe. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 620.\n\n=D\u014fr\u0233l\u00e6um= and =Doryl\u00e6us=, a city of Phrygia, now _Eski Shehr_.\n _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Flaccus_, ch. 17.\n\n=Dory\u0306las=, one of the centaurs killed by Theseus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 180.\n\n=Dory\u0306l\u0101us=, a warlike person intimate with Mithridates Evergetes, and\n general of the Gnossians, B.C. 125. _Strabo_, bk. 10.\n\n=Doryssus=, a king of Laced\u00e6mon, killed in a tumult. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 3, ch. 2.\n\n=Dosci=, a people near the Euxine.\n\n=Dosiadas=, a poet who wrote a piece of poetry in the form of an altar\n (\u03b2\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2), which Theocritus has imitated.\n\n=Dosiades=, a Greek, who wrote a history of Crete. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Doson=, a surname of Antigonus, because he promised and never\n performed.\n\n=Doss\u0113nus=, or =Dorsennus=. _See:_ Dorsennus.\n\n=Dot\u0103das=, a king of Messenia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.\n\n=Doto=, one of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 102.\n\n=Dotus=, a general of the Paphlagonians, in the army of Xerxes.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 72.\n\n=Doxander=, a man mentioned by _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5.\n\n=Drac\u0101nus=, a mountain where Jupiter took Bacchus from his thigh.\n _Theocritus._\n\n=Draco=, a celebrated lawgiver of Athens. When he exercised the office\n of archon, he made a code of laws, B.C. 623, for the use of the\n citizens, which, on account of their severity, were said to be\n written in letters of blood. By them, idleness was punished with\n as much severity as murder, and death was denounced against the one\n as well as the other. Such a code of rigorous laws gave occasion\n to a certain Athenian to ask of the legislator why he was so severe\n in his punishments, and Draco gave for answer, that as the smallest\n transgression had appeared to him deserving death, he could not find\n any punishment more rigorous for more atrocious crimes. These laws\n were at first enforced, but they were often neglected on account\n of their extreme severity, and Solon totally abolished them, except\n that one which punished a murderer with death. The popularity of\n Draco was uncommon, but the gratitude of his admirers proved fatal\n to him. When once he appeared on the theatre, he was received with\n repeated applauses, and the people, according to the custom of\n the Athenians, showed their respect to their lawgiver, by throwing\n garments upon him. This was done in such profusion, that Draco was\n soon hid under them, and smothered by the too great veneration of\n his citizens. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who instructed Plato in\n music. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.\n\n=Dracontides=, a wicked citizen of Athens. \u2666_Plato [Comicus]_,\n _The Sophists_.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Plut.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Plato\u2019\n\n=Dracus=, a general of the Ach\u00e6ans, conquered by Mummius.\n\n=Drances=, a friend of Latinus, remarkable for his weakness and\n eloquence. He showed himself an obstinate opponent to the violent\n measures which Turnus pursued against the Trojans. Some have\n imagined that the poet wished to delineate the character and the\n eloquence of Cicero under this name. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11,\n li. 122.\n\n=Drangina=, a province of Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Drapes=, a seditious Gaul, &c. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 30.\n\n=Drapus=, a river of Noricum, which falls into the Danube near Mursa.\n\n=Dr\u0115p\u0103na= and =Dr\u0115p\u0103num=, now _Trapani_, a town of \u2666Sicily near mount\n Eryx, in the form of a scythe, whence its name (\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, _falx_).\n Anchises died there, in his voyage to Italy with his son \u00c6neas. The\n Romans under Claudius Pulcher were defeated near the coast, B.C. 249,\n by the Carthaginian general Adherbal. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li.\n 707.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 57.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 4, li. 474.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A promontory of Peloponnesus.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Scily\u2019 replaced with \u2018Sicily\u2019\n\n=Drilo=, a river of Macedonia, which falls into the Adriatic at Lissus.\n\n=Drim\u0103chus=, a famous robber of Chios. When a price was set upon his\n head, he ordered a young man to cut it off and go and receive the\n money. Such an uncommon instance of generosity so pleased the Chians,\n that they raised a temple to his memory, and honoured him as a god.\n _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 13.\n\n=Drinus=, a small river falling into the Save and Danube.\n\n=Dri\u014fp\u012ddes=, an Athenian ambassador sent to Darius when the peace with\n Alexander had been violated. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\n\n=Drios=, a mountain of Arcadia.\n\n=Droi=, a people of Thrace. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 101.\n\n=Drom\u00e6us=, a surname of Apollo in Crete.\n\n=Drop\u012dci=, a people of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125.\n\n=Dropion=, a king of P\u00e6onia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.\n\n=Druentius= and =Druentia=, now _Durance_, a rapid river of Gaul,\n which falls into the Rhone between Arles and Avignon. _Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 468.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\n\n=Drug\u0115ri=, a people of Thrace. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\n\n=Dru\u012dd\u00e6=, the ministers of religion among the ancient Gauls and\n Britons. They were divided into different classes, called the Bardi,\n Eubages, the Vates, the Semnothei, the Sarronides, and the Samothei.\n They were held in the greatest veneration by the people. Their life\n was austere and recluse from the world, their dress was peculiar to\n themselves, and they generally appeared with a tunic which reached a\n little below the knee. As the chief power was lodged in their hands,\n they punished as they pleased, and could declare war and make peace\n at their option. Their power was extended not only over private\n families, but they could depose magistrates and even kings, if their\n actions in any manner deviated from the laws of the state. They had\n the privilege of naming the magistrates which annually presided over\n their cities, and the kings were created only with their approbation.\n They were entrusted with the education of youth, and all religious\n ceremonies, festivals, and sacrifices were under their peculiar\n care. They taught the doctrine of the metempsychosis, and believed\n the immortality of the soul. They were professionally acquainted\n with the art of magic, and from their knowledge of astrology they\n drew omens and saw futurity revealed before their eyes. In their\n sacrifices they often immolated human victims to their gods, a\n barbarous custom which continued long among them, and which the\n Roman emperors attempted to abolish, to little purpose. The power\n and privileges which they enjoyed were beheld with admiration by\n their countrymen, and as their office was open to every rank and\n every station, there were many who daily proposed themselves as\n candidates to enter upon this important function. The rigour,\n however, and severity of a long noviciate deterred many, and few\n were willing to attempt a labour, which enjoined them during 15 or\n 20 years to load their memory with the long and tedious maxims of\n druidical religion. Their name is derived from the Greek word \u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c2,\n _an oak_, because the woods and solitary retreats were the places\n of their residence. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 16, ch. 44.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Druna=, the _Drome_, a river of Gaul, falling into the Rhone.\n\n=Drusilla Livia=, a daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, famous for\n her debaucheries and licentiousness. She committed incest with her\n brother Caligula, who was so tenderly attached to her, that, in a\n dangerous illness, he made her heiress of all his possessions, and\n commanded that she should succeed him in the Roman empire. She died\n A.D. 38, in the 23rd year of her age, and was deified by her brother\n Caligula, who survived her for some time.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Agrippa\n king of Jud\u00e6a, &c.\n\n=Dr\u016bso=, an unskilful historian and mean usurer, who obliged\n his debtors, when they could not pay him, to hear him read his\n compositions, to draw from them praises and flattery. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, satire 3, li. 86.\n\n=Dr\u016bsus=, a son of Tiberius and Vipsania, who made himself famous\n by his intrepidity and courage in the provinces of Illyricum and\n Pannonia. He was raised to the greatest honours of the state by his\n father, but a blow which he gave to Sejanus, an audacious libertine,\n proved his ruin. Sejanus corrupted Livia the wife of Drusus, and in\n conjunction with her, he caused him to be poisoned by a eunuch, A.D.\n 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Germanicus and Agrippina, who enjoyed offices of the\n greatest trust under Tiberius. His enemy Sejanus, however, effected\n his ruin by his insinuations; Drusus was confined by Tiberius,\n and deprived of all aliment. He was found dead nine days after\n his confinement, A.D. 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of the emperor Claudius, who\n died by swallowing a pear thrown in the air.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ambitious Roman,\n grandfather to Cato. He was killed for his seditious conduct.\n _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Livius, father of Julia Augusta,\n was intimate with Brutus, and killed himself with him after the\n battle of Philippi. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 71.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus Livius,\n a celebrated Roman, who renewed the proposals of the Agrarian laws,\n which had proved fatal to the Gracchi. He was murdered as he entered\n his house, though he was attended with a number of clients and\n Latins, to whom he had proposed the privilege of Roman citizens, B.C.\n 190. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 4, \u2666ch. 22.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Nero\n Claudius, a son of Tiberius Nero and Livia, adopted by Augustus. He\n was brother to Tiberius, who was afterwards made emperor. He greatly\n signalized himself in his wars in Germany and Gaul against the Rh\u0153ti\n and Vindelici, and was honoured with a triumph. He died of a fall\n from his horse in the 30th year of his age, B.C. 9. He left three\n children, Germanicus, Livia, and Claudius, by his wife Antonia.\n _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus Livius Salinator, a consul\n who conquered Asdrubal with his colleague Claudius Nero. _Horace_,\n bk. 4, ode 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 824.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, an\n historian, who being one day missed from his cradle, was found the\n next on the highest part of the house, with his face turned towards\n the sun.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus, a pretor, &c. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_,\n bk. 2, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The plebeian family of the Drusi produced eight\n consuls, two censors, and one dictator. The surname of Drusus was\n given to the family of the Livii, as some suppose, because one of\n them killed a Gaulish leader of that name. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6,\n li. 824, mentions the Drusi among the illustrious Romans, and that\n perhaps more particularly because the wife of Augustus was of that\n family.\n\n \u2666 \u201812\u2019 replaced with \u201822\u2019\n\n=Dry\u0103des=, nymphs that presided over the woods. Oblations of milk,\n oil, and honey were offered to them, and sometimes the votaries\n sacrificed a goat. They were not generally considered immortal, but\n as genii, whose lives were terminated with the tree over which they\n were supposed to preside. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 11.\n\n=Dryanti\u0103des=, a patronymic of Lycurgus king of Thrace, son of Dryas.\n He cut his legs as he attempted to destroy the vines that no\n libations might be made to Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 345.\n\n=Dryas=, a son of Hippolochus, who was father to Lycurgus. He went\n with Eteocles to the Theban war, where he perished. _Statius_,\n _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 355.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Mars, who went to the chase\n of the Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A centaur at\n the nuptials of Pirithous, who killed Rh\u0153tus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 12, li. 296.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Faunus, who so hated the sight of\n men, that she never appeared in public.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Lycurgus, killed\n by his own father in a fury. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of \u00c6gyptus, murdered by his wife Eurydice. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 1.\n\n=Drym\u00e6a=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 33.\n\n=Drymo=, a sea-nymph, one of the attendants of Cyrene. _Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 536.\n\n=Drymus=, a town between Attica and B\u0153otia.\n\n=Dry\u014fpe=, a woman of Lemnos, whose shape Venus assumed, to persuade\n all the females of the island to murder the men. _Flaccus_, bk. 2,\n li. 174.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A virgin of \u0152chalia, whom Andr\u00e6mon married after she had\n been ravished by Apollo. She became mother of Amphisus, who, when\n scarce a year old, was with his mother changed into a lotus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 331.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nymph, mother of Tarquitus by\n Faunus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 551.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nymph of Arcadia,\n mother of Pan by Mercury, according to _Homer_, _Hymn 19 to Pan_.\n\n=Dry\u014fpeia=, an anniversary day observed at Asine in Argolis, in honour\n of Dryops the son of Apollo.\n\n\u2666=Dry\u014fpes=, a people of Greece, near mount \u0152ta. They afterwards passed\n into the Peloponnesus, where they inhabited the towns of Asine and\n Hermione, in Argolis. When they were driven from Asine by the people\n of Argos, they settled among the Messenians, and called a town\n by the name of their ancient habitation _Asine_. Some of their\n descendants went to make a settlement in Asia Minor, together with\n the Ionians. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 146; bk. 8, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 4, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 7, 8, 13.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 146.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 179.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Drp\u014fpes\u2019 replaced with \u2018Dry\u014fpes\u2019\n\n=Dry\u014fpis= and =Dry\u014fp\u012dda=, a small country at the foot of mount \u0152ta in\n Thessaly. Its true situation is not well ascertained. According to\n Pliny, it bordered on Epirus. It was for some time in the possession\n of the Hellenes, after they were driven from Histi\u00e6otis by the\n Cadmeans. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 56.\n\n=Dryops=, a son of Priam.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,\n ch. 34.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of \u00c6neas, killed by Clausus in Italy. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 346.\n\n=Dryp\u0115tis=, the younger daughter of Darius, given in marriage to\n Heph\u00e6stion by Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.\n\n=Dubis=, or =Alduadubis=, the _Daux_, a river of Gaul, falling into\n the Saone.\n\n=Dubris=, a town of Britain, supposed to be _Dover_.\n\n=Ducetius=, a Sicilian general, who died B.C. 440.\n\n=Duillia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Duillius, a tribune, A.U.C. 304.\n It made it a capital crime to leave the Roman people without its\n tribunes, or to create any new magistrate without a sufficient cause.\n _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 55.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, A.U.C. 392, to regulate what\n interest ought to be paid for money lent.\n\n=C. Duillius Nepos=, a Roman consul, the first who obtained a victory\n over the naval power of Carthage, B.C. 260. He took 50 of the\n enemy\u2019s ships, and was honoured with a naval triumph, the first that\n ever appeared at Rome. The senate rewarded his valour by permitting\n him to have music playing and torches lighted, at the public expense,\n every day while he was at supper. There were some medals struck in\n commemoration of this victory, and there still exists a column at\n Rome which was erected on the occasion. _Cicero_, _de Senectute_.\n \u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 12.\n\n=Dul\u012dchium=, an island of the Ionian sea, opposite the Achelous. It\n was part of the kingdom of Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 4,\n li. 67; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 226; _Remedia Amoris_, li. 272.\n \u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 11, ltr. 70, li. 8.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6,\n li. 76.\n\n=Dumn\u014drix=, a powerful chief among the \u00c6dui. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 1, ch. 9.\n\n=Dunax=, a mountain of Thrace.\n\n=Duratius Picto=, a Gaul, who remained in perpetual friendship with\n the Roman people. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 26.\n\n=Duris=, an historian of Samos, who flourished B.C. 257. He wrote the\n life of Agathocles of Syracuse, a treatise on tragedy, a history of\n Macedonia, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 1.\n\n=Durius=, a large river of ancient Spain, now called the _Douro_,\n which falls into the ocean, near modern Oporto in Portugal, after a\n course of nearly 300 miles. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 234.\n\n=Durocasses=, the chief residence of the Druids in Gaul, now _Dreux_.\n _C\u00e6sar_. _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 13.\n\n=Duronia=, a town of the Samnites.\n\n=Dusii=, some deities among the Gauls. _Augustine_, _The City of God_,\n bk. 15, ch. 23.\n\n=Duumv\u012dri=, two noble patricians at Rome, first appointed by Tarquin\n to keep the Sibylline books, which were supposed to contain the fate\n of the Roman empire. These sacred books were placed in the Capitol,\n and secured in a chest under the ground. They were consulted but\n seldom, and only by an order of the senate, when the armies had been\n defeated in war, or when Rome seemed to be threatened by an invasion,\n or by secret seditions. These priests continued in their original\n institution, till the year A.U.C. 388, when a law was proposed by\n the tribunes to increase the number to 10, to be chosen promiscuously\n from patrician and plebeian families. They were from their number\n called Decemviri, and some time after Sylla increased them to 15,\n known by the name of Quindecemviri.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There were also certain\n magistrates at Rome, called _Duumviri perduelliones sive capitales_.\n They were first created by Tullus Hostilius, for trying such as were\n accused of treason. This office was abolished as unnecessary, but\n Cicero complains of their revival by Labienus the tribune. _For\n Rabirius on a Charge of Treason_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Some of the commanders of the\n Roman vessels were also called Duumviri, especially when there were\n two together. They were first created A.U.C. 542.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There were\n also in the municipal towns in the provinces two magistrates called\n _Duumviri municipales_. They were chosen from the centurions, and\n their office was much the same as that of the two consuls at Rome.\n They were sometimes preceded by two lictors with the fasces. Their\n magistracy continued for five years, on which account they have been\n called _Quinquennales magistratus_.\n\n=Dyagondas=, a Theban legislator, who abolished all nocturnal\n sacrifices. _Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\n\n=Dyardenses=, a river in the extremities of India. _Curtius_, bk. 8,\n ch. 9.\n\n=Dy\u0306m\u00e6=, a town of Achaia. _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 31; bk. 32, ch. 22.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.\n\n=Dy\u0306m\u00e6i=, a people of \u00c6tolia. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.\n\n=Dy\u0306mas=, a Trojan, who joined himself to \u00c6neas when Troy was taken,\n and was at last killed by his countrymen, who took him to be an\n enemy because he had dressed himself in the armour of one of the\n Greeks whom he had slain. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, lis. 340 & 428.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Hecuba. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 761.\n\n=Dymnus=, one of Alexander\u2019s officers. He conspired with many of\n his fellow-soldiers against his master\u2019s life. The conspiracy was\n discovered, and Dymnus stabbed himself before he was brought before\n the king. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.\n\n=D\u0233n\u0103m\u0115ne=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 43.\n\n=Dynaste=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Dyras=, a river of Trachinia. It rises at the foot of mount \u0152ta, and\n falls into the bay of Malia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 198.\n\n=Dyraspes=, a river of Scythia. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10,\n li. 54.\n\n=Dyris=, the name of mount Atlas among the inhabitants of that\n neighbourhood.\n\n=Dyrrh\u0103chium=, now _Durazzo_, a large city of Macedonia, bordering\n on the Adriatic sea, founded by a colony from Corcyra, B.C. 623.\n It was anciently called _Epidammus_, which the Romans, considering\n it of ominous meaning, changed \u2666into _Dyrrhachium_. Cicero met\n with a \u2665favourable reception there during his exile. _Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 3,\n _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 22.\n\n \u2666 \u2018intlo\u2019 replaced with \u2018into\u2019\n \u2665 \u2018favourabe\u2019 replaced with \u2018favourable\u2019\n\n=Dysaules=, a brother of Celeus, who instituted the mysteries of Ceres\n at Cele\u00e6. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14.\n\n=Dyscin\u0113tus=, an Athenian archon. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 27.\n\n=Dys\u014drum=, a mountain of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 22.\n\n=Dyspontii=, a people of Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22.\n\n\n E\n\n=Eanes=, a man supposed to have killed Patroclus, and to have fled to\n Peleus in Thessaly. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=E\u0101nus=, the name of Janus among the ancient Latins.\n\n=E\u0103r\u012dnus=, a beautiful boy, eunuch to Domitian. _Statius_, bk. 3,\n _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 4.\n\n=Easium=, a town of Achaia in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.\n\n=Ebd\u014fme=, a festival in honour of Apollo at Athens on the seventh day\n of every lunar month. It was usual to sing hymns in honour of the\n god, and to carry about boughs of laurel.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was also another\n of the same name celebrated by private families the seventh day\n after the birth of every child.\n\n=Ebon=, a name given to Bacchus by the people of Neapolis. _Macrobius_,\n bk. 1, ch. 18.\n\n=Ebora=, a town of Portugal, now _Evora_.\n\n=Ebor\u0103cum=, York in England.\n\n=Eb\u016bd\u00e6=, the western isles of Britain, now _Hebrides_.\n\n=Ebur\u014dnes=, a people of Belgium, now the country of _Liege_. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4; bk. 6, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The Eburovices Aulerci\n were the people of Evreux in Normandy. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3,\n ch. 17.\n\n=Eb\u016dsus=, one of the Baleares, 100 miles in circumference, which\n produces no hurtful animals. It is near the coast of Spain in the\n Mediterranean, and now bears the name of _Yvica_, and is famous for\n pasturage and figs. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man engaged in the\n Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 299.\n\n=Ecbat\u0103na= (\u014drum), now _Hamedan_, the capital of Media, and the palace\n of Deioces king of Media. It was surrounded with seven walls, which\n rose in gradual ascent, and were painted in seven different colours.\n The most distant was the lowest, and the innermost, which was the\n most celebrated, contained the royal palace. Parmenio was put to\n death there by Alexander\u2019s orders; and Heph\u00e6stion died there also,\n and received a most magnificent burial.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 98.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 21.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 5; bk. 5, ch. 8; bk. 7,\n ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Syria, where Cambyses\n gave himself a mortal wound when mounting on horseback. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 8.\n\n=Ecechiria=, the wife of Iphitus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.\n\n=Ecetra=, a town of the Volsci. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 25; bk. 3, ch. 4.\n\n=Echecr\u0103tes=, a Thessalian who offered violence to Ph\u0153bas the\n priestess of Apollo\u2019s temple at Delphi. From this circumstance a\n decree was made by which no woman was admitted to the office of\n priestess before the age of 50. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Echedamia=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 3.\n\n=Echel\u0103tus=, a man who led a colony to Africa. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Echelta=, a fortified town in Sicily.\n\n=Ech\u0115lus=, a Trojan chief killed by Patroclus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, son of\nAgenor, killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 16 & 20.\n\n=Echembr\u014ftus=, an Arcadian, who obtained the prize at the Pythian\n games. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 7.\n\n=Ech\u0115mon=, a son of Priam, killed by Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5,\n li. 160.\n\n=Ech\u0115mus=, an Arcadian, who conquered the Dorians when they endeavoured\n to recover Peloponnesus under Hyllus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Arcadia, who joined Aristomenes against the Spartans.\n\n=Echen\u0113us=, a Ph\u00e6acian. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7.\n\n=Ech\u0115phron=, one of Nestor\u2019s sons. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Priam. _Apollodorus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hercules. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 24.\n\n=Echep\u014flis=, a Trojan, son of Thasius, killed by Antilochus. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 458.\n\n=Echestr\u0103tus=, a son of Agis I. king of Sparta, who succeeded his\n father, B.C. 1058. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.\n\n=Echevethenses=, a people of Tegea in Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,\n ch. 45.\n\n=Echidna=, a celebrated monster sprung from the union of Chrysaor with\n Callirhoe the daughter of Oceanus. She is represented as a beautiful\n woman in the upper part of the body, but as a serpent below the\n waist. She was mother, by Typhon, of Orthos, Geryon, Cerberus, the\n Hydra, &c. According to Herodotus, Hercules had three children by\n her, Agathyrsus, Gelonus, and Scytha. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 108.\n \u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8,\n ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 158.\n\n=Echidorus=, a river of Thrace. _Ptolemy_, bk. 3.\n\n=Ech\u012bn\u0103des=, or =Echin\u00e6=, five small islands near Acarnania, at\n the mouth of the river Achelous. They have been formed by the\n inundations of that river, and by the sand and mud which its waters\n carry down, and now bear the name of _Curzolari_. _Pliny_, bk. 2,\n ch. 85.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,\n li. 588.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 2.\n\n=Ech\u012bnon=, a city of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Ech\u012bnus=, an island in the \u00c6gean.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Acarnania,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of\n Phthiotis. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 33.\n\n=Echinussa=, an island near Eub\u0153a, called afterwards _Cimolus_.\n _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Ech\u012bon=, one of those men who sprung from the dragon\u2019s teeth sown by\n Cadmus. He was one of the five who survived the fate of his brothers,\n and assisted Cadmus in building the city of Thebes. Cadmus rewarded\n his services by giving him his daughter Agave in marriage. He was\n father of Pentheus by Agave. He succeeded his father-in-law on the\n throne of Thebes, as some have imagined, and from that circumstance\n Thebes has been called Echioni\u00e6, and the inhabitants _Echionid\u00e6_.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 311; _Tristia_, bk. 5, poem 5,\n li. 53.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Mercury and Antianira, who was the herald of the\n Argonauts. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 400.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who often obtained\n a prize in running. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 292.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n musician at Rome, in Domitian\u2019s age. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 76.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter.\n\n=Echionides=, a patronymic given to Pentheus, as \u2666descended from\n Echion. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.\n\n \u2666\u2018deseended\u2019 replaced with \u2018descended\u2019\n\n=Echionius=, an epithet applied to a person born in Thebes, founded\n with the assistance of Echion. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 515.\n\n=Echo=, a daughter of the Air and Tellus, who chiefly resided in the\n vicinity of the Cephisus. She was once one of Juno\u2019s attendants, and\n became the confidant of Jupiter\u2019s amours. Her loquacity, however,\n displeased Jupiter; and she was deprived of the power of speech\n by Juno, and only permitted to answer to the questions which were\n put to her. Pan had formerly been one of her admirers, but he never\n enjoyed her favours. Echo, after she had been punished by Juno,\n fell in love with Narcissus, and on being despised by him, she pined\n away, and was changed into a stone, which still retained the power\n of voice. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 358.\n\n=Ecn\u014fmos=, a mountain of Sicily, now _Licata_.\n\n=Edessa= and =Edesa=, a town of Syria.\n\n=Edess\u00e6 portus=, a harbour of Sicily near Pachynus. _Cicero_, _Against\n Verres_, bk. 5, ch. 34.\n\n=Edeta=, or =Leria=, a town of Spain along the river Sucro. _Pliny_,\n bk. 3, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,\n li. 371.\n\n=Edissa= and =\u00c6dessa=, a town of Macedonia taken by Caranus, and\n called \u00c6g\u00e6, or \u00c6geas. _See:_ \u00c6dessa.\n\n=Edon=, a mountain of Thrace, called also Edonus. From this mountain\n that part of Thrace is often called _Edonia_ which lies between the\n Strymon and the Nessus, and the epithet is generally applied not\n only to Thrace but to a cold northern climate. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 12, li. 325.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 674.\n\n=Edoni=, or =Edones=, a people of Thrace, near the Strymon.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Edon\u012ddes=, a name given to the priestesses of Bacchus, because\n they celebrated the festivals of the god on mount Edon. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 69.\n\n=Edylius=, a mountain which Sylla seized to attack the people of\n Cheron\u00e6a. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.\n\n=Eetion=, the father of Andromache, and of seven sons, was king of\n Thebes in Cilicia. He was killed by Achilles. From him the word\n _Eetioneus_ is applied to his relations or descendants. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The commander of the Athenian fleet conquered by\n the Macedonians under Clytus, near the Echinades. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.\n\n=Eg\u0115l\u012ddus=, a river of Etruria. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 610.\n\n=Eg\u0115ria=, a nymph of Aricra in Italy, where Diana was particularly\n worshipped. Egeria was courted by Numa, and according to Ovid she\n became his wife. This prince frequently visited her, and that he\n might more successfully introduce his laws and new regulations into\n the state, he solemnly declared before the Roman people that they\n were previously sanctified and approved by the nymph Egeria. Ovid\n says that Egeria was so disconsolate at the death of Numa, that she\n melted into tears, and was changed into a fountain by Diana. She is\n reckoned by many as a goddess who presided over the pregnancy of\n women, and some maintain that she is the same as Lucina, or Diana.\n _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 547.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 775.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 6,\n li. 16.\n\n=Egesar\u0113tus=, a Thessalian of Larissa, who favoured the interest of\n Pompey during the civil wars. _C\u00e6sar_, bk. 3, _Civil War_, ch. 35.\n\n=Eges\u012bnus=, a philosopher, pupil to Evander. _Cicero_, _Academica_,\n bk. 4, ch. 6.\n\n=Egesta=, a daughter of Hippotes the Trojan. Her father exposed her on\n the sea, for fear of being devoured by a marine monster which laid\n waste the country. She was carried safe to Sicily, where she was\n ravished by the river Crinisus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Sicily. _See:_ \u00c6gesta.\n\n=Egn\u0101tia Maximilla=, a woman who accompanied her husband into\n banishment under Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n town. _See:_ Gnatia.\n\n=Proculus Egn\u0101tius=, a crafty and perfidious Roman in the reign of\n Nero, who committed the greatest crimes for the sake of money.\n _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n\n=Eion=, a commercial place at the mouth of the Strymon. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 8.\n\n=Eiones=, a village of Peloponnesus on the sea coast.\n\n=Eioneus=, a Greek killed by Hector in the Trojan war. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Thracian, father to Rhesus. _Iliad_, bk. 10.\n\n=Elabontas=, a river near Antioch. _Strabo._\n\n=El\u00e6a=, a town of \u00c6olia. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 43. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island in the Propontis.\n\n=El\u00e6us=, a part of Epirus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Jupiter.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of the\n Thracian Chersonesus. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 16; bk. 37, ch. 9.\n\n=Elagab\u0101lus=, the surname of the sun at Emessa.\n\n=El\u0101ites=, a grove near Canopus in Egypt.\n\n=Elaius=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41.\n\n=Elaphi\u00e6a=, a surname of Diana in Elis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22.\n\n=El\u0103phus=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 36.\n\n=Elapheb\u014flia=, a festival in honour of Diana the huntress. In the\n celebration a cake was made in the form of a deer, \u1f10\u03bb\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c2, and\n offered to the goddess. It owed its institution to the following\n circumstance. When the Phocians had been severely beaten by\n the Thessalians, they resolved, by the persuasion of a certain\n Deiphantus, to raise a pile of combustible materials, and burn\n their wives, children, and effects, rather than submit to the enemy.\n This resolution was unanimously approved by the women, who decreed\n Deiphantus a crown for his magnanimity. When everything was prepared,\n before they fired the pile, they engaged their enemies, and fought\n with such desperate fury, that they totally routed them, and\n obtained a complete victory. In commemoration of this unexpected\n success, this festival was instituted to Diana, and observed with\n the greatest solemnity, so that even one of the months of the year,\n March, was called Elaphebolion from this circumstance.\n\n=Elaptonius=, a youth who conspired against Alexander. _Curtius_,\n bk. 8, ch. 6.\n\n=El\u0101ra=, the mother of Tiphyus by Jupiter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Orchomenus king of Arcadia. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Elat\u0113a=, the largest town of Phocis, near the Cephisus. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 10, ch. 34.\n\n=Elatia=, a town of Phocis. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Thessaly.\n _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 54.\n\n=El\u0101tus=, one of the first Ephori of Sparta, B.C. 760. _Plutarch_,\n _Lycurgus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Ceneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,\n li. 497.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Asia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Zacynthus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of\n Polyphemus the Argonaut by Hipseia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The son of Arcas king of Arcadia by Erato, who retired to Phocis.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king\n in the army of Priam, killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Penelope\u2019s suitors, killed by Eumeus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,\n bk. 22, li. 267.\n\n=Elaver=, a river in Gaul falling into the Loire, now the _Allier_.\n\n=Elea=, a town of Campania, whence the followers of Zeno were called\n the _Eleatic_ sect. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 4, ch. 42; _Tusculan\u00e6\n Disputationes_, bk. 2, chs. 21 & 22; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3,\n ch. 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of \u00c6olia.\n\n=Electra=, one of the Oceanides, wife of Atlas, and mother of Dardanus\n by Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 31.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Atlas\n and Pleione. She was changed into a constellation, _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, chs. 10 & 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Agamemnon king of Argos. She first incited\n her brother Orestes to revenge his father\u2019s death by assassinating\n his mother Clytemnestra. Orestes gave her in marriage to his friend\n Pylades, and she became mother of two sons, Strophius and Merdon.\n Her adventures and misfortunes form one of the interesting tragedies\n of the poet Sophocles. _Hyginus_, fable 122.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 26, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sister\n of Cadmus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city and river of Messenia\n in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Helen\u2019s female\n attendants. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25.\n\n=Electr\u00e6=, a gate of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 8.\n\n=Electr\u012ddes=, islands in the Adriatic sea, which received their name\n from the quantity of amber (_electrum_) which they produced. They\n were at the mouth of the Po, according to Apollonius of Rhodes,\n but some historians doubt their existence. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 26;\n bk. 37, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Electryon=, a king of Argos, son of Perseus and Andromeda. He was\n brother to Alc\u00e6us, whose daughter Anaxo he married, and by her\n he had several sons, and one daughter, Alcmene. He sent his sons\n against the Teleboans, who had ravaged his country, and they were\n all killed except Licymnius. Upon this Electryon promised his crown\n and daughter in marriage to him who could undertake to punish the\n Teleboans for the death of his sons. Amphitryon offered himself\n and succeeded. Electryon inadvertently perished by the hand of his\n son-in-law. _See:_ Amphitryon, Alcmena. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias._\n\n=El\u0113i=, a people of Elis in Peloponnesus. They were formerly called\n _Epei_. In their country was the temple of Jupiter, where also were\n celebrated the Olympic games, of which they had the superintendence.\n Their horses were in great repute, hence _Elei equi_ and _Elea\n palma_. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 18.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 293.\n\n=El\u0113l\u0113us=, a surname of Bacchus, from the word \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5, which the\n Bacchanals loudly repeated during his festivals. His priestesses\n were in consequence called _Eleleis_, _ides_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 4, li. 15.\n\n=Eleon=, a village of B\u0153otia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Phocis.\n\n=Eleontum=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus.\n\n=Elephantis=, a poetess who wrote lascivious verses. _Martial_,\n bk. 12, ltr. 43.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A princess by whom Danaus had two daughters.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island in the river Nile, in Upper Egypt,\n with a town of the same name, which is often called _Elephantina_ by\n some authors. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 9, &c.\n\n=Elephantoph\u0103gi=, a people of \u00c6thiopia.\n\n=Elph\u0113nor=, son of Chalcedon, was one of Helen\u2019s suitors. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 47.\n\n=Elep\u014drus=, a river of Magna Gr\u00e6cia.\n\n=Eleuchia=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Eleus=, a city of Thrace.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Media.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Elis.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\n\n=Eleus\u012bnia=, a great festival observed every fourth year by the\n Celeans, Phliasians, as also by the Pheneat\u00e6, Laced\u00e6monians,\n Parrhasians, and Cretans; but more particularly by the people\n of Athens, every fifth year at Eleusis in Attica, where it was\n introduced by Eumolpus, B.C. 1356. It was the most celebrated of all\n the religious ceremonies of Greece, whence it is often called, by\n way of eminence, \u03bc\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1, _the mysteries_. It was so superstitiously\n observed, that if any one ever revealed it, it was supposed that he\n had called divine vengeance upon his head, and it was unsafe to live\n in the same house with him. Such a wretch was publicly put to an\n ignominious death. This festival was sacred to Ceres and Proserpine;\n everything contained a mystery, and Ceres herself was known only\n by the name of \u1f00\u03c7\u03b8\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1, from the _sorrow_ and _grief_ (\u1f00\u03c7\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2) which\n she suffered for the loss of her daughter. This mysterious secrecy\n was solemnly observed, and enjoined to all the votaries of the\n goddess; and if any one ever appeared at the celebration, either\n intentionally, or through ignorance, without proper introduction,\n he was immediately punished with death. Persons of both sexes and\n all ages were initiated at this solemnity, and it was looked upon\n as so heinous a crime to neglect this sacred part of religion,\n that it was one of the heaviest accusations, which contributed\n to the condemnation of Socrates. The initiated were under the\n more particular care of the deities, and therefore their life was\n supposed to be attended with more happiness and real security than\n that of other men. This benefit was not only granted during life,\n but it was extended beyond the grave, and they were honoured with\n the first places in the Elysian fields, while others were left to\n wallow in perpetual filth and ignominy. As the benefits of expiation\n were so extensive, particular care was taken in examining the\n character of such as were presented for initiation. Such as were\n guilty of murder, though against their will, and such as were\n convicted of witchcraft, or any heinous crime, were not admitted,\n and the Athenians suffered none to be initiated but such as were\n members of their city. This regulation, which compelled Hercules,\n Castor, and Pollux to become citizens of Athens, was strictly\n observed in the first ages of the institution, but afterwards all\n persons, barbarians excepted, were freely initiated. The festivals\n were divided into greater and less mysteries. The less were\n instituted from the following circumstance. Hercules passed near\n Eleusis while the Athenians were celebrating the mysteries, and\n desired to be initiated. As this could not be done because he\n was a stranger, and as Eumolpus was unwilling to displease him on\n account of his great power and the services which he had done to\n the Athenians, another festival was instituted without violating\n the laws. It was called \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1, and Hercules was solemnly admitted\n to the celebration and initiated. These less mysteries were observed\n at Agr\u00e6, near the Ilissus. The greater were celebrated at Eleusis,\n from which place Ceres has been called Eleusinia. In latter times\n the smaller festivals were preparatory to the greater, and no person\n could be initiated at Eleusis without a previous purification at\n Agr\u00e6. This purification they performed by keeping themselves pure,\n chaste, and unpolluted during nine days, after which they came and\n offered sacrifices and prayers, wearing garlands of flowers, called\n \u1f31\u03c3\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, or \u1f31\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, and having under their feet \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 \u03ba\u03c9\u03b4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, _Jupiter\u2019s\n skin_, which was the skin of a victim offered to that god. The\n person who assisted was called \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, from \u1f51\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1, _water_, which\n was used at the purification, and they themselves were called \u03bc\u03c5\u03db\u03b1\u03b9,\n _the initiated_. A year after the initiation at the less mysteries\n they sacrificed a sow to Ceres, and were admitted in the greater,\n and the secrets of the festivals were solemnly revealed to them,\n from which they were called \u1f10\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9 and \u1f10\u03c0\u03bf\u03c0\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, _inspectors_. The\n institution was performed in the following manner. The candidates,\n crowned with myrtle, were admitted by night into a place called\n \u03bc\u03c5\u03db\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c3\u03b7\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, _the mystical temple_, a vast and stupendous building.\n As they entered the temple they purified themselves by washing their\n hands in holy water, and received for admonition that they were to\n come with a mind pure and undefiled, without which the cleanness of\n the body would be unacceptable. After this the holy mysteries were\n read to them from a large book called \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1, because made of _two\n stones_, \u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9, fitly cemented together. After this the priest,\n called \u1f39\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, proposed to them certain questions to which they\n readily answered. After this, strange and amazing objects presented\n themselves to their sight; the place often seemed to quake, and\n to appear suddenly resplendent with fire, and immediately covered\n with gloomy darkness and \u2666horror. Sometimes thunders were heard, or\n flashes of lightning appeared on every side. At other times hideous\n noises and howlings were heard, and the trembling spectators were\n alarmed by sudden and dreadful apparitions. This was called \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03c8\u03b9\u03b1,\n _intuition_. After this the initiated were dismissed with the\n barbarous words of \u03ba\u03bf\u03b3\u03be, \u03bf\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03be. The garments in which they were\n initiated were held sacred, and of no less efficacy to avert evils\n than charms and incantations. From this circumstance, therefore,\n they were never left off before they were totally unfit for wear,\n after which they were appropriated for children, or dedicated to the\n goddess. The chief person that attended at the initiation was called\n \u1f39\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2, _the revealer of sacred things_. He was a citizen of\n Athens, and held his office during life, though among the Celeans\n and Phliasians it was limited to the period of four years. He was\n obliged to devote himself totally to the service of the deities; his\n life was chaste and single, and he usually anointed his body with\n the juice of hemlock, which is said, by its extreme coldness, to\n extinguish in a great degree the natural heat. The Hierophantes had\n three attendants; the first was called \u03b4\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2, _torch-bearer_,\n and was permitted to marry; the second was called \u03ba\u03b7\u03c1\u03c5\u03be, _a cryer_;\n the third administered at the altar, and was called \u1f41 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9 \u03b2\u03c9\u03bc\u1ff3. The\n Hierophantes is said to have been a type of the powerful creator of\n all things, \u0394\u03b1\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2 of the sun, \u039a\u03b7\u03c1\u03c5\u03be of Mercury, and \u1f41 \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9 \u03b2\u03c9\u03bc\u1ff3 of\n the moon. There were besides these other inferior officers, who took\n particular care that everything was performed according to custom.\n The first of these, called \u03b2\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c2, was one of the Archons; he\n offered prayers and sacrifices, and took care that there was no\n indecency or irregularity during the celebration. Besides him\n there were four others, called \u1f10\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc\u03b5\u03bb\u03b7\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, _curators_, elected by\n the people. One of them was chosen from the sacred family of the\n Eumolpid\u00e6, the other was one of the Ceryces, and the rest were from\n among the citizens. There were also 10 persons who assisted at this\n and every other festival, called \u1f39\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9, because they _offered\n sacrifices_. This festival was observed in the month Boedromion or\n September, and continued nine days, from the 15th till the 23rd.\n During that time it was unlawful to arrest any man or present any\n petition, on pain of forfeiting 1000 drachmas, or, according to\n others, on pain of death. It was also unlawful for those who were\n initiated to sit upon the cover of a well, to eat beans, mullets, or\n weasels. If any woman rode to Eleusis in a chariot, she was obliged\n by an edict of Lycurgus to pay 6000 drachmas. The design of this law\n was to destroy all distinction between the richer and poorer sort\n of citizens. The first day of the celebration was called \u1f00\u03b3\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2,\n _assembly_, as it might be said that the worshippers first met\n together. The second day was called \u1f00\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03b5 \u03bc\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, _to the sea, you\n that are initiated_, because they were commanded to purify themselves\n by bathing in the sea. On the third day sacrifices, and chiefly\n a mullet, were offered; as also barley from a field of Eleusis.\n These oblations were called \u0398\u03c5\u03b1, and held so sacred that the priests\n themselves were not, as in other sacrifices, permitted to partake of\n them. On the fourth day they made a solemn procession, in which the\n \u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b8\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, _holy basket of Ceres_, was carried about in a consecrated\n cart, while on every side the people shouted \u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5 \u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1, _Hail,\n Ceres!_ After these followed women, called \u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9, who _carried\n baskets_, in which were sesamum, carded wool, grains of salt, a\n serpent, pomegranates, reeds, ivy boughs, certain cakes, &c. The\n fifth was called \u1f21 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b1\u03b4\u03c9\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, _the torch day_, because on\n the following night the people ran about with torches in their hands.\n It was usual to dedicate torches to Ceres, and contend which should\n offer the biggest in commemoration of the travels of the goddess,\n and of her lighting a torch in the flames of mount \u00c6tna. The sixth\n day was called \u1f38\u03b1\u03ba\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2, from Iacchus the son of Jupiter and Ceres,\n who accompanied his mother in her search of Proserpine, with a\n torch in his hand. From that circumstance his statue had a torch in\n its hand, and was carried in solemn procession from the Ceramicus\n to Eleusis. The statue with those that accompanied it, called\n \u1f38\u03b1\u03ba\u03c7\u03b1\u03b3\u03c9\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9, were crowned with myrtle. In the way nothing was heard\n but singing and the noise of brazen kettles, as the votaries danced\n along. The way through which they issued from the city was called\n \u1f39\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u1f41\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, _the sacred way_; the resting place \u1f39\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c5\u03ba\u03b7, from a\n _fig tree_ which grew in the neighbourhood. They also stopped on a\n bridge over the Cephisus, where they derided those that passed by.\n After they had passed this bridge, they entered Eleusis by a place\n called \u03bc\u03c5\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b7 \u03b5\u1f30\u03c3\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2, _the mystical entrance_. On the seventh day\n were sports, in which the victors were rewarded with a measure of\n barley, as that grain had been first sown in Eleusis. The eighth day\n was called \u1f18\u03c0\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd \u1f21\u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03b1, because once \u00c6sculapius, at his return\n from Epidaurus to Athens, was initiated by the repetition of the\n less mysteries. It became customary, therefore, to celebrate them a\n second time upon this, that such as had not hitherto been initiated\n might be lawfully admitted. The ninth and last day of the festival\n was called \u03a0\u03bb\u03b7\u03bc\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u03b1\u03b9, _earthen vessels_, because it was usual to\n fill two such vessels with wine, one of which being placed towards\n the east, and the other towards the west, which after the repetition\n of some mystical words, were both thrown down, and the wine being\n spilt on the ground, was offered as a libation. Such was the manner\n of celebrating the Eleusinian mysteries, which have been deemed the\n most sacred and solemn of all the festivals observed by the Greeks.\n Some have supposed them to be obscene and abominable, and that from\n thence proceeded all the mysterious secrecy. They were carried from\n Eleusis to Rome in the age of Adrian, where they were observed with\n the same ceremonies as before, though perhaps with more freedom\n and licentiousness. They lasted about 1800 years, and were at last\n abolished by Theodosius the Great. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12,\n ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 31, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\n\n \u2666 \u2018horrror\u2019 replaced with \u2018horror\u2019\n\n=Eleusis=, or =Eleusin=, a town of Attica, equally distant from\n Megara and the Pir\u00e6us, celebrated for the festivals of Ceres. _See:_\n Eleusinia. It was founded by Triptolemus. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _Fasti_,\n \u2666li. 507.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.\n\n \u2666 extraneous reference \u20185,\u2019 removed\n\n=Eleuther=, a son of Apollo.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Curetes, from whom a town\n of B\u0153otia, and another in Crete, received their name. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 9, chs. 2 & 9.\n\n=Eleuth\u0115r\u00e6=, a village of B\u0153otia, between Megara and Thebes, where\n Mardonius was defeated with 300,000 men. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7;\n bk. 34, ch. 8.\n\n=Eleuth\u0115ria=, a festival celebrated at Plat\u00e6a in honour of Jupiter\n Eleutherius, or the asserter of liberty, by delegates from almost\n all the cities of Greece. Its institution originated in this: After\n the victory obtained by the Grecians under Pausanias over Mardonius\n the Persian general, in the country of Plat\u00e6a, an altar and statue\n were erected to Jupiter Eleutherius, who had freed the Greeks from\n the tyranny of the barbarians. It was further agreed upon in a\n general assembly, by the advice of Aristides the Athenian, that\n deputies should be sent every fifth year from the different cities\n of Greece to celebrate Eleutheria, _festivals of liberty_. The\n Plat\u00e6ans celebrated also an anniversary festival in memory of those\n who had lost their lives in that famous battle. The celebration\n was thus: At break of day a procession was made with a trumpeter at\n the head, sounding a signal for battle. After him followed chariots\n loaded with myrrh, garlands, and a black bull, and certain free\n young men, as no signs of servility were to appear during the\n solemnity, because they in whose honour the festival was instituted\n had died in the defence of their country. They carried libations of\n wine and milk in large-eared vessels, with jars of oil and precious\n ointments. Last of all appeared the chief magistrate, who, though\n not permitted at other times to touch iron, or wear garments of\n any colour but white, yet appeared clad in purple; and taking a\n water-pot out of the city chamber, proceeded through the middle of\n the town with a sword in his hand, towards the sepulchres. There\n he drew water from the neighbouring spring, and washed and anointed\n the monuments; after which he sacrificed a bull upon a pile of\n wood, invoking Jupiter and infernal Mercury, and inviting to the\n entertainment the souls of those happy heroes who had perished in\n the defence of their country. After this he filled a bowl with wine,\n saying, \u201cI drink to those who lost their lives in the defence of\n the liberties of Greece.\u201d There was also a festival of the same name\n observed by the Samians in honour of the god of love. Slaves also,\n when they obtained their liberty, kept a holiday, which they called\n Eleutheria.\n\n=Eleutho=, a surname of Juno Lucina, from her presiding over the\n delivery of pregnant women. _Pindar_, _Olympian_, bk. 6.\n\n=Eleutherocil\u012dces=, a people of Cilicia, never subject to kings.\n _Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 4; bk. 5, _Letters\n to Atticus_, ltr. 20.\n\n=Eleuth\u0115ros=, a river of Syria, falling into the Mediterranean.\n _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 10.\n\n=El\u012dcius=, a surname of Jupiter, worshipped on mount Aventine. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 328.\n\n=Eliensis= and =Eli\u0103ca=, a sect of philosophers founded by Ph\u00e6don\n of Elis, who was originally a slave, but restored to liberty by\n Alcibiades. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\n\n=Elim\u0113a=, or =Elimiotis=, a district of Macedonia, or of Illyricum\n according to others. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 53; bk. 45, ch. 30.\n\n=Elis=, a country of Peloponnesus at the west of Arcadia, and north\n of Messenia, extending along the coast, and watered by the river\n Alpheus. The capital of the country called _Elis_, now _Belvidere_,\n became large and populous in the age of Demosthenes, though in the\n age of Homer it did not exist. It was originally governed by kings,\n and received its name from Eleus, one of its monarchs. Elis was\n famous for the horses it produced, whose celerity was so often\n known and tried at the Olympic games. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,\n li. 494.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 26; _de\n Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 59; bk. 3, li. 202.\n\n=Eliphasii=, a people of Peloponnesus. _Polybius_, bk. 11.\n\n=Elissa=, a queen of Tyre, more commonly known by the name of Dido.\n _See:_ Dido.\n\n=Elissus=, a river of Elis.\n\n=Ellopia=, a town of Eub\u0153a.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient name of that island.\n\n=El\u014drus=, a river of Sicily on the eastern coast, called after a king\n of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 145.\n\n=Elos=, a city of Achaia, called after a servant-maid of Athamas of\n the same name.\n\n=Elot\u00e6.= _See:_ Helot\u00e6.\n\n=Elp\u0113nor=, one of the companions of Ulysses, changed into a hog by\n Circe\u2019s potions, and afterwards restored to his former shape. He\n fell from the top of a house where he was sleeping, and was killed.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 252.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_,\n bk. 10, li. 552; bk. 11, li. 51.\n\n=Elpin\u012bce=, a daughter of Miltiades, who married a man that promised\n to release from confinement her brother and husband, whom the laws\n of Athens had made responsible for the fine imposed on his father.\n _Cornelius Nepos_, _Cimon_.\n\n=Elu\u012bna=, a surname of Ceres.\n\n=Elyces=, a man killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,\n fable 3.\n\n=Elym\u0101is=, a country of Persia, between the Persian gulf and Media.\n The capital of the country was called Elymais, and was famous for a\n rich temple of Diana, which Antiochus Epiphanes attempted to plunder.\n The Elymeans assisted Antiochus the Great in his wars against the\n Romans. None of their kings are named in history. _Strabo._\n\n=Ely\u0306mi=, a nation descended from the Trojans, in alliance with the\n people of Carthage. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 8.\n\n=Elymus=, a man at the court of Acestes in Sicily. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 5, li. 73.\n\n=Elyrus=, a town of Crete. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 16.\n\n=Ely\u0306sium= and =Elysii Campi=, a place or island in the infernal\n regions, where, according to the mythology of the ancients, the\n souls of the virtuous were placed after death. There happiness\n was complete, the pleasures were innocent and refined. Bowers for\n ever green, delightful meadows with pleasant streams, were the most\n striking objects. The air was wholesome, serene, and temperate; the\n birds continually warbled in the groves, and the inhabitants were\n blessed with another sun and other stars. The employments of the\n heroes who dwelt in these regions of bliss were various; the manes\n of Achilles are represented as waging war with the wild beasts,\n while the Trojan chiefs are innocently exercising themselves in\n managing horses, or in handling arms. To these innocent amusements\n some poets have added continual feasting and revelry, and they\n suppose that the Elysian fields were filled with all the incontinence\n and voluptuousness which could gratify the low desires of the\n debauchee. The Elysian fields were, according to some, in the\n Fortunate Islands on the coast of Africa, in the Atlantic. Others\n place them in the island of Leuce; and, according to the authority\n of Virgil, they were situate in Italy. According to Lucian, they\n were near the moon; or in the centre of the earth, if we believe\n Plutarch. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 638.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pindar._\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 3, li. 57.\u2015\u2015_Lucian._\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, \u2666_de Consul._\n\n \u2666 Unidentified, possible typo for \u2018Consolatio ad Apollonium\u2019\n\n=Em\u0103thia=, a name given anciently, and particularly by the poets, to\n the countries which formed the empires of Macedonia and Thessaly.\n _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 492; bk. 4, li. 390.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk.\n 1, li. 1; bk. 10, li. 50; bk. 6, li. 620; bk. 7, li. 427.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 314.\n\n=Em\u0103thion=, a son of Titan and Aurora, who reigned in Macedonia. The\n country was called _Emathia_, from his name. Some suppose that he\n was a famous robber destroyed by Hercules. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 5, li. 313.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man killed at the\n nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,\n li. 100.\n\n=Em\u0103thion=, a man killed in the wars of Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 9, li. 571.\n\n=Emb\u0103tum=, a place of Asia, opposite Chios.\n\n=Embol\u012bma=, a town of India. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 12.\n\n=Emer\u012dta=, a town of Spain, famous for dyeing wool. _Pliny_, bk. 9,\n ch. 41.\n\n=Emessa= and =Emissa=, a town of Ph\u0153nicia.\n\n=Emoda=, a mountain of India.\n\n=Emp\u0115d\u014fcles=, a philosopher, poet, and historian of Agrigentum in\n Sicily, who flourished 444 B.C. He was the disciple of Telauges the\n Pythagorean, and warmly adopted the doctrine of transmigration. He\n wrote a poem upon the opinions of Pythagoras, very much commended,\n in which he spoke of the various bodies which nature had given him.\n He was first a girl, afterwards a boy, a shrub, a bird, a fish, and\n lastly Empedocles. His poetry was bold and animated, and his verses\n were so universally esteemed, that they were publicly recited at the\n Olympic games with those of Homer and Hesiod. Empedocles was no less\n remarkable for his humanity and social virtues than for his learning.\n He showed himself an inveterate enemy to tyranny, and refused to\n become the sovereign of his country. He taught rhetoric in Sicily,\n and often alleviated the anxieties of his mind as well as the pains\n of his body with music. It is reported that his curiosity to visit\n the flames of the crater of \u00c6tna proved fatal to him. Some maintain\n that he wished it to be believed that he was a god, and, that his\n death might be unknown, he threw himself into the crater and\n perished in the flames. His expectations, however, were frustrated,\n and the volcano, by throwing up one of his sandals, discovered to\n the world that Empedocles had perished by fire. Others report that\n he lived to an extreme old age, and that he was drowned in the sea.\n _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 12, li. 20.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1,\n ch. 50, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent\n Philosophers_.\n\n=Emper\u0101mus=, a Laced\u00e6monian general in the second Messenian war.\n\n=Emp\u014dclus=, an historian.\n\n=Emp\u014fria Pun\u012dca=, certain places near the Syrtes.\n\n=Empori\u00e6=, a town of Spain in Catalonia, now _Ampurias_. _Livy_,\n bk. 34, chs. 9 & 16; bk. 26, ch. 19.\n\n=Enc\u0115l\u0103dus=, a son of Titan and Terra, the most powerful of all the\n giants who conspired against Jupiter. He was struck with Jupiter\u2019s\n thunders, and overwhelmed under mount \u00c6tna. Some supposed that he\n is the same as Typhon. According to the poets, the flames of \u00c6tna\n proceeded from the breath of Enceladus; and as often as he turned\n his weary side, the whole island of Sicily felt the motion, and\n shook from its very foundations. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 578,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6gyptus.\n\n=Ench\u0115le\u00e6=, a town of Illyricum, where Cadmus was changed into a\n serpent. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 189.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=Endeis=, a nymph, daughter of Chiron. She married \u00c6acus king of\n Agina, by whom she had Peleus and Telamon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\n\n=End\u0113ra=, a place of \u00c6thiopia.\n\n=Endy\u0306mion=, a shepherd, son of \u00c6thlius and Calyce. It is said that\n he required of Jupiter to grant to him to be always young, and to\n sleep as much as he would; whence came the proverb of _Endymionis\n somnum dormire_, to express a long sleep. Diana saw him naked as he\n slept on mount Latmos, and was so struck with his beauty that she\n came down from heaven every night to enjoy his company. Endymion\n married Chromia daughter of Itonus, or, according to some, Hyperipne\n daughter of Arcas, by whom he had three sons, P\u00e6on, Epeus, and \u00c6olus,\n and a daughter called Eurydice; and so little ambitious did he show\n himself of sovereignty, that he made his crown the prize of the best\n racer among his sons, an honourable distinction which was gained\n by Epeus. The fable of Endymion\u2019s amours with Diana, or the moon,\n arises from his knowledge of astronomy, and as he passed the night\n on some high mountain, to observe the heavenly bodies, it has been\n reported that he was courted by the moon. Some suppose that there\n were two of that name, the son of a king of Elis, and the shepherd\n or astronomer of Caria. The people of Heraclea maintained that\n Endymion died on mount Latmos, and the Eleans pretended to show\n his tomb at Olympia in Peloponnesus. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 25.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Theocritus_, poem 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1; bk. 6, ch. 20.\n\n=En\u0115ti=, or =Hen\u0115ti=, a people near Paphlagonia.\n\n=Eng\u0233um=, now _Gangi_, a town of Sicily freed from tyranny by Timoleon.\n _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 4, ch. 44.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 250.\n\n=Enienses=, a people of Greece.\n\n=Eniopeus=, a charioteer of Hector, killed by Diomedes. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 120.\n\n=En\u012bpeus=, a river of Thessaly, flowing near Pharsalia. _Lucan_,\n bk. 6, li. 373.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Elis in Peloponnesus, of which Tyro\n the daughter of Salmoneus became enamoured. Neptune assumed the\n shape of the river god to enjoy the company of Tyro. _Ovid_,\n _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 5.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\n\n=Enispe=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.\n\n=Enna=, now _Castro Janni_, a town in the middle of Sicily, with a\n beautiful plain, whence Proserpine was carried away by Pluto. _Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 49; bk. 4,\n ch. 104.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 522.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 37.\n\n=Ennia=, was the wife of Macro, and afterwards of the emperor Caligula.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 45.\n\n=Quintus Ennius=, an ancient poet born at Rudii in Calabria.\n He obtained the name and privileges of a Roman citizen by his\n genius and the brilliancy of his learning. His style is rough and\n unpolished, but his defects, which are more particularly attributed\n to the age in which he lived, have been fully compensated by the\n energy of his expressions and the fire of his poetry. Quintilian\n warmly commends him, and Virgil has shown his merits by introducing\n many whole lines from his poetry into his own compositions, which\n he calls pearls gathered from the dunghill. Ennius wrote in heroic\n verse 18 books of the annals of the Roman republic, and displayed\n much knowledge of the world in some dramatical and satirical\n compositions. He died of the gout, contracted by frequent\n intoxication, about 169 years before the christian era, in the\n 70th year of his age. Ennius was intimate with the great men of his\n age; he accompanied Cato in his questorship in Sardinia, and was\n esteemed by him of greater value than the honours of a triumph; and\n Scipio, on his death-bed, ordered his body to be buried by the side\n of his poetical friend. This epitaph was said to be written upon him:\n\n _Aspicite, o cives, senis Ennii imaginis formam!\n Hic vestrum pinxit maxima facta patrum.\n Nemo me lacrymis decoret, neque funera fletu\n Faxit: cur? volito vivus per ora vir\u00fbm._\n\n Conscious of his merit as the first epic poet of Rome, Ennius\n bestowed on himself the appellation of the Homer of Latium. Of the\n tragedies, comedies, annals, and satires which he wrote, nothing\n remains but fragments happily collected from the quotations of\n ancient authors. The best edition of these is by Hesselius, 4to,\n Amsterdam, 1707. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 424.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de\n Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 1, ch. 4; _De Officiis_, bk. 2,\n ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Lucretius_, bk. 1, li. 117,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Cato_.\n\n=Enn\u014fmus=, a Trojan prince killed by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2,\n li. 365; bk. 11, li. 422.\n\n=Ennosig\u00e6us=, _terr\u00e6 concussor_, a surname of Neptune. _Juvenal_,\n satire 10, li. 182.\n\n=En\u014fpe=, a town of Peloponnesus near Pylos. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26.\n\n=Enops=, a shepherd loved by the nymph Nesis, by whom he had Satnius.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Thestos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan\n killed by Patroclus. _Iliad_, bk. 16.\n\n=Enos=, a maritime town of Thrace.\n\n=Enosichthon=, a surname of Neptune.\n\n=Enotoc\u0153t\u00e6=, a nation whose ears are described as hanging down to\n their heels. _Strabo._\n\n=Entella=, a town of Sicily inhabited by Campanians. _Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 14, li. 205.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43.\n\n=Entellus=, a famous athlete among the friends of \u00c6neas. He was\n intimate with Eryx, and entered the lists against Dares, whom he\n conquered in the funeral games of Anchises in Sicily. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 387, &c.\n\n=Enyalius=, a surname of Mars.\n\n=En\u0233o=, a sister of Mars, called by the Latins Bellona, supposed by\n some to be daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 10,\n li. 203.\n\n=Eone=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Eord\u00e6a=, a district at the west of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 39;\n bk. 33, ch. 8; bk. 42, ch. 53.\n\n=Eos=, the name of Aurora among the Greeks, whence the epithet Eous\n is applied to all the eastern parts of the world. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 3, li. 406; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 537; bk. 6, li. 478.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 288; bk. 2, li. 115.\n\n=E\u014dus=, one of the horses of the sun. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2,\n li. 153, &c.\n\n=Ep\u0101gris=, one of the Cyclades, called by Aristotle _Hydrussa_.\n _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Epaminondas=, a famous Theban descended from the ancient kings of\n B\u0153otia. His father\u2019s name was Polymnus. He has been celebrated for\n his private virtues and military accomplishments. His love of truth\n was so great that he never disgraced himself by falsehood. He formed\n a most sacred and inviolable friendship with Pelopidas, whose life\n he saved in battle. By his advice Pelopidas delivered Thebes from\n the power of Laced\u00e6mon. This was the signal of war. Epaminondas was\n set at the head of the Theban armies, and defeated the Spartans at\n the celebrated battle of Leuctra, about 371 years B.C. Epaminondas\n made a proper use of this victorious campaign, and entered the\n territories of Laced\u00e6mon with 50,000 men. Here he gained many\n friends and partisans; but at his return to Thebes he was seized as\n a traitor for violating the laws of his country. While he was making\n the Theban arms victorious on every side, he neglected the law\n which forbade any citizen to retain in his hands the supreme power\n more than one month, and all his eminent services seemed unable to\n redeem him from death. He paid implicit obedience to the laws of his\n country, and only begged of his judges that it might be inscribed on\n his tomb that he had suffered death for saving his country from ruin.\n This animated reproach was felt; he was pardoned and invested again\n with the sovereign power. He was successful in a war in Thessaly,\n and assisted the Eleans against the Laced\u00e6monians. The hostile\n armies met near Mantinea, and while Epaminondas was bravely fighting\n in the thickest of the enemy, he received a fatal wound in the\n breast and expired, exclaiming that he died unconquered, when he\n heard that the B\u0153otians obtained the victory, in the 48th year of\n his age, 363 years before Christ. The Thebans severely lamented\n his death; in him their power was extinguished, for only during his\n life they had enjoyed freedom and independence among the Grecian\n states. Epaminondas was frugal as well as virtuous, and he refused\n with indignation the rich presents which were offered to him by\n Artaxerxes the king of Persia. He is represented by his biographer\n as an elegant dancer and a skilful musician, accomplishments highly\n esteemed among his countrymen. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\n \u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 1.\n\n=Epantelii=, a people of Italy.\n\n=Epaphrod\u012btus=, a freedman punished with death for assisting Nero to\n destroy himself. _Suetonius_, _Nero_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A freedman of Augustus,\n sent as a spy to Cleopatra. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name assumed by Sylla.\n\n=Ep\u0103phus=, a son of Jupiter and Io, who founded a city in Egypt,\n which he called Memphis, in honour of his wife, who was the daughter\n of the Nile. He had a daughter called Libya, who became mother of\n \u00c6gyptus and Danaus by Neptune. He was worshipped as a god at Memphis.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 153.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,\n li. 699, &c.\n\n=Epasnactus=, a Gaul in alliance with Rome, &c. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 8, ch. 44.\n\n=Epeb\u014flus=, a soothsayer of Messenia, who prevented Aristodemus from\n obtaining the sovereignty. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 9, &c.\n\n=Ep\u0113i= and =El\u0113i=, a people of Peloponnesus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\n\n=Epetium=, now _Viscio_, a town of Illyricum.\n\n=Ep\u0113us=, a son of Endymion, brother to P\u00e6on, who reigned in a part of\n Peloponnesus. His subjects were called from him Epei. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 5, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Panopeus, who was the fabricator of the\n famous wooden horse, which proved the ruin of Troy. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 264.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 10, ch. 26.\n\n=Eph\u0115sus=, a city of Ionia, built, as Justin mentions, by the Amazons;\n or by Androchus son of Codrus, according to Strabo; or by Ephesus, a\n son of the river Cayster. It is famous for a temple of Diana, which\n was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. This temple was\n 425 feet long and 200 feet broad. The roof was supported by 127\n columns, 60 feet high, which had been placed there by so many kings.\n Of these columns, 36 were carved in the most beautiful manner, one\n of which was the work of the famous Scopas. This celebrated building\n was not totally completed till 220 years after its foundation.\n Ctesiphon was the chief architect. There was above the entrance\n a huge stone, which, according to Pliny, had been placed there by\n Diana herself. The riches which were in the temple were immense,\n and the goddess who presided over it was worshipped with the most\n awful solemnity. This celebrated temple was burnt on the night that\n Alexander was born [_See:_ Erostratus], and soon after it rose from\n its ruins with more splendour and magnificence. Alexander offered\n to rebuild it at his own expense, if the Ephesians would place upon\n it an inscription which denoted the name of the benefactor. This\n generous offer was refused by the Ephesians, who observed, in the\n language of adulation, that it was improper that one deity should\n raise temples to the other. Lysimachus ordered the town of Ephesus\n to be called Arsinoe, in honour of his wife; but after his death\n the new appellation was lost, and the town was again known by its\n ancient name. Though modern authors are not agreed about the ancient\n ruins of this once famed city, some have given the barbarous name\n of _Ajasalouc_ to what they conjecture to be the remains of Ephesus.\n The words _liter\u00e6 Ephesi\u00e6_ are applied to letters containing magical\n powers. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 12 & 14.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 1, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Artemis_.\n \u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2.\n\n=Eph\u0115t\u00e6=, a number of magistrates at Athens, first instituted by\n Demophoon the son of Theseus. They were reduced to the number of\n 51 by Draco, who, according to some, first established them. They\n were superior to the Areopagites, and their privileges were great\n and numerous. Solon, however, lessened their power, and entrusted\n them only with the trial of manslaughter and conspiracy against the\n life of a citizen. They were all more than 50 years old, and it was\n required that their manners should be pure and innocent, and their\n behaviour austere and full of gravity.\n\n=Ephialtes=, or =Ephialtus=, a giant, son of Neptune, who grew nine\n inches every month. _See:_ Aloeus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian, famous for his\n courage and strength. He fought with the Persians against Alexander,\n and was killed at Halicarnassus. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trachinian\n who led a detachment of the army of Xerxes by a secret path to\n attack the Spartans at Thermopyl\u00e6. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 213.\n\n=Eph\u014fri=, powerful magistrates at Sparta, who were first created by\n Lycurgus; or, according to some, by Theopompus, B.C. 760. They were\n five in number. Like censors in the state, they could check and\n restrain the authority of the kings, and even imprison them, if\n guilty of irregularities. They fined Archidamus for marrying a\n wife of small stature, and imprisoned Agis for his unconstitutional\n behaviour. They were much the same as the tribunes of the people\n at Rome, created to watch with a jealous eye over the liberties and\n rights of the populace. They had the management of the public money,\n and were the arbiters of peace and war. Their office was annual, and\n they had the privilege of convening, proroguing, and dissolving the\n greater and less assemblies of the people. The former was composed\n of 9000 Spartans, all inhabitants of the city; the latter of 33,000\n Laced\u00e6monians, inhabitants of the inferior towns and villages.\n _Cornelius Nepos_, _Pausanias_, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Aristotle_, _Politics_,\n bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Eph\u014frus=, an orator and historian of Cum\u00e6 in \u00c6olia, about 352 years\n before Christ. He was disciple to Isocrates, by whose advice he\n wrote a history which gave an account of all the actions and battles\n that had happened between the Greeks and barbarians for 750 years.\n It was greatly esteemed by the ancients. It is now lost. _Quintilian_,\n bk. 10, ch. 1.\n\n=Ephy\u0306ra=, the ancient name of Corinth, which it received from a nymph\n of the same name, and thence _Ephyreus_ is applied to Dyrrhachium,\n founded by a Grecian colony. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 264.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 239.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 59.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14,\n li. 181.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Threspotia in Epirus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Elis.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015\u00c6tolia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Cyrene\u2019s attendants. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 4, li. 343.\n\n=Epicaste=, a name of Jocasta the mother and wife of \u0152dipus.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of \u00c6geus, mother of\n Thestalus by Hercules.\n\n=Epicerides=, a man of Cyrene, greatly esteemed by the Athenians for\n his beneficence. _Demosthenes._\n\n=Epich\u0103ris=, a woman accused of conspiracy against Nero. She refused\n to confess the associates of her guilt, though exposed to the\n greatest torments, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 51.\n\n=Epicharmus=, a poet and Pythagorean philosopher of Sicily,\n who introduced comedy at Syracuse, in the reign of Hiero. His\n compositions were imitated by Plautus. He wrote some treatises upon\n philosophy and medicine, and observed that the gods sold all their\n kindnesses for toil and labour. According to Aristotle and Pliny, he\n added the two letters \u03c7 and \u03b8 to the Greek alphabet. He flourished\n about 440 years before Christ, and died in the 90th year of his age.\n _Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 58.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bks. 3 & 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 19.\n\n=Epicles=, a Trojan prince killed by Ajax. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12,\n li. 378.\n\n=Epicl\u012bdes=, a Laced\u00e6monian of the family of the Eurysthenid\u00e6. He\n was raised to the throne by his brother Cleomenes III. in the place\n of Agis, against the laws and constitution of Sparta. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 9.\n\n=Epicr\u0103tes=, a Milesian, servant to Julius C\u00e6sar.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of\n Ambracia. _\u00c6lian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name is applied to Pompey, as expressive\n of supreme authority. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 3, ltr. 3.\n\n=Epict\u0113tus=, a stoic philosopher of Hieropolis in Phrygia, originally\n the slave of Epaphroditus, the freedman of Nero. Though driven\n from Rome by Domitian, he returned after the emperor\u2019s death, and\n gained the esteem of Adrian and Marcus Aurelius. Like the Stoics\n he supported the doctrine of the immortality of the soul, but he\n declared himself strongly against suicide, which was so warmly\n adopted by his sect. He died in a very advanced age. The earthen\n lamp of which he made use was sold some time after his death for\n 3000 drachmas. His _Enchiridion_ is a faithful picture of the\n stoic philosophy, and his dissertations which were delivered to his\n pupils, were collected by Arrian. His style is concise and devoid\n of all ornament, full of energy and useful maxims. The value of his\n compositions is well known from the saying of the emperor Antoninus,\n who thanked the gods he could collect from the writings of Epictetus\n wherewith to conduct life with honour to himself and advantage\n to his country. There are several good editions of the works of\n Epictetus, with those of Cebes and others; the most valuable of\n which, perhaps, will be found to be that of Reland, Utrecht, 4to,\n 1711; and Arrian\u2019s by Upton, 2 vols. 4to, London, 1739.\n\n=Ep\u012dc\u016brus=, a celebrated philosopher, son of Neocles and Cherestrata,\n born at Gargettus in Attica. Though his parents were poor and\n of an obscure origin, yet he was early sent to school, where he\n distinguished himself by the brilliancy of his genius, and at the\n age of 12, when his preceptor repeated to him this verse from Hesiod,\n\n \u1f28\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bc\u03b5\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c7\u03b1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03b5\u03c4\u2019, &c.,\n\n _In the beginning of things the Chaos was created_,\n\n Epicurus earnestly asked him who created it? To this the teacher\n answered that he knew not, but only philosophers. \u201cThen,\u201d says the\n youth, \u201cphilosophers henceforth shall instruct me.\u201d After having\n improved himself, and enriched his mind by travelling, he visited\n Athens, which was then crowded by the followers of Plato, the Cynics,\n the Peripatetics, and the Stoics. Here he established himself, and\n soon attracted a number of followers by the sweetness and gravity\n of his manners, and by his social virtues. He taught them that the\n happiness of mankind consisted in pleasure, not such as arises from\n sensual gratification, or from vice, but from the enjoyments of the\n mind, and the sweets of virtue. This doctrine was warmly attacked\n by the philosophers of the different sects, and particularly by the\n Stoics. They observed that he disgraced the gods by representing\n them as inactive, given up to pleasure, and unconcerned with the\n affairs of mankind. He refuted all the accusations of his adversaries\n by the purity of his morals, and by his frequent attendance on\n places of public worship. When Leontium, one of his female pupils,\n was accused of prostituting herself to her master and to all his\n disciples, the philosopher proved the falsity of the accusation by\n silence and an exemplary life. His health was at last impaired by\n continual labour, and he died of a retention of urine, which long\n subjected him to the most excruciating torments, and which he bore\n with unparalleled fortitude. His death happened 270 years before\n Christ, in the 72nd year of his age. His disciples showed their\n respect for the memory of their learned preceptor, by the unanimity\n which prevailed among them. While philosophers in every sect were\n at war with mankind and among themselves, the followers of Epicurus\n enjoyed perfect peace, and lived in the most solid friendship. The\n day of his birth was observed with universal festivity, and during\n a month all his admirers gave themselves up to mirth and innocent\n amusement. Of all the philosophers of antiquity, Epicurus is the\n only one whose writings deserve attention for their number. He\n wrote no less than 300 volumes, according to Diogenes La\u00ebrtius;\n and Chrysippus was so jealous of the fecundity of his genius,\n that no sooner had Epicurus published one of his volumes, than\n he immediately composed one, that he might not be overcome in the\n number of his productions. Epicurus, however, advanced truth and\n arguments unknown before; but Chrysippus said what others long ago\n had said, without showing anything which might be called originality.\n The followers of Epicurus were numerous in every age and country;\n his doctrines were rapidly disseminated over the world, and when\n the gratification of the sense was substituted to the practice of\n virtue, the morals of mankind were undermined and destroyed. Even\n Rome, whose austere simplicity had happily nurtured virtue, felt the\n attack, and was corrupted. When Cineas spoke of the tenets of the\n Epicureans in the Roman senate, Fabricius indeed entreated the gods\n that all the enemies of the republic might become his followers.\n But those were the feeble efforts of expiring virtue; and when\n Lucretius introduced the popular doctrine in poetical composition,\n the smoothness and beauty of the numbers contributed, with the\n effeminacy of the Epicureans, to enervate the conquerors of\n the world. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent\n Philosophers_.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, chs. 24 & 25; _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_,\n bk. 3, ch. 49; _De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, ch. 22.\n\n=Epicydes=, a tyrant of Syracuse, B.C. 213.\n\n=Epidamnus=, a town of Macedonia on the Adriatic, nearly opposite\n Brundusium. The Romans planted there a colony, which they called\n _Dyrrachium_, considering the ancient name (_ad damnum_) ominous.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Plautus_,\n _Men\u00e6chmi_, scene 2, act 1, li. 42.\n\n=Epidaphne=, a town of Syria, called also Antioch. Germanicus son of\n Drusus died there. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 83.\n\n=Epidauria=, a festival at Athens in honour of \u00c6sculapius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A country\n of Peloponnesus.\n\n=Epidaurus=, a town at the north of Argolis in Peloponnesus, chiefly\n dedicated to the worship of \u00c6sculapius, who had there a famous\n temple. It received its name from Epidaurus son of Argus and Evadne.\n It is now called _Pidaura_. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 3, li. 44.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Dalmatia, now _Ragusi Vecchio_,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Laconia.\n\n=Epidium=, one of the western isles of Scotland, or the Mull of\n Cantyre, according to some. _Ptolemy._\n\n=Epidius=, a man who wrote concerning unusual prodigies. _Pliny_,\n bk. 16, ch. 25.\n\n=Epidot\u00e6=, certain deities who presided over the birth and growth\n of children, and were known among the Romans by the name of _Dii\n Averrunci_. They were worshipped by the Laced\u00e6monians, and chiefly\n invoked by those who were persecuted by the ghosts of the dead, &c.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 17, &c.\n\n=Epig\u0115nes=, a Babylonian astrologer and historian. _Pliny_, bk. 7,\n ch. 56.\n\n=Epigeus=, a Greek killed by Hector.\n\n=Epig\u014fni=, the sons and descendants of the Grecian heroes who were\n killed in the first Theban war. The war of the Epigoni is famous\n in ancient history. It was undertaken 10 years after the first. The\n sons of those who had perished in the first war resolved to avenge\n the death of their fathers, and marched against Thebes, under the\n command of Thersander; or, according to others, of Alcm\u00e6on the son\n of Amphiaraus. The Argives were assisted by the Corinthians, the\n people of Messina, Arcadia, and Megara. The Thebans had engaged\n all their neighbours in their quarrel, as in one common cause, and\n the two hostile armies met and engaged on the banks of the Glissas.\n The fight was obstinate and bloody, but victory declared for the\n Epigoni, and some of the Thebans fled to Illyricum with Leodamas\n their general, while others retired into Thebes, where they were\n soon besieged and forced to surrender. In this war \u00c6gialeus alone\n was killed, and his father Adrastus was the only person who escaped\n alive in the first war. This whole war, as Pausanias observes,\n was written in verse; and Callinus, who quotes some of the verses,\n ascribes them to Homer, which opinion has been adopted by many\n writers. \u201cFor my part,\u201d continues the geographer, \u201cI own that,\n next to the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, I have never seen a finer\n poem.\u201d _Pausanias_, bk. 6, chs. 9 & 25.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015This name has been applied to the sons\n of those Macedonian veterans, who in the age of Alexander formed\n connections with the women of Asia.\n\n=Ep\u012dg\u014fnus=, a mathematician of Ambracia.\n\n=Epigranea=, a fountain in B\u0153otia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.\n\n=Ep\u012bi= and =Ep\u0113i=, a people of Elis.\n\n=Epilarus=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Epim\u0115l\u012ddes=, the founder of Corone. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 34.\n\n=Epim\u0115nes=, a man who conspired against Alexander\u2019s life. _Curtius_,\n bk. 8, ch. 6.\n\n=Epimen\u012ddes=, an epic poet of Crete, contemporary with Solon. His\n father\u2019s name was Agiasarchus and his mother\u2019s Blasta. He is\n reckoned one of the seven wise men by those who exclude Periander\n from the number. While he was tending his flocks one day, he entered\n into a cave, where he fell asleep. His sleep continued for 40 or 47,\n or according to Pliny, 57 years, and when he awoke, he found every\n object so considerably altered, that he scarce knew where he was.\n His brother apprised him of the length of his sleep, to his great\n astonishment. It is supposed that he lived 289 years. After death he\n was revered as a god, and greatly honoured by the Athenians, whom he\n had delivered from a plague, and to whom he had given many good and\n useful counsels. He is said to be the first who built temples in\n the Grecian communities. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 34.\n \u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Solon_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 12.\n\n=Ep\u012dm\u0113theus=, a son of Japetus and Clymene, one of the Oceanides, who\n inconsiderately married Pandora, by whom he had Pyrrha the wife of\n Deucalian. He had the curiosity to open the box which Pandora had\n brought with her [_See:_ Pandora], and from thence issued a train of\n evils, which from that moment have never ceased to afflict the human\n race. Hope was the only one which remained at the bottom of the\n box, not having sufficient time to escape, and it is she alone which\n comforts men under misfortunes. Epimetheus was changed into a monkey\n by the gods, and sent into the island of Pithecusa. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, chs. 2 & 7.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_. _See:_\n Prometheus.\n\n=Ep\u012dm\u0113this=, a patronymic of Pyrrha the daughter of Epimetheus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 390.\n\n=Ep\u012dochus=, a son of Lycurgus, who received divine honours in Arcadia.\n\n=Epi\u014fne=, the wife of \u00c6sculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.\n\n=Epiphanea=, a town of Cilicia, near Issus, now _Surpendkar_. _Pliny_,\n bk. 5, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 4.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Syria on the Euphrates. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.\n\n=Epiph\u0103nes= (_illustrious_), a surname given to the Antiochi, kings of\n Syria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of one of the Ptolemies, the fifth of the house\n of the Lagid\u00e6. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\n\n=Epipanius=, a bishop of Salamis, who was active in refuting the\n writings of Origen; but his compositions are more valuable for the\n fragments which they preserve than for their own intrinsic merit.\n The only edition is by _Dionysius Petavius_, 2 vols., Paris, 1622.\n The bishop died A.D. 403.\n\n=Epip\u014fl\u00e6=, a district of Syracuse, on the north side, surrounded by a\n wall by Dionysius, who, to complete the work expeditiously, employed\n 60,000 men upon it, so that in 30 days he finished a wall 4\u00be miles\n long, and of great height and thickness.\n\n=Ep\u012brus=, a country situate between Macedonia, Achaia, and the Ionian\n sea. It was formerly governed by kings, of whom Neoptolemus son\n of Achilles was one of the first. It was afterwards joined to\n the empire of Macedonia, and at last became a part of the Roman\n dominions. It is now called _Larta_. _Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 121.\n\n=Epistr\u014fphus=, a son of Iphitus king of Phocis, who went to the Trojan\n war. _Homer_, _Iliad_.\n\n=Epitades=, a man who first violated a law of Lycurgus, which forbade\n laws to be made. _Plutarch_, _Agis_.\n\n=Epitus.= _See:_ Epytus.\n\n=Epium=, a town of Peloponnesus on the borders of Arcadia.\n\n=Ep\u014fna=, a beautiful girl, the fruit, it is said, of a man\u2019s union\n with a mare.\n\n=Ep\u014fpeus=, a son of Neptune and Canace, who came from Thessaly to\n Sicyon, and carried away Antiope, daughter of Nicteus king of Thebes.\n This rape was followed by a war, in which Nycteus and Epopeus were\n both killed. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Aloeus, grandson to Ph\u0153bus. He reigned at Corinth.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Tyrrhene sailors, who\n attempted to abuse Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 619.\n\n=Epored\u014drix=, a powerful person among the \u00c6dui, who commanded his\n countrymen in their war against the Sequani. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 7, ch. 67.\n\n=Ep\u016dlo=, a Rutulian killed by Achates. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12,\n li. 459.\n\n=Epytides=, a patronymic given to Periphas the son of Epytus, and the\n companion of Ascanius. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 547.\n\n=Epy\u0306tus=, a king of Alba. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 44.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king\n of Arcadia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Messenia, of the family of the Heraclid\u00e6.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Periphus, a herald in the Trojan war. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 17.\n\n=Equajusta=, a town of Thessaly.\n\n=Equ\u012dc\u014flus=, a Rutulian engaged in the wars of \u00c6neas. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 684.\n\n=Equ\u012bria=, festivals established at Rome by Romulus, in honour of Mars,\n when horse-races and games were exhibited in the Campus Martius.\n _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2,\n li. 859.\n\n=Equotut\u012dcum=, now _Castel Franco_, a little town of Apulia, to which,\n as some suppose, Horace alludes in this verse, bk. 1, satire 5,\n li. 87,\n\n _Mansuri oppidulo, versu quod dicere non est._\n\n=Eracon=, an officer of Alexander, imprisoned for his cruelty.\n _Curtius_, bk. 10.\n\n=Er\u00e6a=, a city of Greece, destroyed in the age of Strabo, bk. 3.\n\n=Erana=, a small village of Cilicia on mount Amanus. _Cicero_,\n _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 4.\n\n=Er\u0103s\u0113nus=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing for a little space under\n the ground, in Argolis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 275.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 13.\n\n=Erasippus=, a son of Hercules and Lysippe.\n\n=Erasistr\u0103tus=, a celebrated physician, grandson to the philosopher\n Aristotle. He discovered by the motion of the pulse the love which\n Antiochus had conceived for his mother-in-law Stratonice, and was\n rewarded with 100 talents for the cure by the father of Antiochus.\n He was a great enemy to bleeding and violent physic. He died B.C.\n 257. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.\n\n=Er\u0103to=, one of the muses who presided over lyric, tender, and\n amorous poetry. She is represented as crowned with roses and myrtle,\n holding in her right hand a lyre, and a lute in her left, musical\n instruments of which she is considered by some as the inventress.\n Love is sometimes placed by her side holding a lighted flambeau,\n while she herself appears with a thoughtful, but oftener with a\n gay and animated look. She was invoked by lovers, especially in\n the month of April, which, among the Romans, was more particularly\n devoted to love. _Apollodorus_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7,\n li. 37.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 425.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Dryades, wife\n of Arcas king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n Danaides, who married Bromius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A queen of the Armenians, after\n the death of Ariobarzanes, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Eratosth\u0115nes=, son of Aglaus, was a native of Cyrene, and the second\n entrusted with the care of the Alexandrian library. He dedicated his\n time to grammatical criticism and philosophy, but more particularly\n to poetry and mathematics. He has been called a second Plato, the\n cosmographer and the geometer of the world. He is supposed to be the\n inventor of the armillary sphere. With the instruments with which\n the munificence of the Ptolemies supplied the library of Alexandria,\n he was enabled to measure the obliquity of the ecliptic, which he\n called 20\u00bd degrees. He also measured a degree of the meridian, and\n determined the extent and circumference of the earth with great\n exactness, by means adopted by the moderns. He starved himself after\n he had lived to his 82nd year, B.C. 194. Some few fragments remain\n of his compositions. He collected the annals of the Egyptian kings\n by order of one of the Ptolemies. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,\n bk. 2, ltr. 6.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\n\n=Eratostr\u0103tus=, an Ephesian who burnt the famous temple of Diana, the\n same night that Alexander the Great was born. This burning, as some\n writers have observed, was not prevented or seen by the goddess of\n the place, who was then present at the labours of Olympias, and the\n birth of the conqueror of Persia. Eratostratus did this villainy\n merely to eternize his name by so uncommon an action. _Plutarch_,\n _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 14.\n\n=Er\u0101tus=, a son of Hercules and Dynaste. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of\n Sicyon, who died B.C. 1671.\n\n=Erbessus=, a town of Sicily north of Agrigentum, now _Monte Bibino_.\n _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 30.\n\n=Erchia=, a small village of Attica, the birthplace of Xenophon.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 2, ch. 48.\n\n=Er\u0115bus=, a deity of hell, son of Chaos and Darkness. He married Night,\n by whom he had the light and the day. The poets often used the word\n Erebus to signify hell itself, and particularly that part where\n dwelt the souls of those who had lived a virtuous life, from whence\n they passed into the Elysian fields. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,\n bk. 3, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 26.\n\n=Erechtheus=, son of Pandion I., was the sixth king of Athens. He\n was father of Cecrops II., Merion, Pandorus, and of four daughters,\n Creusa, Orithya, Procris, and Othonia, by Praxithea. In a war\n against Eleusis he sacrificed Othonia, called also Chthonia, to\n obtain a victory which the oracle promised for such a sacrifice.\n In that war he killed Eumolpus, Neptune\u2019s son, who was the general\n of the enemy, for which he was struck with thunder by Jupiter at\n Neptune\u2019s request. Some say that he was drowned in the sea. After\n death he received divine honours at Athens. He reigned 50 years,\n and died B.C. 1347. According to some accounts, he first introduced\n the mysteries of Ceres at Eleusis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,\n li. 877.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _For Sestius_, ch. 21; _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 1,\n ch. 48; _Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\n\n=Erechth\u012ddes=, a name given to the Athenians, from their king\n Erechtheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 430.\n\n=Erembi=, a people of Arabia.\n\n=Er\u0113mus=, a country of Ethiopia.\n\n=Eren\u0113a=, a village of Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.\n\n=Eressa=, a town of \u00c6olia.\n\n=Er\u0113sus=, a town of Lesbos, where Theophrastus was born.\n\n=Er\u0115tria=, a city of Eub\u0153a on the Euripus, anciently called _Melaneis_\n and _Arotria_. It was destroyed by the Persians, and the ruins\n were hardly visible in the age of Strabo. It received its name\n from Eretrius, a son of Phaeton. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 8, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Miltiades_, ch. 4.\n\n=Er\u0113tum=, a town of the Sabines near the Tiber, whence came the\n adjective _Eretinus_. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 711.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_,\n bk. 4, poem 8, li. 4.\n\n=Eruthalion=, a man killed by Nestor in a war between the Pylians and\n Arcadians. _Homer_, _Iliad_.\n\n=Erg\u0103ne=, a river whose waters intoxicated as wine.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of\n Minerva. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 14.\n\n=Ergenna=, a celebrated soothsayer of Etruria. _Persius_, satire 2,\n li. 26.\n\n=Ergias=, a Rhodian who wrote a history of his country.\n\n=Erg\u012bnus=, a king of Orchomenos, son of Clymenus. He obliged the\n Thebans to pay him a yearly tribute of 100 oxen, because his father\n had been killed by a Theban. Hercules attacked his servants, who\n came to raise the tribute, and mutilated them, and he afterwards\n killed Erginus, who attempted to avenge their death by invading\n B\u0153otia with an army. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of\n Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Neptune.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n four brothers who kept the Acrocorinth, by order of Antigonus.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 6.\n\n=Erginnus=, a man made master of the ship Argo by the Argonauts, after\n the death of Typhis.\n\n=Erib\u0153a=, a surname of Juno. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of\n Ajax Telamon. _Sophocles._\n\n=Eribotes=, a man skilled in medicine, &c. _Orpheus._\n\n=Er\u012dc\u0113tes=, a man of Lycaonia, killed by Messapus in Italy. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 749.\n\n=Erichtho=, a Thessalian woman famous for her knowledge of poisonous\n herbs and medicine. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 507.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Furies.\n _Ovid._\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, bk. 2, li. 151.\n\n=Erichth\u014fnius=, the fourth king of Athens, sprung from the seed of\n Vulcan, which fell upon the ground when that god attempted to offer\n violence to Minerva. He was very deformed, and had the tails of\n serpents instead of legs. Minerva placed him in a basket, which\n she gave to the daughters of Cecrops, with strict injunctions not\n to examine its contents. Aglauros, one of the sisters, had the\n curiosity to open the basket, for which the goddess punished her\n indiscretion by making her jealous of her sister Herse. _See:_\n Herse. Erichthon was young when he ascended the throne of Athens.\n He reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 1437. The invention of chariots\n is attributed to him, and the manner of harnessing horses to\n draw them. He was made a constellation after death under the name\n of Bootes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 553.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 166.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4,\n ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 113.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Dardanus,\n who reigned in Troy, and died 1374 B.C., after a long reign of about\n 75 years. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n\n=Ericinium=, a town of Macedonia.\n\n=Eric\u016bsa=, one of the Lipari isles, now _Alicudi_.\n\n=Er\u012dd\u0103nus=, one of the largest rivers of Italy, rising in the Alps,\n and falling into the Adriatic by several mouths; now called the\n _Po_. It was in its neighbourhood that the Heliades, the sisters of\n Phaeton, were changed into poplars, according to Ovid. Virgil calls\n it the king of all rivers, and Lucan compares it to the Rhine and\n Danube. An Eridanus is mentioned in heaven. _Cicero_, _Aratus_, li.\n 145.\u2015\u2015_Claudian_, _Panegyricus de Consulatu Honorii Augusti_, bk. 6,\n li. 175.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 409.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 482; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 659.\n\n=Er\u012dg\u014fne=, a daughter of Icarius, who hung herself when she heard\n that her father had been killed by some shepherds whom he had\n intoxicated. She was made a constellation, now known under the\n name of _Virgo_. Bacchus deceived her by changing himself into a\n beautiful grape. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 4.\u2015\u2015_Statius_,\n bk. 11, _Thebiad_, li. 644.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 33.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 1 & 24.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of \u00c6gisthus and Clytemnestra, who had by her brother\n Orestes, Penthilus, who shared the regal power with Timasenus, the\n legitimate son of Orestes and Hermione. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n\n=Erigoneius=, a name applied to the Dog-star, because looking towards\n Erigone, &c. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 723.\n\n=Er\u012dg\u014fnus=, a river of Thrace.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.\n\n=Erig\u0233us=, a Mitylenean, one of Alexander\u2019s officers. _Curtius_,\n bk. 6, ch. 4.\n\n=Erillus=, a philosopher of Carthage, contemporary with Zeno.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Erindes=, a river of Asia, near Parthia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11,\n ch. 16.\n\n=Erinna=, a poetess of Lesbos, intimate with Sappho. _Pliny_, bk. 34,\n ch. 8.\n\n=Erinnys=, the Greek name of the Eumenides. The word signifies the\n _fury of the mind_, \u1f10\u03c1\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2. _See:_ Eumenides. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 2, li. 337.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Ceres, on account of her amour with\n Neptune under the form of a horse. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 25 & 42.\n\n=Eriopis=, a daughter of Medea. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Eriph\u0103nis=, a Greek woman famous for her poetical compositions. She\n was extremely fond of the hunter Melampus, and to enjoy his company\n she accustomed herself to live in the woods. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 14.\n\n=Eriphidas=, a Laced\u00e6monian, who being sent to suppress a sedition at\n Heraclea, assembled the people and beheaded 500 of the ringleaders.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Er\u012dph\u0233le=, a sister of Adrastus king of Argos, who married Amphiaraus.\n She was daughter of Talaus and Lysimache. When her husband concealed\n himself that he might not accompany the Argives in their expedition\n against Thebes, where he knew he was to perish, Eriphyle suffered\n herself to be bribed by Polynices with a golden necklace, which\n had been formerly given to Hermione by the goddess Venus, and\n she discovered where Amphiaraus was. This treachery of Eriphyle\n compelled him to go to the war; but before he departed, he charged\n his son Alcm\u00e6on to murder his mother as soon as he was informed of\n his death. Amphiaraus perished in the expedition, and his death was\n no sooner known than his last injunctions were obeyed, and Eriphyle\n was murdered by the hands of her son. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li.\n 445.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4,\n ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, chs. 6 & 7.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 73.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.\n\n=Eris=, the goddess of discord among the Greeks. She is the same as\n the Discordia of the Latins. _See:_ Discordia.\n\n=Erisichthon=, a Thessalian, son of Triops, who derided Ceres and cut\n down her groves. This impiety irritated the goddess, who afflicted\n him with continual hunger. He squandered all his possessions to\n gratify the cravings of his appetite, and at last he devoured his\n own limbs for want of food. His daughter Metra had the power of\n transforming herself into whatever animal she pleased, and she made\n use of that artifice to maintain her father, who sold her, after\n which she assumed another shape, and became again his property.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, fable 18.\n\n=Erithus=, a son of Actor, killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 5.\n\n=Erixo=, a Roman knight condemned by the people for having whipped his\n son to death. _Seneca_, bk. 1, _de Clementia_, ch. 14.\n\n=Er\u014dchus=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 3.\n\n=Er\u014dpus= or =\u00c6ropes=, a king of Macedonia, who when in the cradle\n succeeded his father Philip I., B.C. 602. He made war against the\n Illyrians, whom he conquered. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 2.\n\n=Eros=, a servant of whom Antony demanded a sword to kill himself.\n Eros produced the instrument, but instead of giving it to his master,\n he killed himself in his presence. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n comedian. _Cicero_, _For Quintus Roscius the Actor_, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Chronos or Saturn, god of love. _See:_ Cupido.\n\n=Erostr\u0103tus.= _See:_ Eratostratus.\n\n=Er\u014dtia=, a festival in honour of Eros the god of love. It was\n celebrated by the Thespians every fifth year with sports and\n games, when musicians and all others contended. If any quarrels or\n seditions had arisen among the people, it was then usual to offer\n sacrifices and prayers to the god, that he would totally remove them.\n\n=Err\u016bca=, a town of the Volsci of Italy.\n\n=Erse=, a daughter of Cecrops. _See:_ Herse.\n\n=Erxias=, a man who wrote a history of Colophon. He is perhaps the\n same as the person who wrote a history of Rhodes.\n\n=Ery\u0103lus=, a Trojan chief killed by Patroclus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 16, li. 411.\n\n=Erybium=, a town at the foot of mount Parnassus.\n\n=Eryc\u012bna=, a surname of Venus from mount Eryx, where she had a temple.\n She was also worshipped at Rome under this appellation. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 874.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 2, li. 33.\n\n=Ery\u0306manthis=, a surname of Callisto, as an inhabitant of Erymanthus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Arcadia is also known by that name.\n\n=Erymanthus=, a mountain, river, and town of Arcadia, where Hercules\n killed a prodigious boar, which he carried on his shoulders\n to Eurystheus, who was so terrified at the sight that he hid\n himself in a brazen vessel. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 802.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 2, ch. 8; bk. 4, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 499.\n\n=Ery\u0306mas=, a Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 702.\n\n=Erymn\u00e6=, a town of Thessaly. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of\n Magnesia.\n\n=Erymneus=, a peripatetic philosopher, who flourished B.C. 126.\n\n=Ery\u0306mus=, a huntsman of Cyzicus.\n\n=Erythea=, an island between Gades and Spain, where Geryon reigned.\n _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_,\n bk. 4, poem 10, li. 1.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 16, li. 195.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 649.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Geryon. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 10, ch. 37.\n\n=Eryth\u012bni=, a town of Paphlagonia.\n\n=Er\u0233thr\u00e6=, a town of Ionia opposite Chios, once the residence of a\n Sybil. It was built by Neleus the son of Codrus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 28; bk. 38, ch. 39.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of B\u0153otia.\n _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One in Libya,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015another in Locris.\n\n=Ery\u0306thr\u00e6um mare=, a part of the ocean on the coast of Arabia. As it\n has a communication with the Persian gulf, and that of Arabia or\n the Red sea, it has often been mistaken by the ancient writers, who\n by the word _Erythran_, understood indiscriminately either the Red\n sea or the Persian gulf. It received this name either from Erythras,\n or from the _redness_ (\u1f10\u03c1\u03c5\u03b8\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, _ruber_) of its sand or waters.\n _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bk. 1, chs. 180 & 189; bk. 3, ch. 93; bk. 4, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3,\n ch. 8.\n\n=Ery\u0306thras=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Perseus\n and Andromeda, drowned in the Red sea, which from him was called\n _Erythr\u00e6um_. _Arrian_, _Indica_, bk. 6, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3,\n ch. 7.\n\n=Erythrion=, a son of Athamas and Themistone. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Ery\u0306thros=, a place of Latium.\n\n=Eryx=, a son of Butes and Venus, who, relying upon his strength,\n challenged all strangers to fight with him in the combat of the\n cestus. Hercules accepted his challenge after many had yielded\n to his superior dexterity, and Eryx was killed in the combat,\n and buried on the mountain, where he had built a temple to Venus.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 402.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Indian killed by his\n subjects for opposing Alexander, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n mountain of Sicily, now _Giuliano_, near Drepanum, which received\n its name from Eryx, who was buried there. This mountain was so steep\n that the houses which were built upon it seemed every moment ready\n to fall. D\u00e6dalus had enlarged the top, and enclosed it with a strong\n wall. He also consecrated there to Venus Erycina a golden heifer,\n which so much resembled life, that it seemed to exceed the power of\n art. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 478.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 16 & 260.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3,\n ch. 16.\n\n=Eryxo=, the mother of Battus, who artfully killed the tyrant Learchus\n who courted her. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 160.\n\n=Esernus=, a famous gladiator. _Cicero._\n\n=Esqu\u012dli\u00e6= and =Esquil\u012bnus mons=, one of the seven hills of Rome,\n which was joined to the city by king Tullus. Birds of prey generally\n came to devour the dead bodies of criminals who had been executed\n there, and thence they were called _Esquilin\u00e6 alites_. _Livy_, bk. 2,\n ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, epode 5, li. 100.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2,\n ch. 32.\n\n=Essed\u014fnes=, a people of Asia, above the Palus M\u00e6otis, who ate the\n flesh of their parents mixed with that of cattle. They gilded the\n head and kept it as sacred. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 12.\n\n=Essui=, a people of Gaul.\n\n=Esti\u00e6otis=, a district of Thessaly on the river Peneus.\n\n=Es\u016dla=, a town of Italy near Tibur. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 29, li. 6.\n\n=Estiaia=, solemn sacrifices to Vesta, of which it was unlawful to\n carry away anything or communicate it to anybody.\n\n=Etearchus=, a king of Oaxus in Crete. After the death of his wife,\n he married a woman who made herself odious for her tyranny over her\n stepdaughter Phronima. Etearchus gave ear to all the accusations\n which were brought against his daughter, and ordered her to be\n thrown into the sea. She had a son called Battus, who led a colony\n to Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 154.\n\n=Ete\u014fcles=, a son of \u0152dipus and Jocasta. After his father\u2019s death, it\n was agreed between him and his brother Polynices, that they should\n both share the royalty, and reign alternately each a year. Eteocles\n by right of seniority first ascended the throne, but after the\n first year of his reign was expired, he refused to give up the\n crown to his brother according to their mutual agreement. Polynices,\n resolving to punish such an open violation of a solemn engagement,\n went to implore the assistance of Adrastus king of Argos. He\n received that king\u2019s daughter in marriage, and was soon after\n assisted with a strong army, headed by seven famous generals. These\n hostile preparations were watched by Eteocles, who on his part did\n not remain inactive. He chose seven brave chiefs to oppose the seven\n leaders of the Argives, and stationed them at the seven gates of\n the city. He placed himself against his brother Polynices, and he\n opposed Menalippus to Tydeus, Polyphontes to Capaneus, Megareus to\n Eteoclus, Hyperbius to Parthenop\u00e6us, and Lasthenes to Amphiaraus.\n Much blood was shed in light and unavailing skirmishes, and it was\n at last agreed between the two brothers that the war should be\n decided by single combat. They both fell in an engagement conducted\n with the most inveterate fury on either side, and it is even said\n that the ashes of these two brothers, who had been so inimical one\n to the other, separated themselves on the burning pile, as if, even\n after death, sensible of resentment and hostile to reconciliation.\n _Statius_, _Thebiad_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Aeschylus_,\n _Seven Against Thebes_.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Ph\u0153nician Women_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 5, ch. 9; bk. 9, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek, the first who raised altars\n to the Graces. _Pausanias._\n\n=Ete\u014fclus=, one of the seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, in\n his expedition against Thebes, celebrated for his valour, for his\n disinterestedness, and magnanimity. He was killed by Megareus the\n son of Creon under the walls of Thebes. _Euripides._\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Iphis.\n\n=Eteocr\u0113t\u00e6=, an ancient people of Crete.\n\n=Eteones=, a town of B\u0153otia on the Asopus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7,\n li. 266.\n\n=Eteoneus=, an officer at the court of Menelaus, when Telemachus\n visited Sparta. He was son of B\u0153thus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4,\n li. 22.\n\n=Eteon\u012bcus=, a Laced\u00e6monian general, who upon hearing that\n Callicratidas was conquered at Arginus\u00e6, ordered the messengers of\n this news to be crowned, and to enter Mitylene in triumph. This so\n terrified Conon, who besieged the town, that he concluded that the\n enemy had obtained some advantageous victory, and he raised the\n siege. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Et\u0113si\u00e6=, periodical northern winds of a gentle and mild nature, very\n common for five or six weeks in the months of spring and autumn.\n _Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 741.\n\n=Ethalion=, one of the Tyrrhene sailors changed into dolphins for\n carrying away Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 647.\n\n=Etheleum=, a river of Asia, the boundary of Troas and Mysia. _Strabo._\n\n=Eth\u014fda=, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe.\n\n=Eth\u0113mon=, a person killed at the marriage of Andromeda. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 163.\n\n=Etias=, a daughter of \u00c6neas. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 22.\n\n=Etis=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 22.\n\n=Etr\u016bria.= _See:_ Hetruria.\n\n=Etrusci=, the inhabitants of Etruria, famous for their superstitions\n and enchantments. _See:_ Hetruria. _Cicero_, _Letters to his\n Friends_, bk. 6, ltr. 6.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 34.\n\n=Etylus=, the father of Theocles. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 19.\n\n=Evadne=, a daughter of Iphis or Iphicles of Argos, who slighted the\n addresses of Apollo, and married Capancus, one of the seven chiefs\n who went against Thebes. When her husband had been struck with\n thunder by Jupiter for his blasphemies and impiety, and his ashes\n had been separated from those of the rest of the Argives, she threw\n herself on his burning pile, and perished in the flames. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 447.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 15, li. 21.\n \u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12, li. 800.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of the\n Strymon and Ne\u00e6ra. She married Argus, by whom she had four children.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Evages=, a poet, famous for his genius but not for his learning.\n\n=Ev\u0103g\u014fras=, a king of Cyprus who retook Salamis, which had been taken\n from his father by the Persians. He made war against Artaxerxes the\n king of Persia, with the assistance of the Egyptians, Arabians, and\n Tyrians, and obtained some advantage over the fleet of his enemy.\n The Persians, however, soon repaired their losses, and Evagoras saw\n himself defeated by sea and land, and obliged to be tributary to\n the power of Artaxerxes, and to be stripped of all his dominions,\n except the town of Salamis. He was assassinated soon after this\n fatal change of fortune by a eunuch, 374 B.C. He left two sons,\n Nicocles, who succeeded him, and Protagoras, who deprived his nephew\n Evagoras of his possessions. Evagoras deserves to be commended for\n his sobriety, moderation, and magnanimity, and if he was guilty\n of any political error in the management of his kingdom, it may be\n said that his love of equity was a full compensation. His grandson\n bore the same name, and succeeded his father Nicocles. He showed\n himself oppressive, and his uncle Protagoras took advantage of\n his unpopularity to deprive him of his power. Evagoras fled to\n Artaxerxes Ochus, who gave him a government more extensive than\n that of Cyprus, but his oppression rendered him odious, and he\n was accused before his benefactor, and by his orders put to death.\n _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 12, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 5, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Elis, who obtained\n a prize at the Olympian games. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Spartan, famous for his services to the people of Elis. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 6, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king\n of Rhodes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Lindos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Thasos, whose\n works proved serviceable to Pliny in the compilation of his natural\n history. _Pliny_, bk. 10.\n\n=Ev\u0103g\u014fre=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Evan=, a surname of Bacchus, which he received from the wild\n ejaculation of _Evan! Evan!_ by his priestesses. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 15.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 517.\n\n=Evander=, a son of the prophetess Carmente, king of Arcadia. An\n accidental murder obliged him to leave his country, and he came to\n Italy, where he drove the aborigines from their ancient possessions,\n and reigned in that part of the country where Rome was afterwards\n founded. He kindly received Hercules when he returned from the\n conquest of Geryon; and he was the first who raised him altars. He\n gave \u00c6neas assistance against the Rutuli, and distinguished himself\n by his hospitality. It is said that he first brought the Greek\n alphabet into Italy, and introduced there the worship of the Greek\n deities. He was honoured as a god after death by his subjects,\n who raised him an altar on mount Aventine. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,\n ch. 43.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 1, li. 500; bk. 5, li. 91.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 100,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of the second academy, who flourished B.C. 215.\n\n=Evang\u0115lus=, a Greek historian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic poet.\n\n=Evangor\u012ddes=, a man of Elis, who wrote an account of all those\n who had obtained a prize at Olympia, where he himself had been\n victorious. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 8.\n\n=Evanthes=, a man who planted a colony in Lucania at the head of some\n Locrians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated Greek poet.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Miletus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of Samos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer of Cyzicus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n \u0152nopion of Crete, who migrated to live at Chios. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,\n ch. 4.\n\n=Evarchus=, a river of Asia Minor flowing into the Euxine, on the\n confines of Cappadocia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 102.\n\n=Evas=, a native of Phrygia who accompanied \u00c6neas into Italy, where he\n was killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 702.\n\n=Evax=, an Arabian prince who wrote to Nero concerning jewels. _Pliny_,\n bk. 25, ch. 2.\n\n=Eubages=, certain priests held in great veneration among the Gauls\n and Britons. _See:_ Druid\u00e6.\n\n=Eub\u0101tas=, an athlete of Cyrene, whom the courtesan Lais in vain\n endeavoured to seduce. _Pausanias_, _Elis_, bk. 1.\n\n=Eubius=, an obscene writer, &c. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 415.\n\n=Eub\u0153a=, the largest island in the \u00c6gean sea after Crete, now called\n _Negropont_. It is separated from the continent of B\u0153otia by the\n narrow straits of the Euripus, and was anciently known by the\n different names of _Macris_, _Oche_, _Ellopia_, _Chalcis_, _Abantis_,\n _Asopis_. It is 150 miles long, and 37 broad in its most extensive\n parts, and 365 in circumference. The principal town was Chalcis; and\n it was reported that in the neighbourhood of Chalcis the island had\n been formerly joined to the continent. Eub\u0153a was subjected to the\n power of the Greeks; some of its cities, however, remained for some\n time independent. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 155.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the three daughters of\n the river Asterion, who was one of the nurses of Juno. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Mercury\u2019s mistresses.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Sicily near Hybla.\n\n=Eubo\u012dcus=, belonging to Eub\u0153a. The epithet is also applied to the\n country of Cum\u00e6, because that city was built by a colony from\n Chalcis, a town of Eub\u0153a. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 257.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 2; bk. 9, li. 710.\n\n=Eubote=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Eubotes=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Eub\u016ble=, an Athenian virgin, daughter of Leon, sacrificed with her\n sisters, by order of the oracle of Delphi, for the safety of her\n country, which laboured under a famine. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_,\n bk. 12, ch. 18.\n\n=Eub\u016bl\u012ddes=, a philosopher of Miletus, pupil and successor to\n Euclid. Demosthenes was one of his pupils, and by his advice\n and encouragement to perseverance he was enabled to conquer the\n difficulty he felt in pronouncing the letter R. He severely attacked\n the doctrines of Aristotle. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian,\n who wrote an account of Socrates and of Diogenes. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous statuary of Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,\n ch. 14.\n\n=Eub\u016blus=, an Athenian orator, rival to Demosthenes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic poet.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian, who wrote a voluminous account of Mithras.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n philosopher of Alexandria.\n\n=Euc\u0113rus=, a man of Alexandria, accused of adultery with Octavia, that\n Nero might have occasion to divorce her. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14,\n ch. 60.\n\n=Euch\u0113nor=, a son of \u00c6gyptus and Arabia. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Euchides=, an Athenian who went to Delphi and returned the same\n day, a journey of about 107 miles. The object of his journey was to\n obtain sacred fire.\n\n=Eucl\u012bdes=, a native of Megara, disciple of Socrates, B.C. 404.\n When the Athenians had forbidden all the people of Megara on\n pain of death to enter their city, Euclides disguised himself in\n women\u2019s clothes to introduce himself into the presence of Socrates.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Socrates_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mathematician of Alexandria,\n who flourished 300 B.C. He distinguished himself by his writings\n on music and geometry, but particularly by 15 books on the elements\n of mathematics, which consist of problems and theorems with\n demonstrations. This work has been greatly mutilated by commentators.\n Euclid was so respected in his lifetime, that king Ptolemy became\n one of his pupils. Euclid established a school at Alexandria,\n which became so famous, that from his age to the time of the\n Saracen conquest, no mathematician was found but what had studied at\n Alexandria. He was so respected that Plato, himself a mathematician,\n being asked concerning the building of an altar at Athens, referred\n his inquiries to the mathematician of Alexandria. The latest edition\n of Euclid\u2019s writings is that of Gregory, folio, Oxford, 1703.\n _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3,\n ch. 72.\n\n=Euclus=, a prophet of Cyprus, who foretold the birth and greatness of\n the poet Homer, according to some traditions. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 12.\n\n=Eucr\u0103te=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Eucr\u0103tes=, the father of Procles the historian. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 21.\n\n=Eucritus.= _See:_ Evephenus.\n\n=Euct\u0113mon=, a Greek of Cum\u00e6, exposed to great barbarities. _Curtius_,\n bk. 5, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An astronomer who flourished B.C. 431.\n\n=Euctresii=, a people of Peloponnesus.\n\n=Eud\u00e6mon=, a general of Alexander.\n\n=Eudam\u012ddas=, a son of Archidamus IV., brother to Agis IV. He succeeded\n on the Spartan throne, after his brother\u2019s death, B.C. 330.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Archidamus king of Sparta,\n who succeeded B.C. 268.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The commander of a garrison stationed at\n Tr\u0153zene by Craterus.\n\n=Eudamus=, a son of Agesilaus of the Heraclid\u00e6. He succeeded his\n father.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A learned naturalist and philosopher.\n\n=Eud\u0113mus=, the physician of Livia the wife of Drusus, &c. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator of Megalopolis, preceptor to\n Philop\u0153men.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Naxos.\n\n=Eudocia=, the wife of the emperor Theodosius the younger, who gave\n the public some compositions. She died A.D. 460.\n\n=Eudoc\u012dmus=, a man who appeased a mutiny among some soldiers by\n telling them that a hostile army was in sight. _Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=Eud\u014dra=, one of the Nereides.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Atlantides.\n\n=Eud\u014drus=, a son of Mercury and Polimela, who went to the Trojan war\n with Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16.\n\n=Eudoxi Spec\u016dla=, a place in Egypt.\n\n=Eudoxia=, the wife of Arcadius, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Theodosius the\n younger, who married the emperor Maximus, and invited Genseric the\n Vandal over into Italy.\n\n=Eudoxus=, a son of \u00c6schines of Cnidus, who distinguished himself by\n his knowledge of astrology, medicine, and geometry. He was the first\n who regulated the year among the Greeks, among whom he first brought\n from Egypt the celestial sphere and regular astronomy. He spent\n a great part of his life on the top of a mountain, to study the\n motions of the stars, by whose appearance he pretended to foretell\n the events of futurity. He died in his 53rd year, B.C. 352. _Lucan_,\n bk. 10, li. 187.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015_Petronius_, ch. 88.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n native of Cyzicus, who sailed all around the coast of Africa\n from the Red sea, and entered the Mediterranean by the columns\n of Hercules.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Sicilian, son of Agathocles.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Evelthon=, a king of Salamis in Cyprus.\n\n=Euem\u0115r\u012ddas=, an historian of Cnidus.\n\n=Evem\u0115rus=, an ancient historian of Messenia, intimate with Cassander.\n He travelled over Greece and Arabia, and wrote a history of the gods,\n in which he proved that they all had been upon earth, as mere mortal\n men. Ennius translated it into Latin. It is now lost.\n\n=Ev\u0113nor=, a painter, father to Parrhasius. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 9.\n\n=Ev\u0113nus=, an elegiac poet of Paros.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river running through \u00c6tolia,\n and falling into the Ionian sea. It receives its name from Evenus\n son of Mars and Sterope, who being unable to overcome Idas, who had\n promised him his daughter Marpessa in marriage, if he surpassed him\n in running, grew so desperate, that he threw himself into the river,\n which afterwards bore his name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,\n li. 104.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Jason and Hypsipyle queen of\n Lemnos. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7, li. 467.\n\n=Eveph\u0113nus=, a Pythagorean philosopher, whom Dionysius condemned\n to death because he had alienated the people of Metapontum from\n his power. The philosopher begged leave of the tyrant to go and\n marry his sister, and promised to return in six months. Dionysius\n consented by receiving Eucritus, who pledged himself to die\n if Evephenus did not return in time. Evephenus returned at the\n appointed moment, to the astonishment of Dionysius, and delivered\n his friend Eucritus from the death which threatened him. The tyrant\n was so pleased with these two friends, that he pardoned Evephenus,\n and begged to share their friendship and confidence. _Poly\u00e6nus_,\n bk. 5.\n\n=Everes=, a son of Pteralaus, the only one of his family who did not\n perish in a battle against Electryon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Hercules and Parthenope.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Tiresias. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Everg\u0115t\u00e6=, a people of Scythia, called also Arimaspi. _Curtius_,\n bk. 7, ch. 3.\n\n=Everg\u0115tes=, a surname signifying _benefactor_, given to Philip of\n Macedonia, and to Antigonus Doson, and Ptolemy of Egypt. It was also\n commonly given to the kings of Syria and Pontus, and we often see\n among the former an Alexander Evergetes, and among the latter a\n Mithridates Evergetes. Some of the Roman emperors also claimed that\n epithet, so expressive of benevolence and humanity.\n\n=Evesper\u012ddes=, a people of Africa. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 171.\n\n=Eug\u0103nei=, a people of Italy on the borders of the Adriatic, who,\n upon being expelled by the Trojans, seized upon a part of the Alps.\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 604.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n\n=Eugeon=, an ancient historian before the Peloponnesian war.\n\n=Eugenius=, a usurper of the imperial title after the death of\n Valentinian II., A.D. 392.\n\n=Euhemerus.= _See:_ Evemerus.\n\n=Euhydrum=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13.\n\n=Euhyus= and =Evius=, a surname of Bacchus, given him in the war of\n the giants against Jupiter. _Horace_, bk. 2, Ode 11, li. 17.\n\n=Evippe=, one of the Danaides who married and murdered Imbras.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of the\n Pierides, who were changed into magpies. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 5, li. 303.\n\n=Evippus=, a son of Thestius king of Pleuron, killed by his brother\n Iphiclus in the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan killed by Patroclus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16,\n li. 417.\n\n=Eulim\u0115ne=, one of the Nereides.\n\n=Eum\u0103chius=, a Campanian who wrote a history of Annibal.\n\n=Eum\u00e6us=, a herdsman and steward of Ulysses, who knew his master at\n his return home from the Trojan war, after 20 years\u2019 absence, and\n assisted him in removing Penelope\u2019s suitors. He was originally the\n son of the king of Scyros, and upon being carried away by pirates,\n he was sold as a slave to Laertes, who rewarded his fidelity and\n services. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13, li. 403; bk. 14, li. 3; bk. 15,\n li. 288; bks. 16 & 17.\n\n=Eum\u0113des=, a Trojan, son of Dolon, who came to Italy with \u00c6neas, where\n he was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 346.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 4, li. 27.\n\n=Eum\u0113lis=, a famous augur. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 8, li. 49.\n\n=Eum\u0113lus=, a son of Admetus king of Pher\u00e6 in Thessaly. He went to\n the Trojan war, and had the fleetest horses in the Grecian army.\n He distinguished himself in the games made in honour of Patroclus.\n _Homer_. _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man whose daughter was changed\n into a bird. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 390.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man\n contemporary with Triptolemus, of whom he learned the art of\n agriculture. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the followers of\n \u00c6neas, who first informed his friend that his fleet had been set on\n fire by the Trojan women. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 665.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One\n of the Bacchiad\u00e6, who wrote, among other things, a poetical history\n of Corinth, B.C. 750, of which a small fragment is still extant.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of the Cimmerian Bosphorus,\n who died B.C. 304.\n\n=Eum\u0115nes=, a Greek officer in the army of Alexander, son of a\n charioteer. He was the most worthy of all the officers of Alexander\n to succeed after the death of his master. He conquered Paphlagonia\n and Cappadocia, of which he obtained the government, till the power\n and jealousy of Antigonus obliged him to retire. He joined his\n forces to those of Perdiccas, and defeated Craterus and Neoptolemus.\n Neoptolemus perished by the hands of Eumenes. When Craterus had been\n killed during the war, his remains received an honourable funeral\n from the hand of the conqueror; and Eumenes, after weeping over the\n ashes of a man who once was his dearest friend, sent his remains\n to his relations in Macedonia. Eumenes fought against Antipater and\n conquered him, and after the death of Perdiccas his ally, his arms\n were directed against Antigonus, by whom he was conquered, chiefly\n by the treacherous conduct of his officers. This fatal battle\n obliged him to disband the greatest part of his army to secure\n himself a retreat, and he fled, with only 700 faithful attendants,\n to Nora, a fortified place on the confines of Cappadocia, where he\n was soon besieged by the conqueror. He supported the siege for a\n year with courage and resolution, but some disadvantageous skirmishes\n so reduced him, that his soldiers, grown desperate, and bribed by\n the offers of the enemy, had the infidelity to betray him into the\n hands of Antigonus. The conqueror, from shame or remorse, had not\n the courage to visit Eumenes; but when he was asked by his officers\n in what manner he wished him to be kept, he answered, \u201cKeep him as\n carefully as you would keep a lion.\u201d This severe command was obeyed;\n but the asperity of Antigonus vanished in a few days, and Eumenes,\n delivered from the weight of chains, was permitted to enjoy the\n company of his friends. Even Antigonus hesitated whether he should\n not restore to his liberty a man with whom he had lived in the\n greatest intimacy while both were subservient to the command of\n Alexander, and these secret emotions of pity and humanity were not\n a little increased by the petitions of his son Demetrius for the\n release of Eumenes. But the calls of ambition prevailed; and when\n Antigonus recollected what an active enemy he had in his power,\n he ordered Eumenes to be put to death in the prison; though some\n imagine he was murdered without the knowledge of his conqueror.\n His bloody commands were executed B.C. 315. Such was the end of\n a man who raised himself to power by merit alone. His skill in\n public exercises first recommended him to the notice of Philip, and\n under Alexander his attachment and fidelity to the royal person, and\n particularly his military accomplishments, promoted him to the rank\n of a general. Even his enemies revered him; and Antigonus, by whose\n orders he perished, honoured his remains with a splendid funeral,\n and conveyed his ashes to his wife and family in Cappadocia. It\n has been observed that Eumenes had such a universal influence over\n the successors of Alexander, that none during his lifetime dared\n to assume the title of king; and it does not a little reflect to\n his honour to consider that the wars he carried on were not from\n private or interested motives, but for the good and welfare of his\n deceased benefactor\u2019s children. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 19.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_,\n bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Arrian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Pergamus, who succeeded his uncle\n Philet\u00e6rus on the throne, B.C. 263. He made war against Antiochus\n the son of Seleucus, and enlarged his possessions by seizing upon\n many of the cities of the kings of Syria. He lived in alliance with\n the Romans, and made war against Prusias king of Bithynia. He was\n a great patron of learning, and given much to wine. He died of an\n excess in drinking, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by\n Attalus. _Strabo_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second of that name succeeded his\n father Attalus on the throne of Asia and Pergamus. His kingdom was\n small and poor, but he rendered it powerful and opulent, and his\n alliance with the Romans did not a little contribute to the increase\n of his dominions after the victories obtained over Antiochus the\n Great. He carried his arms against Prusias and Antigonus, and died\n B.C. 159, after a reign of 38 years, leaving the kingdom to his son\n Attalus II. He has been admired for his benevolence and magnanimity,\n and his love of learning greatly enriched the famous library of\n Pergamus, which had been founded by his predecessors in imitation\n of the Alexandrian collection of the Ptolemies. His brothers were\n so attached to him and devoted to his interest, that they enlisted\n among his bodyguards to show their fraternal fidelity. _Strabo_,\n bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bks. 31 & 34.\u2015\u2015_Polybius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated\n orator of Athens about the beginning of the fourth century. Some of\n his harangues and orations are extant.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historical writer in\n Alexander\u2019s army.\n\n=Eumenia=, a city of Phrygia, built by Attalus in honour of his\n brother Eumenes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Thrace,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Caria. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Hyrcania.\n\n=Eum\u0115n\u012ddes= and =Eumenes=, a man mentioned, _Ovid_, bk. 3, _Tristia_,\n poem 4, li. 27.\n\n=Eum\u0113n\u012ddes=, a name given to the Furies by the ancients. They sprang\n from the drops of blood which flowed from the wound which C\u0153lus\n received from his son Saturn. According to others they were daughters\n of the earth, and conceived from the blood of Saturn. Some make them\n daughters of Acheron and Night, or Pluto and Proserpine, or Chaos\n and Terra, according to Sophocles, or, as Epimenides reports, of\n Saturn and Evonyme. According to the most received opinions, they\n were three in number, Tisiphone, Megara, and Alecto, to which some\n add Nemesis. Plutarch mentions only one, called Adrasta, daughter of\n Jupiter and Necessity. They were supposed to be the ministers of the\n vengeance of the gods, and therefore appeared stern and inexorable;\n always employed in punishing the guilty upon earth, as well as in\n the infernal regions. They inflicted their vengeance upon earth\n by wars, pestilence, and dissensions, and by the secret stings\n of conscience; and in hell they punished the guilty by continual\n flagellation and torments. They were also called _Furi\u00e6_, _Erinnyes_,\n and _Dir\u00e6_, and the appellation of Eumenides, which signifies\n benevolence and compassion, they received after they had ceased\n to persecute Orestes, who in gratitude offered them sacrifices,\n and erected a temple in honour of their divinity. Their worship\n was almost universal, and people presumed not to mention their\n names or fix their eyes upon their temples. They were honoured\n with sacrifices and libations, and in Achaia they had a temple,\n which, when entered by any one guilty of crimes, suddenly rendered\n him furious, and deprived him of the use of his reason. In their\n sacrifices, the votaries used branches of cedar and of alder,\n hawthorn, saffron, and juniper, and the victims were generally\n turtledoves and sheep, with libations of wine and honey. They were\n generally represented with a grim and frightful aspect, with a\n black and bloody garment, and serpents wreathing round their head\n instead of hair. They held a burning torch in one hand, and a whip\n of scorpions in the other, and were always attended by terror,\n rage, paleness, and death. In hell they were seated around Pluto\u2019s\n throne, as the ministers of his vengeance. _Aeschylus_, _Eumenides_.\n \u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _\u0152dipus at Colonus_.\n\n=Eum\u0115n\u012ddia=, festivals in honour of the Eumenides, called by the\n Athenians \u03c3\u03b5\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b8\u03b5\u03b1\u03b9, _venerable goddesses_. They were celebrated\n once every year with sacrifices of pregnant ewes, with offerings\n of cakes made by the most eminent youths, and libations of honey\n and wine. At Athens none but free-born citizens were admitted, such\n as had led a life the most virtuous and unsullied. Such only were\n accepted by the goddesses, who punished all sorts of wickedness in\n a severe manner.\n\n=Eum\u0113nius=, a Trojan killed by Camilla in Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 11, li. 666.\n\n=Eumolpe=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Eumolp\u012dd\u00e6=, the priests of Ceres at the celebration of her festivals\n of Eleusis. All causes relating to impiety or profanation were\n referred to their judgment, and their decisions, though occasionally\n severe, were considered as generally impartial. The Eumolpid\u00e6 were\n descended from Eumolpus, a king of Thrace, who was made priest\n of Ceres by Erechtheus king of Athens. He became so powerful\n after his appointment to the priesthood, that he maintained a war\n against Erechtheus. This war proved fatal to both; Erechtheus and\n Eumolpus were both killed, and peace was re-established among their\n descendants, on condition that the priesthood should ever remain\n in the family of Eumolpus, and the regal power in the house of\n Erechtheus. The priesthood continued in the family of Eumolpus\n for 1200 years; and this is still more remarkable, because he who\n was once appointed to the holy office, was obliged to remain in\n perpetual celibacy. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14.\n\n=Eumolpus=, a king of Thrace, son of Neptune and Chione. He was\n thrown into the sea by his mother, who wished to conceal her shame\n from her father. Neptune saved his life, and carried him into\n \u00c6thiopia, where he was brought up by Amphitrite, and afterwards\n by a woman of the country, one of whose daughters he married. An\n act of violence to his sister-in-law obliged him to leave \u00c6thiopia,\n and he fled to Thrace with his son Ismarus, where he married the\n daughter of Tegyrius the king of the country. This connection with\n the royal family rendered him ambitious; he conspired against his\n father-in-law, and fled, when the conspiracy was discovered, to\n Attica, where he was initiated in the mysteries of Ceres of Eleusis,\n and made Hierophantes or high priest. He was afterwards reconciled\n to Tegyrius, and inherited his kingdom. He made war against\n Erechtheus the king of Athens, who had appointed him to the office\n of high priest, and perished in battle. His descendants were also\n invested with the priesthood, which remained for about 1200 years\n in that family. _See:_ Eumolpid\u00e6. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 73.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 14.\n\n=Eumonides=, a Theban, &c. _Plutarch._\n\n=Eun\u00e6us=, a son of Jason, by Hypsipyle daughter of Thoas. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 7.\n\n=Eunapius=, a physician, sophist, and historian, born at Sardis. He\n flourished in the reign of Valentinian and his successors, and wrote\n a history of the C\u00e6sars, of which few fragments remain. His life\n of the philosophers of his age is still extant. It is composed with\n fidelity and elegance, precision and correctness.\n\n=Eun\u014fmia=, a daughter of Juno, one of the Hor\u00e6. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Eun\u014fmus=, a son of Prytanes, who succeeded his father on the throne\n of Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous musician of\n Locris, rival to Ariston, over whom he obtained a musical prize at\n Delphi. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Thracian, who advised Demosthenes not to be discouraged by\n his ill success in his first attempts to speak in public. _Plutarch_,\n _Demosthenes_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Lycurgus, killed by a kitchen knife.\n _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.\n\n=Eunus=, a Syrian slave, who inflamed the minds of the servile\n multitude by pretended inspiration and enthusiasm. He filled a nut\n with sulphur in his mouth, and by artfully conveying fire to it, he\n breathed out flames to the astonishment of the people, who believed\n him to be a god, or something more than human. Oppression and misery\n compelled 2000 slaves to join his cause, and he soon saw himself\n at the head of 50,000 men. With such a force he defeated the Roman\n armies, till Perpenna obliged him to surrender by famine, and exposed\n on a cross the greatest part of his followers, B.C. 132. _Plutarch_,\n _Sertorius_.\n\n=Euonymos=, one of the Lipari isles.\n\n=Euoras=, a grove of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n\n=Eupagium=, a town of Peloponnesus.\n\n=Eupal\u0103mon=, one of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 360.\n\n=Eupal\u0103mus=, the father of D\u00e6dalus and of Metiadusa. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 15.\n\n=Eup\u0103tor=, a son of Antiochus. The surname of _Eupator_ was given\n to many of the Asiatic princes, such as Mithridates, &c. _Strabo_,\n bk. 12.\n\n=Eup\u0103toria=, a town of Paphlagonia, built by Mithridates, and\n called afterwards _Pompeiopolis_ by Pompey. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another called _Magnopolis_ in Pontus, now _Tehenikeh_. _Strabo_,\n bk. 12.\n\n=Eupeithes=, a prince of Ithaca, father to Antinous. In the\n former part of his life he had fled before the vengeance of the\n Thesprotians, whose territories he had laid waste in the pursuit of\n some pirates. During the absence of Ulysses he was one of the most\n importuning lovers of Penelope. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 16.\n\n=Euphaes=, succeeded Androcles on the throne of Messenia, and in his\n reign the first Messenian war began. He died B.C. 730. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 4, chs. 5 & 6.\n\n=Euphantus=, a poet and historian of Olynthus, son of Eubulides, and\n preceptor to Antigonus king of Macedonia. \u2666_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_,\n _Euclides_.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Diod.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Diogenes\u2019\n\n=Euph\u0113me=, a woman who was nurse to the Muses, and mother of Crocus by\n Pan. _Pausanias._\n\n=Euph\u0113mus=, a son of Neptune and Europa, who was among the Argonauts,\n and the hunters of the Calydonian boar. He was so swift and\n light that he could run over the sea without scarce wetting his\n feet. _Pindar_, _Pythian_, poem 4.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Greek captains before\n Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 353.\n\n=Euphorbus=, a famous Trojan, son of Panthous, the first who wounded\n Patroclus, whom Hector killed. He perished by the hand of Menelaus,\n who hung his shield in the temple of Juno at Argos. Pythagoras, the\n founder of the doctrine of the metempsychosis, or transmigration of\n souls, affirmed that he had been once Euphorbus, and that his soul\n recollected many exploits which had been done while it animated that\n Trojan\u2019s body. As a further proof of his assertion, he showed at\n first sight the shield of Euphorbus in the temple of Juno. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 160.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 16 & 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician of Juba king of\n Mauritania.\n\n=Euphorion=, a Greek poet of Chalcis in Eub\u0153a, in the age of Antiochus\n the Great. Tiberius took him for his model for correct writing,\n and was so fond of him that he hung his pictures in all the public\n libraries. His father\u2019s name was Polymnetus. He died in his 56th\n year, B.C. 220. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 64, calls\n him _Obscurum_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of \u00c6schylus bore the same name.\n\n=Euphr\u0101nor=, a famous painter and sculptor of Corinth. _Pliny_, bk. 34,\n ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015This name was common to many Greeks.\n\n=Euphr\u0101tes=, a disciple of Plato, who governed Macedonia with absolute\n authority in the reign of Perdiccas, and rendered himself odious\n by his cruelty and pedantry. After the death of Perdiccas, he was\n murdered by Parmenio.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A stoic philosopher in the age of Adrian,\n who destroyed himself with the emperor\u2019s leave, to escape the\n miseries of old age, A. D. 118. _Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A large and\n celebrated river of Mesopotamia, rising from mount Taurus in Armenia,\n and discharging itself with the Tigris into the Persian gulf. It is\n very rapid in its course, and passes through the middle of the city\n of Babylon. It inundates the country of Mesopotamia at a certain\n season of the year, and, like the Nile in Egypt, happily fertilizes\n the adjacent fields. Cyrus dried up its ancient channel, and changed\n the course of the waters when he besieged Babylon. _Strabo_, bk. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 509; bk. 4, li. 560.\n\n=Euphron=, an aspiring man of Sicyon, who enslaved his country by\n bribery. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\n\n=Euphr\u014fsy\u0306na=, one of the Graces, sister to Aglaia and Thalia.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.\n\n=Eupl\u00e6a=, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, near Neapolis. _Statius_,\n bk. 3, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 1, li. 149.\n\n=Eup\u014flis=, a comic poet of Athens, who flourished 435 years before\n the christian era, and severely lashed the vices and immoralities\n of his age. It is said that he had composed 17 dramatical pieces at\n the age of 17. He had a dog so attached to him, that at his death he\n refused all aliments, and starved himself on his tomb. Some suppose\n that Alcibiades put Eupolis to death, because he had ridiculed him\n in a comedy which he had written against the Bapt\u00e6, the priests of\n the goddess Cotytto, and the impure ceremonies of their worship;\n but Suidas maintains that he perished in a sea-fight between the\n Athenians and the Laced\u00e6monians in the Hellespont, and that on\n that account his countrymen, pitying his fate, decreed that no\n poet should ever after go to war. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4; bk. 2,\n satire 10.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 6, ltr. 1.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian._\n\n=Eupompus=, a geometrician of Macedonia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter. _Pliny_, bk. 34,\n ch. 8.\n\n=Eurianassa=, a town near Chios. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.\n\n=Eur\u012dp\u012ddes=, a celebrated tragic poet born at Salamis the day on which\n the army of Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks. He studied eloquence\n under Prodicus, ethics under Socrates, and philosophy under\n Anaxagoras. He applied himself to dramatical composition, and his\n writings became so much the admiration of his countrymen, that the\n unfortunate Greeks, who had accompanied Nicias in his expedition\n against Syracuse, were freed from slavery, only by repeating some\n verses from the pieces of Euripides. The poet often retired from\n the society of mankind, and confined himself in a solitary cave near\n Salamis, where he wrote and finished his most excellent tragedies.\n The talents of Sophocles were looked upon by Euripides with jealousy,\n and the great enmity which always reigned between the two poets gave\n an opportunity to the comic muse of Aristophanes to ridicule them\n both on the stage with success and humour. During the representation\n of one of the tragedies of Euripides, the audience, displeased with\n some lines in the composition, desired the writer to strike them off.\n Euripides heard the reproof with indignation; he advanced forward\n on the stage, and told the spectators that he came there to instruct\n them, and not to receive instruction. Another piece, in which he\n called riches the _summum bonum_ and the admiration of gods and men,\n gave equal dissatisfaction, but the poet desired the audience to\n listen with silent attention, for the conclusion of the whole would\n show them the punishment which attended the lovers of opulence. The\n ridicule and envy to which he was continually exposed, obliged him\n at last to remove from Athens. He retired to the court of Archelaus\n king of Macedonia, where he received the most conspicuous marks\n of royal munificence and friendship. His end was as deplorable as\n it was uncommon. It is said that the dogs of Archelaus met him in\n his solitary walks, and tore his body to pieces 407 years before\n the christian era, in the 78th year of his age. Euripides wrote 75\n tragedies, of which only 19 are extant; the most approved of which\n are his Ph\u0153niss\u00e6, Orestes, Medea, Andromache, Electra, Hippolytus,\n Iphigenia in Aulis, Iphigenia in Tauris, Hercules, and the Troades.\n He is peculiarly happy in expressing the passions of love, especially\n the more tender and animated. To the pathos he has added sublimity,\n and the most common expressions have received a perfect polish from\n his pen. In his person, as it is reported, he was noble and majestic,\n and his deportment was always grave and serious. He was slow in\n composing, and laboured with difficulty, from which circumstance a\n foolish and malevolent poet once observed that he had written 100\n verses in three days, while Euripides had written only three. \u201cTrue,\u201d\n says Euripides, \u201cbut there is this difference between your poetry\n and mine; yours will expire in three days, but mine shall live for\n ages to come.\u201d Euripides was such an enemy to the fair sex that\n some have called him \u03bc\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03b3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b7\u03c2, _woman-hater_, and perhaps from\n this aversion arise the impure and diabolical machinations which\n appear in his female characters; an observation, however, which he\n refuted, by saying he had faithfully copied nature. In spite of all\n this antipathy he was married twice, but his connections were so\n injudicious, that he was compelled to divorce both his wives. The\n best editions of this great poet are that of Musgrave, 4 vols., 4to,\n Oxford, 1778; that of Canter apud Commelin, 12mo, 2 vols., 1597; and\n of Barnes, folio, Cambridge. 1694. There are also several valuable\n editions of detached plays. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _De Inventione_, bk. 1, ch. 50; _Orator_,\n bk. 3, ch. 7; _Academica_ bk. 1, ch. 4; _De Officiis_, bk. 3;\n _Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2; _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_,\n bks. 1 & 4, &c.\n\n=Eur\u012bpus=, a narrow strait which separates the island of Eub\u0153a from\n the coast of B\u0153otia. Its flux and reflux, which continued regular\n during 18 or 19 days, and were commonly unsettled the rest of the\n month, was a matter of deep inquiry among the ancients; and it is\n said that Aristotle threw himself into it because he was unable\n to find out the causes of that phenomenon. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 95.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Euristhenes.= _See:_ Eurysthenes.\n\n=Eur\u014dmus=, a city of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 33; bk. 33, ch. 30.\n\n=Eur\u014dpa=, one of the three grand divisions of the earth known among\n the ancients, extending, according to modern surveys, about 3000\n miles from north to south, and 2500 from east to west. Though\n inferior in extent, yet it is superior to the others in the learning,\n power, and abilities of its inhabitants. It is bounded on the east\n by the \u00c6gean sea, Hellespont, Euxine, Palus M\u00e6otis, and the Tanais\n in a northern direction. The Mediterranean divides it from Africa\n on the south, and on the west and north it is washed by the Atlantic\n and northern oceans. It is supposed to receive its name from Europa,\n who was carried there by Jupiter. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk.\n 3, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 275.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7,\n li. 222.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Agenor king of Ph\u0153nicia and Telephassa.\n She was so beautiful that Jupiter became enamoured of her, and the\n better to seduce her he assumed the shape of a bull and mingled\n with the herds of Agenor, while Europa, with her female attendants,\n were gathering flowers in the meadows. Europa caressed the beautiful\n animal, and at last had the courage to sit upon his back. The god\n took advantage of her situation, and with precipitate steps retired\n towards the shore, and crossed the sea with Europa on his back,\n and arrived safe in Crete. Here he assumed his original shape, and\n declared his love. The nymph consented, though she had once made\n vows of perpetual celibacy, and she became mother of Minos, Sarpedon,\n and Rhadamanthus. After this distinguished amour with Jupiter, she\n married Asterius king of Crete. This monarch, seeing himself without\n children by Europa, adopted the fruit of her amours with Jupiter,\n and always esteemed Minos, Sarpedon, and Rhadamanthus as his own\n children. Some suppose that Europa lived about 1552 years before the\n christian era. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 13.\u2015\u2015_Moschus_,\n _Idylls_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 356.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A part of Thrace near\n mount H\u00e6mus. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.\n\n=Eur\u014fp\u00e6us=, a patronymic of Minos the son of Europa. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 23.\n\n=Europs=, a king of Sicyon, son of \u00c6gialeus, who died B.C. 1993.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n=Eur\u014dpus=, a king of Macedonia, &c. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town\n of Macedonia on the Axius. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n\n=Eur\u014dtas=, a son of Lelex, father to Sparta, who married Laced\u00e6mon.\n He was one of the first kings of Laconia, and gave his name to\n the river which flows near Sparta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Laconia flowing by Sparta.\n It was called, by way of eminence, Basilipotamos, _the king of\n rivers_, and worshipped by the Spartans as a powerful god. Laurels,\n reeds, myrtles, and olives grew on its banks in great abundance.\n _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 29.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 82.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n river in Thessaly near mount Olympus, called also _Titaresus_. It\n joined the Peneus, but was not supposed to incorporate with it.\n _Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.\n\n=Etr\u014dto=, a daughter of Danaus by Polyxo. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Eurus=, a wind blowing from the eastern parts of the world. The\n Latins sometimes called it Vulturnus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1,\n poem 2; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, &c.\n\n=Eury\u0103le=, a queen of the Amazons, who assisted \u00c6etes, &c. _Flaccus_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Minos, mother of Orion by Neptune.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Pr\u0153tus king of Argos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Gorgons who was\n immortal. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 207.\n\n=Eury\u0103lus=, one of the Peloponnesian chiefs who went to the Trojan war\n with 80 ships. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An illegitimate son of\n Ulysses and Evippe. _Sophocles._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Melas, taken prisoner\n by Hercules, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan who came\n with \u00c6neas into Italy, and rendered himself famous for his immortal\n friendship with Nisus. _See:_ Nisus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 179.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A pleasant place of Sicily near Syracuse. _Livy_, bk. 25,\n ch. 25.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Laced\u00e6monian general in the second Messenian war.\n\n=Eryb\u0103tes=, a herald in the Trojan war, who took Briseis from Achilles\n by order of Agamemnon. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 32.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Heroides_, poem 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A warrior of Argos, often victorious at the\n Nemean games, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Argonauts.\n\n=Eurybia=, the mother of Lucifer and all the stars. _Hesiod._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Pontus and Terra, mother of Astr\u00e6us, Pallas, and Perses\n by Crius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Eurybi\u0103des=, a Spartan general of the Grecian fleet, at the battles\n of Artemisium and Salamis against Xerxes. He has been charged with\n want of courage, and with ambition. He offered to strike Themistocles\n when he wished to speak about the manner of attacking the Persians,\n upon which the Athenian said, \u201cStrike me, but hear me.\u201d _Herodotus_,\n bk. 8, chs. 2, 74, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius\n Nepos_, _Themistocles_.\n\n=Eurybius=, a son of Eurytus king of Argos, killed in a war between\n his countrymen and the Athenians. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Nereus and Chloris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n\n=Eurycl\u0113a=, a beautiful daughter of Ops of Ithaca. Laertes bought her\n for 20 oxen, and gave her his son Ulysses to nurse, and treated her\n with much tenderness and attention. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19.\n\n=Eurycles=, an orator of Syracuse, who proposed to put Nicias and\n Demosthenes to death, and to confine to hard labour all the Athenian\n soldiers in the quarries. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Laced\u00e6monian at the\n battle of Actium on the side of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A soothsayer of Athens.\n\n=Eurycr\u0103tes=, a king of Sparta, descended from Hercules. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 7, ch. 204.\n\n=Eurycr\u0103t\u012ddas=, a son of Anaxander, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.\n\n=Euryd\u0103mas=, a Trojan skilled in the interpretation of dreams. His two\n sons were killed by Diomedes during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 5, li. 148.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Penelope\u2019s suitors. _Odyssey_, bk. 22, li.\n 283.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wrestler of Cyrene, who, in a combat, had his teeth dashed\n to pieces by his antagonist, which he swallowed without showing any\n signs of pain, or discontinuing the fight. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_,\n bk. 10, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6gyptus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Euryd\u0103me=, the wife of Leotychides king of Sparta. _Herodotus._\n\n=Euryd\u0103m\u012ddas=, a king of Laced\u00e6mon, of the family of the Proclid\u00e6.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n\n=Eury\u0306d\u012dce=, the wife of Amyntas king of Macedonia. She had by her\n husband, Alexander, Perdiccas, and Philip, and one daughter called\n Euryone. A criminal partiality for her daughter\u2019s husband, to whom\n she offered her hand and the kingdom, made her conspire against\n Amyntas, who must have fallen a victim to her infidelity had not\n Euryone discovered it. Amyntas forgave her, Alexander ascended the\n throne after his father\u2019s death, and perished by the ambition of his\n mother; Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his fate; but Philip,\n who was the next in succession, secured himself against all attempts\n from his mother, and ascended the throne with peace and universal\n satisfaction. Eurydice fled to Iphicrates the Athenian general for\n protection. The manner of her death is unknown. _Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Iphicrates_, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Amyntas, who married her\n uncle Arid\u00e6us, the illegitimate son of Philip. After the death of\n Alexander the Great, Arid\u00e6us ascended the throne of Macedonia, but\n he was totally governed by the intrigues of his wife, who called\n back Cassander, and joined her forces with his to march against\n Polyperchon and Olympias. Eurydice was forsaken by her troops.\n Arid\u00e6us was pierced through with arrows by order of Olympias, who\n commanded Eurydice to destroy herself either by poison, the sword,\n or the halter. She chose the latter.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of the poet Orpheus.\n As she fled before Arist\u00e6us, who wished to offer her violence, she\n was bit by a serpent in the grass, and died of the wound. Orpheus\n was so disconsolate that he ventured to go to hell, where, by the\n melody of his lyre, he obtained from Pluto the restoration of his\n wife to life, provided he did not look behind before he came upon\n earth. He violated the conditions, as his eagerness to see his wife\n rendered him forgetful. He looked behind, and Eurydice was for ever\n taken from him. _See:_ Orpheus. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 457,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10,\n li. 30, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Adrastus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Danaides, who married Dyas. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Lycurgus king of Nem\u00e6a in Peloponnesus.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Actor. _Apollodorus._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wife of \u00c6neas. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n Amphiaraus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Antipater,\n who married one of the Ptolemies. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of king Philip. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Laced\u00e6mon. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Clymenus,\n who married Nestor. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wife of Demetrius,\n descended from Miltiades. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.\n\n=Eurygania=, a wife of \u0152dipus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Euryleon=, a king of the Latins, called also Ascanius.\n\n=Eury\u0306l\u014fchus=, one of the companions of Ulysses, the only one who did\n not taste the potions of Circe. His prudence, however, forsook him\n in Sicily, where he carried away the flocks sacred to Apollo, for\n which sacrilegious crime he was shipwrecked. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,\n bk. 10, li. 205; bk. 12, li. 195.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,\n li. 287.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who broke a conduit which conveyed water into\n Cyrrh\u00e6, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who discovered the conspiracy\n which was made against Alexander by Hermolaus and others. _Curtius_,\n bk. 8, ch. 6.\n\n=Eury\u0306m\u0103chus=, a powerful Theban, who seized Plat\u00e6a by treachery, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Penelope\u2019s suitors.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Antenor.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lover of\n Hippodamia. _Pausanias._\n\n=Eury\u0306m\u0115de=, the wife of Glaucus king of Ephyra. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Eurym\u0115don=, the father of Perib\u0153a, by whom Neptune had Nausithous.\n _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Pamphylia, near which\n the Persians were defeated by the Athenians under Cimon, B.C. 470.\n _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 41; bk. 37, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who accused\n Aristotle of propagating profane doctrines in the Lyceum.\n\n=Eurym\u0115nes=, a son of Neleus and Chloris. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Euryn\u014fme=, one of the Oceanides, mother of the Graces. _Hesiod._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Apollo, mother of Adrastus and Eriphyle.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman of\n Lemnos, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 136.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Lycurgus son\n of Aleus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Asopus by\n Jupiter. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Penelope\u2019s female\n attendants. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 17, li. 515.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian sent\n with a reinforcement to Nicias in Sicily. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.\n\n=Euryn\u014fmus=, one of the deities of hell. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 28.\n\n=Eury\u014fne=, a daughter of Amyntas king of Macedonia by Eurydice.\n\n=Eurypon=, a king of Sparta, son of Sous. His reign was so glorious\n that his descendants were called _Eurypontid\u00e6_. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,\n ch. 7.\n\n=Eurypy\u0306le=, a daughter of Thespius.\n\n=Eury\u0306py\u0306lus=, a son of Telephus and Astyoche, was killed in the Trojan\n war by Pyrrhus. He made his court to Cassandra. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Grecian at the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A prince of Olenus, who went with Hercules against Laomedon.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Mecisteus, who signalized\n himself in the war of the Epigoni against Thebes. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Temenus king of Messenia, who conspired against\n his father\u2019s life. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Neptune,\n killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Penelope\u2019s\n suitors. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Thessalian who became\n delirious for looking into a box, which fell to his share after the\n plunder of Troy. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A soothsayer in the\n Grecian camp before Troy, sent to consult the oracle of Apollo, how\n his countrymen could return safe home. The result of his inquiries\n was the injunction to offer a human sacrifice. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 2, li. 114.\u2015\u2015_Ovid._\n\n=Eurysth\u0115nes=, a son of Aristodemus, who lived in perpetual dissension\n with his twin brother Procles, while they both sat on the Spartan\n throne. It was unknown which of the two was born first; the mother,\n who wished to see both her sons raised on the throne, refused to\n declare it, and they were both appointed kings of Sparta, by order\n of the oracle of Delphi, B.C. 1102. After the death of the two\n brothers, the Laced\u00e6monians, who knew not to what family the right\n of seniority and succession belonged, permitted two kings to sit\n on the throne, one of each family. The descendants of Eurysthenes\n were called _Eurysthenid\u00e6_; and those of Procles, _Proclid\u00e6_. It\n was inconsistent with the laws of Sparta for two kings of the same\n family to ascend the throne together, yet that law was sometimes\n violated by oppression and tyranny. Eurysthenes had a son called\n Agis, who succeeded him. His descendants were called _Agid\u00e6_. There\n sat on the throne of Sparta 31 kings of the family of Eurysthenes,\n and only 24 of the Proclid\u00e6. The former were the more illustrious.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 147; bk. 6, ch. 52.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_.\n\n=Eurysthen\u012dd\u00e6.= _See:_ Eurysthenes.\n\n=Eurystheus=, a king of Argos and Mycen\u00e6, son of Sthenelus and Nicippe\n the daughter of Pelops. Juno hastened his birth by two months, that\n he might come into the world before Hercules the son of Alcmena,\n as the younger of the two was doomed by order of Jupiter to be\n subservient to the will of the other. _See:_ Alcmena. This natural\n right was cruelly exercised by Eurystheus, who was jealous of\n the fame of Hercules, and who, to destroy so powerful a relation,\n imposed upon him the most dangerous and uncommon enterprises, well\n known by the name of the 12 labours of Hercules. The success of\n Hercules in achieving those perilous labours alarmed Eurystheus in a\n greater degree, and he furnished himself with a brazen vessel, where\n he might secure himself a safe retreat in case of danger. After\n the death of Hercules, Eurystheus renewed his cruelties against his\n children, and made war against Ceyx king of Trachinia, because he\n had given them support, and treated them with hospitality. He was\n killed in the prosecution of this war by Hyllus the son of Hercules.\n His head was sent to Alcmena the mother of Hercules, who, mindful of\n the cruelties which her son had suffered, insulted it and tore out\n the eyes with the most inveterate fury. Eurystheus was succeeded on\n the throne of Argos by Atreus his nephew. _Hyginus_, fables 30 & 32.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33;\n bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 6.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 292.\n\n=Eury\u0306te=, a daughter of Hippodamus, who married Parthaon. _Apollodorus._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Hallirhotius by Neptune. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Euryte\u00e6=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.\n\n=Eury\u0306t\u0115le=, a daughter of Thespius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Leucippus.\n _Apollodorus._\n\n=Euryth\u0115mis=, the wife of Thestius. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Eury\u0306thion= and =Eurytion=, a centaur whose insolence to Hippodamia\n was the cause of the quarrel between the Lapith\u00e6 and Centaurs,\n at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A herdsman\n of Geryon, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of\n Sparta, who seized upon Mantinea by stratagem. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Argonauts. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 311.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Lycaon, who signalized himself during the funeral games\n exhibited in Sicily by \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 495.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A silversmith. _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 499.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Heraclea\n convicted of adultery. His punishment was the cause of the abolition\n of the oligarchical power there. _Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics._\n\n=Eury\u0306tis= (idos), a patronymic of Iole daughter of Eurytus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 11.\n\n=Eury\u0306tus=, a son of Mercury, among the Argonauts. _Flaccus_, bk. 1,\n li. 439.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of \u0152chalia, father to Iole. He offered his\n daughter to him who shot a bow better than himself. Hercules\n conquered him, and put him to death because he refused him his\n daughter as the prize of his victory. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 4\n & 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Actor, concerned in the wars between Augias and\n Hercules, and killed by the hero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Augias, killed by\n Hercules as he was going to Corinth to celebrate the Isthmian games.\n _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A person killed in hunting the Calydonian boar.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hippocoon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A giant\n killed by Hercules or Bacchus for making war against the gods.\n\n=Eusebia=, an empress, wife to Constantius, &c. She died A.D. 360,\n highly and deservedly lamented.\n\n=Eusebius=, a bishop of C\u00e6sarea, in great favour with the emperor\n Constantine. He was concerned in the theological disputes of Arius\n and Athanasius, and distinguished himself by his writings, which\n consisted of an ecclesiastical history, the life of Constantine,\n Chronicon, Evangelical Preparations, and other numerous treatises,\n most of which are now lost. The best edition of his Pr\u00e6paratio and\n Demonstratio Evangelica, is by Vigerus, 2 vols., folio, Rothomagi,\n 1628; and of his ecclesiastical history by Reading, folio, Cambridge.\n 1720.\n\n=Eusebius=, a surname of Bacchus.\n\n=Eusepus= and =Pedasus=, the twin sons of Bucolion, killed in the\n Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.\n\n=Eustathius=, a Greek commentator on the works of Homer. The best\n edition of this very valuable author is that published at Basil,\n 3 vols., folio, 1560. It is to be lamented that the design of\n Alexander Politus, begun at Florence in 1735, and published in\n the first five books of the Iliad, is not executed, as a Latin\n translation of these excellent commentaries is among the desiderata\n of the present day.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote a very foolish romance\n in Greek, entitled _De Ismeni\u00e6 et Ismenes amoribus_, edited by\n Gaulminus, 8vo, Paris, 1617.\n\n=Eut\u00e6a=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.\n\n=Eutelidas=, a famous statuary of Argos. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.\n\n=Euterpe=, one of the Muses, daughter to Jupiter and Mnemosyne. She\n presided over music, and was looked upon as the inventress of the\n flute and of all wind instruments. She is represented as crowned\n with flowers, and holding a flute in her hands. Some mythologists\n attributed to her the invention of tragedy, more commonly supposed\n to be the production of Melpomene. _See:_ Mus\u00e6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of the\n mother of Themistocles according to some.\n\n=Euthycr\u0103tes=, a sculptor of Sicyon, son of Lysippus. He was\n particularly happy in the proportions of his statues. Those of\n Hercules and Alexander were in general esteem, and particularly that\n of Medea, which was carried on a chariot by four horses. _Pliny_,\n bk. 34, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who betrayed Olynthus to Philip.\n\n=Euthyd\u0113mus=, an orator and rhetorician, who greatly distinguished\n himself by his eloquence, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Euth\u0233mus=, a celebrated boxer of Locri in Italy, &c. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 6, ch. 6.\n\n=Eutrap\u0115lus=, a man described as artful and fallacious by _Horace_,\n bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 31.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A hair-dresser. _Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 82.\n\n=Eutr\u0103p\u0115lus Volumnius=, a friend of Marcus Antony, &c. _Cicero_,\n _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 32.\n\n=Eutropius=, a Latin historian in the age of Julian, under whom he\n carried arms in the fatal expedition against the Persians. His\n origin as well as his dignity are unknown; yet some suppose, from\n the epithet of _Clarissimus_ prefixed to his history, that he was\n a Roman senator. He wrote an epitome of the history of Rome, from\n the age of Romulus to the reign of the emperor Valens, to whom the\n work was dedicated. He wrote a treatise on medicine without being\n acquainted with the art. Of all his works the Roman history alone is\n extant. It is composed with conciseness and precision, but without\n elegance. The best edition of Eutropius is that of Haverkamp, _Cum\n notis variorum_, 8vo, _Leiden_, 1729 & 1762.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous eunuch at\n the court of Arcadius, the son of Theodosius the Great, &c.\n\n=Eutych\u012dde=, a woman who was 30 times brought to bed, and carried to\n the grave by 20 of her children. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\n\n=Eutych\u012ddes=, a learned servant of Atticus, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 15,\n _Letters to Atticus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sculptor.\n\n=Euxanthius=, a daughter of Minos and Dexithea. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Euxen\u012ddas=, a painter, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 35.\n\n=Eux\u0115nus=, a man who wrote a poetical history of the fabulous ages of\n Italy. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Eux\u012bnus Pontus=, a sea between Asia and Europe, partly at the north\n of Asia Minor, and at the west of Colchis. It was anciently called\n \u1f00\u03be\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, _inhospitable_, on account of the savage manners of the\n inhabitants on its coast. Commerce with foreign nations, and the\n plantation of colonies in their neighbourhood, gradually softened\n their roughness, and the sea was no longer called Axenus, but\n Euxenus, _hospitable_. The Euxine is supposed by Herodotus to be\n 1387 miles long and 420 broad. Strabo calls it 1100 miles long and\n in circumference 3125. It abounds in all varieties of fish, and\n receives the tribute of above 40 rivers. It is not of great depth,\n except in the eastern parts, where some have imagined that it has\n a subterraneous communication with the Caspian. It is now called\n the _Black_ sea, from the thick dark fogs which cover it. _Ovid_,\n _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 13; bk. 4, poem 4, li. 54.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 1,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 85.\n\n=Euxippe=, a woman who killed herself because the ambassadors of\n Sparta had offered violence to her virtue, &c.\n\n=Exadius=, one of the Lapith\u00e6 at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 264.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 266.\n\n=Ex\u00e6thes=, a Parthian who cut off the head of Crassus, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_,\n bk. 7.\n\n=Exag\u014fnus=, the ambassador of a nation in Cyprus, who came to Rome\n and talked so much of the power of herbs, serpents, &c., that the\n consuls ordered him to be thrown into a vessel full of serpents.\n These venomous creatures, far from hurting him, caressed him and\n harmlessly licked him with their tongues. _Pliny_, bk. 28, ch. 3.\n\n=Exom\u0103tr\u00e6=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 144.\n\n\n F\n\n=Fabaria=, festivals at Rome in honour of Carna wife of Janus, when\n beans (_fab\u00e6_) were presented as an oblation.\n\n=Fab\u0103ris=, now _Farfa_, a river of Italy in the territories of the\n Sabines, called also _Farfarus_, _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,\n li. 330.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 715.\n\n=Fabia.= _See:_ Fabius Fabricianus.\n\n=F\u0103bia lex=, _de ambitu_, was to circumscribe the number of\n _Sectatores_ or attendants which were allowed to candidates in\n canvassing for some high office. It was proposed, but did not pass.\n\n=F\u0103bia=, a tribe at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 52.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A vestal\n virgin, sister to Terentia, Cicero\u2019s wife.\n\n=F\u0103bi\u0101ni=, some of the Luperci at Rome, instituted in honour of the\n Fabian family.\n\n=F\u0103bii=, a noble and powerful family at Rome, who derived their name\n from _faba_, a bean, because some of their ancestors cultivated this\n pulse. They were said to be descended from Fabius, a supposed son\n of Hercules by an Italian nymph; and they were once so numerous that\n they took upon themselves to wage war against the Veientes. They\n came to a general engagement near the Cremera, in which all the\n family, consisting of 306 men, were totally slain, B.C. 477. There\n only remained one, whose tender age had detained him at Rome, and\n from him arose the noble Fabii in the following ages. The family was\n divided into six different branches, the _Ambusti_, the _Maximi_,\n the _Vibulani_, the _Buteones_, the _Dorsones_, and the _Pictores_,\n the three first of which are frequently mentioned in the Roman\n history, but the others seldom. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 9,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 46, &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 235.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 845.\n\n=F\u0103bius Maximus Rullianus=, was the first of the Fabii who obtained\n the surname of _Maximus_, for lessening the power of the populace\n at elections. He was master of horse, and his victories over the\n Samnites in that capacity nearly cost him his life, because he\n engaged the enemy without the command of the dictator. He was five\n times consul, twice dictator, and once censor. He triumphed over\n seven different nations in the neighbourhood of Rome, and rendered\n himself illustrious by his patriotism.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Rusticus, an historian in\n the age of Claudius and Nero. He was intimate with Seneca, and the\n encomiums which Tacitus passes upon his style make us regret the\n loss of his compositions.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcellinus, an historian in the second\n century.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman lawyer whom _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 134,\n ridicules as having been caught in adultery.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus Maximus,\n a celebrated Roman, first surnamed _Verrucosus_ from a wart on his\n lip, and _Agnicula_ from his inoffensive manners. From a dull and\n unpromising childhood he burst into deeds of valour and heroism, and\n was gradually raised by merit to the highest offices of the state.\n In his first consulship, he obtained a victory over Liguria, and\n the fatal battle of Thrasymenus occasioned his election to the\n dictatorship. In this important office he began to oppose Annibal,\n not by fighting him in the open field, like his predecessors, but\n he continually harrassed his army by countermarches and ambuscades,\n for which he received the surname of Cunctator, or _delayer_. Such\n operations for the commander of the Roman armies gave offence to\n some, and Fabius was even accused of cowardice. He, however, still\n pursued the measures which prudence and reflection seemed to dictate\n as most salutary to Rome, and he patiently bore to see his master of\n horse raised to share the dictatorial dignity with himself, by means\n of his enemies at home. When he had laid down his office of dictator,\n his successors for a while followed his plan; but the rashness of\n Varro, and his contempt for the operations of Fabius, occasioned the\n fatal battle of Cann\u00e6. Tarentum was obliged to surrender to his arms\n after the battle of Cann\u00e6, and on that occasion the Carthaginian\n enemy observed that Fabius was the Annibal of Rome. When he had made\n an agreement with Annibal for the ransom of the captives, which was\n totally disapproved by the Roman senate, he sold all his estates\n to pay the money, rather than forfeit his word to the enemy. The\n bold proposal of young Scipio to go and carry the war from Italy to\n Africa, was rejected by Fabius as chimerical and dangerous. He did\n not, however, live to see the success of the Roman arms under Scipio,\n and the conquest of Carthage, by measures which he treated with\n contempt and heard with indignation. He died in the 100th year of\n his age, after he had been five times consul, and twice honoured\n with a triumph. The Romans were so sensible of his great merit and\n services, that the expenses of his funeral were defrayed from the\n public treasury. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch.\n 6.\u2015\u2015_Livy._\u2015\u2015_Polybius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015His son bore the same name, and showed\n himself worthy of his noble father\u2019s virtues. During his consulship,\n he received a visit from his father on horseback in the camp; the\n son ordered the father to dismount, and the old man cheerfully\n obeyed, embracing his son, and saying, \u201cI wished to know whether you\n knew what it is to be consul.\u201d He died before his father, and the\n Cunctator, with the moderation of a philosopher, delivered a funeral\n oration over the dead body of his son. _Plutarch_, _Fabius Maximus_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pictor, the first Roman who wrote an historical account of\n his country, from the age of Romulus to the year of Rome, 536. He\n flourished B.C. 225. The work which is now extant, and which is\n attributed to him, is a spurious composition.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A loquacious person\n mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 1, li. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman consul,\n surnamed Ambustus, because he was struck with lightning.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n lieutenant of C\u00e6sar in Gaul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Fabricianus, a Roman assassinated\n by his wife Fabia, that she might more freely enjoy the company of a\n favourite youth. His son was saved from his mother\u2019s cruelties, and\n when he came of age he avenged his father\u2019s death by murdering his\n mother and her adulterer. The senate took cognizance of the action,\n and patronized the parricide. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n chief priest at Rome when Brennus took the city. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Roman sent to consult the oracle of Delphi while Annibal was in\n Italy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another chosen dictator, merely to create new senators.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lieutenant of Lucullus defeated by Mithridates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Paulus \u00c6milius, adopted into the family of the Fabii.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman\n surnamed Allobrogicus from his victory over the Allobroges, &c.\n _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another chosen general against the\n Carthaginians in Italy. He lost all his forces in a battle, and\n fell wounded by the side of Annibal. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul with Julius C\u00e6sar, who conquered Pompey\u2019s adherents in\n Spain.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A high priest who wrote some annals, and made war against\n Viriathus in Spain. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Dorso. _See:_ Dorso.\n\n=F\u0101br\u0101t\u0115ria=, a colony and town of the Volsci in Latium. _Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 398.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,\n bk. 9, ltr. 24.\n\n=Fabr\u012dcius=, a Latin writer in the reign of Nero, who employed his\n pen in satirizing and defaming the senators. His works were burnt\n by order of Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius Luscinus, a celebrated Roman who, in his\n first consulship, obtained several victories over the Samnites and\n Lucanians, and was honoured with a triumph. The riches which were\n acquired in those battles were immense, the soldiers were liberally\n rewarded by the consul, and the treasury was enriched with 400\n talents. Two years after, Fabricus went as ambassador to Pyrrhus,\n and refused with contempt the presents, and heard with indignation\n the offers, which might have corrupted the \u2666fidelity of a less\n virtuous citizen. Pyrrhus had occasion to admire the magnanimity of\n Fabricius; but his astonishment was more powerfully awakened when\n he opposed him in the field of battle, and when he saw him make a\n discovery of the perfidious offer of his physician, who pledged\n himself to the Roman general for a sum of money to poison his royal\n master. To this greatness of soul were added the most consummate\n knowledge of military affairs, and the greatest simplicity of\n manners. Fabricius never used rich plate at his table. A small\n salt-cellar, whose feet were of horn, was the only silver vessel\n which appeared in his house. This contempt of luxury and useless\n ornaments Fabricius wished to inspire among the people; and during\n his censorship he banished from the senate Cornelius Rufinus, who\n had been twice consul and dictator, because he kept in his house\n more than 10 pounds weight of silver plate. Such were the manners\n of the conqueror of Pyrrhus, who observed that he wished rather to\n command those that had money than possess it himself. He lived and\n died in the greatest poverty. His body was buried at the public\n charge, and the Roman people were obliged to give a dowry to his two\n daughters, when they had arrived to marriageable years. _Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 9; bk. 4, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Officiis_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 844.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A bridge at Rome, built by the consul\n Fabricius, over the Tiber. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 36.\n\n \u2666 \u2018fidelty\u2019 replaced with \u2018fidelity\u2019\n\n=Fabulla=, a prostitute, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 68.\n\n=Facelina=, a small place on the north of Sicily, where Diana had\n a temple. _Servius_, _Commentary on the \u00c6neid of Vergil_, bk. 9,\n li. 117.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 261.\n\n=Fadus=, a Rutulian killed in the night by Euryalus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 9, li. 344.\n\n=F\u00e6s\u016dl\u00e6=, now _Fiesole_, a town of Etruria, famous for its augurs.\n _Cicero_, _For Lucius Murena_, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8,\n li. 478.\u2015\u2015_Sallust_, _Catilinae Coniuratio_, ch. 27.\n\n=Falc\u012bdia lex=, was enacted by the tribune Falcidius, A.U.C. 713,\n concerning wills and the right of heirs.\n\n=Faleria=, a town of Picenum, now _Fallerona_, of which the inhabitants\n were called Falerienses. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\n\n=Falerii= (or ium), now _Palari_, a town of Etruria, of which the\n inhabitants are called Falisci. The Romans borrowed some of their\n laws from Falerii. The place was famous for its pastures, and for a\n peculiar sort of sausage. _See:_ Falisci. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 46.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 10, chs. 12 & 16.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 84; _ex\n Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 8, li. 41.\u2015\u2015_Cato_, _De Re Rustica_, bks. 4 & 14.\n \u2015\u2015_Servius_, _Commentary on the \u00c6neid of Vergil_, bk. 7, li. 695.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Falerina=, a tribe at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 23.\n\n=Falernus=, a fertile mountain and plain of Campania, famous for its\n wine, which the Roman poets have greatly celebrated. _Livy_, bk. 22,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 57.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,\n li. 96.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20, li. 10; bk. 2, satire 4, li. 15.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.\n\n=F\u0103lisci=, a people of Etruria, originally a Macedonian colony. When\n they were besieged by Camillus, a schoolmaster went out of the gates\n of the city with his pupils, and betrayed them into the hands of the\n Roman enemy, that by such a possession he might easily oblige the\n place to surrender. Camillus heard the proposal with indignation,\n and ordered the man to be stripped naked and whipped back to the\n town by those whom his perfidy wished to betray. This instance\n of generosity operated upon the people so powerfully that they\n surrendered to the Romans. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_.\n\n=Faliscus Gratius.= _See:_ Gratius.\n\n=Fama= (_fame_), was worshipped by the ancients as a powerful goddess,\n and generally represented blowing a trumpet, &c. _Statius_, bk. 3,\n _Thebiad_, li. 427.\n\n=Fannia=, a woman of Minturn\u00e6, who hospitably entertained Marius in\n his flight, though he had formerly sat in judgment upon her, and\n divorced her from her husband.\n\n=Fannia lex=, _de sumptibus_, by Fannius the consul, A.U.C. 593. It\n enacted that no person should spend more than 100 _asses_ a day at\n the great festivals, and 30 _asses_ on other days, and 10 at all\n other times.\n\n=Fannii=, two orators of whom Cicero speaks in _Brutus_.\n\n=Fannius=, an inferior poet ridiculed by Horace, because his poems\n and picture were consecrated in the library of Apollo, on mount\n Palatine at Rome, as it was then usual for such as possessed merit.\n _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A person who killed himself\n when apprehended in a conspiracy against Augustus. _Martial_, bk. 12,\n ltr. 80.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, an author in Trajan\u2019s reign, whose history of the\n cruelties of Nero is greatly regretted.\n\n=Fanum Vac\u016bn\u00e6=, a village in the country of the Sabines. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, ltr. 10, li. 49.\n\n=Farf\u0103rus=, a river of the Sabines, falling into the Tiber above\n Capena. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 330.\n\n=Fascelis=, a surname of Diana, because her statue was brought from\n Taurica by Iphigenia in a bundle of sticks (_fascis_), and placed at\n Aricia.\n\n=Fascellina=, a town of Sicily near Panormus. _Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 14, li. 261.\n\n=Fauc\u016dla=, a prostitute who privately conveyed food to the Roman\n prisoners at Capua. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 33.\n\n=Faventia=, a town of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Italy.\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 597.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 15.\n \u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 74.\n\n=Faveria=, a town of Istria. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 11.\n\n=Faula=, a mistress of Hercules.\n\n=Fauna=, a deity among the Romans, daughter of Picus, and originally\n called _Marica_. Her marriage with Faunus procured her the name of\n Fauna, and her knowledge of futurity that of _Fatua_ and _Fatidica_.\n It is said that she never saw a man after her marriage with Faunus,\n and that her uncommon chastity occasioned her being ranked among\n the gods after death. She is the same, according to some, as _Bona\n Mater_. Some mythologists accuse her of drunkenness, and say that\n she expired under the blows of her husband, for an immoderate use\n of wine. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 47, &c.\u2015\u2015_Varro._\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 43, ch. 1.\n\n=Faunalia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Faunus.\n\n=Fauni=, certain deities of the country, represented as having the\n legs, feet, and ears of goats, and the rest of the body human. They\n were called satyrs by the Greeks. The peasants offered them a lamb\n or a kid with great solemnity. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 392.\n\n=Faunus=, a son of Picus, who is said to have reigned in Italy about\n 1300 years B.C. His bravery as well as wisdom have given rise to\n the tradition that he was son of Mars. He raised a temple in honour\n of the god Pan, called by the Latins Lupercus, at the foot of the\n Palatine hill, and he exercised hospitality towards strangers with a\n liberal hand. His great popularity and his fondness for agriculture\n made his subjects revere him as one of their country deities after\n death. He was represented with all the equipage of the satyrs, and\n was consulted to give oracles. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 47; bk. 8, li. 314; bk. 10,\n li. 55.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17.\n\n=Favo=, a Roman mimic, who at the funeral of Vespasian imitated\n the manners and gestures of the deceased emperor. _Suetonius_,\n _Vespasian_, ch. 19.\n\n=Favorinus=, a philosopher and eunuch under Adrian, &c.\n\n=Fausta=, a daughter of Sylla, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 64.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of the emperor Constantine, disgraced for her cruelties\n and vices.\n\n=Faust\u012bna=, the wife of the emperor Antoninus, famous for her\n debaucheries. Her daughter of the same name, blessed with beauty,\n loveliness, and wit, became the most abandoned of her sex.\n She married Marcus Aurelius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The third wife of the emperor\n Heliogabalus bore that name.\n\n=Faust\u012dtas=, a goddess among the Romans supposed to preside over\n cattle. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 5, li. 17.\n\n=Faust\u016dlus=, a shepherd ordered to expose Romulus and Remus. He\n privately brought them up at home. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 43, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\n\n=Faustus=, an obscure poet under the first Roman emperors, two\n of whose dramatic pieces, Theb\u00e6 and Tereus, _Juvenal_ mentions,\n satire 7, li. 12.\n\n=Februus=, a god at Rome, who presided over purifications.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n Feralia sacrifices which the Romans offered to the gods manes, were\n also called _Februa_, whence the name of the month of February,\n during which the oblations were made.\n\n=Feci\u0101les=, a number of priests at Rome, employed in declaring war\n and making peace. When the Romans thought themselves injured, one\n of this sacerdotal body was empowered to demand redress, and after\n the allowance of 33 days to consider the matter, war was declared\n if submissions were not made, and the Fecialis hurled a bloody spear\n into the territories of the enemy in proof of intended hostilities.\n _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 4, ch. 30.\n\n=Felginas=, a Roman knight killed by Pompey at Dyrracchium. _C\u00e6sar_,\n bk. 3, _Civil War_.\n\n=Felix Marcus Antonius=, a freedman of Claudius C\u00e6sar, made governor\n of Jud\u00e6a, Samaria, and Palestine. He is called by Suetonius the\n husband of three queens, as he married the two Drusill\u00e6, one\n granddaughter of Antony and Cleopatra, and the other a Jewish\n princess, sister of Agrippa. The name of his third wife is unknown.\n _Suetonius_, _Divus Claudius_, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12,\n ch. 14.\n\n=Feltria=, a town of Italy at the north of Venice.\n\n=Fenestella=, a Roman historian in the age of Augustus. He died at\n Cum\u00e6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the gates at Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 578.\n\n=Fenni=, or =Finni=, the inhabitants of Finningia, or Eningia, now\n considered as Finland. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 46.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 13.\n\n=Fer\u0101lia=, a festival in honour of the dead, observed at Rome the 17th\n or 21st of February. It continued for 11 days, during which time\n presents were carried to the graves of the deceased, marriages were\n forbidden, and the temples of the gods were shut. It was universally\n believed that the manes of their departed friends came and hovered\n over their graves, and feasted upon the provisions that the hand\n of piety and affection had procured for them. Their punishments in\n the infernal regions were also suspended, and during that time they\n enjoyed rest and liberty.\n\n=Ferent\u012bnum=, a town of the Hernici at the east of Rome. The\n inhabitants were called _Ferentinates_, or _Ferentini_. _Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 394.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 50; bk. 9, chs. 43\n & 44.\n\n=Ferentum=, or =Forentum=, a town of Apulia, now _Forenza_. _Horace_,\n bk. 3, ode 4, li. 15.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 9, chs. 16 & 20.\n\n=F\u0115r\u0113trius=, a surname of _Jupiter_, _a ferendo_, because he had\n assisted the Romans, or _a feriendo_, because he had conquered their\n enemies under Romulus. He had a temple at Rome built by Romulus,\n where the spoils called _opima_ were always carried. Only two\n generals obtained these celebrated spoils after the age of Romulus.\n _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Atticus_, ch. 20.\n\n=Feri\u00e6 Lat\u012bn\u00e6=, festivals at Rome instituted by Tarquin the Proud.\n The principal magistrates of 47 towns in Latium usually assembled on\n a mount near Rome, where they, together with the Roman magistrates,\n offered a bull to Jupiter Latialis, of which they carried home some\n part after the immolation, after they had sworn mutual friendship\n and alliance. It continued but one day originally, but in process\n of time four days were dedicated to its celebration. _Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, ltr. 6.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 21,\n &c. The _feri\u00e6_ among the Romans were certain days set apart to\n celebrate festivals, and during that time it was unlawful for any\n person to work. They were either public or private. The public were\n of four different kinds. The _feri\u00e6 stativ\u00e6_ were certain immovable\n days always marked in the calendar, and observed by the whole city\n with much festivity and public rejoicing. The _feri\u00e6 conceptiv\u00e6_\n were movable feasts, and the day appointed for the celebration was\n always previously fixed by the magistrates or priests. Among these\n were the _feri\u00e6 Latin\u00e6_, which were first established by Tarquin,\n and observed by the consuls regularly before they set out for\n the provinces; the _Compitalia_, &c. The _feri\u00e6 imperativ\u00e6_ were\n appointed only by the command of the consul, dictator, or pretor,\n as a public rejoicing for some important victory gained over the\n enemies of Rome. The _feri\u00e6 Nundin\u00e6_ were regular days in which\n the people of the country and neighbouring towns assembled together\n and exposed their respective commodities to sale. They were called\n Nundin\u00e6, because kept every ninth day. The _feri\u00e6 privat\u00e6_ were\n observed only in families, in commemoration of birthdays, marriages,\n funerals, and the like. The days on which the _feri\u00e6_ were observed\n were called by the Romans _festi dies_, because dedicated to mirth,\n relaxation, and festivity.\n\n=F\u0113r\u014dnia=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the woods and groves.\n The name is derived _a ferendo_, because she gave assistance to\n her votaries, or perhaps from the town Feronia, near mount Soracte,\n where she had a temple. It was usual to make a yearly sacrifice\n to her, and to wash the face and hands in the waters of the sacred\n fountain, which flowed near her temple. It is said that those who\n were filled with the spirit of this goddess could walk barefooted\n over burning coals without receiving any injury from the flames.\n The goddess had a temple and a grove about three miles from Anxur,\n and also another in the district of Capena. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 26.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, lis. 697 & 800.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua\n Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 24.\n\n=Fescennia= (iorum, or ium), a town of Etruria, now _Galese_, where\n the _Fescennine verses_ were first invented. These verses, the\n name of which conveys an idea of vulgar obscenity, were a sort of\n rustic dialogue spoken extempore, in which the actors exposed before\n their audience the failings and vices of their adversaries, and by\n satirical humour and merriment endeavoured to raise the laughter\n of the company. They were often repeated at nuptials, and many\n lascivious expressions were used for the general diversion, as also\n at harvest home, when gestures were made adapted to the sense of the\n unpolished verses that were used. They were proscribed by Augustus\n as of immoral tendency. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 7, li. 695.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 145.\n\n=Fes\u016dl\u00e6=, or =F\u00e6sul\u00e6=, a town of Etruria, where Sylla settled a colony.\n _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\n\n=Festus=, a friend of Domitian, who killed himself in an illness.\n _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 79.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Porcius, a proconsul who succeeded\n Felix as governor of Jud\u00e6a, under Claudius.\n\n=Fibr\u0113nus=, a river of Italy, falling into the Liris through Cicero\u2019s\n farm at Arpinum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 400.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _De\n Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Ficana=, a town of Latium, at the south of Rome, near the Tiber.\n _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33.\n\n=Ficaria=, a small island on the east of Sardinia, now _Serpentera_.\n _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\n\n=Ficulea=, or =Ficulnea=, a town of Latium beyond mount Sacer, at\n the north of Rome. Cicero had a villa there, and the road that led\n to the town was called _Ficulnensis_, afterwards _Nomentana Via_.\n _Cicero_, bk. 12, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 34.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1,\n ch. 38; bk. 3, ch. 52.\n\n=Fid\u0113na=, an inland town of Latium, whose inhabitants are called\n _Fidenates_. The place was conquered by the Romans B.C. 435.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 773.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 44.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 14, 15 & 27; bk. 2, ch. 19; bk. 4, chs. 17\n & 21.\n\n=Fidentia=, a town of Gaul on the south of the Po, between Placentia\n and Parma. _Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 28.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3,\n ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _De Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 54.\n\n=Fides=, the goddess of faith, oaths, and honesty, worshipped by the\n Romans. Numa was the first who paid her divine honours.\n\n=F\u012dd\u012dc\u016dl\u00e6=, a place of Italy. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.\n\n=Fidius Dius=, a divinity by whom the Romans generally swore. He was\n also called Sancus, or Sanctus, and Semipater, and he was solemnly\n addressed in prayers the 5th of June, which was yearly consecrated\n to his service. Some suppose him to be Hercules. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk.\n 6, li. 213.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius\n of Halicarnassus_, bks. 2 & 9.\n\n=Fimbria=, a Roman officer who besieged Mithridates in Pritaine, and\n failed in his attempts to take him prisoner. He was deserted by his\n troops for his cruelty, upon which he killed himself. _Plutarch_,\n _Lucullus_.\n\n=Firmum=, now _Fermo_, a town of Picenum on the Adriatic, the port of\n which was called _Castellum Firmanum_. _Cicero_, bk. 8, _Letters to\n Atticus_, ltr. 12.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Velleius_, bk. 1, ch. 14.\n\n=Marcus Firmius=, a powerful native of Seleucia, who proclaimed\n himself emperor, and was at last conquered by Aurelian.\n\n=Fiscellus=, a part of the Apennine mountains in Umbria, where the Nar\n rises. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 518.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\n\n=Flacilla Antonia=, a Roman matron in Nero\u2019s age, &c. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 7.\n\n=Flaccus=, a consul who marched against Sylla, and was assassinated\n by Fimbria. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet. _See:_ Valerius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of\n Egypt, who died A.D. 39.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Verrius, a grammarian, tutor to the two\n grandsons of Augustus, and supposed author of the Capitoline marbles.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name of Horace. _See:_ Horatius.\n\n=\u00c6lia Flacilla=, the mother of Arcadius and Honorius, was daughter of\n Antonius, a prefect of Gaul.\n\n=Fl\u0101m\u012dnia lex=, _agraria_, by Caius Flaminius the tribune, A.U.C. 525.\n It required that the lands of Picenum, from which the Gauls Senones\n had been expelled, should be divided among the Roman people.\n\n=Flaminia via=, a celebrated road which led from Rome to Ariminum and\n Aquileia. It received its name from Flaminius, who built it, and was\n killed at the battle of Thrasymenus against Annibal.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A gate of\n Rome opening to the same road, now _del popolo_.\n\n=Caius Fl\u0101m\u012dnius=, a Roman consul of a turbulent disposition, who was\n drawn into a battle near the lake of Thrasymenus, by the artifice of\n Annibal. He was killed in the engagement, with an immense number of\n Romans, B.C. 217. The conqueror wished to give a burial to his body,\n but it was not found in the heaps of slain. While tribune of the\n people he proposed an agrarian law against the advice of his friends,\n of the senate, and of his own father. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk.\n 2, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Polybius._\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\n\n=Titus Quinctius Fl\u0101m\u012dnius=, or =Flamin\u012bnus=, a celebrated Roman\n raised to the consulship, A.U.C. 556. He was trained in the art\n of war against Annibal, and he showed himself capable in every\n respect to discharge with honour the great office with which he\n was entrusted. He was sent at the head of the Roman troops against\n Philip king of Macedonia, and in his expedition he met with uncommon\n success. The Greeks gradually declared themselves his firmest\n supporters, and he totally defeated Philip on the confines of Epirus,\n and made all Locris, Phocis, and Thessaly tributary to the Roman\n power. He granted peace to the conquered monarch, and proclaimed all\n Greece free and independent at the Isthmian games. This celebrated\n action procured the name of patrons of Greece to the Romans, and\n insensibly paved their way to universal dominion. Flaminius behaved\n among them with the greatest policy, and by his ready compliance\n with their national customs and prejudices he gained uncommon\n popularity, and received the name of father and deliverer of Greece.\n He was afterwards sent ambassador to king Prusias, who had given\n refuge to Annibal, and there his prudence and artifice hastened\n out of the world a man who had long been the terror of the Romans.\n Flaminius was found dead in his bed, after a life spent in the\n greatest glory, in which he had imitated with success the virtues of\n his model Scipio. _Plutarch_, _Parallel Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Florus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius,\n the brother of the preceding, signalized himself in the wars of\n Greece. He was expelled from the senate for killing a Gaul, by\n Cato, his brother\u2019s colleague in the censorship, an action which was\n highly resented by Titus. _Plutarch_, _Flaminius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Calp. Flamma,\n a tribune, who at the head of 300 men saved the Roman army in Sicily,\n B.C. 258, by engaging the Carthaginians and cutting them to pieces.\n\n=Flanaticus sinus=, a bay of the Flanates, in Liburnia on the Adriatic,\n now the gulf of _Carnero_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 19 & 21.\n\n=Fl\u0101via lex=, _agraria_, by Lucius Flavius, A.U.C. 693, for the\n distribution of a certain quantity of lands among Pompey\u2019s soldiers\n and the commons.\n\n=Fl\u0101vi\u0101num=, a town of Etruria, on the Tiber, called also Flavinium.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 696.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 492.\n\n=Fl\u0101vinia=, a town of Latium, which assisted Turnus against \u00c6neas.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 696.\n\n=Flavius=, a senator who conspired with Piso against Nero, &c.\n _Tacitus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune of the people deposed by Julius C\u00e6sar.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Roman who informed Gracchus of the violent measures of the senate\n against him.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Vespasian, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune who wounded\n one of Annibal\u2019s elephants in an engagement.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A schoolmaster at\n Rome in the age of Horace. Bk. 1, satire 6, li. 72.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n names of the emperor Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 37.\n\n=Flevus=, the right branch of the Rhine, which formed a large lake on\n its falling into the sea called _Flevo_, now _Zuider-Zee_. It was\n afterwards called _Helium_, now _Ulie_, when its breadth became more\n contracted, and a fort erected there obtained the name of _Flevum\n Frisiorum_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 4, li. 72.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\n\n=Fl\u014dra=, the goddess of flowers and gardens among the Romans, the same\n as the Chloris of the Greeks. Some suppose that she was originally\n a common courtesan, who left to the Romans the immense riches which\n she had acquired by prostitution and lasciviousness, in remembrance\n of which a yearly festival was instituted in her honour. She was\n worshipped even among the Sabines, long before the foundation of\n Rome, and likewise among the Phoceans, who built Marseilles long\n before the existence of the capital of Italy. Tatius was the first\n who raised her a temple in the city of Rome. It is said that she\n married Zephyrus, and that she received from him the privilege of\n presiding over flowers, and of enjoying perpetual youth. _See:_\n Floralia. She was represented as crowned with flowers, and holding\n in her hand the horn of plenty. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 195, &c.\n _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Lactantius_, bk. 1, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n celebrated courtesan passionately loved by Pompey the Great. She was\n so beautiful, that when the temple of Castor and Pollux at Rome was\n adorned with paintings, her picture was drawn and placed amongst the\n rest.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another courtesan, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 49.\n\n=Flor\u0101lia=, games in honour of Flora at Rome. They were instituted\n about the age of Romulus, but they were not celebrated with\n regularity and proper attention till the year \u2666A.U.C. 580. They\n were observed yearly, and exhibited a scene of the most unbounded\n licentiousness. It is reported that Cato wished once to be present\n at the celebration, and that when he saw that the deference for\n his presence interrupted the feast, he retired, not choosing to\n be the spectator of the prostitution of naked women in a public\n theatre. This behaviour so captivated the degenerate Romans, that\n the venerable senator was treated with the most uncommon applause as\n he retired. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua\n Latina_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 29.\n\n \u2666 \u2018U.C.\u2019 replaced with \u2018A.U.C.\u2019\n\n=Fl\u014drentia=, a town of Italy on the Arnus, now _Florence_, the capital\n of Tuscany. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 79.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Flori\u0101nus=, a man who wore the imperial purple at Rome only for two\n months, A.D. 276.\n\n=Fl\u014drus Lucius Ann\u00e6us Julius=, a Latin historian of the same family\n which produced Seneca and Lucan, A.D. 116. He wrote an abridgment\n of Roman annals in four books, composed in a florid and poetical\n style, and rather a panegyric on many of the great actions of the\n Romans than a faithful and correct recital of their history. He also\n wrote poetry, and entered the lists against the emperor Adrian, who\n satirically reproached him with frequenting taverns and places of\n dissipation. The best editions of Florus are Duker\u2019s, 2 vols., 8vo,\n Leiden, 1722 & 1744; and that of J. Frid. Fischer, 8vo, Lipscomb,\n 1760.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Julius, a friend of Horace, who accompanied Claudius Nero\n in his military expeditions. The poet has addressed two epistles to\n him.\n\n=Flu\u014dnia=, a surname of Juno Lucina, who under that appellation was\n invoked by the Roman matrons to stop excessive discharges of blood.\n _Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_.\n\n=Folia=, a woman of Ariminum, famous for her knowledge of poisonous\n herbs and for her petulance. _Horace_, epode 5, li. 42.\n\n=Fons solis=, a fountain in the province of Cyrene, cool at mid-day,\n and warm at the rising and setting of the sun. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 181.\n\n=Font\u0101nus=, a poet mentioned by _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16.\n\n=Font\u0113ia=, a vestal virgin. _Cicero._\n\n=Font\u0113ius Capito=, an intimate friend of Horace. Bk. 1, satire 5,\n li. 32.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who raised commotions in Germany after the\n death of Nero. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who\n conducted Cleopatra into Syria by order of Antony. _Plutarch_,\n _Antonius_.\n\n=Formi\u00e6=, a maritime town of Campania at the south-east of Caieta. It\n was anciently the abode of the L\u00e6strygones, and it became known for\n its excellent wines, and was called _Mamurrarum urbs_, from a family\n of consequence and opulence who lived there. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 14;\n bk. 38, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20, li. 11; bk. 3, ode 17;\n bk. 1, satire 5, li. 37.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 6.\n\n=Formi\u0101num=, a villa of Cicero near Formi\u00e6, near which the orator was\n assassinated. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 11, ltr. 27;\n bk. 16, ltr. 10.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 10.\n\n=Formio=, now _Risano_, a river of Istria, the ancient boundary of\n Italy eastward, afterwards extended to the Arsia. _Pliny_, bk. 3,\n chs. 18 & 19.\n\n=Fornax=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the baking of bread.\n Her festivals, called _Fornacalia_, were first instituted by Numa.\n _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 525.\n\n=Foro Appii=, a people of Italy, whose capital was called _Forum\n Appii_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Fort\u016bna=, a powerful deity among the ancients, daughter of Oceanus\n according to Homer, or one of the Parc\u00e6 according to Pindar. She was\n the goddess of fortune, and from her hand were derived riches and\n poverty, pleasures and misfortunes, blessings and pains. She was\n worshipped in different parts of Greece, and in Achaia her statue\n held the horn of plenty in one hand, and had a winged Cupid at its\n feet. In B\u0153otia she had a statue which represented her as holding\n Plutus the god of riches in her arms, to intimate that fortune is\n the source whence wealth and honours flow. Bupalus was the first\n who made a statue of Fortune for the people of Smyrna, and he\n represented her with the polar star upon her head, and the horn\n of plenty in her hand. The Romans paid particular attention to the\n goddess of Fortune, and had no less than eight different temples\n erected to her honour in their city. Tullus Hostilius was the first\n who built her a temple, and from that circumstance it is easily\n known when her worship was first introduced among the Romans. Her\n most famous temple in Italy was at Antium, in Latium, where presents\n and offerings were regularly sent from every part of the country.\n Fortune has been called Pherepolis the protectress of cities,\n and Acrea from the temple of Corinth on an eminence, \u1f00\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2. She\n was called Pr\u00e6nestine at Pr\u00e6neste in Italy, where she had also a\n temple. Besides, she was worshipped among the Romans under different\n names, such as Female fortune, Virile fortune, Equestrian, Evil,\n Peaceful, Virgin, &c. On the 1st of April, which was consecrated\n to Venus among the Romans, the Italian widows and marriageable\n virgins assembled in the temple of Virile fortune, and after burning\n incense and stripping themselves of their garments, they entreated\n the goddess to hide from the eyes of their husbands whatever defects\n there might be on their bodies. The goddess of fortune is represented\n on ancient monuments with a horn of plenty, and sometimes two in\n her hands. She is blindfolded, and generally holds a wheel in her\n hands as an emblem of her inconstancy. Sometimes she appears with\n wings, and treads upon the prow of a ship, and holds a rudder in\n her hands. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 6, li. 569.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Fortuna Romanorum_ & _Caius Marcius\n Coriolanus_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, &c.\n\n=Fort\u016bn\u0101t\u00e6 insul\u00e6=, islands at the west of Mauritania in the Atlantic\n sea. They are supposed to be the _Canary_ isles of the moderns,\n thought to be only two in number, at a little distance one from\n the other, and 10,000 stadia from the shores of Libya. They\n were represented as the seats of the blessed, where the souls of\n the virtuous were placed after death. The air was wholesome and\n temperate, and the earth produced an immense number of various\n fruits without the labours of men. When they had been described to\n Sertorius in the most enchanting colours, that celebrated general\n expressed a wish to retire thither, and to remove himself from\n the noise of the world, and the dangers of war. _Strabo_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 8, li. 27; epode 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 31 & 32.\n\n=F\u014fr\u016dli=, a town of the Sabines, built on a stony place. _Strabo_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 714.\n\n=Forum appii=, a town of Latium on the Appia Via. _Cicero_, bk. 1,\n _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 3.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Augustum, a place at Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 552.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Allieni, a town of Italy, now _Ferrara_. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,\n bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Aurelia, a town of Etruria, now _Montalto_.\n _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Claudii, another\n in Etruria, now _Oriolo_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cornelii, another, now _Imola_, in\n the Pope\u2019s dominions. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters\n to his Friends_, bk. 12, ltr. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Domitii, a town of Gaul,\n now _Frontignan_, in Languedoc.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Voconii, a town of Gaul, now\n _Gonsaron_, between Antibes and Marseilles. _Cicero_, _Letters to\n his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lepidi, a town of ancient Gaul,\n south of the Po.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Popilii, another at the south of Ravenna, on the\n Adriatic.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Flaminii, a town of Umbria, now _San Giavane_. _Pliny_,\n bk. 3, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Gallorum, a town of Gaul Togata, now _Castel\n Franco_, in the Bolognese. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,\n bk. 10, ltr. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a town of Venice called _Forojuliensis\n urbs_, now _Friuli_. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 12,\n ltr. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Julium, a town of Gaul Narbonensis, now _Frejus_, in\n Provence. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lebnorum, a town of Insubria. _Polybius._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sempronii, a town of Umbria, &c. Many other places bore the\n name of _Forum_ wherever there was a public market, or rather where\n the pretor held his court of justice (_forum vel conventus_), and\n thence they were called sometimes _conventus_ as well as _fora_,\n into which provinces were generally divided under the administration\n of a separate governor. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 20;\n bk. 4, ch. 48; bk. 5, ch. 11; _Against Vatinius_, ch. 5; _Letters\n to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltrs. 6 & 8; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5,\n ltr. 21.\n\n=Fosi=, a people of Germany near the Elbe, considered as the Saxons of\n Ptolemy. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 36.\n\n=Fossa=, the straits of _Bonifacio_ between Corsica and Sardinia,\n called also Taphros. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Drusi, or Drusiana,\n a canal eight miles in length, opened by Drusus from the Rhine to\n the Issel, below the separation of the Waal. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Mariana, a canal\n cut by Marius from the Rhone to Marseilles during the Cimbrian war,\n and now called _Galejon_. Sometimes the word is used in the plural,\n _Foss\u00e6_, as if more than one canal had been formed by Marius.\n _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n=Foss\u00e6 Philistin\u00e6=, one of the mouths of the Po. _Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 9.\n\n=Franci=, a people of Germany and Gaul, whose country was called\n Francia. _Claudian._\n\n=Fraus=, a divinity worshipped among the Romans, daughter of Orcus and\n Night. She presided over treachery, &c.\n\n=Fr\u0115gella=, a famous town of the Volsci, in Italy, on the Liris,\n destroyed for revolting from the Romans, _Silius Italicus_, bk. 5,\n li. 452.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 22; bk. 27, ch. 10, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 76.\n\n=Freg\u0113n\u00e6=, a town of Etruria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Frent\u0101ni=, a people of Italy, near Apulia, who received their name\n from the river _Frento_, now _Fortore_, which runs through the\n eastern part of their country, and falls into the Adriatic opposite\n the islands of Diomede. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 9,\n ch. 45.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 520.\n\n=Fretum= (_the sea_), is sometimes applied by eminence to the Sicilian\n sea, or the straits of Messina. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 29.\n \u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 2, _Letters to Atticus_,\n ltr. 1.\n\n=Frig\u012ddus=, a river of Tuscany.\n\n=Frisii=, a people of Germany near the Rhine, now the _Frisons of\n Friesland_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 60; _Histories_, bk. 4,\n chs. 15 & 72; _Germania_, ch. 36.\n\n=Sextus Julius Front\u012bnus=, a celebrated geometrician, who made himself\n known by the books which he wrote on aqueducts and stratagems\n dedicated to Trajan. He ordered at his death that no monument should\n be raised to his memory, saying _memoria nostri durabit, si vitam\n meruimus_. The best edition of Frontinus is that of Oudendorp, 8vo,\n Leiden, 1779.\n\n=Fronto=, a preceptor of Marcus Antoninus, by whom he was greatly\n esteemed.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Julius, a learned Roman, who was so partial to the\n company of poets, that he lent them his house and gardens, which\n continually re-echoed the compositions of his numerous visitors.\n _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 12.\n\n=Fr\u016ds\u012dno=, a small town of the Volsci on one of the branches of\n the Liris. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 223.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 399.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,\n bk. 11, ltrs. 4 & 13.\n\n=F\u016bc\u012dnus=, a lake of Italy in the country of the Marsi, at the north\n of the Liris, attempted to be drained by Julius C\u00e6sar and afterwards\n by Claudius, by whom 30,000 men were employed for 11 years to\n perforate a mountain to convey the water into the Liris, but with\n no permanent success. The lake, surrounded by a ridge of high\n mountains, is now called _Celano_, and is supposed to be 47 miles in\n circumference, and not more than 12 feet deep on an average. _Pliny_,\n bk. 36, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 56.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 759.\n\n=Fuf\u012ddius=, a wretched usurer, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2.\n\n=Fufius Geminus=, a man greatly promoted by the interest of Livia, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 5, chs. 1 & 2.\n\n=Fugalia=, festivals at Rome to celebrate the flight of the Tarquins.\n\n=Fulg\u012dn\u0101tes= (singular, Fulginas), a people of Umbria, whose chief\n town was Fulginum, now _Foligno_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 462.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 14.\n\n=Q. Fulg\u012bnus=, a brave officer in C\u00e6sar\u2019s legions, &c. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil\n War_.\n\n=Fulg\u014dra=, a goddess at Rome who presided over lightning. She was\n addressed to save her votaries from the effects of violent storms of\n thunder. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 6, ch. 10.\n\n=Fullinum= and =Fulginum=, a small town of Umbria.\n\n=Fulvia lex=, was proposed but rejected A.U.C. 628, by Flaccus Fulvius.\n It tended to make all the people of Italy citizens of Rome.\n\n=Fulvia=, a bold and ambitious woman who married the tribune Clodius,\n and afterwards Curio, and at last Marcus Antony. She took a part in\n all the intrigues of her husband\u2019s triumvirate, and showed herself\n cruel as well as revengeful. When Cicero\u2019s head had been cut off\n by order of Antony, Fulvia ordered it to be brought to her, and\n with all the insolence of barbarity, she bored the orator\u2019s tongue\n with her golden bodkin. Antony divorced her to marry Cleopatra, upon\n which she attempted to avenge her wrongs, by persuading Augustus\n to take up arms against her husband. When this scheme did not\n succeed, she raised a faction against Augustus, in which she engaged\n Lucius Antonius her brother-in-law, and when all her attempts proved\n fruitless, she retired into the east, where her husband received\n her with great coldness and indifference. This unkindness totally\n broke her heart, and she soon after died, about 40 years before the\n christian era. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_ & _Antonius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman who\n discovered to Cicero the designs of Catiline upon his life.\n _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.\n\n=Fulvius=, a Roman senator, intimate with Augustus. He disclosed the\n emperor\u2019s secrets to his wife, who made it public to all the Roman\n matrons, for which he received so severe a reprimand from Augustus,\n that he and his wife hanged themselves in despair.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of\n Caius Gracchus, who was killed in a sedition with his son. His body\n was thrown into the river, and his widow was forbidden to put on\n mourning for his death. _Plutarch_, _Gracchus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Flaccus Censor, a\n Roman who plundered a marble temple of Juno, to finish the building\n of one which he had erected to Fortune. He was always unhappy after\n this sacrilege. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Servius Nobilior, a Roman\n consul who went to Africa after the defeat of Regulus. After he had\n acquired much glory against the Carthaginians, he was shipwrecked\n at his return with 200 Roman ships. His grandson Marcus was sent\n to Spain, where he greatly signalized himself. He was afterwards\n rewarded with the consulship.\n\n=Fund\u0101nus=, a lake near Fundi in Italy, which discharges itself into\n the Mediterranean. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 96.\n\n=Fundi=, a town of Italy near Caieta, on the Appian road, at the\n bottom of a small deep bay called _Lacus Fundanus_. _Horace_, bk. 1,\n satire 5, li. 34.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 8, chs. 14 & 19; bk. 38, ch. 36.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _De Lege Agraria contra Rullum_,\n bk. 2, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 59.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\n\n=F\u016dri\u00e6=, the three daughters of Nox and Acheron, or of Pluto and\n Proserpine, according to some. _See:_ Eumenides.\n\n=F\u016drii=, a family which migrated from Medullia in Latium, and came to\n settle at Rome under Romulus, and was admitted among the patricians.\n Camillus was of this family, and it was he who first raised it to\n distinction. _Plutarch_, _Camillus_.\n\n=F\u016dria lex=, _de Testamentis_, by C. Furius the tribune. It forbade\n any person to leave as a legacy more than 1000 _asses_, except\n to the relations of the master who manumitted, with a few more\n exceptions. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _Against Verres_, ch. 42.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 35.\n\n=Fur\u012bna=, the goddess of robbers, worshipped at Rome. Some say that\n she is the same as the Furies. Her festivals were called Furinalia.\n _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua\n Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\n\n=Furius=, a military tribune with Camillus. He was sent against the\n Tuscans by his colleague.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman slave who obtained his freedom,\n and applied himself with unremitted attention to cultivate a small\n portion of land which he had purchased. The uncommon fruits which\n he reaped from his labours rendered his neighbours jealous of his\n prosperity. He was accused before a Roman tribunal of witchcraft,\n but honourably acquitted.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus Bibaculus, a Latin poet of\n Cremona, who wrote annals in Iambic verse, and was universally\n celebrated for the wit and humour of his expressions. It is said\n that Virgil imitated his poetry, and even borrowed some of his lines.\n Horace, however, has not failed to ridicule his verses. _Quintilian_,\n bk. 8, ch. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 5, li. 40.\n\n=Furnius=, a man accused of adultery with Claudia Pulchra, and\n condemned, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, li. 52.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend\n of Horace, who was consul, and distinguished himself by his elegant\n historical writings. Bk. 1, satire 10, li. 36.\n\n=Aristotle Fuscus=, a friend of Horace, as conspicuous for the\n integrity and propriety of his manners, as for his learning and\n abilities. The poet addressed his 22nd Ode, bk. 1 & bk. 1, ltr. 10,\n to him.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cornelius, a pretor sent by Domitian against the Daci,\n where he perished. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 112.\n\n=Fusia lex=, _de Comitiis_, A.U.C. 527, forbade any business to\n be transacted at the public assemblies on certain days, though\n among the _fasti_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, A.U.C. 690, which ordained that the\n votes in a public assembly should be given separately.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caninia,\n another by Camillus and C. Caninius Galbus, A.U.C. 751, to check the\n manumission of slaves.\n\n=Fusius=, a Roman orator. _Cicero_, bk. 2, _On Oratory_, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Roman, killed in Gaul, while he presided there over one of the\n provinces. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman actor,\n whom Horace ridicules, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 60. He intoxicated\n himself; and when on the stage he fell asleep whilst he personated\n Ilione, where he ought to have been roused and moved by the cries of\n a ghost; but in vain.\n\n\n G\n\n=Gabales=, a people of Aquitain. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 19.\n\n=Gabaza=, a country of Asia, near Sogdiana. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 4.\n\n=Gabellus=, now _La Secchia_, a river falling in a northern direction\n into the Po, opposite the Mincius. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\n\n=Gab\u0113ne= and =Gabi\u0113ne=, a country of Persia. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.\n\n=Gabia= and =Gabina=. _See:_ Gabina.\n\n=G\u0103bi\u0113nus=, a friend of Augustus, beheaded by order of Sextus Pompey.\n It is maintained that he spoke after death.\n\n=G\u0103bii=, a city of the Volsci, built by the kings of Alba, but now\n no longer in existence. It was taken by the artifice of Sextus the\n son of Tarquin, who gained the confidence of the inhabitants by\n deserting to them, and pretending that his father had ill-treated\n him. Romulus and Remus were educated there, as it was the custom at\n that time to send there the young nobility, and Juno was the chief\n deity of the place. The inhabitants had a peculiar mode of tucking\n up their dress, whence _Gabinus cinctus_. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6,\n li. 773; bk. 7, lis. 612 & 682.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 46; bk. 6, ch.\n 29; bk. 8, ch. 9; bk. 10, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 709.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\n\n=G\u0103b\u012bna=, the name of Juno, worshipped at Gabii. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 7, li. 682.\n\n=G\u0103b\u012bnia lex=, _de Comitiis_, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C.\n 614. It required that in the public assemblies for electing\n magistrates, the votes should be given by tablets, and not _viv\u00e2\n voce_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, for convening daily the senate, from the calends\n of February to those of March.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de Comitiis_, which\n made it a capital punishment to convene any clandestine assembly,\n agreeable to the old law of the 12 tables.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de Militi\u00e2_,\n by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C. 685. It granted Pompey the\n power of carrying on the war against the pirates, during three\n years, and of obliging all kings, governors, and states to supply\n him with all the necessaries he wanted, over all the Mediterranean\n sea, and in the maritime provinces, as far as 400 stadia from the\n sea.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de Usur\u00e2_, by Aulus Gabinius the tribune, A.U.C.\n 685. It ordained that no action should be granted for the recovery\n of any money borrowed upon small interest, to be lent upon larger.\n This was a usual practice at Rome, which obtained the name of\n _versuram facere_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, against fornication.\n\n=Gabini\u0101nus=, a rhetorician in the reign of Vespasian.\n\n=G\u0103b\u012bnius=, a Roman historian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Aulus, a Roman consul, who made war\n in Jud\u00e6a, and re-established tranquillity there. He suffered himself\n to be bribed, and replaced Ptolemy Auletes on the throne of Egypt.\n He was accused, at his return, of receiving bribes. Cicero, at the\n request of Pompey, ably defended him. He was banished, and died\n about 40 years before Christ, at Salona.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lieutenant of Antony.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul, who behaved with uncommon rudeness to Cicero.\n\n=Gades= (ium), =Gadis= (is), and =Gad\u012bra=, a small island in the\n Atlantic, on the Spanish coast, 25 miles from the columns of\n Hercules. It was some time called _Tartessus_ and _Erythia_,\n according to Pliny, and is now known by the name of _Cadiz_. Geryon,\n whom Hercules killed, fixed his residence there. Hercules, surnamed\n _Gaditanus_, had there a celebrated temple, in which all his labours\n were engraved with excellent workmanship. The inhabitants were\n called _Gaditani_, and their women were known for their agility\n of body, and their incontinency. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 2, li. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 1, li. 183.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 21,\n ch. 21; bk. 24, ch. 49; bk. 26, ch. 43.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 23.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _for Cornelius Balbus_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 44, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 2,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\n\n=G\u0101d\u012bt\u0101nus=, a surname of Hercules, from Gades. _See:_ Gades.\n\n=G\u00e6s\u0101t\u00e6=, a people on the Rhone, who assisted the Senones in taking\n and plundering Rome under Brennus. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\n\n=G\u00e6t\u016blia=, a country of Libya, near the Garamantes, which formed\n part of king Masinissa\u2019s kingdom. The country was the favourite\n retreat of wild beasts, and is now called _Bildulgerid_. _Sallust_,\n _Jugurthine War_.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 287.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 5, ch. 4.\n\n=G\u00e6t\u016bl\u012dcus, Cn\u00e6us Lentulus=, an officer in the age of Tiberius,\n &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 42.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet who wrote some\n epigrams in which he displayed great genius, and more wit, though\n he often indulged in indelicate expressions.\n\n=Gala=, father of Masinissa, was king of Numidia.\n\n=Gal\u0103brii=, a nation near Thrace.\n\n=Galactoph\u0103gi=, a people of Asiatic Scythia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3.\n\n=Gal\u00e6sus.= _See:_ Galesus.\n\n=Galanthis=, a servant-maid of Alcmena, whose sagacity eased the\n labours of her mistress. When Juno resolved to retard the birth\n of Hercules, and hasten the labours of the wife of Sthenelus, she\n solicited the aid of Lucina; who immediately repaired to the house\n of Alcmena, and in the form of an old woman, sat near the door\n with her legs crossed, and her fingers joined. In this posture she\n uttered some magical words, which served to prolong the labours\n of Alcmena, and render her state the more miserable. Alcmena had\n already passed some days in the most excruciating torments, when\n Galanthis began to suspect the jealousy of Juno; and concluded\n that the old woman, who continued at the door always in the same\n unchanged posture, was the instrument of the anger of the goddess.\n With such suspicions Galanthis ran out of the house, and with a\n countenance expressive of joy, she informed the old woman that her\n mistress had just brought forth. Lucina, at the words, rose from her\n posture, and that instant Alcmena was safely delivered. The uncommon\n laugh which Galanthis raised upon this, made Lucina suspect that she\n had been deceived. She seized Galanthis by the hair, and threw her\n on the ground; and while she attempted to resist, she was changed\n into a weasel, and condemned to bring forth her young, in the most\n agonizing pains, by the mouth, by which she had uttered falsehood.\n This transformation alludes to a vulgar notion among the ancients,\n who believed this of the weasel, because she carries her young in\n her mouth, and continually shifts from place to place. The B\u0153otians\n paid great veneration to the weasel, which, as they supposed,\n facilitated the labours of Alcmena. _\u00c6lian_, _De Natura Animalium_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 6.\n\n=Gal\u0103ta=, a town of Syria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island near Sicily.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n Sicily.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Phocis.\n\n=G\u0103l\u0103t\u00e6=, the inhabitants of Galatia. _See:_ Galatia.\n\n=G\u0103l\u0103t\u00e6a= and =Galath\u00e6a=, a sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris.\n She was passionately loved by the Cyclops Polyphemus, whom she\n treated with coolness and disdain; while Acis, a shepherd of Sicily,\n enjoyed her unbounded affection. The happiness of these two lovers\n was disturbed by the jealousy of the Cyclops, who crushed his rival\n to pieces with a piece of a broken rock, while he sat in the bosom\n of Galat\u00e6a. Galat\u00e6a was inconsolable for the loss of Acis, and as\n she could not restore him to life, she changed him into a fountain.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 789.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 103.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The daughter of a Celtic king, from whom the Gauls were\n called Galat\u00e6. _Ammianus_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A country girl, &c. _Virgil_,\n _Eclogues_, poem 3.\n\n=G\u0103l\u0103tia=, or =Gallogr\u00e6cia=, a country of Asia Minor, between Phrygia,\n the Euxine, Cappadocia, and Bithynia. It received its name from the\n Gauls, who migrated there under Brennus, some time after the sacking\n of Rome. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 37, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 38,\n chs. 12, 40.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 540.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to\n Atticus_, ltr. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of ancient Gaul among the Greeks.\n\n=Galaxia=, a festival, in which they boiled a mixture of barley, pulse,\n and milk, called \u0393\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03b1 by the Greeks.\n\n=Galba=, a surname of the first of the Sulpicii, from the smallness of\n his stature. The word signifies a small worm, or according to some,\n it implies, in the language of Gaul, fatness, for which the founder\n of the Sulpician family was remarkable.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king among the Gauls,\n who made war against Julius C\u00e6sar. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch.\n 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of the emperor Galba, who killed himself, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n mean buffoon, in the age of Tiberius. _Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 4.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Servius, a lawyer at Rome, who defended the cause of adulterers\n with great warmth, as being one of the fraternity. Horace ridicules\n him, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 46.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Servius Sulpicius, a Roman who\n rose gradually to the greatest offices of the state, and exercised\n his power in the provinces with equity and unremitted diligence.\n He dedicated the greatest part of his time to solitary pursuits,\n chiefly to avoid the suspicions of Nero. His disapprobation of the\n emperor\u2019s oppressive command in the provinces, was the cause of new\n disturbances. Nero ordered him to be put to death, but he escaped\n from the hands of the executioner, and was publicly saluted emperor.\n When he was seated on the throne, he suffered himself to be governed\n by favourites, who exposed to sale the goods of the citizens to\n gratify their avarice. Exemptions were sold at a high price, and\n the crime of murder was blotted out, and impunity purchased with a\n large sum of money. Such irregularities in the emperor\u2019s ministers\n greatly displeased the people; and when Galba refused to pay the\n soldiers the money which he had promised them when he was raised\n to the throne, they assassinated him in the 73rd year of his age,\n and in the eighth of his reign, and proclaimed Otho emperor in his\n room, January 16th, A.D. 69. The virtues which had shone so bright\n in Galba, when a private man, totally disappeared when he ascended\n the\n throne; and he who showed himself the most impartial judge, forgot\n the duties of an emperor, and of a father of his people. _Suetonius_\n & _Plutarch_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A learned man, grandfather\n to the emperor of the same name. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sergius, a celebrated orator before the age of Cicero. He showed\n his sons to the Roman people, and implored their protection by which\n means he saved himself from the punishment which either his guilt or\n the persuasive eloquence of his adversaries, Marcus Cato and Lucius\n Scribonius, urged as due to him. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1,\n ch. 53; _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\n\n=Gal\u0113nus Claudius=, a celebrated physician in the age of Marcus\n Antoninus and his successors, born at Pergamus, the son of an\n architect. He applied himself with unremitted labour to the study\n of philosophy, mathematics, and chiefly of physic. He visited the\n most learned seminaries of Greece and Egypt; and at last came to\n Rome, where he soon rendered himself famous by his profession. Many,\n astonished at his cures, attributed them to magic, and said that\n he had received all his knowledge from enchantments. He was very\n intimate with Marcus Aurelius the emperor, after whose death he\n returned to Pergamus, where he died, in his 90th year, A.D. 193.\n He wrote no less than 300 volumes, the greatest part of which were\n burnt in the temple of Peace at Rome, where they had been deposited.\n Galenus confessed himself greatly indebted to the writings of\n Hippocrates for his medical knowledge, and bestowed great encomiums\n upon him. To the diligence, application, and experiments of these\n two celebrated physicians, the moderns are indebted for many useful\n discoveries; yet often their opinions are ill-grounded, their\n conclusions hasty, and their reasoning false. What remains of the\n works of Galen has been published, without a Latin translation, in 5\n vols., folio, Basil. 1538. Galen was likewise edited, together with\n Hippocrates, by Charterius, 13 vols., folio, Paris, 1679, but very\n incorrect.\n\n=Galeol\u00e6=, certain prophets in Sicily. _Cicero._\n\n=Galeria=, one of the Roman tribes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Vitellius. _C\u00e6sar._\n \u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 60.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Faustina, the wife of\n the emperor Antoninus Pius.\n\n=G\u0103l\u0113rius=, a native of Dacia, made emperor of Rome by Diocletian.\n _See:_ Maximianus.\n\n=G\u0103l\u0113sus=, now _Galeso_, a river of Calabria, flowing into the bay\n of Tarentum. The poets have celebrated it for the shady groves in\n its neighbourhood, and the fine sheep which feed on its fertile\n banks, and whose fleeces were said to be rendered soft when they\n bathed in the stream. _Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 43; bk. 4, ltr. 28.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 126.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 6,\n li. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rich person of Latium, killed as he attempted to make a\n reconciliation between the Trojans and Rutulians, when Ascanius had\n killed the favourite stag of Tyrrheus; which was the prelude to all\n the enmities between the hostile nations. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7,\n li. 335.\n\n=Galil\u00e6a=, a celebrated country of Syria, often mentioned in Scripture.\n\n=Galinthiadia=, a festival at Thebes, in honour of Galinthias,\n a daughter of Pr\u0153tus. It was celebrated before the festival of\n Hercules, by whose orders it was first instituted.\n\n=Galli=, a nation of Europe, naturally fierce, and inclined to war.\n They were very superstitious, and in their sacrifices they often\n immolated human victims. In some places they had large statues made\n with twigs, which they filled with men, and reduced to ashes. They\n believed themselves descended from Pluto; and from that circumstance\n they always reckoned their time not by the days, as other nations,\n but by the nights. Their obsequies were splendid, and not only\n the most precious things, but even slaves and oxen, were burnt\n on the funeral pile. Children, among them, never appeared in the\n presence of their fathers, before they were able to bear arms in the\n defence of their country. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Tacitus._ _See:_ Gallia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The priests of Cybele, who received\n that name from the river Gallus, in Phrygia, where they celebrated\n the festivals. They mutilated themselves, before they were admitted\n to the priesthood, in imitation of Atys the favourite of Cybele.\n _See:_ Atys. The chief among them was called Archigallus, who in\n his dress resembled a woman, and carried suspended to his neck a\n large collar, with two representations of the head of Atys. _See:_\n Corybantes, Dactyli, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4,\n li. 36.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 466.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_, _de De\u00e2 Syri\u00e2_.\n\n=Gallia=, a large country of Europe, called Galatia by the Greeks. The\n inhabitants were called _Galli_, _Celtiberi_, and _Celtoscyth\u00e6_, by\n themselves _Celt\u00e6_, by the Greeks _Galat\u00e6_. Ancient Gaul was divided\n into four different parts by the Romans, called Gallia Belgica,\n Narbonensis, Aquitania, and Celtica. Gallia _Belgia_ was the largest\n province, bounded by Germany, Gallia Narbonensis, and the German\n ocean; and contained the modern country of Alsace, Lorraine, Picardy\n with part of the Low Countries, and of Champagne, and of the isle\n of France. Gallia _Narbonensis_, which contained the provinces now\n called Languedoc, Provence, Dauphin\u00e8, Savoy, was bounded by the Alps\n and Pyrenean mountains, by Aquitania, Belgium, and the Mediterranean.\n _Aquitania_ Gallia, now called the provinces of Poitou, Santonge,\n Guienne, Berry, Perigord, Quercy, Limosin, Gascony, Auvergne, &c.,\n was situate between the Garumna, the Pyrenean mountains, and the\n ocean. Gallia _Celtica_, or _Lugdunensis_, was bounded by Belgium,\n Gallia Narbonensis, the Alps, and the ocean. It contained the\n country at present known by the name of Lyonnais, Touraine, Franche\n Comt\u00e9, Senenois, Switzerland, and part of Normandy. Besides these\n great divisions, there is often mention made of Gallia Cisalpina,\n or Citerior; Transalpina, or Ulterior, which refers to that part of\n Italy which was conquered by some of the Gauls who crossed the Alps.\n By Gallia _Cisalpina_, the Romans understood that part of Gaul which\n lies in Italy; and by _Transalpina_, that which lies beyond the\n Alps, in regard only to the inhabitants of Rome. Gallia _Cispadana_,\n and _Transpadana_, is applied to a part of Italy, conquered by some\n of the Gauls, and then it means the country on this side of the\n Po, or beyond the Po, with respect to Rome. By Gallia _Togata_,\n the Romans understood Cisalpine Gaul, where the Roman gowns, _tog\u00e6_,\n were usually worn, as the inhabitants had been admitted to the rank\n of citizenship at Rome. Gallia Narbonensis was called _Braccata_,\n on account of the peculiar covering of the inhabitants for their\n thighs. The epithet of _Comata_ is applied to Gallia Celtica, because\n the people suffered their hair to grow to an uncommon length. The\n inhabitants were great warriors; and their valour overcame the Roman\n armies, took the city of Rome, and invaded Greece, in different ages.\n They spread themselves over the greatest part of the world. They were\n very superstitious in their religious ceremonies, and revered the\n sacerdotal order as if they had been gods. _See:_ Druid\u00e6. They long\n maintained a bloody war against the Romans; and C\u00e6sar resided 10\n years in their country before he could totally subdue them. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5, &c.\n\n=Gallic\u0101nus mons=, a mountain of Campania.\n\n=Gall\u012dcus ager=, was applied to the country between Picenum and\n Ariminum, whence the Galli Senones were banished, and which was\n divided among the Roman citizens. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 14; bk. 39,\n ch. 44.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_,\n bk. 1, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sinus, a part of the Mediterranean on the coast of\n Gaul, now called the gulf of Lyons.\n\n=Galli\u0113nus Publius Lucinius=, a son of the emperor Valerian. He\n reigned conjointly with his father for seven years, and ascended\n the throne as sole emperor, A.D. 260. In his youth he showed his\n activity and military character, in an expedition against the\n Germans and Sarmat\u00e6; but when he came to the purple, he delivered\n himself up to pleasure and indolence. His time was spent in the\n greatest debauchery; and he indulged himself in the grossest and\n most lascivious manner, and his palace displayed a scene, at once\n of effeminacy and shame, voluptuousness and immorality. He often\n appeared with his hair powdered with golden dust; and enjoyed\n tranquillity at home, while his provinces abroad were torn by civil\n quarrels and seditions. He heard of the loss of a rich province, and\n of the execution of a malefactor, with the same indifference; and\n when he was apprised that Egypt had revolted, he only observed, that\n he could live without the produce of Egypt. He was of a disposition\n naturally inclined to raillery and the ridicule of others. When\n his wife had been deceived by a jeweller, Gallienus ordered the\n malefactor to be placed in the circus, in expectation of being\n exposed to the ferocity of a lion. While the wretch trembled at\n the expectation of instant death, the executioner, by order of the\n emperor, let loose a capon upon him. An uncommon laugh was raised\n upon this, and the emperor observed, that he who had deceived\n others should expect to be deceived himself. In the midst of these\n ridiculous diversions, Gallienus was alarmed by the revolt of two of\n his officers, who had assumed the imperial purple. This intelligence\n roused him from his lethargy; he marched against his antagonists,\n and put all the rebels to the sword, without showing the least\n favour either to rank, sex, or age. These cruelties irritated the\n people and the army; emperors were elected, and no less than 30\n tyrants aspired to the imperial purple. Gallienus resolved boldly to\n oppose his adversaries; but in the midst of his preparations he was\n assassinated at Milan by some of his officers, in the 50th year of\n his age, A.D. 268.\n\n=Gallinaria sylva=, a wood near Cum\u00e6 in Italy, famous as being the\n retreat of robbers. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 307.\n\n=Gallip\u014flis=, a fortified town of the Salentines, on the Ionian sea.\n\n=Gallogr\u00e6cia=, a country of Asia Minor, near Bithynia and Cappadocia.\n It was inhabited by a colony of Gauls, who assumed the name of\n _Gallogr\u00e6ci_, because a number of Greeks had accompanied them in\n their emigration. _Strabo_, bk. 2.\n\n=Caius Gall\u014dnius=, a Roman knight appointed over Gades, &c.\n\n=P. Gall\u014dnius=, a luxurious Roman, who, as was observed, never dined\n well, because he was never hungry. _Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et\n Malorum_, bk. 2, chs. 8 & 28.\n\n=Gallus.= _See:_ Alectryon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Otho, &c. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n lieutenant of Sylla.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Marcus Antony, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, a\n friend of the great Africanus, famous for his knowledge of astronomy,\n and his exact calculation of eclipses. _Cicero_, _de Senectute_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015\u00c6lius, the third governor of Egypt in the age of Augustus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cornelius, a Roman knight, who rendered himself famous by his\n poetical, as well as military talents. He was passionately fond of\n the slave Lycoris, or Cytheris, and celebrated her beauty in his\n poetry. She proved ungrateful, and forsook him to follow Marcus\n Antony, which gave occasion to Virgil to write his tenth eclogue.\n Gallus, as well as the other poets of his age, was in the favour of\n Augustus, by whom he was appointed over Egypt. He became forgetful\n of the favours he received; he pillaged the province, and even\n conspired against his benefactor, according to some accounts, for\n which he was banished by the emperor. This disgrace operated so\n powerfully upon him, that he killed himself in despair, A.D. 26.\n Some few fragments remain of his poetry, and it seems that he\n particularly excelled in elegiac compositions. It is said that\n Virgil wrote a eulogium on his poetical friend, and inserted it\n at the end of his Georgics; but that he totally suppressed it, for\n fear of offending his imperial patron, of whose favours Gallus had\n shown himself so undeserving, and instead of that he substituted\n the beautiful episode about Arist\u00e6us and Eurydice. This eulogium,\n according to some, was suppressed at the particular desire of\n Augustus. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poems\n 6 & 10.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, poem 15, li. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Vibius\n Gallus, a celebrated orator of Gaul in the age of Augustus, of\n whose orations Seneca has preserved some fragments.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who\n assassinated Decius the emperor, and raised himself to the throne.\n He showed himself indolent and cruel, and beheld with the greatest\n indifference the revolt of his provinces, and the invasion of\n his empire, by the barbarians. He was at last assassinated by his\n soldiers, A.D. 253.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Flavius Claudius Constantinus, a brother of\n the emperor Julian, raised to the imperial throne under the title\n of C\u00e6sar, by Constantius his relation. He conspired against his\n benefactor, and was publicly condemned to be beheaded, A.D. 354.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small river of Phrygia, whose waters were said to be very\n efficacious, if drunk in moderation, in curing madness. _Pliny_,\n bk. 32, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 361.\n\n=Gamaxus=, an Indian prince, brought in chains before Alexander for\n revolting.\n\n=Gamelia=, a surname of Juno, as _Gamelius_ was of Jupiter, on\n account of their presiding over marriages.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A festival privately\n observed at three different times. The first was the celebration\n of a marriage, the second was in commemoration of a birthday, and\n the third was an anniversary of the death of a person. As it was\n observed generally on the 1st of January, marriages on that day\n were considered as of a good omen, and the month was called Gemelion\n among the Athenians. _Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_,\n bk. 2, ch. 31.\n\n=Gandar\u012bt\u00e6=, an Indian nation.\n\n=Gangama=, a place near the Palus M\u00e6otis.\n\n=Gangr\u0103r\u012dd\u00e6=, a people near the mouths of the Ganges. They were so\n powerful that Alexander did not dare to attack them. Some attributed\n this to the weariness and indolence of his troops. They were placed\n by Valer. Flaccus among the deserts of Scythia. _Justin_, bk. 12,\n ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 27.\n \u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 67.\n\n=Ganges=, a large river of India, falling into the Indian ocean, said\n by Lucan to be the boundary of Alexander\u2019s victories in the east.\n It inundates the adjacent country in the summer. Like other rivers,\n it was held in the greatest veneration by the inhabitants, and this\n superstition is said to exist still in some particular instances.\n The Ganges is now discovered to rise in the mountains of Thibet, and\n to run upwards of 2000 miles before it reaches the sea, receiving in\n its course the tribute of several rivers, 11 of which are superior\n to the Thames, and often equal to the great body of the waters of\n the Rhine. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 230.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 6, ch. 87.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 31.\n\n=Gannascus=, an ally of Rome, put to death by Corbulo the Roman\n general, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 18.\n\n=G\u0103ny\u0306m\u0113de=, a goddess, better known by the name of Hebe. She was\n worshipped under this name in a temple at Phlius in Peloponnesus.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 13.\n\n=G\u0103ny\u0306m\u0113des=, a beautiful youth of Phrygia, son of Tros, and brother\n to Ilus and Assaracus. According to Lucan, he was son of Dardanus.\n He was taken up to heaven by Jupiter as he was hunting, or rather\n tending his father\u2019s flocks on mount Ida, and he became the\n cup-bearer of the gods in the place of Hebe. Some say that he was\n carried away by an eagle, to satisfy the shameful and unnatural\n desires of Jupiter. He is generally represented sitting on the back\n of a flying eagle in the air. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 28, li. 231.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 252.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 155.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4.\n\n=Gar\u00e6t\u012dcum=, a town of Africa.\n\n=G\u0103r\u0103mantes= (singular, Garamas), a people in the interior parts of\n Africa, now called the deserts of Zara. They lived in common, and\n acknowledged as their own only such children as resembled them,\n and scarce clothed themselves, on account of the warmth of their\n climate. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 198; bk. 6, li. 795.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 4, li. 334.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 142; bk. 11, li. 181.\n\n=G\u0103r\u0103mantis=, a nymph who became mother of Iarbas, Phileus, and\n Pilumnus by Jupiter. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 198.\n\n=G\u0103r\u0103mas=, a king of Libya, whose daughter was mother of Ammon by\n Jupiter.\n\n=G\u0103r\u0103tas=, a river of Arcadia, near Tegea, on the banks of which Pan\n had a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.\n\n=Gare\u0103t\u00e6=, a people of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45.\n\n=Gareathyra=, a town of Cappadocia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\n\n=Garg\u0101nus=, now _St. Angelo_, a lofty mountain of Apulia, which\n advances in the form of a promontory into the Adriatic sea. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 257.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 880.\n\n=Garg\u0103phia=, a valley near Plat\u00e6a, with a fountain of the same name,\n where Act\u00e6on was torn to pieces by his dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 3, li. 156.\n\n=Garg\u0103ris=, a king of the Curetes, who first found the manner of\n collecting honey. He had a son by his daughter, whom he attempted in\n vain to destroy. He made him his successor. _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 44.\n\n=Garg\u0103rus= (plural, a, orum), a town and mountain of Troas, near mount\n Ida, famous for its fertility. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 103.\n \u2015\u2015_Macrobius_, bk. 5, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 30.\n\n=Gargettus=, a village of Attica, the birthplace of Epicurus. _Cicero_,\n _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 16.\n\n=Garg\u012dlius Martialis=, an historian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated hunter. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 57.\n\n=Gargittius=, a dog which kept Geryon\u2019s flocks. He was killed by\n Hercules.\n\n=Gar\u012dtes=, a people of Aquitain, in Gaul.\n\n=Garumna=, a river of Gaul, now called _Garonne_, rising in the\n Pyrenean mountains, and separating Gallia Celtica from Aquitania.\n It falls into the bay of Biscay, and has, by the persevering labours\n of \u2666Louis XIV., a communication with the Mediterranean by the canal\n of Languedoc, carried upwards of 100 miles through hills, and over\n valleys. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Lewis\u2019 replaced with \u2018Louis\u2019\n\n=Gastron=, a general of Laced\u00e6mon, &c. _Polybius_, bk. 2.\n\n=Gathe\u00e6=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34.\n\n=Gatheatas=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34.\n\n=Gaugram\u0113la=, a village near Arbela, beyond the Tigris, where\n Alexander obtained his third victory over Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 4,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 16.\n\n=Gaulus= and =Gauleon=, an island in the Mediterranean sea, opposite\n Libya. It produces no venomous creatures. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.\n\n=Gaurus=, a mountain of Campania, famous for its wines. _Lucan_, bk. 2,\n li. 667.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 160.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 3,\n _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 5, li. 99.\n\n=Gaus= and =Gaos=, a man who followed the interest of Artaxerxes,\n from whom he revolted, and by whom he was put to death. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 15.\n\n=Gaza=, a famous town of Palestine, once well fortified, as being the\n frontier place on the confines of Egypt. Alexander took it after a\n siege of two months. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Gebenna=, a town and mountain of Gaul. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 435.\n\n=G\u0113dr\u014dsia=, a barren province of Persia near India. _Strabo_, bk. 2.\n\n=Geg\u0103nii=, a family of Alba, part of which migrated to Rome, under\n Romulus. One of the daughters, called Gegania, was the first of the\n vestals created by Numa. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.\n\n=G\u0115la=, a town on the southern parts of Sicily, about 10 miles from\n the sea, according to Ptolemy, which received its name from a\n small river in the neighbourhood, called _Gelas_. It was built by\n a Rhodian and Cretan colony, 713 years before the christian era.\n After it had continued in existence 404 years, Phintias tyrant of\n Agrigentum carried the inhabitants to _Phintias_, a town in the\n neighbourhood, which he had founded, and he employed the stones of\n Gela to beautify his own city. Phintias was also called Gela. The\n inhabitants were called _Gelenses_, _Geloi_, and _Gelani_. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 702.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 46.\n\n=Gel\u0101nor=, a king of Argos, who succeeded his father, and was deprived\n of his kingdom by Danaus the Egyptian. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.\n _See:_ Danaus.\n\n=Gellia Cornelia lex=, _de Civitate_, by Lucius Gellius and Cn\u00e6us\n Cornelius Lentulus, A.U.C. 682. It enacted that all those who had\n been presented with the privilege of citizens of Rome by Pompey\n should remain in the possession of that liberty.\n\n=Gellias=, a native of Agrigentum, famous for his munificence and his\n hospitality. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 8.\n\n=Gellius=, a censor, &c. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul who defeated\n a party of Germans, in the interest of Spartacus. _Plutarch._\n\n=Aulus Gellius=, a Roman grammarian in the age of Marcus Antonius,\n about 130 A.D. He published a work which he called _Noctes Attic\u00e6_,\n because he composed it at Athens during the long nights of the\n winter. It is a collection of incongruous matter, which contains\n many fragments from the ancient writers, and often serves to explain\n antique monuments. It was originally composed for the improvement\n of his children, and abounds with many grammatical remarks. The best\n editions of Aulus Gellius are that of Gronovius, 4to, Leiden, 1706,\n and that of Conrad, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1762.\n\n=Gelo= and =Gelon=, a son of Dinomenes, who made himself absolute\n at Syracuse, 491 years before the christian era. He conquered the\n Carthaginians at Himera, and made his oppression popular by his\n great equity and moderation. He reigned seven years, and his death\n was universally lamented at Syracuse. He was called the father of\n his people, and the patron of liberty, and honoured as a demigod.\n His brother Hiero succeeded him. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 42.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 153, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who\n attempted to poison Pyrrhus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of B\u0153otia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Hiero the younger. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Phocis,\n destroyed with his troops by the Thessalians. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 1.\n\n=Geloi=, the inhabitants of _Gela_. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 701.\n\n=G\u0115l\u014dnes= and =G\u0115l\u014dni=, a people of Scythia, inured from their youth\n to labour and fatigue. They painted themselves to appear more\n terrible in battle. They were descended from Gelonus, a son of\n Hercules. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 15; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8,\n li. 725,\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Claudian_, _Against Rufinus_,\n bk. 1, li. 315.\n\n=Gelos=, a port of Caira. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16.\n\n=Gem\u012dni=, a sign of the zodiac which represents Castor and Pollux, the\n twin sons of Leda.\n\n=Gem\u012dnius=, a Roman, who acquainted Marcus Antony with the situation\n of his affairs at Rome, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An inveterate enemy of Marius. He\n seized the person of Marius, and carried him to Minturn\u00e6. _Plutarch_,\n _Caius Marius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Pompey, from whom he received a\n favourite mistress called Flora. _Plutarch._\n\n=Gem\u012dnus=, an astronomer and mathematician of Rhodes, B.C. 77.\n\n=Gemoni\u00e6=, a place at Rome where the carcases of criminals were thrown.\n _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, chs. 53 & 61.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_,\n bk. 3, ch. 74.\n\n=Gen\u0101bum=, a town of Gaul, now _Orleans_, on the Loire. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Civil War_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 440.\n\n=Genauni=, a people of Vindelicia. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 10.\n\n=G\u0113n\u0113va=, an ancient, populous, and well-fortified city in the country\n of the Allobroges on the lake Lemanus, now of Geneva.\n\n=Gen\u012bsus=, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the Argonauts, &c. _Flaccus_,\n bk. 3, li. 45.\n\n=Genius=, a spirit or d\u00e6mon, which, according to the ancients,\n presided over the birth and life of every man. _See:_ D\u00e6mon.\n\n=Gens\u0115ric=, a famous Vandal prince, who passed from Spain to Africa,\n where he took Carthage. He laid the foundation of the Vandal kingdom\n in Africa, and in the course of his military expeditions invaded\n Italy, and sacked Rome in July, 455.\n\n=Gentius=, a king of Illyricum, who imprisoned the Roman ambassadors at\n the request of Perseus king of Macedonia. This offence was highly\n resented by the Romans, and Gentius was conquered by Anicius, and\n led in triumph with his family, B.C. 169. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19, &c.\n\n=Genua=, now _Genoa_, a celebrated town of Liguria, which Annibal\n destroyed. It was rebuilt by the Romans. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 32;\n bk. 28, ch. 46; bk. 30, ch. 1.\n\n=Gen\u016bcius=, a tribune of the people.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul.\n\n=Gen\u016dsus=, now _Semno_, a river of Macedonia, falling into the Adriatic\n above Apollonia. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 462.\n\n=Genutia lex=, _de magistratibus_, by Lucius Genutius the tribune,\n A.U.C. 411. It ordained that no person should exercise the same\n magistracy within 10 years, or be invested with two offices in one\n year.\n\n=Georg\u012dca=, a poem of Virgil in four books. The first treats of\n ploughing the ground; the second of sowing it; the third speaks of\n the management of cattle, &c.; and in the fourth, the poet gives an\n account of bees, and of the manner of keeping them among the Romans.\n The word is derived from \u03b3\u03b5\u03b1 _terra_, and \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd _opus_, because it\n particularly treats or husbandry. The work is dedicated to M\u00e6cenas,\n the great patron of poetry in the age of Virgil. The author was\n seven years in writing and polishing it, and in that composition he\n showed how much he excelled all other writers. He imitated Hesiod,\n who wrote a poem nearly on the same subject, called _Works and Days_.\n\n=Georgius Pisida.= _See:_ Pisida.\n\n=Geph\u0233ra=, one of the cities of the Seleucid\u00e6 in Syria. _Strabo_,\n bk. 9.\n\n=Geph\u0233r\u00e6i=, a people of Ph\u0153nicia, who passed with Cadmus into B\u0153otia,\n and from thence into Attica. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 57.\n\n=Ger\u00e6stus=, a port of Eub\u0153a. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 45.\n\n=Ger\u0101nia=, a mountain between Megara and Corinth.\n\n=Geranthr\u00e6=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\n\n=Geresticus=, a harbour of Teios in Ionia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 27.\n\n=Gergithum=, a town near Cum\u00e6 in \u00c6olia _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.\n\n=Gerg\u014dvia=, a town of Gaul. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 9.\n\n=Gerion=, an ancient augur.\n\n=Germ\u0101nia=, an extensive country of Europe, at the east of Gaul. Its\n inhabitants were warlike, fierce, and uncivilized, and always proved\n a watchful enemy against the Romans. C\u00e6sar first entered their\n country, but he rather checked their fury than conquered them. His\n example was followed by his imperial successors or their generals,\n who sometimes entered the country to chastise the insolence of\n the inhabitants. The ancient Germans were very superstitious, and,\n in many instances, their religion was the same as that of their\n neighbours the Gauls; whence some have concluded that these two\n nations were of the same origin. They paid uncommon respect to their\n women, who, as they believed, were endowed with something more than\n human. They built no temples to their gods, and paid great attention\n to the heroes and warriors whom the country had produced. Their rude\n institutions gradually gave rise to the laws and manners which still\n prevail in the countries of Europe, which their arms invaded or\n conquered. Tacitus, in whose age even letters were unknown among\n them, observed their customs with nicety, and has delineated them\n with the genius of an historian and the reflection of a philosopher.\n _Tacitus_, _Germania_.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\n\n=Germ\u0101n\u012dcus C\u00e6sar=, a son of Drusus and Antonia the niece of Augustus.\n He was adopted by his uncle Tiberius, and raised to the most\n important offices of the state. When his grandfather Augustus\n died, he was employed in a war in Germany, and the affection\n of the soldiers unanimously saluted him emperor. He refused the\n unseasonable honour, and appeased the tumult which his indifference\n occasioned. He continued his wars in Germany, and defeated the\n celebrated Arminius, and was rewarded with a triumph at his return\n to Rome. Tiberius declared him emperor of the east, and sent him\n to appease the seditions of the Armenians. But the success of\n Germanicus in the east was soon looked upon with an envious eye by\n Tiberius, and his death was meditated. He was secretly poisoned at\n Daphne near Antioch by Piso, A.D. 19, in the 34th year of his age.\n The news of his death was received with the greatest grief and the\n most bitter lamentations, and Tiberius seemed to be the only one\n who rejoiced in the fall of Germanicus. He had married Agrippina,\n by whom he had nine children, one of whom, Caligula, disgraced the\n name of his illustrious father. Germanicus has been commended not\n only for his military accomplishments, but also for his learning,\n humanity, and extensive benevolence. In the midst of war, he devoted\n some moments to study, and he favoured the world with two Greek\n comedies, some epigrams, and a translation of Aratus in Latin verse.\n _Suetonius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015This name was common in the age of the emperors, not\n only to those who had obtained victories over the Germans, but even\n to those who had entered the borders of their country at the head of\n an army. Domitian applied the name of _Germanicus_, which he himself\n had vainly assumed, to the month of September, in honour of himself.\n _Suetonius_, _Domitian_, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 2, li. 4.\n\n=Germanii=, a people of Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125.\n\n=Geronthr\u00e6=, a town of Laconia, where a yearly festival, called\n _Geronthr\u00e6a_, was observed in honour of Mars. The god had there\n a temple with a grove, into which no woman was permitted to enter\n during the time of the solemnity. _Pausanias_, _Laconia_.\n\n\u2666=Gerrh\u00e6=, a people of Scythia, in whose country the Borysthenes rises.\n The kings of Scythia were generally buried in their territories.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 71.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Gerh\u00e6\u2019 replaced with \u2018Gerrh\u00e6\u2019\n\n=Gersus= and =Gerrhus=, a river of Scythia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 56.\n\n=G\u0113ryon= and =G\u0113ry\u014fnes=, a celebrated monster, born from the union\n of Chrysaor with Callirhoe, and represented by the poets as having\n three bodies and three heads. He lived in the island of Gades, where\n he kept numerous flocks, which were guarded by a two-headed dog,\n called Orthos, and by Eurythion. Hercules, by order of Eurystheus,\n went to Gades and destroyed Geryon, Orthos, and Eurythion, and\n carried away all his flocks and herds to Tirynthus. _Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, li. 187.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 661; bk. 8,\n li. 202.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 277.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 28.\n\n=Gess\u0103t\u00e6=, a people of Gallia Togata. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.\n\n=Gessori\u0103cum=, a town of Gaul, now _Boulogne_, in Picardy.\n\n=Gessos=, a river of Ionia.\n\n=Geta=, a man who raised seditions at Rome in Nero\u2019s reign, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 72.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Septimius, a son of the\n emperor Severus, brother to Caracalla. In the eighth year of his age\n he was moved with compassion at the fate of some of the partisans\n of Niger and Albinus, who had been ordered to be executed; and his\n father, struck with his humanity, retracted his sentence. After his\n father\u2019s death he reigned at Rome, conjointly with his brother; but\n Caracalla, who envied his virtues, and was jealous of his popularity,\n ordered him to be poisoned; and when this could not be effected, he\n murdered him in the arms of his mother Julia, who, in the attempt\n of defending the fatal blows from his body, received a wound in her\n arm from the hand of her son, the 28th of March, A.D. 212. Geta had\n not reached the 23rd year of his age, and the Romans had reason to\n lament the death of so virtuous a prince, whilst they groaned under\n the cruelties and oppression of Caracalla.\n\n=Get\u00e6= (singular, Getes), a people of European Scythia, near the\n Daci. Ovid, who was banished in their country, describes them as a\n savage and warlike nation. The word _Geticus_ is frequently used for\n Thracian. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_; _Tristia_, poem 5, li. 111.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 2, li. 61; bk. 3, poem 1,\n li. 17.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 54; bk. 3, li. 95.\n\n=Getulia.= _See:_ G\u00e6tulia.\n\n=G\u012dgantes=, the sons of C\u0153lus and Terra, who, according to Hesiod,\n sprang from the blood of the wound which C\u0153lus received from his\n son Saturn; whilst Hyginus calls them sons of Tartarus and Terra.\n They are represented as men of uncommon stature, and with strength\n proportioned to their gigantic size. Some of them, as Cottus,\n Briareus, and Gyges, had 50 heads and 100 arms, and serpents instead\n of legs. They were of a terrible aspect; their hair hung loose about\n their shoulders, and their beards were suffered to grow untouched.\n Pallene and its neighbourhood was the place of their residence. The\n defeat of the Titans, with whom they are often ignorantly confounded,\n and to whom they were nearly related, incensed them against Jupiter,\n and they all conspired to dethrone him. The god was alarmed, and\n called all the deities to assist him against a powerful enemy\n who made use of rocks, oaks, and burning woods for their weapons,\n and who had already heaped mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale with\n more facility the walls of heaven. At the sight of such dreadful\n adversaries, the gods fled with the greatest consternation into\n Egypt, where they assumed the shape of different animals to screen\n themselves from their pursuers. Jupiter, however, remembered\n that they were not invincible, provided he called a mortal to his\n assistance; and by the advice of Pallas, he armed his son Hercules\n in his cause. With the aid of this celebrated hero, the giants were\n soon put to flight and defeated. Some were crushed to pieces under\n mountains, or buried in the sea, and others were flayed alive, or\n beaten to death with clubs. _See:_ Enceladus, Aloides, Porphyrion,\n Typhon, Otus, Titanes, &c. The existence of giants has been\n supported by all the writers of antiquity, and received as an\n undeniable truth. Homer tells us that Tityus, when extended on\n the ground, covered nine acres; and that Polyphemus ate two of\n the companions of Ulysses at once, and walked along the shores of\n Sicily, leaning on a staff which might have served for the mast of\n a ship. The Grecian heroes, during the Trojan war, and Turnus in\n Italy, attacked their enemies by throwing stones, which four men of\n the succeeding ages would have been unable to move. Plutarch also\n mentions, in support of the gigantic stature, that Sertorius opened\n the grave of Ant\u00e6us in Africa, and found a skeleton which measured\n six cubits in length. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk.\n 1, ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 151.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Sertorius_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 28, &c.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 7 &\n 10.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 280; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 580.\n\n=Gigartum=, a town of Ph\u0153nicia.\n\n=Gigis=, one of the female attendants of Parysatis, who was privy to\n the poisoning of Statira. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.\n\n=Gildo=, a governor of Africa in the reign of Arcadius. He died A.D.\n 398.\n\n=Gillo=, an infamous adulterer in Juvenal\u2019s age. _Juvenal_, satire 1,\n li. 40.\n\n=Gindanes=, a people of Libya, who fed on the leaves of the lotus.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 176.\n\n=Gindes=, a river of Albania, flowing into the Cyrus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of\n Mesopotamia. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 141.\n\n=Ginge.= _See:_ Gigis.\n\n=Ging\u016bnum=, a mountain of Umbria.\n\n=Gippius=, a Roman who pretended to sleep, that his wife might indulge\n her adulterous propensities, &c.\n\n=Gisco=, son of Himilcon the Carthaginian general, was banished from\n his country by the influence of his enemies. He was afterwards\n recalled, and empowered by the Carthaginians to punish in what\n manner he pleased those who had occasioned his banishment. He was\n satisfied to see them prostrate on the ground and to place his foot\n on their neck, showing that independence and forgiveness are two of\n the most brilliant virtues of a great mind. He was made a general\n soon after, in Sicily, against the Corinthians, about 309 years\n before the christian era; and by his success and intrepidity he\n obliged the enemies of his country to sue for peace.\n\n=Gl\u0103di\u0103t\u014drii ludi=, combats originally exhibited on the grave of\n deceased persons at Rome. They were first introduced at Rome by the\n Bruti, upon the death of their father, A.U.C. 488. It was supposed\n that the ghosts of the dead were rendered propitious by human blood;\n therefore at funerals, it was usual to murder slaves in cool blood.\n In succeeding ages, it was reckoned less cruel to oblige them to\n kill one another like men, than to slaughter them like brutes,\n therefore the barbarity was covered by the specious show of pleasure\n and voluntary combat. Originally captives, criminals, or disobedient\n slaves were trained up for combat; but when the diversion became\n more frequent, and was exhibited on the smallest occasion, to\n procure esteem and popularity, many of the Roman citizens enlisted\n themselves among the gladiators, and Nero, at one show, exhibited\n no less than 400 senators and 600 knights. The people were treated\n with these combats not only by the great and opulent, but the very\n priests had their _Ludi pontificales_, and _Ludi sacerdotales_. It\n is supposed that there were no more than three pair of gladiators\n exhibited by the Bruti. Their numbers, however, increased with\n the luxury and power of the city; and the gladiators became so\n formidable, that Spartacus, one of their body, had courage to take\n up arms, and the success to defeat the Roman armies, only with a\n train of his fellow-sufferers. The more prudent of the Romans were\n sensible of the dangers which threatened the state by keeping such\n a number of desperate men in arms, and therefore many salutary laws\n were proposed to limit their number, as well as to settle the time\n in which the show could be exhibited with safety and convenience.\n Under the emperors, not only senators and knights, but even women\n engaged among the gladiators, and seemed to forget the inferiority\n of their sex. When there were to be any shows, hand-bills were\n circulated to give notice to the people, and to mention the place,\n number, time, and every circumstance requisite to be known. When\n they were first brought upon the _arena_, they walked round the\n place with great pomp and solemnity, and after that they were\n matched in equal pairs with great nicety. They first had a skirmish\n with wooden files, called _rudes_ or _arma lusoria_. After this\n the effective weapons, such as swords, daggers, &c., called _arma\n decretoria_, were given them, and the signal for the engagement was\n given by the sound of a trumpet. As they had all previously sworn to\n fight till death, or suffer death in the most excruciating torments,\n the fight was bloody and obstinate, and when one signified his\n submission by surrendering his arms, the victor was not permitted\n to grant him his life without the leave and approbation of the\n multitude. This was done by clenching the fingers of both hands\n between each other, and holding the thumbs upright close together,\n or by bending back their thumbs. The first of these was called\n _pollicem premere_, and signified the wish of the people to spare\n the life of the conquered. The other sign, called _pollicem vertere_,\n signified their disapprobation, and ordered the victor to put his\n antagonist to death. The victor was generally rewarded with a palm,\n and other expressive marks of the people\u2019s favour. He was most\n commonly presented with a _pileus_ and _rudis_. When one of the\n combatants received a remarkable wound, the people exclaimed _habet_,\n and expressed their exultation by shouts. The combats of gladiators\n were sometimes different either in weapons or dress, whence\n they were generally distinguished into the following orders: The\n _secutores_ were armed with a sword and buckler, to keep off the\n net of their antagonists, the _retiarii_. These last endeavoured\n to throw their net over the head of their antagonist, and in that\n manner to entangle him, and prevent him from striking. If this did\n not succeed, they betook themselves to flight. Their dress was a\n short coat, with a hat tied under the chin with a broad ribbon.\n They wore a trident in their left hand. The _Thraces_, originally\n Thracians, were armed with a falchion, and small round shield. The\n _myrmillones_, called also _Galli_, from their Gallic dress, \u2666were\n much the same as the _secutores_. They were, like them, armed with\n a sword, and on the top of the head-piece they wore the figure of a\n fish embossed, called \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, whence their name. The _Hoplomachi_\n were completely armed from head to foot, as their name implies. The\n _Samnites_, armed after the manner of the Samnites, wore a large\n shield broad at the top, and growing more narrow at the bottom, more\n conveniently to defend the upper parts of the body. The _Essedarii_\n generally fought from the _essedum_, or chariot used by the ancient\n Gauls and Britons. The _andabat\u00e6_, \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, fought on horseback,\n with a helmet that covered and defended their faces and eyes. Hence\n _andabatarum more pugnare_, is to fight blindfolded. The _meridiani_\n engaged in the afternoon. The _postulatitii_ were men of great skill\n and experience, and such as were generally produced by the emperors.\n The _fiscales_ were maintained out of the emperor\u2019s treasury,\n _fiscus_. The _dimach\u00e6ri_ fought with two swords in their hands,\n whence their name. After these cruel exhibitions had been continued\n for the amusement of the Roman populace, they were abolished by\n Constantine the Great, near 600 years after their first institution.\n They were, however, revived under the reign of Constantius and his\n two successors, but Honorius for ever put an end to these cruel\n barbarities.\n\n \u2666 \u2018where\u2019 replaced with \u2018were\u2019\n\n=Glanis=, a river of Cum\u00e6,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Iberia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Italy. _Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454.\n\n=Glanum=, a town of Gaul, now _St. Remi_, in Provence.\n\n=Glaphy\u0306re= and =Glaphy\u0306ra=, a daughter of Archelaus the high priest\n of Bellona in Cappadocia, celebrated for her beauty and intrigues.\n She obtained the kingdom of Cappadocia for her two sons from Marcus\n Antony, whom she corrupted by defiling the bed of her husband. This\n amour of Antony with Glaphyra highly displeased his wife Fulvia,\n who wished Augustus to avenge his infidelity by receiving from\n her the same favours which Glaphyra received from Antony.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Her\n granddaughter bore the same name. She was a daughter of Archelaus\n king of Cappadocia, and married Alexander, a son of Herod, by whom\n she had two sons. After the death of Alexander, she married her\n brother-in-law Archelaus.\n\n=Glaphy\u0306rus=, an infamous adulterer. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 77.\n\n=Glauce=, the wife of Act\u00e6us, daughter of Cychr\u00e6us. _Apollodorus._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Cretheus, mother of Telamon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n Nereides.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Creon, who married Jason. _See:_ Creusa.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Glaucia=, a surname of the Servilian family. _Cicero_, _Orator_,\n ch. 3.\n\n=Glaucippe=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Glaucippus=, a Greek who wrote a treatise concerning the sacred rites\n observed at Athens.\n\n=Glaucon=, a writer of dialogues at Athens. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_,\n _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.\n\n=Glaucon\u014fme=, one of the Nereides.\n\n=Glauc\u014dpis=, a surname of Minerva, from the blueness of her eyes.\n _Homer._\u2015\u2015_Hesiod._\n\n=Glaucus=, a son of Hippolchus the son of Bellerophon. He assisted\n Priam in the Trojan war, and had the simplicity to exchange his\n golden suit of armour with Diomedes for an iron one, whence came\n the proverb of _Glauci et Diomedis permutatio_, to express a foolish\n purchase. He behaved with much courage, and was killed by Ajax.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 483.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 96.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fisherman of Anthedon in B\u0153otia,\n son of Neptune and Nais, or, according to others, of Polybius the\n son of Mercury. As he was fishing, he observed that all the fishes\n which he laid on the grass received fresh vigour as they touched the\n ground, and immediately escaped from him by leaping into the sea. He\n attributed the cause of it to the grass, and by tasting it, he found\n himself suddenly moved with a desire of living in the sea. Upon\n this he leaped into the water, and was made a sea deity by Oceanus\n and Tethys, at the request of the gods. After this transformation\n he became enamoured of the Nereid Scylla, whose ingratitude was\n severely punished by Circe. _See:_ Scylla. He is represented like\n the other sea deities, with a long beard, dishevelled hair, and\n shaggy eyebrows, and with the tail of a fish. He received the gift\n of prophecy from Apollo, and according to some accounts he was the\n interpreter of Nereus. He assisted the Argonauts in their expedition,\n and foretold them that Hercules and the two sons of Leda would one\n day receive immortal honours. The fable of his metamorphosis has\n been explained by some authors, who observe that he was an excellent\n diver, who was devoured by fishes as he was swimming in the sea.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 905, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable\n 199.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Aristotle_, _Constitution of Delos_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Sisyphus king of Corinth, by Merope the daughter of\n Atlas, born at Potnia, a village of B\u0153otia. He prevented his mares\n from having any commerce with the stallions, in the expectation\n that they would become swifter in running, upon which Venus inspired\n the mares with such fury, that they tore his body to pieces as he\n returned from the games which Adrastus had celebrated in honour of\n his father. He was buried at Potnia. _Hyginus_, fable 250.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 367.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Minos II. and Pasiphae, who was smothered in a cask of honey. His\n father, ignorant of his fate, consulted the oracle to know where he\n was, and received for answer, that the soothsayer who best described\n him an ox, which was of three different colours among his flocks,\n would best give him intelligence of his son\u2019s situation. Polyidus\n was found superior to all the other soothsayers, and was commanded\n by the king to find the young prince. When he had found him, Minos\n confined him with the dead body, and told him that he never would\n restore him his liberty if he did not restore his son to life.\n Polyidus was struck with the king\u2019s severity, but while he stood in\n astonishment, a serpent suddenly came towards the body and touched\n it. Polyidus killed the serpent, and immediately a second came, who\n seeing the other without motion or signs of life, disappeared, and\n soon after returned with a certain herb in his mouth. This herb he\n laid on the body of the dead serpent, which was immediately restored\n to life. Polyidus, who had attentively considered what passed,\n seized the herb, and with it he rubbed the body of the dead prince,\n who was instantly raised to life. Minos received Glaucus with\n gratitude, but he refused to restore Polyidus to liberty, before\n he taught his son the art of divination and prophecy. He consented\n with great reluctance, and when he was at last permitted to return\n to Argolis his native country, he desired his pupil to spit in his\n mouth. Glaucus willingly consented, and from that moment he forgot\n all the knowledge of divination and healing which he had received\n from the instructions of Polyidus. Hyginus ascribes the recovery\n of Glaucus to \u00c6sculapius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fables 136 & 251, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Epytus, who succeeded his father\n on the throne of Messenia, about 10 centuries before the Augustan\n age. He introduced the worship of Jupiter among the Dorians, and was\n the first who offered sacrifices to Machaon the son of \u00c6sculapius.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Antenor, killed by Agamemnon.\n _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Argonaut, the only one of the crew\n who was not wounded in a battle against the Tyrrhenians. _Athen\u00e6us_,\n bk. 7, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 343.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hippolytus, whose descendants\n reigned in Ionia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An athlete of Eub\u0153a. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician\n of Cleopatra. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A warrior in the age\n of Phocion. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician exposed on a\n cross, because Heph\u00e6stion died while under his care. _Plutarch_,\n _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An artist of Chios. _Pausanias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Spartan.\n _Pausanias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grove of B\u0153otia. _Pausanias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A bay of Caria,\n now the gulf of _Macri_. _Pausanias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Rhegium in\n Italy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A bay and river of Libya,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Peloponnesus,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of\n Colchis, falling into the Phasis.\n\n=Glautias=, a king of Illyricum, who educated Pyrrhus.\n\n=Glicon=, a physician of Pansa, accused of having poisoned the wound\n of his patron, &c. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 11.\n\n=Glissas=, a town of B\u0153otia, with a small river in the neighbourhood.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 19.\n\n=Glyc\u0115ra=, a beautiful woman, celebrated by _Horace_, bk. 1, odes 19,\n 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A courtesan of Sicyon, so skilful in making garlands, that\n some attributed to her the invention of them.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous courtesan,\n whom Harpalus brought from Athens to Babylon.\n\n=Gly\u0306c\u0115rium=, a harlot of Thespis, who presented her countrymen with\n the painting of Cupid, which Praxiteles had given her.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n mistress of Pamphilus in Terence\u2019s Andria.\n\n=Gly\u0306con=, a man remarkable for his strength. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 1,\n li. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician who attended Pansa, and was accused of\n poisoning his patron\u2019s wound. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 11.\n\n=Glympes=, a town on the borders of the Laced\u00e6monians and Messenians.\n _Polybius_, bk. 4.\n\n=Gnatia=, a town of Apulia, about 30 miles from Brundusium, badly\n supplied with water. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5.\n\n=Gnidus.= _See:_ Cnidus.\n\n=Gnossis= and =Gnossia=, an epithet given to Ariadne, because she\n lived, or was born, at Gnossus. The crown which she received from\n Bacchus, and which was made a constellation, is called _Gnossia\n Stella_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 222.\n\n=Gnossus=, a famous city of Crete, the residence of king Minos.\n The name of _Gnossia tellus_ is often applied to the whole island.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 23.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Odyssey_.\n\n=Gobanitio=, a chief of the Averni, uncle to Vercingetorix. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 4.\n\n=Gobar=, a governor of Mesopotamia, who checked the course of the\n Euphrates, that it might not run rapidly through Babylon. _Pliny_,\n bk. 6, ch. 26.\n\n=Gobares=, a Persian governor, who surrendered to Alexander, &c.\n _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 31.\n\n=Gobryas=, a Persian, one of the seven noblemen who conspired against\n the usurper Smerdis. _See:_ Darius. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 70.\n\n=Golgi= (\u014drum), a place of Cyprus, sacred to Venus _Golgia_ and to\n Cupid. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.\n\n=Gomphi=, a town of Thessaly, near the springs of the Peneus, at the\n foot of mount Pindus.\n\n=Gon\u0101tas=, one of the Antigoni.\n\n=Goni\u0103des=, nymphs in the neighbourhood of the river Cytherus.\n _Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Gonippus= and =Panormus=, two youths of Andania, who disturbed the\n Laced\u00e6monians when celebrating the festivals of Pollux. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 4, ch. 27.\n\n=Gonni= and =Gonocondylos=, a town of Thessaly at the entrance into\n Tempe. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 10; bk. 42, ch. 54.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\n\n=Gonoessa=, a town of Troas. _Seneca_, _Troades_.\n\n=Gonussa=, a town of Sicyon. _Pausanias._\n\n=Gordi\u00e6i=, mountains in Armenia, where the Tigris rises, supposed to\n be the Ararat of scripture.\n\n=Gordi\u0101nus Marcus Antonius Africanus=, a son of Metius Marcellus,\n descended from Trajan by his mother\u2019s side. In the greatest\n affluence, he cultivated learning, and was an example of piety and\n virtue. He applied himself to the study of poetry, and composed a\n poem in 30 books upon the virtues of Titus, Antoninus, and Marcus\n Aurelius. He was such an advocate for good breeding and politeness,\n that he never sat down in the presence of his father-in-law Annius\n Severus, who paid him daily visits, before he was promoted to the\n pretorship. He was some time after elected consul, and went to take\n the government of Africa in the capacity of proconsul. After he\n had attained his 80th year in the greatest splendour and domestic\n tranquillity, he was roused from his peaceful occupations by the\n tyrannical reign of the Maximini, and he was proclaimed emperor by\n the rebellious troops of his province. He long declined to accept\n the imperial purple, but the threats of immediate death gained\n his compliance. Maximinus marched against him with the greatest\n indignation; and Gordian sent his son, with whom he shared the\n imperial dignity, to oppose the enemy. Young Gordian was killed;\n and the father, worn out with age, and grown desperate on account of\n his misfortunes, strangled himself at Carthage, before he had been\n six weeks at the head of the empire, A.D. 236. He was universally\n lamented by the army and people.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus Antoninus Africanus, son\n of Gordianus, was instructed by Serenus Sammoticus, who left him\n his library, which consisted of 62,000 volumes. His enlightened\n understanding, and his peaceful disposition, recommended him to the\n favour of the emperor Heliogabalus. He was made prefect of Rome,\n and afterwards consul, by the emperor Alexander Severus. He passed\n into Africa, in the character of lieutenant to his father, who\n had obtained that province; and seven years after he was elected\n emperor, in conjunction with him. He marched against the partisans of\n Maximinus, his antagonist in Mauritania, and was killed in a bloody\n battle on the 25th of June, A.D. 236, after a reign of about six\n weeks. He was of an amiable disposition, but he has been justly\n blamed by his biographers on account of his lascivious propensities,\n which reduced him to the weakness and infirmities of old age, though\n he was but in his 46th year at the time of his death.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus\n Antoninus Pius, grandson to the first Gordian, was but 12 years\n old when he was honoured with the title of C\u00e6sar. He was proclaimed\n emperor in the 16th year of his age, and his election was attended\n with universal marks of approbation. In the 18th year of his age,\n he married Furia Sabina Tranquilina daughter of Misitheus, a man\n celebrated for his \u2666eloquence and public virtues. Misitheus was\n entrusted with the most important offices of the state by his\n son-in-law, and his administration proved how deserving he was of\n the confidence and affection of his imperial master. He corrected\n the various abuses which prevailed in the state, and restored\n the ancient discipline among the soldiers. By his prudence and\n political sagacity, all the chief towns in the empire were stored\n with provisions, which could maintain the emperor and a large army\n during 15 days upon any emergency. Gordian was not less active than\n his father-in-law; and when Sapor the king of Persia had invaded the\n Roman provinces in the east, he boldly marched to meet him, and in\n his way defeated a large body of Goths, in M\u0153sia. He conquered Sapor,\n and took many flourishing cities in the east from his adversary. In\n this success the senate decreed him a triumph, and saluted Misitheus\n as the guardian of the republic. Gordian was assassinated in the\n east, A.D. 244, by the means of Philip, who had succeeded to the\n virtuous Misitheus, and who usurped the sovereign power by murdering\n a warlike and amiable prince. The senate, sensible of his merit,\n honoured him with a most splendid funeral on the confines of Persia,\n and ordered that the descendants of the Gordians should ever be free,\n at Rome, from all the heavy taxes and burdens of the state. During\n the reign of Gordianus, there was an uncommon eclipse of the sun, in\n which the stars appeared in the middle of the day.\n\n \u2666 \u2018eloqence\u2019 replaced with \u2018eloquence\u2019\n\n=Gordium=, a town of Phrygia. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 38,\n ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Gordius=, a Phrygian, who, though originally a peasant, was raised to\n the throne. During a sedition, the Phrygians consulted the oracle,\n and were told that all their troubles would cease as soon as they\n chose for their king the first man they met going to the temple\n of Jupiter, mounted on a chariot. Gordius was the object of their\n choice, and he immediately consecrated his chariot in the temple\n of Jupiter. The knot which tied the yoke to the draught tree, was\n made in such an artful manner that the ends of the cord could not\n be perceived. From this circumstance a report was soon spread, that\n the empire of Asia was promised by the oracle to him that could\n untie the Gordian knot. Alexander, in his conquest of Asia, passed\n by Gordium; and as he wished to leave nothing undone which might\n inspire his soldiers with courage, and make his enemies believe that\n he was born to conquer Asia, he cut the knot with his sword; and\n from that circumstance asserted that the oracle was really fulfilled,\n and that his claims to universal empire were fully justified.\n _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Arrian_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Corinth. _Aristotle_.\n\n=Gorg\u0101sus=, a man who received divine honours at Pher\u00e6 in Messenia.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.\n\n=Gorge=, a daughter of \u0152neus king of Calydon, by Alth\u00e6a daughter of\n Thestius. She married Andremon, by whom she had Oxilus, who headed\n the Heraclid\u00e6 when they made an attempt upon Peloponnesus. Her\n tomb was seen at Amphissa in Locris. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 38.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,\n li. 542.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Gorgias=, a celebrated sophist and orator, son of Carmantides\n surnamed _Leontinus_, because born at Leontium in Sicily. He was\n sent by his countrymen to solicit the assistance of the Athenians\n against the Syracusans, and was successful in his embassy. He lived\n to his 108th year, and died B.C. 400. Only two fragments of his\n compositions are extant. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Orator_, ch. 22, &c.; _De Senectute_, ch. 15; _Brutus_, ch. 15.\n \u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bks. 3 & 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Antiochus Epiphanes.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian, who wrote an account of all the prostitutes of\n Athens. _Athen\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Macedonian, forced to war with Amyntas, &c.\n _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 1.\n\n=Gorgo=, the wife of Leonidas king of Sparta, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of the\n ship which carried Perseus, after he had conquered Medusa.\n\n=Gorg\u014fnes=, three celebrated sisters, daughters of Phorcys and Ceto,\n whose names were Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, all immortal except\n Medusa. According to the mythologists, their hairs were entwined\n with serpents, their hands were of brass, their wings of the colour\n of gold, their body was covered with impenetrable scales, and their\n teeth were as long as the tusks of a wild boar, and they turned to\n stones all those on whom they fixed their eyes. Medusa alone had\n serpents in her hair, according to Ovid, and this proceeded from\n the resentment of Minerva, in whose temple Medusa had gratified the\n passion of Neptune, who was enamoured of the beautiful colour of her\n locks, which the goddess changed into serpents. \u00c6schylus says that\n they had only one tooth and one eye between them, of which they had\n the use each in her turn; and accordingly it was at the time that\n they were exchanging the eye, that Perseus attacked them, and cut\n off Medusa\u2019s head. According to some authors, Perseus, when he went\n to the conquest of the Gorgons, was armed with an instrument like\n a scythe by Mercury, and provided with a looking-glass by Minerva,\n besides winged shoes, and a helmet of Pluto, which rendered all\n objects clearly visible and open to the view, while the person who\n wore it remained totally invisible. With weapons like these, Perseus\n obtained an easy victory; and after his conquest, returned his arms\n to the different deities whose favours and assistance he had so\n recently experienced. The head of Medusa remained in his hands;\n and after he had finished all his laborious expeditions, he gave it\n to Minerva, who placed it on her \u00e6gis, with which she turned into\n stones all such as fixed their eyes upon it. It is said, that after\n the conquest of the Gorgons, Perseus took his flight in the air\n towards \u00c6thiopia; and that the drops of blood which fell to the\n ground from Medusa\u2019s head were changed into serpents, which have\n ever since infested the sandy deserts of Libya. The horse Pegasus\n also arose from the blood of Medusa, as well as Chrysaor with his\n golden sword. The residence of the Gorgons was beyond the ocean\n towards the west, according to Hesiod. \u00c6schylus makes them inhabit\n the eastern parts of Scythia; and Ovid, as the most received opinion,\n supports that they lived in the inland parts of Libya, near the lake\n of Triton, or the gardens of the Hesperides. Diodorus and others\n explain the fable of the Gorgons, by supposing that they were a\n warlike race of women near the Amazons, whom Perseus, with the help\n of a large army, totally destroyed. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Shield\n of Heracles_.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 1\n & 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 5 & 11.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Aeschylus_, _Prometheus Bound_, act 4.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Pythian_,\n odes 7 & 12; _Olympian_, poem 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,\n li. 618, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pal\u00e6phatus_, _on the Daughters of Phorcys_.\n\n=Gorg\u014fnia=, a surname of Pallas, because Perseus, armed with her shield,\n had conquered the Gorgon, who had polluted her temple with Neptune.\n\n=Gorg\u014fnius=, a man ridiculed by Horace for his ill smell. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, satire 2, li. 27.\n\n=Gorg\u014fph\u014fne=, a daughter of Perseus and Andromeda, who married\n Perieres king of Messenia, by whom she had Aphareus and Leucippus.\n After the death of Perieres, she married \u0152balus, who made her mother\n of Icarus and Tyndarus. She is the first whom the mythologists\n mention as having had a second husband. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Danaides.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Gorg\u014fph\u014fnus=, a son of Electryon and Anaxo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 4.\n\n=Gorg\u014fph\u014fra=, a surname of Minerva, from her \u00e6gis, on which was the\n head of the Gorgon Medusa. _Cicero._\n\n=Gorgus=, the son of Aristomenes the Messenian. He was married, when\n young, to a virgin, by his father, who had experienced the greatest\n kindnesses from her humanity, and had been enabled to conquer seven\n Cretans who had attempted his life, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 19.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Theron tyrant of Agrigentum.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man whose knowledge\n of metals proved very serviceable to Alexander, &c.\n\n=Gorgythion=, a son of Priam, killed by Teucer. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 8.\n\n=Gortu\u00e6=, a people of Eub\u0153a, who fought with the Medes at the battle\n of Arbela. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Gortyn=, =Gortys=, and =Gort\u0233na=, an inland town of Crete. It was\n on the inhabitants of this place that Annibal, to save his money,\n practised an artifice recorded in _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 214; bk. 7,\n li. 214.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 773.\n\n=Gort\u0233nia=, a town of Arcadia in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,\n ch. 28.\n\n=Gotthi=, a celebrated nation of Germany, called also Gothones,\n Gutones, Gythones, and Guttones. They were warriors by profession,\n as well as all their savage neighbours. They extended their power\n over all parts of the world, and chiefly directed their arms\n against the Roman empire. Their first attempt against Rome was on\n the provinces of Greece, whence they were driven by Constantine.\n They plundered Rome, under Alaric, one of their most celebrated\n kings, A.D. 410. From becoming the enemies of the Romans, the Goths\n gradually became their mercenaries; and as they were powerful and\n united, they soon dictated to their imperial masters, and introduced\n disorder, anarchy, and revolutions in the west of Europe. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.\n\n=Gracchus Tiberius Sempronius=, father of Tiberius and Caius Gracchus,\n twice consul, and once censor, was distinguished by his integrity\n as well as his prudence and superior ability, both in the senate and\n at the head of the armies. He made war in Gaul, and met with much\n success in Spain. He married Sempronia, of the family of the Scipios,\n a woman of great virtue, piety, and learning. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_,\n bk. 1, ch. 48. Their children, Tiberius and Caius, who had been\n educated under the watchful eye of their mother, rendered themselves\n famous for their eloquence, seditions, and an obstinate attachment\n to the interests of the populace, which at last proved fatal to\n them. With a winning eloquence, affected moderation, and uncommon\n popularity, Tiberius began to renew the Agrarian law, which had\n already caused such dissensions at Rome. _See:_ Agraria. By the\n means of violence, his proposition passed into a law, and he was\n appointed commissioner, with his father-in-law Appius Claudius and\n his brother Caius, to make an equal division of the lands among the\n people. The riches of Attalus, which were left to the Roman people\n by will, were distributed without opposition; and Tiberius enjoyed\n the triumph of his successful enterprise, when he was assassinated\n in the midst of his adherents by Publius Nasica, while the populace\n were all unanimous to re-elect him to serve the office of tribune\n the following year. The death of Tiberius checked for a while the\n friends of the people; but Caius, spurred by ambition and furious\n zeal, attempted to remove every obstacle which stood in his way by\n force and violence. He supported the cause of the people with more\n vehemence, but less moderation than Tiberius; and his success served\n only to awaken his ambition, and animate his resentment against\n the nobles. With the privileges of a tribune, he soon became the\n arbiter of the republic, and treated the patricians with contempt.\n This behaviour hastened the ruin of Caius, and in the tumult he\n fled to the temple of Diana, where his friends prevented him from\n committing suicide. This increased the sedition, and he was murdered\n by order of the consul Opimius, B.C. 121, about 13 years after the\n unfortunate end of Tiberius. His body was thrown into the Tiber,\n and his wife was forbidden to put on mourning for his death. Caius\n has been accused of having stained his hands in the blood of Scipio\n Africanus the younger, who was found murdered in his bed. _Plutarch_,\n _Parallel Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Catiline_, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 6,\n li. 796.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17; bk. 3, ch. 14, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sempronius,\n a Roman, banished to the coast of Africa for his adulteries with\n Julia the daughter of Augustus. He was assassinated by order of\n Tiberius, after he had been banished 14 years. Julia also shared\n his fate. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 53.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the\n Sabines, taken by Quinctius Cincinnatus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman consul, defeated\n by Annibal, &c. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.\n\n=Gr\u0101d\u012bvus=, a surname of Mars among the Romans, perhaps from\n \u03ba\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _brandishing a spear_. Though he had a temple without\n the walls of Rome, and though Numa had established the Salii, yet\n his favourite residence was supposed to be among the fierce and\n savage Thracians and Get\u00e6, over whom he particularly presided.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 35.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1,\n ch. 20; bk. 2, ch. 45.\n\n=Gr\u00e6ci=, the inhabitants of Greece. _See:_ Gr\u00e6cia.\n\n=Gr\u00e6cia=, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded on the west by\n the Ionian sea, south by the Mediterranean sea, east by the \u00c6gean,\n and north by Thrace and Dalmatia. It is generally divided into\n four large provinces: Macedonia, Epirus, Achaia or Hellas, and\n Peloponnesus. This country has been reckoned superior to every\n other part of the earth, on account of the salubrity of the air,\n the temperature of the climate, the fertility of the soil, and above\n all, the fame, learning, and arts of its inhabitants. The Greeks have\n severally been called Ach\u00e6ans, Argians, Danai, Dolopes, Hellenians,\n Ionians, Myrmidons, and Pelasgians. The most celebrated of their\n cities were Athens, Sparta, Argos, Corinth, Thebes, Sicyon, Mycen\u00e6,\n Delphi, Tr\u0153zene, Salamis, Megara, Pylos, &c. The inhabitants, whose\n history is darkened in its primitive ages with fabulous accounts and\n traditions, supported that they were the original inhabitants of the\n country, and born from the earth where they dwelt; and they heard\n with contempt the probable conjectures which traced their origin\n among the first inhabitants of Asia, and the colonies of Egypt.\n In the first periods of their history, the Greeks were governed\n by monarchs; and there were as many kings as there were cities.\n The monarchical power gradually decreased; the love of liberty\n established the republican government; and no part of Greece, except\n Macedonia, remained in the hands of an absolute sovereign. The\n expedition of the Argonauts first rendered the Greeks respectable\n among their neighbours; and in the succeeding age, the wars of\n Thebes and Troy gave opportunity to their heroes and demi-gods to\n display their valour in the field of battle. The simplicity of the\n ancient Greeks rendered them virtuous; and the establishment of\n the Olympic games, in particular, where the noble reward of the\n conqueror was a laurel crown, contributed to their aggrandizement,\n and made them ambitious of fame, and not the slaves of riches.\n The austerity of their laws, and the education of their youth,\n particularly at Laced\u00e6mon, rendered them brave and active,\n insensible to bodily pain, fearless and intrepid in the time of\n danger. The celebrated battles of Marathon, Thermopyl\u00e6, Salamis,\n Plat\u00e6a, and Mycale sufficiently show what superiority the courage of\n a little army can obtain over millions of undisciplined barbarians.\n After many signal victories over the Persians, they became elated\n with their success; and when they found no one able to dispute their\n power abroad, they turned their arms one against the other, and\n leagued with foreign states to destroy the most flourishing of\n their cities. The Messenian and Peloponnesian wars are examples\n of the dreadful calamities which arise from civil discord and long\n prosperity, and the success with which the gold and the sword of\n Philip and of his son corrupted and enslaved Greece, fatally proved\n that when a nation becomes indolent and dissipated at home, it\n ceases to be respectable in the eyes of the neighbouring states. The\n annals of Greece, however, abound with singular proofs of heroism\n and resolution. The bold retreat of the 10,000, who had assisted\n Cyrus against his brother Artaxerxes, reminded their countrymen of\n their superiority over all other nations; and taught Alexander that\n the conquest of the east might be effected with a handful of Grecian\n soldiers. While the Greeks rendered themselves so illustrious\n by their military exploits, the arts and sciences were assisted\n by conquest, and received fresh lustre from the application and\n industry of their professors. The labours of the learned were\n received with admiration, and the merit of a composition was\n determined by the applause or disapprobation of a multitude.\n Their generals were orators; and eloquence seemed to be so nearly\n connected with the military profession, that he was despised by\n his soldiers who could not address them upon any emergency with\n a spirited and well-delivered oration. The learning as well as\n the virtues of Socrates procured him a name; and the writings of\n Aristotle have, perhaps, gained him a more lasting fame than all the\n conquests and trophies of his royal pupil. Such were the occupations\n and accomplishments of the Greeks. Their language became almost\n universal, and their country was the receptacle of the youths of the\n neighbouring states, where they imbibed the principles of liberty\n and moral virtue. The Greeks planted several colonies, and totally\n peopled the western coasts of Asia Minor. In the eastern parts\n of Italy there were also many settlements made; and the country\n received from its Greek inhabitants the name of _Magna Gr\u00e6cia_.\n For some time Greece submitted to the yoke of Alexander and his\n successors; and at last, after a spirited though ineffectual\n struggle in the Ach\u00e6an league, it fell under the power of Rome, and\n became one of its \u2666dependent provinces, governed by a proconsul.\n\n \u2666 \u2018dependant\u2019 replaced with \u2018dependent\u2019\n\n=Gr\u00e6cia magna=, a part of Italy where the Greeks planted colonies,\n whence the name. Its boundaries are very uncertain; some say that\n it extended on the southern parts of Italy, and others suppose that\n Magna Gr\u00e6cia comprehended only Campania and Lucania. To these some\n add Sicily, which was likewise peopled by Greek colonies. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 64.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, &c.\n\n=Gr\u00e6c\u012bnus=, a senator put to death by Caligula, because he refused to\n accuse Sejanus, &c. _Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_, bk. 2.\n\n=Gr\u00e6cus=, a man from whom some suppose that Greece received its name.\n _Aristotle._\n\n=Graius=, an inhabitant of Greece.\n\n=Grampius mons=, the Grampian mountains in Scotland. _Tacitus_,\n _Agricola_, ch. 29.\n\n=Gran\u012bcus=, a river of Bithynia, famous for the battle fought there\n between the armies of Alexander and Darius, 22nd of May, B.C. 334,\n when 600,000 Persians were defeated by 30,000 Macedonians.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Justin._\u2015\u2015_Curtius_,\n bk. 4, ch. 1.\n\n=Granius Petronius=, an officer who, being taken by Pompey\u2019s generals,\n refused the life which was tendered to him; observing that C\u00e6sar\u2019s\n soldiers received not, but granted, life. He killed himself.\n _Plutarch_, _C\u00e6sar_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A questor whom Sylla had ordered to be\n strangled, only one day before he died a natural death. _Plutarch._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of the wife of Marius, by a former husband.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus, a\n man intimate with Crassus and other illustrious men of Rome, whose\n vices he lashed with an unsparing hand. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, chs. 43\n & 46; _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 60.\n\n=Grati\u00e6=, three goddesses. _See:_ Charites.\n\n=Gr\u0101ti\u0101nus=, a native of Pannonia, father to the emperor Valentinian I.\n He was raised to the throne, though only eight years old; and after\n he had reigned for some time conjointly with his father, he became\n sole emperor in the 16th year of his age. He soon after took, as his\n imperial colleague, Theodosius, whom he appointed over the eastern\n parts of the empire. His courage in the field was as remarkable as\n his love of learning, and fondness of philosophy. He slaughtered\n 30,000 Germans in a battle, and supported the tottering state by\n his prudence and intrepidity. His enmity to the Pagan superstition\n of his subjects proved his ruin; and Maximinus, who undertook the\n defence of the worship of Jupiter and of all the gods, was joined\n by an infinite number of discontented Romans, and met Gratian near\n Paris in Gaul. Gratian was forsaken by his troops in the field of\n battle, and was murdered by the rebels, A.D. 383, in the 24th year\n of his age.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman soldier, invested with the imperial purple\n by the rebellious army in Britain, in opposition to Honorius. He was\n assassinated four months after by those very troops to whom he owed\n his elevation, A.D. 407.\n\n=Gratidia=, a woman at Neapolis, called Canidia by Horace, epode 3.\n\n=Gration=, a giant killed by Diana.\n\n=Gratius Faliscus=, a Latin poet contemporary with Ovid, and mentioned\n only by him among the more ancient authors. He wrote a poem on\n coursing, called _Cynegeticon_, much commended for its elegance and\n perspicuity. It may be compared to the Georgics of Virgil, to which\n it is nearly equal in the number of verses. The latest edition is of\n Amsterdam, 4to, 1728. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 34.\n\n=Gravii=, a people of Spain. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 366.\n\n=Gr\u0103visc\u00e6=, now _Eremo de St. Augustino_, a maritime town of Etruria,\n which assisted \u00c6neas against Turnus. The air was unwholesome, on\n account of the marshes and stagnant waters in its neighbourhood.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 184.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 29; bk. 41,\n ch. 16.\n\n=Gravius=, a Roman knight of Puteoli, killed at Dyrrachium, &c.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_.\n\n=Gregorius Theodore Thaumaturgus=, a disciple of Origen, afterwards\n bishop of Neoc\u00e6sarea, the place of his birth. He died A.D. 266,\n and it is said he left only 17 idolaters in his diocese, where\n he had found only 17 christians. Of his works, are extant his\n congratulatory oration to Origen, a canonical epistle, and other\n treatises in Greek, the best edition of which is that of Paris,\n folio, 1622.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Nazianzen, surnamed the _Divine_, was bishop\n of Constantinople, which he resigned on its being disputed. His\n writings rival those of the most celebrated orators of Greece\n in eloquence, sublimity, and variety. His sermons are more for\n philosophers than common hearers, but replete with seriousness and\n devotion. Erasmus said that he was afraid to translate his works,\n from the apprehension of not transfusing into another language the\n smartness and acumen of his style, and the stateliness and happy\n diction of the whole. He died A.D. 389. The best edition is that of\n the Benedictines, the first volume of which, in folio, was published\n at Paris, 1778.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A bishop of Nyssa, author of the Nicene creed.\n His style is represented as allegorical and affected; and he has\n been accused of mixing philosophy too much with theology. His\n writings consist of commentaries on scripture, moral discourses,\n sermons on mysteries, dogmatical treatises, panegyrics on saints;\n the best edition of which is that of Morell, 2 vols., folio, Paris,\n 1615. The bishop died, A.D. 396.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another christian writer, whose\n works were edited by the Benedictines, in 4 vols., folio, Paris,\n 1705.\n\n=Grinnes=, a people among the Batavians. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5,\n ch. 10.\n\n=Grosphus=, a man distinguished as much for his probity as his riches,\n to whom _Horace_ addressed bk. 2, ode 16.\n\n=Grudii=, a people tributary to the Nervii, supposed to have inhabited\n the country near Tournay or Bruges in Flanders. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic\n War_, bk. 5, ch. 38.\n\n=Grumentum=, now _Armento_, an inland town of Lucania on the river\n Aciris. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 37; bk. 27, ch. 41.\n\n=Gryllus=, a son of Xenophon, who killed Epaminondas, and was himself\n slain, at the battle of Mantinea, B.C. 363. His father was offering\n a sacrifice when he received the news of his death, and he threw\n down the garland which was on his head; but he replaced it when\n he heard that the enemy\u2019s general had fallen by his hands; and\n he observed, that his death ought to be celebrated with every\n demonstration of joy, rather than of lamentation. _Aristotle._\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the companions of\n Ulysses, changed into a swine by Circe. It it said that he refused\n to be restored to his human shape, and preferred the indolence and\n inactivity of this squalid animal.\n\n=Gryn\u0113um= and =Gryn\u012bum=, a town near Clazomen\u00e6, where Apollo had a\n temple with an oracle, on account of which he is called _Gryn\u00e6us_.\n _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, bk. 6, li. 72; _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 4, li. 345.\n\n=Gryn\u0113us=, one of the Centaurs, who fought against the Lapith\u00e6, &c.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 260.\n\n=Gy\u0103rus= and =Gy\u0103ros=, an island in the \u00c6gean sea, near Delos.\n The Romans were wont to send their culprits there. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 407.\n\n=Gyas=, one of the companions of \u00c6neas, who distinguished himself at\n the games exhibited after the death of Anchises in Sicily. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 118, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A part of the territories of\n Syracuse, in the possession of Dionysius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Rutulian, son of\n Melampus, killed by \u00c6neas in Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n li. 318.\n\n=G\u0233g\u00e6us=, a lake of Lydia, 40 stadia from Sardis. _Propertius_, bk. 3,\n poem 11, li. 18.\n\n=G\u0233ge=, a maid of Parysatis.\n\n=Gyges=, or =Gyes=, a son of C\u0153lus and Terra, represented as having\n 50 heads and 100 hands. He, with his brothers, made war against the\n gods, and was afterwards punished in Tartarus. _Ovid_, _Tristia_,\n bk. 4, poem 7, li. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Lydian, to whom Candaules king of the\n country showed his wife naked. The queen was so incensed at this\n instance of imprudence and infirmity in her husband, that she\n ordered Gyges, either to prepare for death himself, or to murder\n Candaules. He chose the latter, and married the queen, and ascended\n the vacant throne, about 718 years before the christian era. He was\n the first of the Mermnad\u00e6 who reigned in Lydia. He reigned 38 years,\n and distinguished himself by the immense presents which he made to\n the oracle of Delphi. According to Plato, Gyges descended into a\n chasm of the earth, where he found a brazen horse, whose sides he\n opened, and saw within the body the carcase of a man of uncommon\n size, from whose finger he took a famous brazen ring. This ring,\n when put on his finger, rendered him invisible; and by means of its\n virtue, he introduced himself to the queen, murdered her husband,\n and married her, and usurped the crown of Lydia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2666_Plato_, _Dialogues_, bk. 10, _The Republic_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n man killed by Turnus in his wars with \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 9, li. 762.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A beautiful boy of Cnidos in the age of Horace.\n _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 5, li. 30.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Plutarch\u2019 replaced with \u2018Plato\u2019\n\n=Gylippus=, a Laced\u00e6monian sent, B.C. 414, by his countrymen to assist\n Syracuse against the Athenians. He obtained a celebrated victory\n over Nicias and Demosthenes, the enemy\u2019s generals, and obliged them\n to surrender. He accompanied Lysander in his expedition against\n Athens, and was present at the taking of that celebrated town. After\n the fall of Athens, he was entrusted by the conqueror with the money\n which had been taken in the plunder, which amounted to 1500 talents.\n As he conveyed it to Sparta, he had the meanness to unsew the bottom\n of the bags which contained it, and secreted about 300 talents. His\n theft was discovered; and to avoid the punishment which he deserved,\n he fled from his country, and by this act of meanness tarnished the\n glory of his victorious actions. _Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 199.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Nicias_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Arcadian in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 272.\n\n=Gymn\u0103sia=, a large city near Colchis. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Gymn\u0103sium=, a place among the Greeks, where all the public exercises\n were performed, and where not only wrestlers and dancers exhibited,\n but also philosophers, poets, and rhetoricians repeated their\n compositions. The room was high and spacious, and could contain many\n thousands of spectators. The laborious exercises of the Gymnasium\n were running, leaping, throwing the quoit, wrestling, and boxing,\n which was called by the Greeks \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, and by the Romans\n _quinquertia_. In riding, the athlete led a horse, on which he\n sometimes was mounted, conducting another by the bridle, and jumping\n from the one upon the other. Whoever came first to the goal and\n jumped with the greatest agility, obtained the prize. In running\n afoot the athletes were sometimes armed, and he who came first was\n declared victorious. Leaping was a useful exercise; its primary\n object was to teach the soldiers to jump over ditches, and to\n pass over eminences during a siege, or in the field of battle.\n In throwing the quoit, the prize was adjudged to him who threw it\n furthest. The quoits were made either with wood, stone, or metal.\n The wrestlers employed all their dexterity to bring their adversary\n to the ground, and the boxers had their hands armed with gauntlets,\n called also _cestus_. Their blows were dangerous, and often ended\n in the death of one of the combatants. In wrestling and boxing,\n the athletes were often naked, whence the word Gymnasium, \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2,\n _nudus_. They anointed themselves with oil to brace their limbs, and\n to render their bodies slippery and more difficult to be grasped.\n _Pliny_, bk. 2, ltr. 17.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 20, ch. 5.\n\n=Gymn\u0113si\u00e6=, two islands near the Iberus in the Mediterranean, called\n Beleares by the Greeks. _Plutarch_, bk. 5, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 2.\n\n=Gymnetes=, a people of \u00c6thiopia, who lived almost naked. _Pliny_,\n bk. 5, ch. 8.\n\n=Gymni\u00e6=, a town of Colchis. _Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 4.\n\n=Gymnosophist\u00e6=, a certain sect of philosophers in India, who,\n according to some, placed their _summum bonum_ in pleasure, and\n their _summum malum_ in pain. They lived naked, as their name\n implies, and for 37 years they exposed themselves in the open air,\n to the heat of the sun, the inclemency of the seasons, and the\n coldness of the night. They were often seen in the fields fixing\n their eyes full upon the disc of the sun from the time of its rising\n till the hour of its setting. Sometimes they stood whole days upon\n one foot in burning sand without moving, or showing any concern\n for what surrounded them. Alexander was astonished at the sight\n of a sect of men who seemed to despise bodily pain, and who inured\n themselves to suffer the greatest tortures without uttering a groan,\n or expressing any marks of fear. The conqueror condescended to visit\n them, and his astonishment was increased when he saw one of them\n ascend a burning pile with firmness and unconcern, to avoid the\n infirmities of old age, and stand upright on one leg and unmoved,\n whilst the flames surrounded him on every side. _See:_ Calanus. The\n Brachmans were a branch of the sect of the Gymnosophist\u00e6. _See:_\n Brachmanes. _Strabo_, bk. 15, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 240.\n \u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius._\n\n=Gyn\u00e6ceas=, a woman said to have been the wife of Faunus, and the\n mother of Bacchus and of Midas.\n\n=Gyn\u00e6coth\u0153nas=, a name of Mars at Tegea, on account of a sacrifice\n offered by the women without the assistance of the men, who were not\n permitted to appear at this religious ceremony. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,\n ch. 48.\n\n=Gyndes=, now _Zeindeh_, a river of Assyria, falling into the Tigris.\n When Cyrus marched against Babylon, his army was stopped by this\n river, in which one of his favourite horses was drowned. This so\n irritated the monarch that he ordered the river to be conveyed into\n 360 different channels by his army, so that after this division it\n hardly reached the knee. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 189 & 202.\n\n=Gyth\u0113um=, a seaport town of Laconia, at the mouth of the Eurotas in\n Peloponnesus, built by Hercules and Apollo, who had there desisted\n from their quarrels. The inhabitants were called _Gytheat\u00e6_.\n _Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\n\n\n H\n\n=Habis=, a king of Spain, who first taught his subjects agriculture,\n &c. _Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 4.\n\n=Hadrianop\u014flis=, a town of Thrace, on the Hebrus.\n\n=Hadri\u0101nus=, a Roman emperor. _See:_ Adrianus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caeso Fabius,\n a pretor in Africa, who was burnt by the people of Utica for\n conspiring with the slaves. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1,\n ch. 27; bk. 5, ch. 26.\n\n=Hadriat\u012dcum mare.= _See:_ Adriaticum.\n\n=H\u00e6dui.= _See:_ \u00c6dui.\n\n=H\u00e6mon=, a Theban youth, son of Creon, who was so captivated with\n the beauty of Antigone, that he killed himself on her tomb, when\n he heard that she had been put to death by his father\u2019s orders.\n _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 8, li. 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Rutulian engaged in the\n wars of Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 685.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of\n \u00c6neas against Turnus. He was a native of Lycia. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 10, li. 126.\n\n=H\u00e6m\u014fnia.= _See:_ \u00c6monia.\n\n=H\u00e6mus=, a mountain which separates Thrace from Thessaly, so high that\n from its top are visible the Euxine and Adriatic seas, though this,\n however, is denied by Strabo. It receives its name from H\u00e6mus son of\n Boreas and Orithyia, who married Rhodope, and was changed into this\n mountain for aspiring to divine honours. _Strabo_, bk. 7, p. 313.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 87.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A stage-player. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 99.\n\n=Hages=, a brother of king Porus, who opposed Alexander, &c. _Curtius_,\n bk. 8, chs. 5 & 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Alexander\u2019s flatterers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of\n Cyzicus, killed by Pollux. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 191.\n\n=Hagno=, a nymph.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.\n\n=Hagnagora=, a sister of Aristomenes. _Pausanias._\n\n=Hal\u00e6sus= and =Hal\u0113sus=, a son of Agamemnon by Briseis or Clytemnestra.\n When he was driven from home, he came to Italy, and settled on\n mount Massicus in Campania, where he built Falisci, and afterwards\n assisted Turnus against \u00c6neas. He was killed by Pallas. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 724; bk. 10, li. 352.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river near Colophon\n in Asia Minor. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.\n\n=Halala=, a village at the foot of mount Taurus.\n\n=Halcy\u014fne.= _See:_ Alcyone.\n\n=Halentum=, a town at the north of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_,\n bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 4, ch. 23.\n\n=Halesa=, a town of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 7;\n _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 32.\n\n=Halesius=, a mountain and river near \u00c6tna, where Proserpine was\n gathering flowers when she was carried away by Pluto. _Columella._\n\n=Halia=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A festival at Rhodes\n in honour of the sun.\n\n=Haliacmon=, a river which separates Thessaly from Macedonia, and\n falls into the Sinus Thermaicus. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 36.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 127.\n\n=Haliartus=, a town of B\u0153otia, founded by Haliartus the son of\n Thersander. The monuments of Pandion king of Athens, and of Lysander\n the Laced\u00e6monian general, were seen in that town. _Livy_, bk. 42,\n chs. 44 & 63.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Peloponnesus.\n\n=Halicarnassus=, now _Bodroun_, a maritime city of Caria, in Asia\n Minor, where the mausoleum, one of the seven wonders of the world,\n was erected. It was the residence of the sovereigns of Caria, and\n was celebrated for having given birth to Herodotus, Dionysius,\n Heraclitus, &c. _Maximus Tyrius_, bk. 35.\u2015\u2015_Vitruvius_, _On\n Architecture_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 178.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 27, chs. 10 & 16; bk. 33, ch. 20.\n\n=Halicy\u00e6=, a town of Sicily, near Lilyb\u00e6um, now _Saleme_. _Pliny_,\n bk. 3, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 33.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Halieis=, a town of Argolis.\n\n=Halimede=, a Nereid.\n\n=Halirrhotius=, a son of Neptune and Euryte, who ravished Alcippe\n daughter of Mars, because she slighted his addresses. This violence\n offended Mars, and he killed the ravisher. Neptune cited Mars to\n appear before the tribunal of justice to answer for the murder of\n his son. The cause was tried at Athens, in a place which has been\n called from thence Areopagus (\u1f00\u03c1\u03b7\u03c2 _Mars_, and \u03c0\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 _village_),\n and the murderer was acquitted. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 21.\n\n=Halithersus=, an old man, who foretold Penelope\u2019s suitors the return\n of Ulysses, and their own destruction. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1.\n\n=Halius=, a son of Alcinous, famous for his skill in dancing. _Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 8, lis. 120 & 360.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan, who came with \u00c6neas\n into Italy, where he was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 767.\n\n=Haliz\u014dnes=, a people of Paphlagonia. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Halmus=, a son of Sisyphus, father to Chrysogone. He \u2666reigned in\n Orchomenos. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.\n\n \u2666 \u2018regined\u2019 replaced with \u2018reigned\u2019\n\n=Halmydessus=, a town of Thrace. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Halocr\u0103tes=, a son of Hercules and Olympusa. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Hal\u014dne=, an island of Propontis, opposite Cyzicus. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 31.\n\n=Halonn\u0113sus=, an island on the coast of Macedonia, at the bottom\n of the Sinus Thermiacus. It was inhabited only by women, who had\n slaughtered all the males, and they defended themselves against an\n invasion. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Hal\u014dtia=, a festival in Tegea. _Pausanias._\n\n=Hal\u014dtus=, a eunuch, who used to taste the meat of Claudius. He\n poisoned the emperor\u2019s food by order of Agrippina. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 66.\n\n=Halus=, a city of Achaia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Thessaly,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Parthia.\n\n=H\u0103ly\u00e6etus=, a man changed into a bird of the same name. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 176.\n\n=Halyattes.= _See:_ Alyattes.\n\n=Halycus=, now _Platani_, a river at the south of Sicily.\n\n=Halys=, now _Kizil-ermark_, a river of Asia Minor, rising in\n Cappadocia, and falling into the Euxine sea. It received its name\n \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f01\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 from _salt_, because its waters are of a salt and\n bitter taste, from the nature of the soil over which they flow. It\n is famous for the defeat of Cr\u0153sus king of Lydia, who was mistaken\n by the ambiguous words of this oracle:\n\n \u03a7\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f09\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c2 \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b7\u03bd \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03bd \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03bb\u03c5\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9.\n\n _If Cr\u0153sus passes over the Halys, he shall destroy a\n great empire._\n\n That empire was his own. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 56.\n \u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3,\n li. 272.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 28.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Cyzicus, killed\n by Pollux. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 157.\n\n=Halyzia=, a town of Epirus near the Achelous, where the Athenians\n obtained a naval victory over the Laced\u00e6monians.\n\n=Hamadry\u0103des=, nymphs who lived in the country, and presided over\n trees, with which they were said to live and die. The word is\n derived from \u1f01\u03bc\u03b1 _simul_, and \u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03c2 _quercus_. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_,\n poem 10.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 647.\n\n=Ham\u00e6=, a town of Campania near Cum\u00e6. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 25.\n\n=Hamaxia=, a city of Cilicia.\n\n=Hamilcar=, the name of some celebrated generals of Carthage. _See:_\n Amilcar.\n\n=Hammon=, the Jupiter of the Africans. _See:_ Ammon.\n\n=Hannibal.= _See:_ Annibal.\n\n=Hanno.= _See:_ Anno.\n\n=Harc\u0103lo=, a man famous for his knowledge of poisonous herbs, &c. He\n touched the most venomous serpents and reptiles without receiving\n the smallest injury. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 406.\n\n=Harmatelia=, a town of the Brachmanes in India, taken by Alexander.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Harmatris=, a town of \u00c6olia.\n\n=H\u0103millus=, an infamous debauchee. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 224.\n\n=Harmodius=, a friend of Aristogiton, who delivered his country from\n the tyranny of the Pisistratid\u00e6, B.C. 510. _See:_ Aristogiton. The\n Athenians, to reward the patriotism of these illustrious citizens,\n made a law that no one should ever bear the name of Aristogiton\n and Harmodius. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _de Ira_, bk. 2.\n\n=Harm\u014fnia=, or =Hermionea= [_See:_ Hermione], a daughter of Mars \u2666and\n Venus, who married Cadmus. It is said that Vulcan, to avenge the\n infidelity of her mother, made her a present of a vestment dyed\n in all sorts of crimes, which, in some measure, inspired all the\n children of Cadmus with wickedness and impiety. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,\n ch. 16, &c.\n\n \u2666 \u2018aad\u2019 replaced with \u2018and\u2019\n\n=Harm\u014fn\u012ddes=, a Trojan beloved by Minerva. He built the ships in which\n Paris carried away Helen. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.\n\n=Harp\u0103gus=, a general of Cyrus. He conquered Asia Minor after he had\n revolted from Astyages, who had cruelly forced him to eat the flesh\n of his son, because he had disobeyed his orders in not putting to\n death the infant Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 108.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 1, chs. 5 & 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river near Colchis. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Harp\u0103lice.= _See:_ Harpalyce.\n\n=Harp\u0103lion=, a son of Pyl\u00e6menes king of Paphlagonia, who assisted\n Priam during the Trojan war, and was killed by Merion. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 643.\n\n=Harp\u0103lus=, a man entrusted with the treasures of Babylon by Alexander.\n His hopes that Alexander would perish in his expedition rendered him\n dissipate, negligent, and vicious. When he heard that the conqueror\n was returning with great resentment, he fled to Athens, where, with\n his money, he corrupted the orators, among whom was Demosthenes.\n When brought to justice, he escaped with impunity to Crete, where\n he was at last assassinated by Thimbron, B.C. 325. _Plutarch_,\n _Phocion_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A robber who scorned the gods.\n _Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Natura Deorum_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated astronomer of\n Greece, 480 years B.C.\n\n=Harp\u0103ly\u0306ce=, the daughter of Harpalycus king of Thrace. Her mother\n died when she was but a child, and her father fed her with the milk\n of cows and mares, and inured her early to sustain the fatigues of\n hunting. When her father\u2019s kingdom was invaded by Neoptolemus the\n son of Achilles, she repelled and defeated the enemy with manly\n courage. The death of her father, which happened soon after in a\n sedition, rendered her disconsolate; she fled the society of mankind,\n and lived in the forests upon plunder and rapine. Every attempt to\n secure her proved fruitless, till her great swiftness was overcome\n by intercepting her with a net. After her death the people of the\n country disputed their respective right to the possessions which\n she acquired by rapine, and they soon after appeased her manes, by\n proper oblations on her tomb. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 321.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 193 & 252.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A beautiful virgin, daughter\n of Clymenus and Epicaste of Argos. Her father became enamoured of\n her, and gained her confidence, and enjoyed her company by means\n of her nurse, who introduced him as a stranger. Some time after\n she married Alastor; but the father\u2019s passion became more violent\n and uncontrollable in his daughter\u2019s absence, and he murdered her\n husband to bring her back to Argos. Harpalyce, inconsolable for the\n death of her husband, and ashamed of her father\u2019s passion, which\n was then made public, resolved to revenge her wrongs. She killed\n her younger brother, or, according to some, the fruit of her incest,\n and served it before her father. She begged the gods to remove her\n from the world, and she was changed into an owl, and Clymenus killed\n himself. _Hyginus_, fable 253, &c.\u2015\u2015_Parthenius_, _Narrationes\n Amatori\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mistress of Iphiclus son of Thestius. She died\n through despair on seeing herself despised by her lover. This\n mournful story was composed in poetry, in the form of a dialogue\n called Harpalyce. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 14.\n\n=Harp\u0103ly\u0306cus=, one of the companions of \u00c6neas, killed by Camilla.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 675.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Harpalyce, king\n of part of Thrace.\n\n=Harp\u0103sa=, a town of Caria.\n\n=Harp\u0103sus=, a river of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 13.\n\n=Harp\u014fcr\u0103tes=, a divinity, supposed to be the same as Orus the son\n of Isis among the Egyptians. He is represented as holding one of\n his fingers on his mouth, and from thence he is called the god of\n silence, and intimates that the mysteries of religion and philosophy\n ought never to be revealed to the people. The Romans placed his\n statues at the entrance of their temples. _Catullus_, poem 75.\n \u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n\n=Harpocration=, a Platonic philosopher of Argos, from whom Stob\u00e6us\n compiled his eclogues.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist, called also \u00c6lius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Valerius,\n a rhetorician of Alexandria, author of a Lexicon on 10 orators.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, surnamed Caius.\n\n=Harpyl\u00e6=, winged monsters, who had the face of a woman, with the body\n of a vulture, and had their feet and fingers armed with sharp claws.\n They were three in number, Aello, Ocypete, and Celeno, daughters of\n Neptune and Terra. They were sent by Juno to plunder the tables of\n Phineus, whence they were driven to the islands called Strophades\n by Zethes and Calais. They emitted an infectious smell, and spoiled\n whatever they touched by their filth and excrements. They plundered\n \u00c6neas during his voyage towards Italy, and predicted many of the\n calamities which attended him. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 212;\n bk. 6, li. 289.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 265.\n\n=Harudes=, a people of Germany. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 31.\n\n=Haruspex=, a soothsayer at Rome, who drew omens by consulting the\n entrails of beasts that were sacrificed. He received the name of\n _Aruspex_, _ab aris aspiciendis_, and that of _Extispex_, _ab extis\n inspiciendis_. The order of Aruspices was first established at Rome\n by Romulus, and the first Haruspices were Tuscans by origin, as\n they were particularly famous in that branch of divination. They\n had received all their knowledge from a boy named Tages, who, as was\n commonly reported, sprung from a clod of earth. _See:_ Tages. They\n were originally three, but the Roman senate yearly sent six noble\n youths, or, according to others, 12, to Etruria, to be instructed in\n all the mysteries of the art. The office of the Haruspices consisted\n in observing these four particulars: the beast before it was\n sacrificed; its entrails; the flames which consumed the sacrifice;\n and the flour, frankincense, &c., which was used. If the beast\n was led up to the altar with difficulty, if it escaped from the\n conductor\u2019s hands, roared when it received the blow, or died in\n agonies, the omen was unfortunate. But, on the contrary, if it\n followed without compulsion, received the blow without resistance,\n and died without groaning, and after much effusion of blood, the\n Haruspex foretold prosperity. When the body of the victim was opened,\n each part was scrupulously examined. If anything was wanting, if\n it had a double liver, or a lean heart, the omen was unfortunate.\n If the entrails fell from the hands of the Haruspex, or seemed\n besmeared with too much blood, or if no heart appeared, as for\n instance it happened in the two victims which Julius C\u00e6sar offered\n a little before his death, the omen was equally unlucky. When\n the flame was quickly kindled, and when it violently consumed\n the sacrifice, and arose pure and bright, and like a pyramid,\n without any paleness, smoke, sparkling, or crackling, the omen was\n favourable. But the contrary augury was drawn when the fire was\n kindled with difficulty, and was extinguished before the sacrifice\n was totally consumed, or when it rolled in circles round the victim\n with intermediate spaces between the flames. In regard to the\n frankincense, meal, water, and wine, if there was any deficiency\n in the quantity, if the colour was different, or the quality was\n changed, or if anything was done with irregularity, it was deemed\n inauspicious. This custom of consulting the entrails of victims did\n not originate in Tuscany, but it was in use among the Chaldeans,\n Greeks, Egyptians, &c., and the more enlightened part of mankind\n well knew how to render it subservient to their wishes or tyranny.\n Agesilaus, when in Egypt, raised the drooping spirits of his\n soldiers by a superstitious artifice. He secretly wrote in his\n hand the word \u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03b7, _victory_, in large characters, and holding\n the entrails of a victim in his hand till the impression was\n communicated to the flesh, he showed it to the soldiers, and\n animated them by observing that the gods signified their approaching\n victories even by marking it in the body of the sacrificed animals.\n _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_.\n\n=Hasdrubal.= _See:_ Asdrubal.\n\n=Quintus Haterius=, a patrician and orator at Rome under the first\n emperors. He died in the 90th year of his age. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 4, ch. 61.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Agrippa, a senator in the age of Tiberius, hated\n by the tyrant for his independence. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Antoninus, a dissipated senator, whose extravagance was\n supported by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 34.\n\n=Haustanes=, a man who conspired with Bessus against Darius, &c.\n _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 5.\n\n=Hebd\u014fle.= _See:_ Ebdome.\n\n=Hebe=, a daughter of Jupiter and Juno. According to some she was the\n daughter of Juno only, who conceived her after eating lettuces. As\n she was fair, and always in the bloom of youth, she was called the\n goddess of youth, and made by her mother cup-bearer to all the gods.\n She was dismissed from her office by Jupiter, because she fell down\n in an indecent posture as she was pouring nectar to the gods at a\n grand festival, and Ganymedes the favourite of Jupiter succeeded her\n as cup-bearer. She was employed by her mother to prepare her chariot,\n and to harness her peacocks whenever requisite. When Hercules was\n raised to the rank of a god he was reconciled to Juno by marrying\n her daughter Hebe, by whom he had two sons, Alexiares and Anicetus.\n As Hebe had the power of restoring gods and men to the vigour of\n youth, she, at the instance of her husband, performed that kind\n office to Iolas his friend. Hebe was worshipped at Sicyon, under\n the name of _Dia_, and at Rome under the name of _Juventas_. She\n is represented as a young virgin crowned with flowers, and arrayed\n in a variegated garment. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 2, ch. 12.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 400; _Fasti_, bk. 9, li. 76.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3; bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=H\u0113b\u0113sus=, a Rutulian, killed in the night by Euryalus. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 344.\n\n=Hebrus=, now _Marissa_, a river of Thrace, which was supposed to\n roll its waters upon golden sands. It falls into the \u00c6gean sea. The\n head of Orpheus was thrown into it, after it had been cut off by the\n Ciconian women. It received its name from Hebrus son of Cassandra,\n a king of Thrace, who was said to have drowned himself there. _Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 463.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 50.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A youth of Lipara,\n beloved by Neobule. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Cyzicus,\n killed by Pollux. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 149.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of \u00c6neas\n son of Dolichaon, killed by Mezentius in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 696.\n\n=Hec\u0103le=, a poor old woman who kindly received Theseus as he was going\n against the bull of Marathon, &c. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town\n of Attica.\n\n=Hecal\u0113sia=, a festival in honour of Jupiter of Hecale, instituted\n by Theseus, or in commemoration of the kindness of Hecale, which\n Theseus had experienced when he went against the bull of Marathon,\n &c.\n\n=Hecam\u0113de=, a daughter of Arsinous, who fell to the lot of Nestor\n after the plunder of Tenedos by the Greeks. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11,\n li. 623.\n\n=Hec\u0103t\u00e6 fanum=, a celebrated temple sacred to Hecate at Stratonice in\n Caria. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Hecat\u00e6us=, an historian of Miletus, born 549 years before Christ,\n in the reign of Darius Hystaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 143.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Macedonian intimate with Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Macedonian brought to the army against his will by Amyntas, &c.\n _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 1.\n\n=Hec\u0103te=, a daughter of Perses and Asteria, the same as Proserpine or\n Diana. She was called Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate or\n Proserpine in hell, whence her name of _Diva triformis, tergemina,\n triceps_. She was supposed to preside over magic and enchantments,\n and was generally represented like a woman with three heads, that\n of a horse, a dog, or a boar; and sometimes she appeared with three\n different bodies, and three different faces only with one neck.\n Dogs, lambs, and honey were generally offered to her, especially in\n highways and cross-roads, whence she obtained the name of _Trivia_.\n Her power was extended over heaven, the earth, sea, and hell; and\n to her kings and nations supposed themselves indebted for their\n prosperity. _Ovid_, bk. 7, _Metamorphoses_, li. 94.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 22.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 511.\n\n=Hecat\u0113sia=, a yearly festival observed by the Stratonicensians in\n honour of Hecate. The Athenians paid also particular worship to this\n goddess, who was deemed the patroness of families and of children.\n From this circumstance, the statues of the goddess were erected\n before the doors of the houses, and upon every new moon a public\n supper was always provided at the expense of the richest people, and\n set in the streets, where the poorest of the citizens were permitted\n to retire and feast upon it, while they reported that Hecate had\n devoured it. There were also expiatory offerings to supplicate the\n goddess to remove whatever evils might impend on the head of the\n public, &c.\n\n=Hec\u0103to=, a native of Rhodes, pupil to P\u00e6n\u00e6tius. He wrote on the\n duties of man, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _De Officiis_, ch. 15.\n\n=Hecatomboia=, a festival celebrated in honour of Juno by the Argians\n and people of \u00c6gina. It receives its name from \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd, and \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, a\n sacrifice of 100 bulls, which were always offered to the goddess,\n and the flesh distributed amongst the poorest citizens. There were\n also public games, first instituted by Archinus, a king of Argos, in\n which the prize was a shield of brass with a crown of myrtle.\n\n=Hecatomph\u014fnia=, a solemn sacrifice offered by the Messenians to\n Jupiter, when any of them had killed 100 enemies. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,\n ch. 19.\n\n=Hecatomp\u014flis=, an epithet applied to Crete, from the 100 cities which\n it once contained.\n\n=Hecatompy\u0306los=, an epithet applied to Thebes in Egypt on account of\n its 100 gates. _Ammianus_, bk. 22, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also the capital of\n Parthia, in the reign of the Arsacid\u00e6. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 15 & 25.\n\n=Hecatonn\u0113si=, small islands between Lesbos and Asia. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n\n=Hector=, son of king Priam and Hecuba, was the most valiant of\n all the Trojan chiefs that fought against the Greeks. He married\n Andromache the daughter of Eetion, by whom he had Astyanax. He was\n appointed captain of all the Trojan forces, when Troy was besieged\n by the Greeks; and the valour with which he behaved, showed how well\n qualified he was to discharge that important office. He engaged with\n the bravest of the Greeks, and according to Hyginus, no less than 31\n of the most valiant of the enemy perished by his hand. When Achilles\n had driven back the Trojans towards the city, Hector, too great to\n fly, waited the approach of his enemy near the Scean gates, though\n his father and mother, with tears in their eyes, blamed his rashness,\n and entreated him to retire. The sight of Achilles terrified him,\n and he fled before him in the plain. The Greek pursued, and Hector\n was killed, and his body was dragged in cruel triumph by the\n conqueror round the tomb of Patroclus, whom Hector had killed. The\n body, after it had received the grossest of insults, was ransomed by\n old Priam, and the Trojans obtained from the Greeks a truce of some\n days to pay the last offices to the greatest of their leaders. The\n Thebans boasted in the age of the geographer Pausanias, that they\n had the ashes of Hector preserved in an urn, by order of an oracle;\n which promised them undisturbed felicity if they were in possession\n of that hero\u2019s remains. The epithet of _Hectoreus_ is applied by the\n poets to the Trojans, as best expressive of valour and intrepidity.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bks. 12 & 13.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis._\u2015\u2015_Dares Phrygius.\n _\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 90 & 112.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3 & bk. 9, ch. 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Quintus Smyrn\u00e6us_, bks. 1 & 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Parmenio drowned in\n the Nile. Alexander honoured his remains with a magnificent funeral.\n _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8; bk. 6, ch. 9.\n\n=Hec\u016dba=, daughter of Dymas, a Phrygian prince, or, according to\n others, of Cisseus, a Thracian king, was the second wife of Priam\n king of Troy, and proved the chastest of women, and the most tender\n and unfortunate of mothers. When she was pregnant of Paris, she\n dreamed that she had brought into the world a burning torch which\n had reduced her husband\u2019s palace and all Troy to ashes. So alarming\n a dream was explained by the soothsayers, who declared that the son\n she should bring into the world would prove the ruin of his country.\n When Paris was born she exposed him on mount Ida to avert the\n calamities which threatened her family; but her attempts to destroy\n him were fruitless, and the prediction of the soothsayers was\n fulfilled. _See:_ Paris. During the Trojan war she saw the greatest\n part of her children perish by the hands of the enemy, and like\n a mother she confessed her grief by her tears and lamentations,\n particularly at the death of Hector her eldest son. When Troy was\n taken, Hecuba, as one of the captives, fell to the lot of Ulysses,\n a man whom she hated for his perfidy and avarice, and she embarked\n with the conquerors for Greece. The Greeks landed in the Thracian\n Chersonesus, to load with fresh honours the grave of Achilles.\n During their stay the hero\u2019s ghost appeared to them, and demanded,\n to ensure the safety of their return, the sacrifice of Polyxena,\n Hecuba\u2019s daughter. They complied, and Polyxena was torn from her\n mother to be sacrificed. Hecuba was inconsolable, and her grief was\n still more increased at the sight of the body of her son Polydorus\n washed on the shore, who had been recommended by his father to\n the care and humanity of Polymnestor king of the country. _See:_\n Polydorus. She determined to revenge the death of her son, and with\n the greatest indignation went to the house of his murderer and tore\n his eyes, and attempted to deprive him of his life. She was hindered\n from executing her bloody purpose by the arrival of some Thracians,\n and she fled with the female companions of her captivity. She was\n pursued, and when she ran after the stones that were thrown at\n her, she found herself suddenly changed into a bitch, and when\n she attempted to speak, found that she could only bark. After this\n metamorphosis she threw herself into the sea, according to Hyginus,\n and that place was, from that circumstance, called _Cyneum_. Hecuba\n had a great number of children by Priam, among whom were Hector,\n Paris, Deiphobus, Pammon, Helenus, Polytes, Antiphon, Hipponous,\n Polydorus, Troilus, and among the daughters, Creusa, Ilione, Laodice,\n Polyxena, and Cassandra. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 761;\n bk. 13, li. 515.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 111.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3,\n li. 44.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 271.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Dictys\n Cretensis_, bks. 4 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\n\n=Hec\u016db\u00e6 Sepulchrum=, a promontory of Thrace.\n\n=Hed\u012dla=, a poetess of Samos.\n\n=Hedon\u00e6um=, a village of B\u0153otia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.\n\n=Hedui.= _See:_ \u00c6dui.\n\n=Hedym\u0113les=, an admired musician in Domitian\u2019s age. The word signifies\n _sweet music_. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 381.\n\n=Hegel\u014fchus=, a general of 6000 Athenians sent to Mantinea to stop the\n progress of Epaminondas. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Egyptian general\n who flourished B.C. 128.\n\n=Heg\u0113mon=, a Thrasian poet in the age of Alcibiades. He wrote a poem\n called Gigantomachia, besides other works. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_,\n bk. 4, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another poet, who wrote a poem on the battle of\n Leuctra, &c. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 11.\n\n=Hegesi\u0103nax=, an historian of Alexandria, who wrote an account of the\n Trojan war.\n\n=Hegesias=, a tyrant of Ephesus under the patronage of Alexander.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher who so eloquently convinced\n his auditors of their failings and follies, and persuaded them that\n there were no dangers after death, that many were guilty of suicide.\n Ptolemy forbade him to continue his doctrines. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6\n Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous orator\n of Magnesia, who corrupted the elegant diction of Attica by the\n introduction of Asiatic idioms. _Cicero_, _Orator_, chs. 67, 69;\n _Brutus_, ch. 83.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\n\n=Hegesil\u014fchus=, one of the chief magistrates of Rhodes in the reign\n of Alexander and his father Philip.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another native of Rhodes, 171\n years before the christian era. He engaged his countrymen to prepare\n a fleet of 40 ships to assist the Romans against Perseus king of\n Macedonia.\n\n=Hegesinous=, a man who wrote a poem on Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 29.\n\n=Hegesinus=, a philosopher of Pergamus, of the second academy. He\n flourished B.C. 193.\n\n=Hegesippus=, an historian who wrote some things upon Pallene, &c.\n\n=Hegesipy\u0306le=, a daughter of Olorus king of Thrace, who married\n Miltiades and became mother of Cimon. _Plutarch._\n\n=Hegesistr\u0103tus=, an Ephesian who consulted the oracle to know in what\n particular place he should fix his residence. He was directed to\n settle where he found peasants dancing with crowns of olives. This\n was in Asia, where he founded Elea, &c.\n\n=Hegetor\u012ddes=, a Thasian, who, upon seeing his country besieged by the\n Athenians, and a law forbidding any one on pain of death to speak\n of peace, went to the market-place with a rope about his neck, and\n boldly told his countrymen to treat him as they pleased, provided\n they saved the city from the calamities which the continuation of\n the war seemed to threaten. The Thasians were awakened, the law was\n abrogated, and Hegetorides pardoned, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=Hel\u0115na=, the most beautiful woman of her age, sprung from one of the\n eggs which Leda the wife of king Tyndarus brought forth after her\n amour with Jupiter metamorphosed into a swan. _See:_ Leda. According\n to some authors, Helen was daughter of Nemesis by Jupiter, and Leda\n was only her nurse; and to reconcile this variety of opinions, some\n imagine that Nemesis and Leda are the same persons. Her beauty was\n so universally admired, even in her infancy, that Theseus, with his\n friend Pirithous, carried her away before she had attained her 10th\n year, and concealed her at Aphidn\u00e6, under the care of his mother\n \u00c6thra. Her brothers Castor and Pollux recovered her by force of arms,\n and she returned safe and unpolluted to Sparta, her native country.\n There existed, however, a tradition recorded by Pausanius, that\n Helen was of nubile years when carried away by Theseus, and that\n she had a daughter by her ravisher, who was entrusted to the care\n of Clytemnestra. This violence offered to her virtue did not in\n the least diminish, but it rather augmented, her fame, and her\n hand was eagerly solicited by the young princes of Greece. The most\n celebrated of her suitors were Ulysses son of Laertes, Antilochus\n son of Nestor, Sthenelus son of Capaneus, Diomedes son of Tydeus,\n Amphilochus son of Cteatus, Meges son of Phileus, Agapenor son of\n Anc\u00e6us, Thalpius son of Eurytus, Mnestheus son of Peteus, Schedius\n son of Epistrophus, Polyxenus son of Agasthenes, Amphilochus son\n of Amphiaraus, Ascalaphus and Ialmus sons of the god Mars, Ajax\n son of Oileus, Eumelus son of Admetus, Polyp\u0153tes son of Pirithous,\n Elphenor son of Chalcodon, Podalirius and Machaon sons of \u00c6sculapius,\n Leonteus son of Coronus, Philoctetes son of P\u0153an, Protesilaus son of\n Iphiclus, Eurypilus son of Evemon, Ajax and Teucer sons of Telamon,\n Patroclus son of Men\u0153tius, Menelaus son of Atreus, Thoas, Idomeneus,\n and Merion. Tyndarus was rather alarmed than pleased at the sight of\n such a number of illustrious princes who eagerly solicited each to\n become his son-in-law. He knew that he could not prefer one without\n displeasing all the rest, and from this perplexity he was at last\n drawn by the artifice of Ulysses, who began to be already known in\n Greece by his prudence and sagacity. This prince, who clearly saw\n that his pretensions to Helen would not probably meet with success\n in opposition to so many rivals, proposed to extricate Tyndarus from\n all his difficulties if he would promise him his niece Penelope in\n marriage. Tyndarus consented, and Ulysses advised the king to bind,\n by a solemn oath, all the suitors, that they would approve of the\n uninfluenced choice which Helen should make of one among them; and\n engage to unite together to defend her person and character, if ever\n any attempts were made to ravish her from the arms of her husband.\n The advice of Ulysses was followed, the princes consented, and Helen\n fixed her choice upon Menelaus and married him. Hermione was the\n early fruit of this union, which continued for three years with\n mutual happiness. After this, Paris, son of Priam king of Troy, came\n to Laced\u00e6mon on pretence of sacrificing to Apollo. He was kindly\n received by Menelaus, but shamefully abused his favours, and in\n his absence in Crete he corrupted the fidelity of his wife Helen,\n and persuaded her to follow him to Troy, B.C. 1198. At his return\n Menelaus, highly sensible of the injury which he had received,\n assembled the Grecian princes, and reminded them of their solemn\n promises. They resolved to make war against the Trojans, but they\n previously sent ambassadors to Priam to demand the restitution of\n Helen. The influence of Paris at his father\u2019s court prevented the\n restoration, and the Greeks returned home without receiving the\n satisfaction they required. Soon after their return their combined\n forces assembled and sailed for the coast of Asia. The behaviour of\n Helen during the Trojan war is not clearly known. Some assert that\n she had willingly followed Paris, and that she warmly supported\n the cause of the Trojans; while others believe that she always\n sighed after her husband, and cursed the day in which she had\n proved faithless to his bed. Homer represents her as in the last\n instance, and some have added that she often betrayed the schemes\n and resolutions of the Trojans, and secretly favoured the cause\n of Greece. When Paris was killed in the ninth year of the war, she\n voluntarily married Deiphobus, one of Priam\u2019s sons, and when Troy\n was taken she made no scruple to betray him, and to introduce the\n Greeks into his chamber, to ingratiate herself with Menelaus. She\n returned to Sparta, and the love of Menelaus forgave the errors\n which she had committed. Some, however, say that she obtained her\n life even with difficulty from her husband, whose resentment she\n had kindled by her infidelity. After she had lived for some years\n in Sparta, Menelaus died, and she was driven from Peloponnesus by\n Megapenthes and Nicostratus, the illegitimate sons of her husband,\n and she retired to Rhodes, where at that time Polyxo, a native\n of Argos, reigned over the country. Polyxo remembered that her\n widowhood originated in Helen, and that her husband Tlepolemus\n had been killed in the Trojan war, which had been caused by the\n debaucheries of Helen, therefore she meditated revenge. While\n Helen retired one day to bathe in the river, Polyxo disguised her\n attendants in the habits of furies, and sent them with orders to\n murder her enemy. Helen was tied to a tree and strangled, and her\n misfortunes were afterwards remembered, and the crimes of Polyxo\n expiated by the temple which the Rhodians raised to Helen Dendritis,\n or _tied to a tree_. There is a tradition mentioned by Herodotus,\n which says that Paris was driven, as he returned from Sparta, upon\n the coast of Egypt, where Proteus king of the country expelled him\n from his dominions for his ingratitude to Menelaus, and confined\n Helen. From that circumstance, therefore, Priam informed the Grecian\n ambassadors that neither Helen nor her possessions were in Troy,\n but in the hands of the king of Egypt. In spite of this assertion\n the Greeks besieged the town and took it after 10 years\u2019 siege, and\n Menelaus by visiting Egypt, as he returned home, recovered Helen\n at the court of Proteus, and was convinced that the Trojan war had\n been undertaken on very unjust and unpardonable grounds. Helen was\n honoured after death as a goddess, and the Spartans built her a\n temple at Therapne, which had the power of giving beauty to all\n the deformed women that entered it. Helen, according to some, was\n carried into the island of Leuce after death, where she married\n Achilles, who had been one of her warmest admirers. The age of Helen\n has been a matter of deep inquiry among the chronologists. If she\n was born of the same eggs as Castor and Pollux, who accompanied the\n Argonauts in their expedition against Colchis about 35 years before\n the Trojan war, according to some, she was no less than 60 years\n old when Troy was reduced to ashes, supposing that her brothers\n were only 15 when they embarked with the Argonauts. But she is\n represented by Homer so incomparably beautiful during the siege of\n Troy, that though seen at a \u2666distance she influenced the counsellors\n of Priam by the brightness of her charms; therefore we must suppose,\n with others, that her beauty remained long undiminished, and\n was extinguished only at her death. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 77.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 112.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Theseus_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _de Officiis_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_,\n bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Quintus Smyrn\u00e6us_, chs. 10, 13, &c.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 2, & _Odyssey_, bks. 4 & 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A young woman of Sparta,\n often confounded with the daughter of Leda. As she was going to be\n sacrificed, because the lot had fallen upon her, an eagle came and\n carried away the knife of the priest, upon which she was released,\n and the barbarous custom of offering human victims was abolished.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island on the coast of Attica, where Helen came after the\n siege of Troy. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of the emperor\n Constantine, who married Julian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Constantine. She\n died in her 80th year, A.D. 328.\n\n \u2666 \u2018distane\u2019 replaced with \u2018distance\u2019\n\n=Hel\u0115nia=, a festival in Laconia, in honour of Helen, who received\n there divine honours. It was celebrated by virgins riding upon mules,\n and in chariots made of reeds and bulrushes.\n\n=H\u0115l\u0113nor=, a Lydian prince who accompanied \u00c6neas to Italy, and was\n killed by the Rutulians. His mother\u2019s name was Licymnia. _Virgil_,\n_\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 444, &c.\n\n=H\u0115l\u0115nus=, a celebrated soothsayer, son of Priam and Hecuba, greatly\n respected by all the Trojans. When Deiphobus was given in marriage\n to Helen in preference to himself, he resolved to leave his country,\n and he retired to mount Ida, where Ulysses took him prisoner by\n the advice of Calchas. As he was well acquainted with futurity, the\n Greeks made use of prayers, threats, and promises, to induce him to\n reveal the secrets of the Trojans, and either the fear of death or\n gratification of resentment seduced him to disclose to the enemies\n of his country, that Troy could not be taken whilst it was in\n possession of the Palladium, nor before Philoctetes came from his\n retreat at Lemnos and assisted to support the siege. After the ruin\n of his country, he fell to the share of Pyrrhus the son of Achilles,\n and saved his life by warning him to avoid the dangerous tempest\n which in reality proved fatal to all those who set sail. This\n endeared him to Pyrrhus, and he received from his hand Andromache\n the widow of his brother Hector, by whom he had a son called\n Cestrinus. This marriage, according to some, was consummated\n after the death of Pyrrhus, who lived with Andromache as his wife.\n Helenus was the only one of Priam\u2019s sons who survived the ruin of\n his country. After the death of Pyrrhus, he reigned over part of\n the Epirus, which he called Chaonia, in memory of his brother Chaon,\n whom he had inadvertently killed. Helenus received \u00c6neas as he\n voyaged towards Italy, and foretold him some of the calamities which\n attended his fleet. The manner in which he received the gift of\n prophecy is doubtful. _See:_ Cassandra. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6,\n li. 76; bk. 7, li. 47.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 295, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11; bk. 2, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 13, lis. 99 & 723; bk. 15, li. 437.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Rutulian killed by\n Pallas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 388.\n\n=Helerni Lucus=, a place near Rome. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 105.\n\n=Heles=, or =Hales=, a river of Lucania near Velia. _Cicero_, _Letters\n to Atticus_, bk. 16, ltr. 7; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 7, ltr. 20.\n\n=H\u0113li\u0103des=, the daughters of the sun and Clymene. They were three in\n number, Lampetie, Phaetusa, and Lampethusa, or seven, according to\n Hyginus: Merope, Helie, \u00c6gle, Lampetie, Ph\u0153be, \u00c6theria, and Dioxippe.\n They were so afflicted at the death of their brother Phaeton [_See:_\n Phaeton], that they were changed by the gods into poplars, and their\n tears into precious amber, on the banks of the river Po. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 340.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 154.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The first\n inhabitants of Rhodes. This island being covered with mud when the\n world was first created, was warmed by the cherishing beams of the\n sun, and from thence sprang seven men, which were called Heliades,\n \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f21\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5, from the _sun_. The eldest of these, called Ochimus,\n married Hegetoria, one of the nymphs of the island, and his brothers\n fled from the country for having put to death, through jealousy, one\n of their number. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Heliast\u00e6=, a name given to the judges of the most numerous tribunal\n at Athens. They consisted of 1000, and sometimes of 1500, they were\n seldom assembled, and only upon matters of the greatest importance.\n _Demosthenes_, _Against Timocrates_.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Solon_.\n\n=Helic\u0101on=, a Trojan prince, son of Antenor. He married Laodice the\n daughter of Priam, whose form Iris assumed to inform Helen of the\n state of the rival armies before Troy. Helicaon was wounded in a\n night engagement, but his life was spared by Ulysses, who remembered\n the hospitality which he had received from his father Antenor.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 123.\n\n=H\u0115l\u012dce=, a star near the north pole, generally called Ursa Major. It\n is supposed to receive its name from the town of Helice, of which\n Calisto, who was changed into the Great Bear, was an inhabitant.\n _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 237.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Achaia, on the bay of Corinth,\n overwhelmed by the inundation of the sea. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 92.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 293.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Silenus\n king of \u00c6giale. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Lycaon\n king of Arcadia.\n\n=H\u0115l\u012bcon=, now _Zagaro-Vouni_, a mountain of B\u0153otia, on the borders\n of Phocis. It was sacred to the muses, who had there a temple. The\n fountain Hippocrene flowed from this mountain. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 219.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch.\n 28, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 641.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Macedonia\n near Dium. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 30.\n\n=H\u0115l\u012bc\u014fni\u0103des=, a name given to the Muses because they lived upon\n mount Helicon, which was sacred to them.\n\n=Hel\u012dc\u014dnis=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Heliod\u014drus=, one of the favourites of Seleucus Philopator king\n of Syria. He attempted to plunder the temple of the Jews, about\n 176 years before Christ, by order of his master, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek\n mathematician of Larissa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous sophist, the best editions\n of whose entertaining romance, called _\u00c6thiopica_, are by Commelin,\n 8vo, 1596, and Bourdelot, 8vo, Paris, 1619.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A learned Greek\n rhetorician in the age of Horace.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote a treatise on\n tombs.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A geographer.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surgeon at Rome in Juvenal\u2019s\n age. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 372.\n\n=Heliogab\u0101lus=, a deity among the Ph\u0153nicians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus Aurelius\n Antoninus, a Roman emperor, son of Varius Marcellus, called\n Heliogabalus, because he had been priest of that divinity in\n Ph\u0153nicia. After the death of Macrinus he was invested with the\n imperial purple, and the senate, however unwilling to submit to a\n youth only 14 years of age, approved of his election, and bestowed\n upon him the title of Augustus. Heliogabalus made his grandmother\n M\u0153sa and his mother S\u0153mias his colleagues on the throne; and to\n bestow more dignity upon the sex, he chose a senate of women, over\n which his mother presided, and prescribed all the modes and fashions\n which prevailed in the empire. Rome, however, soon displayed a\n scene of cruelty and debauchery; the imperial palace was full of\n prostitution, and the most infamous of the populace became the\n favourites of the prince. He raised his horse to the honours of the\n consulship, and obliged his subjects to pay adoration to the god\n Heliogabalus, which was no other than a large black stone, whose\n figure resembled that of a cone. To this ridiculous deity temples\n were raised at Rome, and the altars of the gods plundered to\n deck those of the new divinity. In the midst of his extravagances\n Heliogabalus married four wives, and not satisfied with following\n the plain laws of nature, he professed himself to be a woman,\n and gave himself up to one of his officers, called Hierocles. In\n this ridiculous farce he suffered the greatest indignities from\n his pretended husband without dissatisfaction, and Hierocles, by\n stooping to infamy, became the most powerful of the favourites,\n and enriched himself by selling favours and offices to the people.\n Such licentiousness soon displeased the populace, and Heliogabalus,\n unable to appease the seditions of his soldiers, whom his rapacity\n and debaucheries had irritated, hid himself in the filth and\n excrements of the camp, where he was found in the arms of his mother.\n His head was severed from his body the 10th of March, A.D. 222, in\n the 18th year of his age, after a reign of three years, nine months,\n and four days. He was succeeded by Alexander Severus. His cruelties\n were as conspicuous as his licentiousness. He burdened his subjects\n with the most oppressive taxes; his halls were covered with carpets\n of gold and silver tissue, and his mats were made with the down of\n hares, and with the soft feathers which were found under the wings\n of partridges. He was fond of covering his shoes with precious\n stones, to draw the admiration of the people as he walked along\n the streets, and he was the first Roman who ever wore a dress of\n silk. He often invited the most common of the people to share his\n banquets, and made them sit down on large bellows full of wind,\n which, by suddenly emptying themselves, threw the guests on the\n ground, and left them a prey to wild beasts. He often tied some of\n his favourites on a large wheel, and was particularly delighted to\n see them whirled round like Ixions, and sometimes suspended in the\n air, or sunk beneath the water.\n\n=Heli\u014fp\u014flis=, now _Matarea_, a famous city of Lower Egypt, in which\n was a temple sacred to the sun. The inhabitants worshipped a bull\n called Mnevis, with the same ceremonies as the Apis of Memphis.\n Apollo had an oracle there. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3,\n ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was a small village of the same name without the\n Delta, near Babylon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Syria, now _Balbeck_. _Pliny_,\n bk. 5, ch. 22.\n\n=Helisson=, a town and river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 29.\n\n=Helium=, a name given to the mouth of the Maese in Germany. _Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 15.\n\n=Helius=, a celebrated favourite of the emperor Nero, put to death by\n order of Galba, for his cruelties.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The Greek name of the sun, or\n Apollo.\n\n=Helixus=, a river of Cos.\n\n=Hellan\u012dce=, a sister of Clitus, who was nurse to Alexander. _Curtius_,\n bk. 8, ch. 1.\n\n=Hellan\u012dcus=, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Mitylene. He\n wrote a history of the ancient kings of the earth, with an account\n of the founders of the most famous towns in every kingdom, and died\n B.C. 411, in the 85th year of his age. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 53.\u2015\u2015_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 15,\n ch. 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brave officer rewarded by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 5,\n ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Miletus, who wrote a description of the\n earth.\n\n=Hellanocr\u0103tes=, a man of Larissa, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5,\n ch. 10.\n\n=Hellas=, an ancient name of Thessaly, more generally applied to the\n territories of Acarnania, Attica, \u00c6tolia, Doris, Locris, B\u0153otia, and\n Phocis, and also to all Greece. It received this name from Deucalion,\n and now forms a part of Livadia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n beautiful woman, mentioned by Horace as beloved by Marius: the lover\n killed her in a fit of passion, and afterwards destroyed himself.\n _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 277.\n\n=Helle=, a daughter of Athamas and Nephele, sister of Phryxus. She\n fled from her father\u2019s house, with her brother, to avoid the cruel\n oppression of her mother-in-law Ino. According to some accounts she\n was carried through the air on a golden ram, which her mother had\n received from Neptune, and in her passage she became giddy, and fell\n from her seat into that part of the sea which from her received the\n name of Hellespont. Others say that she was carried on a cloud, or\n rather upon a ship, from which she fell into the sea and was drowned.\n Phryxus, after he had given his sister a burial on the neighbouring\n coasts, pursued his journey and arrived safe in Colchus. _See:_\n Phryxus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 13, &c. _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,\n fable 14.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, bk. 4, _Pythian_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34.\n\n=Hellen=, son of Deucalion and Pyrrha, reigned in Phthiotis about 1495\n years before the christian era, and gave the name of Hellenians to\n his subjects. He had by his wife Orseis three sons, \u00c6olus, Dorus,\n and Xuthus, who gave their names to the three different nations\n known under the name of \u00c6olians, Dorians, and Ionians. These last\n derive their name from Ion son of Xuthus, and from the difference\n either of expression or pronunciation in their respective languages,\n arose the different dialects well known in the Greek language.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20; bk. 7, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Hell\u0113nes=, the inhabitants of Greece. _See:_ Hellen.\n\n=Hellespontias=, a wind blowing from the north-east. _Pliny_, bk. 2,\n ch. 47.\n\n=Hellespontus=, now the _Dardanelles_, a narrow strait between Asia\n and Europe, near the Propontis, which received its name from Helle,\n who was drowned there in her voyage to Colchis. _See:_ Helle. It is\n about 60 miles long, and in the broadest parts, the Asiatic coast\n is about three miles distant from the European, and only half a mile\n in the narrowest, according to modern investigation; so that people\n can converse one with the other from the opposite shores. It was\n celebrated for the love and death of Leander [_See:_ Hero], and\n for the bridge of boats which Xerxes built over it when he invaded\n Greece. The folly of this great prince is well known in beating\n and fettering the waves of the sea, whose impetuosity destroyed his\n ships, and rendered all his labours ineffectual. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015_Polybius.\n _\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 407.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 15; bk. 33,\n ch. 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The country along the Hellespont on the Asiatic coast\n bears the same name. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 24;\n _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 13, ltr. 53.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 12.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.\n\n=Hellopia=, a small country of Eub\u0153a. The people were called\n _Hellopes_. The whole island bore the same name, according to Strabo,\n bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Hell\u014dtia=, two festivals, one of which was observed in Crete, in\n honour of Europa, whose bones were then carried in solemn procession,\n with a myrtle garland no less than 20 cubits in circumference,\n called \u1f11\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2. The other festival was celebrated at Corinth with\n games and races, where young men entered the lists and generally\n ran with burning torches in their hands. It was instituted in honour\n of Minerva, surnamed Hellotis, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f11\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2, _from a certain pond_\n of Marathon, where one of her statues was erected, or \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f11\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\n \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u1f31\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03bf\u03bd, because by her assistance Bellerophon took\n and managed the horse Pegasus, which was the original cause of the\n institution of the festival. Others derive the name from Hellotis, a\n Corinthian woman, from the following circumstance: When the Dorians\n and the Heraclid\u00e6 invaded Peloponnesus, they took and burnt Corinth;\n the inhabitants, and particularly the women, escaped by flight,\n except Hellotis and her sister Eurytione, who took shelter in\n Minerva\u2019s temple, relying for safety upon the sanctity of the place.\n When this was known, the Dorians set fire to the temple, and the\n two sisters perished in the flames. This wanton cruelty was followed\n by a dreadful plague; and the Dorians, to alleviate the misfortunes\n which they suffered, were directed by the oracle to appease the\n manes of the two sisters, and therefore they raised a new temple to\n the goddess Minerva, and established the festivals which bore the\n name of one of the unfortunate women.\n\n=Helnes=, an ancient king of Arcadia, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Hel\u014dris=, a general of the people of Rhegium, sent to besiege Messana,\n which Dionysius the tyrant defended. He fell in battle, and his\n troops were defeated. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Hel\u014drum= and =Hel\u014drus=, now _Muri Ucci_, a town and river of Sicily,\n whose swollen waters generally inundate the neighbouring country.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 698.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 11,\n li. 270.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Magna Gr\u00e6cia.\n\n=Helos=, a place of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n Laconia, taken and destroyed by the Laced\u00e6monians under Agis III.,\n of the race of the Heraclid\u00e6, because they refused to pay the\n tribute which was imposed upon them. The Laced\u00e6monians carried\n their resentment so far, that, not satisfied with the ruin of the\n city, they reduced the inhabitants to the lowest and most miserable\n slavery, and made a law which forbade their masters either to\n give them their liberty, or to sell them in any other country. To\n complete their infamy, all the slaves of the state and the prisoners\n of war were called by the mean appellation of _Helot\u00e6_. Not only\n the servile offices in which they were employed denoted their misery\n and slavery, but they were obliged to wear peculiar garments, which\n exposed them to greater contempt and ridicule. They never were\n instructed in the liberal arts, and their cruel masters often\n obliged them to drink to excess, to show the free-born citizens of\n Sparta the beastliness and disgrace of intoxication. They once every\n year received a number of stripes, that by this wanton flagellation\n they might recollect that they were born and died slaves. The\n Spartans even declared war against them; but Plutarch, who, from\n interested motives, endeavours to palliate the guilt and cruelty\n of the people of Laced\u00e6mon, declares that it was because they\n had assisted the Messenians in their war against Sparta, after it\n had been overthrown by a violent earthquake. This earthquake was\n supposed by all the Greeks to be a punishment from heaven for the\n cruelties which the Laced\u00e6monians had exercised against the Helots.\n In the Peloponnesian war, these miserable slaves behaved with\n uncommon bravery, and were rewarded with their liberty by the\n Laced\u00e6monians, and appeared in the temples and at public shows\n crowned with garlands, and with every mark of festivity and triumph.\n This exultation did not continue long, and the sudden disappearance\n of these 2000 manumitted slaves was attributed to the inhumanity\n of the Laced\u00e6monians. _Thucydides_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pollux_, bk. 3, ch. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Aristotle_,\n _Politics_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, _Laconia_, &c.\n\n=Hel\u014dt\u00e6= and =Hel\u014dtes=, the public slaves of Sparta, &c. _See:_ Helos.\n\n=Helvetia=, a vestal virgin struck dead with lightning in Trajan\u2019s\n reign.\n\n=Helvetii=, an ancient nation of Gaul, conquered by Julius C\u00e6sar.\n Their country is the modern Switzerland. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, chs. 67 & 69.\n\n=Helvia=, the mother of Cicero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Ricina, a town of Picenum.\n\n=Helvidia=, the name of a Roman family.\n\n=Helvii=, now _Viviers_, a people of Gaul, along the Rhone. _Pliny_,\n bk. 3, ch. 4.\n\n=Helvillum=, a town of Umbria, supposed to be the same as Sullium, now\n _Sigillo_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\n\n=Helv\u012bna=, a fountain of Aquinum where Ceres had a temple. _Juvenal_,\n satire 3, li. 320.\n\n=Helvius Cinna=, proposed a law, which, however, was not passed, to\n permit C\u00e6sar to marry whatever woman he chose. _Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_,\n bk. 52.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet. _See:_ Cinna.\n\n=Helum=, a river of Scythia.\n\n=Helymus= and =Panopes=, two hunters at the court of Acestes in Sicily.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 73, &c.\n\n=Hemathion=, a son of Aurora and Cephalus, or Tithonus. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3.\n\n=Hem\u012dthea=, a daughter of Cycnus and Proclea. She was so attached to\n her brother Tenes, that she refused to abandon him when his father\n Cycnus exposed him on the sea. They were carried by the wind to\n Tenedos, where Hemithea long enjoyed tranquillity, till Achilles,\n captivated by her charms, offered her violence. She was rescued from\n his embrace by her brother Tenes, who was instantly slaughtered by\n the offended hero. Hemithea could not have been rescued from the\n attempts of Achilles, had not the earth opened and swallowed her,\n after she had fervently entreated the assistance of the gods. _See:_\n Tenes. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Hemon.= _See:_ H\u00e6mon.\n\n=Hemus.= _See:_ H\u00e6mus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 197.\n\n=Hen\u0115ti=, a people of Paphlagonia, who are said to have settled in\n Italy near the Adriatic, where they gave the name of _Venetia_ to\n their habitation. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Euripides._\n\n=Heni\u014fchi=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, near Colchis, descended\n from Amphytus and Telechius, the charioteers (\u03bc\u03bd\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03bf\u03b9) of Castor\n and Pollux, and thence called Laced\u00e6monii. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 21.\n \u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 270; bk. 6,\n li. 42.\n\n=Henna.= _See:_ Enna.\n\n=Heph\u00e6stia=, the capital town of Lemnos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A festival in honour of\n Vulcan (\u1f29\u03c6\u03b1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2) at Athens. There was then a race with torches\n between three young men. Each in his turn ran a race with a lighted\n torch in his hand, and whoever could carry it to the end of the\n course before it was extinguished, obtained the prize. They delivered\n it one to the other after they finished their course, and from that\n circumstance we see many allusions in ancient authors who compare\n the vicissitudes of human affairs to this delivering of the torch,\n particularly in these lines of Lucretius bk. 2:\n\n _Inque brevi spatio mutantur s\u00e6cla animantum,\n Et quasi cursores vitai lampada tradunt._\n\n=Heph\u00e6sti\u0103des=, a name applied to the Lipari isles as sacred to Vulcan.\n\n=Heph\u00e6stii=, mountains in Lycia which are set on fire by the lightest\n touch of a burning torch. Their very stones burnt in the middle of\n water, according to _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 106.\n\n=Heph\u00e6stio=, a Greek grammarian of Alexandria in the age of the\n emperor Verus. There remains of his compositions a treatise entitled\n _Enchiridion de metris & poemate_, the best edition of which is that\n of _Pauw_, 4to, Utrecht, 1726.\n\n=Heph\u00e6stion=, a Macedonian famous for his intimacy with Alexander.\n He accompanied the conqueror in his Asiatic conquests, and was so\n faithful and attached to him, that Alexander often observed that\n Craterus was the friend of the king, but Heph\u00e6stion the friend of\n Alexander. He died at Ecbatana 325 years before the christian era,\n according to some from excess of drinking, or eating. Alexander\n was so inconsolable at the death of this faithful subject, that he\n shed tears at the intelligence, and ordered the sacred fire to be\n extinguished, which was never done but at the death of a Persian\n monarch. The physician who attended Heph\u00e6stion in his illness was\n accused of negligence, and by the king\u2019s order inhumanly put to\n death, and the games were interrupted. His body was entrusted to the\n care of Perdiccas, and honoured with the most magnificent funeral\n at Babylon. He was so like the king in features and stature, that he\n was often saluted by the name of Alexander. _Curtius._\u2015\u2015_Arrian_, bk.\n 7, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 7,\n ch. 8.\n\n=Heptaph\u014dnos=, a portico, which received this name, because the voice\n was re-echoed seven times in it. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 15.\n\n=Heptap\u014flis=, a country of Egypt, which contained seven cities.\n\n=Heptapy\u0306los=, a surname of Thebes in B\u0153otia, from its seven gates.\n\n=Hera=, the name of Juno among the Greeks.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Neptune\n and Ceres when transformed into a mare. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n town of \u00c6olia and of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town\n of Sicily, called also _Hybla_. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,\n bk. 2, ltr. 1.\n\n=Her\u0103cl\u0113a=, an ancient town of Sicily, near Agrigentum. Minos planted\n a colony there when he pursued D\u00e6dalus; and the town, anciently\n known by the name of _Macara_, was called from him _Minoa_. It was\n called Heraclea after Hercules, when he obtained a victory over\n Eryx.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Macedonia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Pontus, celebrated for\n its naval power and its consequence among the Asiatic states. The\n inhabitants conveyed home in their ships the 10,000 at their return.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Crete.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Parthia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Bithynia.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Phthiotis, near Thermopyl\u00e6, called also _Trachinea_,\n to distinguish it from others.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Lucania. _Cicero_,\n _For Archias_, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Syria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Chersonesus\n Taurica.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Thrace, and three in Egypt, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There were\n no less than 40 cities of that name in different parts of the world,\n all built in honour of Hercules, whence the name is derived.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Hiero tyrant of Sicily, &c.\n\n=Heracl\u0113ia=, a festival at Athens celebrated every fifth year, in\n honour of Hercules. The \u2666Thespians and Thebans in B\u0153otia observed a\n festival of the same name, in which they offered apples to the god.\n This custom of offering apples arose from this: It was always usual\n to offer sheep, but the overflowing of the river Asopus prevented\n the votaries of the god from observing it with the ancient ceremony;\n and as the word \u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd signifies both an _apple_ and a _sheep_, some\n youths, acquainted with the ambiguity of the word, offered apples to\n the god, with much sport and festivity. To represent the sheep, they\n raised an apple upon four sticks as the legs, and two more were\n placed at the top to represent the horns of the victim. Hercules was\n delighted at the ingenuity of the youths, and the festivals were\n ever continued with the offering of apples. _Pollux_, bk. 8, ch. 9.\n There was also a festival at Sicyon in honour of Hercules. It\n continued two days; the first was called \u1f40\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, the second\n \u1f21\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015At a festival of the same name at Cos, the priest\n officiated with a mitre on his head, and in woman\u2019s apparel.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015At\n Lindus, a solemnity of the same name was also observed, and at the\n celebration nothing was heard but execrations and profane words, and\n whosoever accidentally dropped any other words, was accused of\n having profaned the sacred rites.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Thisbians\u2019 replaced with \u2018Thespians\u2019\n\n=Heracleum=, a promontory of Cappadocia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Egypt near\n Canopus, on the western mouth of the Nile, to which it gave its name.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 60.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bks. 2 & 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The port town of Gnossus in Crete.\n\n=Heracle\u014dtes=, a surname of Dionysius the philosopher.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher\n of Heraclea, who, like his master Zeno, and all the Stoics, firmly\n believed that pain was not an evil. A severe illness, attended with\n the most acute pains, obliged him to renounce his principles, and at\n the same time the philosophy of the Stoics, about 264 years before\n the christian era. He became afterwards one of the Cyrenaic sect,\n which placed the _summum bonum_ in pleasure. He wrote some poetry,\n and chiefly treatises of philosophy. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives and\n Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.\n\n=Heracl\u012bd\u00e6=, the descendants of Hercules, greatly celebrated in ancient\n history. Hercules at his death left to his son Hyllus all the rights\n and claims which he had upon the Peloponnesus, and permitted him\n to marry Iole, as soon as he came of age. The posterity of Hercules\n were not more kindly treated by Eurystheus than their father had\n been, and they were obliged to retire for protection to the court of\n Ceyx king of Trachinia. Eurystheus pursued them thither; and Ceyx,\n afraid of his resentment, begged the Heraclid\u00e6 to depart from his\n dominions. From Trachinia they came to Athens, where Theseus the\n king of the country, who had accompanied their father in some of his\n expeditions, received them with great humanity, and assisted them\n against their common enemy Eurystheus. Eurystheus was killed by the\n hand of Hyllus himself, and his children perished with him, and all\n the cities of the Peloponnesus became the undisputed property of\n the Heraclid\u00e6. Their triumph, however, was short; their numbers were\n lessened by a pestilence, and the oracle informed them that they\n had taken possession of the Peloponnesus, before the gods permitted\n their return. Upon this they abandoned Peloponnesus, and came to\n settle in the territories of the Athenians, where Hyllus, obedient\n to his father\u2019s commands, married Iole the daughter of Eurytus. Soon\n after he consulted the oracle, anxious to recover the Peloponnesus,\n and the ambiguity of the answer determined him to make a second\n attempt. He challenged to single combat Atreus the successor of\n Eurystheus on the throne of Mycen\u00e6, and it was mutually agreed that\n the undisturbed possession of the Peloponnesus should be ceded to\n whosoever defeated his adversary. Echemus accepted the challenge\n for Atreus, and Hyllus was killed, and the Heraclid\u00e6 a second time\n departed from Peloponnesus. Cleod\u00e6us the son of Hyllus made a third\n attempt, and was equally unsuccessful, and his son Aristomachus some\n time after met with the same unfavourable reception, and perished\n in the field of battle. Aristodemus, Temenus, and Chresphontes, the\n three sons of Aristomachus, encouraged by the more expressive and\n less ambiguous word of an oracle, and desirous to revenge the death\n of their progenitors, assembled a numerous force, and with a fleet\n invaded all Peloponnesus. Their expedition was attended with success,\n and after some \u2666decisive battles they became masters of all the\n peninsula, which they divided among themselves two years after. The\n recovery of the Peloponnesus by the descendants of Hercules forms an\n interesting epoch in ancient history, which is universally believed\n to have happened 80 years after the Trojan war, or 1104 years before\n the christian era. This conquest was totally achieved about 120\n years after the first attempt of Hyllus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 7, &c.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Clement of Alexandria_, _Stromateis_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 1, ch. 12, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 7, ch. 26.\n\n \u2666 \u2018deicsive\u2019 replaced with \u2018decisive\u2019\n\n=Her\u0103cl\u012bdes=, a philosopher of Heraclea in Pontus, for some time\n disciple of Seusippus and Aristotle. He wished it to be believed\n that he was carried into heaven the very day of his death, and the\n more firmly to render it credible, he begged one of his friends\n to put a serpent in his bed. The serpent disappointed him, and\n the noise which the number of visitors occasioned, frightened him\n from the bed before the philosopher had expired. He lived about 335\n years before the christian era. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_,\n bk. 5; _Letters to his brother Quintus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_,\n _Pythagoras_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Pontus surnamed _Lembus_, who\n flourished B.C. 177.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who, after the retreat of Dionysius\n the younger from Sicily, raised cabals against Dion, in whose hands\n the sovereign power was lodged. He was put to death by Dion\u2019s order.\n _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A youth of Syracuse, in the battle in\n which Nicias was defeated.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Agathocles.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man placed\n over a garrison at Athens by Demetrius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist of Lycia, who\n opened a school at Smyrna in the age of the emperor Severus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n painter of Macedonia in the reign of king Perseus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An architect\n of Tarentum, intimate with Philip king of Macedonia. He fled to\n Rhodes on pretence of a quarrel with Philip, and set fire to the\n Rhodian fleet. _Poly\u00e6nus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Alexandria.\n\n=Heracl\u012btus=, a celebrated Greek philosopher of Ephesus, who flourished\n about 500 years before the christian era. His father\u2019s name was\n Hyson, or Heracion. Naturally of a melancholy disposition, he\n passed his time in a solitary and unsocial manner, and received\n the appellation of the obscure philosopher, and the mourner, from\n his unconquerable custom of weeping at the follies, frailty, and\n vicissitudes of human affairs. He employed his time in writing\n different treatises, and one particularly, in which he supported\n that there was a fatal necessity, and that the world was created\n from fire, which he deemed a god omnipotent and omniscient. His\n opinions about the origin of things were adopted by the Stoics,\n and Hippocrates entertained the same notions of a supreme power.\n Heraclitus deserves the appellation of man-hater, for the rusticity\n with which he answered the polite invitations of Darius king of\n Persia. To remove himself totally from the society of mankind, he\n retired to the mountains, where for some time he fed on grass in\n common with the wild inhabitants of the place. Such a diet was soon\n productive of a dropsical complaint, and the philosopher condescended\n to revisit the town. The enigmatical manner in which he consulted\n the physicians made his applications unintelligible, and he was left\n to depend for cure only upon himself. He fixed his residence on a\n dunghill, in hopes that the continual warmth which proceeded from\n it might dissipate the watery accumulation and restore him to the\n enjoyment of his former health. Such a remedy proved ineffectual,\n and the philosopher, despairing of a cure by the application of\n ox-dung, suffered himself to die in the 60th year of his age. Some\n say that he was torn to pieces by dogs. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives\n and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.\u2015\u2015_Clement of Alexandria_,\n _Stromateis_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lyric poet.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer of Halicarnassus,\n intimate with Callimachus. He was remarkable for the elegance of his\n style.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Lesbos, who wrote a history of Macedonia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n writer of Sicyon, &c. _Plutarch._\n\n=Heraclius=, a river of Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n brother of Constantine, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman emperor, &c.\n\n=Her\u00e6a=, a town of Arcadia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Festivals at Argos in honour of Juno,\n who was the patroness of that city. They were also observed by the\n colonies of the Argives which had been planted at Samos and \u00c6gina.\n There were always two processions to the temple of the goddess\n without the city walls. The first was of the men in armour, the\n second of the women, among whom the priestess, a woman of the first\n quality, was drawn in a chariot by white oxen. The Argives always\n reckoned their years from her priesthood, as the Athenians from\n their archons, and the Romans from their consuls. When they came\n to the temple of the goddess they offered a hecatomb of oxen. Hence\n the sacrifice is often called \u1f11\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1, and sometimes \u03bb\u03b5\u03c7\u03b5\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1,\n from \u03bb\u03b5\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2, _a bed_, because Juno presided over marriages, births,\n &c. There was a festival of the same name in Elis, celebrated every\n fifth year, in which 16 matrons wove a garment for the goddess.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There were also others instituted by Hippodamia, who had\n received assistance from Juno when she married Pelops. Sixteen\n matrons, each attended by a maid, presided at the celebration.\n The contenders were young virgins, who being divided in classes,\n according to their age, ran races each in their order, beginning\n with the youngest. The habit of all was exactly the same; their hair\n was dishevelled, and their right shoulder bare to the breast, with\n coats reaching no lower than the knee. She who obtained the victory\n was rewarded with crowns of olives, and obtained a part of the ox\n that was offered in sacrifice, and was permitted to dedicate her\n picture to the goddess.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was also a solemn day of mourning\n at Corinth which bore the same name, in commemoration of Medea\u2019s\n children, who were buried in Juno\u2019s temple. They had been slain by\n the Corinthians; who, as it is reported, to avert the scandal which\n accompanied so barbarous a murder, presented Euripides with a large\n sum of money to write a play, in which Medea is represented as the\n murderer of her children.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another festival of the same name at\n Pallene, with games in which the victor was rewarded with a garment.\n\n=Her\u00e6i montes=, a chain of mountains at the north of Sicily.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Her\u00e6um=, a temple and grove of Juno, situate between Argos and Mycen\u00e6.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Thrace.\n\n=Herbessus=, a town of Sicily at the north of \u2666Agrigentum, built by a\n Ph\u0153nician or Carthaginian colony. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 265.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Arigentum\u2019 replaced with \u2018Agrigentum\u2019\n\n=Herbita=, an inland town of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2,\n ch. 64; bk. 3, ch. 32.\n\n=Herceius=, an epithet given to Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 286.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 979.\n\n=Herculanea via=, a mound raised between the Lucrine lake and the sea,\n called also _Herculeum iter_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 118.\n\n=Hercul\u0101neum=, a town of Campania, swallowed up, with Pompeii, by an\n earthquake, produced from an eruption of mount Vesuvius, August 24th,\n A.D. 79, in the reign of Titus. After being buried under the lava\n for more than 1600 years, these famous cities were discovered in the\n beginning of the 18th century; Herculaneum in 1713, about 24 feet\n underground, by labourers digging for a well, and Pompeii 40 years\n after, about 12 feet below the surface, and from the houses and\n the streets, which in a great measure remain still perfect, have\n been drawn busts, statues, manuscripts, paintings, and utensils,\n which do not a little contribute to enlarge our notions concerning\n the ancients, and develop many classical obscurities. The valuable\n antiquities, so miraculously recovered, are preserved in the museum\n of Portici, a small town in the neighbourhood, and the engravings,\n &c., ably taken from them have been munificently presented to the\n different learned bodies of Europe. _Seneca_, _Qu\u00e6stiones naturales_,\n bk. 6, chs. 1 & 26.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 16.\n\n=Herc\u016dles=, a celebrated hero, who, after death, was ranked among the\n gods, and received divine honours. According to the ancients there\n were many persons of the same name. Diodorus mentions three, Cicero\n six, and some authors extend the number to no less than 43. Of all\n these the son of Jupiter and Alcmena, generally called the Theban,\n is the most celebrated, and to him, as may easily be imagined, the\n actions of the others have been \u2666attributed. The birth of Hercules\n was attended with many miraculous and supernatural events; and it is\n reported that Jupiter, who introduced himself to the bed of Alcmena,\n was employed for three nights in forming a child whom he intended to\n be the greatest hero the world ever beheld. _See:_ Alcmena. Hercules\n was brought up at Tirynthus, or, according to Diodorus, at Thebes,\n and before he had completed his eighth month, the jealousy of Juno,\n intent upon his destruction, sent two snakes to devour him. The\n child, not terrified at the sight of the serpents, boldly seized\n them in both his hands and squeezed them to death, while his brother\n Iphiclus alarmed the house with his frightful shrieks. _See:_\n Iphiclus. He was early instructed in the liberal arts, and Castor\n the son of Tyndarus taught him how to fight, Eurytus how to shoot\n with a bow and arrows, Autolycus to drive a chariot, Linus to\n play on the lyre, and Eumolpus to sing. He, like the rest of his\n illustrious contemporaries, soon after became the pupil of the\n centaur Chiron, and under him he perfected and rendered himself the\n most valiant and accomplished of the age. In the 18th year of his\n age he resolved to deliver the neighbourhood of mount Cith\u00e6ron from\n a huge lion which preyed on the flocks of Amphitryon his supposed\n father, and which laid waste the adjacent country. He went to the\n court of Thespius king of Thespis, who shared the general calamity,\n and he received there a tender treatment, and was entertained during\n 50 days. The 50 daughters of the king became all mothers by Hercules,\n during his stay at Thespis, and some say that it was effected in\n one night. After he had destroyed the lion of mount Cith\u00e6ron, he\n delivered his country from the annual tribute of 100 oxen which\n it paid to Erginus. _See:_ Erginus. Such public services became\n universally known, and Creon, who then sat on the throne of Thebes,\n rewarded the patriotic deeds of Hercules by giving him his daughter\n in marriage, and entrusting him with the government of his kingdom.\n As Hercules by the will of Jupiter was subject to the power of\n Eurystheus [_See:_ Eurystheus], and obliged to obey him in every\n respect, Eurystheus, acquainted with his successes and rising power,\n ordered him to appear at Mycen\u00e6 and perform the labours which by\n priority of birth he was empowered to impose upon him. Hercules\n refused, and Juno, to punish his disobedience, rendered him so\n delirious that he killed his own children by Megara, supposing them\n to be the offspring of Eurystheus. _See:_ Megara. When he recovered\n the use of his senses, he was so struck with the misfortunes which\n had proceeded from his insanity, that he concealed himself and\n retired from the society of men for some time. He afterwards\n consulted the oracle of Apollo, and was told that he must be\n subservient for 12 years to the will of Eurystheus, in compliance\n with the commands of Jupiter; and that after he had achieved the\n most celebrated labours, he should be reckoned in the number of\n the gods. So plain and expressive an answer determined him to go\n to Mycen\u00e6, and to bear with fortitude whatever gods or men imposed\n upon him. Eurystheus, seeing so great a man totally subjected to him,\n and apprehensive of so powerful an enemy, commanded him to achieve\n a number of enterprises the most difficult and arduous ever known,\n generally called the 12 labours of Hercules. The favours of the\n gods had completely armed him when he undertook his labours. He\n had received a coat of arms and helmet from Minerva, a sword from\n Mercury, a horse from Neptune, a shield from Jupiter, a bow and\n arrows from Apollo, and from Vulcan a golden cuirass and brazen\n buskins, with a celebrated club of brass according to the opinion\n of some writers, but more generally supposed to be of wood, and cut\n by the hero himself in the forest of Nem\u00e6a. The first labour imposed\n upon Hercules by Eurystheus, was to kill the lion of Nem\u00e6a, which\n ravaged the country near Mycen\u00e6. The hero, unable to destroy him\n with his arrows, boldly attacked him with his club, pursued him\n to his den, and after a close and sharp engagement he choked him\n to death. He carried the dead beast on his shoulders to Mycen\u00e6,\n and ever after clothed himself with the skin. Eurystheus was so\n astonished at the sight of the beast, and at the courage of Hercules,\n that he ordered him never to enter the gates of the city when he\n returned from his expeditions, but to wait for his orders without\n the walls. He even made himself a brazen vessel, into which he\n retired whenever Hercules returned. The second labour of Hercules\n was to destroy the Lern\u00e6an hydra, which had seven heads according\n to Apollodorus, 50 according to Simonides, 100 according to Diodorus.\n This celebrated monster he attacked with his arrows, and soon after\n he came to a close engagement, and by means of his heavy club he\n destroyed the heads of his enemy. But this was productive of no\n advantage, for as soon as one head was beaten to pieces by the club,\n immediately two sprang up, and the labour of Hercules would have\n remained unfinished had he not commanded his friend Iolus to burn,\n with a hot iron, the root of the head which he had crushed to pieces.\n This succeeded [_See:_ Hydra], and Hercules became victorious,\n opened the belly of the monster, and dipped his arrows in the gall\n to render the wounds which he gave fatal and incurable. He was\n ordered in his third labour to bring alive and unhurt into the\n presence of Eurystheus a stag, famous for its incredible swiftness,\n its golden horns, and brazen feet. This celebrated animal frequented\n the neighbourhood of \u0152noe, and Hercules was employed for a whole\n year in continually pursuing it, and at last he caught it in a trap,\n or when tired, or according to others, by slightly wounding it and\n lessening its swiftness. As he returned victorious, Diana snatched\n the goat from him, and severely reprimanded him for molesting an\n animal which was sacred to her. Hercules pleaded necessity, and by\n representing the commands of Eurystheus, he appeased the goddess\n and obtained the beast. The fourth labour was to bring alive to\n Eurystheus a wild boar which ravaged the neighbourhood of Erymanthus.\n In this expedition he destroyed the centaurs [_See:_ \u2663Centauri],\n and caught the boar by closely pursuing him through the deep\n snow. Eurystheus was so frightened at the sight of the boar, that,\n according to Diodorus, he hid himself in his brazen vessel for some\n days. In his fifth labour Hercules was ordered to clean the stables\n of Augias, where 3000 oxen had been confined for many years. _See:_\n Augias. For his sixth labour he was ordered to kill the carnivorous\n birds which ravaged the country near the lake Stymphalis in Arcadia.\n _See:_ Stymphalis. In his seventh labour he brought alive into\n Peloponnesus a prodigious wild bull which laid waste the island of\n Crete. In his eighth labour he was employed in obtaining the mares\n of Diomedes, which fed upon human flesh. He killed Diomedes, and\n gave him to be eaten by his mares, which he brought to Eurystheus.\n They were sent to mount Olympus by the king of Mycen\u00e6, where they\n were devoured by the wild beasts; or, according to others, they were\n consecrated to Jupiter, and their breed still existed in the age\n of Alexander the Great. For his ninth labour, he was commanded to\n obtain the girdle of the queen of the Amazons. _See:_ Hippolyte.\n In his tenth labour he killed the monster Geryon king of Gades,\n and brought to Argos his numerous flocks, which fed upon human\n flesh. _See:_ Geryon. The eleventh labour was to obtain apples from\n the garden of the Hesperides. _See:_ Hesperides. The twelfth and\n last, and most dangerous of his labours, was to bring upon earth\n the three-headed dog Cerberus. This was cheerfully undertaken by\n Hercules, and he descended into hell by a cave on mount T\u00e6narus.\n He was permitted by Pluto to carry away his friends Theseus and\n Pirithous, who were condemned to punishment in hell: and Cerberus\n also was granted to his prayers, provided he made use of no arms,\n but only force, to drag him away. Hercules, as some report, carried\n him back to hell, after he had brought him before Eurystheus.\n Besides these arduous labours, which the jealousy of \u2665Eurystheus\n imposed upon him, he also achieved others of his own accord, equally\n great and celebrated. _See:_ Cacus, Ant\u00e6us, Busiris, Eryx, &c. He\n accompanied the Argonauts to Colchis before he delivered himself up\n to the king of Mycen\u00e6. He assisted the gods in their wars against\n the giants, and it was through him alone that Jupiter obtained a\n victory. _See:_ Gigantes. He conquered Laomedon, and pillaged Troy.\n _See:_ Laomedon. When Iole, the daughter of Eurytus king of \u0152chalia,\n of whom he was deeply enamoured, was refused to his entreaties, he\n became the prey of a second fit of insanity, and he murdered Iphitus,\n the only one of the sons of Eurytus who favoured his addresses to\n Iole. _See:_ Iphitus. He was some time after purified of the murder,\n and his insanity ceased; but the gods persecuted him more, and he\n was visited by a disorder which obliged him to apply to the oracle\n of Delphi for relief. The boldness with which the Pythia received\n him irritated him, and he resolved to plunder Apollo\u2019s temple,\n and carry away the sacred tripod. Apollo opposed him, and a severe\n conflict was begun, which nothing but the interference of Jupiter\n with his thunderbolts could have prevented. He was upon this told\n by the oracle that he must be sold as a slave, and remain three\n years in the most abject servitude to recover from his disorder. He\n complied; and Mercury, by order of Jupiter, conducted him to Omphale\n queen of Lydia, to whom he was sold as a slave. Here he cleared all\n the country from robbers; and Omphale, who was astonished at the\n greatness of his exploits, restored him to liberty, and married him.\n Hercules had Agelaus, and Lamon according to others, by Omphale,\n from whom Cr\u0153sus king of Lydia was descended. He became also\n enamoured of one of Omphale\u2019s female servants, by whom he had\n Alceus. After he had completed the years of his slavery, he returned\n to Peloponnesus, where he re-established on the throne of Sparta\n Tyndarus, who had been expelled by Hippocoon. He became one of\n Dejanira\u2019s suitors, and married her, after he had overcome all\n his rivals. _See:_ Achelous. He was obliged to leave Calydon, his\n father-in-law\u2019s kingdom, because he had inadvertently killed a man\n with a blow of his fist, and it was on account of this expulsion\n that he was not present at the hunting of the Calydonian boar.\n From Calydon he retired to the court of Ceyx king of Trachinia. In\n his way he was stopped by the swollen streams of the Evenus, where\n the centaur Nessus attempted to offer violence to Dejanira, under\n the perfidious pretence of conveying her over the river. Hercules\n perceived the distress of Dejanira, and killed the centaur, who, as\n he expired, gave her a tunic, which, as he observed, had the power\n of recalling a husband from unlawful love. _See:_ Dejanira. Ceyx\n king of Trachinia received him and his wife with great marks of\n friendship, and purified him of the murder which he had committed\n at Calydon. Hercules was still mindful that he had once been refused\n the hand of Iole, he therefore made war against her father Eurytus,\n and killed him with three of his sons. Iole fell into the hands of\n her father\u2019s murderer, and found that she was loved by Hercules as\n much as before. She accompanied him to mount \u0152ta, where he was going\n to raise an altar and offer a solemn sacrifice to Jupiter. As he had\n not then the tunic in which he arrayed himself to offer a sacrifice,\n he sent Lichas to Dejanira in order to provide himself a proper\n dress. Dejanira, informed of her husband\u2019s tender attachment to\n Iole, sent him a philter, or more probably the tunic which she had\n received from Nessus, and Hercules, as soon as he had put it on,\n fell into a desperate distemper, and found the poison of the Lern\u00e6an\n hydra penetrate through his bones. He attempted to pull off the\n fatal dress, but it was too late, and in the midst of his pains\n and tortures he inveighed in the most bitter imprecations against\n the credulous Dejanira, the cruelty of Eurystheus, and the jealousy\n and hatred of Juno. As the distemper was incurable, he implored the\n protection of Jupiter, and gave his bow and arrows to Philoctetes,\n and erected a large burning pile on the top of mount \u0152ta. He spread\n on the pile the skin of the Nem\u00e6an lion, and laid himself down\n upon it as on a bed, leaning his head on his club. Philoctetes,\n or according to others, P\u00e6an or Hyllus, was ordered to set fire to\n the pile, and the hero saw himself on a sudden surrounded with the\n flames, without betraying any marks of fear or astonishment. Jupiter\n saw him from heaven, and told to the surrounding gods that he would\n raise to the skies the immortal parts of a hero who had cleared\n the earth from so many monsters and tyrants. The gods applauded\n Jupiter\u2019s resolution; the burning pile was suddenly surrounded with\n a dark smoke, and after the mortal parts of Hercules were consumed,\n he was carried up to heaven in a chariot drawn by four horses. Some\n loud claps of thunder accompanied his elevation, and his friends,\n unable to find either his bones or ashes, showed their gratitude\n to his memory by raising an altar where the burning pile had stood.\n Men\u0153tius the son of Actor offered him the sacrifice of a bull, a\n wild boar, and a goat, and enjoined the people of Opus yearly to\n observe the same religious ceremonies. His worship soon became\n as universal as his fame, and Juno, who had once persecuted him\n with such inveterate fury, forgot her resentment, and gave him her\n daughter Hebe in marriage. Hercules has received many surnames and\n epithets, either from the place where his worship was established,\n or from the labours which he achieved. His temples were numerous and\n magnificent, and his divinity revered. No dogs or flies ever entered\n his temple at Rome, and that of Gades, according to Strabo, was\n always forbidden to women and pigs. The Ph\u0153nicians offered quails\n on his altars, and as it was supposed that he presided over dreams,\n the sick and infirm were sent to sleep in his temples, that they\n might receive in their dreams the agreeable presages of their\n approaching recovery. The white poplar was particularly dedicated\n to his service. Hercules is generally represented naked, with strong\n and well-proportioned limbs; he is sometimes covered with the skin\n of the Nem\u00e6an lion, and holds a knotted club in his hand, on which\n he often leans. Sometimes he appears crowned with the leaves of\n the poplar, and holding the horn of plenty under his arm. At other\n times he is represented standing with Cupid, who instantly breaks to\n pieces his arrows and his club, to intimate the passion of love in\n the hero, who suffered himself to be beaten and ridiculed by Omphale,\n who dressed herself in his armour while he was sitting to spin with\n her female servants. The children of Hercules are as numerous as the\n labours and difficulties which he underwent, and indeed they became\n so powerful soon after his death, that they alone had the courage to\n invade all Peloponnesus. _See:_ Heraclid\u00e6. He was father of Deicoon\n and Therimachus by Megara, of Ctesippus by Astydamia, of Palemon\n by Autonoe, of Everes by Parthenope, of Glycisonetes, Gyneus, and\n Odites by Dejanira, of Thessalus by Chalciope, of Thestalus by\n Epicaste, of Tlepolemus by Astyoche, of Agathyrsus, Gelon, and\n Scytha by Echidna, &c. Such are the most striking characteristics\n of the life of Hercules, who is said to have supported for a while\n the weight of the heavens upon his shoulders [_See:_ Atlas], and\n to have separated by the force of his arm the celebrated mountains\n which were afterwards called the boundaries of his labours. _See:_\n Abyla. He is held out by the ancients as a true pattern of virtue\n and piety, and as his whole life had been employed for the common\n benefit of mankind, he was deservedly rewarded with immortality. His\n judicious choice of virtue in preference to pleasure, as described\n by Xenophon, is well known. _Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de\n Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bks. 3, 5, 9, & 10.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fables 29, 32, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 236, &c.;\n _Heroides_, poem 9; _Amores_; _Tristia_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 8, &c.\u2015\u2015_Theocritus_, poem 24.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Hercules\n furens_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 294.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bks. 3\n & 6.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _Trachini\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015\u2660_Plautus_, _Amphitryon_.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_,\n _Hercules Furens_ & _Hercules \u0152taeus_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6;\n bk. 11, &c.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2, ch. 42, &c.\u2015\u2015_Quintus Smyrn\u00e6us_, bk. 6, li.\n 207, &c.\u2015\u2015_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Artemis_.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Olympian_,\n ode 3.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 438.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 2,\n _Thebiad_, li. 564.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_, _Dialogi\n Deorum_.\u2015\u2015_Lactantius_, _De Falsa Religione_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 3, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, _Odes_, _Satires_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Alexander the Great.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of the emperor Commodus, &c.\n\n \u2666 \u2018atrributed\u2019 replaced with \u2018attributed\u2019\n \u2663 \u2018Centaur\u2019 replaced with \u2018Centauri\u2019\n \u2665 \u2018Eurytheus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Eurystheus\u2019\n \u2660 \u2018Plutarch\u2019 replaced with \u2018Plautus\u2019\n\n=Herc\u016dleum=, a promontory in the country of the Brutii.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Fretum,\n a name given to the strait which forms a communication between the\n Atlantic and Mediterranean.\n\n=Herc\u016dleus=, one of Agrippina\u2019s murderers. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14,\n ch. 8.\n\n=Herc\u016dleus Lacis=, a lake of Sicily.\n\n=Herc\u016dlis Column\u00e6=, two lofty mountains, situate one on the most\n southern extremities of Spain, and the other on the opposite part\n of Africa. They were called by the ancients _Abyla_ and _Calpe_.\n They are reckoned the boundaries of the labours of Hercules, and\n according to ancient tradition they were joined together till they\n were severed by the arm of the hero, and a communication opened\n between the Mediterranean and Atlantic seas. _Dionysius Periegetes._\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 142.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 2,\n ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Mon\u0153ci Portus, now _Monaco_,\n a port town of Genoa. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 52.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 405.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 830.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Labronis _vel_ Liburni Portus, a seaport town, now _Leghorn_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Promontorium, a cape at the bottom of Italy, on the Ionian sea,\n now _Spartivento_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Insul\u00e6, two islands near Sardinia. _Pliny_,\n bk. 3, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Portus, a seaport of the Brutii, on the western\n coast.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucus, a wood in Germany sacred to Hercules. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small island on the coast of Spain,\n called also _Scombraria_, from the tunny fish (_Scombres_) caught\n there. _Strabo_, bk. 3.\n\n=Hercy\u0306na=, a nymph who accompanied Ceres as she travelled over the\n world. A river of B\u0153otia bore her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 39.\n\n=Hercy\u0306nia=, a celebrated forest of Germany, which, according to C\u00e6sar,\n required nine days\u2019 journey to cross it; and which on some parts\n was found without any boundaries, though travelled over for 60 days\n successively. It contained the modern countries of Switzerland,\n Basil, Spires, Transylvania, and a great part of Russia. In length\n of time the trees were rooted up, and when population increased the\n greatest part of it was made inhabitable. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk.\n 6, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Mela._\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 54.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Germania_,\n ch. 30.\n\n=Herdonia=, a small town of Apulia between the rivers Aufidus and\n Cerbalus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 568.\n\n=Herdonius=, a man put to death by Tarquin, because he had boldly\n spoken against him in an assembly, &c.\n\n=Herea=, a town of Arcadia on an eminence, the bottom of which\n was watered by the Alpheus. It was built by Hereus the son of\n Lycaon, and was said to produce a wine possessed of such unusual\n properties, as to give fecundity to women, and cause madness in men.\n _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\n\n=Herennius Senecio=, a Roman historian under Domitian. _Tacitus_,\n _Agricola_, ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Sertorius defeated by Pompey,\n &c. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A centurion sent in pursuit of Cicero by Antony.\n He cut off the orator\u2019s head. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, a man\n to whom Cicero dedicates his book _de Rhetoric\u00e2_, a work attributed\n by some to Cornificius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Samnite general, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Philo, a\n Ph\u0153nician who wrote a book on Adrian\u2019s reign. He also composed a\n treatise divided into 12 parts, concerning the choice of books, &c.\n\n=Hereus=, a son of Lyacon, who founded a city in Arcadia, called Herea.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.\n\n=Herillus=, a philosopher of Chalcedon, disciple to Zeno. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Her\u012dlus=, a king of Pr\u00e6neste, son of the nymph Feronia. As he had\n three lives, he was killed three times by Evander. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 8, li. 563.\n\n=Herm\u0103chus=, a native of Mitylene, successor and disciple of Epicurus,\n B.C. 267.\n\n=Herm\u00e6=, statues of Mercury in the city of Athens. _Cicero_, _Letters\n to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltrs. 4 & 8.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Two youths who attended those who consulted the oracle of\n Trophonius. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 39.\n\n=Herm\u00e6a=, a festival in Crete, when the masters waited upon the\n servants. It was also observed at Athens and Babylon. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 14.\n\n=Herm\u00e6um=, a town of Arcadia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A promontory at the east of Carthage,\n the most northern point of all Africa, now cape _Bon_. _Livy_,\n bk. 29, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\n\n=Hermag\u014fras \u00c6ol\u012ddes=, a famous rhetorician, who came to Rome in the\n age of Augustus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of Amphipolis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous orator\n and philosopher.\n\n=Hermandica=, a town of the Vacc\u00e6i in Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 3.\n\n=Hermand\u016bri=, a people of Germany, called also Hermunduri.\n\n=Hermanni=, a people of Germany.\n\n=Hermaphr\u014fd\u012btus=, a son of Venus and Mercury, educated on mount Ida\n by the Naiades. At the age of 15 he began to travel to gratify his\n curiosity. When he came to Caria, he bathed himself in a fountain,\n and Salmacis, the nymph who presided over it, became enamoured of\n him and attempted to seduce him. Hermaphroditus continued deaf to\n all entreaties and offers; and Salmacis, endeavouring to obtain\n by force what was denied by prayers, closely embraced him, and\n entreated the gods to make them two, but one body. Her prayers were\n heard, and Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, now two in one body, still\n preserved the characteristics of both their sexes. Hermaphroditus\n begged the gods that all who bathed in that fountain might become\n effeminate. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 347.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 271.\n\n=Hermas=, an ancient father of the church, in or near the age of the\n apostles.\n\n=Hermath\u0113na=, a statue which represented Mercury and Minerva in\n the same body. This statue was generally placed in schools where\n eloquence and philosophy were taught, because these two deities\n presided over the arts and sciences.\n\n=Herm\u0113as=, a tyrant of Mysia who revolted from Artaxerxes Ochus,\n B.C. 350.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Antiochus, &c.\n\n=Hermeias=, a native of Methymna who wrote a history of Sicily.\n\n=Hermes=, the name of Mercury among the Greeks. _See:_ Mercurius.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous gladiator. _Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 25.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Egyptian\n philosopher. _See:_ Mercurius Trismegistus.\n\n=Hermesi\u0103nax=, an elegiac poet of Colophon, son of Agoneus. He was\n publicly honoured with a statue. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n native of Cyprus, who wrote a history of Phrygia. _Plutarch._\n\n=Hermias=, a Galatian philosopher in the second century. His _irrisio\n philosophorum gentilium_ was printed with Justin Martyr\u2019s works,\n folio, Paris, 1615 & 1636, and with the Oxford edition of Tatian,\n 8vo, 1700.\n\n=Herm\u012dnius=, a general of the Hermanni, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who defended\n a bridge with Cocles against the army of Porsenna. _Livy_, bk. 2,\n ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan killed by Catillus in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 642.\n\n=Hermi\u014fne=, a daughter of Mars and Venus, who married Cadmus. The\n gods, except Juno, honoured her nuptials with their presence, and\n she received, as a present, a rich veil and a splendid necklace\n which had been made by Vulcan. She was changed into a serpent\n with her husband Cadmus, and placed in the Elysian fields. _See:_\n Harmonia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,\n fable 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She was privately\n promised in marriage to Orestes the son of Agamemnon; but her father,\n ignorant of this pre-engagement, gave her hand to Pyrrhus the son\n of Achilles, whose services he had experienced in the Trojan war.\n Pyrrhus, at his return from Troy, carried home Hermione and married\n her. Hermione, tenderly attached to her cousin Orestes, looked upon\n Pyrrhus with horror and indignation. According to others, however,\n Hermione received the addresses of Pyrrhus with pleasure, and even\n reproached Andromache his concubine with stealing his affections\n from her. Her jealousy for Andromache, according to some, induced\n her to unite herself to Orestes, and to destroy Pyrrhus. She gave\n herself to Orestes after this murder, and received the kingdom\n of Sparta as a dowry. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_,\n _Andromache_ & _Orestes_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 8.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Argolis, where Ceres had a famous temple. The\n inhabitants lived by fishing. The descent to hell from their country\n was considered so short that no money, according to the usual right\n of burial, was put into the mouth of the dead to be paid to Charon\n for their passage. The sea on the neighbouring coast was called\n _Hermionicus sinus_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Ciris_,\n li. 472.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 3,\n ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.\n\n=Hermi\u014fni\u00e6=, a city near the Riph\u00e6an mountains. _Orpheus_, _Argonauts_.\n\n=Hermi\u014fn\u012dcus sinus=, a bay on the coast of Argolis near Hermione.\n _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 8.\n\n=Hermippus=, a freedman, disciple of Philo, in the reign of Adrian, by\n whom he was greatly esteemed. He wrote five books upon dreams.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n man who accused Aspasia the mistress of Pericles of impiety and\n prostitution. He was son of Lysis, and distinguished himself as a\n poet by 40 theatrical pieces and other compositions, some of which\n are quoted by Athen\u00e6us. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A peripatetic philosopher of\n Smyrna, who flourished B.C. 210.\n\n=Herm\u014fcr\u0103tes=, a general of Syracuse, against Nicias the Athenian. His\n lenity towards the Athenian prisoners was looked upon as treacherous.\n He was banished from Sicily without even a trial, and he was\n murdered as he attempted to return back to his country, B.C. 408.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Nicias_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist celebrated for his rising\n talents. He died in the 28th year of his age, in the reign of the\n emperor Severus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father-in-law of Dionysius tyrant of Sicily.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Rhodian employed by Artaxerxes to corrupt the Grecian states,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist, preceptor to Pausanias the murderer of Philip.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Hermod\u014drus=, a Sicilian, pupil to Plato.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of Ephesus,\n who is said to have assisted, as interpreter, the Roman decemvirs in\n the composition of the 10 tables of laws, which had been collected\n in Greece. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 36.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Salamis, contemporary with\n Philo the Athenian architect. _Cicero_, _Orator_, bk. 1, ch. 14.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet who wrote a book called \u039d\u03bf\u03bc\u03b9\u03bc\u03b1 on the laws of different\n nations.\n\n=Herm\u014fg\u0115nes=, an architect of Alabanda in Caria, employed in building\n the temple of Diana at Magnesia. He wrote a book upon his profession.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rhetorician in the second century, the best editions of whose\n _rhetorica_ are that of Sturmius, 3 vols., 12mo, Strasbourg, 1571,\n and of Laurentius, Geneva, 1614. He died A.D. 161, and it is said\n that his body was opened, and his heart found hairy and of an\n extraordinary size. At the age of 25, as is reported, he totally\n lost his memory.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lawyer in the age of Diocletian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A musician.\n _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 129.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist of Tarsus, of such\n brilliant talents, that at the age of 15 he excited the attention\n and gained the patronage of the emperor Marcus Antoninus.\n\n=Hermol\u0101us=, a young Macedonian among the attendants of Alexander.\n As he was one day hunting with the king he killed a wild boar which\n was coming towards him. Alexander, who followed close behind him,\n was so disappointed because the beast had been killed before he\n could dart at it, that he ordered Hermolaus to be severely whipped.\n This treatment irritated Hermolaus, and he conspired to take away\n the king\u2019s life, with others who were displeased with the cruel\n treatment he had received. The plot was discovered by one of\n the conspirators, and Alexander seized them, and asked what had\n compelled them to conspire to take his life. Hermolaus answered for\n the rest, and observed that it was unworthy of Alexander to treat\n his most faithful and attached friends like slaves, and to shed\n their blood without the least mercy. Alexander ordered him to be put\n to death. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 6.\n\n=Hermop\u014flis=, two towns of Egypt, now _Ashmunein_ and _Demenhur_.\n _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9.\n\n=Hermot\u012bmus=, a famous prophet of Clazomen\u00e6. It is said that his\n soul separated itself from his body and wandered in every part of\n the earth to explain futurity, after which it returned again and\n animated his frame. His wife, who was acquainted with the frequent\n absence of his soul, took advantage of it and burnt his body, as\n if totally dead, and deprived the soul of its natural receptacle.\n Hermotimus received divine honours in a temple at Clazomen\u00e6, into\n which it was unlawful for women to enter. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 51,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Lucian._\n\n=Hermund\u016bri=, a people of Germany, subdued by Aurelius. They were at\n the north of the Danube, and were considered by Tacitus as a tribe\n of the Suevi, but called, together with the Suevi, Hermiones by\n Pliny, bk. 4, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, _extra_.\n \u2015\u2015_Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 106.\n\n=Hermus=, a river of Asia Minor, whose sands, according to the poets,\n were covered with gold. It flows near Sardes, and receives the\n waters of the Pactolus and Hyllus, after which it falls into\n the \u00c6gean sea. It is now called _Kedous_ or _Sarabat_. _Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 137.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 210.\u2015\u2015_Martial_,\n bk. 8, ltr. 78.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 159.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 29.\n\n=Hern\u012dci=, a people of Campania celebrated for their inveterate\n enmity to the rising power of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 9, chs. 43 & 44.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 226.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 14, li. 183.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 8, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 7, li. 684.\n\n=Hero=, a beautiful priestess of Venus at Sestus, greatly enamoured\n of Leander, a youth of Abydos. These two lovers were so faithful to\n one another, that Leander in the night escaped from the vigilance\n of his family, and swam across the Hellespont, while Hero in Sestos\n directed his course by holding a burning torch on the top of a high\n tower. After many interviews of mutual affection and tenderness,\n Leander was drowned in a tempestuous night as he attempted his\n usual course, and Hero in despair threw herself down from her tower\n and perished in the sea.\u2015\u2015_Mus\u00e6us Grammaticus_, _Leander & Hero_.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poems 17 & 18.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,\n li. 258.\n\n=Her\u014ddes=, surnamed the _Great_ and _Ascalonita_, followed the interest\n of Brutus and Cassius, and afterwards that of Antony. He was made\n king of Jud\u00e6a by means of Antony, and after the battle of Actium\n he was continued in his power by his flattery and submission to\n Augustus. He rendered himself odious by his cruelty, and as he knew\n that the day of his death would become a day of mirth and festivity,\n he ordered the most illustrious of his subjects to be confined and\n murdered the very moment that he expired, that every eye in the\n kingdom might seem to shed tears at the death of Herod. He died\n in the 70th year of his age, after a reign of 40 years. _Josephus._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Antipas, a son of Herod the Great, governor of Galile\u00e6, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Agrippa, a Jew intimate with the emperor Caligula, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015This\n name was common to many of the Jews. _Josephus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Atticus. _See:_\n Atticus.\n\n=Herodi\u0101nus=, a Greek historian, who flourished A.D. 247. He was born\n at Alexander, and he was employed among the officers of the Roman\n emperors. He wrote a Roman history in eight books, from the death\n of Marcus Aurelius to Maximinus. His style is peculiarly elegant,\n but it wants precision, and the work too plainly betrays that the\n author was not a perfect master of geography. He is accused of being\n too partial to Maximinus, and too severe upon Alexander Severus.\n His book comprehends the history of 68 or 70 years, and he asserts\n that he has been an eye-witness of whatever he has written. The best\n editions of his history are that of Politian, 4to, Dovan, 1525, who\n afterwards published a very valuable Latin translation, and that of\n Oxford, 8vo, 1708.\n\n=Herodicus=, a physician surnamed _Gymnastic_, who flourished B.C. 443.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian surnamed _Crateleus_, B.C. 123.\n\n=H\u0113r\u014fd\u014ftus=, a celebrated historian of Halicarnassus, whose father\u2019s\n name was Lyxes, and that of his mother Dryo. He fled to Samos when\n his country laboured under the oppressive tyranny of Lygdamis, and\n travelled over Egypt, Italy, and all Greece. He afterwards returned\n to Halicarnassus, and expelled the tyrant; which patriotic deed, far\n from gaining the esteem and admiration of the populace, displeased\n and irritated them, so that Herodotus was obliged to fly to Greece\n from the public resentment. To procure a lasting fame he publicly\n repeated at the Olympic games the history which he had composed,\n in his 39th year, B.C. 445. It was received with such universal\n applause, that the names of the nine Muses were unanimously given to\n the nine books into which it is divided. This celebrated composition,\n which has procured its author the title of father of history, is\n written in the Ionic dialect. Herodotus is among the historians what\n Homer is among the poets, and Demosthenes among the orators. His\n style abounds with elegance, ease, and sweetness; and if there is\n any of the fabulous or incredible, the author candidly informs the\n reader that it is introduced upon the narration of others. The work\n is a history of the wars of the Persians against the Greeks, from\n the age of Cyrus to the battle of Mycale in the reign of Xerxes,\n and besides this, it gives an account of the most celebrated nations\n in the world. Herodotus had written another history of Assyria and\n Arabia, which is not extant. The life of Homer, generally attributed\n to him, is supposed by some not to be the production of his pen.\n Plutarch has accused him of malevolence towards the Greeks, an\n imputation which can easily be refuted. The two best editions\n of this great historian are that of Wesseling, folio, Amsterdam,\n 1763; and that of Glasgow, 9 vols., 12mo, 1761. _Cicero_, _de\n Legibus_, ch. 1; _On Oratory_, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Herodoti\n Malignitate_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote a treatise concerning Epicurus.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Theban wrestler of Megara, in the age of\n Demetrius son of Antigonus. He was six feet and a half in height,\n and he ate generally 20 pounds of flesh, with bread in proportion,\n at each of his meals. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, whose\n victories are celebrated by Pindar.\n\n=Heroes=, a name which was given by the ancients to such as were born\n from a god, or to such as had signalized themselves by their actions,\n and seemed to deserve immortality by the services which they had\n rendered their country. The heroes which Homer describes, such as\n Ajax, Achilles, &c., were of such prodigious strength, that they\n could lift up and throw stones which the united force of four or\n five men of his age could not have moved. The heroes were supposed\n to be interested in the affairs of mankind after death, and they\n were invoked with much solemnity. As the altars of the gods were\n crowded with sacrifices and libations, so the heroes were often\n honoured with a funeral solemnity, in which their great exploits\n were enumerated. The origin of heroism might proceed from the\n opinions of some philosophers, who taught that the souls of great\n men were often raised to the stars, and introduced among the\n immortal gods. According to the notions of the stoics, the ancient\n heroes inhabited a pure and serene climate, situate above the moon.\n\n=Her\u014dis=, a festival, celebrated every ninth year by the Delphians, in\n honour of a heroine. There were in the celebration a great number of\n mysterious rites, with a representation of something like Semele\u2019s\n resurrection.\n\n=Heron=, two mathematicians, one of whom is called the _ancient_\n and the other the _younger_. The former, who lived about 100 years\n before Christ, was disciple to Ctesibius, and wrote a curious book\n translated into Latin, under the title of _Spiritualium Liber_; the\n only edition of which is that of Baldus, _Aug._ _Vind._ 1616.\n\n=Heroop\u014flis=, a town of Egypt on the Arabic gulf.\n\n=Her\u014fph\u012dla=, a Sibyl, who, as some suppose, came to Rome in the reign\n of Tarquin. _See:_ Sibyll\u00e6. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12.\n\n=Heroph\u012dlus=, an impostor in the reign of Julius C\u00e6sar, who pretended\n to be the grandson of Marius. He was banished from Rome by C\u00e6sar for\n his seditions, and was afterwards strangled in prison.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek\n physician, about 570 years before the christian era. He was one of\n the first who dissected bodies. Pliny, Cicero, and Plutarch have\n greatly commended him.\n\n=Herostr\u0103tus.= _See:_ Erostratus.\n\n=Herpa=, a town of Cappadocia.\n\n=Herse=, a daughter of Cecrops king of Athens, beloved by Mercury.\n The god disclosed his love to Aglauros, Herse\u2019s sister, in hopes of\n procuring an easy admission to Herse; but Aglauros, through jealousy,\n discovered the amour. Mercury was so offended at her behaviour, that\n he struck her with his caduceus and changed her into a stone. Herse\n became mother of Cephalus by Mercury, and after death she received\n divine honours at Athens. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 559,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wife of Danaus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Hersephoria=, festivals of Athens in honour of Minerva, or more\n probably of Herse.\n\n=Hers\u012dlia=, one of the Sabines, carried away by the Romans at the\n celebration of the Consualia. She was given and married to Romulus,\n though, according to some, she married Hostus, a youth of Latium,\n by whom she had Hostus Hostilius. After death she was presented\n with immortality by Juno, and received divine honours under the\n name of Ora. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,\n li. 832.\n\n=Hertha= and =Herta=, a goddess among the Germans, supposed to be the\n same as the earth. She had a temple and a chariot dedicated to her\n service in a remote island, and was supposed to visit the earth\n at stated times, when her coming was celebrated with the greatest\n rejoicings and festivity. _Tacitus_, _Germania_.\n\n=Her\u016dli=, a savage nation in the northern parts of Europe, who\n attacked the Roman power in its decline.\n\n=Hes\u00e6nus=, a mountain near P\u00e6onia.\n\n=H\u0113si\u014fdus=, a celebrated poet, born at Ascra in B\u0153otia. His father\u2019s\n name was Dius, and his mother\u2019s Pycimede. He lived in the age of\n Homer, and even obtained a poetical prize in competition with him,\n according to Varro and Plutarch. Quintilian, Philostratus, and\n others maintain that Hesiod lived before the age of Homer; but\n Velleius Paterculus and others support that he flourished about 100\n years after him. Hesiod is the first who wrote a poem on agriculture.\n This composition is called _The Works and the Days_; and besides\n the instructions which are given to the cultivator of the field, the\n reader is pleased to find many moral reflections worthy of a refined\n Socrates or a Plato. His _Theogony_ is a miscellaneous narration\n executed without art, precision, choice, judgment, or connection,\n yet it is the more valuable for the faithful account it gives of the\n gods of antiquity. His _Shield of Hercules_ is but a fragment of a\n larger poem, in which it is supposed he gave an account of the most\n celebrated heroines among the ancients. Hesiod, without being master\n of the fire and sublimity of Homer, is admired for the elegance of\n his diction, and the sweetness of his poetry. Besides these poems\n he wrote others, now lost. Pausanias says that, in his age, Hesiod\u2019s\n verses were still written on tablets in the temple of the Muses, of\n which the poet was a priest. If we believe _Clement of Alexandria_,\n bk. 6, _Stromateis_, the poet borrowed much from Mus\u00e6us. One of\n Lucian\u2019s dialogues bears the name of _Hesiod_, and in it the poet\n is introduced as speaking of himself. Virgil, in his Georgics,\n has imitated the compositions of Hesiod, and taken his _opera_ and\n _dies_ for model, as he acknowledges. Cicero strongly commends him,\n and the Greeks were so partial to his poetry and moral instructions,\n that they ordered their children to learn all by heart. Hesiod\n was murdered by the sons of Ganyctor of Naupactum, and his body\n was thrown into the sea. Some dolphins brought back the body to\n the shore, which was immediately known, and the murderers were\n discovered by the poet\u2019s dogs, and thrown into the sea. If Hesiod\n flourished in the age of Homer, he lived 907 B.C. The best editions\n of this poet are that of Robinson, 4to, Oxford, 1737; that of\n Loesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1778; and that of Parma, 4to, 1785. _Cicero_,\n _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 6, ltr. 18.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9,\n ch. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus._\u2015\u2015_Varro._\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Septem Sapientium Convivium_, & _De Sollertia\n Animalium_.\n\n=H\u0113si\u014fne=, a daughter of Laomedon king of Troy, by Strymo the daughter\n of Scamander. It fell to her lot to be exposed to a sea monster,\n to whom the Trojans yearly presented a marriageable virgin, to\n appease the resentment of Apollo and Neptune, whom \u2666Laomedon had\n offended; but Hercules promised to deliver her, provided he received\n as a reward six beautiful horses. Laomedon consented, and Hercules\n attacked the monster just as he was going to devour Hesione, and he\n killed him with his club. Laomedon, however, refused to reward the\n hero\u2019s services; and Hercules, incensed at his treachery, besieged\n Troy, and put the king and all his family to the sword, except\n Podarces, or Priam, who had advised his father to give the promised\n horses to his sister\u2019s deliverer. The conqueror gave Hesione in\n marriage to his friend Telamon, who had assisted him during the war,\n and he established Priam upon his father\u2019s throne. The removal of\n Hesione to Greece proved at last fatal to the Trojans; and Priam,\n remembering with indignation that his sister had been forcibly\n given to a foreigner, sent his son Paris to Greece to reclaim the\n possessions of Hesione, or more probably to revenge his injuries\n upon the Greeks by carrying away Helen, which gave rise, soon after,\n to the Trojan war. Lycophron mentions that Hercules threw himself,\n armed from head to foot, into the mouth of the monster to which\n Hesione was exposed, and that he tore his belly to pieces, and came\n out safe only with the loss of his hair, after a confinement of\n three days. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 638.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,\n li. 212.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Nauplius.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Lamedon\u2019 replaced with \u2018Laomedon\u2019\n\n=Hesp\u0115ria=, a large island of Africa, once the residence of the\n Amazons. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name common to both Italy and Spain.\n It is derived from Hesper or Vesper, the setting sun, or the evening,\n whence the Greeks called Italy Hesperia, because it was situate at\n the setting sun, or in the west. The same name, for similar reasons,\n was applied to Spain by the Latins. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li.\n 634, &c.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 34, li. 4; bk. 1, ode 27, li. 28.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 15.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,\n li. 258.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of the Cebrenus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 11, li. 759.\n\n=Hesp\u0115r\u012ddes=, three celebrated nymphs, daughters of Hesperus.\n Apollodorus mentions four, \u00c6gle, Erythia, Vesta, and Arethusa; and\n Diodorus confounds them with the Atlantides, and supposes that they\n were the same number. They were appointed to guard the golden apples\n which Juno gave to Jupiter on the day of their nuptials; and the\n place of their residence, placed beyond the ocean by Hesiod, is more\n universally believed to be near mount Atlas in Africa, according to\n Apollodorus. This celebrated place or garden abounded with fruits\n of the most delicious kind, and was carefully guarded by a dreadful\n dragon, which never slept. It was one of the labours of Hercules\n to procure some of the golden apples of the Hesperides. The hero,\n ignorant of the situation of this celebrated garden, applied to the\n nymphs in the neighbourhood of the Po for information, and was told\n that Nereus the god of the sea, if properly managed [_See:_ Nereus],\n would direct him in his pursuits. Hercules seized Nereus as he was\n asleep, and the sea god, unable to escape from his grasp, answered\n all the questions which he proposed. Some say that Nereus sent\n Hercules to Prometheus, and that from him he received all his\n information. When Hercules came into Africa, he repaired to Atlas,\n and demanded of him three of the golden apples. Atlas unloaded\n himself and placed the burden of the heavens on the shoulders\n of Hercules, while he went in quest of the apples. At his return\n Hercules expressed his wish to ease the burden by putting something\n on his head, and when Atlas assisted him to remove his inconvenience,\n Hercules artfully left the burden, and seized the apples, which\n Atlas had thrown on the ground. According to other accounts,\n Hercules gathered the apples himself, without the assistance of\n Atlas, and he previously killed the watchful dragon which kept\n the tree. These apples were brought to Eurystheus, and afterwards\n carried back by Minerva into the garden of the Hesperides, as\n they could be preserved in no other place. Hercules is sometimes\n represented gathering the apples, and the dragon which guarded\n the tree appears bowing down his head, as having received a mortal\n wound. This monster, as it is supposed, was the offspring of Typhon,\n and it had 100 heads and as many voices. This number, however, is\n reduced by some to only one head. Those that attempt to explain\n mythology, observe that the Hesperides were certain persons who\n had an immense number of flocks, and that the ambiguous word \u03bc\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd,\n which signifies an _apple_ and a _sheep_, gave rise to the fable\n of the golden apples of the Hesperides. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 637, &c.; bk. 9, li. 90.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 30.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_,\n li. 215, &c.\n\n=Hesp\u0115ris.= _See:_ Hesperus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Cyrenaica, now _Bernic_\n or _Bengazi_, where most authors have placed the garden of the\n Hesperides.\n\n=Hesper\u012btis=, a country of Africa. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Hesp\u0115rus=, a son of Japetus, brother to Atlas. He came to Italy,\n and the country received the name of _Hesperia_ from him, according\n to some accounts. He had a daughter called Hesperis, who married\n Atlas, and became mother of seven daughters, called Atlantides or\n Hesperides. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of Hesperus was also\n applied to the planet Venus, when it appeared after the setting of\n the sun. It was called _Phosphorus_ or _Lucifer_ when it preceded\n the sun. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _de\n Hippolytus_, li. 749; _Medea_, li. 71.\n\n=Hestia=, one of the Hesperides. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Hesti\u00e6a=, a town of Eub\u0153a.\n\n=Hesus=, a deity among the Gauls, the same as the Mars of the Romans.\n _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 445.\n\n=Hesychia=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Hesychius=, the author of a Greek lexicon in the beginning of the\n third century, a valuable work which has been learnedly edited by\n Albert, 2 vols., folio, Leiden, 1746.\n\n=Hetric\u016dlum=, now _Latarico_, a town in the country of the Brutii.\n _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 19.\n\n=Hetr\u016bria= and =Etruria=, a celebrated country of Italy, at the west\n of the Tiber. It originally contained 12 different nations, which\n had each their respective monarch, called Lucumon. Their names\n were Veientes, Clusini, Perusini, Cortonenses, Arretini, Vetuloni,\n Volaterrani, Rusellani, Volscinii, Tarquinii, Falisci, and C\u00e6retani.\n The inhabitants were particularly famous for their superstition,\n and great confidence in omens, dreams, auguries, &c. They all proved\n powerful and resolute enemies to the rising empire of the Romans,\n and were conquered only after much effusion of blood. _Pliny_, bk. 3,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 4.\n\n=Heurippa=, a surname of Diana.\n\n=Hexapy\u0306lum=, a gate at Syracuse. The adjoining place of the city, or\n the wall, bore the same name. _Diodorus_, bks. 11 & 14.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 24, ch. 21; bk. 25, ch. 24; bk. 32, ch. 39.\n\n=Hiarbas=, or =Iarbas=, a king of G\u00e6tulia. _See:_ Iarbas.\n\n=Hiber=, a name applied to a Spaniard, as living near the river\n Hiberus or Iberus. _See:_ Iberus.\n\n=Hibernia= and =Hybernia=, a large island at the west of Britain,\n now called _Ireland_. Some of the ancients have called it Ibernia,\n Juverna, Iris, Hierna, Ogygia, Ivernia. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 160.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Orpheus._\u2015\u2015_Aristotle._\n\n=Hibrildes=, an Athenian general. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 7.\n\n=Hicet\u0101on=, a son of Laomedon, brother to Priam and father of\n Menalippus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Thym\u0153tes, who\n came to Italy with \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 133.\n\n=Hic\u0113tas=, a philosopher of Syracuse, who believed that the earth\n moved, and that all the heavenly bodies were stationary. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant\n of Syracuse. _See:_ Icetas.\n\n=Hiempsal=, a king of Numidia, &c. _See:_ Hyempsal. _Plutarch._\n\n=Hiera=, a woman who married Telephus king of Mysia, and who was said\n to surpass Helen in beauty.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Pandarus and Bitias\n by Alcanor. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 673.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Lipari\n islands, called also Theresia, now _Vulcano_. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 11.\n\n=Hierap\u014flis=, a town of Syria, near the Euphrates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of\n Phrygia, famous for hot baths, now _Bambukkalasi_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of\n Crete.\n\n=Hi\u0115rax=, a youth who awoke Argus, to inform him that Mercury was\n stealing Io. Mercury killed him, and changed him into a bird of prey.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Antiochus, king of Syria and brother\n to Seleucus, received the surname of Hierax. _Justin_, bk. 37, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Egyptian philosopher in the third century.\n\n=Hier\u012dchus= (untis), the name of Jericho in the Holy Land, called the\n city of palm trees, from its abounding in dates. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 6.\n\n=Hi\u0115ro I.=, a king of Syracuse, after his brother Gelon, who rendered\n himself odious in the beginning of his reign by his cruelty and\n avarice. He made war against Theron the tyrant of Agrigentum, and\n took Himera. He obtained three different crowns at the Olympic games,\n two in horse-races, and one at a chariot-race. Pindar has celebrated\n him as being victorious at Olympia. In the latter part of his reign\n the conversation of Simonides, Epicharmus, Pindar, &c., softened\n in some measure the roughness of his morals and the severity of his\n government, and rendered him the patron of learning, genius, and\n merit. He died, after a reign of 18 years, B.C. 467, leaving the\n crown to his brother Thrasybulus, who disgraced himself by his vices\n and tyranny. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second of that name, king\n of Syracuse, was descended from Gelon. He was unanimously elected\n king by all the states of the island of Sicily, and appointed to\n carry on the war against the Carthaginians. He joined his enemies in\n besieging Messana, which had surrendered to the Romans, but he was\n beaten by Appius Claudius the Roman consul, and obliged to retire to\n Syracuse, where he was soon blocked up. Seeing all hopes of victory\n lost, he made peace with the Romans, and proved so faithful to his\n engagements during the 59 years of his reign, that the Romans never\n had a more firm or more attached ally. He died in the 94th year\n of his age, about 225 years B.C. He was universally regretted, and\n all the Sicilians showed by their lamentations that they had lost\n a common father and a friend. He liberally patronized the learned,\n and employed the talents of Archimedes for the good of his country.\n He wrote a book on agriculture, now lost. He was succeeded by\n Hieronymus. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 4, 8.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 23,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian,\n intimate with Nicias the general. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Parthian, &c. _Tacitus._\n\n=Hieroc\u00e6sarea=, a town of Lydia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 47;\n bk. 3, ch. 62.\n\n=Hierocepia=, an island near Paphos in Cyprus.\n\n=Hier\u014fcles=, a persecutor of the christians under Diocletian, who\n pretended to find inconsistencies in Scripture, and preferred the\n miracles of Thyaneus to those of Christ. His writings were refuted\n by Lactantius and Eusebius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Platonic philosopher, who taught\n at Alexandria, and wrote a book on providence and fate, fragments\n of which are preserved by Photius; a commentary on the golden verses\n of Pythagoras; and facetious moral verses. He flourished A.D. 485.\n The best edition is that of Asheton and Warren, 8vo, London, 1742.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general in the interest of Demetrius. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n governor of Bithynia and Alexandria, under Diocletian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer.\n _See:_ Heliogabalus.\n\n=Hierod\u016blum=, a town of Libya.\n\n=Hieron\u012dca lex=, by Hiero tyrant of Sicily, to settle the quantity\n of corn, the price and time of receiving it, between the farmers\n of Sicily and the collector of the corn tax at Rome. This law, on\n account of its justice and candour, was continued by the Romans when\n they became masters of Sicily.\n\n=Hierony\u0306mus=, a tyrant of Sicily, who succeeded his father or\n grandfather Hiero, when only 15 years old. He rendered himself\n odious by his cruelty, oppression, and debauchery. He abjured the\n alliance of Rome, which Hiero had observed with so much honour and\n advantage. He was assassinated, and all his family was overwhelmed\n in his fall, and totally extirpated, B.C. 214.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of\n Rhodes, who wrote an account of the actions of Demetrius Poliorcetes,\n by whom he was appointed over B\u0153otia, B.C. 254. _Plutarch_,\n _Demetrius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian set over the fleet, while Conon went\n to the king of Persia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A christian writer commonly called St.\n _Jerome_, born in Pannonia, and distinguished for his zeal against\n heretics. He wrote commentaries on the prophets, St. Matthew\u2019s\n gospel, &c., a Latin version known by the name of _Vulgate_,\n polemical treatises, and an account of ecclesiastical writers\n before him. Of his works, which are replete with lively animation,\n sublimity, and erudition, the best edition is that of Vallersius,\n folio, Veron\u00e6, 1734 to 1740, 10 vols. Jerome died A.D. 420, in his\n 91st year.\n\n=Hieroph\u012dlus=, a Greek physician. He instructed his daughter Agnodice\n in the art of midwifery, &c. _See:_ Agnodice.\n\n=Hierosoly\u0306ma=, a celebrated city of Palestine, the capital of Jud\u00e6a,\n taken by Pompey, who, on that account, is surnamed _Hierosolymarius_.\n Titus also took it and destroyed it, the 8th of September, A.D. 70,\n according to Josephus, 2177 years after its foundation. In the siege\n by Titus, 110,000 persons are said to have perished, and 97,000 to\n have been made prisoners, and afterwards either sold for slaves, or\n wantonly exposed, for the sport of their insolent victors, to the\n fury of wild beasts. _Josephus_, _War of the Jews_, bk. 7, ch. 16,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 2, ltr. 2.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_,\n bk. 28.\n\n=Hignatia via=, a large road, which led from the Ionian sea to the\n Hellespont, across Macedonia, about 530 miles. _Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=Hilaria=, a daughter of Leucippus and Philodice. As she and her\n sister Ph\u0153be were going to marry their cousins Lynceus and Idas,\n they were carried away by Castor and Pollux, who married them.\n Hilaria had Anagon by Castor, and she, as well as her sister,\n obtained after death the honours which were generally paid to\n heroes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22; bk. 3, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Festivals at Rome\n in honour of the mother of the gods.\n\n=Hilarius=, a bishop of Poictiers in France, who wrote several\n treatises, the most famous of which is on the Trinity, in 12 books.\n The only edition is that of the Benedictine monks, folio, Paris,\n 1693. Hilary died A.D. 372, in his 80th year.\n\n=Hillevi\u014dnes=, a people of Scandinavia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.\n\n=Himella=, now _Aia_, a small river in the country of the Sabines.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 714.\n\n=Him\u0115ra=, a city of Sicily built by the people of Zancle, and\n destroyed by the Carthaginians 240 years after. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There were two rivers of Sicily of the same name, the one, now\n _Fiumi de Termini_, falling at the east of Panormus into the Tuscan\n sea, with a town of the same name at its mouth, and also celebrated\n baths. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 33. The other, now\n _Fiume Salso_, running in a southern direction, and dividing the\n island in almost two parts. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 6; bk. 25, ch. 49.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The ancient name of the Eurotas. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Polybius._\n\n=Himilco=, a Carthaginian sent to explore the western parts of Europe.\n _Festus Avienius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Amilcar, who succeeded his father in\n the command of the Carthaginian armies in Sicily. He died with his\n army by a plague, B.C. 398. _Justin_, bk. 19, ch. 2.\n\n=Hippag\u014fras=, a man who wrote an account of the republic of Carthage.\n _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 14.\n\n=Hippalcimus=, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, who was among the\n Argonauts.\n\n=Hippalus=, the first who sailed in open sea from Arabia to India.\n _Arrian_, _Periplus Ponti Euxini_.\n\n=Hipparchia=, a woman in Alexander\u2019s age, who became enamoured of\n Crates the Cynic philosopher, because she heard him discourse.\n She married him, though he at first disdained her addresses, and\n represented his poverty and meanness. She was so attached to him\n that she was his constant companion, and was not ashamed publicly\n to gratify his impurest desires. She wrote some things, now lost.\n _See:_ Crates. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Suidas._\n\n=Hipparchus=, a son of Pisistratus, who succeeded his father as tyrant\n of Athens, with his brother Hippias. He patronized some of the\n learned men of the age, and distinguished himself by his fondness\n for literature. The seduction of a sister of Harmodius raised him\n many enemies, and he was at last assassinated by a desperate band\n of conspirators, with Harmodius and Aristogiton at their head,\n 513 years before Christ. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Antony\u2019s freedmen.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The first person who was banished\n by ostracism at Athens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Asclepiades.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n mathematician and astronomer of Nic\u00e6a. He first discovered that the\n interval between the vernal and the autumnal equinox is 186 days,\n seven days longer than between the autumnal and vernal, occasioned\n by the eccentricity of the earth\u2019s orbit. He divided the heavens\n into 49 constellations, 12 in the ecliptic, 21 in the northern,\n and 16 in the southern hemisphere, and gave names to all the stars.\n He makes no mention of comets. From viewing a tree on a plain from\n different situations, which changed its apparent position, he was\n led to the discovery of the parallax of the planets, or the distance\n between their real or apparent position, viewed from the centre\n and from the surface of the earth. He determined the longitude and\n latitude, and fixed the first degree of longitude at the Canaries.\n He likewise laid the first foundations of trigonometry, so essential\n to facilitate astronomical studies. He was the first who, after\n Thales and Sulpicius Gallus, found out the exact time of eclipses,\n of which he made a calculation for 600 years. After a life of\n labour in the service of science and astronomy, and after publishing\n several treatises and valuable observations on the appearance of the\n heavens, he died 125 years before the christian era. _Pliny_, bk. 2,\n ch. 26, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian who conspired against Heraclides, who\n kept Athens for Demetrius, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Hippar\u012bnus=, a son of Dionysius, who ejected Calippus from Syracuse,\n and seized the sovereign power for 27 years. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Dion.\n\n=Hipp\u0103rion=, one of Dion\u2019s sons.\n\n=Hipp\u0103sus=, a son of Ceyx, who assisted Hercules against Eurytus.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A pupil of Pythagoras, born\n at Metapontum. He supposed that everything was produced from\n fire. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A centaur killed at the nuptials\n of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 352.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n illegitimate son of Priam. _Hyginus_, fable 90.\n\n=Hippeus=, a son of Hercules by Procis, eldest of the 50 daughters of\n Thestius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Hippi=, four small islands near Erythr\u00e6.\n\n=Hippia=, a lascivious woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 82.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n surname of Minerva, and also of Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 15.\n\n=Hippias=, a philosopher of Elis, who maintained that virtue consisted\n in not being in want of the assistance of men. At the Olympic games,\n he boasted that he was master of all the liberal and mechanical\n arts; and he said that the ring upon his finger, the tunic, cloak,\n and shoes, which he then wore, were all the work of his own hands.\n _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Pisistratus,\n who became tyrant of Athens after the death of his father, with\n his brother Hipparchus. He was willing to revenge the death of his\n brother, who had been assassinated, and for this violent measure he\n was driven from his country. He fled to king Darius in Persia, and\n was killed at the battle of Marathon, fighting against the Athenians,\n B.C. 490. He had five children by Myrrhine the daughter of Callias.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 7.\n\n=Hippis=, an historian and poet of Rhegium, in the reign of Xerxes.\n _\u00c6lian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 8, ch. 33.\n\n=Hippius=, a surname of Neptune, from his having raised a horse (\u1f31\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2)\n from the earth in his contest with Minerva concerning the giving a\n name to Athens.\n\n=Hippo=, a daughter of Scedasus, who, upon being ravished by the\n ambassadors of Sparta, killed herself, cursing the city that gave\n birth to such men. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated town\n of Africa, on the Mediterranean. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 252.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17, says that there are two of the same name in\n Africa, one of which, by way of distinction, is called _Regius_.\n _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3; bk. 9, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 29, chs. 3 & 32.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 30.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of the Brutii.\n\n=Hippobotes=, a large meadow near the Caspian sea, where 50,000 horses\n could graze.\n\n=Hippobotus=, a Greek historian, who composed a treatise on\n philosophers. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Pythagoras_.\n\n=Hippocentauri=, a race of monsters who dwelt in Thessaly. _See:_\n Centauri.\n\n=Hippocoon=, a son of \u0152balus, brother to Tyndarus. He was put to death\n by Hercules, because he had driven his brother from the kingdom of\n Laced\u00e6mon. He was at the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n _Laconia_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 314.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend\n of \u00c6neas, son of Hyrtacus, who distinguished himself in the funeral\n games of Sicily. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 492, &c.\n\n=Hippocorystes=, a son of \u00c6gyptus,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Hippocoon. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Hippocr\u0103te=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Hipp\u014fcr\u0103tes=, a celebrated physician of Cos, one of the Cyclades.\n He studied physic, in which his grandfather Nebrus was so eminently\n distinguished; and he improved himself by reading the tablets in\n the temples of the gods, where each individual had written down the\n diseases under which he had laboured, and the means by which he had\n recovered. He delivered Athens from a dreadful pestilence in the\n beginning of the Peloponnesian war, and he was publicly rewarded\n with a golden crown, the privileges of a citizen of Athens, and\n the initiation at the grand festivals. Skilful and diligent in his\n profession, he openly declared the measures which he had taken to\n cure a disease, and candidly confesses, that of 42 patients which\n were entrusted to his care, only 17 had recovered, and the rest had\n fallen a prey to the distemper in spite of his medical applications.\n He devoted all his time for the service of his country; and when\n Artaxerxes invited him, even by force of arms, to come to his\n court, Hippocrates firmly and modestly answered, that he was born\n to serve his countrymen, and not a foreigner. He enjoyed the rewards\n which his well-directed labours claimed, and while he lived in the\n greatest popularity, he was carefully employed in observing the\n symptoms and the growth of every disorder, and from his judicious\n remarks, succeeding physicians have received the most valuable\n advantages. The experiments which he had tried upon the human frame\n increased his knowledge, and from his consummate observations,\n he knew how to moderate his own life as well as to prescribe to\n others. He died in the 99th year of his age, B.C. 361, free from all\n disorders of the mind and body; and after death he received, with\n the name of _Great_, the same honours which were paid to Hercules.\n His writings, few of which remain, have procured him the epithet\n of divine, and show that he was the Homer of his profession.\n According to Galen, his opinion is as respectable as the voice of an\n oracle. He wrote in the Ionic dialect, at the advice of Democritus,\n though he was a Dorian. His memory is still venerated at Cos, and\n the present inhabitants of the island show a small house, which\n Hippocrates, as they mention, once inhabited. The best editions\n of his works are that of F\u00e6sius, Geneva, folio, 1657; of Linden,\n 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1665; and that of Mackius, 2 vols., folio,\n Vienn\u00e6, 1743. His treatises, especially the _Aphorisms_, have\n been published separately. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On\n Oratory_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian general in the Peloponnesian war.\n _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mathematician.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Chalcedon, killed\n by Alcibiades. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Syracusan defeated by\n Marcellus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Pisistratus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Gela.\n\n=Hippocratia=, a festival in honour of Neptune, in Arcadia.\n\n=Hippocr\u0113ne=, a fountain of B\u0153otia, near mount Helicon, sacred to the\n muses. It first rose from the ground, when struck by the feet of the\n horse Pegasus, whence the name \u1f31\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03c1\u03b7\u03bd\u03b7, _the horse\u2019s fountain_.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 256.\n\n=Hipp\u014fd\u0103mas=, a son of the Achelous,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Priam. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Hipp\u014fd\u0103me= and =Hippodam\u012ba=, a daughter of \u0152nomaus king of Pisa, in\n Elis, who married Pelops son of Tantalus. Her father, who was either\n enamoured of her himself, or afraid lest he should perish by one of\n his daughter\u2019s children, according to an oracle, refused to marry\n her, except to him who could overcome him in a chariot-race. As the\n beauty of Hippodamia was greatly celebrated, many courted her, and\n accepted her father\u2019s conditions, though death attended a defeat.\n Thirteen had already been conquered, and forfeited their lives,\n when Pelops came from Lydia and entered the lists. Pelops previously\n bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of \u0152nomaus, and ensured himself\n the victory. In the race, \u0152nomaus mounted on a broken chariot,\n which the corrupted Myrtilus had purposely provided for him, was\n easily overcome, and was killed in the course; and Pelops married\n Hippodamia, and avenged the death of \u0152nomaus, by throwing into\n the sea the perfidious Myrtilus, who claimed for the reward of\n his treachery the favour which Hippodamia could grant only to her\n husband. Hippodamia became mother of Atreus and Thyestes, and it\n is said that she died of grief for the death of her father, which\n her guilty correspondence with Pelops and Myrtilus had occasioned.\n _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 7.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 84 & 253.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 14, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Heroides_, poems 8 & 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Adrastus king of Argos,\n who married Pirithous king of the Lapith\u00e6. The festivity which\n prevailed on the day of her marriage was interrupted by the attempts\n of Eurytus to offer her violence. _See:_ Pirithous. She is called\n Ischomache by some, and Deidamia by others. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Danaus.\n _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mistress of Achilles, daughter of Brises.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Anchises, who married Alcathous. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 13, li. 429.\n\n=Hipp\u014fd\u0103mus=, a man of Miletus, who settled a republic without any\n previous knowledge of government. _Aristotle_, bk. 2, _Politics_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Pythagorean philosopher.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian who gave his house\n to his country, when he knew such a concession would improve the\n port of the Pir\u00e6us.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian archon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man famous for his\n voracious appetite.\n\n=Hipp\u014fd\u012dce=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Hippodr\u014fmus=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Thessalian,\n who succeeded in a school at Athens, in the age of Marcus Antony.\n _Philostratus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A place where horse-races were exhibited.\n _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 50.\n\n=Hipp\u014fla=, a town of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25.\n\n=Hipp\u014fl\u014fchus=, a son of Bellerophon, father to Glaucus, who commanded\n the Lycians during the Trojan war.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Glaucus also bore the\n same name. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 119.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Antimachus,\n slain in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 122.\n\n=Hipp\u014fly\u0306te=, a queen of the Amazons, given in marriage to Theseus by\n Hercules, who had conquered her, and taken away her girdle by order\n of Eurystheus. _See:_ Hercules. She had a son by Theseus, called\n Hippolytus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 3.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Acastus, who fell in love with Peleus, who was in\n exile at her husband\u2019s court. She accused him of incontinence, and\n of attempts upon her virtue, before Acastus, only because he refused\n to gratify her desires. She is also called Astyochia. _See:_ Acastus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Cretheus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Hipp\u014fly\u0306tus=, a son of Theseus and Hippolyte, famous for his virtues\n and his misfortunes. His stepmother Ph\u00e6dra fell in love with him,\n and when he refused to pollute his father\u2019s bed, she accused him of\n offering violence to her person before Theseus. Her accusation was\n readily believed, and Theseus entreated Neptune severely to punish\n the incontinence of his son. Hippolytus fled from the resentment\n of his father, and as he pursued his way along the sea-shore, his\n horses were so frightened at the noise of sea-calves, which Neptune\n had purposely sent there, that they ran among the rocks till his\n chariot was broken and his body torn to pieces. Temples were raised\n to his memory, particularly at Tr\u0153zene, where he received divine\n honours. According to some accounts, Diana restored him to life.\n _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 268; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 469.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 761, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Ropalus king\n of Sicyon, greatly beloved by Apollo. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A giant\n killed by Mercury.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6gyptus. _Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A christian writer in the third century, whose works have been\n edited by Fabricius, Hamburg, folio, 1716.\n\n=Hipp\u014fm\u0103chus=, a musician, who severely rebuked one of his pupils\n because he was praised by the multitude, and observed that it was\n the greatest proof of his ignorance. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_,\n bk. 2, ch. 6.\n\n=Hipp\u014fm\u0115don=, a son of Nisimachus and Mythidice, who was one of the\n seven chiefs who went against Thebes. He was killed by Ismarus son\n of Acastus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.\n\n=Hippomed\u016bsa=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Hipp\u014fm\u0115nes=, an Athenian archon, who exposed his daughter Limone to\n be devoured by horses, because guilty of adultery. _Ovid_, _Ibis_,\n li. 459.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Macareus and Merope, who married Atalanta\n [_See:_ Atalanta], with the assistance of Venus. These two fond\n lovers were changed into lions by Cybele, whose temple they had\n profaned in their impatience to consummate their nuptials. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 585, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Megareus.\n\n=Hippomolgi=, a people of Scythia, who, as the name implies, lived\n upon the milk of horses. Hippocrates has given an account of their\n manner of living, _De Aere Aquis et Locis_, \u2666ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius\n Periegetes._\n\n \u2666 \u201844\u2019 replaced with \u201818\u2019\n\n=H\u012dppon= and =Hippo=, a town of Africa.\n\n=Hipp\u014dna=, a goddess who presided over horses. Her statues were placed\n in horses\u2019 stables. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 157.\n\n=Hipp\u014dnax=, a Greek poet born at Ephesus, 540 years before the\n christian era. He cultivated the same satirical poetry as\n Archilochus, and was not inferior to him in the beauty or vigour of\n his lines. His satirical raillery obliged him to fly from Ephesus.\n As he was naturally deformed, two brothers, Buphalus and Anthermus,\n made a statue of him, which, by the deformity of its features,\n exposed the poet to universal ridicule. Hipponax resolved to avenge\n the injury, and he wrote such bitter invectives and satirical\n lampoons against them, that they hanged themselves in despair.\n _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 7, ltr. 24.\n\n=Hipponiates=, a bay in the country of the Brutii.\n\n=Hippon\u012bum=, a city in the country of the Brutii, where Agathocles\n built a dock. _Strabo._\n\n=Hipponous=, the father of Perib\u0153a and Capaneus. He was killed by the\n thunderbolts of Jupiter before the walls of Thebes. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The first name of Bellerophon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Priam.\n\n=Hippop\u014fdes=, a people of Scythia, who have _horses\u2019 feet_. _Dionysius\n Periegetes._\n\n=Hippostr\u0103tus=, a favourite of Lais.\n\n=Hipp\u014ft\u0103des=, the patronymic of \u00c6olus, grandson to Hippotas by Segesta,\n as also of Amastrus his son, who was killed in the Rutulian war.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 674.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,\n li. 431.\n\n=Hipp\u014ftas=, or =Hipp\u014ftes=, a Trojan prince, changed into a river.\n _See:_ Crinisus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of \u00c6olus, who from thence is called\n Hippotades. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_,\n poem 18, li. 46; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 224.\n\n=Hippothoe=, a daughter of Mestor and Lysidice, carried away to the\n islands called Echinades by Neptune, by whom she had a son named\n Taphius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Nereides.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Pelias. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Hipp\u014fthoon=, a son of Neptune and Alope daughter of Cercyon, exposed\n in the woods by his mother, that her amours with the god might be\n concealed from her father. Her shame was discovered, and her father\n ordered her to be put to death. Neptune changed her into a fountain,\n and the child was preserved by mares, whence his name, and when\n grown up, placed on his grandfather\u2019s throne by the friendship of\n Theseus. _Hyginus_, fable 187.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.\n\n=Hippothoontis=, one of the 12 Athenian tribes, which received its\n name from Hippothoon.\n\n=Hipp\u014fthous=, a son of Lethus, killed by Ajax in the Trojan war.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6gyptus. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n hunters of the Calydonian boar. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,\n li. 307.\n\n=Hipp\u014ftion=, a prince who assisted the Trojans, and was killed by\n Merion. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 13 & 14.\n\n=Hipp\u016bris=, one of the Cyclades. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Hippus=, a river falling into the Phasis.\n\n=Hipsides=, a Macedonian, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 7.\n\n=Hira=, a maritime town of Peloponnesus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12.\n\n=Hirp\u012bni=, a people of the Samnites. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 560.\n\n=Quinctius Hirp\u012bnus=, a Roman, to whom Horace dedicated his bk. 2,\n ode 11, and also bk. 1, ltr. 16.\n\n=Hirtus=, a debauched fellow, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 222.\n\n=Hirtia lex=, _de magistratibus_, by Aulus Hirtius. It required that\n none of Pompey\u2019s adherents should be raised to any office or dignity\n in the state.\n\n=Hirtius Aulus=, a consul with Pansa, who assisted Brutus when\n besieged at Mutina by Antony. They defeated Antony, but were both\n killed in battle B.C. 43. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n historian to whom the eighth book of C\u00e6sar\u2019s history of the\n Gallic wars, as also that of the Alexandrian and Spanish wars, is\n attributed. The style is inferior to that of C\u00e6sar\u2019s Commentaries.\n The author, who was C\u00e6sar\u2019s friend, and Cicero\u2019s pupil, is supposed\n to be no other than the consul of that name.\n\n=Hisbon=, a Rutulian, killed by Pallas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n li. 384.\n\n=Hisp\u0103lis=, an ancient town of Spain, now called _Seville_. _Pliny_,\n bk. 3, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 32.\n\n=Hisp\u0101nia=, or =Hisp\u0101ni\u00e6=, called by the poets _Iberia_, _Hesperia_,\n and _Hesperia Ultima_, a large country of Europe, separated from\n Gaul by the Pyrenean mountains, and bounded on every other side\n by the sea. Spain was first known to the merchants of Ph\u0153nicia,\n and from them passed to the Carthaginians, to whose power it long\n continued in subjection. The Romans became sole masters of it at the\n end of the second Punic war, and divided it at first into _citerior_\n and _ulterior_, which last was afterwards separated into _B\u00e6tica_\n and _Lusitania_ by Augustus. The Hispania _citerior_ was also called\n _Tarraconensis_. The inhabitants were naturally warlike, and they\n often destroyed a life which was become useless, and even burdensome,\n by its infirmities. Spain was famous for its rich mines of silver,\n which employed 40,000 workmen, and daily yielded to the Romans no\n less than 20,000 drachms. These have long since failed, though, in\n the flourishing times of Rome, Spain was said to contain more gold,\n silver, brass, and iron than the rest of the world. It gave birth to\n Quintilian, Lucan, Martial, Mela, Silius, Seneca, &c. _Justin_, bk.\n 44.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 1\n & 20.\n\n=Hisp\u0101nus=, a native of Spain. The word _Hispaniensis_ was also used,\n but generally applied to a person living in Spain and not born there.\n _Martial_, bk. 12, preface.\n\n=Hispellum=, a town of Umbria.\n\n=Hispo=, a noted debauchee, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 50.\n\n=Hispulla=, a lascivious woman. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 74.\n\n=Histaspes=, a relation of Darius III., killed in a battle, &c.\n _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 4.\n\n=Hister=, a river. _See:_ Ister.\n\n=Hister Pacuvius=, a man distinguished as much by his vices as his\n immense riches. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 58.\n\n=Histi\u00e6a=, a city of Eub\u0153a, anciently called Talantia. It was near the\n promontory called Ceneum. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\n\n=Histi\u00e6\u014dtis=, a country of Thessaly, situate below mount Olympus and\n mount Ossa, anciently called Doris, from Dorus the son of Deucalion,\n and inhabited by the Pelasgi. The Pelasgi were driven from the\n country by the Cadmeans, and these last were also dispossessed by\n the Perrh\u00e6beans, who gave to their newly acquired possessions the\n name of Histi\u00e6otis, or Esti\u00e6otis, from Esti\u00e6a, or Histi\u00e6a, a town of\n Eub\u0153a, which they had then lately destroyed, and whose inhabitants\n they had carried to Thessaly with them. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small country of Eub\u0153a, of which Histi\u00e6a, or Esti\u00e6a,\n was the capital.\n\n=Histi\u00e6us=, a tyrant of Miletus, who excited the Greeks to take up\n arms against Persia. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of\n Miletus.\n\n=Histria.= _See:_ Istria.\n\n=Hodius=, a herald in the Trojan war.\n\n=Hol\u014fcron=, a mountain of Macedon.\n\n=Homeromastix=, a surname given to Zoilus the critic.\n\n=H\u014fm\u0113rus=, a celebrated Greek poet, the most ancient of all the\n profane writers. The age in which he lived is not known, though\n some suppose it to be about 168 years after the Trojan war, or,\n according to others, 160 years before the foundation of Rome.\n According to Paterculus, he flourished 968 years before the\n christian era, or 884, according to Herodotus, who supposes him\n to be contemporary with Hesiod. The Arundelian Marbles fix his\n era 907 years before Christ, and make him also contemporary with\n Hesiod. This diversity of opinions proves the antiquity of Homer;\n and the uncertainty prevails also concerning the place of his\n nativity. No less than seven illustrious cities disputed the right\n of having given birth to the greatest of poets, as it is well\n expressed in these lines:\n\n _Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athen\u00e6,\n Orbis de patri\u00e2 certat, Homere, tu\u00e2._\n\n He was called _Melesigenes_, because supposed to be born on the\n borders of the river Meles. There prevailed a report that he had\n established a school at Chios in the latter part of his life; and,\n indeed, this opinion is favoured by the present inhabitants of the\n island, who still glory in showing to travellers the seats where\n the venerable master and his pupils sat in the hollow of a rock,\n at the distance of about four miles from the modern capital of the\n island. These difficulties and doubts have not been removed, though\n Aristotle, Herodotus, Plutarch, and others have employed their pen\n in writing his life. In his two celebrated poems, called the Iliad\n and Odyssey, Homer has displayed the most consummate knowledge of\n human nature, and rendered himself immortal by the sublimity, the\n fire, sweetness, and elegance of his poetry. He deserves a greater\n share of admiration when we consider that he wrote without a model,\n and that none of his poetical imitators have been able to surpass,\n or, perhaps, to equal their great master. If there are any faults\n found in his poetry, they are to be attributed to the age in which\n he lived, and not to him; and we must observe that the world is\n indebted to Homer for his happy successor Virgil. In his Iliad,\n Homer has described the resentment of Achilles, and its fatal\n consequences in the Grecian army, before the walls of Troy. In the\n Odyssey, the poet has chosen for his subject the return of Ulysses\n into his country, with the many misfortunes which attended his\n voyage after the fall of Troy. These two poems are each divided into\n 24 books, the same number as the letters of the Greek alphabet, and\n though the Iliad claims an uncontested superiority over the Odyssey,\n yet the same force, the same sublimity and elegance, prevail, though\n divested of its most powerful fire; and Longinus, the most refined\n of critics, beautifully compares the Iliad to the mid-day, and the\n Odyssey to the setting sun, and observes, that the latter still\n preserves its original splendour and majesty, though deprived of\n its meridian heat. The poetry of Homer was so universally admired,\n that, in ancient times, every man of learning could repeat with\n facility any passage in the Iliad or Odyssey; and, indeed, it was\n a sufficient authority to settle disputed boundaries, or to support\n any argument. The poems of Homer are the compositions of a man who\n travelled and examined with the most critical accuracy whatever\n deserved notice and claimed attention. Modern travellers are\n astonished to see the different scenes which the pen of Homer\n described about 3000 years ago still existing in the same unvaried\n form, and the sailor who steers his course along the \u00c6gean, sees all\n the promontories and rocks which appeared to Nestor and Menelaus,\n when they returned victorious from the Trojan war. The ancients had\n such veneration for Homer, that they not only raised temples and\n altars to him, but offered sacrifices, and worshipped him as a god.\n The inhabitants of Chios celebrated festivals every fifth year in\n his honour, and medals were struck, which represented him sitting\n on a throne, holding his Iliad and Odyssey. In Egypt his memory was\n consecrated by Ptolemy Philopator, who erected a magnificent temple,\n within which was placed a statue of the poet, beautifully surrounded\n with a representation of the seven cities which contended for the\n honour of his birth. The inhabitants of Cos, one of the Sporades,\n boasted that Homer was buried in their island; and the Cyprians\n claimed the same honour, and said that he was born of Themisto, a\n female native of Cyprus. Alexander was so fond of Homer, that he\n generally placed his compositions under his pillow, with his sword;\n and he carefully deposited the Iliad in one of the richest and most\n valuable caskets of Darius, observing that the most perfect work of\n human genius ought to be preserved in a box the most valuable and\n precious in the world. It is said that Pisistratus tyrant of Athens\n was the first who collected and arranged the Iliad and Odyssey in\n the manner in which they now appear to us; and that it is to the\n well-directed pursuits of Lycurgus that we are indebted for their\n preservation. Many of the ancients have written the life of Homer,\n yet their inquiries and labours have not much contributed to prove\n the native place, the patronage and connections, of a man whom\n some have represented as deprived of sight. Besides the Iliad and\n Odyssey, Homer wrote, according to the opinion of some authors,\n a poem upon Amphiaraus\u2019s expedition against Thebes, besides the\n Phoceis, the Cercopes, the small Iliad, the Epicichlides, and the\n Batrachomyomachia, and many hymns to some of the gods. The merit\n of originality is taken, very improperly perhaps, from Homer, by\n those who suppose, with Clement of Alexandria, bk. 6 _Stromateis_,\n that he borrowed from Orpheus, or that, according to Suidas [_voce_\n Corinnus], he took his plan of the Iliad from Corinnus, an epic poet,\n who wrote on the Trojan war, at the very time the Greeks besieged\n that famed city. Agathon, an ancient painter, according to \u00c6lian,\n represented the merit of the poet in a manner as bold as it was\n indelicate. Homer was represented as vomiting, and all other\n poets as swallowing what he ejected. Of the numerous commentaries\n published on Homer, that of Eustathius bishop of Thessalonica is\n by far the most extensive and erudite. The best editions of Homer\u2019s\n Iliad and Odyssey may, perhaps, be found to be by Barnes, 2 vols.,\n 4to, Cambridge, 1711; that of Glasgow, 2 vols., folio, 1758; that\n of Berglerus, 2 vols., 12mo, Amsterdam, 1707; that of Dr. Clarke of\n the Iliad, 2 vols., 4to, 1729, and that of the Odyssey, 1740; and\n that of Oxford, 5 vols., 8vo, 1780, containing the scholia, hymns,\n and an index. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 53.\u2015\u2015_Theocritus_, poem 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Aristotle_, _Poetics_.\u2015\u2015 _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_ Dio Chrysostom_, bk. 33,\n _Orationes_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bks. 2, 9, 10.\u2015\u2015_Heliodorus_, bk. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8,\n ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bks. 1, 8, 10, 12.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One\n of the Greek poets called Pleiades, born at Hierapolis, B.C. 263.\n He wrote 45 tragedies, all lost.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There were seven other poets,\n of inferior note, who bore the name of Homer.\n\n=Hom\u014fle=, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the\n Centaurs. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 675.\n\n=Hom\u014flea=, a mountain of Magnesia.\n\n=Homolippus=, a son of Hercules and Xanthis. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Homoloides=, one of the seven gates of Thebes. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,\n bk. 7, li. 252.\n\n=Homonadenses=, a people of Cilicia.\n\n=Hon\u014drius=, an emperor of the western empire of Rome, who succeeded\n his father Theodosius the Great, with his brother Arcadius. He\n was neither bold nor vicious, but he was of a modest and timid\n disposition, unfit for enterprise, and fearful of danger. He\n conquered his enemies by means of his generals, and suffered himself\n and his people to be governed by ministers who took advantage\n of their imperial master\u2019s indolence and inactivity. He died of\n a dropsy in the 39th year of his age, 15th of August, A.D. 423.\n He left no issue, though he married two wives. Under him and his\n brother the Roman power was divided into two different empires.\n The successors of Honorius, who fixed their residence at Rome, were\n called the emperors of the west, and the successors of Arcadius,\n who sat on the throne of Constantinople, were distinguished by the\n name of emperors of the eastern Roman empire. This division of power\n proved fatal to both empires, and they soon looked upon one another\n with indifference, contempt, and jealousy.\n\n=Honour=, a virtue worshipped at Rome. Her first temple was erected\n by Scipio Africanus, and another was afterwards built by Claudius\n Marcellus. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 23.\n\n=Hora=, a goddess at Rome, supposed to be Hersilia, who married Romulus.\n She was said to preside over beauty. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,\n li. 851.\n\n=Horacit\u00e6=, a people near Illyricum.\n\n=Horapollo=, a Greek writer, whose age is unknown. His _Hieroglyphica_,\n a curious and entertaining book, has been edited by Cornelius de\n Pauw, 4to, Utrecht, 1727.\n\n=Hor\u00e6=, three sisters, daughters of Jupiter and Themis, according to\n Hesiod called Eunomia, Dice, and Irene. They were the same as the\n seasons who presided over the spring, summer, and winter, and were\n represented by the poets as opening the gates of heaven and of\n Olympus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 749.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5,\n ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 902.\n\n=Hor\u0101tia=, the sister of Horatii, killed by her brother for mourning\n the death of the Curiatii. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 20.\n\n=H\u014fr\u0101tius Cocles.= _See:_ Cocles.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus Flaccus, a celebrated\n poet, born at Venusia. His father was a freedman, and though poor\n in his circumstances, he liberally educated his son, and sent him to\n learn philosophy at Athens, after he had received the lessons of the\n best masters at Rome. Horace followed Brutus from Athens, and the\n timidity which he betrayed at the battle of Philippi so effectually\n discouraged him, that he for ever abandoned the profession of arms,\n and at his return to Rome he applied himself to cultivate poetry.\n His rising talents claimed the attention of Virgil and Varius,\n who recommended him to the care of Mec\u00e6nas and Augustus, the most\n celebrated patrons of literature. Under the fostering patronage of\n the emperor and of his minister, Horace gave himself up to indolence\n and refined pleasure. He was a follower of Epicurus, and while\n he liberally indulged his appetites, he neglected the calls of\n ambition, and never suffered himself to be carried away by the\n tide of popularity or public employments. He even refused to become\n the secretary of Augustus, and the emperor was not offended at his\n refusal. He lived at the table of his illustrious patrons as if he\n were in his own house; and Augustus, while sitting at his meals\n with Virgil at his right hand, and Horace at his left, often\n ridiculed the short breath of the former, and the watery eyes\n of the latter, by observing that he sat between tears and sighs,\n _Ego sum inter suspiria et lacrymas_. Horace was warm in his\n friendship, and if ever any ill-judged reflection had caused offence,\n the poet immediately made every concession which could effect\n a reconciliation, and not destroy the good purposes of friendly\n society. Horace died in the 57th year of his age, B.C. 8. His gaiety\n was suitable to the liveliness and dissipation of a court; and his\n familiar intimacy with Mec\u00e6nas has induced some to believe that the\n death of Horace was violent, and that he hastened himself out of\n the world to accompany his friend. The 17th ode of his second book,\n which was written during the last illness of Mec\u00e6nas, is too serious\n to be considered as a poetical rhapsody or unmeaning effusion, and\n indeed, the poet survived the patron only three weeks, and ordered\n his bones to be buried near those of his friend. He left all his\n possessions to Augustus. The poetry of Horace, so much commended\n for its elegance and sweetness, is deservedly censured for the\n licentious expressions and indelicate thoughts which he too\n frequently introduces. In his odes he has imitated Pindar and\n Anacreon; and if he has confessed himself to be inferior to the\n former, he has shown that he bears the palm over the latter by his\n more ingenious and refined sentiments, by the ease and melody of\n his expressions, and by the pleasing variety of his numbers. In his\n satires and epistles, Horace displays much wit, and much satirical\n humour, without much poetry, and his style, simple and unadorned,\n differs little from prosaical composition. In his art of poetry\n he has shown much taste and judgment, and has rendered in Latin\n hexameters what Aristotle had, some ages before delivered to his\n pupils in Greek prose. The poet gives judicious rules and useful\n precepts to the most powerful and opulent citizens of Rome, who,\n in the midst of peace and enjoyment, wished to cultivate poetry and\n court the muses. The best editions of Horace will be found to be\n that of Basil, folio, 1580, illustrated by 80 commentators; that of\n Baxter\u2019s, edited by Gesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1752; and that of Glasgow,\n 12mo, 1744. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4,\n poem 10, li. 49.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Three brave Romans, born at the same birth, who\n fought against the three Curiatii, about 667 years before Christ.\n This celebrated fight was fought between the hostile camps of the\n people of Alba and Rome, and on their success depended the victory.\n In the first attack two of the Horatii were killed, and the only\n surviving brother, by joining artifice to valour, obtained an\n honourable trophy. By \u2666pretending to fly from the field of battle,\n he easily separated his antagonists, and, in attacking them one by\n one, he was enabled to conquer them all. As he returned victorious\n to Rome, his sister reproached him with the murder of one of the\n Curiatii, to whom she was promised in marriage. He was incensed\n at the rebuke, and killed his sister. This violence raised the\n indignation of the people; he was tried and capitally condemned.\n His eminent services, however, pleaded in his favour; the sentence\n of death was exchanged for a more moderate, but more ignominious\n punishment, and he was only compelled to pass under the yoke. A\n trophy was raised in the Roman forum, on which he suspended the\n spoils of the conquered Curiatii. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2,\n ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 24, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman consul, who defeated the Sabines.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n consul, who dedicated the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. During\n the ceremony he was informed of the death of his son, but he did\n not forget the sacred character he then bore for the feelings of a\n parent, and continued the dedication after ordering the body to be\n buried. _Livy_, bk. 2.\n\n \u2666 \u2018pretenting\u2019 replaced with \u2018pretending\u2019\n\n=Horcias=, the general of 3000 Macedonians, who revolted from Antigonus\n in Cappadocia. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Hormisdas=, a name which some of the Persian kings bore in the reign\n of the Roman emperors.\n\n=Horesti=, a people of Britain, supposed to be the inhabitants of\n Eskdale, now in Scotland. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 38.\n\n=Horratus=, a Macedonian soldier, who fought with another private\n soldier in the sight of the whole army of Alexander. _Curtius_,\n bk. 9, ch. 7.\n\n=Hortensia=, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of the orator\n Hortensius, whose eloquence she had inherited in the most eminent\n degree. When the triumvirs had obliged 14,000 women to give upon\n oath an account of their possessions, to defray the expenses of\n the state, \u2666Hortensia undertook to plead their cause, and was so\n successful in her attempt, that 1000 of her female fellow-sufferers\n escaped from the avarice of the triumvirate. _Valerius Maximus_,\n bk. 8, ch. 3.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Hortensa\u2019 replaced with \u2018Hortensia\u2019\n\n=Hortensia lex=, by Quintus Hortensius the dictator, A.U.C. 697. It\n ordered the whole body of the Roman people to pay implicit obedience\n to whatever was enacted by the commons. The nobility, before this\n law was enacted, had claimed an absolute exemption.\n\n=Horta=, a divinity among the Romans, who presided over youth, and\n patronized all exhortations to virtue and honourable deeds. She is\n the same as Hersilia.\n\n=Horta=, or =Hortinum=, a town of the Sabines, on the confluence of\n the Nar and the Tiber. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 716.\n\n=Quintus Hortensius=, a celebrated orator, who began to distinguish\n himself by his eloquence, in the Roman forum, at the age of 19.\n His friend and successor Cicero speaks with great eulogium of his\n oratorical powers, and mentions the uncommon extent of his memory.\n The affected actions of Hortensius at the bar procured him the\n ridiculous surname of _Dionysia_, a celebrated stage-dancer at the\n time. He was pretor and consul, and died 50 years before Christ, in\n his 63rd year. His orations are not extant. Quintilian mentions them\n as undeserving the great commendations which Cicero had so liberally\n bestowed upon them. Hortensius was very rich, and not less than\n 10,000 casks of Arvisian wine were found in his cellar after his\n death. He had written pieces of amorous poetry, and annals, all lost.\n _Cicero_, _Brutus_; _Letters to Atticus_; _On Oratory_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Varro_,\n _de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Corbio, a grandson of the orator\n of the same name, famous for his lasciviousness.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rich Roman,\n who asked the elder Cato his wife, to procreate children. Cato gave\n his wife to his friend, and took her again after his death. This\n behaviour of Cato was highly censured at Rome, and it was observed,\n that Cato\u2019s wife had entered the house of Hortensius very poor,\n but that she returned to the bed of Cato in the greatest opulence.\n _Plutarch_, _Cato_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman, slain by Antony on his brother\u2019s\n tomb. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A pretor, who gave up Macedonia to Brutus.\n _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Sylla\u2019s lieutenants. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman,\n the first who introduced the eating of peacocks at Rome. This was at\n the feast which he gave when he was created augur.\n\n=Hort\u014dna=, a town of Italy, on the confines of the \u00c6qui. _Livy_, bk. 3,\n ch. 30.\n\n=Horus=, a son of Isis, one of the deities of the Egyptians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king\n of Assyria.\n\n=Hospit\u0101lis=, a surname of Jupiter among the Romans as the god of\n hospitality.\n\n=Hostilia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 583. By it such as were among the\n enemies of the republic, or absent when the state required their\n assistance, were guilty of rapine.\n\n=Hostilia=, a large town on the Po. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 40.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 21, ch. 12.\n\n=Hostius Hostilius=, a warlike Roman, presented with a crown of boughs\n by Romulus, for his intrepid behaviour in a battle. _Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Latin poet in the age of Julius\n C\u00e6sar, who composed a poem on the wars of Istria. _Macrobius_,\n satire 6, chs. 3 & 5.\n\n=Hunni=, a people of Sarmatia, who invaded the empire of Rome in the\n fifth century, and settled in Pannonia, to which they gave the name\n of Hungary.\n\n=Hyacinthia=, an annual solemnity at Amycl\u00e6, in Laconia, in honour\n of Hyacinthus and Apollo. It continued for three days, during\n which time the grief of the people was so great for the death of\n Hyacinthus, that they did not adorn their hair with garlands during\n their festivals, nor eat bread, but fed only upon sweetmeats. They\n did not even sing p\u00e6ans in honour of Apollo, or observe any of the\n solemnities which were usual at other sacrifices. On the second day\n of the festival there were a number of different exhibitions. Youths,\n with their garments girt about them, entertained the spectators, by\n playing sometimes upon the flute, or upon the harp, and by singing\n anapestic songs, in loud, echoing voices, in honour of Apollo.\n Others passed across the theatre mounted upon horses richly adorned,\n and, at the same time, choirs of young men came upon the stage\n singing their uncouth rustic songs, and accompanied by persons who\n danced at the sound of vocal and instrumental music, according to\n the ancient custom. Some virgins were also introduced in chariots of\n wood, covered at the top and magnificently adorned. Others appeared\n in race chariots. The city began then to be filled with joy, and\n immense numbers of victims were offered on the altars of Apollo, and\n the votaries liberally entertained their friends and slaves. During\n this latter part of the festivity, all were eager to be present\n at the games, and the city was almost left without inhabitants.\n _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 219.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 19.\n\n=Hyacinthus=, a son of Amyclas and Diomede, greatly beloved by Apollo\n and Zephyrus. He returned the former\u2019s love, and Zephyrus, incensed\n at his coldness and indifference, resolved to punish his rival. As\n Apollo, who was entrusted with the education of Hyacinthus, once\n played at quoit with his pupil, Zephyrus blew the quoit, as soon\n as it was thrown by Apollo, upon the head of Hyacinthus, and he was\n killed with the blow. Apollo was so disconsolate at the death of\n Hyacinthus, that he changed his blood into a flower, which bore his\n name, and placed his body among the constellations. The Spartans\n also established yearly festivals in honour of the nephew of their\n king. _See:_ Hyacinthia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 185, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, &c.\n\n=Hy\u0103des=, five daughters of Atlas king of Mauritania, who were so\n disconsolate at the death of their brother Hyas, who had been killed\n by a wild boar, that they pined away and died. They became stars\n after death, and were placed near Taurus, one of the 12 signs of\n the Zodiac. They received the name of Hyades from their brother\n Hyas. Their names are Phaola, Ambrosia, Eudora, Coronis, and Polyxo.\n To these some have added Thione and Prodice, and they maintained\n that they were daughters of Hyas and \u00c6thra, one of the Oceanides.\n Euripides calls them daughters of Erechtheus. The ancients supposed\n that the rising and setting of the Hyades were always attended with\n much rain, whence the name (\u1f51\u03c9 _pluo_). _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5,\n li. 165.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 182.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Ion_.\n\n=Hy\u0103gnis=, a Phrygian, father of Marsyas. He invented the flute.\n _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.\n\n=Hy\u0103la=, a city at the mouth of the Indus, where the government is the\n same as at Sparta.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Diana\u2019s attendant nymphs. _Ovid._\n\n=Hyamp\u014flis=, a city of Phocis, on the Cephisus, founded by the\n Hyanthes. _Herodotus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Hyanthes=, the ancient name of the inhabitants of B\u0153otia, from king\n Hyas. Cadmus is sometimes called _Hyanthius_, because he was king of\n B\u0153otia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 147.\n\n=Hyantis=, an ancient name of B\u0153otia.\n\n=Hyarbita=, a man who endeavoured to imitate Timogenes, &c. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, ltr. 19, li. 15.\n\n=Hyas=, a son of Atlas of Mauritania by \u00c6thra. His extreme fondness\n for shooting proved fatal to him, and in his attempts to rob a\n lioness of her whelps, he was killed by the enraged animal. Some say\n that he died by the bite of a serpent, and others that he was killed\n by a wild boar. His sisters mourned his death with such constant\n lamentations, that Jupiter, in compassion for their sorrow, changed\n them into stars. _See:_ Hyades. _Hyginus_, fable 192.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 170.\n\n=Hybla=, a mountain in Sicily, called afterwards _Megara_, where thyme\n and odoriferous flowers of all sorts grew in abundance. It is famous\n for its honey. There is at the foot of the mountain a town of the\n same name. There is also another near mount \u00c6tna, close to Catana.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43; bk. 5, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 26.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 14, li. 201.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of\n Attica bears also the name of Hybla.\n\n=Hybr\u0113as=, an orator of Caria, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n\n=Hybrianes=, a people near Thrace.\n\n=Hyccaron= (plural, a), a town of Sicily, the native place of Lais.\n\n=Hyda= and =Hyde=, a town of Lydia, under mount Tmolus, which some\n suppose to be the same as Sardes.\n\n=Hydara=, a town of Armenia. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\n\n=Hydarnes=, one of the seven noble Persians who conspired to destroy\n the usurper Smerdis, &c. _Herodotus_, bks. 3 & 6.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 11.\n\n=Hydaspes=, a river of Asia, flowing by Susa. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 4, li. 211.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in India, now _Behut_ or _Chelum_, the\n boundaries of Alexander\u2019s conquests in the east. It falls into the\n Indus. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 227.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 1, ode 22, li. 7.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of \u00c6neas,\n killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 747.\n\n=Hydra=, a celebrated monster, which infested the neighbourhood of\n the lake Lerna in Peloponnesus. It was the fruit of Echidna\u2019s union\n with Typhon. It had 100 heads, according to Diodorus; 50, according\n to Simonides; and nine, according to the more received opinion of\n Apollodorus, Hyginus, &c. As soon as one of these heads was cut off,\n two immediately grew up if the wound was not stopped by fire. It was\n one of the labours of Hercules to destroy this dreadful monster, and\n this he easily effected with the assistance of Iolas, who applied\n a burning iron to the wounds as soon as one head was cut off. While\n Hercules was destroying the hydra, Juno, jealous of his glory, sent\n a sea-crab to bite his foot. This new enemy was soon despatched;\n and Juno, unable to succeed in her attempts to lessen the fame of\n Hercules, placed the crab among the constellations, where it is now\n called the Cancer. The conqueror dipped his arrows in the gall of\n the hydra, and, from that circumstance, all the wounds which he gave\n proved incurable and mortal. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 9, li. 69.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 61.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 6, li. 276; bk. 7, li. 658.\n\n=Hydraotes=, a river of India, crossed by Alexander.\n\n=Hydroph\u014fria=, a festival observed at Athens, called \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\n \u1f51\u03b4\u03c9\u03c1, _from carrying water_. It was celebrated in commemoration of\n those who perished in the deluge of Deucalion and Ogyges.\n\n=Hydruntum= and =Hydrus=, a city of Calabria, 50 miles south of\n Brundusium. As the distance from thence to Greece was only 60 miles,\n Pyrrhus, and afterwards Varro, Pompey\u2019s lieutenant, meditated the\n building here a bridge across the Adriatic. Though so favourably\n situated, Hydrus, now called _Otranto_, is but an insignificant\n town, scarce containing 3000 inhabitants. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 21; bk. 16, ltr. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 375.\n\n=Hydr\u016bsa=, a town of Attica. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Hy\u0115la=, a town of Lucania. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\n\n=Hyempsal=, a son of Micipsa, brother to Adherbal, murdered by Jugurtha,\n after the death of his father. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.\n\n=Hyettus=, a town of B\u0153otia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.\n\n=Hygeia=, or =Hygiea=, the goddess of health, daughter of \u00c6sculapius,\n held in great veneration among the ancients. Her statues represented\n her with a veil, and the matrons usually consecrated their locks to\n her. She was also represented on monuments as a young woman holding\n a serpent in one hand, and in the other a cup, out of which the\n serpent sometimes drank. According to some authors, Hygeia is the\n same as Minerva, who received that name from Pericles, who erected\n her a statue, because in a dream she had told him the means of\n curing an architect, whose assistance he wanted to build a temple.\n _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 23.\n\n=Hygiana=, a town of Peloponnesus.\n\n=Caius Julius Hyg\u012bnus=, a grammarian, one of the freedmen of Augustus.\n He was a native of Alexandria; or, according to some, he was a\n Spaniard, very intimate with Ovid. He was appointed librarian\n to the library of mount Palatine, and he was able to maintain\n himself by the liberality of Caius Licinius. He wrote a mythological\n history, which he called fables, and _Poeticon Astronomicon_, besides\n treatises on the cities of Italy, on such Roman families as were\n descended from the Trojans, a book on agriculture, commentaries on\n Virgil, the lives of great men, &c., now lost. The best edition of\n Hyginus is that of Munkerus, 2 vols., 8vo, Amsterdam, 1681. These\n compositions have been greatly mutilated, and their incorrectness\n and their bad Latinity have induced some to suppose that they are\n spurious. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_.\n\n=Hyla= and =Hylas=, a river of Mysia, where Hylas was drowned.\n _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A colony of Phocis.\n\n=Hylactor=, one of Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs, from his barking (\u1f50\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9, _latro_).\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.\n\n=Hyl\u00e6=, a small town of B\u0153otia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.\n\n=Hyl\u00e6us=, a name given to some centaurs, one of whom was killed\n by Hercules on mount Pholoe. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 294.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by Theseus, at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Statius_,\n _Thebiad_, bk. 7, li. 267.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 378.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, killed by Bacchus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6, li. 530.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 457.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fourth, killed by\n Atalanta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs.\n\n=Hylas=, a son of Thiodamas king of Mysia and Menedice, stolen away\n by Hercules, and carried on board the ship Argo to Colchis. On the\n Asiatic coast the Argonauts landed to take a supply of fresh water,\n and Hylas, following the example of his companions, went to the\n fountain with a pitcher, and fell into the water and was drowned.\n The poets have embellished this tragical story, by saying that the\n nymphs of the river, enamoured of the beautiful Hylas, carried him\n away; and that Hercules, disconsolate at the loss of his favourite\n youth, filled the woods and mountains with his complaints, and\n at last abandoned the Argonautic expedition to go and seek him.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 14, 271.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Eclogues_, poem 6.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of\n Bithynia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.\n\n=Hylax=, a dog mentioned in _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8.\n\n=Hylias=, a river of Magna Gr\u00e6cia.\n\n=Hyllaicus=, a part of Peloponnesus, near Messenia.\n\n=Hyllus=, a son of Hercules and Dejanira, who, soon after his father\u2019s\n death, married Iole. He, as well as his father, was persecuted by\n the envy of Eurystheus, and obliged to fly from the Peloponnesus.\n The Athenians gave a kind reception to Hyllus and the rest of the\n Heraclid\u00e6, and marched against Eurystheus. Hyllus obtained a victory\n over his enemies, and killed with his own hand Eurystheus, and sent\n his head to Alcmena his grandmother. Some time after he attempted\n to recover the Peloponnesus with the Heraclid\u00e6, and was killed in\n single combat by Echemus king of Arcadia. _See:_ Heraclid\u00e6, Hercules.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk.\n 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 279.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Lydia,\n flowing into the Hernus. It is called also Phryx. _Livy_, bk. 37,\n ch. 38.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 180.\n\n=Hylon\u014fme=, the wife of Cyllarus, who killed herself the moment her\n husband was murdered by the Lapith\u00e6. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,\n li. 405.\n\n=Hyloph\u0103gi=, a people of \u00c6thiopia. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.\n\n=Hym\u0115n\u00e6us= and =Hymen=, the god of marriage among the Greeks, was son\n of Bacchus and Venus, or, according to others, of Apollo and one of\n the muses. Hymen\u00e6us, according to the more received opinions, was\n a young Athenian of extraordinary beauty, but ignoble origin. He\n became enamoured of the daughter of one of the richest and noblest\n of his countrymen, and, as the rank and elevation of his mistress\n removed him from her presence and conversation, he contented himself\n to follow her wherever she went. In a certain procession, in which\n all the matrons of Athens went to Eleusis, Hymen\u00e6us, to accompany\n his mistress, disguised himself in woman\u2019s clothes, and joined\n the religious troop. His youth, and the fairness of his features,\n favoured his disguise. A great part of the procession was seized\n by the sudden arrival of some pirates, and Hymen\u00e6us, who shared the\n captivity of his mistress, encouraged his female companions, and\n assassinated their ravishers while they were asleep. Immediately\n after this, Hymen\u00e6us repaired to Athens, and promised to restore to\n liberty the matrons who had been enslaved, provided he was allowed\n to marry one among them who was the object of his passion. The\n Athenians consented, and Hymen\u00e6us experienced so much felicity in\n his marriage state, that the people of Athens instituted festivals\n in his honour, and solemnly invoked him at their nuptials, as the\n Latins did their Thalassius. Hymen was generally represented as\n crowned with flowers, chiefly with marjoram or roses, and holding\n a burning torch in one hand, and in the other a vest of a purple\n colour. It was supposed that he always attended at nuptials; for,\n if not, matrimonial connections were fatal, and ended in the most\n dreadful calamities; and hence people ran about calling aloud,\n \u201cHymen! Hymen!\u201d &c. _Ovid_, _Mede\u00e2_; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,\n li. 215.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Catullus_, poem 62.\n\n=Hymettus=, a mountain of Attica, about 22 miles in circumference, and\n about two miles from Athens, still famous for its bees and excellent\n honey. There was also a quarry of marble there. Jupiter had there a\n temple; whence he is called _Hymettius_. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 228; bk. 14, li. 200.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 18, li. 3; bk. 2, satire 2, li. 15.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n bk. 2, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, ch. 34.\n\n=Hyp\u00e6pa=, or =Ipep\u00e6=, now _Berki_, a town of Lydia, sacred to Venus,\n between mount Tmolus and the Caystrus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 152.\n\n=Hyp\u00e6sia=, a country of Peloponnesus.\n\n=Hyp\u0103nis=, a river of European Scythia, now called _Bog_, which falls\n into the Borysthenes, and with it into the Euxine. _Herodotus_, bk.\n 4, ch. 52, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 285.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river\n of India.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Pontus. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_,\n bk. 2, ch. 39.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan who joined himself to \u00c6neas, and was\n killed by his own people, who took him for one of the enemy in the\n night that Troy was burned by the Greeks. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2,\n li. 428.\n\n=Hypar\u012bnus=, a son of Dion, who reigned at Syracuse for two years\n after his father.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Dion.\n\n=Hyp\u0103tes=, a river of Sicily, near Camarina. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14,\n li. 231.\n\n=Hyp\u0103tha=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 25.\n\n=Hypatia=, a native of Alexandria celebrated for her beauty, her\n virtues, and her great erudition. She was assassinated 415 A.D.\n\n=Hyp\u0113nor=, a Trojan killed by Diomedes at Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 5, li. 144.\n\n=Hyperbatus=, a pretor of the Ach\u00e6ans, B.C. 224.\n\n=Hyperbius=, a son of \u00c6gyptus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Hy\u0306perb\u014frei=, a nation in the northern parts of Europe and Asia, who\n were said to live to an incredible age, even to 1000 years, and in\n the enjoyment of all possible felicity. The sun was said to rise\n and set to them but once a year, and therefore, perhaps, they are\n placed by Virgil under the north pole. The word signifies _people\n who inhabit beyond the wind Boreas_. Thrace was the residence of\n Boreas, according to the ancients. Whenever the Hyperboreans made\n offerings they always sent them towards the south, and the people\n of Dodona were the first of the Greeks who received them. The word\n Hyperboreans is applied, in general, to all those who inhabit any\n cold climate. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 240; bk. 3, lis. 169 & 381.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 13, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,\n bk. 3, ch. 23; bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Hyperea= and =Hyper\u012ba=, a fountain of Thessaly, with a town of the\n same name. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Messenia, in Peloponnesus.\n _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 375.\n\n=Hyperesia=, a town of Achaia. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Hyp\u0115r\u012ddes=, an Athenian orator, disciple to Plato and Socrates, and\n long the rival of Demosthenes. His father\u2019s name was Glaucippus.\n He distinguished himself by his eloquence and the active part\n which he took in the management of the Athenian republic. After the\n unfortunate battle of Cranon, he was taken alive, and, that he might\n not be compelled to betray the secrets of his country, he cut off\n his tongue. He was put to death by order of Antipater, B.C. 322.\n Only one of his numerous orations remains, admired for the sweetness\n and elegance of his style. It is said that Hyperides once defended\n the courtesan Phryne who was accused of impiety, and that when he\n saw his eloquence ineffectual, he unveiled the bosom of his client,\n upon which the judges, influenced by the sight of her beauty,\n acquitted her. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Orator_,\n ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, &c.\n\n=Hyp\u0115r\u012bon=, a son of C\u0153lus and Terra, who married Thea, by whom he had\n Aurora, the sun, and moon. Hyperion is often taken by the poets for\n the sun itself. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 1\n & 2.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Hymn 3 to Apollo_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 2.\n\n=Hypermnestra=, one of the 50 daughters of Danaus, who married Lynceus\n son of \u00c6gyptus. She disobeyed her father\u2019s bloody commands, who had\n ordered her to murder her husband the first night of her nuptials,\n and suffered Lynceus to escape unhurt from the bridal bed. Her\n father summoned her to appear before a tribunal for her disobedience,\n but the people acquitted her, and Danaus was reconciled to her and\n her husband, to whom he left his kingdom at his death. Some say\n that Lynceus returned to Argos with an army, and that he conquered\n and put to death his father-in-law, and usurped his crown. _See:_\n Danaides. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Thestius.\n _Apollodorus._\n\n=Hyper\u014fchus=, a man who wrote a poetical history of Cuma. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 10, ch. 12.\n\n=Hyph\u00e6us=, a mountain of Campania. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.\n\n=Hypsa=, now _Belici_, a river of Sicily, falling into the Crinisus,\n and then into the Mediterranean near Selinus. _Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 14, li. 228.\n\n=Hypsea=, a Roman matron, of the family of the Plautii. She was blind,\n according to Horace; or, perhaps, was partial to some lover, who\n was recommended neither by personal nor mental excellence. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, satire 2, li. 91.\n\n=Hyps\u0113nor=, a priest of the Scamander, killed during the Trojan war.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.\n\n=Hypseus=, a son of the river Peneus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A pleader at the Roman bar\n before the age of Cicero. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 36.\n\n=Hypsicr\u0103t\u0113a=, the wife of Mithridates, who accompanied her husband in\n man\u2019s clothes, when he fled before Pompey. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.\n\n=Hypsicr\u0103tes=, a Ph\u0153nician who wrote a history of his country, in\n the Ph\u0153nician language. This history was saved from the flames of\n Carthage, when that city was taken by Scipio, and translated into\n Greek.\n\n=Hypsip\u012ddes=, a Macedonian in Alexander\u2019s army, famous for his\n friendship for Menedemus, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 7.\n\n=Hyps\u012dpy\u0306le=, a queen of Lemnos, daughter of Thoas and Myrine. During\n her reign, Venus, whose altars had been universally slighted,\n punished the Lemnian women, and rendered their mouths and breath so\n extremely offensive to the smell, that their husbands abandoned them,\n and gave themselves up to some female slaves, whom they had taken in\n a war against Thrace. This contempt was highly resented by all the\n women of Lemnos, and they resolved on revenge, and all unanimously\n put to death their male relations, Hypsipyle alone excepted, who\n spared the life of her father Thoas. Soon after this cruel murder,\n the Argonauts landed at Lemnos, in their expedition to Colchis,\n and remained for some time in the island. During their stay the\n Argonauts rendered the Lemnian women mothers, and Jason, the\n chief of the Argonautic expedition, left Hypsipyle pregnant at his\n departure, and promised her eternal fidelity. Hypsipyle brought\n twins, Euneus and Nebrophonus, whom some have called Deiphilus or\n Thoas. Jason forgot his vows and promises to Hypsipyle, and the\n unfortunate queen was soon after forced to leave her kingdom by the\n Lemnian women, who conspired against her life, still mindful that\n Thoas had been preserved by means of his daughter. Hypsipyle, in her\n flight, was seized by pirates, and sold to Lycurgus king of Nem\u00e6a.\n She was entrusted with the care of Archemorus the son of Lycurgus;\n and, when the Argives marched against Thebes, they met Hypsipyle,\n and obliged her to show them a fountain, where they might quench\n their thirst. To do this more expeditiously, she laid down\n the child on the grass, and in her absence he was killed by a\n serpent. Lycurgus attempted to revenge the death of his son, but\n Hypsipyle was screened from his resentment by Adrastus the leader\n of the Argives. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 6.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 5, _Thebiad_.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 15, 74, &c. _See:_\n Archemorus.\n\n=Hyrc\u0101nia=, a large country of Asia, at the north of Parthia, and\n at the west of Media, abounding in serpents, wild beasts, &c. It\n is very mountainous, and unfit for drawing a cavalry in order of\n battle. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 367.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6\n Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 45.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town\n of Lydia, destroyed by a violent earthquake in the age of Tiberius.\n _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 38.\n\n=Hyrc\u0103num mare=, a large sea, called also _Caspian_. _See:_ Caspium\n mare.\n\n=Hyrc\u0101nus=, a name common to some of the high priests of Judea.\n _Josephus._\n\n=Hyria=, a country of B\u0153otia, near Aulis, with a lake, river, and town\n of the same name. It is more probably situate near Tempe. It received\n its name from Hyrie, a woman who wept so much for the loss of her\n son, that she was changed into a fountain. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 7, li. 372.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 170.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Isauria,\n on the Calycadnus.\n\n=Hyrieus=, or =Hyreus=, a peasant, or, as some say, a prince of\n Tanagra, son of Neptune and Alcyone, who kindly entertained Jupiter,\n Neptune, and Mercury, when travelling over B\u0153otia. Being childless,\n he asked of the gods to give him a son without his marrying, as\n he promised his wife, who was lately dead, and whom he tenderly\n loved, that he never would marry again. The gods, to reward the\n hospitality of Hyreus, made water in the hide of a bull, which had\n been sacrificed the day before to their divinity, and they ordered\n him to wrap it up and bury it in the ground for nine months. At the\n expiration of the nine mouths, Hyreus opened the earth, and found\n a beautiful child in the bull\u2019s hide, whom he called Orion. _See:_\n Orion.\n\n=Hyrmina=, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Hyrneto= and =Hyrnetho=, a daughter of Temenus king of Argos, who\n married Deyphon son of Celeus. She was the favourite of her father,\n who greatly enriched her husband. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19.\n\n=Hyrn\u012dthium=, a plain of Argos, near Epidaurus, fertile in olives.\n _Strabo_, bk. 6.\n\n=Hyrt\u0103cus=, a Trojan of mount Ida, father to Nisus, one of the\n companions of \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, lis. 177 & 406.\n Hence the patronymic of _Hyrtacides_ is applied to Nisus. It is\n also applied to Hippocoon. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 492.\n\n=Hysia=, a town of B\u0153otia, built by Nycteus, Antiope\u2019s father.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n village of Argos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Arcadia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The royal residence of\n the king of Parthia.\n\n=Hyspa=, a river of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, \u2666bk. 14, li. 228.\n\n \u2666 \u201824\u2019 replaced with \u201814\u2019\n\n=Hyssus= and =Hyssi=, a port and river of Cappadocia on the Euxine sea.\n\n=Hystaspes=, a noble Persian, of the family of the Ach\u00e6menides. His\n father\u2019s name was Arsames. His son Darius reigned in Persia after\n the murder of the usurper Smerdis. It is said by Ctesias that\n he wished to be carried to see the royal monument which his son\n had built between two mountains. The priests who carried him, as\n reported, slipped the cord with which he was suspended in ascending\n the mountain, and he died of the fall. Hystaspes was the first who\n introduced the learning and mysteries of the Indian Brachmans into\n Persia, and to his researches in India the sciences were greatly\n indebted, particularly in Persia. Darius is called _Hystaspes_,\n or son of Hystaspes, to distinguish him from his royal successors\n of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 209; bk. 5, ch. 83.\n \u2015\u2015_Ctesias_, _Fragments_.\n\n=Hystieus.= _See:_ Histi\u00e6us.\n\n\n I [& J]\n\n=Ia=, the daughter of Midas, who married Atys, &c.\n\n=Iacchus=, a surname of Bacchus, _ab_ \u1f30\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, from the _noise_ and\n _shouts_ which the bacchanals raised at the festivals of this deity.\n _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6; _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 166.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Some suppose him to be a son of\n Ceres; because in the celebration of the Eleusinian mysteries, the\n word Iacchus was frequently repeated. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 65.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\n\n=Iader=, a river of Dalmatia.\n\n=Ial\u0113mus=, a wretched singer, son of the muse Calliope. _Athen\u00e6us_,\n bk. 14.\n\n=Ialm\u0115nus=, a son of Mars and Astyoche, who went to the Trojan war\n with his brother Ascalaphus, with 30 ships, at the head of the\n inhabitants of Orchomenes and Aspledon, in B\u0153otia. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 19.\n\n=I\u0101ly\u0306sus=, a town of Rhodes, built by Ialysus, of whom Protogenes was\n making a beautiful painting when Demetrius Poliorcetes took Rhodes.\n The Telchines were born there. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable\n 9.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 2, _Letters to Atticus_,\n ltr. 21.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, bk. 12, ch. 5.\n\n=Iambe=, a servant-maid of Metanira, wife of Celeus king of Eleusis,\n who tried to exhilarate Ceres, when she travelled over Attica\n in quest of her daughter Proserpine. From the jokes and stories\n which she made use of, free and satirical verses have been called\n _Iambics_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.\n\n=Iambl\u012dcus=, a Greek author who wrote the life of Pythagoras, and the\n history of his followers, an exhortation to philosophy, a treatise\n against Porphyry\u2019s letter on the mysteries of the Egyptians, &c. He\n was a great favourite with the emperor Julian, and died A.D. 363.\n\n=Iamenus=, a Trojan killed by Leonteus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12,\n lis. 139 & 193.\n\n=Iam\u012dd\u00e6=, certain prophets among the Greeks, descended from Iamus, a\n son of Apollo, who received the gift of prophecy from his father,\n which remained among his posterity. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 2.\n\n=Jan\u012dc\u016dlum= and =Janicularius mons=, one of the seven hills at Rome\n joined to the city by Ancus Martius, and made a kind of citadel,\n to protect the place against an invasion. This hill [_See:_ Janus],\n which was on the opposite shore of the Tiber, was joined to the city\n by the bridge Sublicius, the first ever built across the river, and\n perhaps in Italy. It was less inhabited than the other parts of the\n city, on account of the grossness of the air, though from its top\n the eye could have a commanding view of the whole city. It is famous\n for the burial of king Numa and of the poet Italicus. Porsenna king\n of Etruria pitched his camp on mount Janiculum, and the senators\n took refuge there in the civil wars, to avoid the resentment of\n Octavius. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 47.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n bk. 1, _Fasti_, li. 246.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _[Aeneid]_, bk. 8, li. 358.\n \u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 64; bk. 7, ltr. 16.\n\n=Ian\u012bra=, one of the Nereides.\n\n=Ianthe=, a girl of Crete, who married Iphis. _See:_ Iphis. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 714, &c.\n\n=Ianthea=, one of the Oceanides.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Nereides. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 4, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8, li. 47.\n\n=J\u0101nus=, the most ancient king who reigned in Italy. He was a native\n of Thessaly, and son of Apollo, according to some. He came to Italy,\n where he planted a colony and built a small town on the river Tiber,\n which he called Janiculum. Some authors make him son of C\u0153lus and\n Hecate; and others make him a native of Athens. During his reign,\n Saturn, driven from heaven by his son Jupiter, came to Italy, where\n Janus received him with much hospitality, and made him his colleague\n on the throne. Janus is represented with two faces, because he was\n acquainted with the past and the future; or, according to others,\n because he was taken for the sun, who opens the day at his rising,\n and shuts it at his setting. Some statues represented Janus with\n four heads. He sometimes appeared with a beard, and sometimes\n without. In religious ceremonies, his name was always invoked the\n first, because he presides over all gates and avenues, and it is\n through him only that prayers can reach the immortal gods. From that\n circumstance he often appears with a key in his right hand, and a\n rod in his left. Sometimes he holds the number of 300 in one hand,\n and in the other 65, to show that he presides over the year, of\n which the first month bears his name. Some suppose that he is the\n same as the world, or C\u0153lus; and from that circumstance they call\n him Eanus, _ab eundo_, because of the revolution of the heavens. He\n was called by different names, such as _Consivius_, _a conserendo_,\n because he presided over generation; _Quirinus_ or _Martialis_,\n because he presided over war. He is also called _Patuleius_ and\n _Clausius_, because the gates of his temples were open during the\n time of war, and shut in time of peace. He was chiefly worshipped\n among the Romans, where he had many temples, some erected to Janus\n Bifrons, others to Janus Quadrifrons. The temples of Quadrifrons\n were built with four equal sides, with a door and three windows\n on each side. The four doors were the emblems of the four seasons\n of the year, and the three windows in each of the sides the three\n months in each season, and, all together, the 12 months of the year.\n Janus was generally represented in statues as a young man. After\n death Janus was ranked among the gods, for his popularity and the\n civilization which he had introduced among the wild inhabitants of\n Italy. His temple, which was always open in times of war, was shut\n only three times during above 700 years, under Numa, 234 B.C., and\n under Augustus; and during that long period of time, the Romans were\n continually employed in war. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 65, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 607.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A street at Rome near\n the temple of Janus. It was generally frequented by usurers and\n money-brokers, and booksellers also kept their shops there. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, ltr. 1.\n\n=Japet\u012ddes=, a musician at the nuptials of Perseus and Andromeda.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 111.\n\n=Jap\u0115tus=, a son of C\u0153lus or Titan by Terra, who married Asia, or,\n according to others, Clymene, by whom he had Atlas, Men\u0153tius,\n Prometheus, and Epimetheus. The Greeks looked upon him as the\n father of all mankind, and therefore from his antiquity old men\n were frequently called Japeti. His sons received the patronymic of\n _Iapetionides_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 631.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, lis. 136 & 508.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n\n=I\u0101pis=, an \u00c6tolian, who founded a city upon the banks of the Timavus.\n _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 475.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan, favourite\n of Apollo, from whom he received the knowledge of the power of\n medicinal herbs. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 391.\n\n=Iapy\u0306dia=, a district of Illyricum, now _Carniola_. _Livy_, bk. 43,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 4, li. 109.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Cornelius Balbus_,\n ch. 14.\n\n=I\u0101py\u0306gia=, a country on the confines of Italy, situated in the\n peninsula, between Tarentum and Brundusium. It is called by some\n _Messapia_, _Peucetia_, and _Salentinum_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\n\n=Iapyx=, a son of D\u00e6dalus, who conquered a part of Italy, which he\n called _Iapygia_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 458.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n wind which blows from Apulia, and is favourable to such as sail from\n Italy towards Greece. It was nearly the same as the Caurus of the\n Greeks. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 3, li. 4; bk. 3, ode 7, li. 20.\n\n=Iarbas=, a son of Jupiter and Garamantis, king of G\u00e6tulia, from whom\n Dido bought land to build Carthage. He courted Dido, but the arrival\n of \u00c6neas prevented his success, and the queen, rather than marry\n Iarbas, destroyed herself. _See:_ Dido. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li.\n 36, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 552.\n\n=Iarchas= and =Jarchas=, a celebrated Indian philosopher. His seven\n rings are famous for their power of restoring old men to the bloom\n and vigour of youth, according to the tradition of _Philostratus_,\n _Life of Apollonius of Tyana_.\n\n=Iard\u0101nus=, a Lydian, father of Omphale the mistress of Hercules.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Arcadia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in\n Crete. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.\n\n=Ias\u012ddes=, a patronymic given to Palinurus, as descended from a person\n of the name of Jasius. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 843.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also of\n Jasus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 392.\n\n=I\u0103sion= and =I\u0103sius=, a son of Jupiter and Electra, one of the\n Atlantides, who reigned over part of Arcadia, where he diligently\n applied himself to agriculture. He married the goddess Cybele or\n Ceres, and all the gods were present at the celebration of his\n nuptials. He had by Ceres two sons, Philomelus and Plutus, to whom\n some have added a third, Corybas, who introduced the worship and\n mysteries of his mother in Phrygia. He had also a daughter, whom\n he exposed as soon as born, saying that he would raise only male\n children. The child, who was suckled by a she-bear and preserved,\n rendered herself famous afterwards under the name of Atalanta.\n Jasion was killed with a thunderbolt of Jupiter, and ranked among\n the gods after death by the inhabitants of Arcadia. _Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, li. 973.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 168.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n _Poeticon Astronomicon_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=I\u0103sis=, a name given to Atalanta daughter of Jasius.\n\n=Iasius=, a son of Abas king of Argos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Jupiter. _See:_\n Iasion.\n\n=J\u0101son=, a celebrated hero, son of Alcimede daughter of Phylacus,\n by \u00c6son the son of Cretheus and Tyro, the daughter of Salmoneus.\n Tyro, before her connection with Cretheus the son of \u00c6olus, had two\n sons, Pelias and Neleus, by Neptune. \u00c6son was king of Iolchis, and\n at his death the throne was usurped by Pelias, and \u00c6son the lawful\n successor was driven to retirement and obscurity. The education of\n young Jason was entrusted to the care of the centaur Chiron, and he\n was removed from the presence of the usurper, who had been informed\n by an oracle that one of the descendants of \u00c6olus would dethrone him.\n After he had made the most rapid progress in every branch of science,\n Jason left the centaur, and by his advice went to consult the oracle.\n He was ordered to go to Iolchos his native country, covered with the\n spoils of a leopard, and dressed in the garments of a Magnesian. In\n his journey he was stopped by the inundation of the river Evenus or\n Enipeus, over which he was carried by Juno, who had changed herself\n into an old woman. In crossing the stream he lost one of his sandals,\n and at his arrival at Iolchos, the singularity of his dress and\n the fairness of his complexion attracted the notice of the people,\n and drew a crowd around him in the market-place. Pelias came to\n see him with the rest, and as he had been warned by the oracle to\n beware of a man who should appear at Iolchos with one foot bare\n and the other shod, the appearance of Jason, who had lost one of\n his sandals, alarmed him. His terrors were soon after augmented.\n Jason, accompanied by his friends, repaired to the palace of Pelias,\n and boldly demanded the kingdom which he had unjustly usurped.\n The boldness and popularity of Jason intimidated Pelias; he was\n unwilling to abdicate the crown, and yet he feared the resentment of\n his adversary. As Jason was young and ambitious of glory, Pelias, at\n once to remove his immediate claims to the crown, reminded him that\n \u00c6tes king of Colchis had severely treated and inhumanly murdered\n their common relation Phryxus. He observed that such a treatment\n called aloud for punishment, and that the undertaking would be\n accompanied with much glory and fame. He further added, that his old\n age had prevented him from avenging the death of Phryxus, and that\n if Jason would undertake the expedition, he would resign to him the\n crown of Iolchos, when he returned victorious from Colchis. Jason\n readily accepted a proposal which seemed to promise such military\n fame. His intended expedition was made known in every part of\n Greece, and the youngest and the bravest of the Greeks assembled to\n accompany him, and share his toils and glory. They embarked on board\n a ship called Argo, and after a series of adventures they arrived\n at Colchis. _See:_ Argonaut\u00e6. \u00c6tes promised to restore the golden\n fleece, which was the cause of the death of Phryxus, and of the\n voyage of the Argonauts, provided they submitted to his conditions.\n Jason was to tame bulls which breathed flames, and which had feet\n and horns of brass, and to plough with them a field sacred to Mars.\n After this he was to sow in the ground the teeth of a serpent, from\n which armed men would arise, whose fury would be converted against\n him who ploughed the field. He was also to kill a monstrous dragon\n which watched night and day at the foot of the tree on which the\n golden fleece was suspended. All were concerned for the fate of the\n Argonauts; but Juno, who watched with an anxious eye over the safety\n of Jason, extricated them from all these difficulties. Medea, the\n king\u2019s daughter, fell in love with Jason, and as her knowledge of\n herbs, enchantments, and incantations was uncommon, she pledged\n herself to deliver her lover from all his dangers if he promised\n her eternal fidelity. Jason, not insensible to her charms and to\n her promise, vowed eternal fidelity in the temple of Hecate, and\n received from Medea whatever instruments and herbs could protect\n him against the approaching dangers. He appeared in the field of\n Mars, he tamed the fury of the oxen, ploughed the plain, and sowed\n the dragon\u2019s teeth. Immediately an army of men sprang from the field,\n and ran towards Jason. He threw a stone among them, and they fell\n one upon the other till all were totally destroyed. The vigilance\n of the dragon was lulled to sleep by the power of herbs, and Jason\n took from the tree the celebrated golden fleece, which was the\n sole object of his voyage. These actions were all performed in the\n presence of \u00c6etes and his people, who were all equally astonished at\n the boldness and success of Jason. After this celebrated conquest,\n Jason immediately set sail for Europe with Medea, who had been\n so instrumental in his preservation. Upon this \u00c6etes, desirous to\n revenge the perfidy of his daughter Medea, sent his son Absyrtus\n to pursue the fugitives. Medea killed her brother, and strewed his\n limbs in her father\u2019s way, that she might more easily escape, while\n he was employed in collecting the mangled body of his son. _See:_\n Absyrtus. The return of the Argonauts in Thessaly was celebrated\n with universal festivity; but \u00c6son, Jason\u2019s father, was unable to\n attend on account of the infirmities of old age. This obstruction\n was removed, and Medea, at the request of her husband, restored \u00c6son\n to the vigour and sprightliness of youth. _See:_ \u00c6son. Pelias the\n usurper of the crown of Iolchos wished also to see himself restored\n to the flower of youth, and his daughters, persuaded by Medea, who\n wished to avenge her husband\u2019s wrongs, cut his body to pieces, and\n placed his limbs in a cauldron of boiling water. Their credulity was\n severely punished. Medea suffered the flesh to be consumed to the\n bones, and Pelias was never restored to life. This inhuman action\n drew the resentment of the populace upon Medea, and she fled to\n Corinth with her husband Jason, where they lived in perfect union\n and love during 10 successive years. Jason\u2019s partiality for Glauce\n the daughter of the king of the country afterwards disturbed their\n matrimonial happiness, and Medea was divorced, that Jason might\n more freely indulge his amorous propensities. This infidelity\n was severely revenged by Medea [_See:_ Glauce], who destroyed her\n children in the presence of their father. _See:_ Medea. After this\n separation from Medea, Jason lived an unsettled and melancholy life.\n As he was one day reposing himself by the side of the ship which\n had carried him to Colchis, a beam fell upon his head, and he was\n crushed to death. This tragical event had been predicted to him\n before by Medea, according to the relation of some authors. Some say\n that he afterwards returned to Colchis, where he seized the kingdom,\n and reigned in great security. _Euripides_, _Medea_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fables 2, 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bks. 2 & 3.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius._\u2015\u2015_Flaccus._\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 5,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, bk. 3, _Nemean_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 2, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Medea_.\u2015\u2015_Tzetzes_, _On Lycophron_, li. 195, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Argos, who wrote a history\n of Greece in four books, which ended at the death of Alexander.\n He lived in the age of Adrian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Thessaly, who made\n an alliance with the Spartans, and cultivated the friendship of\n Timotheus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Trallianus, a man who wrote tragedies, and gained\n the esteem of the kings of Parthia. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 7.\n\n=Jason\u012dd\u00e6=, a patronymic of Thoas and Euneus, sons of Jason and\n Hypsipyle.\n\n=Iasus=, a king of Argos, who succeeded his father Triopas.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Argus, father of Agenor.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Argus and Ismena.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Lycurgus of Arcadia.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island, with a town of the same name, on the coast of Caria.\n The bay adjoining was called _Iasius sinus_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 28.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 33; bk. 37, ch. 17.\n\n=Iaxartes=, now _Sir_ or _Sihon_, a river of Sogdiana, mistaken by\n Alexander for the Tanais. It falls into the east of the Caspian sea.\n _Curtius_, bks. 6 & 7.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Arrian_, bk. 4,\n ch. 15.\n\n=Iaz\u012dges=, a people on the borders of the Palus M\u00e6otis. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 191; _ex\n Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 7, li. 9.\n\n=Ib\u0113ria=, a country of Asia, between Colchis on the west, and Albania\n on the east, governed by kings. Pompey invaded it, and made great\n slaughter of the inhabitants, and obliged them to surrender by\n setting fire to the woods where they had fled for safety. It is\n now called Georgia. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, _Antonius_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dio\n Cassius_, bk. 36.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 166.\n \u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Wars in Spain_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient name of Spain, derived\n from the river Iberus. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 258.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4,\n ode 14, li. 50.\n\n=Ib\u0113rus=, a river of Spain, now called _Ebro_, which, after the\n conclusion of the first Punic war, separated the Roman from the\n Carthaginian possessions in that country. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 335.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 50.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n river of Iberia in Asia, flowing from mount Caucasus into the Cyrus.\n _Strabo_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fabulous king of Spain.\n\n=Ibi=, an Indian nation.\n\n=Ibis=, a poem of the poet Callimachus, in which he bitterly satirizes\n the ingratitude of his pupil the poet Apollonius. Ovid had also\n written a poem which bears the same name, and which, in the same\n satirical language, seems, according to the opinion of some,\n to inveigh bitterly against Hyginus the supposed hero of the\n composition. _Suidas._\n\n=Iby\u0306cus=, a lyric poet of Rhegium, about 540 years before Christ. He\n was murdered by robbers, and at the moment of death he implored the\n assistance of some cranes which at that moment flew over his head.\n Some time after, as the murderers were in the market-place, one of\n them observed some cranes in the air, and said to his companions,\n \u03b1\u1f30 \u1f38\u03b2\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f10\u03ba\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd, _there are the birds that are conscious\n of the death of Ibycus_. These words and the recent murder of Ibycus\n raised suspicions in the people; the assassins were seized and\n tortured, and they confessed their guilt. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6\n Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 43.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n husband of Chloris, whom Horace ridicules, bk. 3, ode 15.\n\n=Icadius=, a robber killed by a stone, &c. _Cicero_, _De Fato_, ch. 3.\n\n=Ic\u0103ria=, a small island in the \u00c6gean sea, between Chio, Samos, and\n Myconus, where the body of Icarus was thrown by the waves, and\n buried by Hercules. _Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 10 & 14.\n\n=Ic\u0103ris= and =Icariotis=, a name given to Penelope as daughter of\n Icarius.\n\n=Ic\u0103rium mare=, a part of the \u00c6gean sea near the islands of Mycone and\n Gyaros. _See:_ Icarus.\n\n=Ic\u0103rius=, an Athenian, father of Erigone. He gave wine to some\n peasants, who drank it with the greatest avidity, ignorant of\n its intoxicating nature. They were soon deprived of their reason,\n and the fury and resentment of their friends and neighbours were\n immediately turned upon Icarius, who perished by their hands. After\n death he was honoured with public festivals, and his daughter was\n led to discover the place of his burial by means of his faithful\n dog M\u0153ra. Erigone hung herself in despair, and was changed into\n a constellation called Virgo. Icarius was changed into the star\n Bootes, and the dog M\u0153ra into the star Canis. _Hyginus_, fable 130.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u0152balus of Laced\u00e6mon. He\n gave his daughter Penelope in marriage to Ulysses king of Ithaca,\n but he was so tenderly attached to her, that he wished her husband\n to settle at Laced\u00e6mon. Ulysses refused, and when he saw the earnest\n petitions of Icarius, he told Penelope as they were going to embark,\n that she might choose freely either to follow him to Ithaca, or to\n remain with her father. Penelope blushed in the deepest silence,\n and covered her head with her veil. Icarius upon this permitted\n his daughter to go to Ithaca, and immediately erected a temple to\n the goddess of modesty, on the spot where Penelope had covered her\n blushes with her veil. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 16, li. 435.\n\n=Ic\u0103rus=, a son of D\u00e6dalus, who, with his father, flew with wings from\n Crete to escape the resentment of Minos. His flight being too high,\n proved fatal to him; the sun melted the wax which cemented his wings,\n and he fell into that part of the \u00c6gean sea which was called after\n his name. _See:_ D\u00e6dalus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 178,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Attica.\n\n=Iccius=, a lieutenant of Agrippa in Sicily. Horace writes to him,\n bk. 1, ode 29, and ridicules him for abandoning the pursuits of\n philosophy and the muses for military employments.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n Rhemi in Gaul, ambassador to C\u00e6sar. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2,\n ch. 3.\n\n=Ic\u0115los=, one of the sons of Somnus, who changed himself into all\n sorts of animals, whence the name (\u03b5\u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, _similis_). _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 640.\n\n=Ic\u0113ni=, a people of Britain who submitted to the Roman power. They\n inhabited the modern counties of Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5,\n ch. 21.\n\n=Ic\u0115tas=, a man who obtained the supreme power at Syracuse after the\n death of Dion. He attempted to assassinate Timoleon, for which he\n was conquered, &c., B.C. 340. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.\n\n=Ichn\u00e6=, a town of Macedonia, whence Themis and Nemesis are called\n Ichn\u00e6a. _Homer_, _Hymn 3 to Apollo_.\n\n=Ichn\u016bsa=, an ancient name of Sardinia, which it received from its\n likeness to a human foot. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 358.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\n\n=Ichon\u016bphys=, a priest of Heliopolis, at whose house Eudoxus resided\n when he visited Egypt with Plato. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Ichthyoph\u0103gi=, a people of \u00c6thiopia, who received this name from\n their eating fishes. There was also an Indian nation of the same\n name, who made their houses with the bones of fishes. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 12.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 15,\n ch. 7.\n\n=Ichthys=, a promontory of Elis in Achaia. _Strabo_, bk. 11.\n\n=Lucius Icilius=, a tribune of the people who made a law, A.U.C. 397,\n by which mount Aventine was given to the Roman people to build\n houses upon. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 54.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune who made a law,\n A.U.C. 261, that forbade any man to oppose or interrupt a tribune\n while he was speaking in an assembly. _Livy_ bk. 2, ch. 58.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n tribune who signalized himself by his inveterate enmity against the\n Roman senate. He took an active part in the management of affairs\n after the murder of Virginia, &c.\n\n=Icius=, a harbour in Gaul, on the modern straits of Dover, from which\n C\u00e6sar crossed into Britain.\n\n=Iconium=, the capital of Lycaonia, now _Koniech_. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 27.\n\n=Icos=, a small island near Eub\u0153a. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Ictinus=, a celebrated architect, 430 years B.C. He built a famous\n temple to Minerva at Athens, &c.\n\n=Ictumul\u014drum vicus=, a place at the foot of the Alps, abounding in\n gold mines.\n\n=Iculisma=, a town of Gaul, now _Angoulesme_, on the Charente.\n\n=Ida=, a nymph of Crete, who went into Phrygia, where she gave her\n name to a mountain of that country. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li.\n 177.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Minos II.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated mountain, or more\n properly a ridge of mountains in Troas, chiefly in the neighbourhood\n of Troy. The abundance of its waters became the source of many\n rivers, and particularly of the Simois, Scamander, \u00c6sepus, Granicus,\n &c. It was on mount Ida that the shepherd Paris adjudged the prize\n of beauty to the goddess Venus. It was covered with green woods,\n and the elevation of its top opened a fine extensive view of the\n Hellespont and the adjacent countries, from which reason the poets\n say that it was frequented by the gods during the Trojan war.\n _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk.\n 14, li. 283.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bks. 3, 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 4, li. 79.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Crete,\n the highest in the island, where it was reported that Jupiter was\n educated by the Corybantes, who, on that account, were called Id\u00e6i.\n _Strabo_, bk. 10.\n\n=Id\u00e6a=, the surname of Cybele, because she was worshipped on mount Ida.\n _Lucretius_, bk. 2, li. 611.\n\n=Id\u00e6us=, a surname of Jupiter. An arm-bearer and charioteer of king\n Priam, killed during the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li.\n 487.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the attendants of Ascanius. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 500.\n\n=Idalis=, the country round mount Ida. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 204.\n\n=Id\u0103lus=, a mountain of Cyprus, at the foot of which is _Idalium_, a\n town with a grove sacred to Venus, who was called _Idal\u00e6a_. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 685.\u2015\u2015_Catullus_, poems 37 & 62.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_,\n bk. 2, poem 13.\n\n=Idanthyrsus=, a powerful king of Scythia, who refused to give his\n daughter in marriage to Darius I. king of Persia. This refusal\n was the cause of a war between the two nations, and Darius marched\n against Idanthyrsus, at the head of 700,000 men. He was defeated,\n and retired to Persia, after an inglorious campaign. _Strabo_,\n bk. 13.\n\n=Idarnes=, an officer of Darius, by whose negligence the Macedonians\n took Miletus. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\n\n=Idas=, a son of Aphareus and Arane, famous for his valour and\n military glory. He was among the Argonauts, and married Marpessa,\n the daughter of Evenus king of \u00c6tolia. Marpessa was carried away by\n Apollo, and Idas pursued his wife\u2019s ravisher with bows and arrows,\n and obliged him to restore her. _See:_ Marpessa. According to\n Apollodorus, Idas, with his brother Lynceus, associated with Pollux\n and Castor to carry away some flocks; but when they had obtained a\n sufficient quantity of plunder, they refused to divide it into equal\n shares. This provoked the sons of Leda. Lynceus was killed by Castor,\n and Idas, to revenge his brother\u2019s death, immediately killed Castor,\n and in his turn perished by the hand of Pollux. According to Ovid\n and Pausanias, the quarrel between the sons of Leda and those of\n Aphareus arose from a more tender cause. Idas and Lynceus, as they\n say, were going to celebrate their nuptials with Ph\u0153be and Hilaira\n the two daughters of Leucippus; but Castor and Pollux, who had been\n invited to partake the common festivity, offered violence to the\n brides, and carried them away. Idas and Lynceus fell in the attempt\n to recover their wives. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables\n 14, 100, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 700.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bks. 1 & 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2; bk. 5, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n \u00c6gyptus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 575.\n\n=Idea=, or =Id\u00e6a=, a daughter of Dardanus, who became the second\n wife of Phineus king of Bithynia, and abused the confidence reposed\n in her by her husband. _See:_ Phineus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Teucer by\n Scamander. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Idessa=, a town of Iberia on the confines of Colchis. _Strabo_,\n bk. 11.\n\n=Idex=, a small river of Italy, now _Idice_, near Bononia.\n\n=Idistavisus=, a plain, now _Hastenbach_, where Germanicus defeated\n Arminius, near Oldendorp, on the Weser, in Westphalia. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 16.\n\n=Idmon=, son of Apollo and Asteria, or, as some say, of Cyrene, was\n the prophet of the Argonauts. He was killed in hunting a wild boar\n in Bithynia, where his body received a magnificent funeral. He\n had predicted the time and manner of his own death. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Orpheus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A dyer of Colophon, father to Arachne.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Cyzicus, killed\n by Hercules, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6gyptus, killed by\n his wife. _See:_ Danaides.\n\n=Id\u014fm\u0115ne=, a daughter of Pheres, who married Amythaon.\n\n=Id\u014fm\u0115neus=, succeeded his father Deucalion on the throne of Crete,\n and accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan war, with a fleet of 90\n ships. During this celebrated war he rendered himself famous by his\n valour, and slaughtered many of the enemy. At his return he made\n a vow to Neptune in a dangerous tempest, that if he escaped from\n the fury of the seas and storms, he would offer to the god whatever\n living creature first presented itself to his eye on the Cretan\n shore. This was no other than his own son, who came to congratulate\n his father upon his safe return. Idomeneus performed his promise to\n the god, and the inhumanity and rashness of his sacrifice rendered\n him so odious in the eyes of his subjects, that he left Crete, and\n migrated in quest of a settlement. He came to Italy, and founded\n a city on the coast of Calabria, which he called Salentum. He died\n in an extreme old age, after he had had the satisfaction of seeing\n his new kingdom flourish, and his subjects happy. According to\n the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, li. 1217, Idomeneus, during his\n absence in the Trojan war, entrusted the management of his kingdom\n to Leucos, to whom he promised his daughter Clisithere in marriage\n at his return. Leucos at first governed with moderation; but he was\n persuaded by Nauplius king of Eub\u0153a to put to death Meda the wife of\n his master, with her daughter Clisithere, and to seize the kingdom.\n After these violent measures, he strengthened himself on the throne\n of Crete; and Idomeneus, at his return, found it impossible to expel\n the usurper. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 358.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 92.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 19.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 122.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Priam.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek historian of Lampsacus, in the age of\n Epicurus. He wrote a history of Samothrace, the life of Socrates, &c.\n\n=Id\u014fthea=, a daughter of Pr\u0153tus king of Argos. She was restored to\n her senses with her sisters, by Melampus. _See:_ Pr\u0153tides. _Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Proteus, the god who told\n Menelaus how he could return to his country in safety. _Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 363.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the nymphs who educated Jupiter.\n\n=Idrieus=, the son of Euromus of Caria, brother to Artimisia, who\n succeeded to Mausolus, and invaded Cyprus. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 7.\n\n=Idubeda=, a river and mountain of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 3.\n\n=Id\u016bme= and =Id\u016bm\u0113a=, a country of Syria, famous for palm trees. Gaza\n is its capital, where Cambyses deposited his riches, as he was going\n to Egypt. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 216.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li.\n 600.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 12.\n\n=Idya=, one of the Oceanides, who married \u00c6etes king of Colchis, by\n whom she had Medea, &c. _Hyginus._\u2015\u2015_Hesiod._\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura\n Deorum_, bk. 3.\n\n=Jenisus=, a town of Syria. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Jera=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18.\n\n=Jer\u012dcho=, a city of Palestine, besieged and taken by the Romans,\n under Vespasian and Titus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\n\n=Jerne=, a name of Ireland. _Strabo_, bk. 1.\n\n=Jer\u014fmus= and =Jerony\u0306mus=, a Greek of Cardia, who wrote a history of\n Alexander.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Rhodes, disciple of Aristotle, of whose\n compositions some few historical fragments remain. _Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Jerusalem=, the capital of Jud\u00e6a. _See:_ Hierosolyma.\n\n=Jet\u00e6=, a place of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 272.\n\n=Ig\u0113ni=, a people of Britain. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, &c.\n\n=Igilium=, now _Giglio_, an island of the Mediterranean, on the coast\n of Tuscany. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1,\n ch. 34.\n\n=Ignatius=, an officer of Crassus in his Parthian expedition.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n bishop of Antioch, torn to pieces in the amphitheatre at Rome, by\n lions, during a persecution, A.D. 107. His writings were letters to\n the Ephesians, Romans, &c., and he supported the divinity of Christ,\n and the propriety of the episcopal order, as superior to priests\n and deacons. The best edition of his work is that of Oxford, in 8vo,\n 1708.\n\n=Iguvium=, a town of Umbria, on the Via Flaminia, now _Gubio_.\n _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 13.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 8, li. 460.\n\n=Ila\u012bra=, or =Hilaira=, a daughter of Leucippus, carried away with her\n sister Ph\u0153be, by the sons of Leda, as she was going to be married,\n &c.\n\n=Ilba=, more properly Ilva, an island of the Tyrrhene sea, two miles\n from the continent. _See:_ Ilua. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 173.\n\n=Ilecaones= and =Ilecaonenses=, a people of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 22,\n ch. 21.\n\n=Ilerda=, now _Lerida_, a town of Spain, the capital of the Ilergetes,\n on an eminence on the right bank of the river Sicoris in Catalonia.\n _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 23; bk. 22, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 13.\n\n=Ilergetes.= _See:_ Ilerda.\n\n=Ilia=, or =Rhea=, a daughter of Numitor king of Alba, consecrated by\n her uncle Amulius to the service of Vesta, which required perpetual\n chastity, that she might not become a mother to dispossess him of\n his crown. He was, however, disappointed; violence was offered to\n Ilia, and she brought forth Romulus and Remus, who drove the usurper\n from his throne, and restored the crown to their grandfather Numitor,\n its lawful possessor. Ilia was buried alive by Amulius for violating\n the laws of Vesta; and because her tomb was near the Tiber, some\n supposed that she married the god of that river. _Horace_, bk. 1,\n ode 2.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 277.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2,\n li. 598.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wife of Sylla.\n\n=Ili\u0103ci ludi=, games instituted by Augustus, in commemoration of the\n victory which he had obtained over Antony and Cleopatra. They are\n supposed to be the same as the _Trojani ludi_ and the _Actia_; and\n Virgil says they were celebrated by \u00c6neas, and not because they\n were instituted at the time when he wrote his poem, but because he\n wished to compliment Augustus by making the founder of Lavinium\n solemnize games on the very spot which was, many centuries after,\n to be immortalized by the trophies of his patron. During these\n games were exhibited horse-races, and gymnastic exercises. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 280.\n\n=Ili\u0103cus=, an epithet applied to such as belong to Troy. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 101.\n\n=Ili\u0103des=, a surname given to Romulus, as son of Ilia. _Ovid._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n name given to the Trojan women. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 484.\n\n=Ilias=, a celebrated poem composed by Homer, upon the Trojan war. It\n delineates the wrath of Achilles, and all the calamities which befel\n the Greeks, from the refusal of that hero to appear in the field\n of battle. It finished at the death of Hector, whom Achilles had\n sacrificed to the shades of his friend Patroclus. It is divided into\n 24 books. _See:_ Homerus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Minerva, from a temple\n which she had at Daulis in Phocis.\n\n=Ilienses=, a people of Sardinia. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 19; bk. 41,\n chs. 6 & 12.\n\n=Ilion=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27. _See:_ Ilium.\n\n=Il\u012done=, the eldest daughter of Priam, who married Polymnestor king\n of Thrace. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 657.\n\n=Ili\u014fneus=, a Trojan, son of Phorbas. He came into Italy with \u00c6neas.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 525.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Artabanus, made\n prisoner by Parmenio, near Damascus. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Niobe\u2019s sons. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 6.\n\n=Ilipa=, a town of B\u00e6tica. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 1.\n\n=Ilissus=, a small river of Attica, falling into the sea near the\n Pir\u00e6us. There was a temple on its banks sacred to the muses.\n _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 52.\n\n=Il\u012dthy\u012ba=, a goddess, called also Juno Lucina. Some suppose her to be\n the same as Diana. She presided over the travails of women; and in\n her temple at Rome, it was usual to carry a small piece of money as\n an offering. This custom was first established by Servius Tullius,\n who, by enforcing it, was enabled to know the exact number of the\n Roman people. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 450.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk.\n 11, ode 19.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, _Carmen S\u00e6culare_.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 283.\n\n=Ilium=, or =Ilion=, a citadel of Troy, built by Ilus, one of the\n Trojan kings, from whom it received its name. It is generally\n taken for Troy itself; and some have supposed that the town was\n called Ilium, and the adjacent country Troja. _See:_ Troja. _Livy_,\n bk. 35, ch. 43; bk. 37, chs. 9 & 37.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 505.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 5; bk. 31, ch. 8.\n\n=Illiberis=, a town of Gaul, through which Hannibal passed as he\n marched into Italy.\n\n=Illice=, now _Elche_, a town of Spain, with a harbour and bay, _Sinus\n et Portus Illicitanus_, now _Alicant_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\n\n=Illip\u016dla=, two towns of Spain, one of which is called Major, and the\n other Minor.\n\n=Illiturgis=, =Iliturgus=, or =Ilirgia=, a city of Spain, near the\n modern Andujar, on the river B\u00e6tis, destroyed by Scipio, for having\n revolted to the Carthaginians. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 49; bk. 24,\n ch. 41; bk. 26, ch. 17.\n\n=Ilorcis=, now _Lorca_, a town of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\n\n=Illy\u0306r\u012dcum=, =Illy\u0306ris=, and =Illy\u0306ria=, a country bordering on the\n Adriatic sea, opposite Italy, whose boundaries have been different\n at different times. It became a Roman province, after Gentius its\n king had been conquered by the pretor Anicius; and it now forms\n part of Croatia, Bosnia, and Sclavonia. _Strabo_, bks. 2 & 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus_,\n bks. 1, 2, &c.\n\n=Illy\u0306r\u012bcus sinus=, that part of the Adriatic which is on the coast of\n Illyricum.\n\n=Illy\u0306rius=, a son of Cadmus and Hermione, from whom Illyricum received\n its name. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Ilua=, now _Elba_, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, between Italy\n and Corsica, celebrated for its iron mines. The people are called\n _Iluates_. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 39.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n li. 173.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6; bk. 34, ch. 14.\n\n=Iluro=, now _Oleron_, a town of Gascony in France.\n\n=Ilus=, the fourth king of Troy, was son of Tros by Callirhoe. He\n married Eurydice the daughter of Adrastus, by whom he had Themis,\n who married Capys, and Laomedon the father of Priam. He built, or\n rather embellished, the city of Ilium, called also Troy, from his\n father Tros. Jupiter gave him the Palladium, a celebrated statue\n of Minerva, and promised that as long as it remained in Troy, so\n long would the town remain impregnable. When the temple of Minerva\n was in flames, Ilus rushed into the middle of the fire to save the\n Palladium, for which action he was deprived of his sight by the\n goddess; though he recovered it some time after. _Homer_, _Iliad_.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 4, li. 33; bk. 6, li. 419.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name of Ascanius, while he was\n at Troy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 272.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Turnus,\n killed by Pallas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 400.\n\n=Ilyrgis=, a town of Hispania B\u00e6tica, now _Ilora_. _Polybius._\n\n=Imanuentius=, a king of part of Britain, killed by Cassivelaunus, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5.\n\n=Imaus=, a large mountain of Scythia, which is part of mount Taurus.\n It divides Scythia, which is generally called _Intra Imaum_,\n and _Extra Imaum_. It extends, according to some, as far as the\n boundaries of the eastern ocean. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 1.\n\n=Imb\u0103rus=, a part of mount Taurus in Armenia.\n\n=Imbr\u0103s\u012ddes=, a patronymic given to Asius, as son of Imbracus.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 123.\n\n=Imbr\u0103s\u012ddes=, a patronymic given to Glaucus and Lades, as sons of\n Imbrasus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 343.\n\n=Imbr\u0103sus=, or =Parthenius=, a river of Samos. Juno, who was worshipped\n on its banks, received the surname of _Imbrasia_. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Pirus, the leader of the Thracians during\n the Trojan war. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bks. 10 & 12.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 4, li. 520.\n\n=Imbreus=, one of the Centaurs, killed by Dryas at the nuptials of\n Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 310.\n\n=Imbrex Caius Licinius=, a poet. _See:_ Licinius.\n\n=Imbrius=, a Trojan, killed by Teucer son of Mentor. He had married\n Medesicaste, Priam\u2019s daughter. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13.\n\n=Imbrivium=, a place of Samnium.\n\n=Imbros=, now _Embro_, an island of the \u00c6gean sea, near Thrace, 32\n miles from Samothrace, with a small river and town of the same name.\n Imbros was governed for some time by its own laws, but afterwards\n subjected to the power of Persia, Athens, Macedonia, and the kings\n of Pergamus. It afterwards became a Roman province. The divinities\n particularly worshipped there were Ceres and Mercury. _Thucydides_,\n bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 10,\n li. 18.\n\n=In\u0103chi=, a name given to the Greeks, particularly the Argives, from\n king Inachus.\n\n=Inachia=, a name given to Peloponnesus, from the river Inachus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n festival in Crete in honour of Inachus; or, according to others, of\n Ino\u2019s misfortunes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A courtesan in the age of _Horace_, Epode 12.\n\n=In\u0103ch\u012dd\u00e6=, the name of the eight first successors of Inachus, on the\n throne of Argos.\n\n=In\u0103ch\u012dles=, a patronymic of Epaphus, as grandson of Inachus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 704.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also of Perseus, descended from\n Inachus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 11.\n\n=In\u0103chis=, a patronymic of Io, as daughter of Inachus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 1, li. 454.\n\n=In\u0103chium=, a town of Peloponnesus.\n\n=In\u0103chus=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys, father of Io, and also of\n Phoroneus and \u00c6gialeus. He founded the kingdom of Argos, and was\n succeeded by Phoroneus, B.C. 1807, and gave his name to a river of\n Argos, of which he became the tutelar deity. He reigned 60 years.\n _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 151.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Argos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in\n Epirus.\n\n=Inam\u0103mes=, a river in the east of Asia, as far as which Semiramis\n extended her empire. _Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=Inar\u012dme=, an island near Campania, with a mountain under which\n Jupiter confined the giant Typh\u0153us. It is now called _Ischia_, and\n is remarkable for its fertility and population. There was formerly\n a volcano in the middle of the island. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 716.\n\n=In\u0103rus=, a town of Egypt, in whose neighbourhood the town of Naucratis\n was built by the Milesians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Egypt, who died B.C. 456.\n\n=Incit\u0101tus=, a horse of the emperor Caligula, made high priest.\n\n=Indathyrsus=. _See:_ Idanthyrsus.\n\n=India=, the most celebrated and opulent of all the countries of\n Asia, bounded on one side by the Indus, from which it derives its\n name. It is situate at the south of the kingdoms of Persia, Parthia,\n &c., along the maritime coasts. It has always been reckoned famous\n for the riches it contains; and so persuaded were the ancients\n of its wealth, that they supposed that its very sands were gold.\n It contained 9000 different nations, and 5000 remarkable cities,\n according to geographers. Bacchus was the first who conquered it. In\n more recent ages, part of it was tributary to the power of Persia.\n Alexander invaded it; but his conquest was checked by the valour of\n Porus, one of the kings of the country, and the Macedonian warrior\n was unwilling or afraid to engage another. Semiramis also extended\n her empire far in India. The Romans knew little of the country, yet\n their power was so universally dreaded, that the Indians paid homage\n by their ambassadors to the emperors Antoninus, Trajan, &c. India\n is divided into several provinces. There is an India _extra Gangem_,\n an India _intra Gangem_, and an India _propria_; but these divisions\n are not particularly noticed by the ancients, who, even in the age\n of Augustus, gave the name of Indians to the \u00c6thiopian nations.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 28.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 12, ch. 7.\n\n=Indib\u012dlis=, a princess of Spain betrothed to Albutius.\n\n=Ind\u012dg\u0115tes=, a name given to those deities who were worshipped only\n in some particular places, or who were become gods from men, as\n Hercules, Bacchus, &c. Some derive the word from _Inde et geniti_,\n born at the same place where they received their worship. _Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 498.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,\n li. 608.\n\n=Ind\u012dg\u0115ti=, a people of Spain.\n\n=Indus=, now _Sinde_, a large river of Asia, from which the adjacent\n country has received the name of India. It falls into the Indian\n ocean by two mouths. According to Plato, it was larger than the Nile;\n and Pliny says that 19 rivers discharge themselves into it, before\n it falls into the sea. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 52.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 720.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n river of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 14.\n\n=Indutiomarus=, a Gaul, conquered by C\u00e6sar, &c. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\n\n=Inferum mare=, the Tuscan sea.\n\n=Ino=, a daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, who nursed Bacchus. She\n married Athamas king of Thebes, after he had divorced Nephele, by\n whom he had two children, Phryxus and Helle. Ino became mother of\n Melicerta and Learchus, and soon conceived an implacable hatred\n against the children of Nephele, because they were to ascend the\n throne in preference to her own. Phryxus and Helle were informed\n of Ino\u2019s machinations, and they escaped to Colchis on a golden\n ram. _See:_ Phryxus. Juno, jealous of Ino\u2019s prosperity, resolved\n to disturb her peace; and more particularly because she was of\n the descendants of her greatest enemy, Venus. Tisiphone was sent,\n by order of the goddess, to the house of Athamas; and she filled\n the whole palace with such fury, that Athamas, taking Ino to be a\n lioness, and her children whelps, pursued her, and dashed her son\n Learchus against a wall. Ino escaped from the fury of her husband,\n and from a high rock she threw herself into the sea, with Melicerta\n in her arms. The gods pitied her fate, and Neptune made her a sea\n deity, which was afterwards called Leucothoe. Melicerta became also\n a sea god, known by the name of Pal\u00e6mon. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_; _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3,\n ch. 48.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 13, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 12, 14, & 15.\n\n=In\u014da=, festivals in memory of Ino, celebrated yearly with sports and\n sacrifices at Corinth. An anniversary sacrifice was also offered\n to Ino at Megara, where she was first worshipped, under the name\n of Leucothoe.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Laconia, in honour of the same. It was\n usual at the celebration to throw cakes of flour into a pond, which,\n if they sunk, were presages of prosperity; but if they swam on the\n surface of the waters, they were inauspicious and very unlucky.\n\n=Inous=, a patronymic given to the god Pal\u00e6mon, as son of Ino.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 823.\n\n=In\u014dpus=, a river of Delos, which the inhabitants suppose to be the\n Nile, coming from Egypt under the sea. It was near its banks that\n Apollo and Diana were born. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_,\n bk. 5, li. 105.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Ins\u016dbres=, the inhabitants of Insubria, a country near the Po,\n supposed to be of Gallic origin. They were conquered by the Romans,\n and their country became a province, where the modern towns of Milan\n and Pavia were built. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11,\n ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_,\n bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Intaphernes=, one of the seven Persian noblemen who conspired against\n Smerdis, who usurped the crown of Persia. He was so disappointed for\n not obtaining the crown, that he fomented seditions against Darius,\n who had been raised to the throne after the death of the usurper.\n When the king had ordered him and all his family to be put to death,\n his wife, by frequently visiting the palace, excited the compassion\n of Darius, who pardoned her, and permitted her to redeem from\n death any one of her relations whom she pleased. She obtained her\n brother; and when the king expressed his astonishment, because she\n preferred him to her husband and children, she replied that she\n could procure another husband, and children likewise; out that she\n could never have another brother, as her father and mother were dead.\n Intaphernes was put to death. _Herodotus_, bk. 3.\n\n=Intemelium=, a town at the west of Liguria, on the sea-shore.\n _Cicero_, \u2666_Letters to his Friends_, bk. 8, ch. 14.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Div.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Letters to his Friends\u2019\n\n=Interamna=, an ancient city of Umbria, the birthplace of the historian\n Tacitus, and of the emperor of the same name. It is situate between\n two branches of the Nar (_interamnes_), whence its name. _Varro_,\n _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2,\n ch. 64.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A colony on the confines of Samnium, on the Liris.\n\n=Intercatia=, a town of Spain.\n\n=Interrex=, a supreme magistrate at Rome, who was intrusted with the\n care of the government after the death of a king, till the election\n of another. This office was exercised by the senators alone, and\n none continued in power longer than five days, or, according to\n Plutarch, only 12 hours. The first interrex mentioned in Roman\n history, is after the death of Romulus, when the Romans quarrelled\n with the Sabines concerning the choice of a king. There was\n sometimes an interrex during the consular government; but this\n happened only to hold assemblies in the absence of the magistrates,\n or when the election of any of the acting officers was disputed.\n _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\n\n=Inui castrum.= _See:_ Castrum Inui. It received its name from Inuus,\n a divinity supposed to be the same as the Faunus of the Latins, and\n worshipped in this city.\n\n=In\u0233cus=, a city of Sicily. _Herodotus_.\n\n=Io=, daughter of Inachus, or, according to others, of Jasus or\n Pirenes, was priestess of Juno at Argos. Jupiter became enamoured\n of her; but Juno, jealous of his intrigues, discovered the object\n of his affections, and surprised him in the company of Io, though\n he had shrouded himself in all the obscurity of clouds and thick\n mists. Jupiter changed his mistress into a beautiful heifer; and\n the goddess, who well knew the fraud, obtained from her husband the\n animal whose beauty she had condescended to commend. Juno commanded\n the hundred-eyed Argus to watch the heifer; but Jupiter, anxious for\n the situation of Io, sent Mercury to destroy Argus, and to restore\n her to liberty. _See:_ Argus. Io, freed from the vigilance of Argus,\n was now persecuted by Juno; who sent one of the furies, or rather\n a malicious insect, to torment her. She wandered over the greatest\n part of the earth, and crossed over the sea, till at last she\n stopped on the banks of the Nile, still exposed to the unceasing\n torments of Juno\u2019s insect. Here she entreated Jupiter to restore her\n to her ancient form; and when the god had changed her from a heifer\n into a woman, she brought forth Epaphus. Afterwards she married\n Telegonus king of Egypt, or Osiris, according to others, and she\n treated her subjects with such mildness and humanity, that after\n death she received divine honours, and was worshipped under the name\n of Isis. According to Herodotus, Io was carried away by Ph\u0153nician\n merchants, who wished to make reprisals for Europa, who had been\n stolen from them by the Greeks. Some suppose that Io never came\n to Egypt. She is sometimes called _Phoronis_, from her brother\n Phoroneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 748.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 25; bk. 3, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Moschus._\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 789.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 145.\n\n=Iobates= and =Jobates=, a king of Lycia, father of Stenob\u0153a, the\n wife of Pr\u0153tus king of Argos. He was succeeded on the throne by\n Bellerophon, to whom he had given one of his daughters, called\n Philonoe, in marriage. _See:_ Bellerophon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 57.\n\n=Iobes=, a son of Hercules by a daughter of Thespius. He died in his\n youth. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Jocasta=, a daughter of Men\u0153ceus, who married Laius king of Thebes,\n by whom she had \u0152dipus. She afterwards married her son \u0152dipus,\n without knowing who he was, and had by him Eteocles, Polynices,\n &c. _See:_ Laius, \u0152dipus. When she discovered that she had married\n her own son, and had been guilty of incest, she hanged herself in\n despair. She is called _Epicasta_ by some mythologists. _Statius_,\n _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 42.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_ & _Sophocles_, _\u0152dipus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 66, &c.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 11.\n\n=Iolaia=, a festival at Thebes, the same as that called Heracleia.\n It was instituted in honour of Hercules and his friend Iolas, who\n assisted him in conquering the hydra. It continued during several\n days, on the first of which were offered solemn sacrifices. The\n next day horse-races and athletic exercises were exhibited. The\n following day was set apart for wrestling; the victors were crowned\n with garlands of myrtle, generally used at funeral solemnities. They\n were sometimes rewarded with tripods of brass. The place where the\n exercises were exhibited was called Iolaion, where there were to be\n seen the monument of Amphitryon, and the cenotaph of Iolas, who was\n buried in Sardinia. These monuments were strewed with garlands and\n flowers on the day of the festival.\n\n=I\u014flas=, or =Iol\u0101us=, a son of Iphiclus king of Thessaly, who assisted\n Hercules in conquering the hydra, and burnt with a hot iron the\n place where the heads had been cut off, to prevent the growth of\n others. _See:_ Hydra. He was restored to his youth and vigour by\n Hebe, at the request of his friend Hercules. Some time afterwards,\n Iolas assisted the Heraclid\u00e6 against Eurystheus, and killed the\n tyrant with his own hand. According to Plutarch, Iolas had a\n monument in B\u0153otia and Phocis, where lovers used to go and bind\n themselves by the most solemn oaths of fidelity, considering the\n place as sacred to love and friendship. According to Diodorus and\n Pausanias, Iolas died and was buried in Sardinia, where he had gone\n to make a settlement at the head of the sons of Hercules by the 50\n daughters of Thespius. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 399.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n compiler of a Ph\u0153nician history.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of \u00c6neas, killed by\n Catillus in the Rutulian wars. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 640.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Antipater, cup-bearer to Alexander. _Plutarch._\n\n=Iolchos=, a town of Magnesia, above Demetrias, where Jason was born.\n It was founded by Cretheus son of \u00c6olus and Enaretta. Mela mentions\n it as at some distance from the sea, though all the other ancient\n geographers place it on the sea-shore. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 192.\n\n=I\u014fle=, a daughter of Eurytus king of \u0152chalia. Her father promised her\n in marriage to Hercules, but he refused to perform his engagements,\n and Iole was carried away by force. _See:_ Eurytus. It was to\n extinguish the love of Hercules for Iole that Dejanira sent him the\n poisoned tunic, which caused his death. _See:_ Hercules and Dejanira.\n After the death of Hercules, Iole married his son Hyllus by Dejanira.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_ _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 279.\n\n=Ion=, a son of Xuthus and Creusa daughter of Erechtheus, who married\n Helice, the daughter of Selinus king of \u00c6giale. He succeeded on\n the throne of his father-in-law, and built a city, which he called\n Helice, on account of his wife. His subjects from him received the\n name of Ionians, and the country that of Ionia. _See:_ Iones and\n Ionia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 94; bk. 8, ch. 44.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n tragic poet of Chios, whose tragedies, when represented at Athens,\n met with universal applause. He is mentioned and greatly commended\n by Aristophanes and Athen\u00e6us, &c. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 10, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n native of Ephesus, introduced in Plato\u2019s dialogues as reasoning with\n Socrates.\n\n=I\u014dne=, one of the Nereides.\n\n=I\u014dnes=, a name originally given to the subjects of Ion, who dwelt\n at Helice. In the age of Ion the Athenians made a war against the\n people of Eleusis, and implored his aid against their enemies. Ion\n conquered the Eleusinians and Eumolpus, who was at their head; and\n the Athenians, sensible of his services, invited him to come and\n settle among them; and the more strongly to show their affection,\n they assumed the name of Ionians. Some suppose that, after this\n victory, Ion passed into Asia Minor, at the head of a colony. When\n the Ach\u00e6ans were driven from Peloponnesus by the Heraclid\u00e6, 80 years\n after the Trojan war, they came to settle among the Ionians, who\n were then masters of \u00c6gialus. They were soon dispossessed of their\n territories by the Ach\u00e6ans, and went to Attica, where they met with\n a cordial reception. Their migration from Greece to Asia Minor was\n about 60 years after the return of the Heraclid\u00e6, B.C. 1044, and 80\n years after the departure of the \u00c6olians; and they therefore finally\n settled themselves, after a wandering life of about 30 years.\n\n=I\u014dnia=, a country of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by \u00c6olia, on\n the west by the \u00c6gean and Icarian seas, on the south by Caria, and\n on the east by Lydia and part of Caria. It was founded by colonies\n from Greece, and particularly Attica, by the Ionians, or subjects\n of Ion. Ionia was divided into 12 small states, which formed a\n celebrated confederacy, often mentioned by the ancients. These 12\n states were Priene, Miletus, Colophon, Clazomen\u00e6, Ephesus, Lebedos,\n Teos, Phoc\u00e6a, Erythr\u00e6, Smyrna, and the capitals of Samos and Chios.\n The inhabitants of Ionia built a temple, which they called _Pan\n Ionium_, from the concourse of people that flocked there from every\n part of Ionia. After they had enjoyed for some time their freedom\n and independence, they were made tributary to the power of Lydia\n by Cr\u0153sus. The Athenians assisted them to shake off the slavery of\n the Asiatic monarchs; but they soon forgot their duty and relation\n to their mother country, and joined Xerxes when he invaded Greece.\n They were delivered from the Persian yoke by Alexander, and restored\n to their original independence. They were reduced by the Romans\n under the dictator Sylla. Ionia has been always celebrated for\n the salubrity of the climate, the fruitfulness of the ground, and\n the genius of its inhabitants. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 6 & 28.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient name given to Hellas, or Achaia, because it was\n for some time the residence of the Ionians.\n\n=I\u014dnium mare=, a part of the Mediterranean sea, at the bottom of the\n Adriatic, lying between Sicily and Greece. That part of the \u00c6gean\n sea which lies on the coast of Ionia, in Asia, is called the _sea\n of Ionia_, and not the _Ionian sea_. According to some authors, the\n Ionian sea receives its name from Io, who swam across there, after\n she had been metamorphosed into a heifer. _Strabo_, bk. 7, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius Periegetes._\n\n=I\u014dpas=, a king of Africa, among the suitors of Dido. He was an\n excellent musician, poet, and philosopher, and he exhibited his\n superior abilities at the entertainment which Dido gave to \u00c6neas.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 744.\n\n=I\u014dpe= and =Joppa=, now _Jafa_, a famous town of Ph\u0153nicia, more\n ancient than the deluge, according to some traditions. It was about\n 40 miles from the capital of Jud\u00e6a, and was remarkable for a seaport\n much frequented, though very dangerous on account of the great rocks\n that lie before it. _Strabo_, bk. 16, &c.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2,\n poem 28, li. 51.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Iphicles, who married Theseus.\n _Plutarch._\n\n=I\u014fphon=, a son of Sophocles, who accused his father of imprudence\n in the management of his affairs, &c. _Lucian_, _de Macrobii_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n poet of Gnossus, in Crete. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 34.\n\n=Jord\u0101nes=, a river of Jud\u00e6a, illustrious in sacred history. It rises\n near mount Libanus, and after running through the lake Samachonitis,\n and that of Tiberias, it falls, after a course of 150 miles, into\n the Dead sea. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Jornandes=, an historian who wrote a book on the Goths. He died\n A.D. 552.\n\n=Ios=, now _Nio_, an island in the Myrtoan sea, at the south of Naxos,\n celebrated, as some say, for the tomb of Homer, and the birth of his\n mother. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Jos\u0113phus Flavius=, a celebrated Jew, born in Jerusalem, who\n signalized his military abilities in supporting a siege of 47 days\n against Vespasian and Titus, in a small town of Jud\u00e6a. When the city\n surrendered, there were not found less than 40,000 Jews slain, and\n the number of captives amounted to 1200. Josephus saved his life\n by flying into a cave, where 40 of his countrymen had also taken\n refuge. He dissuaded them from committing suicide, and when they had\n all drawn lots to kill one another, Josephus fortunately remained\n the last, and surrendered himself to Vespasian. He gained the\n conqueror\u2019s esteem, by foretelling that he would become one day\n the master of the Roman empire. Josephus was present at the siege\n of Jerusalem by Titus, and received all the sacred books which it\n contained from the conqueror\u2019s hands. He came to Rome with Titus,\n where he was honoured with the name and privileges of a Roman\n citizen. Here he made himself esteemed by the emperors Vespasian\n and Titus, and dedicated his time to study. He wrote the history of\n the wars of the Jews, first in Syriac, and afterwards translated it\n into Greek. This composition so pleased Titus, that he authenticated\n it by placing his signature upon it, and preserving it in one of\n the public libraries. He finished another work, which he divided\n into 20 books, containing the history of the Jewish antiquities, in\n some places subversive of the authority and miracles mentioned in\n the scriptures. He also wrote two books to defend the Jews against\n Apion their greatest enemy; besides an account of his own life, &c.\n Josephus has been admired for his lively and animated style, the\n bold propriety of his expressions, the exactness of his descriptions,\n and the persuasive eloquence of his orations. He has been called the\n Livy of the Greeks. Though in some cases inimical to the christians,\n yet he has commended our Saviour so warmly, that St. Jerome calls\n him a christian writer. Josephus died A.D. 93, in the 56th year of\n his age. The best editions of his works are Hudson\u2019s, 2 vols., folio,\n Oxford, 1720, and Havercamp\u2019s, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1726.\n _Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, &c.\n\n=Jovi\u0101nus Flavius Claudius=, a native of Pannonia, elected emperor of\n Rome by the soldiers after the death of Julian. He at first refused\n to be invested with the imperial purple, because his subjects\n followed the religious principles of the late emperor; but they\n removed his groundless apprehensions, and when they assured him\n that they were warm for christianity, he accepted the crown. He\n made a disadvantageous treaty with the Persians, against whom Julian\n was marching with a victorious army. Jovian died seven months and\n 20 days after his ascension, and was found in his bed suffocated\n by the vapour of charcoal, which had been lighted in the room,\n A.D. 364. Some attribute his death to intemperance, and say that he\n was the son of a baker. He burned a celebrated library at Antioch.\n _Marcellinus._\n\n=Iphianassa=, a daughter of Pr\u0153tus king of Argos, who, with her\n sisters Iphinoe and Lysippe, ridiculed Juno, &c. _See:_ Pr\u0153tides.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Endymion.\n\n=Iph\u012dclus=, or =Iphicles=, a son of Amphitryon and Alcmena, born at\n the same birth with Hercules. As these two children were together\n in the cradle, Juno, jealous of Hercules, sent two large serpents\n to destroy him. At the sight of the serpents, Iphicles alarmed the\n house; but Hercules, though not a year old, boldly seized them,\n one in each hand, and squeezed them to death. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Theocritus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Phylace, in Phthiotis, son of\n Phylacus and Clymene. He had bulls famous for their bigness, and\n the monster which kept them. Melampus, at the request of his brother\n [_See:_ Melampus], attempted to steal them away, but he was caught\n in the act, and imprisoned. Iphicles soon received some advantages\n from the prophetical knowledge of his prisoner, and not only\n restored him to liberty, but also presented him with the oxen.\n Iphicles, who was childless, learned from the soothsayer how\n to become a father. He had married Automedusa, and afterwards\n a daughter of Creon king of Thebes. He was father to Podarce\n and Protesilaus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11; _Iliad_, bk. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Thestius king of Pleuron. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Iphicr\u0103tes=, a celebrated general of Athens, who, though son of\n a shoemaker, rose from the lowest station to the highest offices\n in the state. He made war against the Thracians, obtained some\n victories over the Spartans, and assisted the Persian king against\n Egypt. He changed the dress and arms of his soldiers, and rendered\n them more alert and expeditious in using their weapons. He married\n a daughter of Cotys king of Thrace, by whom he had a son called\n Mnesteus, and died 380 B.C. When he was once reproached for the\n meanness of his origin, he observed that he would be the first of\n his family, but that his detractor would be the last of his own.\n _Cornelius Nepos_, _Iphicrates_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sculptor of Athens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n Athenian sent to Darius III. king of Persia, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 3,\n ch. 13.\n\n=Iph\u012dd\u0103mus=, a son of Antenor and Theano, killed by Agamemnon. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 11.\n\n=Iph\u012dd\u0115m\u012ba=, a Thessalian woman, ravished by the Naxians, &c.\n\n=Iph\u012dg\u0113n\u012da=, a daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When the\n Greeks, going to the Trojan war, were detained by contrary winds at\n Aulis, they were informed by one of the soothsayers, that to appease\n the gods, they must sacrifice Iphigenia, Agamemnon\u2019s daughter, to\n Diana. _See:_ Agamemnon. The father, who had provoked the goddess\n by killing her favourite stag, heard this with the greatest horror\n and indignation, and rather than to shed the blood of his daughter,\n he commanded one of his heralds, as chief of the Grecian forces,\n to order all the assembly to depart each to his respective home.\n Ulysses and the other generals interfered, and Agamemnon consented\n to immolate his daughter for the common cause of Greece. As\n Iphigenia was tenderly loved by her mother, the Greeks sent for\n her on pretence of giving her in marriage to Achilles. Clytemnestra\n gladly permitted her departure, and Iphigenia came to Aulis: here\n she saw the bloody preparations for the sacrifice; she implored the\n forgiveness and protection of her father, but tears and entreaties\n were unavailing. Calchas took the knife in his hand, and as he was\n going to strike the fatal blow, Iphigenia suddenly disappeared,\n and a goat of uncommon size and beauty was found in her place for\n the sacrifice. This supernatural change animated the Greeks, the\n wind suddenly became favourable, and the combined fleet set sail\n from Aulis. Iphigenia\u2019s innocence had raised the compassion of\n the goddess on whose altar she was going to be sacrificed, and she\n carried her to Taurica, where she entrusted her with the care of her\n temple. In this sacred office Iphigenia was obliged, by the command\n of Diana, to sacrifice all the strangers who came into that country.\n Many had already been offered as victims on the bloody altar, when\n Orestes and Pylades came to Taurica. Their mutual and unparalleled\n friendship [_See:_ Pylades and Orestes] disclosed to Iphigenia\n that one of the strangers whom she was going to sacrifice was her\n brother; and, upon this, she conspired with the two friends to\n fly from the barbarous country, and carry away the statue of the\n goddess. They successfully effected their enterprise, and murdered\n Thoas, who enforced the human sacrifices. According to some authors,\n the Iphigenia who was sacrificed at Aulis was not a daughter of\n Agamemnon, but a daughter of Helen by \u2666Theseus. Homer does not speak\n of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, though very minute in the description\n of the Grecian forces, adventures, &c. The statue of Diana, which\n Iphigenia brought away, was afterwards placed in the grove of\n Aricia in Italy. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22; bk. 3, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 31.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, ch. 116.\n \u2015\u2015_Aeschylus._\u2015\u2015_Euripides._\n\n \u2666 \u2018Thesus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Theseus\u2019\n\n=Iph\u012dm\u0115d\u012ba=, a daughter of Tropias, who married the giant Al\u0153us. She\n fled from her husband, and had two sons, Otus and Ephialtes, by\n Neptune, her father\u2019s father. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 124.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\n\n=Iphimedon=, a son of Eurystheus, killed in a war against the Athenians\n and Heraclid\u00e6. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Iph\u012dm\u0115d\u016bsa=, one of the daughters of Danaus, who married Euchenor.\n _See:_ Danaides.\n\n=Iphinoe=, one of the principal women of Lemnos, who conspired to\n destroy all the males of the island after their return from a\n Thracian expedition. _Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 163.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n daughters of Pr\u0153tus. She died of a disease while under the care of\n Melampus. _See:_ Pr\u0153tides.\n\n=Iphinous=, one of the centaurs. _Ovid._\n\n=Iphis=, son of Alector, succeeded his father on the throne of Argos.\n He advised Polynices, who wished to engage Amphiaraus in the Theban\n war, to bribe his wife Eriphyle, by giving her the golden collar\n of Harmonia. This succeeded, and Eriphyle betrayed her husband.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bks. 1, 3, & 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A beautiful\n youth of Salamis, of ignoble birth. He became enamoured of Anaxarete,\n and the coldness and contempt he met with rendered him so desperate\n that he hung himself. Anaxarete saw him carried to his grave\n without emotion, and was instantly changed into a stone. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 703.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Thespius.\n _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mistress of Patroclus, given him by Achilles.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Ligdus and Telethusa, of\n Crete. When Telethusa was pregnant, Ligdus ordered her to destroy\n her child, if it proved a daughter, because his poverty could\n not afford to maintain a useless charge. The severe orders of her\n husband alarmed Telethusa, and she would have obeyed, had not Isis\n commanded her in a dream to spare the life of her child. Telethusa\n brought forth a daughter, which was given to a nurse, and passed\n for a boy under the name of Iphis. Ligdus continued ignorant of the\n deceit, and when Iphis was come to the years of puberty, her father\n resolved to give her in marriage to Ianthe, the beautiful daughter\n of Telestes. A day to celebrate the nuptials was appointed, but\n Telethusa and her daughter were equally anxious to put off the\n marriage; and, when all was unavailing, they implored the assistance\n of Isis, by whose advice the life of Iphis had been preserved. The\n goddess was moved; she changed the sex of Iphis, and, on the morrow,\n the nuptials were consummated with the greatest rejoicings. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 666, &c.\n\n=Iphition=, an ally of the Trojans, son of Otryntheus and Nais, killed\n by Achilles. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 382.\n\n=Iph\u012dtus=, a son of Eurytus king of \u0152chalia. When his father had\n promised his daughter Iole to him who could overcome him or his sons\n in drawing the bow, Hercules accepted the challenge, and came off\n victorious. Eurytus refused his daughter to the conqueror, observing\n that Hercules had killed one of his wives in a fury, and that Iole\n might perhaps share the same fate. Some time after, Autolycus stole\n away the oxen of Eurytus, and Hercules was suspected of the theft.\n Iphitus was sent in quest of the oxen, and in his search he met with\n Hercules, whose good favours he had gained by advising Eurytus to\n give Iole to the conqueror. Hercules assisted Iphitus in seeking\n the lost animals; but when he recollected the ingratitude of Eurytus,\n he killed Iphitus by throwing him down from the walls of Tirynthus.\n _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 21.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Trojan, who survived the ruin of his country, and fled with \u00c6neas\n to Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 340, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Elis,\n son of Praxonides, in the age of Lycurgus. He re-established the\n olympic games 338 years after their institution by Hercules, or\n about 884 years before the christian era. This epoch is famous in\n chronological history, as everything previous to it seems involved\n in fabulous obscurity. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 5, ch. 4.\n\n=Iphthime=, a sister of Penelope, who married Eumelus. She appeared,\n by the power of Minerva, to her sister in a dream, to comfort her\n in the absence of her son Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4,\n li. 795.\n\n=Ipsea=, the mother of Medea. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 17, li. 232.\n\n=Ipsus=, a place of Phrygia, celebrated for a battle which was fought\n there, about 301 years before the christian era, between Antigonus\n and his son, and Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Cassander. The\n former led into the field an army of above 70,000 foot and 10,000\n horse, with 75 elephants. The latter\u2019s forces consisted of above\n 64,000 infantry, besides 10,500 horse, 400 elephants, and 120\n armed chariots. Antigonus and his son were defeated. _Plutarch_,\n _Demetrius_.\n\n=Ira=, a city of Messenia, which Agamemnon promised to Achilles, if\n he would resume his arms to fight against the Trojans. This place is\n famous in history, as having supported a siege of 11 years against\n the Laced\u00e6monians. Its capture, B.C. 671, put an end to the second\n Messenian war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, lis. 150 & 292.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 7.\n\n=Iren\u00e6us=, a native of Greece, disciple of Polycarp, and bishop\n of Lyons in France. He wrote on different subjects; but, as what\n remains is in Latin, some suppose that he composed in that language,\n and not in the Greek. Fragments of his works in Greek are, however,\n preserved, which prove that his style was simple, though clear and\n often animated. His opinions concerning the soul are curious. He\n suffered martyrdom, A.D. 202. The best edition of his works is that\n of Grabe, Oxford, folio, 1702.\n\n=Ir\u0113ne=, a daughter of Cratinus the painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the seasons among the Greeks, called by the moderns Hor\u00e6.\n Her two sisters were Dia and Eunomia, all daughters of Jupiter and\n Themis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\n\n=Iresus=, a delightful spot in Libya, near Cyrene, where Battus\n fixed his residence. The Egyptians were once defeated there by the\n inhabitants of Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 158, &c.\n\n=Iris=, a daughter of Thaumas and Electra, one of the Oceanides,\n messenger of the gods, and more particularly of Juno. Her office\n was to cut the thread which seemed to detain the soul in the body\n of those that were expiring. She is the same as the rainbow, and,\n from that circumstance, she is represented with wings, with all the\n variegated and beautiful colours of the rainbow, and appears sitting\n behind Juno ready to execute her commands. She is likewise described\n as supplying the clouds with water to deluge the world. _Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, li. 266.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 271 _et\n seq._; bk. 4, li. 481; bk. 10, li. 585.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4,\n li. 694.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Asia Minor, rising in Cappadocia, and falling\n into the Euxine sea. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 121.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Pontus.\n\n=Irus=, a beggar of Ithaca, who executed the commissions of Penelope\u2019s\n suitors. When Ulysses returned home, disguised in a beggar\u2019s dress,\n Irus hindered him from entering the gates, and even challenged\n him. Ulysses brought him to the ground with a blow, and dragged\n him out of the house. From his poverty originates the proverb,\n _Iro pauperior_. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8, lis. 1 & 35.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 42.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of India.\n\n=Is=, a small river falling into the Euphrates. Its waters abound with\n bitumen. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 179.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small town on the river\n of the same name. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 179.\n\n=Is\u0103das=, a Spartan, who, upon seeing the Thebans entering the city,\n stripped himself naked, and with a spear and sword engaged the enemy.\n He was rewarded with a crown for his valour. _Plutarch._\n\n=Is\u00e6a=, one of the Nereides.\n\n=Is\u00e6us=, an orator of Chalcis, in Eub\u0153a, who came to Athens, and\n became there the pupil of Lysias, and soon after the master\n of Demosthenes. Some suppose that he reformed the dissipation\n and imprudence of his early years by frugality and temperance.\n Demosthenes imitated him in preference to Isocrates, because he\n studied force and energy of expression rather than floridness of\n style. Ten of his 64 orations are extant. _Juvenal_, satire 3,\n li. 74.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_.\u2015\u2015_Demosthenes._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another Greek orator, who came to Rome, A.D. 17. He is greatly\n recommended by Pliny the younger, who observes that he always spoke\n extempore, and wrote with elegance, unlaboured ease, and great\n correctness.\n\n=Isamus=, a river of India.\n\n=Isander=, a son of Bellerophon, killed in the war which his father\n made against the Solymi. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.\n\n=Is\u0101pis=, a river of Umbria. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406.\n\n=Isar= and =Isara=, the _Isore_, a river of Gaul, where Fabius routed\n the Allobroges. It rises at the east of Savoy, and falls into the\n Rhone near Valence. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 399.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another called the Oyse, which falls into the Seine below Paris.\n\n=Isar= and =Is\u00e6us=, a river of Vindelicia. _Strabo_, bk. 4.\n\n=Isarchus=, an Athenian archon, B.C. 424.\n\n=Isaura= (a, or orum), the chief town of Isauria. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 27.\n\n=Isauria=, a country of Asia Minor, near mount Taurus, whose\n inhabitants were bold and warlike. The Roman emperors, particularly\n Probus and Gallus, made war against them and conquered them.\n _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to\n his Friends_, ltr. 2.\n\n=Isaur\u012dcus=, a surname of Publius Servilius, from his conquests over\n the Isaurians. _Ovid_, bk. 1, _Fasti_, li. 594.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 5,\n _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 21.\n\n=Isaurus=, a river of Umbria, falling into the Adriatic.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in\n Magna Gr\u00e6cia. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406.\n\n=Ischenia=, an annual festival at Olympia, in honour of Ischenus the\n grandson of Mercury and Hiera, who, in a time of famine, devoted\n himself for his country, and was honoured with a monument near\n Olympia.\n\n=Ischolaus=, a brave and prudent general of Sparta, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=Ischom\u0103chus=, a noble athlete of Crotona, about the consulship of\n Marcus Valerius and Publius Posthumius.\n\n=Ischop\u014flis=, a town of Pontus.\n\n=Iscia.= _See:_ \u0152notrides.\n\n=Isdegerdes=, a king of Persia, appointed by the will of Arcadius,\n guardian to Theodosius II. He died in his 31st year, A.D. 408.\n\n=Isia=, certain festivals observed in honour of Isis, which continued\n nine days. It was usual to carry vessels full of wheat and barley,\n as the goddess was supposed to be the first who taught mankind the\n use of corn. These festivals were adopted by the Romans, among whom\n they soon degenerated into licentiousness. They were abolished by a\n decree of the senate, A.U.C. 696. They were introduced again, about\n 200 years after, by Commodus.\n\n=Isiac\u014drum portus=, a harbour on the shore of the Euxine, near Dacia.\n\n=Isid\u014drus=, a native of Charax, in the age of Ptolemy Lagus, who wrote\n some historical treatises, besides a description of Parthia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n disciple of Chrysostom, called _Pelusiota_, from his living in Egypt.\n Of his epistles 2012 remain written in Greek, with conciseness\n and elegance. The best edition is that of Paris, folio, 1638.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n christian Greek writer, who flourished in the seventh century. He is\n surnamed _Hispalensis_. His works have been edited, folio, de Breul,\n Paris, 1601.\n\n=Isis=, a celebrated deity of the Egyptians, daughter of Saturn and\n Rhea, according to Diodorus of Sicily. Some suppose her to be the\n same as Io, who was changed into a cow, and restored to her human\n form in Egypt, where she taught agriculture, and governed the people\n with mildness and equity, for which reason she received divine\n honours after death. According to some traditions mentioned by\n Plutarch, Isis married her brother Osiris, and was pregnant by\n him even before she had left her mother\u2019s womb. These two ancient\n deities, as some authors observe, comprehended all nature, and all\n the gods of the heathens. Isis was the Venus of Cyprus, the Minerva\n of Athens, the Cybele of the Phrygians, the Ceres of Eleusis, the\n Proserpine of Sicily, the Diana of Crete, the Bellona of the Romans,\n &c. Osiris and Isis reigned conjointly in Egypt; but the rebellion\n of Typhon the brother of Osiris proved fatal to this sovereign.\n _See:_ Osiris and Typhon. The ox and cow were the symbols of Osiris\n and Isis, because these deities, while on earth, had diligently\n applied themselves in cultivating the earth. _See:_ Apis. As Isis\n was supposed to be the moon, and Osiris the sun, she was represented\n as holding a globe in her hand, with a vessel full of ears of corn.\n The Egyptians believed that the yearly and regular inundations of\n the Nile proceeded from the abundant tears which Isis shed for the\n loss of Osiris, whom Typhon had basely murdered. The word _Isis_,\n according to some, signifies _ancient_, and, on that account, the\n inscriptions on the statues of the goddess were often in these words:\n _I am all that has been, that shall be, and none among mortals has\n hitherto taken off my veil_. The worship of Isis was universal in\n Egypt; the priests were obliged to observe perpetual chastity, their\n head was closely shaved, and they always walked barefooted, and\n clothed themselves in linen garments. They never ate onions, they\n abstained from salt with their meat, and were forbidden to eat the\n flesh of sheep and of hogs. During the night they were employed in\n continual devotion near the statue of the goddess. Cleopatra the\n beautiful queen of Egypt was wont to dress herself like this goddess,\n and affected to be called a second Isis. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 59.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 831.\n\n=Ism\u0103rus= (Ism\u0103ra, plural), a rugged mountain of Thrace, covered with\n vines and olives, near the Hebrus, with a town of the same name. Its\n wines are excellent. The word _Ismarius_ is indiscriminately used\n for Thracian. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk.\n 2, li. 37; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 351.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Theban, son of Astacus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Eumolpus. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Lydian who accompanied\n \u00c6neas to Italy, and fought with great vigour against the Rutuli.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 139.\n\n=Ism\u0113ne=, a daughter of \u0152dipus and Jocasta, who, when her sister\n Antigone had been condemned to be buried alive by Creon, for giving\n burial to her brother Polynices against the tyrant\u2019s positive orders,\n declared herself as guilty as her sister, and insisted upon being\n equally punished with her. This instance of generosity was strongly\n opposed by Antigone, who wished not to see her sister involved in\n her calamities. _Sophocles_, _Antigone_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch.\n 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of the river Asopus, who married the hundred-eyed\n Argus, by whom she had Jasus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Ism\u0113nias=, a celebrated musician of Thebes. When he was taken\n prisoner by the Scythians, Atheas the king of the country observed\n that he liked the music of Ismenias better than the braying of an\n ass. _Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Theban, bribed by\n Timocrates of Rhodes, that he might use his influence to prevent the\n Athenians and some other Grecian states from assisting Laced\u00e6mon,\n against which Xerxes was engaged in war. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Theban general, sent to Persia with an embassy by\n his countrymen. As none were admitted into the king\u2019s presence\n without prostrating themselves at his feet, Ismenias had recourse\n to artifice to avoid doing an action which would have proved\n disgraceful to his country. When he was introduced he dropped\n his ring, and the motion he made to recover it from the ground\n was mistaken for the most submissive homage, and Ismenias had a\n satisfactory audience of the monarch.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of B\u0153otia, falling\n into the Euripus, where Apollo had a temple, from which he was\n called _Ismenius_. A youth was yearly chosen by the B\u0153otians to\n be the priest of the god, an office to which Hercules was once\n appointed. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Ismen\u012ddes=, an epithet applied to the Theban women, as being near the\n Ismenus, a river of B\u0153otia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 31.\n\n=Ismenius=, a surname of Apollo at Thebes, where he had a temple on\n the borders of the Ismenus.\n\n=Ism\u0113nus=, a son of Apollo and Melia, one of the Nereides, who gave\n his name to the Ladon, a river of B\u0153otia, near Thebes, falling into\n the Asopus, and thence into the Euripus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Asopus and Metope. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Amphion and Niobe, killed by Apollo. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 6.\n\n=Is\u014fcr\u0103tes=, a celebrated orator, son of Theodorus, a rich musical\n instrument maker at Athens. He was taught in the schools of Georgias\n and Prodicus, but his oratorical abilities were never displayed in\n public, and Isocrates was prevented by an unconquerable timidity\n from speaking in the popular assemblies. He opened a school of\n eloquence at Athens, where he distinguished himself by the number,\n character, and fame of his pupils, and by the immense riches which\n he amassed. He was intimate with Philip of Macedon, and regularly\n corresponded with him; and to his familiarity with that monarch the\n Athenians were indebted for some of the few peaceful years which\n they passed. The aspiring ambition of Philip, however, displeased\n Isocrates, and the defeat of the Athenians at Cheron\u00e6a had such an\n effect upon his spirits, that he did not survive the disgrace of\n his country, but died, after he had been four days without taking\n any aliment, in the 99th year of his age, about 338 years before\n Christ. Isocrates has always been much admired for the sweetness and\n graceful simplicity of his style, for the harmony of his expressions,\n and the dignity of his language. The remains of his orations extant\n inspire the world with the highest veneration for his abilities as\n a moralist, an orator, and, above all, as a man. His merit, however,\n is lessened by those who accuse him of plagiarism from the works of\n Thucydides, Lysias, and others, seen particularly in his panegyric.\n He was so studious of correctness, that his lines are sometimes\n poetry. The severe conduct of the Athenians against Socrates highly\n displeased him, and, in spite of all the undeserved unpopularity\n of that great philosopher, he put on mourning the day of his death.\n About 31 of his orations are extant. Isocrates was honoured after\n death with a brazen serpent by Timotheus, one of his pupils, and\n Aphareus his adopted son. The best editions of Isocrates are that of\n Battie, 2 vols., 8vo, Cambridge, 1729, and that of Auger, 3 vols.,\n 8vo, Paris, 1782. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Orator_, ch. 20; _De Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 126;\n _Brutus_, ch. 15; _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 2,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the officers of the\n Peloponnesian fleet, &c. _Thucydides._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the disciples of\n Isocrates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rhetorician of Syria, enemy to the Romans, &c.\n\n=Issa=, now _Lissa_, an island in the Adriatic sea, on the coast of\n Dalmatia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Illyricum. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Marcellinus_, bk. 26, ch. 25.\n\n=Isse=, a daughter of Macareus the son of Lycaon. She was beloved\n by Apollo, who, to obtain her confidence, changed himself into the\n form of a shepherd, to whom she was attached. This metamorphosis\n of Apollo was represented on the web of Arachne. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 124.\n\n=Issus=, now _Aisse_, a town of Cilicia, on the confines of Syria,\n famous for a battle fought there between Alexander the Great and\n the Persians under Darius their king, in October, B.C. 333, in\n consequence of which it was called _Nicopolis_. In this battle\n the Persians lost, in the field of battle, 100,000 foot and 10,000\n horse, and the Macedonians only 300 foot and 150 horse, according to\n Diodorus Siculus. The Persian army, according to Justin, consisted\n of 400,000 foot and 100,000 horse, and 61,000 of the former and 10,\n 000 of the latter were left dead on the spot, and 40,000 were taken\n prisoners. The loss of the Macedonians, as he further adds, was\n no more than 130 foot and 150 horse. According to Curtius, the\n Persians slain amounted to 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse; and those\n of Alexander to 32 foot and 150 horse killed, and 504 wounded. This\n spot is likewise famous for the defeat of Niger by Severus, A.D. 194.\n _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 3,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Arrian._\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to\n Atticus_, ltr. 20; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 2, ltr. 10.\n\n=Ister= and =Istrus=, an historian, disciple to Callimachus. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A large river of Europe, falling into the Euxine sea,\n called also the _Danube_. _See:_ Danubius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6gyptus.\n _Apollodorus._\n\n=Isthmia=, sacred games among the Greeks, which received their names\n from the Isthmus of Corinth, where they were observed. They were\n celebrated in commemoration of Melicerta, who was changed into a sea\n deity, when his mother Ino had thrown herself into the sea with him\n in her arms. The body of Melicerta, according to some traditions,\n when cast upon the sea-shore, received an honourable burial, in\n memory of which the Isthmian games were instituted, B.C. 1326.\n They were interrupted after they had been celebrated with great\n regularity during some years, and Theseus at last reinstituted them\n in honour of Neptune, whom he publicly called his father. These\n games were observed every third, or rather fifth, year, and held so\n sacred and inviolable that even a public calamity could not prevent\n the celebration. When Corinth was destroyed by Mummius the Roman\n general, they were observed with the usual solemnity, and the\n Sicyonians were entrusted with the superintendence, which had been\n before one of the privileges of the ruined Corinthians. Combats\n of every kind were exhibited, and the victors were rewarded with\n garlands of pine leaves. Some time after the custom was changed, and\n the victor received a crown of dry and withered parsley. The years\n were reckoned by the celebration of the Isthmian games, as among\n the Romans from the consular government. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44;\n bk. 2, chs. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\n\n=Isthmius=, a king of Messenia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 3.\n\n=Isthmus=, a small neck of land which joins one country to another,\n and prevents the sea from making them separate, such as that of\n Corinth, called often the Isthmus by way of eminence, which joins\n Peloponnesus to Greece. Nero attempted to cut it across and make a\n communication between the two seas, but in vain. It is now called\n _Hexamili_. _Strabo_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 101.\n\n=Isti\u00e6otis=, a country of Greece, near Ossa. _See:_ Histi\u00e6otis.\n\n=Istria=, a province at the west of Illyricum, at the top of the\n Adriatic sea, whose inhabitants were originally pirates, and lived\n on plunder. They were not subjected to Rome till six centuries after\n the foundation of that city. _Strabo_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 10, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 9,\n ch. 2.\n\n=Istrop\u014flis=, a city of Thrace near the mouth of the Ister, founded by\n a Milesian colony. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\n\n=Isus= and =Ant\u012dphus=, sons of Priam, the latter by Hecuba, and the\n former by a concubine. They were seized by Achilles, as they fed\n their father\u2019s flocks on mount Ida; but they were redeemed by Priam,\n and fought against the Greeks. They were both killed by Agamemnon.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of B\u0153otia. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=It\u0103lia=, a celebrated country of Europe, bounded by the Adriatic and\n Tyrrhene seas, and by the Alpine mountains. It has been compared,\n and with some similitude, to a man\u2019s leg. It has borne, at different\n periods, the different names of Saturnia, \u0152notria, Hesperia,\n Ausonia, and Tyrrhenia, and it received the name of Italy either\n from Italus, a king of the country, or from Italos, a Greek word\n which signifies _an ox_, an animal very common in that part of\n Europe. The boundaries of Italy appear to have been formed by nature\n itself, which seems to have been particularly careful in supplying\n this country with whatever may contribute not only to the support,\n but also to the pleasures and luxuries of life. It has been called\n the garden of Europe; and the panegyric which Pliny bestows upon it\n seems not in any degree exaggerated. The ancient inhabitants called\n themselves _Aborigines_, offspring of the soil, and the country\n was soon after peopled by colonies from Greece. The Pelasgi and the\n Arcadians made settlements there, and the whole country was divided\n into as many different governments as there were towns, till the\n rapid increase of the Roman power [_See:_ Roma] changed the face\n of Italy, and united all its states in support of one common cause.\n Italy has been the mother of arts as well as of arms, and the\n immortal monuments which remain of the eloquence and poetical\n abilities of its inhabitants are universally known. It was divided\n into 11 small provinces or regions by Augustus, though sometimes\n known under the three greater divisions of Cisalpine Gaul, Italy\n properly so called, and Magna Gr\u00e6cia. The sea above was called\n _Superum_, and that at the south _Inferum_. _Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 4,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_, _Alcibiades_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1,\n ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_,\n _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 397, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 8.\n\n=Ital\u012dca=, a town of Italy, called also Corfinium.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Spain,\n now _Sevilla la Vieja_, built by Scipio for the accommodation of his\n wounded soldiers. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 16, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Wars\n in Spain_.\n\n=Ital\u012dcus=, a poet. _See:_ Silius Italicus.\n\n=It\u0103lus=, a son of Telegonus. _Hyginus_, fable 127.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Arcadian\n prince, who came to Italy, where he established a kingdom, called\n after him. It is supposed that he received divine honours after\n death, as \u00c6neas calls upon him among the deities to whom he paid his\n adoration when he entered Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 178.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A prince, whose daughter Roma by his wife Leucaria is said to\n have married \u00c6neas or Ascanius. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of\n the Cherusci, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 16.\n\n=Itargris=, a river of Germany.\n\n=Itea=, a daughter of Danaus. _Hyginus_, fable 170.\n\n=Itemales=, an old man who exposed \u0152dipus on mount Cith\u00e6ron, &c.\n _Hyginus_, fable 65.\n\n=Ith\u0103ca=, a celebrated island in the Ionian sea, on the western parts\n of Greece, with a city of the same name, famous for being part of\n the kingdom of Ulysses. It is very rocky and mountainous, measures\n about 25 miles in circumference, and is now known by the name of\n _Isola del Compare_, or _Thiachi_. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 139;\n _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 186; bk. 4, li. 601; bk. 9, li. 20.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bks. 1 & 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Ithacesi\u00e6=, three islands opposite Vibo, on the coast of the Brutii.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Bai\u00e6 was called also _Ithacesi\u00e6_, because built by Bajus the\n pilot of Ulysses. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 540; bk. 12, li. 113.\n\n=Ithob\u0103lus=, a king of Tyre, who died B.C. 595. _Josephus._\n\n=Ith\u014dme=, a town of Phthiotis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of\n Messenia, which surrendered, after 10 years\u2019 siege, to Laced\u00e6mon,\n 724 years before the christian era. Jupiter was call _Ithomates_,\n from a temple which he had there, where games were also celebrated,\n and the conqueror rewarded with an oaken crown. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,\n ch. 32.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 179.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Ithomaia=, a festival in which musicians contended, observed at\n Ithome, in honour of Jupiter, who had been nursed by the nymphs\n Ithome and Neda, the former of whom gave her name to a city, and\n the latter to a river.\n\n=Ithyphallus=, an obscene name of Priapus. _Columella_, bk. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Itius Portus=, a town of Gaul, now Wetsand, or Boulogne, in Picardy.\n C\u00e6sar set sail from thence on his passage into Britain. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 21; bk. 5, chs. 2 & 5.\n\n=It\u014dnia=, a surname of Minerva, from a place in B\u0153otia, where she was\n worshipped.\n\n=It\u014dnus=, a king of Thessaly, son of Deucalion, who first invented the\n manner of polishing metals. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 402.\n\n=Ituna=, a river of Britain, now Eden, in Cumberland.\n\n=It\u016br\u00e6a=, a country of Palestine, whose inhabitants were very skilful\n in drawing the bow. _Lucan_, bk. 7, lis. 230 & 514.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 448.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\n\n=It\u016brum=, a town of Umbria.\n\n=Ity\u0306lus=, a son of Zetheus and \u00c6don, killed by his mother. _See:_\n \u00c6don. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19, li. 462.\n\n=Ityr\u00e6i=, a people of Palestine. _See:_ Itur\u00e6a.\n\n=Itys=, a son of Tereus king of Thrace by Procne, daughter of Pandion\n king of Athens. He was killed by his mother when he was about six\n years old, and served up as meat before his father. He was changed\n into a pheasant, his mother into a swallow, and his father into\n an owl. _See:_ Philomela. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 620;\n _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 14, li. 29.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Trojan who came to Italy with \u00c6neas, and was killed by Turnus.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 574.\n\n=Juba=, a king of Numidia and Mauritania, who succeeded his father\n Hiempsal, and favoured the cause of Pompey against Julius C\u00e6sar.\n He defeated Curio, whom C\u00e6sar had sent to Africa, and after the\n battle of Pharsalia, he joined his forces to those of Scipio. He\n was conquered in a battle at Thapsus, and totally abandoned by his\n subjects. He killed himself with Petreius, who had shared his good\n fortune and his adversity. His kingdom became a Roman province, of\n which Sallust was the first governor. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_ & _C\u00e6sar_.\n \u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015_Dio\n Cassius_, bk. 41.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 54.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n second of that name was the son of Juba I. He was led among the\n captives to Rome, to adorn the triumph of C\u00e6sar. His captivity\n was the source of the greatest honours, and his application to\n study procured him more glory than he could have obtained from the\n inheritance of a kingdom. He gained the hearts of the Romans by the\n courteousness of his manners, and Augustus rewarded his fidelity\n by giving him in marriage Cleopatra the daughter of Antony, and\n conferring upon him the title of king, and making him master of all\n the territories which his father once possessed. His popularity was\n so great, that the Mauritanians rewarded his benevolence by making\n him one of their gods. The Athenians raised him a statue, and the\n \u00c6thiopians worshipped him as a deity. Juba wrote a history of Rome\n in Greek, which is often quoted and commended by the ancients, but\n of which only a few fragments remain. He also wrote on the history\n of Arabia and the antiquities of Assyria, chiefly collected from\n Berosus. Besides these he composed some treatises upon the drama,\n Roman antiquities, the nature of animals, painting, grammar, &c.,\n now lost. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 26.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, chs. 25 & 32.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 51, &c.\n\n=Judacilius=, a native of Asculum celebrated for his patriotism, in\n the age of Pompey, &c.\n\n=Jud\u00e6a=, a famous country of Assyria, bounded by Arabia, Egypt,\n Ph\u0153nicia, the Mediterranean sea, and part of Syria. The inhabitants,\n whose history is best collected from the Holy Scriptures, were\n chiefly governed after their Babylonish captivity by the high\n priests, who raised themselves to the rank of princes, B.C. 153, and\n continued in the enjoyment of regal power till the age of Augustus.\n _Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_,\n bk. 36.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 5, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2,\n li. 593.\n\n=Jug\u0101lis=, a surname of Juno, because she presided over marriage.\n _Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_.\n\n=Jugantes=, a people of Britain. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 32.\n\n=Jugarius=, a street in Rome, below the Capitol.\n\n=Jugurtha=, the illegitimate son of Manastabal the brother of Micipsa.\n Micipsa and Manastabal were the sons of Masinissa king of Numidia.\n Micipsa, who had inherited his father\u2019s kingdom, educated his nephew\n with his two sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal; but, as he was of an\n aspiring disposition, he sent him with a body of troops to the\n assistance of Scipio, who was besieging Numantia, hoping to lose\n a youth whose ambition seemed to threaten the tranquillity of his\n children. His hopes were frustrated; Jugurtha showed himself brave\n and active, and endeared himself to the Roman general. Micipsa\n appointed him successor to his kingdom with his two sons, but\n the kindness of the father proved fatal to the children. Jugurtha\n destroyed Hiempsal, and stripped Adherbal of his possessions, and\n obliged him to fly to Rome for safety. The Romans listened to the\n well-grounded complaints of Adherbal, but Jugurtha\u2019s gold prevailed\n among the senators, and the suppliant monarch, forsaken in his\n distress, perished by the snares of his enemy. C\u00e6cilius Metellus\n was at last sent against Jugurtha, and his firmness and success\n soon reduced the crafty Numidian, and obliged him to fly among his\n savage neighbours for support. Marius and Sylla succeeded Metellus,\n and fought with equal success. Jugurtha was at last betrayed by his\n father-in-law Bocchus, from whom he claimed assistance, and he was\n delivered into the hands of Sylla, after carrying on a war of five\n years. He was exposed to the view of the Roman people, and dragged\n in chains to adorn the triumph of Marius. He was afterwards put\n in a prison, where he died six days after of hunger, B.C. 106. The\n name and the wars of Jugurtha have been immortalized by the pen\n of Sallust. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 10, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_ &\n _Sulla_.\u2015\u2015_Eutropius_, bk. 4, ch. 3.\n\n=Julia lex=, _prima de provinciis_, by Julius C\u00e6sar, A.U.C. 691. It\n confirmed the freedom of all Greece; it ordained that the Roman\n magistrates should act there as judges, and that the towns and\n villages through which the Roman magistrates and ambassadors passed\n should maintain them during their stay; that the governors, at the\n expiration of their office, should leave a scheme of their accounts\n in two cities of their province, and deliver a copy of it at the\n public treasury; that the provincial governors should not accept\n of a golden crown unless they were honoured with a triumph by the\n senate; that no supreme commander should go out of his province,\n enter any dominions, lead an army, or engage in a war, without the\n previous approbation and command of the Roman senate and people.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de sumptibus_, in the age of Augustus. It limited the\n expense of provisions on the _dies profesti_, or days appointed for\n the transaction of business, to 200 sesterces; on common calendar\n festivals to 300; and on all extraordinary occasions, such as\n marriages, births, &c., to 1000.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de provinciis_, by\n Julius C\u00e6sar Dictator. It ordained that no pretorian province should\n be held more than one year, and a consular province more than two\n years.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, called also _Campana agraria_, by the same, A.U.C.\n 691. It required that all the lands of Campania, formerly rented\n according to the estimation of the state, should be divided among\n the plebeians, and that all the members of the senate should bind\n themselves by an oath to establish, confirm, and protect that law.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de civitate_, by Lucius Julius C\u00e6sar, A.U.C. 664. It\n rewarded with the name and privileges of citizens of Rome all such\n as, during the civil wars, had remained the constant friends of\n the republican liberty. When that civil war was at an end, all the\n Italians were admitted as free denizens, and composed eight new\n tribes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de judicibus_, by Julius C\u00e6sar. It confirmed\n the Pompeian law in a certain manner, requiring the judges to be\n chosen from the richest people in every _century_, allowing the\n senators and knights in the number, and excluding the _tribuni\n \u00e6rarii_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de ambitu_, by Augustus. It restrained the\n illicit measures used at elections, and restored to the _comitia_\n their ancient privileges, which had been destroyed by the ambition\n and bribery of Julius C\u00e6sar.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by Augustus, _de adulterio\n & pudiciti\u00e2_. It punished adultery with death. It was afterwards\n confirmed and enforced by Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 30,\n alludes to it.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, called also _Papia_, or _Papia Popp\u00e6a_,\n which was the same as the following, only enlarged by the consuls\n Papius and Popp\u00e6us, A.U.C. 762.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de maritandis\n ordinibus_, by Augustus. It proposed rewards to such as engaged in\n matrimony, of a particular description. It inflicted punishment on\n celibacy, and permitted the patricians, the senators and sons of\n senators excepted, to intermarry with the _libertini_, or children\n of those that had been _liberti_, or servants manumitted. Horace\n alludes to it when he speaks of _lex marita_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de\n majestate_, by Julius C\u00e6sar. It punished with _aqu\u00e6 & ignis\n interdictio_ all such as were found guilty of the _crimen\n majestatis_, or treason against the state.\n\n=Julia=, a daughter of Julius C\u00e6sar, by Cornelia, famous for her\n personal charms and for her virtues. She married Cornelius C\u00e6pio,\n whom her father obliged her to divorce to marry Pompey the Great.\n Her amiable disposition more strongly cemented the friendship of the\n father and of the son-in-law; but her sudden death in child-bed, B.C.\n 53, broke all ties of intimacy and relationship, and soon produced\n a civil war. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Marcus Antony, whose\n humanity is greatly celebrated in saving her brother-in-law Julius\n C\u00e6sar from the cruel prosecutions of her son.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An aunt of Julius\n C\u00e6sar, who married Caius Marius. Her funeral oration was publicly\n pronounced by her nephew.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The only daughter of the emperor\n Augustus, remarkable for her beauty, genius, and debaucheries.\n She was tenderly loved by her father, who gave her in marriage to\n Marcellus; after whose death she was given to Agrippa, by whom she\n had five children. She became a second time a widow, and was married\n to Tiberius. Her lasciviousness and debaucheries so disgusted her\n husband, that he retired from the court of the emperor; and Augustus,\n informed of her lustful propensities and infamy, banished her\n from his sight, and confined her in a small island on the coast of\n Campania. She was starved to death, A.D. 14, by order of Tiberius,\n who had succeeded to Augustus as emperor of Rome. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of the emperor Titus, who prostituted herself to her\n brother Domitian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Julia the wife of Agrippa, who\n married Lepidas, and was banished for her licentiousness.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, born in the island of Lesbos,\n A.D. 17. She married a senator called Marcus Vinucius, at the age\n of 16, and enjoyed the most unbounded favours in the court of her\n brother Caligula, who is accused of being her first seducer. She was\n banished by Caligula on suspicion of conspiracy. Claudius recalled\n her; but she was soon after banished by the powerful intrigues of\n Messalina, and put to death about the 24th year of her age. She\n was no stranger to the debaucheries of the age, and she prostituted\n herself as freely to the meanest of the people as to the nobler\n companions of her brother\u2019s extravagance. Seneca, as some suppose,\n was banished to Corsica for having seduced her.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated\n woman, born in Ph\u0153nicia. She is also called Domna. She applied\n herself to the study of geometry and philosophy, &c., and rendered\n herself conspicuous, as much by her mental as by her personal charms.\n She came to Rome, where her learning recommended her to all the\n literati of the age. She married Septimius Severus, who, 20 years\n after this matrimonial connection, was invested with the imperial\n purple. Severus was guided by the prudence and advice of Julia, but\n he was blind to her foibles, and often punished with the greatest\n severity those vices which were enormous in the empress. She is\n even said to have conspired against the emperor, but she resolved to\n blot out, by patronizing literature, the spots which her debauchery\n and extravagance had rendered indelible in the eyes of virtue. Her\n influence, after the death of Severus, was for some time productive\n of tranquillity and cordial union between his two sons and\n successors. Geta at last, however, fell a sacrifice to his brother\n Caracalla, and Julia was even wounded in the arm while she attempted\n to screen her favourite son from his brother\u2019s dagger. According to\n some, Julia committed incest with her son Caracalla, and publicly\n married him. She starved herself when her ambitious views were\n defeated by Macrinus, who aspired to the empire in preference to\n her, after the death of Caracalla.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Gallia Togata.\n\n=Juliacum=, a town of Germany, now _Juliers_.\n\n=Juli\u0101nus=, a son of Julius Constantius, the brother of Constantine\n the Great, born at Constantinople. The massacre which attended\n the elevation of the sons of Constantine the Great to the throne,\n nearly proved fatal to Julian and to his brother Gallus. The two\n brothers were privately educated together, and taught the doctrines\n of the christian religion, and exhorted to be modest, temperate,\n and to despise the gratification of all sensual pleasures. Gallus\n received the instructions of his pious teachers with deference\n and submission, but Julian showed his dislike for christianity\n by secretly cherishing a desire to become one of the votaries of\n paganism. He gave sufficient proofs of this propensity when he went\n to Athens in the 24th year of his age, where he applied himself to\n the study of magic and astrology. He was some time after appointed\n over Gaul, with the title of C\u00e6sar, by Constans, and there he showed\n himself worthy of the imperial dignity by his prudence, valour, and\n the numerous victories which he obtained over the enemies of Rome in\n Gaul and Germany. His mildness, as well as his condescension, gained\n him the hearts of his soldiers; and when Constans, to whom Julian\n was become suspected, ordered him to send him part of his forces\n to go into the east, the army immediately mutinied, and promised\n immortal fidelity to their leader, by refusing to obey the order of\n Constans. They even compelled Julian, by threats and entreaties, to\n accept of the title of independent emperor and of Augustus; and the\n death of Constans, which soon after happened, left him sole master\n of the Roman empire, A.D. 261. Julian then disclosed his religious\n sentiments, and publicly disavowed the doctrines of christianity,\n and offered solemn sacrifices to all the gods of ancient Rome. This\n change of religious opinion was attributed to the austerity with\n which he received the precepts of christianity, or, according to\n others, to the literary conversation and persuasive eloquence of\n some of the Athenian philosophers. From this circumstance, therefore,\n Julian has been called _Apostate_. After he had made his public\n entry at Constantinople, he determined to continue the Persian\n war, and check those barbarians, who had for 60 years derided the\n indolence of the Roman emperors. When he had crossed the Tigris,\n he burned his fleet, and advanced with boldness into the enemy\u2019s\n country. His march was that of a conqueror; he met with no opposition\n from a weak and indigent enemy; but the country of Assyria had\n been left desolate by the Persians, and Julian, without corn or\n provisions, was obliged to retire. As he could not convey his fleet\n again over the streams of the Tigris, he took the resolution of\n marching up the source of the river, and imitating the bold return\n of the 10,000 Greeks. As he advanced through the country he defeated\n the officers of Sapor the king of Persia; but an engagement proved\n fatal to him, and he received a deadly wound as he animated his\n soldiers to battle. He expired the following night, the 27th of June,\n A.D. 363 in the 32nd year of his age. His last moments were spent\n in a conversation with a philosopher about the immortality of the\n soul, and he breathed his last without expressing the least sorrow\n for his fate, or the suddenness of his death. Julian\u2019s character has\n been admired by some and censured by others, but the malevolence of\n his enemies arises from his apostacy. As a man and as a monarch he\n demands our warmest commendations; but we must blame his idolatry,\n and despise his bigoted principles. He was moderate in his successes,\n merciful to his enemies, and amiable in his character. He abolished\n the luxuries which reigned in the court of Constantinople, and\n dismissed with contempt the numerous officers who waited upon\n Constantius, to anoint his head or perfume his body. He was frugal\n in his meals and slept little, reposing himself on a skin spread on\n the ground. He awoke at midnight, and spent the rest of the night\n in reading or writing, and issued early from his tent to pay his\n daily visit to the guards around the camp. He was not fond of public\n amusements, but rather dedicated his time to study and solitude.\n When he passed through Antioch in his Persian expedition, the\n inhabitants of the place, offended at his religious sentiments,\n ridiculed his person and lampooned him in satirical verses. The\n emperor made use of the same arms for his defence, and rather than\n destroy his enemies by the sword, he condescended to expose them to\n derision, and unveil their follies and debaucheries in a humerous\n work, which he called Misopogon, or _beard-hater_. He imitated the\n virtuous example of Scipio and Alexander, and laid no temptation\n for his virtue by visiting some female captives that had fallen into\n his hands. In his matrimonial connections, Julian rather consulted\n policy than inclination, and his marriage with the sister of\n Constantius arose from his unwillingness to offend his benefactor,\n rather than to obey the laws of nature. He was buried at Tarsus, and\n afterwards his body was conveyed to Constantinople. He distinguished\n himself by his writings, as well as by his military character.\n Besides his Misopogon, he wrote the history of Gaul. He also wrote\n two letters to the Athenians; and, besides, there are now extant 64\n of his letters on various subjects. His C\u00e6sars is the most famous\n of all his compositions, being a satire upon all the Roman emperors\n from Julius C\u00e6sar to Constantine. It is written in the form of\n a dialogue, in which the author severely attacks the venerable\n character of Marcus Aurelius, whom he had proposed to himself as\n a pattern, and speaks in scurrilous and abusive language of his\n relation Constantine. It has been observed of Julian that, like\n C\u00e6sar, he could employ at the same time his hand to write, his\n ear to listen, his eyes to read, and his mind to dictate. The best\n edition of his works is that of Spanheim, folio, Leipsic, 1696;\n and of the C\u00e6sars, that of Heusinger, 8vo, Goth\u00e6, 1741. _Julian._\n \u2015\u2015_Socrates._\u2015\u2015_Eutropius._\u2015\u2015_Ammianus Marcellinus._\u2015\u2015_Libanius_,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Constantine.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A maternal uncle of the emperor\n Julian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman emperor. _See:_ Didius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman, who\n proclaimed himself emperor in Italy during the reign of Diocletian,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Africa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A counsellor of the emperor Adrian.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general in Dacia, in Domitian\u2019s reign.\n\n=Julii=, a family of Alba, brought to Rome by Romulus, where they soon\n rose to the greatest honours of the state. Julius C\u00e6sar and Augustus\n were of this family; and it was said, perhaps through flattery, that\n they were lineally descended from \u00c6neas the founder of Lavinium.\n\n=J\u016bliom\u0103gus=, a city of Gaul, now _Angers_, in Anjou.\n\n=Juliop\u014flis=, a town of Bithynia, supposed by some to be the same as\n Tarsus of Cilicia.\n\n=J\u016blis=, a town of the island of Cos, which gave birth to Simonides,\n &c. The walls of this city were all marble, and there are now some\n pieces remaining entire above 12 feet in height, as the monuments of\n its ancient splendour. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=J\u016blius C\u00e6sar.= _See:_ C\u00e6sar.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Agricola, a governor of Britain,\n A.C. 80, who first discovered that Britain was an island by sailing\n round it. His son-in-law, the historian Tacitus, has written an\n account of his life. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Obsequens, a Latin\n writer who flourished A.D. 214. The best edition of his book _de\n prodigiis_ is that of Oudendorp, 8vo, Leiden, 1720.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sextus,\n a pretor, &c. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 13.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Agrippa, banished from Rome by Nero, after the discovery of the\n Pisonian conspiracy. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 71.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Solinus,\n a writer. _See:_ Solinus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Titianus, a writer in the age of\n Diocletian. His son became famous for his oratorical powers, and was\n made preceptor in the family of Maximinus. Julius wrote a history\n of all the provinces of the Roman empire, greatly commended by the\n ancients. He also wrote some letters, in which he happily imitated\n the style and elegance of Cicero, for which he was called the _ape\n of his age_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Africanus, a chronologer, who flourished A.D. 220.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Constantius, the father of the emperor Julian, was killed at\n the accession of the sons of Constantine to the throne, and his son\n nearly shared his fate.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pollux, a grammarian of Naupactus, in\n Egypt. _See:_ Pollux.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Canus, a celebrated Roman, put to death by\n order of Caracalla. He bore the undeserved punishment inflicted on\n him with the greatest resignation, and even pleasure.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Proculus,\n a Roman, who solemnly declared to his countrymen, after Romulus\n had disappeared, that he had seen him above a human shape, and\n that he had ordered him to tell the Romans to honour him as a god.\n Julius was believed. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Florus.\n _See:_ Florus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius C\u00e6sar, a Roman consul, uncle to Antony the\n triumvir the father of C\u00e6sar the dictator. He died as he was putting\n on his shoes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Celsus, a tribune imprisoned for conspiring against\n Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Maximinus, a\n Thracian, who, from a shepherd, became an emperor of Rome. _See:_\n Maximinus.\n\n=I\u016blus=, the name of Ascanius the son of \u00c6neas. _See:_ Ascanius.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Ascanius, born in Lavinium. In the succession to the\n kingdom of Alba, \u00c6neas Sylvius the son of \u00c6neas and Lavinia was\n preferred to him. He was, however, made chief priest. _Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 271.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Antony the triumvir and Fulvi. _See:_ Antonius Julius.\n\n=J\u016bnia lex=, _Sacrata_, by Lucius Junius Brutus the first tribune of\n the people, A.U.C. 260. It ordained that the person of the tribune\n should be held sacred and inviolable; that an appeal might be made\n from the consuls to the tribunes; and that no senator should be able\n to exercise the office of a tribune.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, A.U.C. 627, which\n excluded all foreigners from enjoying the privileges or names of\n Roman citizens.\n\n=Junia=, a niece of Cato of Utica, who married Cassius, and died 64\n years after her husband had killed himself at the battle of Philippi.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Calvina, a beautiful Roman lady, accused of incest with her\n brother Silanus. She was descended from Augustus. She was banished\n by Claudius, and recalled by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Junius Bl\u00e6sus=, a proconsul of Africa under the emperors. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lupus, a senator who accused Vitellius\n of aspiring to the sovereignty, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12,\n ch. 42.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Decimus Silanus, a Roman who committed adultery with\n Julia the granddaughter of Augustus, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3,\n ch. 24.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Brutus. _See:_ Brutus.\n\n=J\u016bno=, a celebrated deity among the ancients, daughter of Saturn and\n Ops. She was sister to Jupiter, Pluto, Neptune, Vesta, Ceres, &c.\n She was born at Argos, or, according to others, in Samos, and was\n entrusted to the care of the Seasons, or, as Homer and Ovid mention,\n to Oceanus and Tethys. Some of the inhabitants of Argolis supposed\n that she had been brought up by the three daughters of the river\n Asterion; and the people of Stymphalus, in Arcadia, maintained that\n she had been educated under the care of Temenus the son of Pelasgus.\n Juno was devoured by Saturn, according to some mythologists; and\n according to Apollodorus she was again restored to the world by\n means of a potion which Metis gave to Saturn, to make him throw up\n the stone which his wife had given him to swallow instead of Jupiter.\n _See:_ Saturnus. Jupiter was not insensible to the charms of his\n sister; and the more powerfully to gain her confidence he changed\n himself into a cuckoo, and raised a great storm, and made the air\n unusually chill and cold. Under this form he went to the goddess,\n all shivering. Juno pitied the cuckoo, and took him into her bosom.\n When Jupiter had gained these advantages, he resumed his original\n form, and obtained the gratification of his desires, after he had\n made a solemn promise of marriage to his sister. The nuptials of\n Jupiter and Juno were celebrated with the greatest solemnity: the\n gods, all mankind, and all the brute creation, attended. Chelone, a\n young woman, was the only one who refused to come, and who derided\n the ceremony. For this impiety Mercury changed her into a tortoise,\n and condemned her to perpetual silence; from which circumstance\n the tortoise has always been used as a symbol of silence among the\n ancients. By her marriage with Jupiter, Juno became the queen of all\n the gods, and mistress of heaven and earth. Her conjugal happiness,\n however, was frequently disturbed by the numerous amours of her\n husband, and she showed herself jealous and inexorable in the\n highest degree. Her severity to the mistresses and illegitimate\n children of her husband was unparalleled. She persecuted Hercules\n and his descendants with the most inveterate fury; and her\n resentment against Paris, who had given the golden apple to Venus\n in preference to herself, was the cause of the Trojan war and of\n all the miseries which happened to the unfortunate house of Priam.\n Her severities to Alcmena, Ino, Athamas, Semele, &c., are also well\n known. Juno had some children by Jupiter. According to Hesiod she\n was mother of Mars, Hebe, and Ilithyia, or Lucina; and besides these,\n she brought forth Vulcan, without having any commerce with the other\n sex, but only by smelling a certain plant. This was in imitation\n of Jupiter, who had produced Minerva from his brain. According\n to others, it was not Vulcan, but Mars, or Hebe, whom she brought\n forth in this manner, and this was after eating some lettuces at\n the table of Apollo. The daily and repeated debaucheries of Jupiter\n at last provoked Juno to such a degree, that she retired to Eub\u0153a,\n and resolved for ever to forsake his bed. Jupiter produced a\n reconciliation, after he had applied to Cith\u00e6ron for advice, and\n after he had obtained forgiveness by fraud and artifice. _See:_\n D\u00e6dala. This reconciliation, however cordial \u2666it might appear, was\n soon dissolved by new offences; and, to stop the complaints of the\n jealous Juno, Jupiter had often recourse to violence and blows. He\n even punished the cruelties which she had exercised upon his son\n Hercules, by suspending her from the heavens by a golden chain, and\n tying a heavy anvil to her feet. Vulcan was punished for assisting\n his mother in this degrading situation, and he was kicked down from\n heaven by his father, and broke his leg by the fall. This punishment\n rather irritated than pacified Juno. She resolved to revenge it,\n and she engaged some of the gods to conspire against Jupiter and\n to imprison him, but Thetis delivered him from this conspiracy, by\n bringing to his assistance the famous Briareus. Apollo and Neptune\n were banished from heaven for joining in the conspiracy, though some\n attribute their exile to different causes. The worship of Juno was\n universal, and even more than that of Jupiter, according to some\n authors. Her sacrifices were offered with the greatest solemnity.\n She was particularly worshipped at Argos, Samos, Carthage, and\n afterwards at Rome. The ancients generally offered on her altars\n a ewe lamb and a sow the first day of every month. No cows were\n ever immolated to her, because she assumed the nature of that\n animal when the gods fled into Egypt in their war with the giants.\n Among the birds, the hawk, the goose, and particularly the peacock,\n often called _Junonia avis_ [_See:_ Argus], were sacred to her. The\n dittany, the poppy, and the lily were her favourite flowers. The\n latter flower was originally of the colour of the crocus; but, when\n Jupiter placed Hercules to the breasts of Juno while asleep, some of\n her milk fell down upon earth, and changed the colour of the lilies\n from purple to a beautiful white. Some of the milk also dropped in\n that part of the heavens which, from its whiteness, still retains\n the name of the milky way, _lactea via_. As Juno\u2019s power was\n extended over all the gods, she often made use of the goddess\n Minerva as her messenger, and even had the privilege of hurling the\n thunder of Jupiter when she pleased. Her temples were numerous, the\n most famous of which were at Argos, Olympia, &c. At Rome, no woman\n of debauched character was permitted to enter her temple, or even\n to touch it. The surnames of Juno are various; they are derived\n either from the function or things over which she presided, or from\n the places where her worship was established. She was the queen of\n the heavens; she protected cleanliness, and presided over marriage\n and child-birth, and particularly patronized the most faithful and\n virtuous of the sex, and severely punished incontinence and lewdness\n in matrons. She was the goddess of all power and empire, and she was\n also the patroness of riches. She is represented sitting on a throne\n with a diadem on her head and a golden sceptre in her right hand.\n Some peacocks generally sat by her, and a cuckoo often perched on\n her sceptre, while Iris behind her displayed the thousand colours of\n her beautiful rainbow. She is sometimes carried through the air in a\n rich chariot drawn by peacocks. The Roman consuls, when they entered\n upon office, were always obliged to offer her a solemn sacrifice.\n The Juno of the Romans was called Matrona or Romana. She was\n generally represented as veiled from head to foot, and the Roman\n matrons always imitated this manner of dressing themselves, and\n deemed it indecent in any married woman to leave any part of\n her body but her face uncovered. She has received the surnames\n of Olympia, Sarnia, Laced\u00e6monia, Argiva, Telchinia, Candrena,\n Rescinthes, Prosymna, Imbrasia, Acrea, Cith\u00e6roneia, Bunea, Ammonia,\n Fluonia, Anthea, Migale, Gemelia, Tropeia, Boopis, Parthenos,\n Teleia, Xera, Egophage, Hyperchinia, Juga, Ilithyia, Lucina,\n Pronuba, Caprotina, Mena, Populonia, Lacinia, Sospita, Moneta,\n Curis, Domiduca, Februa, Opigenia, &c. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bks. 1, 2, 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Argon._\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bks. 1, 2, 4, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bks. 23, 24, 27, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, &c.;\n _Fasti_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Qu\u00e6stiones Roman\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 4,\n poem 13.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 34.\n\n \u2666 \u2018in\u2019 replaced with \u2018it\u2019\n\n=Junon\u0101lia= and =Junonia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Juno, the\n same as the Her\u00e6a of the Greeks. _See:_ Her\u00e6a. _Livy_, bk. 27,\n ch. 37.\n\n=Jun\u014dnes=, a name of the protecting genii of the women among the\n Romans. They generally swore by them, as the men by their genii.\n There were altars often erected to their honour. _Pliny_, bk. 2,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, ltr. 110.\n\n=Jun\u014dnia=, two islands, supposed to be among the Fortunate Islands.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name which Gracchus gave to Carthage, when he went with 6000\n Romans to rebuild it.\n\n=Junonig\u0115na=, a surname of Vulcan, as son of Juno. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 173.\n\n=Jun\u014dnis promontorium=, a promontory of Peloponnesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lacini\u00e6\n templum, a temple of Juno in Italy, between Crotona and the Lacinian\n promontory.\n\n=J\u016bp\u012dter=, the most powerful of all the gods of the ancients. According\n to Varro, there were no less than 300 persons of that name; Diodorus\n mentions two; and Cicero three, two of Arcadia, and one of Crete. To\n that of Crete, who passed for the son of Saturn and Ops, the actions\n of the rest have been attributed. According to the opinion of the\n mythologists, Jupiter was saved from destruction by his mother, and\n entrusted to the care of the Corybantes. Saturn, who had received\n the kingdom of the world from his brother Titan, on condition of not\n raising male children, devoured all his sons as soon as born; but\n Ops, offended at her husband\u2019s cruelty, secreted Jupiter, and gave\n a stone to Saturn, which he devoured on the supposition that it was\n a male child. Jupiter was educated in a cave on mount Ida, in Crete,\n and fed upon the milk of the goat Amalth\u00e6a, or upon honey, according\n to others. He received the name of _Jupiter_, _quasi juvans pater_.\n His cries were drowned by the noise of cymbals and drums, which the\n Corybantes beat at the express command of Ops. _See:_ Corybantes. As\n soon as he was a year old, Jupiter found him sufficiently strong to\n make war against the Titans, who had imprisoned his father because\n he had brought up male children. The Titans were conquered, and\n Saturn set at liberty by the hands of his son. Saturn, however,\n soon after, apprehensive of the power of Jupiter, conspired against\n his life, and was, for this treachery, driven from his kingdom, and\n obliged to fly for safety into Latium. Jupiter, now become the sole\n master of the empire of the world, divided it with his brothers.\n He reserved for himself the kingdom of heaven, and gave the empire\n of the sea to Neptune, and that of the infernal regions to Pluto.\n The peaceful beginning of his reign was soon interrupted by the\n rebellion of the giants, who were sons of the earth, and who wished\n to revenge the death of their relations the Titans. They were\n so powerful that they hurled rocks, and heaped up mountains upon\n mountains, to scale heaven, so that all the gods, to avoid their\n fury, fled to Egypt, where they escaped from the danger by assuming\n the form of different animals. Jupiter, however, animated them, and\n by the assistance of Hercules, he totally overpowered the gigantic\n race, which had proved such tremendous enemies. _See:_ Gigantes.\n Jupiter, now freed from every apprehension, gave himself up to the\n pursuit of pleasures. He married Metis, Themis, Eurynome, Ceres,\n Mnemosyne, Latona, and Juno. _See:_ Juno. He became a Proteus to\n gratify his passions. He introduced himself to Danae in a shower of\n gold; he corrupted Antiope in the form of a satyr, and Leda in the\n form of a swan; he became a bull to seduce Europa, and he enjoyed\n the company of \u00c6gina in the form of a flame of fire. He assumed the\n habit of Diana to corrupt Callisto, and became Amphitryon to gain\n the affections of Alcmena. His children were also numerous as well\n as his mistresses. According to Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 3, he was\n father of the Seasons, Irene, Eunomia, the Fates, Clotho, Lachesis,\n and Atropos by Themis; of Venus by Dione; of the Graces, Aglaia,\n Euphrosyne, and Thalia, by Eurynome the daughter of Oceanus; of\n Proserpine by Styx; of the nine muses by Mnemosyne, &c. _See:_\n Niobe, Laodamia, Pyrrha, Protogenia, Electra, Maia, Semele, &c. The\n worship of Jupiter was universal; he was the Ammon of the Africans,\n the Belus of Babylon, the Osiris of Egypt, &c. His surnames were\n numerous, many of which he received from the place or function\n over which he presided. He was severally called Jupiter Feretrius,\n Inventor, Elicius, Capitolinus, Latialis, Pistor, Sponsor, Herceus,\n Anxurus, Victor, Maximus, Optimus, Olympius, Fluvialis, &c. The\n worship of Jupiter surpassed that of the other gods in solemnity.\n His altars were not, like those of Saturn and Diana, stained with\n the blood of human victims, but he was delighted with the sacrifice\n of goats, sheep, and white bulls. The oak was sacred to him because\n he first taught mankind to live upon acorns. He is generally\n represented as sitting upon a golden or ivory throne, holding in\n one hand thunderbolts just ready to be hurled, and in the other, a\n sceptre of cypress. His looks express majesty, his beard flows long\n and neglected, and the eagle stands with expanded wings at his feet.\n He is sometimes represented with the upper parts of his body naked,\n and those below the waist carefully covered, as if to show that he\n is visible to the gods above, but that he is concealed from the\n sight of the inhabitants of the earth. Jupiter had several oracles,\n the most celebrated of which were at Dodona, and Ammon, in Libya.\n As Jupiter was the king and father of gods and men, his power was\n extended over the deities, and everything was subservient to his\n will, except the Fates. From him mankind received their blessings\n and their miseries, and they looked upon him as acquainted with\n everything past, present, and future. He was represented at\n Olympia with a crown like olive branches; his mantle was variegated\n with different flowers, particularly by the lily, and the eagle\n perched on the top of the sceptre which he held in his hand. The\n Cretans represented Jupiter without ears, to signify that the\n sovereign master of the world ought not to give a partial ear to any\n particular person, but be equally candid and propitious to all. At\n Laced\u00e6mon he appeared with four heads, that he might seem to hear\n with greater readiness the different prayers and solicitations which\n were daily poured to him from every part of the earth. It is said\n that Minerva came all armed from his brains when he ordered Vulcan\n to open his head. _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bks. 1,\n 4, 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 3.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 1, 5,\n &c.; _Odyssey_, bks. 1, 4, &c.; _Hymn 23 to Zeus_.\u2015\u2015_Orpheus._\n \u2015\u2015_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Zeus_.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Olympian_, bks. 1, 3,\n 5.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_; _Shield of\n Heracles_; _Works and Days_.\u2015\u2015_Lycophron_, _Cassandra_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bks. 1, 2, &c.; _Georgics_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 1, fable 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 1, &c.\n\n=Jura=, a high ridge of mountains separating the Helvetii from the\n Sequani, or Switzerland from Burgundy. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1,\n ch. 2.\n\n=Just\u012bnus Marcus Junianus=, a Latin historian in the age of Antoninus,\n who epitomized the history of Trogus Pompeius. This epitome,\n according to some traditions, was the cause that the comprehensive\n work of Trogus was lost. It comprehends the history of the Assyrian,\n Persian, Grecian, Macedonia, and Roman empires, &c., in a neat and\n elegant style. It is replete with many judicious reflections and\n animated harangues, but the author is often too credulous, and\n sometimes examines events too minutely, while others are related\n only in a few words too often obscure. The indecency of many of his\n expressions is deservedly censured. The best editions of Justin are\n that of Abraham Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1719, that of Hearne, 8vo,\n Oxford, 1703, and that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1770.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Martyr, a\n Greek father, formerly a Platonic philosopher, born at Palestine. He\n died in Egypt, and wrote two apologies for the christians, besides\n his dialogue with a Jew; two treatises, &c., in a plain, unadorned\n style. The best editions of Justin Martyr are that of Paris, folio,\n 1636; that of his apologies, 2 vols., 8vo, 1700 & 1703; and Jebb\u2019s\n dialogue with Trypho, published in London, 1722.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An emperor of\n the east, who reigned nine years, and died A.D. 526.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n who died A.D. 564, after a reign of 38 years.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who died\n 577 A.D., after a reign of 13 years.\n\n=Juturna=, a sister of Turnus king of the Rutuli. She heard with\n contempt the addresses of Jupiter, or, according to others, she was\n not unfavourable to his passion, so that the god rewarded her love\n with immortality. She was afterwards changed into a fountain of the\n same name near the Numicus, falling into the Tiber. The waters of\n that fountain were used in sacrifices, and particularly in those\n of Vesta. They had the power to heal diseases. _Varro_, _de Lingua\n Latina_, bk. 1, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 708; bk. 2,\n li. 585.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 139.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _For Aulus\n Cluentius_, ch. 36.\n\n=Juven\u0101lis Decius Junius=, a poet born at Aquinum in Italy. He came\n early to Rome, and passed some time in declaiming; after which he\n applied himself to write satires, 16 of which are extant. He spoke\n with virulence against the partiality of Nero for the pantomime\n Paris, and though all his satire and declamation were pointed\n against this ruling favourite of the emperor, yet Juvenal lived\n in security during the reign of Nero. After the death of Nero,\n the effects of the resentment of Paris were severely felt, and the\n satirist was sent by Domitian as governor on the frontiers of Egypt.\n Juvenal was then in the 80th year of his age, and he suffered much\n from the trouble which attended his office, or rather his exile. He\n returned, however, to Rome, after the death of Paris, and died in\n the reign of Trajan, A.D. 128. His writings are fiery and animated,\n and they abound with humour. He is particularly severe upon the vice\n and dissipation of the age he lived in; but the gross and indecent\n manner in which he exposed to ridicule the follies of mankind,\n rather encourages than disarms the debauched and licentious. He\n wrote with acrimony against all his adversaries, and whatever\n displeased or offended him was exposed to his severest censure.\n It is to be acknowledged that Juvenal is far more correct than\n his contemporaries, a circumstance which some have attributed to\n his judgment and experience, which were uncommonly mature, as his\n satires were the productions of old age. He may be called, and\n with reason, perhaps, the last of the Roman poets. After him poetry\n decayed, and nothing more claims our attention as a perfect poetical\n composition. The best editions are those of Casaubon, 4to, Leiden,\n 1695, with Persius, and of Hawkey, Dublin, 12mo, 1746, and of\n Gr\u00e6vius, _cum notis variorum_, 8vo, Leiden, 1684.\n\n=Juventas=, or =Juventus=, a goddess at Rome who presided over\n youth and vigour. She is the same as the Hebe of the Greeks, and\n represented as a beautiful nymph, arrayed in variegated garments.\n _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 54; bk. 21, ch. 62; bk. 36, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, ltr. 9, li. 12.\n\n=Juverna=, or =Hibernia=, an island at the west of Britain, now called\n _Ireland_. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 160.\n\n=Ixibat\u00e6=, a people of Pontus.\n\n=Ix\u012bon=, a king of Thessaly, son of Phlegas, or, according to Hyginus,\n of Leontes, or, according to Diodorus, of Antion, by Perimela\n daughter of Amythaon. He married Dia daughter of Eioneus or Deioneus,\n and promised his father-in-law a valuable present for the choice\n he had made of him to be his daughter\u2019s husband. His unwillingness,\n however, to fulfil his promises obliged Deioneus to have recourse to\n violence to obtain it, and he stole away some of his horses. Ixion\n concealed his resentment under the mask of friendship; he invited\n his father-in-law to a feast at Larissa, the capital of his kingdom,\n and when Deioneus was come, according to the appointment, he threw\n him into a pit, which he had previously filled with wood and burning\n coals. This premeditated treachery so irritated the neighbouring\n princes, that all of them refused to perform the usual ceremony,\n by which a man was then purified of murder, and Ixion was shunned\n and despised by all mankind. Jupiter had compassion upon him, and\n he carried him to heaven, and introduced him at the table of the\n gods. Such a favour, which ought to have awakened gratitude in Ixion,\n served only to inflame his lust; he became enamoured of Juno, and\n attempted to seduce her. Juno was willing to gratify the passion\n of Ixion, though according to others she informed Jupiter of the\n attempts which had been made upon her virtue. Jupiter made a cloud\n in the shape of Juno, and carried it to the place where Ixion had\n appointed to meet Juno. Ixion was caught in the snare and from his\n embrace with the cloud, he had the Centaurs, or, according to others,\n Centaurus. _See:_ Centauri. Jupiter, displeased with the insolence\n of Ixion, banished him from heaven; but when he heard that he had\n seduced Juno, the god struck him with his thunder, and ordered\n Mercury to tie him to a wheel in hell which continually whirls\n round. The wheel was perpetually in motion, therefore the punishment\n of Ixion was eternal. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 62.\n \u2015\u2015_Pindar_, bk. 2, _Pythian_, poem 2.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk.\n 4, li. 484; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 601.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 12, lis. 210 & 338.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Lactantius [Placidus]_ on [Statius\u2019] _Thebaid_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n the Heraclid\u00e6, who reigned at Corinth for 57 or 37 years. He was son\n of Alethes.\n\n=Ix\u012b\u014fn\u012ddes=, the patronymic of Pirithous son of Ixion. _Propertius_,\n bk. 2, poem 1, li. 38.\n\n\n L\n\n=Laander=, a youth, brother to Nicocrates tyrant of Cyrene &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Laarchus=, the guardian of Battus of Cyrene. He usurped the sovereign\n power for some time, and endeavoured to marry the mother of Battus,\n the better to establish his tyranny. The queen gave him a friendly\n invitation, and caused him to be assassinated, and restored the\n power to Battus. _Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=Labaris=, a king of Egypt after Sesostris.\n\n=Labda=, a daughter of Amphion, one of the Bacchiad\u00e6, born lame. She\n married Ection, by whom she had a son whom she called Cypselus\n because she saved his life in a coffer. _See:_ Cypselus. This coffer\n was preserved at Olympia. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 92.\u2015\u2015_Aristotle_,\n _Politics_, bk. 5.\n\n=Labdac\u012ddes=, a name given to \u0152dipus, as descended from Labdacus.\n\n=Labd\u0103cus=, a son of Polydorus by Nycteis, the daughter of Nycteus\n king of Thebes. His father and mother died during his childhood,\n and he was left to the care of Nycteus, who at his death left his\n kingdom in the hands of Lycus, with orders to restore it to Labdacus\n as soon as of age. He was father to Laius. It is unknown whether\n he ever sat on the throne of Thebes. According to Statius his\n father\u2019s name was Ph\u0153nix. His descendants were called _Labdacides_.\n _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6, li. 451.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 5.\n\n=Labdalon=, a promontory of Sicily, near Syracuse. _Diodorus_, bk. 13.\n\n=Labe\u0101lis=, a lake in Dalmatia, now _Scutari_, of which the\n neighbouring inhabitants were called Labeates. _Livy_, bk. 44,\n ch. 31; bk. 45, ch. 26.\n\n=L\u0103beo Antistius=, a celebrated lawyer in the age of Augustus, whose\n views he opposed, and whose offers of the consulship he refused. His\n works are lost. He was wont to enjoy the company and conversation\n of the learned for six months, and the rest of the year was spent\n in writing and composing. His father, of the same name, was one\n of C\u00e6sar\u2019s murderers. He killed himself at the battle of Philippi.\n _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3, li. 82, has unjustly taxed him with\n insanity because, no doubt, he inveighed against his patrons.\n _Appian_, _The Civil Wars_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 45.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune of the people at Rome, who condemned the censor\n Metellus to be thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, because he had\n expelled him from the senate. This rigorous sentence was stopped\n by the interference of another of the tribunes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus Fabius,\n a Roman consul, A.U.C. 571, who obtained a naval victory over the\n fleet of the Cretans. He assisted Terence in composing his comedies,\n according to some.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Actius, an obscure poet who recommended\n himself to the favour of Nero by an incorrect translation of\n Homer into Latin. The work is lost, and only this curious line is\n preserved by an old scholiast, _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 4, _Crudum\n manducus Priamum, Priamique Pisinnos_.\n\n=L\u0103b\u0115rius J. Decimus=, a Roman knight famous for his poetical talents\n in writing pantomimes. Julius C\u00e6sar compelled him to act one of his\n characters on the stage. The poet consented with great reluctance,\n but he showed his resentment during the acting of the piece by\n throwing severe aspersions upon Julius C\u00e6sar, by warning the\n audience against his tyranny, and by drawing upon him the eyes\n of the whole theatre. C\u00e6sar, however, restored him to the rank\n of knight which he had lost by appearing on the stage; but to his\n mortification, when he went to take his seat among the knights,\n no one offered to make room for him, and even his friend Cicero\n said, _Recepissem te nisi angust\u00e8 sederem_. Laberius was offended\n at the affectation and insolence of Cicero, and reflected upon\n his unsettled and pusillanimous behaviour during the civil wars of\n C\u00e6sar and Pompey, by the reply of _Mirum si angust\u00e8 sedes, qui soles\n duabas sellis sedere_. Laberius died 10 months after the murder\n of Julius C\u00e6sar. Some fragments remain of his poetry. _Macrobius_,\n _Saturnalia_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 7.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _de Controversi\u00e6_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_,\n ch. 39.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus Durus, a tribune of the soldiers in C\u00e6sar\u2019s\n legions, killed in Britain. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\n\n=Lab\u012bcum=, now _Colonna_, a town of Italy, called also _Lavicum_,\n between Gabii and Tusculum, which became a Roman colony about four\n centuries B.C. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 796.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 2,\n ch. 39; bk. 4, ch. 47.\n\n=L\u0103bi\u0113nus=, an officer of C\u00e6sar in the wars of Gaul. He deserted to\n Pompey, and was killed at the battle of Munda. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 346.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who followed the\n interest of Brutus and Cassius, and became general of the Parthians\n against Rome. He was conquered by the officers of Augustus. _Strabo_,\n bks. 12 & 14.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 48.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Titus, an historian\n and orator at Rome in the age of Augustus, who admired his own\n compositions with all the pride of superior genius and incomparable\n excellence. The senate ordered his papers to be burnt on account of\n their seditious contents; and Labienus, unable to survive the loss\n of his writings, destroyed himself. _Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Seneca._\n\n=Labin\u0113tus=, or =Labyn\u0113tus=, a king of Babylon, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 74.\n\n=Labotas=, a river near Antioch in Syria. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Echestratus, who made war against Argos, &c.\n\n=Labradeus=, a surname of Jupiter in Caria. The word is derived from\n _labrys_ which in the language of the country signifies a hatchet,\n which Jupiter\u2019s statue held in its hand. _Plutarch._\n\n=Labron=, a part of Italy on the Mediterranean, supposed to be Leghorn.\n _Cicero_ bk. 2, _Letters to his brother Quintus_, ltr. 6.\n\n=L\u0103by\u0306rinthus=, a building whose numerous passages and perplexing\n windings render the escape from it difficult, and almost\n impracticable. There were four very famous among the ancients; one\n near the city of Crocodiles or Arsinoe, another in Crete, a third\n at Lemnos, and a fourth in Italy, built by Porsenna. That of Egypt\n was the most ancient, and Herodotus, who saw it, declares that the\n beauty and art of the building were almost beyond belief. It was\n built by 12 kings, who at one time reigned in Egypt, and it was\n intended for the place of their burial, and to commemorate the\n actions of their reign. It was divided into 12 halls, or, according\n to Pliny, into 16, or, as Strabo mentions, into 27. The halls were\n vaulted, according to the relation of Herodotus. They had each six\n doors, opening to the north, and the same number to the south, all\n surrounded by one wall. The edifice contained 3000 chambers, 1500 in\n the upper part, and the same number below. The chambers above were\n seen by Herodotus, and astonished him beyond conception, but he\n was not permitted to see those below, where were buried the holy\n crocodiles and the monarchs whose munificence had raised the edifice.\n The roofs and walls were encrusted with marble, and adorned with\n sculptured figures. The halls were surrounded with stately and\n polished pillars of white stone, and, according to some authors,\n the opening of the doors was artfully attended with a terrible\n noise like peals of thunder. The labyrinth of Crete was built by\n D\u00e6dalus, in imitation of that of Egypt, and it is the most famous\n of all in classical history. It was the place of confinement for\n D\u00e6dalus himself, and the prison of the Minotaur. According to\n Pliny the labyrinth of Lemnos surpassed the others in grandeur and\n magnificence. It was supported by 40 columns of uncommon height and\n thickness, and equally admirable for their beauty and splendour.\n Modern travellers are still astonished at the noble and magnificent\n ruins which appear of the Egyptian labyrinth, at the south of the\n lake M\u0153ris, about 30 miles from the ruins of Arsinoe. _Mela_, bk. 1,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk.\n 1.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 148.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 588.\n\n=L\u0103c\u00e6na=, an epithet applied to a female native of Laconia, and, among\n others, to Helen. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 511.\n\n=L\u0103c\u0115d\u00e6emon=, a son of Jupiter and Taygeta the daughter of Atlas,\n who married Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, by whom he had Amyclas\n and Eurydice the wife of Acrisius. He was the first who introduced\n the worship of the Graces in Laconia, and who first built them\n a temple. From Laced\u00e6mon and his wife, the capital of Laconia\n was called Laced\u00e6mon and Sparta. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 155.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A noble city\n of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia called also _Sparta_, and\n now known by the name of _Misitra_. It has been severally known by\n the name of _Lelegia_, from the Leleges the first inhabitants of the\n country, or from Lelex one of their kings; and _\u0152balia_, from \u0152balus\n the sixth king from Eurotas. It was also called _Hecatompolis_\n from the 100 cities which the whole province once contained. Lelex\n is supposed to have been the first king. His descendants, 13 in\n number, reigned successively after him, till the reign of the sons\n of Orestes, when the Heraclid\u00e6 recovered the Peloponnesus, about 80\n years after the Trojan war. Procles and Eurysthenes, the descendants\n of the Heraclid\u00e6, enjoyed the crown together, and after them it\n was decreed that the two families should always sit on the throne\n together. _See:_ Eurysthenes. These two brothers began to reign\n B.C. 1102. Their successors in the family of Procles were called\n _Proclid\u00e6_, and afterwards _Eurypontid\u00e6_, and those of Eurysthenes,\n _Eurysthenid\u00e6_, and afterwards _Agid\u00e6_. The successors of Procles\n on the throne began to reign in the following order: Sous 1060 B.C.,\n after his father had reigned 42 years; Eurypon, 1028; Prytanis,\n 1021; Eunomus, 986; Polydectes, 907; Lycurgus, 898; Charilaus,\n 873; Nicander, 809; Theopompus, 770; Zeuxidamus, 723; Anaxidamus,\n 690; Archidamus, 651; Agasicles, 605; Ariston, 564; Demaratus,\n 526; Leotychides, 491; Archidamus, 469; Agis, 427; Agesilaus, 397;\n Archidamus, 361; Agis II., 338; Eudamidas, 330; Archidamus, 295;\n Eudamidas II., 268; Agis, 244; Archidamus, 230; Euclidus, 225;\n Lycurgus, 219. The successors of Eurysthenes were Agis, 1059;\n Echestratus, 1058; Labotas, 1023; Doryssus, 986; Agesilaus, 957;\n Archelaus, 913; Teleclus, 853; Alcamenes, 813; Polydorus, 776;\n Eurycrates, 724; Anaxander, 687; Eurycrates II., 644; Leon, 607;\n Anaxandrides, 563; Cleomenes, 530; Leonidas, 491; Plistarchus,\n under guardianship of Pausanius, 480; Plistoanax, 466; Pausanius,\n 408; Agesipolis, 397; Cleombrotus, 380; Agesipolis II., 371;\n Cleomenes II., 370; Aretus or Areus, 309; Acrotatus, 265; Areus II.,\n 264; Leonidas, 257; Cleombrotus, 243; Leonidas restored, 241;\n Cleomenes, 235; Agesipolis, 219. Under the two last kings, Lycurgus\n and Agesipolis, the monarchical power was abolished, though\n Machanidas the tyrant made himself absolute, B.C. 210, and Nabis,\n 206, for 14 years. In the year 191 B.C. Laced\u00e6mon joined the Ach\u00e6an\n league, and about three years after the walls were demolished by\n order of Philop\u0153men. The territories of Laconia shared the fate\n of the Ach\u00e6n confederacy, and the whole was conquered by Mummius,\n 147 B.C., and converted into a Roman province. The inhabitants of\n Laced\u00e6mon have rendered themselves illustrious for their courage\n and intrepidity, for their love of honour and liberty, and for\n their aversion to sloth and luxury. They were inured from their\n youth to labour, and their laws commanded them to make war their\n profession. They never applied themselves to any trade, but their\n only employment was arms, and they left everything else to the care\n of their slaves. _See:_ Helot\u00e6. They hardened their body by stripes\n and other manly exercises, and accustomed themselves to undergo\n hardships, and even to die, without fear or regret. From their\n valour in the field, and their moderation and temperance at home,\n they were courted and revered by all the neighbouring princes, and\n their assistance was severally implored to protect the Sicilians,\n Carthaginians, Thracians, Egyptians, Cyreneans, &c. They were\n forbidden by the laws of their country [_See:_ Lycurgus] to\n visit foreign states, lest their morals should be corrupted by an\n intercourse with effeminate nations. The austere manner in which\n their children were educated, rendered them undaunted in the field\n of battle, and from this circumstance, Leonidas, with a small\n band, was enabled to resist the millions of the army of Xerxes at\n Thermopyl\u00e6. The women were as courageous as the men, and many a\n mother has celebrated with festivals the death of her son who had\n fallen in battle, or has coolly put him to death, if, by a shameful\n flight or loss of his arms, he brought disgrace upon his country. As\n to domestic manners, the Laced\u00e6monians as widely differed from their\n neighbours as in political concerns, and their noblest women were\n not ashamed to appear on the stage hired for money. In the affairs\n of Greece, the interest of the Laced\u00e6monians was often powerful, and\n obtained the superiority for 500 years. Their jealousy of the power\n and greatness of the Athenians is well known. The authority of their\n monarchs was checked by the watchful eye of the Ephori, who had the\n power of imprisoning the kings themselves if guilty of misdemeanours.\n _See:_ Ephori. The Laced\u00e6monians are remarkable for the honour and\n reverence which they paid to old age. The names of _Laced\u00e6mon_ and\n _Sparta_ are promiscuously applied to the capital of Laconia, and\n often confounded together. The latter was applied to the metropolis,\n and the former was reserved for the inhabitants of the suburbs,\n or rather of the country contiguous to the walls of the city. This\n propriety of distinction was originally observed, but in process of\n time it was totally lost, and both appellatives were soon synonymous,\n and indiscriminately applied to the city and country. _See:_ Sparta,\n Laconia. The place where the city stood is now called _Paleo Chori_\n (_the old town_), and the new one erected on its ruins at some\n distance on the west is called _Misatra_. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 33;\n bk. 45, ch. 28.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bks. 2, 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus._\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2. There\n were some festivals celebrated at Laced\u00e6mon, the names of which\n are not known. It was customary for the women to drag all the old\n bachelors round the altars, and beat them with their fists, that the\n shame and ignominy to which they were exposed might induce them to\n marry, &c. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 13.\n\n=L\u0103c\u0115d\u00e6m\u014fnii= and =L\u0103c\u0115d\u00e6m\u014fnes=, the inhabitants of Laced\u00e6mon. _See:_\n Laced\u00e6mon.\n\n=L\u0103c\u0115d\u00e6m\u014fnius=, a son of Cimon by Clitoria. He received this name from\n his father\u2019s regard for the Laced\u00e6monians. _Plutarch._\n\n=L\u0103certa=, a soothsayer in Domitian\u2019s age, who acquired immense riches\n by his art. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 114.\n\n=Lacetania=, a district at the north of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 23.\n\n=Lach\u0103res=, a man who seized the supreme power at Athens when the city\n was in discord, and was banished B.C. 296. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n Athenian three times taken prisoner. He deceived his keepers, and\n escaped, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Mithridates king of\n Bosphorus. He was received into alliance by Lucullus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A robber\n condemned by Marcus Antony.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Egyptian, buried in the labyrinth\n near Arsinoe.\n\n=Laches=, an Athenian general in the age of Epaminondas. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian sent with Carias at the head of a fleet in\n the first expedition undertaken against Sicily in the Peloponnesian\n war. _Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An artist who finished the Colossus\n of Rhodes.\n\n=L\u0103ch\u0115sis=, one of the Parc\u00e6, whose name is derived from \u03bb\u03b1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _to\n measure out by lot_. She presided over futurity, and was represented\n as spinning the thread of life, or, according to others, holding the\n spindle. She generally appeared covered with a garment variegated\n with stars, and holding spindles in her hand. _See:_ Parc\u00e6.\n _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 2, li. 249.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 54.\n\n=Lacidas=, a Greek philosopher of Cyrene, who flourished B.C. 241. His\n father\u2019s name was Alexander. He was disciple of Arcesilaus, whom he\n succeeded in the government of the second academy. He was greatly\n esteemed by king Attalus, who gave him a garden where he spent his\n hours in study. He taught his disciples to suspend their judgment,\n and never speak decisively. He disgraced himself by the magnificent\n funeral with which he honoured a favourite goose. He died through\n excess of drinking. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 4.\n\n=Lac\u012bdes=, a village near Athens, which derived its name from Lacius,\n an Athenian hero, whose exploits are unknown. Here Zephyrus had an\n altar sacred to him, and likewise Ceres and Proserpine a temple.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 37.\n\n=L\u0103c\u012bnia=, a surname of Juno from her temple at Lacinium in Italy,\n which the Crotonians held in great veneration, and where there was\n a famous statue of Helen by Zeuxis. _See:_ Zeuxis. On an altar near\n the door were ashes which the wind could not blow away. Fulvius\n Flaccus took away a marble piece from this sacred place, to finish\n a temple that he was building at Rome to Fortuna Equestris; and\n it is said that, for this sacrilege, he afterwards led a miserable\n life, and died in the greatest agonies. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, lis. 12 & 702.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n\n=Lac\u012bnienses=, a people of Liburnia.\n\n=Lac\u012bnium=, a promontory of Magna Gr\u00e6cia, now cape _Colonna_, the\n southern boundary of Tarentum in Italy, where Juno Lacinia had a\n temple held in great veneration. It received its name from Lacinius,\n a famous robber killed there by Hercules. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 3;\n bk. 27, ch. 5; bk. 30, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 522.\n\n=Lacmon=, a part of mount Pindus where the Inachus flows. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 9, ch. 93.\n\n=Laco=, a favourite of Galba, mean and cowardly in his character. He\n was put to death.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An inhabitant of Laconia or Laced\u00e6mon.\n\n=Lacobriga=, a city of Spain, where \u2666Sertorius was besieged by\n Metellus.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Sertorious\u2019 replaced with \u2018Sertorius\u2019\n\n=Lac\u014dnia=, =Lac\u014dn\u012dca=, and =Laced\u00e6mon=, a country in the southern\n parts of Peloponnesus, having Argos and Arcadia on the north,\n Messenia on the west, the Mediterranean on the south, and the bay of\n Argos at the east. Its extent from north to south was about 50 miles.\n It is watered by the river Eurotas. The capital is called Sparta,\n or Laced\u00e6mon. The inhabitants never went on an expedition or engaged\n an enemy but at the full moon. _See:_ Laced\u00e6mon. The brevity with\n which they always expressed themselves is now become proverbial, and\n by the epithet of _Laconic_ we understand whatever is concise and\n not loaded with unnecessary words. The word _Laconicum_ is applied\n to some hot baths used among the ancients, and first invented at\n Laced\u00e6mon. _Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 10.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Lacr\u0103tes=, a Theban, general of a detachment sent by Artaxerxes to\n the assistance of the Egyptians. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Lacr\u012dnes=, a Laced\u00e6monian ambassador to Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 152.\n\n=Lactantius=, a celebrated christian writer, whose principal works are\n _de ir\u00e2 divin\u00e2_, _de Dei operibus_, and his _divine institutions_,\n in seven books, in which he proves the truth of the christian\n religion, refutes objections, and attacks the illusions and\n absurdities of paganism. The expressive purity, elegance, and energy\n of his style have gained him the name of the christian Cicero. He\n died A.D. 325.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The best editions of his works are that of Sparke,\n 8vo, Oxford, 1684; that of Bimeman, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1739;\n and that of Du Fresnoy, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1748.\n\n=Lacter=, a promontory of the island of Cos.\n\n=Lacydes=, a philosopher. _See:_ Lacidas.\n\n=Lac\u0233dus=, an effeminate king of Argos.\n\n=Ladas=, a celebrated courier of Alexander, born at Sicyon. He was\n honoured with a brazen statue, and obtained a crown of Olympia.\n _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 10.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 13, li. 97.\n\n=Lade=, an island of the \u00c6gean sea, on the coast of Asia Minor, where\n was a naval battle between the Persians and Ionians. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 6, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\n\n=Lades=, a son of Imbrasus, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 12, li. 343.\n\n=Ladocea=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias._\n\n=Ladon=, a river of Arcadia, falling into the Alpheus. The\n metamorphosis of Daphne into a laurel, and of Syrinx into a reed,\n happened near its banks. _Strabo_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015 _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,\n li. 659.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Arcadian who followed \u00c6neas into Italy, where he was\n killed. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 413.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 216.\n\n=L\u00e6laps=, one of Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n dog of Cephalus, given him by Procis. _See:_ Lelaps, &c. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7.\n\n=L\u00e6lia=, a vestal virgin.\n\n=L\u00e6li\u0101nus=, a general, proclaimed emperor in Gaul by his soldiers,\n A.D. 268, after the death of Gallienus. His triumph was short; he\n was conquered and put to death after a few months\u2019 reign by another\n general called _Posthumus_, who aspired to the imperial purple as\n well as himself.\n\n=Caius L\u00e6lius=, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 614, surnamed _Sapiens_, so\n intimate with Africanus the younger, that Cicero represents him\n in his treatise _De Amiciti\u00e2_, as explaining the real nature of\n friendship, with its attendant pleasures. He made war with success\n against Viriathus. It is said that he assisted Terence in the\n composition of his comedies. His modesty, humanity, and the manner\n in which he patronized letters, are as celebrated as his greatness\n of mind and integrity in the character of a statesman. _Cicero_,\n _On Oratory_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another consul, who accompanied Scipio Africanus\n the elder in his campaigns in Spain and Africa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Archelaus, a\n famous grammarian. _Suetonius._\n\n=L\u00e6na= and =Le\u00e6na=, the mistress of Harmodius and Aristogiton. Being\n tortured because she refused to discover the conspirators, she bit\n off her tongue, totally to frustrate the violent efforts of her\n executioners.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who was acquainted with the conspiracy formed\n against C\u00e6sar.\n\n=L\u00e6nas=, a surname of the Popilii at Rome.\n\n=L\u00e6neus=, a river of Crete, where Jupiter brought the ravished Europa.\n _Strabo._\n\n=L\u00e6pa Magna=, a town of Spain. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Laertes=, a king of Ithaca, son of Arcesius and Chalcomedusa, who\n married Anticlea the daughter of Autolycus. Anticlea was pregnant by\n Sisyphus when she married Laertes, and eight months after her union\n with the king of Ithaca, she brought forth a son called Ulysses.\n _See:_ Anticlea. Ulysses was treated with paternal care by Laertes,\n though not really his son, and Laertes ceded to him his crown and\n retired into the country where he spent his time in gardening. He\n was found in this mean employment by his son at his return from\n the Trojan war, after 20 years\u2019 absence, and Ulysses, at the sight\n of his father, whose dress and old age declared his sorrow, long\n hesitated whether he should suddenly introduce himself as his son,\n or whether he should, as a stranger, gradually awaken the paternal\n feelings of Laertes, who had believed that his son was no more. This\n last measure was preferred, and when Laertes had burst into tears\n at the mention which was made of his son, Ulysses threw himself on\n his neck, exclaiming, \u201cO father, I am he for whom you weep.\u201d This\n welcome declaration was followed by a recital of all the hardships\n which Ulysses had suffered, and immediately after the father and son\n repaired to the palace of Penelope the wife of Ulysses, whence all\n the suitors who daily importuned the princess were forcibly removed.\n Laertes was one of the Argonauts, according to _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 9. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bks. 11 & 24.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 13, li. 32; _Heroides_, poem 1, li. 98.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Cilicia,\n which gave birth to Diogenes, surnamed _La\u00ebrtius_ from the place of\n his birth.\n\n=La\u00ebrtius Diogenes=, a writer born at Laertes. _See:_ Diogenes.\n\n=L\u00e6stry\u0306g\u014fnes=, the most ancient inhabitants of Sicily. Some suppose\n them to be the same as the people of Leontium, and to have been\n neighbours to the Cyclops. They fed on human flesh, and when\n Ulysses came on their coasts, they sunk his ships and devoured his\n companions. _See:_ Antiphates. They were of a gigantic stature,\n according to Homer, who, however, does not mention their country,\n but only speaks of Lamus as their capital. A colony of them, as some\n suppose, passed over into Italy, with Lamus at their head, where\n they built the town of Formi\u00e6, whence the epithet of _L\u00e6strygonia_\n is often used for that of _Formiana_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 233, &c.; _Fasti_, bk. 4; _ex Ponto_,\n bk. 4, ltr. 10.\u2015\u2015_Tzetzes_, _On Lycophron_, lis. 662 & 818.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 81.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 276.\n\n=L\u00e6ta=, the wife of the emperor Gratian, celebrated for her humanity\n and generous sentiments.\n\n=L\u00e6toria lex=, ordered that proper persons should be appointed to\n provide for the security and the possession of such as were insane,\n or squandered away their estates. It made it a high crime to abuse\n the weakness of persons under such circumstances. _Cicero_, _de\n Officiis_, bk. 3.\n\n=L\u00e6tus=, a Roman whom Commodus condemned to be put to death. This\n violence raised L\u00e6tus against Commodus; he conspired against him,\n and raised Pertinax to the throne.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the emperor\n Severus, put to death for his treachery to the emperor; or,\n according to others, on account of his popularity.\n\n=L\u00e6vi=, the ancient inhabitants of Gallia Transpadana.\n\n=L\u00e6v\u012bnus=, a Roman consul sent against Pyrrhus, A.U.C. 474. He informed\n the monarch that the Romans would not accept him as an arbitrator\n in the war with Tarentum, and feared him not as an enemy. He was\n defeated by Pyrrhus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius Valerius, a man despised at Rome,\n because he was distinguished by no good quality. _Horace_, bk. 1,\n satire 6, li. 12.\n\n=Lagaria=, a town of Lucania.\n\n=Lagia=, a name of the island Delos. _See:_ Delos.\n\n=Lag\u012ddes.= _See:_ Lagus.\n\n=Laginia=, a town of Caria.\n\n=Lagus=, a Macedonian of mean extraction. He received in marriage\n Arsinoe the daughter of Meleager, who was then pregnant by king\n Philip, and being willing to hide the disgrace of his wife, he\n exposed the child in the woods. An eagle preserved the life of the\n infant, fed him with her prey, and sheltered him with her wings\n against the inclemency of the air. This uncommon preservation was\n divulged by Lagus, who adopted the child as his own, and called\n him Ptolemy, conjecturing that as his life had been so miraculously\n preserved, his days would be spent in grandeur and affluence. This\n Ptolemy became king of Egypt after the death of Alexander. According\n to other accounts Arsinoe was nearly related to Philip king of\n Macedonia, and her marriage with Lagus was not considered as\n dishonourable, because he was opulent and powerful. The first of the\n Ptolemies is called _Lagus_, to distinguish him from his successors\n of the same name. Ptolemy, the first of the Macedonian kings of\n Egypt, wished it to be believed that he was the legitimate son\n of Lagus, and he preferred the name of _Lagides_ to all other\n appellations. It is even said that he established a military order\n in Alexandria, which was called Lageion. The surname of Lagides\n was transmitted to all his descendants on the Egyptian throne till\n the reign of Cleopatra, Antony\u2019s mistress. Plutarch mentions an\n anecdote which serves to show how far the legitimacy of Ptolemy\n was believed in his age. A pedantic grammarian, says the historian,\n once displaying his great knowledge of antiquity in the presence\n of Ptolemy, the king suddenly interrupted him with the question\n of, \u201cPray tell me, sir, who was the father of Peleus?\u201d \u201cTell me,\u201d\n replied the grammarian, without hesitation, \u201ctell me, if you\n can, O king! who the father of Lagus was.\u201d This reflection on\n the meanness of the monarch\u2019s birth did not in the least irritate\n his resentment, though the courtiers all glowed with indignation.\n Ptolemy praised the humour of the grammarian, and showed his\n moderation and the mildness of his temper by taking him under his\n patronage. _Pausanias_, _Attica_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _De Cohibenda Ira_.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 684.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 196.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Rutulian, killed by Pallas\n son of Evander. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 381.\n\n=Lag\u016bsa=, an island in the Pamphylian sea.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another near Crete.\n _Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.\n\n=Lag\u0233ra=, a city of Taurica Chersonesus.\n\n=Lai\u0103des=, a patronymic of \u0152dipus son of Laius. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 18.\n\n=Laias=, a king of Arcadia, who succeeded his father Cypselus, &c.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Elis, &c.\n\n=Lais=, a celebrated courtesan, daughter of Timandra the mistress of\n Alcibiades, born at Hyccara in Sicily. She was carried away from her\n native country into Greece, when Nicias the Athenian general invaded\n Sicily. She first began to sell her favours at Corinth, for 10,000\n drachmas, and the immense number of princes, noblemen, philosophers,\n orators, and plebeians who courted her embraces, show how much\n commendation is owed to her personal charms. The expenses which\n attended her pleasures gave rise to the proverb of _Non cuivis\n homini contingit adire Corinthum_. Even Demosthenes himself visited\n Corinth for the sake of Lais, but when he was informed by the\n courtesans that admittance to her bed was to be bought at the\n enormous sum of about 300_l._ English money, the orator departed, and\n observed that he would not buy repentance at so dear a price. The\n charms which had attracted Demosthenes to Corinth, had no influence\n upon Xenocrates. When Lais saw the philosopher unmoved by her beauty,\n she visited his house herself; but there she had no reason to boast\n of the licentiousness or easy submission of Xenocrates. Diogenes\n the cynic was one of her warmest admirers, and though filthy in\n his dress and manners, yet he gained her heart and enjoyed her most\n unbounded favours. The sculptor Mycon also solicited the favours of\n Lais, but he met with coldness; he, however, attributed the cause\n of his ill reception to the whiteness of his hair, and dyed it of\n a brown colour, but to no purpose. \u201cFool that thou art,\u201d said the\n courtesan, \u201cto ask what I refused yesterday to thy father.\u201d Lais\n ridiculed the austerity of philosophers, and laughed at the weakness\n of those who pretend to have gained a superiority over their\n passions, by observing that the sages and philosophers of the\n age were not above the rest of mankind, for she found them at her\n door as often as the rest of the Athenians. The success which her\n debaucheries met at Corinth encouraged Lais to pass into Thessaly,\n and more particularly to enjoy the company of a favourite youth\n called Hippostratus. She was, however, disappointed: the women of\n the place, jealous of her charms, and apprehensive of her corrupting\n the fidelity of their husbands, assassinated her in the temple of\n Venus, about 340 years before the christian era. Some suppose that\n there were two persons of this name, a mother and her daughter.\n _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 9, ltr. 26.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Amores_, bk. 1, poem 5.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=L\u0101ius=, a son of Labdacus, who succeeded to the throne of Thebes,\n which his grandfather Nycteus had left to the care of his brother\n Lycus, till his grandson came of age. He was driven from his kingdom\n by Amphion and Zethus, who were incensed against Lycus for the\n indignities which Antiope had suffered. He was afterwards restored,\n and married Jocasta the daughter of Creon. An oracle informed him\n that he should perish by the hand of his son, and in consequence of\n this dreadful intelligence he resolved never to approach his wife. A\n day spent in debauch and intoxication made him violate his vow, and\n Jocasta brought forth a son. The child as soon as born was given to\n a servant, with orders to put him to death. The servant was moved\n with compassion, and only exposed him on mount Cith\u00e6ron, where his\n life was preserved by a shepherd. The child, called \u0152dipus, was\n educated in the court of Polybus, and an unfortunate meeting with\n his father in a narrow road proved his ruin. \u0152dipus ordered his\n father to make way for him without knowing who he was. Laius refused,\n and was instantly murdered by his irritated son. His armour-bearer\n or charioteer shared his fate. _See:_ \u0152dipus. _Sophocles_, _\u0152dipus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 9 & 66.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 5 & 26.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de\n Curiositate_.\n\n=Lal\u0103ge=, one of Horace\u2019s favourite mistresses. _Horace_, bk. 1,\n ode 22, &c.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman censured for\n her cruelty. _Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 66.\n\n=Lalassis=, a river of Isauria.\n\n=Lam\u0103chus=, a son of Xenophanes, sent into Sicily with Nicias. He\n was killed B.C. 414, before Syracuse, where he had displayed much\n courage and intrepidity. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of\n Heraclea in Pontus, who betrayed his trust to Mithridates, after he\n had invited all the inhabitants to a sumptuous feast.\n\n=Lamalmon=, a large mountain of \u00c6thiopia.\n\n=Lambr\u0101ni=, a people of Italy near the Lambrus. _Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_.\n\n=Lambrus=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po.\n\n=L\u0103mia=, a town of Thessaly at the bottom of the Sinus Maliacus or\n Lamiacus, and north of the river Sperchius, famous for a siege which\n it supported after Alexander\u2019s death. _See:_ Lamiacum. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 16, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Greece\n opposite mount \u0152ta.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Neptune, mother of Hierophile,\n an ancient Sibyl, by Jupiter. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n famous courtesan, mistress to Demetrius Poliorcetes. _Plutarch_,\n _Demetrius_.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13,\n ch. 9.\n\n=Lamia= and =Auxesia=, two deities of Crete, whose worship was the\n same as at Eleusis. The Epidaurians made them two statues of an\n olive tree given them by the Athenians, provided they came to offer\n a sacrifice to Minerva at Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30, &c.\n\n=Lami\u0103cum bellum=, happened after the death of Alexander, when the\n Greeks, and particularly the Athenians, incited by their orators,\n resolved to free Greece from the garrisons of the Macedonians.\n Leosthenes was appointed commander of a numerous force, and marched\n against Antipater, who then presided over Macedonia. Antipater\n entered Thessaly at the head of 13,000 foot and 600 horse, and was\n beaten by the superior force of the Athenians and of their Greek\n confederates. Antipater after this blow fled to Lamia, B.C. 323,\n where he resolved, with all the courage and sagacity of a careful\n general, to maintain a siege with about the 8000 or 9000 men that\n had escaped from the field of battle. Leosthenes, unable to take the\n city by storm, began to make a regular siege. His operations were\n delayed by the frequent sallies of Antipater; and Leosthenes being\n killed by the blow of a stone, Antipater made his escape out of\n Lamia, and soon after, with the assistance of the army of Craterus\n brought from Asia, he gave the Athenians battle near Cranon,\n and though only 500 of their men were slain, yet they became so\n dispirited, that they sued for peace from the conqueror. Antipater\n at last with difficulty consented, provided they raised taxes in the\n usual manner, received a Macedonian garrison, defrayed the expenses\n of the war, and lastly, delivered into his hands Demosthenes and\n Hyperides, the two orators, whose prevailing eloquence had excited\n their countrymen against him. These disadvantageous terms were\n accepted by the Athenians, yet Demosthenes had time to escape\n and poison himself. Hyperides was carried before Antipater, who\n ordered his tongue to be cut off, and afterwards put him to death.\n _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 11,\n &c.\n\n=L\u0103mi\u00e6=, small islands in the \u00c6gean, opposite Troas. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 31.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated family at Rome, descended from Lamus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Certain monsters of Africa, who had the face and breast of\n a woman, and the rest of their body like that of a serpent. They\n allured strangers to come to them, that they might devour them;\n and though they were not endowed with the faculty of speech, yet\n their hissings were pleasing and agreeable. Some believed them to be\n witches, or rather evil spirits, who, under the form of a beautiful\n woman, enticed young children and devoured them. According to\n some, the fable of the Lami\u00e6 is derived from the amours of Jupiter\n with a certain beautiful woman called Lamia, whom the jealousy\n of Juno rendered deformed, and whose children she destroyed; upon\n which Lamia became insane, and so desperate that she ate up all the\n children that came in her way. They are also called Lemures. _See:_\n Lemures. _Philostratus_, _Life of Apollonius_.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, _Art of\n Poetry_, li. 340.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Curiositate_.\u2015\u2015_Dion._\n\n=L\u0103mias \u00c6lius=, a governor of Syria under Tiberius. He was honoured\n with a public funeral by the senate; and as having been a\n respectable and useful citizen, Horace has dedicated his ode 26,\n bk. 1, to his praises, as also bk. 3, ode 17.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 6, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another during the reign of Domitian, put to death,\n &c.\n\n=Lam\u012brus=, a son of Hercules by Iole.\n\n=Lamp\u0115do=, a woman of Laced\u00e6mon, who was daughter, wife, sister, and\n mother of a king. She lived in the age of Alcibiades. Agrippina the\n mother of Claudius could boast the same honours. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 12, chs. 22 & 37.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.\u2015\u2015_Plato_, bk. 1,\n _Alcibiades_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 41.\n\n=Lamp\u0115tia=, a daughter of Apollo and Ne\u00e6ra. She, with her sister\n Phaetusa, guarded her father\u2019s flocks in Sicily when Ulysses arrived\n on the coasts of that island. These flocks were 14 in number, seven\n herds of oxen, and seven flocks of sheep, consisting each of 50.\n They fed by night as well as by day, and it was deemed unlawful\n and sacrilegious to touch them. The companions of Ulysses, impelled\n by hunger, paid no regard to their sanctity, or to the threats\n and entreaties of their chief; but they carried away and killed\n some of the oxen. The watchful keepers complained to their father,\n and Jupiter, at the request of Apollo, punished the offence of the\n Greeks. The hides of the oxen appeared to walk, and the flesh, which\n was roasting by the fire, began to bellow, and nothing was heard but\n dreadful noises and loud lowings. The companions of Ulysses embarked\n on board their ships, but here the resentment of Jupiter followed\n them. A storm arose, and they all perished except Ulysses, who saved\n himself on the broken piece of a mast. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12,\n ch. 119.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015According to _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 349, Lampetia is one of the Heliades,\n who was changed into a poplar tree at the death of her brother\n Phaeton.\n\n=Lampeto= and =Lampedo=, a queen of the Amazons, who boasted herself\n to be the daughter of Mars. She gained many conquests in Asia, where\n she founded several cities. She was surprised afterwards by a band\n of barbarians, and destroyed with her female attendants. _Justin_,\n bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Lampeus= and =Lampia=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Statius_, bk. 8.\n\n=Lampon=, =Lampos=, or =Lampus=, one of the horses of Diomedes,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of\n Hector,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Aurora. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 8; _Odyssey_, bk. 23.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Laomedon, father of Dolops.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A soothsayer of Athens\n in the age of Socrates. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.\n\n=Lamp\u014dnia= and =Lamp\u014dnium=, a city of Troas. _Herodotus_, bk. 5,\n ch. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island on the coast of Thrace. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n\n=Lamponius=, an Athenian general, sent by his countrymen to attempt\n the conquest of Sicily. _Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 3.\n\n=Lampridius \u00c6lius=, a Latin historian in the fourth century, who wrote\n the lives of some of the Roman emperors. His style is inelegant, and\n his arrangements injudicious. His life of Commodus, Heliogabalus,\n Alexander Severus, &c., is still extant, and to be found in the\n works of the _Histori\u00e6 August\u00e6 Scriptores_.\n\n=Lamprus=, a celebrated musician, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.\n\n=Lamps\u0103cus= and =Lamps\u0103cum=, now _Lamsaki_, a town of Asia Minor on\n the borders of the Propontis, at the north of Abydos. Priapus was\n the chief deity of the place, of which he was reckoned by some the\n founder. His temple there was the asylum of lewdness and debauchery,\n and exhibited scenes of the most unnatural lust, and hence the\n epithet _Lampsacius_ is usual to express immodesty and wantonness.\n Alexander resolved to destroy the city on account of the vices of\n its inhabitants, and more probably for its firm adherence to the\n interest of Persia. It was, however, saved from ruin by the artifice\n of Anaximenes. _See:_ Anaximenes. It was formerly called Pityusa,\n and received the name of Lampsacus, from Lampsace, a daughter of\n Mandron, a king of Phrygia, who gave information to some Phoceans\n who dwelt there, that the rest of the inhabitants had conspired\n against their life. This timely information saved them from\n destruction. The city afterwards bore the name of their preserver.\n The wine of Lampsacus was famous and therefore a tribute of wine\n was granted from the city by Xerxes to maintain the table of\n Themistocles. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 9, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 117.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Themistocles_, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, bk. 1, _Tristia_, poem 9, li. 26;\n _Fasti_, bk. 8, li. 345.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 38; bk. 35, ch. 42.\n \u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 11, poems 17, 52.\n\n=Lamptera=, a town of Phoc\u00e6a in Ionia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 31.\n\n=Lampt\u0115ria=, a festival at Pellene, in Achaia, in honour of Bacchus,\n who was surnamed Lampter, from \u03bb\u03b1\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _to shine_, because, during\n this solemnity, which was observed in the night, the worshippers\n went to the temple of Bacchus, with lighted torches in their hands.\n It was also customary to place vessels full of wine in several parts\n of every street in the city. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 21.\n\n=Lampus=, a son of \u00c6gyptus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Elis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Prolaus.\n\n=L\u0103mus=, a king of the L\u00e6strygones, who is supposed by some to have\n founded Formi\u00e6 in Italy. The family of the Lami\u00e6 at Rome was,\n according to the opinion of some, descended from him. _Horace_,\n bk. 3, ode 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hercules and Omphale, who succeeded his\n mother on the throne of Lydia. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 9, li. 54.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Latin chief killed by Nisus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 334.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of B\u0153otia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Spartan\n general hired by Nectanebus king of Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n city of Cilicia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town near Formi\u00e6 built by the L\u00e6strygones.\n\n=L\u0103my\u0306rus=, _buffoon_, a surname of one of the Ptolemies.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n auxiliaries of Turnus, killed by Nisus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 334.\n\n=Lanassa=, a daughter of Cleod\u00e6us, who married Pyrrhus the son of\n Achilles by whom she had eight children. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Agathocles, who married\n Pyrrhus, whom she soon after forsook for Demetrius. _Plutarch._\n\n=Lanc\u0113a=, a fountain, &c. _Pausanias._\n\n=Lancia=, a town of Lusitania. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Landi=, a people of Germany conquered by C\u00e6sar.\n\n=Langia=, a river of Peloponnesus, falling into the bay of Corinth.\n\n=Langobardi=, a warlike nation of Germany, along the Sprhe, called\n improperly Lombards by some. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 45;\n _Germania_, ch. 40.\n\n=Langrobriga=, a town of Lusitania.\n\n=Lan\u016dvium=, a town of Latium, about 16 miles from Rome on the Appian\n road. Juno had there a celebrated temple, which was frequented by\n the inhabitants of Italy, and particularly by the Romans, whose\n consuls on first entering upon office offered sacrifices to the\n goddess. The statue of the goddess was covered with a goat\u2019s skin,\n and armed with a buckler and spear, and wore shoes which were turned\n upwards in the form of a cone. _Cicero_, _For Lucius Murena_; _de\n Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 29; _For Milo_, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 8,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 364.\n\n=Laob\u014dtas=, or =L\u0101botas=, a Spartan king, of the family of the Agid\u00e6,\n who succeeded his father Echestratus, B.C. 1023. During his reign\n war was declared against Argos, by Sparta. He sat on the throne for\n 37 years, and was succeeded by Doryssus his son. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,\n ch. 2.\n\n=L\u0101\u014fcoon=, a son of Priam and Hecuba, or, according to others, of\n Antenor, or of Capys. As being priest of Apollo, he was commissioned\n by the Trojans to offer a bullock to Neptune to render him\n propitious. During the sacrifice two enormous serpents issued from\n the sea, and attacked Laocoon\u2019s two sons, who stood next to the\n altar. The father immediately attempted to defend his sons, but\n the serpents, falling upon him, squeezed him in their complicated\n wreaths, so that he died in the greatest agonies. This punishment\n was inflicted upon him for his temerity in dissuading the Trojans\n to bring into the city the fatal wooden horse which the Greeks had\n consecrated to Minerva, as also for his impiety in hurling a javelin\n against the sides of the horse as it entered within the walls.\n Hyginus attributes this to his marriage against the consent of\n Apollo, or, according to others, for his polluting the temple by\n his commerce with his wife Antiope before the statue of the god.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, lis. 41 & 201.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 135.\n\n=Laod\u0103mas=, a son of Alcinous king of the Ph\u00e6acians, who offered to\n wrestle with Ulysses, while at his father\u2019s court. Ulysses, mindful\n of the hospitality of Alcinous, refused the challenge of Laodamas.\n _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7, li. 170.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Eteocles king of\n Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 15.\n\n=L\u0101\u014fd\u0103m\u012ba=, a daughter of Acastus and Astydamia, who married\n Protesilaus, the son of Iphiclus king of a part of Thessaly. The\n departure of her husband for the Trojan war was the source of grief\n to her, but when she heard that he had fallen by the hand of Hector,\n her sorrow was increased. To keep alive the memory of her husband\n whom she had tenderly loved, she ordered a wooden statue to be\n made and regularly placed in her bed. This was seen by one of her\n servants, who informed Iphiclus that his daughter\u2019s bed was daily\n defiled by an unknown stranger. Iphiclus watched his daughter, and\n when he found that the intelligence was false, he ordered the wooden\n image to be burned, in hopes of dissipating his daughter\u2019s grief.\n He did not succeed. Laodamia threw herself into the flames with the\n image and perished. This circumstance has given occasion to fabulous\n traditions related by the poets, which mention that Protesilaus was\n restored to life, and to Laodamia, for three hours, and that when\n he was obliged to return to the infernal regions, he persuaded his\n wife to accompany him. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 447.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Heroides_, poem 13.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 104.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 1,\n poem 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Bellerophon, by Achemone the daughter\n of king Iobates. She had a son by Jupiter, called Sarpedon. She\n dedicated herself to the service of Diana, and hunted with her; but\n her haughtiness proved fatal to her, and she perished by the arrows\n of the goddess. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 6, 12 & 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Alexander king of Epirus, by Olympia the daughter of Pyrrhus.\n She was assassinated in the temple of Diana, where she had fled\n for safety during a sedition. Her murderer, called Milo, soon\n after turned his dagger against his own breast and killed himself.\n _Justin_, bk. 28, ch. 3.\n\n=L\u0101\u014fd\u012dce=, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, who became enamoured of\n Acamas son of Theseus, when he came with Diomedes from the Greeks\n to Troy with an embassy to demand the restoration of Helen. She\n obtained an interview and the gratification of her desires at the\n house of Philebia, the wife of a governor of a small town of Troas,\n which the Greek ambassador had visited. She had a son by Acamas,\n whom she called Munitus. She afterwards married Helicaon, son\n of Antenor and Telephus king of Mysia. Some call her Astyoche.\n According to the Greek scholiast of Lycophron, Laodice threw herself\n down from the top of a tower and was killed, when Troy was sacked\n by the Greeks. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 13,\n ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 3 & 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Oceanides.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Cinyras, by whom Elatus had some children. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Agamemnon, called also Electra.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sister of Mithridates, who married\n Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, and afterwards her own brother\n Mithridates. During the secret absence of Mithridates, she\n prostituted herself to her servants, in hopes that her husband was\n dead; but when she saw her expectations frustrated, she attempted\n to poison Mithridates, for which she was put to death.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A queen\n of Cappadocia, put to death by her subjects for poisoning five of\n her children.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sister and wife of Antiochus II. She put to death\n Berenice, whom her husband had married. _See:_ Antiochus II. She\n was murdered by order of Ptolemy Evergetes, B.C. 246.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Demetrius, shamefully put to death by Ammonius, the tyrannical\n minister of the vicious Alexander Bala king of Syria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Seleucus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Seleucus. Nine months before she\n brought forth she dreamt that Apollo had introduced himself into\n her bed, and had presented her with a precious stone, on which was\n engraved the figure of an anchor, commanding her to deliver it to\n her son as soon as born. This dream appeared the more wonderful,\n when in the morning she discovered in her bed a ring answering the\n same description. Not only the son that she brought forth, called\n Seleucus, but also all his successors of the house of the Seleucid\u00e6,\n had the mark of an anchor upon their thigh. _Justin._ _Appian_,\n _Syrian Wars_ mentions this anchor, though in a different manner.\n\n=L\u0101\u014fd\u012dc\u0113a=, now _Ladik_, a city of Asia, on the borders of Caria,\n Phrygia, and Lydia, celebrated for its commerce, and the fine soft\n and black wool of its sheep. It was originally called _Diospolis_,\n and afterwards _Rhoas_; and received the name of Laodicea, in honour\n of Laodice the wife of Antiochus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to\n Atticus_, ltr. 15, _For Flaccus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Media, destroyed by\n an earthquake in the age of Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Syria, called by way\n of distinction Laodicea _Cabiosa_, or _ad Libanum_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another on\n the borders of C\u0153losyria. _Strabo._\n\n=L\u0101\u014fd\u012dc\u0113ne=, a province of Syria, which receives its name from\n Laodicea, its capital.\n\n=Laod\u014fchus=, a son of Antenor, whose form Minerva borrowed to advise\n Pandarus to break the treaty which subsisted between the Greeks and\n Trojans. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An attendant of Antilochus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Apollo\n and Phthia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\n\n=Laog\u014dnus=, a son of Bias, brother to Dardanus, killed by Achilles at\n the siege of Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20, li. 461.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A priest\n of Jupiter, killed by Merion in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 16, li. 604.\n\n=Laog\u014fras=, a king of the Dryopes, who accustomed his subjects to\n become robbers. He plundered the temple of Apollo at Delphi, and was\n killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Laog\u014fre=, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme daughter of Pygmalion.\nShe died in Egypt. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\n\n=L\u0101\u014fm\u0115don=, son of Ilus king of Troy, married Strymon, called by some\n Placia, or Leucippe, by whom he had Podarces, afterwards known by\n the name of Priam, and Hesione. He built the walls of Troy, and\n was assisted by Apollo and Neptune, whom Jupiter had banished from\n heaven, and condemned to be subservient to the will of Laomedon for\n one year. When the walls were finished, Laomedon refused to reward\n the labours of the gods, and soon after his territories were laid\n waste by the god of the sea, and his subjects were visited by a\n pestilence sent by Apollo. Sacrifices were offered to the offended\n divinities, but the calamities of the Trojans increased; and nothing\n could appease the gods, according to the words of the oracle, but\n annually to expose to a sea monster a Trojan virgin. Whenever the\n monster appeared, the marriageable maidens were assembled, and the\n lot decided which of them was doomed to death for the good of her\n country. When this calamity had continued for five or six years, the\n lot fell upon Hesione, Laomedon\u2019s daughter. The king was unwilling\n to part with a daughter whom he loved with uncommon tenderness, but\n his refusal would irritate more strongly the wrath of the gods. In\n the midst of his fears and hesitations, Hercules came and offered to\n deliver the Trojans from this public calamity, if Laomedon promised\n to reward him with a number of fine horses. The king consented, but\n when the monster was destroyed, he refused to fulfil his engagements,\n and Hercules was obliged to besiege Troy and take it by force of\n arms. Laomedon was put to death after a reign of 29 years, his\n daughter Hesione was given in marriage to Telamon, one of the\n conqueror\u2019s attendants, and Podarces was ransomed by the Trojans,\n and placed upon his father\u2019s throne. According to Hyginus, the\n wrath of Neptune and Apollo was kindled against Laomedon, because\n he refused to offer on their altars, as a sacrifice, all the\n first-born of his cattle, according to a vow which he had made.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bks. 2 & 9.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 6.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 89.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A demagogue of Messina in Sicily.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A satrap of\n Ph\u0153nicia, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian, &c.\n _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Orchomenian. _Plutarch._\n\n=La\u014fm\u0115donteus=, an epithet applied to the Trojans from their king\n Laomedon. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 542; bk. 7, li. 105; bk. 8,\n li. 18.\n\n=La\u014fm\u0115donti\u0103d\u00e6=, a patronymic given to the Trojans from Laomedon their\n king. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 248.\n\n=Laon\u014fme=, the wife of Polyphemus, one of the Argonauts.\n\n=Laon\u014fm\u0113ne=, a daughter of Thespius, by whom Hercules had two sons,\n Teles and Menippides, and two daughters, Lysidice and Stendedice.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=La\u014fthoe=, a daughter of Altes, a king of the Leleges, who married\n Priam and became mother of Lycaon and Polydorus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 21, li. 85.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the daughters of Thespius, mother of\n Antidus by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Laous=, a river of Laced\u00e6mon.\n\n=Lap\u0103thus=, a city of Cyprus.\n\n=Laphria=, a surname of Diana at Patr\u00e6 in Achaia, where she had a\n temple with a statue of gold and ivory, which represented her in\n the habit of a huntress. The statue was made by Menechmus and Soidas,\n two artists of celebrity. This name was given the goddess from\n Laphrius the son of Delphus, who consecrated the statue to her.\n There was a festival of the goddess there, called also Laphria, of\n which _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18, gives an account.\n\n=Laphystium=, a mountain in B\u0153otia, where Jupiter had a temple, whence\n he was called _Laphystius_. It was here that Athamas prepared to\n immolate Phryxus and Helle, whom Jupiter saved by sending them a\n golden ram; whence the surname, and the homage paid to the god.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 34.\n\n=Lapideus=, a surname of Jupiter among the Romans.\n\n=L\u0103p\u012dth\u00e6=, a people of Thessaly. _See:_ Lapithus.\n\n=Lap\u012dtho=, a city of Cyprus.\n\n=L\u0103p\u012dthus=, a son of Apollo by Stilbe. He was brother to Centaurus,\n and married Orsinome daughter of Euronymus, by whom he had Phorbas\n and Periphas. The name of _Lapith\u00e6_ was given to the numerous\n children of Phorbas and Periphas, or rather to the inhabitants of\n the country, of which they had obtained the sovereignty. The chief\n of the Lapith\u00e6 assembled to celebrate the nuptials of Pirithous, one\n of their number, and among them were Theseus, Dryas, Hopleus, Mopsus,\n Phalerus, Exadius, Prolochus, Titaresius, &c. The Centaurs were also\n invited to partake the common festivity, and the amusements would\n have been harmless and innocent, had not one of the intoxicated\n Centaurs offered violence to Hippodamia the wife of Pirithous.\n The Lapith\u00e6 resented the injury, and the Centaurs supported their\n companions, upon which the quarrel became universal, and ended\n in blows and slaughter. Many of the Centaurs were slain, and they\n at last were obliged to retire. Theseus among the Lapith\u00e6 showed\n himself brave and intrepid in supporting the cause of his friends,\n and Nestor also was not less active in the protection of chastity\n and innocence. This quarrel arose from the resentment of Mars, whom\n Pirithous forgot or neglected to invite among the other gods at the\n celebration of his nuptials, and therefore the divinity punished\n the insult by sowing dissension among the festive assembly. _See:_\n Centauri. Hesiod has described the battle of the Centaurs and\n Lapith\u00e6, as also Ovid in a more copious manner. The invention of\n bits and bridles for horses is attributed to the Lapith\u00e6. _Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 115; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 601; bk. 7, li. 305.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 530; bk. 14, li. 670.\n \u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_,\n bk. 2, _Pythian_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 7,\n li. 304.\n\n=Lapith\u00e6um=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20.\n\n=Lara=, or =Laranda=, one of the Naiads, daughter of the river Almon\n in Latium, famous for her beauty and her loquacity, which her\n parents long endeavoured to correct, but in vain. She revealed to\n Juno the amours of her husband Jupiter with Juturna, for which the\n god cut off her tongue, and ordered Mercury to conduct her to the\n infernal regions. The messenger of the gods fell in love with her\n by the way, and gratified his passion. Lara became mother of two\n children, to whom the Romans have paid divine honours, according to\n the opinion of some, under the name of Lares. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2,\n li. 599.\n\n=Larentia= and =Laurentia=, a courtesan in the first ages of Rome.\n _See:_ Acca.\n\n=L\u0103res=, gods of inferior power at Rome, who presided over houses and\n families. They were two in number, sons of Mercury by Lara. _See:_\n Lara. In process of time their power was extended not only over\n houses, but also over the country and the sea, and we find Lares\n _Urbani_ to preside over the cities, _Familiares_ over houses,\n _Rustici_ over the country, _Compitales_ over cross-roads, _Marini_\n over the sea, _Viales_ over the roads, _Patellarii_, &c. According\n to the opinion of some, the worship of the gods Lares, who are\n supposed to be the same as the manes, arises from the ancient custom\n among the Romans and other nations of burying their dead in their\n houses, and from their belief that their spirits continually hovered\n over their houses, for the protection of the inhabitants. The\n statues of the Lares resembling monkeys, and covered with the skin\n of a dog, were placed in a niche behind the doors of the houses, or\n around the hearths. At the feet of the Lares was the figure of a dog\n barking, to intimate their care and vigilance. Incense was burnt on\n their altars, and a sow was also offered on particular days. Their\n festivals were observed at Rome in the month of May, when their\n statues were crowned with garlands of flowers, and offerings of\n fruit presented. The word Lares seems to be derived from the\n Etruscan word _Lars_, which signifies conductor, or leader. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 129.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 8.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Qu\u00e6stiones Roman\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 23.\u2015\u2015_Plautus_, _Aulularia_ & _Cistellaria_.\n\n=Largra=, a well-known prostitute in Juvenal\u2019s age. _Juvenal_,\n satire 4, li. 25.\n\n=Largus=, a Latin poet, who wrote a poem on the arrival of Antenor in\n Italy, where he built the town of Padua. He composed with ease and\n elegance. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 16, li. 17.\n\n=Lar\u012bdes=, a son of Daucus or Daunus, who assisted Turnus against\n \u00c6neas, and had his hand cut off with one blow by Pallas the son of\n Evander. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 391.\n\n=L\u0101r\u012bna=, a virgin of Italy, who accompanied Camilla in her war against\n \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 655.\n\n=Lar\u012bnum=, or =L\u0101r\u012bna=, now _Larino_, a town of the Frentani on the\n Tifernus, before it falls into the Adriatic. The inhabitants were\n called _Larinates_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 565.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _For Aulus Cluentius_, chs. 63, 64; _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 12;\n bk. 7, ltr. 13.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 18; bk. 27, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_,\n _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 23.\n\n=Larissa=, a daughter of Pelasgus, who gave her name to some cities\n in Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city between Palestine\n and Egypt, where Pompey was murdered and buried, according to some\n accounts.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A large city on the banks of the Tigris. It had a\n small pyramid near it, greatly inferior to those of Egypt.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n city of Asia Minor, on the southern confines of Troas. _Strabo_,\n bk. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in \u00c6olia, 70 stadia from Cyme. It is surnamed\n _Phriconis_ by Strabo, by way of distinction. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 640.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another near Ephesus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another on the borders of the Peneus in Thessaly, also called\n _Cremaste_ from its situation (_Pensilis_), the most famous of all\n the cities of that name. It was here that Acrisius was inadvertently\n killed by his grandson Perseus. Jupiter had there a famous temple,\n on account of which he is called _Lariss\u00e6us_. The same epithet is\n also applied to Achilles, who reigned there. It is still extant,\n and bears the same name. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 542.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 197.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk.\n 31, ch. 46; bk. 42, ch. 56.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A citadel of Argos, built by Danaus.\n\n=Lariss\u00e6us.= _See:_ Larissa.\n\n=Larissus=, a river of Peloponnesus flowing between Elis and Achaia.\n _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8,\n ch. 43.\n\n=Larius=, a large lake of Cisalpine Gaul, through which the Addua runs\n in its way into the Po, above Cremona. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,\n li. 159.\n\n=Larnos=, a small desolate island on the coast of Thrace.\n\n=Laronia=, a shameless courtesan in Juvenal\u2019s age. _Juvenal_, satire 2,\n li. 86.\n\n=Lars Tolumnius=, a king of the Veientes, conquered by the Romans, and\n put to death, A.U.C. 329. _Livy_, bk. 4, chs. 17 & 19.\n\n=Titus Lartius Flavius=, a consul who appeased a sedition raised by\n the poorer citizens, and was the first dictator ever chosen at Rome,\n B.C. 498. He made Spurius Cassius his master of horse. _Livy_, bk. 2,\n ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Spurius, one of the three Romans who alone withstood\n the fury of Porsenna\u2019s army at the head of a bridge, while the\n communication was cutting down behind them. His companions were\n Cocles and Herminius. _See:_ Cocles. _Livy_, bk. 2, chs. 10 & 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of Lartius has been common to many Romans.\n\n=Lartol\u00e6tani=, a people of Spain.\n\n=Larv\u00e6=, a name given to the wicked spirits and apparitions which,\n according to the notions of the Romans, issued from their graves\n in the night and came to terrify the world. As the word _larva_\n signifies a _mask_, whose horrid and uncouth appearance often serves\n to frighten children, that name has been given to the ghosts or\n spectres which superstition believes to hover around the graves\n of the dead. Some call them Lemures. _Servius_, _Commentary on the\n Aeneid of Vergil_, bk. 5, li. 64; bk. 6, li. 152.\n\n=Larymna=, a town of B\u0153otia, where Bacchus had a temple and a statue.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Caria. _Strabo_, bks. 9 & 16.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16;\n bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Larysium=, a mountain of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 22.\n\n=Lassia=, an ancient name of Andros.\n\n=Lassus=, or =Lasus=, a dithyrambic poet, born at Hermione, in\n Peloponnesus, about 500 years before Christ, and reckoned among the\n wise men of Greece by some. He is particularly known by the answer\n he gave to a man who asked him what could best render life pleasant\n and comfortable? \u201cExperience.\u201d He was acquainted with music. Some\n fragments of his poetry are to be found in Athen\u00e6us. He wrote an ode\n upon the Centaurs, and a hymn to Ceres, without inserting the letter\n S in the composition. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 10.\n\n=Lasth\u0115nes=, a governor of Olynthus, corrupted by Philip king of\n Macedonia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Cretan demagogue, conquered by Metellus the Roman\n general.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A cruel minister at the court of the Seleucid\u00e6, kings\n of Syria.\n\n=Lasth\u0115n\u012ba=, a woman who disguised herself to come and hear Plato\u2019s\n lectures. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Lat\u0103gus=, a king of Pontus, who assisted \u00c6etes against the Argonauts,\n and was killed by Darapes. _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 584.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n companions of \u00c6neas, killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n li. 697.\n\n=Later\u0101nus Plautus=, a Roman consul elect, A.D. 65. A conspiracy\n with Piso against the emperor Nero proved fatal to him. He was led\n to execution, where he refused to confess the associates of the\n conspiracy, and did not even frown at the executioner who was as\n guilty as himself; but when a first blow could not sever his head\n from his body, he looked at the executioner, and shaking his head,\n he returned it to the hatchet with the greatest composure, and it was\n cut off. There exists now a celebrated palace at Rome, which derives\n its name from its ancient possessors the Laterani.\n\n=Lat\u0115rium=, the villa of Quintus Cicero at Arpinum, near the Liris.\n _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 10, ltr. 1; bk. 4, ltr. 7;\n _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 15, ch. 15.\n\n=Lati\u0101lis=, a surname of Jupiter, who was worshipped by the inhabitants\n of Latium upon mount Albanus at stated times. The festivals, which\n were first instituted by Tarquin the Proud, lasted 15 days. _Livy_,\n bk. 21. _See:_ Feri\u00e6 Latin\u00e6.\n\n=Lat\u012bni=, the inhabitants of Latium. _See:_ Latium.\n\n=Lat\u012bnus Latiaris=, a celebrated informer, &c. _Tacitus._\n\n=Lat\u012bnus=, a son of Faunus by Marica, king of the Aborigines in Italy,\n who from him were called Latini. He married Amata, by whom he had a\n son and a daughter. The son died in his infancy, and the daughter,\n called Lavinia, was secretly promised in marriage by her mother to\n Turnus king of the Rutuli, one of her most powerful admirers. The\n gods opposed this union, and the oracles declared that Lavinia must\n become the wife of a foreign prince. The arrival of \u00c6neas in Italy\n seemed favourable to this prediction, and Latinus, by offering his\n daughter to the foreign prince, and making him his friend and ally,\n seemed to have fulfilled the commands of the oracle. Turnus, however,\n disapproved of the conduct of Latinus; he claimed Lavinia as his\n lawful wife, and prepared to support his cause by arms. \u00c6neas took\n up arms in his own defence, and Latium was the seat of the war. After\n mutual losses it was agreed that the quarrel should be decided by\n the two rivals, and Latinus promised his daughter to the conqueror.\n \u00c6neas obtained the victory and married Lavinia. Latinus soon after\n died, and was succeeded by his son-in-law. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, &c.; _Fasti_, bk. 2, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Sylvius \u00c6neas, surnamed\n also Sylvius. He was the fifth king of the Latins, and succeeded\n his father. He was father to Alba his successor. _Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Ulysses and Circe also bore this name.\n\n=L\u0103tium=, a country of Italy near the river Tiber. It was originally\n very circumscribed, extending only from the Tiber to Circeii, but\n afterwards it comprehended the territories of the Volsci, \u00c6qui,\n Hernici, Ausones, Umbri, and Rutuli. The first inhabitants were\n called _Aborigines_, and received the name of Latini, from Latinus\n their king. According to others the word is derived from _lateo_,\n _to conceal_, because Saturn concealed himself there when flying\n the resentment of his son Jupiter. Laurentum was the capital of the\n country in the reign of Latinus, Lavinium under \u00c6neas, and Alba under\n Ascanius. _See:_ Alba. The Latins, though originally known only among\n their neighbours, soon rose in consequence when Romulus had founded\n the city of Rome in their country. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 38;\n bk. 8, li. 322.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3,\n ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Annals_, ch. 5.\n\n=Latius=, a surname of Jupiter at Rome. _Statius_, bk. 5, _Sylv\u00e6_,\n poem 2, li. 392.\n\n=Latmus=, a mountain of Caria near Miletus. It is famous for the\n residence of Endymion, whom Diana regularly visited in the night,\n whence he is often called _Latmius Heros_. _See:_ Endymion. _Mela_,\n bk. 1, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 299; _Ars Amatoria_,\n bk. 3, li. 83.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n bk. 1, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, ch. 28.\n\n=Latobius=, the god of health among the Corinthians.\n\n=Latobrigri=, a people of Belgic Gaul.\n\n=Lat\u014dis=, a name of Diana, as being the daughter of Latona.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n country house near Ephesus.\n\n=Latomi\u00e6=. _See:_ \u2666Lautumi\u00e6.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Latumi\u00e6\u2019 replaced with \u2018Lautumi\u00e6\u2019\n\n=Lat\u014dna=, a daughter of C\u0153us the Titan and Ph\u0153be, or, according to\n Homer, of Saturn. She was admired for her beauty, and celebrated\n for the favours which she granted to Jupiter. Juno, always jealous\n of her husband\u2019s amours, made Latona the object of her vengeance,\n and sent the serpent Python to disturb her peace and persecute her.\n Latona wandered from place to place in the time of her pregnancy,\n continually alarmed for fear of Python. She was driven from heaven,\n and Terra, influenced by Juno, refused to give her a place where\n she might find rest and bring forth. Neptune, moved with compassion,\n struck with his trident, and made immovable the island of Delos,\n which before wandered in the \u00c6gean, and appeared sometimes above, and\n sometimes below, the surface of the sea. Latona, changed into a quail\n by Jupiter, came to Delos, where she resumed her original shape, and\n gave birth to Apollo and Diana, leaning against a palm tree or an\n olive. Her repose was of short duration. Juno discovered the place of\n her retreat, and obliged her to fly from Delos. She wandered over the\n greatest part of the world, and in Caria, where her fatigue compelled\n her to stop, she was insulted and ridiculed by peasants of whom she\n asked for water, while they were weeding a marsh. Their refusal and\n insolence provoked her, and she intreated Jupiter to punish their\n barbarity. They were all changed into frogs. She was exposed to\n repeated insults by Niobe, who boasted herself greater than the\n mother of Apollo and Diana, and ridiculed the presents which the\n piety of her neighbours had offered to Latona. _See:_ Niobe. Her\n beauty proved fatal to the giant Tityus, whom Apollo and Diana\n put to death. _See:_ Tityus. At last Latona, though persecuted and\n exposed to the resentment of Juno, became a powerful deity, and\n saw her children receive divine honours. Her worship was generally\n established where her children received adoration, particularly\n at Argos, Delos, &c., where she had temples. She had an oracle in\n Egypt, celebrated for the true, decisive answers which it gave.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 155.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bks.\n 2 & 3.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21; _Hymns to Aphrodite & Artemis_.\n \u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 10.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 160.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 140.\n\n=Latop\u014flis=, a city of Egypt. _Strabo._\n\n=Latous=, a name \u2666given to Apollo, as son of Latona. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 9.\n\n \u2666 \u2018give\u2019 replaced with \u2018given\u2019\n\n=Latreus=, one of the Centaurs, who, after killing Halesus, was himself\n slain by C\u00e6neus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 463.\n\n=Laud\u0103mia=, a daughter of Alexander king of Epirus, and Olympias\n daughter of Pyrrhus, killed in a temple of Diana, by the enraged\n populace. _Justin_, bk. 28, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Protesilaus. _See:_\n Laodamia.\n\n=Laudice.= _See:_ Laodice.\n\n=Laverna=, the goddess of thieves and dishonest persons at Rome. She\n did not only preside over robbers, called from her _Laverniones_,\n but she protected such as deceived others, or performed their secret\n machinations in obscurity and silence. Her worship was very popular,\n and the Romans raised her an altar near one of the gates of the city,\n which from that circumstance was called the gate of Laverna. She was\n generally represented by a head without a body. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr.\n 16, li. 60.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A place mentioned\n by _Plutarch_, &c.\n\n=Lavernium=, a temple of Laverna, near Formi\u00e6. _Cicero_, bk. 7,\n _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 8.\n\n=Laufella=, a wanton woman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 319.\n\n=Laviana=, a province of Armenia Minor.\n\n=L\u0103v\u012bnia=, a daughter of king Latinus and Amata. She was betrothed to\n her relation king Turnus, but because the oracle ordered her father\n to marry her to a foreign prince, she was given to \u00c6neas after the\n death of Turnus. _See:_ Latinus. At her husband\u2019s death she was left\n pregnant, and being fearful of the tyranny of Ascanius her son-in-law,\n she fled into the woods, where she brought forth a son called \u00c6neas\n Sylvius. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bks. 6 & 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 507.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1,\n ch. 1.\n\n=Lav\u012bnium=, or =Lav\u012bnum=, a town of Italy, built by \u00c6neas, and called\n by that name in honour of Lavinia, the founder\u2019s wife. It was the\n capital of Latium during the reign of \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1,\n li. 262.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 2.\n\n=Laura=, a place near Alexandria in Egypt.\n\n=Laureacum=, a town at the confluence of the Ens and the Danube, now\n _Lorch_.\n\n=Laurent\u0101lia=, certain festivals celebrated at Rome in honour of\n Laurentia, on the last day of April and the 23rd of December. They\n were, in process of time, part of the Saturnalia. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 3, li. 57.\n\n=Laurentes agri=, the country in the neighbourhood of Laurentum.\n _Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 41.\n\n=Laurentia.= _See:_ Acca.\n\n=Laurent\u012bni=, the inhabitants of Latium. They received this name from\n the great number of laurels which grew in the country. King Latinus\n found one of uncommon largeness and beauty, when he was going to\n build a temple to Apollo, and the tree was consecrated to the god,\n and preserved with the most religious ceremonies. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 7, li. 59.\n\n=Laurentius=, belonging to Laurentum or Latium. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 10, li. 709.\n\n=Laurentum=, now _Paterno_, the capital of the kingdom of Latium in the\n reign of Latinus. It is on the sea coast, east of the Tiber. _See:_\n Laurentini. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 171.\n\n=Laurion=, a place of Attica, where were gold mines, from which the\n Athenians drew considerable revenues, and with which they built\n their fleets by the advice of Themistocles. These mines failed before\n the age of Strabo. _Thucydides_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Lauron=, a town of Spain, where Pompey\u2019s son was conquered by C\u00e6sar\u2019s\n army.\n\n=Laus=, now _Laino_, a town on the river of the same name, which forms\n the southern boundary of Lucania. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\n\n=Laus Pompeia=, a town of Italy, founded by a colony sent thither by\n Pompey.\n\n=Lausus=, a son of Numitor and brother of Ilia. He was put to death by\n his uncle Amulius, who usurped his father\u2019s throne. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 4, li. 54.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Mezentius king of the Tyrrhenians, killed\n by \u00c6neas in the war which his father and Turnus made against the\n Trojans. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 649; bk. 10, li. 426, &c.\n\n=Lautium=, a city of Latium.\n\n=Lautumi\u00e6=, or =Latomi\u00e6=, a prison at Syracuse, cut out of the solid\n rock by Dionysius, and now converted into a subterraneous garden\n filled with numerous shrubs, flourishing in luxuriant variety.\n _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 27;\n bk. 32, ch. 26.\n\n=Leades=, a son of Astacus, who killed Eteoclus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=L\u0113\u00e6i=, a nation of P\u00e6onia, near Macedonia.\n\n=Le\u00e6na=, an Athenian harlot. _See:_ L\u00e6na.\n\n=Leander=, a youth of Abydos, famous for his amours with Hero. _See:_\n Hero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Milesian who wrote an historical commentary upon his\n country.\n\n=Leandre=, a daughter of Amyclas, who married Arcas. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Leandrias=, a Laced\u00e6monian refugee of Thebes, who declared, according\n to an ancient oracle, that Sparta would lose the superiority over\n Greece when conquered by the Thebans at Leuctra. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\n\n=Leanira=, a daughter of Amyclas. _See:_ Leandre.\n\n=Learchus=, a son of Athamas and Ino, crushed to death against a wall\n by his father, in a fit of madness. _See:_ Athamas. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 6, li. 490.\n\n=Leb\u0103d\u0113a=, now _Lioadias_, a town of B\u0153otia, near mount Helicon. It\n received this name from the mother of Aspledon, and became famous\n for the oracle and cave of Trophonius. No moles could live there,\n according to Pliny. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 16, ch. 36.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 59.\n\n=Leb\u0115dus=, or =Leb\u0115dos=, a town of Ionia, at the north of Colophon,\n where festivals were yearly observed in honour of Bacchus, and where\n Trophonius had a cave and a temple. Lysimachus destroyed it, and\n carried part of the inhabitants to Ephesus. It had been founded by\n an Athenian colony, under one of the sons of Codrus. _Strabo_, bk.\n 14.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 11, li. 7.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 142.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 1, _Divination_, ch. 33.\n\n=Leb\u0113na=, a commercial town of Crete, with a temple sacred to\n \u00c6sculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.\n\n=L\u0115binthos= and =Lebynthos=, an island in the \u00c6gean sea, near Patmos.\n _Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 8, li. 222.\n\n=Lech\u00e6um=, now _Pelago_, a port of Corinth in the bay of Corinth.\n _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 2, li. 381.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 23.\n\n=Lectum=, a promontory, now cape _Baba_, separating Troas from \u00c6olia.\n _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 37.\n\n=Lecythus=, a town of Eub\u0153a.\n\n=Leda=, a daughter of king Thespius and Eurythemis, who married Tyndarus\n king of Sparta. She was seen bathing in the river Eurotas by Jupiter,\n when she was some few days advanced in her pregnancy, and the god,\n struck with her beauty, resolved to deceive her. He persuaded Venus\n to change herself into an eagle, while he assumed the form of a\n swan, and, after this metamorphosis, Jupiter, as if fearful of the\n tyrannical cruelty of the bird of prey, fled through the air into\n the arms of Leda, who willingly sheltered the trembling swan from\n the assaults of his superior enemy. The caresses with which the\n naked Leda received the swan, enabled Jupiter to avail himself of his\n situation, and nine months after this adventure, the wife of Tyndarus\n brought forth two eggs, of one of which sprang Pollux and Helena,\n and of the other Castor and Clytemnestra. The two former were deemed\n the offspring of Jupiter, and the others claimed Tyndarus for their\n father. Some mythologists attributed this amour to Nemesis, and not\n to Leda; and they further mention, that Leda was entrusted with the\n education of the children which sprang from the eggs brought forth\n by Nemesis. _See:_ Helena. To reconcile this diversity of opinions,\n others maintain that Leda received the name of Nemesis after death.\n Homer and Hesiod make no mention of the metamorphosis of Jupiter\n into a swan, whence some have imagined that the fable was unknown\n to these two ancient poets, and probably invented since their age.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 6, li. 109.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, bk. 17, li. 55.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 77.\n \u2015\u2015_Isocrates_, _Helen_.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_,\n _Helen_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous dancer in the age of _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 63.\n\n=Led\u00e6a=, an epithet given to Hermione, &c., as related to Leda.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 328.\n\n=Ledus=, now _Lez_, a river of Gaul, near the modern Montpelier. _Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n=L\u0115gio=, a corps of soldiers in the Roman armies, whose numbers have\n been different at different times. The legion under Romulus consisted\n of 3000 foot and 300 horse, and was soon after augmented to 4000,\n after the admission of the Sabines into the city. When Annibal was\n in Italy it consisted of 5000 soldiers, and afterwards it decreased\n to 4000, or 4500. Marius made it consist of 6200, besides 700 horse.\n This was the period of its greatness in numbers. Livy speaks of 10,\n and even 18, legions kept at Rome. During the consular government it\n was usual to levy and fit up four legions, which were divided between\n the two consuls. This number was, however, often increased, as time\n and occasion required. Augustus maintained a standing army of 23 or\n 25 legions, and this number was seldom diminished. In the reign of\n Tiberius there were 27 legions, and the peace establishment of Adrian\n maintained no less than 30 of these formidable brigades. They were\n distributed over the Roman empire, and their stations were settled\n and permanent. The peace of Britain was protected by three legions;\n 16 were stationed on the banks of the Rhine and Danube, viz. two in\n Lower, and three in Upper Germany; one in Noricum, one in Rh\u00e6tia,\n three in M\u0153sia, four in Pannonia, and two in Dacia. Eight were\n stationed on the Euphrates, six of which remained in Syria, and two\n in Cappadocia; while the remote provinces of Egypt, Africa, and Spain\n were guarded each by a single legion. Besides these the tranquillity\n of Rome was preserved by 20,000 soldiers, who, under the titles\n of city cohorts and of pretorian guards, watched over the safety\n of the monarch and of the capital. The legions were distinguished\n by different appellations, and generally borrowed their name from\n the order in which they were first raised, as _prima_, _secunda_,\n _tertia_, _quarta_, &c. Besides this distinction, another more\n expressive was generally added, as from the name of the emperor\n who embodied them, as _Augusta_, _Claudiana_, _Galbiana_, _Flavia_,\n _Ulpia_, _Trajana_, _Antoniana_, &c.; from the provinces or quarters\n where they were stationed, as _Britannica_, _Cyreniaca_, _Gallica_,\n &c.; from the provinces which had been subdued by their valour,\n as _Parthica_, _Scythica_, _Arabica_, _Africana_, &c.; from the\n names of the deities whom their generals particularly worshipped,\n as _Minervia_, _Apollinaris_, &c.; or from more trifling accidents,\n as _Martia_, _Fulminatrix_, _Rapax_, _Adjutrix_, &c. Each legion was\n divided into 10 _cohorts_, each cohort into three _manipuli_, and\n every manipulus into two centuries or _ordines_. The chief commander\n of the legion was called _legatus_, lieutenant. The standards borne\n by the legions were various. In the first ages of Rome a wolf was the\n standard, in honour of Romulus; after that a hog, because that animal\n was generally sacrificed at the conclusion of a treaty, and therefore\n it indicated that war is undertaken for the obtaining of peace. A\n minotaur was sometimes the standard, to intimate the secrecy with\n which the general was to act, in commemoration of the labyrinth.\n Sometimes a horse or boar was used, till the age of Marius, who\n changed all these for the eagle, being a representation of that bird\n in silver, holding sometimes a thunderbolt in its claws. The Roman\n eagle ever after remained in use, though Trajan made use of the\n dragon.\n\n=Leitus=, or =Letus=, a commander of the B\u0153otians at the siege of Troy.\n He was saved from the victorious hand of Hector and from death by\n Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2, 6 & 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Argonauts,\n son of Alector. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.\n\n=Lelaps=, a dog that never failed to seize and conquer whatever animal\n he was ordered to pursue. It was given to Procris by Diana, and\n Procris reconciled herself to her husband by presenting him with that\n valuable present. According to some, Procris had received it from\n Minos, as a reward for the dangerous wounds of which she had cured\n him. _Hyginus_, fable 128.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 771.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 211.\n\n=L\u0115l\u0115ges= (_a_ \u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03c9, _to gather_), a wandering people, composed of\n different unconnected nations. They were originally inhabitants\n of Caria, and went to the Trojan war with Altes their king.\n Achilles plundered their country, and obliged them to retire to the\n neighbourhood of Halicarnassus, where they fixed their habitation.\n The inhabitants of Laconia and Megara bore this name for some time,\n from Lelex, one of their kings. _Strabo_, bks. 7 & 8.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 21, li. 85.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7; bk. 5, ch. 30.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 725.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Lelegeis=, a name applied to Miletus, because once possessed by the\n Leleges. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.\n\n=Lelex=, an Egyptian, who came with a colony to Megara, where he reigned\n about 200 years before the Trojan war. His subjects were called from\n him _Leleges_, and the place _Lelegeia m\u0153nia_. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek, who was the first king of Laconia in Peloponnesus.\n His subjects were also called _Leleges_, and the country where he\n reigned _Lelegia_. _Pausanias._\n\n=Lemanis=, a place in Britain, where C\u00e6sar is supposed to have first\n landed, and therefore placed by some at Lime in Kent.\n\n=Lemannus=, a lake in the country of the Allobroges, through which\n the Rhone flows by Geneva. It is now called the lake of Geneva or\n Lausanne. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 396.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n=Lemnos=, an island in the \u00c6gean sea between Tenedos, Imbros, and\n Samothrace. It was sacred to Vulcan, called _Lemnius pater_, who\n fell there when kicked down from heaven by Jupiter. _See:_ Vulcanus.\n It was celebrated for two horrible massacres; that of the Lemnian\n women murdering their husbands [_See:_ \u2666Hypsipyle], and that of the\n Lemnians, or Pelasgi, in killing all the children they had had by\n some Athenian women, whom they had carried away to become their wives.\n These two acts of cruelty have given rise to the proverb of _Lemnian\n actions_, which is applied to all barbarous and inhuman deeds. The\n first inhabitants of Lemnos were the Pelasgi, or rather the Thracians,\n who were murdered by their wives. After them came the children of\n the Lemnian widows by the Argonauts, whose descendants were at last\n expelled by the Pelasgi, about 1100 years before the christian era.\n Lemnos is about 112 miles in circumference, according to Pliny, who\n says that it is often shadowed by mount Athos, though at the distance\n of 87 miles. It has been called \u2666_Hypsipyle_, from queen \u2666Hypsipyle.\n It is famous for a certain kind of earth or chalk, called _terra\n Lemnia_ or _terra sigillata_, from the seal or impression which\n it can bear. As the inhabitants were blacksmiths, the poets have\n taken occasion to fix the forges of Vulcan in that island, and\n to consecrate the whole country to his divinity. Lemnos is also\n celebrated for a labyrinth, which, according to some traditions,\n surpassed those of Crete and Egypt. Some remains of it were still\n visible in the age of Pliny. The island of Lemnos, now called\n _Stalimene_, was reduced under the power of Athens by Miltiades,\n and the Carians, who then inhabited it, were obliged to emigrate.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 454.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li.\n 593.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 1, 2, & 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 140.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_,\n bk. 1, _Argonautica_.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 78.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ars\n Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 672.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 3, _Thebiad_, li. 274.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Hipsipyle\u2019 replaced with \u2018Hypsipyle\u2019 for consistency\n\n=Lemovices=, a people of Gaul, now _Limousin_ and _Limoges_. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 7; ch. 4.\n\n=Lemovii=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_.\n\n=L\u0115m\u016dres=, the manes of the dead. The ancients supposed that the souls\n after death wandered all over the world, and disturbed the peace of\n its inhabitants. The good spirits were called _Lares familiares_, and\n the evil ones were known by the name of _Larv\u00e6_, or _Lemures_. They\n terrified the good, and continually haunted the wicked and impious;\n and the Romans had the superstition to celebrate festivals in their\n honour, called _Lemuria_, or \u2666_Lemuralia_, in the month of May. They\n were first instituted by Romulus to appease the manes of his brother\n Remus, from whom they were called _Remuria_, and, by corruption,\n _Lemuria_. These solemnities continued three nights, during which the\n temples of the gods were shut and marriages prohibited. It was usual\n for the people to throw black beans on the graves of the deceased, or\n to burn them, as the smell was supposed to be insupportable to them.\n They also muttered magical words, and, by beating kettles and drums,\n they believed that the ghosts would depart and no longer come to\n terrify their relations upon earth. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 421,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 209.\u2015\u2015_Persius_, bk. 5, li. 185.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Lemurialia\u2019 replaced with \u2018Lemuralia\u2019\n\n=L\u0115m\u016bria= and =L\u0115m\u016dr\u0101lia=. _See:_ Lemures.\n\n=Len\u00e6us=, a surname of Bacchus, from \u03bb\u03b7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, _a wine-press_. There\n was a festival called _Len\u00e6a_, celebrated in his honour, in which\n the ceremonies observed at the other festivals of the god chiefly\n prevailed. There were, besides, poetical contentions, &c. _Pausanias._\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 4; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 207.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A learned grammarian,\n ordered by Pompey to translate into Latin some of the physical\n manuscripts of Mithridates king of Pontus.\n\n=Lent\u016dlus=, a celebrated family at Rome, which produced many great\n men in the commonwealth. The most illustrious were Lucius Cornelius\n Lentulus, a consul, A.U.C. 427, who dispersed some robbers who\n infested Umbria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Batiatus Lentulus, a man who trained up some\n gladiators at Capua, which escaped from his school.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cornelius\n Lentulus, surnamed _Sura_. He joined in Catiline\u2019s conspiracy, and\n assisted in corrupting the Allobroges. He was convicted in full\n senate by Cicero, and put in prison and afterwards executed.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n consul who triumphed over the Samnites.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cn\u00e6us Lentulus, surnamed\n _G\u00e6tulicus_, was made consul A.D. 26, and was some time after put\n to death by Tiberius, who was jealous of his great popularity. He\n wrote a history mentioned by Suetonius, and attempted also poetry.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius Lentulus, a friend of Pompey, put to death in Africa.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius Cornelius Lentulus, a pretor, defeated by the rebellious\n slaves in Sicily.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lentulus Spinther, a senator, kindly used by\n Julius C\u00e6sar, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune at the battle of Cann\u00e6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius\n Lentulus, a friend of Brutus, mentioned by Cicero (_On Oratory_,\n bk. 1, ch. 48) as a great and consummate statesman.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Besides these,\n there are a few others, whose name is only mentioned in history, and\n whose life was not marked by any uncommon event. The consulship was\n in the family of the Lentuli in the years of Rome 427, 479, 517, 518,\n 553, 555, 598, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.\u2015\u2015_Livy._\u2015\u2015_Florus._\u2015\u2015_Pliny._\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Eutropius._\n\n=Leo=, a native of Byzantium, who flourished 350 years before the\n christian era. His philosophical and political talents endeared\n him to his countrymen, and he was always sent upon every important\n occasion as ambassador to Athens, or to the court of Philip king\n of Macedonia. This monarch, well acquainted with the abilities of\n Leo, was sensible that his views and claims to Byzantium would never\n succeed while it was protected by the vigilance of such a patriotic\n citizen. To remove him he had recourse to artifice and perfidy. A\n letter was forged, in which Leo made solemn promises of betraying his\n country to the king of Macedonia for money. This was no sooner known\n than the people ran enraged to the house of Leo, and the philosopher,\n to avoid their fury, and without attempting his justification,\n strangled himself. He had written some treatises upon physic, and\n also the history of his country, and the wars of Philip in seven\n books, which have been lost. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Corinthian at Syracuse,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Sparta.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Eurycrates. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 12.\n \u2015\u2015_Philostratus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An emperor of the east, surnamed the _Thracian_.\n He reigned 17 years, and died A.D. 474, being succeeded by Leo II.\n for 10 months, and afterwards by Zeno.\n\n=Leocorion=, a monument and temple erected by the Athenians to Pasithea,\n Theope, and Eubele, daughters of Leos, who immolated themselves when\n an oracle had ordered that, to stop the raging pestilence, some of\n the blood of the citizens must be shed. _\u00c6lian_, bk. 12, ch. 28.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19.\n\n=Leocr\u0103tes=, an Athenian general, who flourished B.C. 460, &c.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 11.\n\n=Leod\u0103mas=, a son of Eteocles, one of the seven Theban chiefs who\n defended the city against the Argives. He killed \u00c6gialeus, and was\n himself killed by Alcm\u00e6on.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hector and Andromache. _Dictys\n Cretensis._\n\n=Leod\u014fcus=, one of the Argonauts. _Flaccus._\n\n=Leog\u014fras=, an Athenian debauchee, who maintained the courtesan\n Myrrhina.\n\n=Leon=, a king of Sparta. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n Sicily, near Syracuse. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 25.\n\n=Leona=, a courtesan, called also L\u00e6na. _See:_ L\u00e6na.\n\n=Leon\u0103tus=, one of Alexander\u2019s generals. His father\u2019s name was Eunus.\n He distinguished himself in Alexander\u2019s conquest of Asia, and once\n saved the king\u2019s life in a dangerous battle. After the death of\n Alexander, at the general division of the provinces, he received for\n his portion that part of Phrygia which borders on the Hellespont. He\n was empowered by Perdiccas to assist Eumenes in making himself master\n of the province of Cappadocia, which had been allotted to him. Like\n the rest of the generals of Alexander, he was ambitious of power and\n dominion. He aspired to the sovereignty of Macedonia, and secretly\n communicated to Eumenes the different plans he meant to pursue\n to execute his designs. He passed from Asia into Europe to assist\n Antipater against the Athenians, and was killed in a battle which\n was fought soon after his arrival. Historians have mentioned, as\n an instance of the luxury of Leonatus, that he employed a number of\n camels to procure some earth from Egypt to wrestle upon, as, in his\n opinion, it seemed better calculated for that purpose. _Plutarch_,\n _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 6, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk.\n 13, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 18.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Macedonian with Pyrrhus in Italy against the Romans.\n\n=Leon\u012ddas=, a celebrated king of Laced\u00e6mon, of the family of the\n Eurysthenid\u00e6, sent by his countrymen to oppose Xerxes king of Persia,\n who had invaded Greece with about five millions of souls. He was\n offered the kingdom of Greece by the enemy, if he would not oppose\n his views; but Leonidas heard the proposal with indignation, and\n observed, that he preferred death for his country, to an unjust\n though extensive dominion over it. Before the engagement Leonidas\n exhorted his soldiers, and told them all to dine heartily, as\n they were to sup in the realms of Pluto. The battle was fought at\n Thermopyl\u00e6, and the 300 Spartans who alone had refused to abandon the\n scene of action, withstood the enemy with such vigour, that they were\n obliged to retire wearied and conquered during three successive days,\n till Ephialtes, a Trachinian, had the perfidy to conduct a detachment\n of Persians by a secret path up the mountains, whence they suddenly\n fell upon the rear of the Spartans, and crushed them to pieces. Only\n one escaped of the 300; he returned home, where he was treated with\n insult and reproaches, for flying ingloriously from a battle in which\n his brave companions, with their royal leader, had perished. This\n celebrated battle, which happened 480 years before the christian era,\n taught the Greeks to despise the number of the Persians, and to rely\n upon their own strength, and intrepidity. Temples were raised to the\n fallen hero, and festivals, called _Leonidea_, yearly celebrated at\n Sparta, in which free-born youths contended. Leonidas, as he departed\n for the battle from Laced\u00e6mon, gave no other injunction to his\n wife but, after his death, to marry a man of virtue and honour, to\n raise from her children deserving of the name and greatness of her\n first husband. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 120, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Themistocles_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_ & _Cleomenes_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Sparta after Areus II., \u2666257 years before Christ.\n He was driven from his kingdom by Cleombrotus his son-in-law, and\n afterwards re-established.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A preceptor to Alexander the Great.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Parmenio, appointed commander, by Alexander, of\n the soldiers who lamented the death of Parmenio, and who formed\n a separate cohort. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A learned man of\n Rhodes, greatly commended by Strabo, &c.\n\n \u2666 omitted word \u2018years\u2019 added\n\n=Leontium= and =Leont\u012bni=, a town of Sicily, about five miles distant\n from the sea-shore. It was built by a colony from Chalcis in Eub\u00e6a,\n and was, according to some accounts, once the habitation of the\n L\u00e6trygones, for which reason the neighbouring fields are often called\n _L\u00e6strygonii campi_. The country was extremely fruitful, whence\n Cicero calls it the grand magazine of Sicily. The wine which it\n produced was the best of the island. The people of Leontium implored\n the assistance of the Athenians against the Syracusans, B.C. 427.\n _Thucydides_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li.\n 467.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 126.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Verres_,\n bk. 5.\n\n=Leontium=, a celebrated courtesan of Athens, who studied philosophy\n under Epicurus, and became one of his most renowned pupils. She\n prostituted herself to the philosopher\u2019s scholars, and even to\n Epicurus himself, if we believe the reports which were raised by some\n of his enemies. _See:_ Epicurus. Metrodorus shared her favours in\n the most unbounded manner, and by him she had a son, to whom Epicurus\n was so partial, that he recommended him to his executors on his dying\n bed. Leontium not only professed herself a warm admirer and follower\n of the doctrines of Epicurus, but she even wrote a book in support\n of them against Theophrastus. This book was valuable, if we believe\n the testimony and criticism of Cicero, who praised the purity and\n elegance of its style, and the truly Attic turn of the expressions.\n Leontium had also a daughter called Danae, who married Sophron.\n _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 33.\n\n=Leontoceph\u0103lus=, a strongly fortified city of Phrygia. _Plutarch._\n\n=Leonton=, or =Leontop\u014flis=, a town of Egypt where lions were\n worshipped. _\u00c6lian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 12, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 5, ch. 10.\n\n=Leontychides.= _See:_ Leotychides.\n\n=Leos=, a son of Orpheus, who immolated his three daughters for the\n good of Athens. _See:_ Leocorion.\n\n=Leosth\u0115nes=, an Athenian general, who, after Alexander\u2019s death, drove\n Antipater to Thessaly, where he besieged him in the town of Lamia.\n The success which for a while attended his arms was soon changed by\n a fatal blow, which he received from a stone thrown by the besieged,\n B.C. 323. The death of Leosthenes was followed by the total defeat of\n the Athenian forces. The funeral oration over his body was pronounced\n at Athens by Hyperides, in the absence of Demosthenes, who had been\n lately banished for taking a bribe from Harpalus. _See:_ Lamiacum.\n _Diodorus_, bks. 17 & 18.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another general of\n Athens, condemned on account of the bad success which attended his\n arms against Peparethos.\n\n=Leotych\u012ddes=, a king of Sparta, son of Menares, of the family of the\n Proclid\u00e6. He was set over the Grecian fleet, and, by his courage\n and valour, he put an end to the Persian war at the famous battle of\n Mycale. It is said that he cheered the spirits of his fellow-soldiers\n at Mycale, who were anxious for their countrymen in Greece, by\n raising a report that a battle had been fought at Plat\u00e6a, in which\n the barbarians had been defeated. This succeeded, and though the\n information was premature, yet a battle was fought at Plat\u00e6a, in\n which the Greeks obtained the victory the same day that the Persian\n fleet was destroyed at Mycale. Leotychides was accused of a capital\n crime by the Ephori, and, to avoid the punishment which his guilt\n seemed to deserve, he fled to the temple of Minerva at Tegea, where\n he perished, B.C. 469, after a reign of 22 years. He was succeeded by\n his grandson Archidamus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 7 & 8.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Agis king of Sparta by Tim\u00e6a. The legitimacy of\n his birth was disputed by some, and it was generally believed that\n he was the son of Alcibiades. He was prevented from ascending the\n throne of Sparta by Lysander, though Agis had declared him upon his\n death-bed his lawful son and heir, and Agesilaus was appointed in\n his place. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 3, ch. 8.\n\n=Lephyrium=, a city of Cilicia.\n\n=Lep\u012dda=, a noble woman, accused of attempts to poison her husband,\n from whom she had been separated for 20 years. She was condemned\n under Tiberius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman who\n married Scipio.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Domitia, a daughter of Drusus and Antonia, great\n niece to Augustus, and aunt to the emperor Nero. She is described by\n Tacitus as a common prostitute, infamous in her manners, violent in\n her temper, and yet celebrated for her beauty. She was put to death\n by means of her rival Agrippina, Nero\u2019s mother. _Tacitus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wife\n of Galba the emperor.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wife of Cassius, &c.\n\n=Lep\u012ddus Marcus \u00c6m\u012dlius=, a Roman, celebrated as being one of the\n triumvirs with Augustus and Antony. He was of an illustrious family,\n and, like the rest of his contemporaries, he was remarkable for\n his ambition, to which were added a narrowness of mind, and a\n great deficiency of military abilities. He was sent against C\u00e6sar\u2019s\n murderers, and some time after, he leagued with Marcus Antony, who\n had gained the heart of his soldiers by artifice, and that of their\n commander by his address. When his influence and power among the\n soldiers had made him one of the triumvirs, he showed his cruelty,\n like his colleagues, by his proscriptions, and even suffered his\n own brother to be sacrificed to the dagger of the triumvirate. He\n received Africa as his portion in the division of the empire; but his\n indolence soon rendered him despicable in the eyes of his soldiers\n and of his colleagues; and Augustus, who was well acquainted with the\n unpopularity of Lepidus, went to his camp and obliged him to resign\n the power to which he was entitled as being a triumvir. After this\n degrading event, he sunk into obscurity, and retired, by order of\n Augustus, to Cerceii, a small town on the coast of Latium, where he\n ended his days in peace, B.C. 13, and where he was forgotten as soon\n as out of power. _Appian._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Life of Augustus_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_,\n bk. 4, chs. 6 & 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman consul, sent to be the guardian of\n young Ptolemy Epiphanes, whom his father had left to the care of\n the Roman people. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 67.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk.\n 30, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Julia the granddaughter of Augustus. He was\n intended by Caius as his successor in the Roman empire. He committed\n adultery with Agrippina when young. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 59.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n orator mentioned by _Cicero_, _Brutus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A censor, A.U.C. 734.\n\n=Lep\u012bnus=, a mountain of Italy. _Columella_, bk. 10.\n\n=Lepontii=, a people at the source of the Rhine. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20.\n\n=Lepreos=, a son of Pyrgeus, who built a town in Elis, which he called\n after his own name. He laid a wager that he would eat as much as\n Hercules; upon which he killed an ox and ate it up. He afterwards\n challenged Hercules to a trial of strength, and was killed.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 5.\n\n=Leprium=, or =Lepreos=, a town of Elis. _Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to\n Atticus_, ltr. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\n\n=Lept\u012dnes=, a general of Demetrius, who ordered Cn\u00e6us Octavius, one of\n the Roman ambassadors, to be put to death.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hermocrates\n of Syracuse, brother to Dionysius. He was sent by his brother against\n the Carthaginians, and experienced so much success, that he sunk 50\n of their ships. He was afterwards defeated by Mago, and banished by\n Dionysius. He always continued a faithful friend to the interests\n of his brother, though naturally an avowed enemy to tyranny and\n oppression. He was killed in a battle with the Carthaginians.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous orator at Athens, who endeavoured\n to set the people free from oppressive taxes. He was opposed by\n Demosthenes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Appollonia in Sicily, who surrendered to\n Timoleon. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Leptis=, the name of two cities of Africa, one of which, called\n _Major_, now _Lebida_, was near the Syrtes, and had been built by a\n Tyrian or Sidonian colony. The other, called _Minor_, now _Lemta_,\n was about 18 Roman miles from Adrumentum. It paid every day a talent\n to the republic of Carthage, by way of tribute. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li.\n 251.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 77.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 3, li. 256.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_. _Civil\n Wars_, bk. 2, ch. 38.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 5, _Against Verres_, ch. 59.\n\n=Leria=, an island in the \u00c6gean sea, on the coast of Caria, about 18\n miles in circumference, peopled by a Milesian colony. Its inhabitants\n were very dishonest. _Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 125.\n\n=Ler\u012dna=, or =Planasia=, a small island in the Mediterranean, on the\n coast of Gaul, at the east of the Rhone. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1,\n ch. 3.\n\n=Lerna=, a country of Argolis, celebrated for a grove and a lake,\n where, according to the poets, the Danaides threw the heads of their\n murdered husbands. It was there also that Hercules killed the famous\n hydra. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 803; bk. 12, li. 517.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,\n li. 597.\u2015\u2015_Lucretius_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 638.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was a festival, called\n _Lern\u00e6a_, celebrated there in honour of Bacchus, Proserpine, and\n Ceres. The Argives used to carry fire to this solemnity from a temple\n upon mount Crathis, dedicated to Diana. _Pausanias._\n\n=Lero=, a small island on the coast of Gaul, called also Lerina.\n\n=Leros.= _See:_ Leria.\n\n=Lesbos=, a large island in the \u00c6gean sea, now known by the name of\n _Metelin_, 168 miles in circumference. It has been severally called\n _\u00c6gira_, _Lasia_, _\u00c6thiope_, and _Pelasgia_, from the Pelasgi, by\n whom it was first peopled, _Macaria_, from Macareus who settled in it,\n and _Lesbos_, from the son-in-law and successor of Macareus, who bore\n the same name. The chief towns of Lesbos were Methymna and Mitylene.\n Lesbos was originally governed by kings, but they were afterwards\n subjected to the neighbouring powers. The wine which it produced was\n greatly esteemed by the ancients, and still is in the same repute\n among the moderns. The Lesbians were celebrated among the ancients\n for their skill in music, and their women for their beauty; but the\n general character of the people was so debauched and dissipated,\n that the epithet of _Lesbian_ was often used to signify debauchery\n and extravagance. Lesbos has given birth to many illustrious\n persons, such as Arion, Terpander, &c. The best verses were by way\n of eminence often called _Lesboum carmen_, from Alc\u00e6us and Sappho,\n who distinguished themselves for their poetical compositions, and\n were also natives of the place. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 90.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 160.\n\n=Lesbus=, or =Lesbos=, a son of Lapithas, grandson of \u00c6olus, who\n married Methymna daughter of Macareus. He succeeded his father-in-law,\n and gave his name to the island over which he reigned.\n\n=Lesches=, a Greek poet of Lesbos, who flourished B.C. 600. Some\n suppose him to be the author of the little Iliad, of which only few\n verses remain, quoted by _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25.\n\n=Lestr\u0233g\u014fnes.= _See:_ L\u00e6strygones.\n\n=Let\u0101num=, a town of Propontis, built by the Athenians.\n\n=Leth\u00e6us=, a river of Lydia, flowing by Magnesia into the M\u00e6ander.\n _Strabo_, bk. 10, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Macedonia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Crete.\n\n=L\u0113the=, one of the rivers of hell, whose waters the souls of the dead\n drank after they had been confined for a certain space of time in\n Tartarus. It had the power of making them forget whatever they had\n done, seen, or heard before, as the name implies, \u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03b7, _oblivion_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lethe is a river of Africa, near the Syrtes, which runs under\n the ground, and some time after rises again, whence the origin of the\n fable of the Lethean streams of oblivion.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There is also a river of\n that name in Spain.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in B\u0153otia, whose waters were drunk by\n those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 355.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 47.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 4, li. 545; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 714.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1,\n li. 235; bk. 10, li. 555.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 39.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 4, ode 7, li. 27.\n\n=Letus=, a mountain of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 18.\n\n=Lev\u0101na=, a goddess of Rome, who presided over the action of the person\n who took up from the ground a newly born child, after it had been\n placed there by the midwife. This was generally done by the father,\n and so religiously observed was this ceremony, that the legitimacy of\n a child could be disputed without it.\n\n=Leuca=, a town of the Salentines, near a cape of the same name in\n Italy. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 376.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Ionia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Crete,\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Argolis. _Strabo_, bk. 6, &c.\n\n=Leucas=, or =Leucadia=, an island of the Ionian sea, now called\n _St. Maura_, near the coast of Epirus, famous for a promontory called\n _Leucate_, _Leucas_, or _Leucates_, where desponding lovers threw\n themselves into the sea. Sappho had recourse to this leap to free\n herself from the violent passion which she entertained for Phaon. The\n word is derived from \u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, _white_, on account of the whiteness of\n its rocks. Apollo had a temple on the promontory, whence he is often\n called _Leucadius_. The island was formerly joined to the continent\n by a narrow isthmus, which the inhabitants dug through after the\n Peloponnesian war. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15, li. 171.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 302.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 3, li. 274; bk. 8, li. 677.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Ph\u0153nicia.\n\n=Leucasion=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.\n\n=Leucaspis=, a Lycian, one of the companions of \u00c6neas, drowned in the\n Tyrrhene sea. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 334.\n\n=Leucate.= _See:_ Leucas.\n\n=Leuce=, a small island in the Euxine sea, of a triangular form,\n between the mouths of the Danube and the Borysthenes. According to\n the poets, the souls of the ancient heroes were placed there as in\n the Elysian fields, where they enjoyed perpetual felicity, and reaped\n the repose to which their benevolence to mankind, and their exploits\n during life, seemed to entitle them. From that circumstance it has\n often been called the island of the blessed, &c. According to some\n accounts Achilles celebrated there his nuptials with Iphigenia, or\n rather Helen, and shared the pleasures of the place with the manes\n of Ajax, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ammianus_,\n bk. 22.\u2015\u2015_Quintus Calaber [Smyrn\u00e6us]_, bk. 2, li. 773.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n Oceanides whom Pluto carried into his kingdom.\n\n=Leuci=, a people of Gaul, between the Moselle and the Maese. Their\n capital is now called _Toul_. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 40.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Mountains on the west of Crete, appearing at a distance like\n _white_ clouds, whence the name.\n\n=Leucippe=, one of the Oceanides.\n\n=Leucipp\u012ddes=, the daughters of Leucippus. _See:_ Leucippus.\n\n=Leucippus=, a celebrated philosopher of Abdera, about 428 years before\n Christ, disciple to Zeno. He was the first who invented the famous\n system of atoms and of a vacuum, which was afterwards more fully\n explained by Democritus and Epicurus. Many of his hypotheses have\n been adopted by the moderns, with advantage. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_\n has written his life.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Tyndarus king of Sparta, who\n married Philodice daughter of Inachus, by whom he had two daughters,\n Hilaira and Ph\u0153be, known by the patronymic of Leucippides. They were\n carried away by their cousins Castor and Pollux, as they were going\n to celebrate their nuptials with Lynceus and Idas. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 4, li. 701.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 3, chs. 17 & 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Xanthus, descended from Bellerophon.\n He became deeply enamoured of one of his sisters, and when he was\n unable to restrain his unnatural passion, he resolved to gratify it.\n He acquainted his mother with it, and threatened to murder himself\n if she attempted to oppose his views or remove the object of his\n affection. The mother, rather than lose a son whom she tenderly\n loved, cherished his passion, and by her consent her daughter yielded\n herself to the arms of her brother. Some time after the father\n resolved to give his daughter in marriage to a Lycian prince. The\n future husband was informed that the daughter of Xanthus secretly\n entertained a lover, and he communicated the intelligence to the\n father. Xanthus upon this secretly watched his daughter, and when\n Leucippus had introduced himself to her bed, the father, in his\n eagerness to discover the seducer, occasioned a little noise in\n the room. The daughter was alarmed, and as she attempted to escape\n she received a mortal wound from her father, who took her to be\n the lover. Leucippus came to her assistance, and stabbed his father\n in the dark, without knowing who he was. This accidental parricide\n obliged Leucippus to fly from his country. He came to Crete, where\n the inhabitants refused to give him an asylum, when acquainted with\n the atrociousness of his crime, and he at last came to Ephesus, where\n he died in the greatest misery and remorse. _Hermesianax referenced\n by Parthenius_, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u0152nomaus, who became enamoured of\n Daphne, and to obtain her confidence disguised himself in a female\n dress, and attended his mistress as a companion. He gained the\n affections of Daphne by his obsequiousness and attention, but his\n artifice at last proved fatal through the influence and jealousy of\n his rival Apollo; for when Daphne and her attendants were bathing\n in the Ladon, the sex of Leucippus was discovered, and he perished\n by the darts of the females. _Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatori\u00e6_,\n ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hercules by Marse,\n one of the daughters of Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\n\n=Leuc\u014fla=, a part of Cyprus.\n\n=Leucon=, a tyrant of Bosphorus, who lived in great intimacy with\n the Athenians. He was a firm patron of the useful arts, and greatly\n encouraged commerce. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Athamas and Themisto. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Pontus\n killed by his brother, whose bed he had defiled. _Ovid_, _Ibis_,\n li. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Africa near Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 160.\n\n=Leuc\u014dne=, a daughter of Aphidas, who gave her name to a fountain of\n Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 44.\n\n=Leuc\u014dnes=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Leuconoe=, a daughter of Lycambes. The Leuconoe to whom Horace\n addressed his bk. 1, ode 11, seems to be a fictitious name.\n\n=Leucop\u0115tra=, a place on the isthmus of Corinth, where the Ach\u00e6ans were\n defeated by the consul Mummius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A promontory six miles east from\n Rhegium in Italy, where the Apennines terminate and sink into the sea.\n\n=Leuc\u014fphrys=, a temple of Diana, with a city of the same name, near the\n M\u00e6ander. The goddess was represented under the figure of a woman with\n many breasts, and crowned with victory.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient name of Tenedos.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 13 & 14.\n\n=Leucop\u014flis=, a town of Caria.\n\n=Leucos=, a river of Macedonia near Pydna.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man, &c. _See:_\n Idomeneus.\n\n=Leucosia=, a small island in the Tyrrhene sea. It received its name\n from one of the companions of \u00c6neas, who was drowned there, or from\n one of the Sirens, who was thrown there by the sea. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 708.\n\n=Leucosy\u0306rii=, a people of Asia Minor, called afterwards Cappadocians.\n _Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The same name is given to the inhabitants of\n Cilicia, where it borders on Cappadocia. _Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 14,\n ch. 1.\n\n=Leuc\u014fthoe=, or =Leucothea=, the wife of Athamas, changed into a sea\n deity. _See:_ Ino. She was called Matuta by the Romans, who raised\n her a temple, where all the people, particularly women, offered\n vows to their brother\u2019s children. They did not entreat the deity to\n protect their own children, because Ino had been unfortunate in hers.\n No female slaves were permitted to enter the temple; or if their\n curiosity tempted them to transgress this rule, they were beaten away\n with the greatest severity. To this supplicating for other people\u2019s\n children, Ovid alludes in these lines, _Fasti_, bk. 6:\n\n _Non tamen hanc pro stirpe su\u00e2 pia mater adorat,\n Ipsa parum felix visa fuisse parens._\n\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of king Orchamus by Eurynome. Apollo became enamoured\n of her, and to introduce himself to her with greater facility, he\n assumed the shape and features of her mother. Their happiness was\n complete, when Clytia, who tenderly loved Apollo, and was jealous\n of his amours with Leucothoe, discovered the whole intrigue to her\n father, who ordered his daughter to be buried alive. The lover,\n unable to save her from death, sprinkled nectar and ambrosia on\n her tomb, which, penetrating as far as the body, changed it into a\n beautiful tree, which bears frankincense. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 4, li. 196.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island in the Tyrrhene sea, near Capre\u00e6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n fountain of Samos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Egypt,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Arabia. _Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A part of Asia which produces frankincense.\n\n=Leuctra=, a village of B\u0153otia, between Plat\u00e6a and Thespia, famous for\n the victory which Epaminondas the Theban general obtained over the\n superior force of Cleombrotus king of Sparta, on the 8th of July,\n B.C. 371. In this famous battle 4000 Spartans were killed with their\n king Cleombrotus, and no more than 300 Thebans. From that time the\n Spartans lost the empire of Greece, which they had obtained for\n nearly 500 years. _Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_ & _Agesilaus_.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius\n Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 6, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon_,\n _Hellenica_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, _Laconia_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _de Officiis_, bk. 1, ch. 18; _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 1,\n ch. 46; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 6, ltr. 1.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Leuctrum=, a town of Laconia. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Leucus=, one of the companions of Ulysses, killed before Troy by\n Antiphus son of Priam. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 491.\n\n=Leucyanias=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing into the Alpheus.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 21.\n\n=Levinus.= _See:_ L\u00e6vinus.\n\n=Leutych\u012ddes=, a Laced\u00e6monian, made king of Sparta on the expulsion of\n Demaratus. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 65, &c. _See:_ Leotychides.\n\n=Lexovii=, a people of Gaul, at the mouth of the Seine, conquered with\n great slaughter by a lieutenant of Julius C\u00e6sar. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\n\n=Lib\u0101nius=, a celebrated sophist of Antioch in the age of the emperor\n Julian. He was educated at Athens, and opened a school at Antioch,\n which produced some of the best and most learned of the literary\n characters of the age. Libanius was naturally vain and arrogant,\n and he contemptuously refused the offers of the emperor Julian, who\n wished to purchase his friendship and intimacy by raising him to\n offices of the highest splendour and affluence in the empire. When\n Julian had imprisoned the senators of Antioch for their impertinence,\n Libanius undertook the defence of his fellow-citizens, and paid a\n visit to the emperor, in which he astonished him by the boldness and\n independence of his expressions, and the firmness and resolution of\n his mind. Some of his orations, and above 1600 of his letters, are\n extant; they discover much affectation and obscurity of style, and\n we cannot perhaps much regret the loss of writings which afforded\n nothing but a display of pedantry, and quotations from Homer.\n Julian submitted his writings to the judgment of Libanius with the\n greatest confidence, and the sophist freely rejected or approved, and\n showed that he was more attached to the person than the fortune and\n greatness of his prince. The time of his death is unknown. The best\n edition of Libanius seems to be that of Paris, folio, 1606, with a\n second volume published by Morell, 1627. His epistles have been\n edited by Wolf, folio, 1738.\n\n=Lib\u0103nus=, a high mountain of Syria, famous for its cedars. _Strabo_,\n bk. 6.\n\n=Libent\u012bna=, a surname of Venus, who had a temple at Rome, where the\n young women used to dedicate the toys and childish amusements of\n their youth, when arrived at nubile years. _Varro_, _de Lingua\n Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 6.\n\n=L\u012bber=, a surname of Bacchus, which signifies _free_. He received\n this name from his delivering some cities of B\u0153otia from slavery,\n or, according to others, because wine, of which he was the patron,\n delivered mankind from their cares, and made them speak with freedom\n and unconcern. The word is often used for wine itself. _Seneca_, _de\n Tranquilitate Animi_.\n\n=Lib\u0115ra=, a goddess, the same as Proserpine. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_,\n bk. 4, ch. 48.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name given to Ariadne by Bacchus, or Liber, when\n he had married her. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 513.\n\n=Lib\u0115r\u0101lia=, festivals yearly celebrated in honour of Bacchus, the\n 17th of March. Slaves were then permitted to speak with freedom, and\n everything bore the appearance of independence. They were much the\n same as the Dionysia of the Greeks. _Varro._\n\n=Libertas=, a goddess of Rome who had a temple on mount Aventine,\n raised by Tiberius Gracchus, and improved and adorned by Pollio\n with many elegant statues and brazen columns, and a gallery in which\n were deposited the public acts of the state. She was represented\n as a woman in a light dress, holding a rod in one hand and a cap in\n the other, both signs of independence, as the former was used by the\n magistrates in the manumission of slaves, and the latter was worn\n by slaves, who were soon to be set at liberty. Sometimes a cat was\n placed at her feet, as this animal is very fond of liberty, and\n impatient when confined. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 16; bk. 25, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 1, li. 72.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Gracchus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 44.\n\n=L\u012bb\u0113thra=, a fountain of Magnesia in Thessaly, or of B\u0153otia,\n according to some, sacred to the muses, who from thence are called\n _Libethrides_. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7, li. 21.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 9 & 10.\n\n=L\u012bbethr\u012ddes=, a name given to the Muses from the fountain Libethra, or\n from mount Libethrus in Thrace.\n\n=Libici=, =Libecii=, or =Libri=, a people of Gaul who passed into Italy,\n A.U.C. 364. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35; bk. 21, ch. 38.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3,\n ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 2.\n\n=Lib\u012dt\u012bna=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over funerals. According to\n some, she is the same as Venus, or rather Proserpine. Servius Tullius\n first raised her a temple at Rome, where everything necessary for\n funerals was exposed to sale, and where the registers of the dead\n were usually kept. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 40, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Qu\u00e6stiones Roman\u00e6_.\n\n=Libo=, a friend of Pompey, who watched over the fleet, &c. _Plutarch._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman citizen, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of the\n first triumvirate, who killed himself and was condemned after death.\n\n=Libon=, a Greek architect who built the famous temple of Jupiter\n Olympius. He flourished about 450 years before the christian era.\n\n=Liboph\u0153n\u012bces=, the inhabitants of the country near Carthage.\n\n=Liburna=, a town of Dalmatia.\n\n=Liburnia=, now _Croatia_, a country of Illyricum, between Istria and\n Dalmatia, whence a colony came to settle in Apulia, in Italy. There\n were at Rome a number of men whom the magistrates employed as public\n heralds, who were called _Liburni_, probably from being originally\n of Liburnian extraction. Some ships of a light construction but with\n strong beaks were also called _Liburnian_. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem\n 11, li. 44.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 75.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 50,\n li. 33.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 37, li. 30; Epode 1, li. 1.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 3, li. 534.\u2015\u2015_Pliny the Younger_, bk. 6, ltr. 16.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 2, ch. 17.\n\n=Liburn\u012ddes=, an island on the coast of Liburnia, in the Adriatic.\n _Strabo_, bk. 5.\n\n=Liburnum mare=, the sea which borders on the coasts of Liburnia.\n\n=Liburnus=, a mountain of Campania.\n\n=L\u012dbya=, a daughter of Epaphus and \u2666Cassiope, who became mother of\n Agenor and Belus by Neptune. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch.\n 1.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name given to Africa, one of the\n three grand divisions of the ancient globe. Libya, properly speaking,\n is only a part of Africa, bounded on the east by Egypt, and on the\n west by that part called by the moderns the kingdom of Tripoli. The\n ancients, according to some traditions mentioned by Herodotus and\n others, sailed round Africa, by steering westward from the Red sea,\n and entered the Mediterranean by the columns of Hercules, after a\n perilous navigation of three years. From the word Libya, are derived\n the epithets of _Libys_, _Libyssa_, _Libysis_, _Libystis_, _Libycus_,\n _Libysticus_, _Libystinus_, _Libyst\u00e6us_. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4,\n li. 106; bk. 5, li. 37.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Sallust_, &c.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Cassiopea\u2019 replaced with \u2018Cassiope\u2019 for consistency\n\n=Liby\u0306cum mare=, that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the coast\n of Cyrene. _Strabo_, bk. 2.\n\n=Libycus= and =Libystis=. _See:_ Libya.\n\n=Libys=, a sailor, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.\n\n=Libyssa=, a river of Bithynia, with a town of the same name, where was\n the tomb of Annibal, still extant in the age of Pliny.\n\n=Licates=, a people of Vindelicia.\n\n=Licha=, a city near Lycia.\n\n=Lichades=, small islands near C\u00e6neum, a promontory of Eub\u0153a, called\n from Lichas. _See:_ Lichas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, lis. 155,\n 218.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Lichas=, a servant of Hercules who brought him the poisoned tunic\n from Dejanira. He was thrown by his master into the sea with\n great violence, and changed into a rock in the Eub\u0153an sea, by the\n compassion of the gods. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 211.\n\n=Liches=, an Arcadian who found the bones of Orestes buried at Tegea,\n &c. _Herodotus._\n\n=Lic\u012dnia lex=, was enacted by Lucius Licinius Crassus and Quintus\n Mutius, consuls, A.U.C. 659. It ordered all the inhabitants of Italy\n to be enrolled on the list of citizens in their respective cities.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by Caius Licinius Crassus the tribune, A.U.C. 608. It\n transferred the right of choosing priests from the college to the\n people. It was proposed, but did not pass.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by Caius\n Licinius Stolo the tribune. It forbade any person to possess 500\n acres of land, or keep more than 100 head of large cattle, or 500 of\n small.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by Publius Licinius Varus, A.U.C. 545, to settle\n the day for the celebration of the _Ludi Apollinares_, which was\n before uncertain.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by Publius Licinius Crassus Dives,\n B.C. 110. It was the same as the Fannian law, and further required\n that no more than 30 _asses_ should be spent at any table on the\n Calends, nones, or nundin\u00e6, and only three pounds of fresh and one\n of salt meat, on ordinary days. None of the fruits of the earth\n were forbidden.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de sodalitiis_, by Marcus Licinius the\n consul, 692. It imposed a severe penalty on party clubs, or societies\n assembled or frequented for election purposes, as coming under the\n definition of _ambitus_, and of offering violence in some degree to\n the freedom and independence of the people.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, called also\n _\u00c6butia_, by Licinius and \u00c6butius the tribunes. It enacted, that when\n any law was proffered with respect to any office or power, the person\n who proposed the bill, as well as his colleagues in office, his\n friends and relations, should be declared incapable of being invested\n with the said office or power.\n\n=Lic\u012dnia=, the wife of Caius Gracchus, who attempted to dissuade her\n husband from his seditious measures by a pathetic speech. She was\n deprived of her dowry after the death of Caius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A vestal virgin\n accused of incontinence, but acquitted, A.U.C. 636.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another vestal,\n put to death for her lasciviousness under Trajan.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of\n M\u00e6cenas, distinguished for conjugal tenderness. She was sister to\n Proculeius, and bore also the name of Terentia. _Horace_, bk. 2,\n ode 12, li. 13.\n\n=Caius Lic\u012dnius=, a tribune of the people, celebrated for the\n consequence of his family, for his intrigues and abilities. He was a\n plebeian, and was the first of that body who was raised to the office\n of a master of horse to the dictator. He was surnamed _Stolo_, or\n _useless sprout_, on account of the law which he had enacted during\n his tribuneship. _See:_ Licinia lex, by Stolo. He afterwards made a\n law which permitted the plebeians to share the consular dignity with\n the patricians, A.U.C. 388. He reaped the benefit of this law, and\n was one of the first plebeian consuls. This law was proposed and\n passed by Licinius, as it is reported, at the instigation of his\n ambitious wife, who was jealous of her sister, who had married a\n patrician, and who seemed to be of a higher dignity in being the wife\n of a consul. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius Calvus,\n a celebrated orator and poet in the age of Cicero. He distinguished\n himself by his eloquence in the forum, and his poetry, which some\n of the ancients have compared to Catullus. His orations are greatly\n commended by Quintilian. Some believe that he wrote annals quoted\n by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. He died in the 30th year of his age.\n _Quintilian._\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 81.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Macer, a Roman accused\n by Cicero when pretor. He derided the power of his accuser, but when\n he saw himself condemned he grew so desperate that he killed himself.\n _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius Crassus, a Roman sent against Perseus king\n of Macedonia. He was at first defeated, but afterwards repaired his\n losses and obtained a complete victory, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul sent against\n Annibal.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who defeated the robbers that infested the\n Alps.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A high priest.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius Imbrex, a comic poet in the age\n of Africanus, preferred by some in merit to Ennius and Terence.\n His N\u00e6via and Ne\u00e6ra are quoted by ancient authors, but of all his\n poetry only two verses are preserved. _Aulus Gellius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucullus. _See:_ Lucullus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Crassus. _See:_ Crassus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Mucianus, a Roman who wrote about the history and geography of\n the eastern countries, often quoted by Pliny. He lived in the reign\n of Vespasian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius Tegula, a comic poet of Rome about 200\n years before Christ. He is ranked as the fourth of the best comic\n poets which Rome produced. Few lines of his compositions are extant.\n He wrote an ode, which was sung all over the city of Rome by nine\n virgins during the Macedonian war. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Varro\n Mur\u00e6na, a brother of Proculeius, who conspired against Augustus with\n Fannius C\u00e6pio, and suffered for his crime. Horace addressed his bk. 2,\n ode 10 to him, and recommended equanimity in every situation. _Dio\n Cassius_, bk. 54.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius Flavius Valerianus, a celebrated Roman\n emperor. His father was a poor peasant of Dalmatia, and himself a\n common soldier in the Roman armies. His valour recommended him to\n the notice of Galerius Maximianus, who had once shared with him the\n inferior and subordinate offices of the army, and had lately been\n invested with the imperial purple by Diocletian. Galerius loved him\n for his friendly services, particularly during the Persian war, and\n he showed his regard for his merit by taking him as a colleague in\n the empire, and appointing him over the province of Pannonia and\n Rh\u0153tia. Constantine, who was also one of the emperors, courted the\n favour of Licinius, and made his intimacy more durable by giving him\n his sister Constantia in marriage, A. D. 313. The continual successes\n of Licinius, particularly against Maximinus, increased his pride,\n and rendered him jealous of the greatness of his brother-in-law. The\n persecutions of the christians, whose doctrines Constantine followed,\n soon caused a rupture, and Licinius had the mortification to lose two\n battles, one in Pannonia, and the other near Adrianopolis. Treaties\n of peace were made between the contending powers, but the restless\n ambition of Licinius soon broke them; and after many engagements\n a decisive battle was fought near Chalcedonia. Ill fortune again\n attended Licinius, who was conquered, and fled to Nicomedia, where\n soon the conqueror obliged him to surrender, and to resign the\n imperial purple. The tears of Constantia obtained forgiveness for\n her husband, yet Constantine knew what a turbulent and active enemy\n had fallen into his hands therefore he ordered him to be strangled\n at Thessalonica, A.D. 324. His family was involved in his ruin. The\n avarice, licentiousness, and cruelty of Licinius are as conspicuous\n as his misfortunes. He was an enemy to learning, and this aversion\n totally proceeded from his ignorance of letters, and the rusticity\n of his education. His son by Constantia bore also the same name.\n He was honoured with the title of C\u00e6sar when scarce 20 months old.\n He was involved in his father\u2019s ruin, and put to death by order of\n Constantine.\n\n=Lic\u012bnus=, a barber and freedman of Augustus, raised by his master to\n the rank and dignity of a senator, merely because he hated Pompey\u2019s\n family. _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 301.\n\n=Licymnius=, a son of Electryon and brother of Alcmena. He was so\n infirm in his old age, that when he walked, he was always supported\n by a slave. Triptolemus son of Hercules, seeing the slave inattentive\n to his duty, threw a stick at him, which unfortunately killed\n Licymnius. The murderer fled to Rhodes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Olympian_,\n poem 7.\n\n=Lide=, a mountain of Caria. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 105.\n\n=Quintus Ligarius=, a Roman proconsul of Africa, after Confidius. In\n the civil wars he followed the interest of Pompey, and was pardoned\n when C\u00e6sar had conquered his enemies. C\u00e6sar, however, and his\n adherents were determined upon the ruin of Ligarius; but Cicero, by\n an eloquent oration, still extant, defeated his accusers, and he was\n pardoned. He became afterwards one of C\u00e6sar\u2019s murderers. _Cicero_,\n _For Ligarius_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _C\u00e6sar_.\n\n=Ligea=, one of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4.\n\n=Liger=, a Rutulian killed by \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 576.\n\n=Liger=, or =Lig\u0115ris=, now _La Loire_, a large river of Gaul, falling\n into the Atlantic ocean near Nantes. _Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, chs. 55 & 75.\n\n=Lig\u014fras=, an officer of Antiochus king of Syria, who took the town of\n Sardis by stratagem, &c.\n\n=Lig\u016dres=, the inhabitants of Liguria. _See:_ Liguria.\n\n=Lig\u016dria=, a country on the west of Italy, bounded on the east by the\n river Macra, on the south by part of the Mediterranean called the\n _Ligustic sea_, on the west by the Varus, and on the north by the\n Po. The commercial town of Genoa was anciently and is now the capital\n of the country. The origin of the inhabitants is not known, though\n in their character they are represented as vain, unpolished, and\n addicted to falsehood. According to some they were descended from the\n ancient Gauls and Germans, or, as others support, they were of Greek\n origin, perhaps the posterity of the Ligyes mentioned by Herodotus.\n Liguria was subdued by the Romans, and its chief harbour now bears\n the name of _Leghorn_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 442.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35; bk. 22, ch. 33;\n bk. 39, ch. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 8.\n\n=Ligur\u012bnus=, a poet. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 50.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A beautiful youth in\n the age of Horace, bk. 4, ode 1, li. 33.\n\n=Ligus=, a woman who inhabited the Alps. She concealed her son from the\n pursuit of Otho\u2019s soldiers, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 13.\n\n=Ligust\u012dc\u00e6 Alpes=, a part of the Alps which borders on Liguria,\n sometimes called _Maritimi_.\n\n=Ligusticum mare=, the north part of the Tyrrhene sea, now the gulf of\n Genoa. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 47.\n\n=Ligyes=, a people of Asia who inhabited the country between Caucasus\n and the river Phasis. Some suppose them to be a colony of the Ligyes\n of Europe, more commonly called Ligures. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 72.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Ligyrgum=, a mountain of Arcadia.\n\n=Lil\u00e6a=, a town of Achaia near the Cephisus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,\n bk. 7, li. 348.\n\n=L\u012dly\u0306b\u00e6um=, now _Boco_, a promontory of Sicily, with a town of the same\n name near the \u00c6gates, now _Marsalla_. The town was strong and very\n considerable, and it maintained long sieges against the Carthaginians,\n Romans, &c., particularly one of 10 years against Rome in the first\n Punic war. It had a port large and capacious, which the Romans, in\n the wars with Carthage, endeavoured in vain to stop and fill up with\n stones, on account of its convenience and vicinity to the coast of\n Africa. Nothing now remains of this once powerful city but the ruins\n of temples and aqueducts. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 706.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _African War_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 22.\n\n=Lim\u00e6a=, a river of Lusitania. _Strabo_, bk. 3.\n\n=Limenia=, a town of Cyprus. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Limn\u00e6=, a fortified place on the borders of Laconia and Messenia.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of the Thracian Chersonesus.\n\n=Limn\u00e6um=, a temple of Diana at Limn\u00e6, from which the goddess was called\n Limn\u00e6a, and worshipped under that appellation at Sparta and in Achaia.\n The Spartans wished to seize the temple in the age of Tiberius, but\n the emperor interfered, and gave it to its lawful possessors the\n Messenians. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 14; bk. 7, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 43.\n\n=Limnatidia=, a festival in honour of Diana, surnamed _Limnatis_, from\n Limn\u00e6, a school of exercise at Tr\u0153zene, where she was worshipped, or\n from \u03bb\u03b9\u03bc\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, _ponds_, because she presided over fishermen.\n\n=Limni\u0103ce=, the daughter of the Ganges, mother of Atys. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 48.\n\n=Limnonia=, one of the Nereides. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18.\n\n=Limon=, a place of Campania between Neapolis and Puteoli. _Statius_,\n bk. 3, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 1.\n\n=Limonum=, a town of Gaul, afterwards Pictavi, _Poictiers_. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 26.\n\n=Limyra=, a town of Lycia at the mouth of the Limyrus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 645.\u2015\u2015_Velleius_, bk. 2, ch. 102.\n\n=Lincasii=, a people of Gaul Narbonensis.\n\n=Lindum=, a colony of Britain, now Lincoln.\n\n=Lindus=, a city on the south-east part of Rhodes, built by Cercaphus\n son of Sol and Cydippe. The Danaides built there a temple to Minerva,\n and one of its colonies founded Gela in Sicily. It gave birth to\n Cleobulus, one of the seven wise men, and to Chares and Laches, who\n were employed in making and finishing the famous Colossus of Rhodes.\n _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 34.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 153.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grandson of\n Apollo. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.\n\n=Lingr\u014fnes=, now _Langres_, a people of Gallia Belgica, made tributary\n to Rome by Julius C\u00e6sar. They passed into Italy, where they made some\n settlements near the Alps at the head of the Adriatic. _Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 55.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 11, ltr. 57, li. 9; bk.\n 14, ltr. 159.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 398.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1,\n ch. 26.\n\n=Linterna palus=, a lake of Campania. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 278.\n\n=Linternum=, a town of Campania at the mouth of the river Clanis,\n where Scipio Africanus died and was buried. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 45.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 6, li. 654; bk. 7, li. 278.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n bk. 10, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 13.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 15, li. 713.\n\n=Linus.= This name is common to different persons whose history is\n confused, and who are often taken one for the other. One was son of\n Urania and Amphimarus the son of Neptune. Another was son of Apollo\n by Psammathe, daughter of Crotopus king of Argos. Martial mentions\n him in his ltr. 78, bk. 9. The third, son of Ismenius, and born at\n Thebes in B\u0153otia, taught music to Hercules, who in a fit of anger\n struck him on the head with his lyre and killed him. He was son of\n Mercury and Urania, according to Diogenes, who mentions some of his\n philosophical compositions, in which he asserted that the world had\n been created in an instant. He was killed by Apollo for presuming to\n compare himself to him. Apollodorus, however, and Pausanius mention\n that his ridicule of Hercules on his awkwardness in holding the lyre\n was fatal to him. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15;\n bk. 9, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fountain in Arcadia, whose waters were said to\n prevent abortion. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 2.\n\n=Liodes=, one of Penelope\u2019s suitors, killed by Ulysses. _Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, 22, &c.\n\n=Lip\u0103ra=, the largest of the \u00c6olian islands, on the coast of Sicily, now\n called the _Lipari_. It had a city of the same name, which, according\n to Diodorus, it received from Liparus the son of Auson, king of these\n islands, whose daughter Cyane was married by his successor \u00c6olus,\n according to Pliny. The inhabitants of this island were powerful by\n sea, and from the great tributes which they paid to Dionysius the\n tyrant of Syracuse, they may be called very opulent. The island was\n celebrated for the variety of its fruits, and its raisins are still\n in general repute. It had some convenient harbours, and a fountain\n whose waters were much frequented on account of their medicinal\n powers. According to Diodorus, \u00c6olus reigned at Lipara before Liparus.\n _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 28.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 14, li. 57.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 56; bk. 8, li. 417.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Etruria.\n\n=Lip\u0103ris=, a river of Cilicia, whose waters were like oil. _Pliny_,\n bk. 5, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Vitruvius_, bk. 8, ch. 3.\n\n=Liphlum=, a town of the \u00c6qui, taken by the Romans.\n\n=Lipodorus=, one of the Greeks settled in Asia by Alexander, &c.\n\n=Liquentia=, now _Livenza_, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the\n Adriatic sea. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\n\n=Lirc\u00e6us=, a fountain near Nem\u00e6a. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 711.\n\n=Liri\u014fpe=, one of the Oceanides, mother of Narcissus by the Cephisus.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 311.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fountain of B\u0153otia on\n the borders of Thespis, where Narcissus was drowned, according to\n some accounts.\n\n=Liris=, now _Garigliano_, a river of Campania, which it separates from\n Latium. It falls into the Mediterranean sea. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 17.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 424.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A warrior\n killed by Camilla, &c. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 670.\n\n=Lisinias=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 14.\n\n=Lissa=, the name of a fury which Euripides introduces on the stage,\n as conducted by Iris at the command of Juno, to inspire Hercules with\n that fatal rage which ended in his death.\n\n=Lisson=, a river of Sicily.\n\n=Lissus=, now _Alesso_, a town of Macedonia, on the confines of\n Illyricum. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 5, li. 719.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Thrace, falling into the \u00c6gean sea,\n between Thasos and Samothracia. It was dried up by the army of Xerxes,\n when he invaded Greece. _Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 109.\n\n=Lista=, a town of the Sabines, whose inhabitants are called Listini.\n\n=Litabrum=, now _Buitrago_, a town of Spain Tarraconensis. _Livy_,\n bk. 32, ch. 14; bk. 35, ch. 22.\n\n=Litana=, a wood in Gallia Togata. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 24.\n\n=Litav\u012dcus=, one of the \u00c6dui, who assisted C\u00e6sar with 10,000 men.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic Wars_, bk. 7, ch. 37.\n\n=Liternum=, a town of Campania.\n\n=Lithob\u014flia=, a festival celebrated at Tr\u0153zene in honour of Lamia and\n Auxesia, who came from Crete, and were sacrificed by the fury of\n the seditious populace, and stoned to death. Hence the name of the\n solemnity, \u03bb\u03b9\u03b8\u03bf\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03b1, _lapidation_.\n\n=Lithrus=, a town of Armenia Minor. _Strabo._\n\n=Lithubium=, a town of Liguria. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 29.\n\n=Lityersas=, an illegitimate son of Midas king of Phrygia. He made\n strangers prepare his harvest, and afterwards put them to death. He\n was at last killed by Hercules. _Theocritus_, _Idylls_, poem 10.\n\n=L\u012bvia Drusilla=, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucius Drusus\n Calidianus. She married Tiberius Claudius Nero, by whom she had the\n emperor Tiberius and Drusus Germanicus. The attachment of her husband\n to the cause of Antony was the beginning of her greatness. Augustus\n saw her as she fled from the danger which threatened her husband, and\n he resolved to marry her, though she was then pregnant. He divorced\n his wife Scribonia, and with the approbation of the augurs, he\n celebrated his nuptials with Livia. She now took advantage of the\n passion of Augustus, in the share that she enjoyed of his power\n and imperial dignity. Her children by Drusus were adopted by the\n complying emperor; and, that she might make the succession of her\n son Tiberius more easy and undisputed, Livia is accused of secretly\n involving in one common ruin the heirs and nearest relations of\n Augustus. Her cruelty and ingratitude are still more strongly marked,\n when she is charged with having murdered her own husband to hasten\n the elevation of Tiberius. If she was anxious for the aggrandizement\n of her son, Tiberius proved ungrateful, and hated a woman to whom\n he owed his life, his elevation, and his greatness. Livia died\n in the 86th year of her age, A.D. 29. Tiberius showed himself as\n undutiful after her death as before, for he neglected her funeral,\n and expressly commanded that no honours, either private or public,\n should be paid to her memory. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Augustus_ and _Tiberias_.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another.\n _See:_ Drusilla.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, called Horestilla, &c. She was debauched\n by Galba, as she was going to marry Piso. _Suetonius_, _Galba_,\n ch. 25.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, called also Ocellina. She was Galba\u2019s stepmother,\n and committed adultery with him. _Suetonius_, _Galba_, ch. 3.\n\n=L\u012bvia lex=, _de sociis_, proposed to make all the inhabitants of Italy\n free citizens of Rome. Marcus Livius Drusus, who framed it, was found\n murdered in his house before it passed.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another by Marcus Livius\n Drusus the tribune, A.U.C. 662, which required that the judicial\n power should be lodged in the hands of an equal number of knights and\n senators.\n\n=Livineius=, a friend of Pompey, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 11,\n &c.\n\n=Livilla=, a daughter of Drusus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sister of Caligula, &c. _See:_\n Julia.\n\n=L\u012bvius Andron\u012bcus=, a dramatic poet, who flourished at Rome about\n 240 years before the christian era. He was the first who turned the\n personal satires and fescennine verses, so long the admiration of the\n Romans, into the form of a proper dialogue and regular play. Though\n the character of a player, so valued and applauded in Greece, was\n reckoned vile and despicable among the Romans, Andronicus acted a\n part in his dramatic compositions and engaged the attention of his\n audience, by repeating what he had laboriously formed after the\n manner of the Greeks. Andronicus was the freedman of Marcus Livius\n Salinator, whose children he educated. His poetry was grown obsolete\n in the age of Cicero, whose nicety and judgment would not even\n recommend the reading of it. Some few of his verses are preserved\n in the _Corpus Poetarum_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus Salinator, a Roman consul,\n sent against the Illyrians. The success with which he finished the\n campaign, and the victory which some years after he obtained over\n Asdrubal, who was passing into Italy with a reinforcement for his\n brother Annibal, show how deserving he was to be at the head of the\n Roman armies. _Livy._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Drusus, a tribune who joined the patricians\n in opposing the ambitious views of Caius Gracchus. _Plutarch_,\n _Tiberius Gracchus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An uncle of Cato of Utica. _Plutarch.\n _\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Titus, a native of Padua, celebrated for his writings. He\n passed the greatest part of his life at Naples and Rome, but more\n particularly at the court of Augustus, who liberally patronized the\n learned, and encouraged the progress of literature. Few particulars\n of his life are known, yet his fame was so universally spread even\n in his lifetime, that an inhabitant of Gades traversed Spain, Gaul,\n and Italy, merely to see the man whose writings had given him such\n pleasure and satisfaction in the perusal. Livy died at Padua, in\n his 67th year, and according to some, on that same day Rome was also\n deprived of another of its brightest ornaments, by the death of the\n poet Ovid, A.D. 17. It is said that Livia had appointed Livy to be\n the preceptor to young Claudius the brother of Germanicus, but death\n prevented the historian from enjoying an honour to which he was\n particularly entitled by his learning and his universal knowledge.\n The name of Livy is rendered immortal by his history of the Roman\n empire. Besides this, he wrote some philosophical treatises and\n dialogues, with a letter addressed to his son, on the merit of\n authors, which ought to be read by young men. This letter is\n greatly commended by Quintilian, who expatiates with great warmth\n on the judgment and candour of the author. His Roman history was\n comprehended in 140 books, of which only 35 are extant. It began with\n the foundation of Rome, and was continued till the death of Drusus\n in Germany. The merit of this history is well known, and the high\n rank which Livy holds among historians will never be disputed. He is\n always great; his style is clear and intelligible, laboured without\n affectation, diffusive without tediousness, and argumentative without\n pedantry. In his harangues he is bold and animated, and in his\n narrations and descriptions he claims a decided superiority. He is\n always elegant, and though many have branded his provincial words\n with the name of _Patavinity_, yet the expressions, or rather the\n orthography of words, which in Livy are supposed to distinguish a\n native of a province of Italy from a native of Rome, are not loaded\n with obscurity, and the perfect classic is as familiarly acquainted\n with the one as with the other. Livy has been censured, and perhaps\n with justice, for being too credulous, and burdening his history\n with vulgar notions and superstitious tales. He may disgust when he\n mentions that milk and blood were rained from heaven, or that an ox\n spoke, or a woman changed her sex, yet he candidly confesses that\n he recorded only what made an indelible impression upon the minds of\n a credulous age. His candour has also been called in question, and\n he has sometimes shown himself too partial to his countrymen, but\n everywhere he is an indefatigable supporter of the cause of justice\n and virtue. The works of Livy have been divided by some of the\n moderns into 14 decades, each consisting of 10 books. The first\n decade comprehends the history of 460 years. The second decade is\n lost, and the third comprehends the history of the second Punic war,\n which includes about 18 years. In the fourth decade, Livy treats of\n the wars with Macedonia and Antiochus, which contain about 23 years.\n For the first five books of the fifth decade, we are indebted to the\n researches of the moderns. They were found at Worms, A.D. 1431. These\n are the books that remain of Livy\u2019s history, and the loss which the\n celebrated work has sustained by the ravages of time, has in some\n measure been compensated by the labours of Johann Freinshemius, who\n with great attention and industry has made an epitome of the Roman\n history, which is now incorporated with the remaining books of Livy.\n The third decade seems to be superior to the others, yet the author\n has not scrupled to copy from his contemporaries and predecessors,\n and we find many passages taken word for word from Polybius, in which\n the latter has shown himself more informed in military affairs, and\n superior to his imitator. The best editions of Livy will be found to\n be those of Maittaire, 6 vols., 12mo, London, 1722; of Drakenborch,\n 7 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1731; and of Ruddiman, 4 vols., 12mo,\n Edinburgh, 1751.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Tarentum, who delivered his trust\n to Annibal, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A high priest who devoted Decius to the Dii\n Manes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A commander of a Roman fleet sent against Antiochus in the\n Hellespont.\n\n=Lixus=, a river of Mauritania, with a city of the same name. Ant\u00e6us\n had a palace there, and according to some accounts it was in the\n neighbourhood that Hercules conquered him. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,\n li. 258.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n \u00c6gyptus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Lobon=, a native of Argos, who wrote a book concerning poets.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=L\u014fceus=, a man who conspired against Alexander with Dymnus, &c.\n _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 7.\n\n=Locha=, a large city of Africa, taken and plundered by Scipio\u2019s\n soldiers.\n\n=Lochias=, a promontory and citadel of Egypt near Alexandria.\n\n=Locri=, a town of Magna Gr\u00e6cia in Italy on the Adriatic, not far from\n Rhegium. It was founded by a Grecian colony about 757 years before\n the christian era, as some suppose. The inhabitants were called\n _Locri_ or _Locrenses_. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 399\u2015\u2015_Strabo.\n _\u2015\u2015_Pliny._\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 6; bk. 23, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n Locris in \u2666Greece.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Greeee\u2019 replaced with \u2018Greece\u2019\n\n=Locris=, a country of Greece, whose inhabitants are known by the name\n of _Ozol\u00e6_, _Epicnemidii_, and _Opuntii_. The country of the Ozol\u00e6,\n called also _Epizephyrii_ from their westerly situation, was at the\n north of the bay of Corinth, and extended above 12 miles northward.\n On the west it was separated from \u00c6tolia by the Evenus, and it\n had Phocis at the east. The chief city was called Naupactus. The\n Epicnemidii were at the north of the Ozol\u00e6, and had the bay of Malia\n at the east, and \u0152ta on the north. They received their name from the\n situation of their residence, near a mountain called Cnemis. They\n alone, of all the Locrians, had the privilege of sending members\n to the council of the Amphictyons. The Opuntii, who received their\n name from their chief city called Opus, were situated on the borders\n of the Euripus, and near Phocis and Eub\u0153a. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy._\u2015\u2015_Mela._\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 26;\n bk. 28, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, _Achaia_ & _Phocis_.\n\n=Locusta=, a celebrated woman at Rome in the favour of Nero. She\n poisoned Claudius and Britannicus, and at last attempted to destroy\n Nero himself, for which she was executed. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12,\n ch. 66, &c.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 33.\n\n=Locutius.= _See:_ Aius.\n\n=Lollia Paul\u012bna=, a beautiful woman, daughter of Marcus Lollius, who\n married Caius Memmius Regulus, and afterwards Caligula. She was\n divorced and put to death by means of Agrippina. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 12, ch. 1, &c.\n\n=Lolli\u0101nus Spurius=, a general proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in\n Gaul, and soon after murdered, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul, &c.\n\n=Marcus Lollius=, a companion and tutor of Caius C\u00e6sar the son-in-law\n of Tiberius. He was consul, and offended Augustus by his rapacity in\n the provinces. Horace has addressed two of his epistles to him, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3.\n\n=Lond\u012bnum=, the capital of Britain, founded, as some suppose, between\n the age of Julius C\u00e6sar and Nero. It has been severally called\n _Londinium_, _Lundinum_, &c. Ammianus calls it _vetustum oppidum_.\n It is represented as a considerable, opulent, and commercial town,\n in the age of Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015_Ammianus._\n\n=Long\u0101r\u0113nus=, a man guilty of adultery with Fausta, Sylla\u2019s daughter.\n _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 67.\n\n=Longim\u0103nus=, a surname of Artaxerxes, from his having one hand longer\n than the other. The Greeks called him _Macrochir_. _Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Kings_.\n\n=Long\u012bnus Dionysius Cassius=, a celebrated Greek philosopher and critic\n of Athens. He was preceptor of the Greek language, and afterwards\n minister, to Zenobia the famous queen of Palmyra, and his ardent\n zeal and spirited activity in her cause proved at last fatal to him.\n When the emperor Aurelian entered victorious the gates of Palmyra,\n Longinus was sacrificed to the fury of the Roman soldiers, A.D. 273.\n At the moment of death he showed himself great and resolute, and with\n a philosophical and unparalleled firmness of mind, he even repressed\n the tears and sighs of the spectators who pitied his miserable end.\n Longinus has rendered his name immortal by his critical remarks on\n ancient authors. His treatise on the sublime gives the world reason\n to lament the loss of his other valuable compositions. The best\n editions of this author are that of Tollius, 4to, Traja. ad Rhen.\n 1694, and that of Toup, 8vo, Oxford, 1778.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cassius, a tribune\n driven out of the senate for favouring the interest of Julius C\u00e6sar.\n He was made governor of Spain by C\u00e6sar, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Jud\u00e6a.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A proconsul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lawyer whom, though blind and respected, Nero\n ordered to be put to death, because he had in his possession a\n picture of Cassius, one of C\u00e6sar\u2019s murderers. _Juvenal_, satire 10,\n li. 6.\n\n=Longobardi=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_.\n\n=Long\u016dla=, a town of Latium on the borders of the Volsci. _Livy_, bk. 2,\n chs. 33 & 39; bk. 9, ch. 39.\n\n=Longunt\u012dca=, a maritime city of Spain Tarraconensis. _Livy_, bk. 22,\n ch. 20.\n\n=Longus=, a Roman consul, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek author who wrote a novel\n called the amours of Daphnis and Chloe. The age in which he lived is\n not precisely known. The best editions of this pleasing writer are\n that of Paris, 4to, 1754, and that of Villoison, 8vo, Paris, 1778.\n\n=Lordi=, a people of Illyricum.\n\n=Lory\u0306ma=, a town of Doris. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 17.\n\n=Lotis=, or =Lotos=, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Neptune. Priapus\n offered her violence, and to save herself from his importunities\n she implored the gods, who changed her into a tree called _Lotus_,\n consecrated to Venus and Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,\n li. 348.\n\n=Lot\u014fph\u0103gi=, a people on the coast of Africa near the Syrtes. They\n received this name from their living upon the lotus. Ulysses visited\n their country, at his return from the Trojan war. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 177.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 7; bk. 13, ch. 17.\n\n=L\u014dus=, or =Aous=, a river of Macedonia near Apollonia.\n\n=Lua=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over things which were purified\n by lustrations, whence the name (_\u00e0 luendo_). She is supposed to be\n the same as Ops or Rhea.\n\n=Luca=, now _Lucca_, a city of Etruria on the river Arnus. _Livy_,\n bk. 21, ch. 5; bk. 41, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 13, _Letters to his\n Friends_, ltr. 13.\n\n=Luc\u0103gus=, one of the friends of Turnus, killed by \u00c6neas. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 575.\n\n=L\u016bc\u0101ni=, a people of Italy, descended from the Samnites, or from the\n Brutii.\n\n=L\u016bc\u0101nia=, a country of Italy between the Tyrrhene and Sicilian seas,\n and bounded by Pucetia, the Picentini, and the country of the Brutii.\n The country was famous for its grapes. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 17; bk. 9,\n ch. 2; bk. 10, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 2, li. 178.\n\n=Quintus Lucanius=, a centurion in C\u00e6sar\u2019s army, &c. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic\n War_, bk. 5.\n\n=L\u016bc\u0101nus Marcus Ann\u00e6us=, a native of Corduba in Spain. He was early\n removed to Rome, where his rising talents, and more particularly his\n lavished praises and panegyrics, recommended him to the emperor Nero.\n This intimacy was soon productive of honour, and Lucan was raised to\n the dignity of an augur and questor before he had attained the proper\n age. The poet had the imprudence to enter the lists against his\n imperial patron; he chose for his subject Orpheus, and Nero took the\n tragical story of Niobe. Lucan obtained an easy victory, but Nero\n became jealous of his poetical reputation, and resolved upon revenge.\n The insults to which Lucan was daily exposed, provoked at last his\n resentment, and he joined Piso in a conspiracy against the emperor.\n The whole was discovered, and the poet had nothing left but to choose\n the manner of his execution. He had his veins opened in a warm bath,\n and as he expired he pronounced with great energy the lines which,\n in his Pharsalia, bk. 3, lis. 639\u2012642, he had put into the mouth of\n a soldier, who died in the same manner as himself. Some have accused\n him of pusillanimity at the moment of his death, and say that, to\n free himself from the punishment which threatened him, he accused\n his own mother, and involved her in the crime of which he was guilty.\n This circumstance, which throws an indelible blot upon the character\n of Lucan, is not mentioned by some writers, who observe that he\n expired with all the firmness of a philosopher. He died in his 26th\n year, A.D. 65. Of all his compositions none but his _Pharsalia_\n remains. This poem, which is an account of the civil wars of C\u00e6sar\n and Pompey, is unfinished. Opinions are various as to the merit of\n the poetry. It possesses neither the fire of Homer, nor the melodious\n numbers of Virgil. If Lucan had lived to a greater age, his judgment\n and genius would have matured, and he might have claimed a more\n exalted rank among the poets of the Augustan age. His expressions,\n however, are bold and animated, his poetry entertaining, though his\n irregularities are numerous, and, to use the words of Quintilian, he\n is more an orator than a poet. He wrote a poem upon the burning of\n Rome, now lost. It is said that his wife Polla Argentaria not only\n assisted him in the composition of his poem, but even corrected it\n after his death. Scaliger says that Lucan rather barks than sings.\n The best editions of Lucan are those of Oudendorp, 4to, Leiden, 1728;\n of Bentley, 4to, printed at Strawberry-hill, 1760; and of Barbou,\n 12mo, Paris, 1767. _Quintilian_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius._\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 15, &c.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Ocellus, or\n Ucellus, an ancient Pythagorean philosopher, whose age is unknown.\n He wrote, in the Attic dialect, a book on the nature of the universe,\n which he deemed eternal, and from it were drawn the systems adopted\n by Aristotle, Plato, and Philo Jud\u00e6us. This work was first translated\n into Latin by Nogarola. Another book of Ocellus on laws, written\n in the Doric dialect, was greatly esteemed by Archytas and Plato, a\n fragment of which has been preserved by Stob\u00e6us, of which, however,\n Ocellus is disputed to be the author. There is an edition of Ocellus,\n with a learned commentary, by C. Emman. Vizzanius, Bononi\u00e6, 1646, in\n 4to.\n\n=L\u016dc\u0103ria=, or =L\u016dc\u0115ria=, festivals at Rome, celebrated in a large grove\n between the Via Salaria and the Tiber, where the Romans hid themselves\n when besieged by the Gauls. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 77.\n\n=Lucius Lucceius=, a celebrated historian, asked by Cicero to write\n a history of his consulship. He favoured the cause of Pompey, but\n was afterwards pardoned by Julius C\u00e6sar. _Cicero_, _Letters to his\n Friends_, bk. 5, ltr. 12, &c.\n\n=Lucceius Alb\u012bnus=, a governor of Mauritania after Galba\u2019s death, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 58.\n\n=Lucentum= (or ia), a town of Spain, now _Alicant_.\n\n=L\u016dc\u0115res=, a body of horse, composed of Roman knights, first established\n by Romulus and Tatius. It received its name either from _Lucumo_, an\n Etrurian who assisted the Romans against the Sabines, or from _lucus_,\n a grove where Romulus had erected an asylum, or a place of refuge for\n all fugitives, slaves, homicides, &c., that he might people his city.\n The Luceres were some of these men, and they were incorporated with\n the legions. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 31.\n\n=Luc\u0115ria=, a town of Apulia, famous for wool. _Livy_, bk. 9, chs. 2\n & 12; bk. 10, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 15, li. 14.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 2, li. 473.\n\n=Lucerius=, a surname of Jupiter, as the father of light.\n\n=Lucetius=, a Rutulian killed by Ilioneus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 570.\n\n=Luci\u0101nus=, a celebrated writer of Samosata. His father was poor in\n his circumstances, and Lucian was early bound to one of his uncles,\n who was a sculptor. This employment highly displeased him; he made no\n proficiency in the art, and resolved to seek his livelihood by better\n means. A dream in which Learning seemed to draw him to her, and to\n promise fame and immortality, confirmed his resolutions, and he began\n to write. The artifices and unfair dealings of a lawyer, a life which\n he had embraced, disgusted him, and he began to study philosophy and\n eloquence. He visited different places, and Antioch, Ionia, Greece,\n Italy, Gaul, and more particularly Athens, became successively\n acquainted with the depth of his learning and the power of his\n eloquence. The emperor Marcus Aurelius was sensible of his merit,\n and appointed him registrar to the Roman governor of Egypt. He died\n A.D. 180, in his 90th year, and some of the moderns have asserted\n that he was torn to pieces by dogs for his impiety, particularly\n for ridiculing the religion of Christ. The works of Lucian, which\n are numerous, and written in the Attic dialect, consist partly of\n dialogues, in which he introduces different characters with much\n dramatic propriety. His style is easy, simple, elegant, and animated,\n and he has stored his compositions with many lively sentiments, and\n much of the true Attic wit. His frequent obscenities, and his manner\n of exposing to ridicule, not only the religion of his country, but\n also that of every nation, have deservedly drawn upon him the censure\n of every age, and branded him with the appellation of atheist and\n blasphemer. He also wrote the life of Sostrates, a philosopher of\n B\u0153otia, as also that of the philosopher Demonax. Some have also\n attributed to him, with great impropriety, the life of Apollonius\n Thyaneus. The best editions of Lucian are that of Gr\u00e6vius, 2 vols.,\n 8vo, Amsterdam, 1687, and that of Reitzius, 4 vols., 4to, Amsterdam,\n 1743.\n\n=L\u016bc\u012dfer=, the name of the planet Venus, or morning star. It is called\n _Lucifer_, when appearing in the morning before the sun; but when\n it follows it, and appears some time after its setting, it is called\n _Hesperus_. According to some mythologists, Lucifer was son of\n Jupiter and Aurora.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A christian writer, whose work was edited by\n the Coleti, folio, Venice, 1778.\n\n=Lucif\u0115ri fanum=, a town of Spain.\n\n=Caius L\u016bc\u012blius=, a Roman knight born at Aurunca, illustrious not only\n for the respectability of his ancestors, but more deservedly for the\n uprightness and the innocence of his own immaculate character. He\n lived in the greatest intimacy with Scipio the first Africanus, and\n even attended him in his war against Numantia. He is looked upon as\n the founder of satire, and as the first great satirical writer among\n the Romans. He was superior to his poetical predecessors at Rome;\n and though he wrote with great roughness and inelegance, but with\n much facility, he gained many admirers, whose praises have been often\n lavished with too liberal a hand. Horace compares him to a river\n which rolls upon its waters precious sand, accompanied with mire\n and dirt. Of the 30 satires which he wrote, nothing but a few verses\n remain. He died at Naples, in the 46th year of his age, B.C. 103. His\n fragments have been collected and published with notes by Franciscus\n Dousa, 4to, Leiden, 1597, and lastly by the Vulpii, 8vo, Patavium,\n 1735. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucilius, a famous Roman, who fled with Brutus after\n the battle of Philippi. They were soon after overtaken by a party\n of horse, and Lucilius suffered himself to be severely wounded by\n the dart of the enemy, exclaiming that he was Brutus. He was taken\n and carried to the conquerors, whose clemency spared his life.\n _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune who attempted in vain to elect Pompey to\n the dictatorship.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A centurion, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Asia under\n Tiberius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Tiberius.\n\n=Lucilla=, a daughter of Marcus Aurelius, celebrated for the virtues\n of her youth, her beauty, debaucheries, and misfortunes. At the age\n of 16 her father sent her to Syria to marry the emperor Verus, who\n was then employed in a war with the Parthians and \u2666Armenians. The\n conjugal virtues of Lucilla were great at first, but when she saw\n Verus plunge himself into debauchery and dissipation, she followed\n his example and prostituted herself. At her return to Rome she saw\n the incestuous commerce of her husband with her mother, &c., and at\n last poisoned him. She afterwards married an old but virtuous senator,\n by order of her father, and was not ashamed soon to gratify the\n criminal sensualities of her brother Commodus. The coldness and\n indifference with which Commodus treated her afterwards determined\n her on revenge, and she with many illustrious senators conspired\n against his life A.D. 185. The plot was discovered, Lucilla was\n banished, and soon after put to death by her brother, in the 38th\n year of her age.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Arminians\u2019 replaced with \u2018Armenians\u2019\n\n=L\u016bc\u012bna=, a goddess, daughter of Jupiter and Juno, or, according to\n others, of Latona. As her mother brought her into the world without\n pain, she became the goddess whom women in labour invoked, and she\n presided over the birth of children. She receives this name either\n from _lucus_, or from _lux_, as Ovid explains it:\n\n _Gratia Lucin\u00e6, dedit h\u00e6c tibi nomina lucus;\n Aut quia principium tu, Dea, lucis habes._\n\n Some suppose her to be the same as Diana and Juno, because these two\n goddesses were also sometimes called Lucina, and presided over the\n labours of women. She is called Ilythia by the Greeks. She had a\n famous temple at Rome, raised A.U.C. 396. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 2, li. 449.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, _Carmen S\u00e6culare_.\n\n=Lucius=, a Roman soldier killed at the siege of Jerusalem, by saving\n in his arms a man who jumped down from one of the walls. _Josephus._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Marcus Antony. _See:_ Lucius Antonius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman\n general, who defeated the Etrurians, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A relation of Julius\n C\u00e6sar. A Roman ambassador, murdered by the Illyrians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer, called by some Saturantius Apuleius. He was born in\n Africa, on the borders of Numidia. He studied poetry, music, geometry,\n &c., at Athens, and warmly embraced the tenets of the Platonists. He\n cultivated magic, and some miracles are attributed to his knowledge\n of enchantments. He wrote in Greek and Latin with great ease and\n simplicity; his style, however, is sometimes affected, though his\n eloquence was greatly celebrated in his age. Some fragments of his\n compositions are still extant. He flourished in the reign of Marcus\n Aurelius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Vitellius, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Agrippa, adopted\n by Augustus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man put to death for his incontinence, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n word Lucius is a pr\u00e6nomen common to many Romans, of whom an account\n is given under their family names.\n\n=L\u016bcr\u0113tia=, a celebrated Roman lady, daughter of Lucretius and wife\n of Tarquinius Collatinus. Her accomplishments proved fatal to her,\n and the praises which a number of young nobles at Ardea, among whom\n were Collatinus and the sons of Tarquin, bestowed upon the domestic\n virtues of their wives at home, were productive of a revolution in\n the state. While every one was warm with the idea, it was universally\n agreed to leave the camp and to go to Rome, to ascertain the veracity\n of their respective assertions. Collatinus had the pleasure to see\n his expectations fulfilled in the highest degree, and while the wives\n of the other Romans were involved in the riot and dissipation of\n a feast, Lucretia was found at home, employed in the midst of her\n female servants, and easing their labour by sharing it herself. The\n beauty and innocence of Lucretia inflamed the passion of Sextus the\n son of Tarquin, who was a witness of her virtues and industry. He\n cherished his flame, and he secretly retired from the camp, and came\n to the house of Lucretia, where he met with a kind reception. He\n showed himself unworthy of such a treatment, and in the dead of night\n he introduced himself to Lucretia, who refused to his intreaties what\n her fear of shame granted to his threats. She yielded to her ravisher\n when he threatened to murder her, and to slay one of her slaves,\n and put him in her bed, that this apparent adultery might seem to\n have met with the punishment it deserved. Lucretia, in the morning,\n sent for her husband and her father, and, after she had revealed\n to them the indignities she had suffered from the son of Tarquin,\n and entreated them to avenge her wrongs, she stabbed herself with\n a dagger which she had previously concealed under her clothes. This\n fatal blow was the signal of rebellion. The body of the virtuous\n Lucretia was exposed to the eyes of the senate, and the violence and\n barbarity of Sextus, joined with the unpopularity and oppression of\n his father, so irritated the Roman populace, that that moment they\n expelled the Tarquins for ever from Rome. Brutus, who was present at\n the tragical death of Lucretia, kindled the flames of rebellion, and\n the republican or consular government was established at Rome A.U.C.\n 244. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 57, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 741.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 1, ch. 19.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Numa. _Plutarch._\n\n=L\u016dcr\u0113t\u012dlis=, now _Libretti_, a mountain in the country of the Sabines,\n hanging over a pleasant valley, near which the house and farm of\n Horace were situated. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 1.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 11.\n\n=Titius L\u016dcr\u0113tius Carus=, a celebrated Roman poet and philosopher, who\n was early sent to Athens, where he studied under Zeno and Ph\u00e6drus.\n The tenets of Epicurus and Empedocles, which then prevailed at Athens,\n were warmly embraced by Lucretius, and when united with the infinite\n of Anaximander and the atoms of Democritus, they were explained and\n elucidated in a poem, in six books, which is called _De rerum natur\u00e2_.\n In this poem the masterly genius and unaffected elegance of the poet\n are everywhere conspicuous; but the opinions of the philosopher are\n justly censured, who gives no existence of power to a supreme Being,\n but is the devoted advocate of atheism and impiety, and earnestly\n endeavours to establish the mortality of the soul. This composition,\n which has little claim to be called an heroic poem, was written and\n finished while the poet laboured under a violent delirium, occasioned\n by a philter, which the jealousy of his mistress or his wife Lucilia\n had administered. It is said that he destroyed himself in the 44th\n year of his age, about 54 years before Christ. Cicero, after his\n death, revised and corrected his poems, which had been partly written\n in the lucid intervals of reason and of sense. Lucretius, whose poem\n shows that he wrote Latin better than any other man ever did, would\n have proved no mean rival to Virgil, had he lived in the polished age\n of Augustus. The best editions of his works are that of Creech, 8vo,\n Oxford, 1695; that of Havercamp, 2 vols., 4to, Leiden, 1725; and that\n of Glasgow, 12mo, 1759. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_,\n bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus, a Roman who killed himself\n because the inhabitants of Sulmo, over which he was appointed with\n a garrison, seemed to favour the cause of Julius C\u00e6sar. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Civil War_, bk. 1, ch. 18. He is also called Vespillo.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Spurius\n Tricipitinus, father of Lucretia wife of Collatinus, was made consul\n after the death of Brutus, and soon after died himself. Horatius\n Pulvillus succeeded him. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 58.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Publicola_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An interrex at Rome.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Osella, a Roman,\n put to death by Sylla because he had applied for the consulship\n without his permission. _Plutarch._\n\n=Lucr\u012bnum=, a town of Apulia.\n\n=L\u016bcr\u012bnus=, a small lake of Campania, opposite Puteoli. Some believe\n that it was made by Hercules when he passed through Italy with the\n bulls of Geryon. It abounded with excellent oysters, and was united\n by Augustus to the Avernus, and a communication formed with the sea,\n near a harbour called _Julius Portus_. The Lucrine lake disappeared\n on the 30th of September, 1538, in a violent earthquake, which raised\n on the spot a mountain four miles in circumference, and about 1000\n feet high, with a crater in the middle. _Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters\n to Atticus_, ltr. 10.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 5 & 6.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 11, li. 10.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,\n li. 161.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 15.\n\n=Caius Luct\u0101tius Cat\u016dlus=, a Roman consul with Marius. He assisted his\n colleague in conquering the Cimbrians. _See:_ Cimbricum bellum. He\n was eloquent as well as valiant, and his history of his consulship,\n which he wrote with great veracity, convinces us of his literary\n talents. That history is lost. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de\n Lingua Latina_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius Catulus, a Roman\n consul, who destroyed the Carthaginian fleet. _See:_ Catulus.\n\n=Lucullea=, a festival established by the Greeks in honour of Lucullus,\n who had behaved with great prudence and propriety in his province.\n _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.\n\n=Luculli horti=, gardens of Lucullus, situate near Neapolis, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Villa, a country seat near\n mount Misenus, where Tiberius died. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6,\n ch. 50.\n\n=Lucullus Lucius Licinius=, a Roman celebrated for his fondness\n of luxury and for his military talents. He was born about 115\n years before the christian era, and soon distinguished himself by\n his proficiency in the liberal arts, particularly eloquence and\n philosophy. His first military campaign was in the Marsian war, where\n his valour and cool intrepidity recommended him to public notice.\n His mildness and constancy gained him the admiration and confidence\n of Sylla, and from this connection he derived honour, and during his\n questorship in Asia and pretorship in Africa, he rendered himself\n more conspicuous by his justice, moderation, and humanity. He was\n raised to the consulship A.U.C. 680, and entrusted with the care\n of the Mithridatic war, and first displayed his military talents\n in rescuing his colleague Cotta, whom the enemy had besieged in\n Chalcedonia. This was soon followed by a celebrated victory over\n the forces of Mithridates, on the borders of the Granicus, and by\n the conquest of the Bithynia. His victories by sea were as great as\n those by land, and Mithridates lost a powerful fleet near Lemnos.\n Such considerable losses weakened the enemy, and Mithridates retired\n with precipitation towards Armenia to the court of king Tigranes his\n father-in-law. His flight was perceived, and Lucullus crossed the\n Euphrates with great expedition, and gave battle to the numerous\n forces which Tigranes had already assembled to support the cause of\n his son-in-law. According to the exaggerated account of Plutarch,\n no less than 100,000 foot and near 55,000 horse of the Armenians\n lost their lives in that celebrated battle. All this carnage was\n made by a Roman army amounting to no more than 18,000 men, of whom\n only five were killed and 100 wounded during the combat. The taking\n of Tigranocerta the capital of Armenia was the consequence of this\n immortal victory, and Lucullus there obtained the greatest part of\n the royal treasures. This continual success, however, was attended\n with serious consequences. The severity of Lucullus, and the\n haughtiness of his commands, offended his soldiers, and displeased\n his adherents at Rome. Pompey was soon after sent to succeed him,\n and to continue the Mithridatic war, and the interview which he had\n with Lucullus began with acts of mutual kindness, and ended in the\n most inveterate reproaches and open enmity. Lucullus was permitted\n to retire to Rome, and only 1600 of the soldiers who had shared\n his fortune and his glories were suffered to accompany him. He was\n received with coldness at Rome, and he obtained with difficulty a\n triumph which was deservedly claimed by his fame, his successes, and\n his victories. In this ended the days of his glory; he retired to\n the enjoyment of ease and peaceful society, and no longer interested\n himself in the commotions which disturbed the tranquillity of\n Rome. He dedicated his time to studious pursuits, and to literary\n conversation. His house was enriched with a valuable library, which\n was opened for the service of the curious, and of the learned.\n Lucullus fell into a delirium in the last part of his life, and died\n in the 67th or 68th year of his age. The people showed their respect\n for his merit by their wish to give him an honourable burial in the\n Campus Martius; but their offers were rejected, and he was privately\n buried, by his brother, on his estate at Tusculum. Lucullus has\n been admired for his many accomplishments, but he has been censured\n for his severity and extravagance. The expenses of his meals were\n immoderate; his halls were distinguished by the different names of\n the gods; and, when Cicero and Pompey attempted to surprise him, they\n were astonished at the costliness of a supper which had been prepared\n upon the word of Lucullus, who had merely said to his servant that\n he would sup in the hall of Apollo. In his retirement Lucullus was\n fond of artificial variety; subterraneous caves and passages were\n dug under the hills on the coast of Campania, and the sea water\n was conveyed round the house and pleasure grounds, where the fishes\n flocked in such abundance, that not less than 25,000 pounds worth\n were sold at his death. In his public character Lucullus was humane\n and compassionate, and he showed his sense of the vicissitudes of\n human affairs by shedding tears at the sight of one of the cities of\n Armenia, which his soldiers reduced to ashes. He was a perfect master\n of the Greek and Latin languages, and he employed himself for some\n time to write a concise history of the Marsic war in Greek hexameters.\n Such are the striking characteristics of a man who meditated the\n conquest of Parthia, and for a while gained the admiration of all\n the inhabitants of the east by his justice and moderation, and who\n might have disputed the empire of the world with a C\u00e6sar or Pompey,\n had not, at last, his fondness for retirement withdrawn him from\n the reach of ambition. _Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 4; _Qu\u00e6stiones\n Academic\u00e6_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Orosius_,\n bk. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul who went to Spain, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman put to death\n by Domitian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Lucius Lucullus, lieutenant under Sylla.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A pretor of Macedonia.\n\n=L\u016dc\u016dmo=, the first name of Tarquinius Priscus, afterwards changed\n into Lucius. The word is Etrurian, and signifies prince or chief.\n _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\n\n=Lucus=, a king of ancient Gaul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Gaul at the foot of the\n Alps.\n\n=Lugdunensis Gallia=, a part of Gaul, which received its name from\n Lugdunum, the capital city of the province. It was anciently called\n Celtica. _See:_ Gallia.\n\n=Lugd\u016bnum=, a town of Gallia Celtica, built at the confluence of\n the Rhone and the Arar, or Saone, by Manutius Plancus, when he was\n governor of the province. This town, now called _Lyons_, is the\n second city of France in point of population. _Juvenal_, satire 1,\n li. 44.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Batavorum, a town on the Rhine, just as\n it falls into the ocean. It is now called _Leyden_, and is famous for\n its university.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Convenarum, a town at the foot of the Pyrenees,\n now _St. Bertrand_ in Gascony.\n\n=L\u016bna= (_the moon_), was the daughter of Hyperion and Terra, and\n was the same, according to some mythologists, as Diana. She was\n worshipped by the ancient inhabitants of the earth with many\n superstitious forms and ceremonies. It was supposed that magicians\n and enchanters, particularly those of Thessaly, had an uncontrollable\n power over the moon, and that they could draw her down from heaven\n at pleasure by the mere force of their incantations. Her eclipses,\n according to their opinion, proceeded from thence; and on that\n account it was usual to beat drums and cymbals to ease her labours,\n and to render the power of magic less effectual. The Arcadians\n believed that they were older than the moon. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 12, li. 263, &c.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 8, li. 21.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8, li. 69.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A maritime town\n of Etruria, famous for the white marble which it produced, and called\n also _Lunensis portus_. It contained a fine, capacious harbour, and\n abounded in wine, cheese, &c. The inhabitants were naturally given\n to augury, and the observation of uncommon phenomena. _Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 586.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 34, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 481.\n\n=Lupa= (_a she-wolf_), was held in great veneration at Rome, because\n Romulus and Remus, according to an ancient tradition, were suckled\n and preserved by one of these animals. This fabulous story arises\n from the surname of Lupa, _prostitute_, which was given to the wife\n of the shepherd Fastulus, to whose care and humanity these children\n owed their preservation. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 415.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Romulus_.\n\n=Lupercal=, a place at the foot of mount Aventine sacred to Pan, where\n festivals called Lupercalia were yearly celebrated, and where the\n she-wolf was said to have brought up Romulus and Remus. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 343.\n\n=Luperc\u0101lia=, a yearly festival observed at Rome the 15th of February,\n in honour of the god Pan. It was usual first to sacrifice two goats\n and a dog, and to touch with a bloody knife the foreheads of two\n illustrious youths, who always were obliged to smile while they were\n touched. The blood was wiped away with soft wool dipped in milk.\n After this the skins of the victims were cut into thongs, with which\n whips were made for the youths. With these whips the youths ran about\n the streets all naked except the middle, and whipped freely all those\n whom they met. Women in particular were fond of receiving the lashes,\n as they superstitiously believed that they removed barrenness, and\n eased the pains of child-birth. This excursion in the streets of\n Rome was performed by naked youths, because Pan is always represented\n naked, and a goat was sacrificed because that deity was supposed to\n have the feet of a goat. A dog was added, as a necessary and useful\n guardian of the sheepfold. This festival, as Plutarch mentions,\n was first instituted by the Romans in honour of the she-wolf which\n suckled Romulus and Remus. This opinion is controverted by others,\n and Livy, with Dionysius of Halicarnassus, observes that they were\n introduced into Italy by Evander. The name seems to be borrowed\n from the Greek name of Pan, _Lyc\u00e6us_, from \u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, _a wolf_; not only\n because these ceremonies were like the Lyc\u00e6an festivals observed in\n Arcadia, but because Pan, as god of shepherds, protected the sheep\n from the rapacity of the wolves. The priests who officiated at the\n Lupercalia were called _Luperci_. Augustus forbade any person above\n the age of 14 to appear naked or to run about the streets during the\n Lupercalia. Cicero, in his Philippics, reproaches Antony for having\n disgraced the dignity of the consulship by running naked, and armed\n with a whip, about the streets. It was during the celebration of\n these festivals that Antony offered a crown to Julius C\u00e6sar, which\n the indignation of the populace obliged him to refuse. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 427.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\n\n=Luperci=, a number of priests at Rome, who assisted at the celebration\n of the Lupercalia, in honour of the god Pan, to whose service they\n were dedicated. This order of priests was the most ancient and\n respectable of all the sacerdotal offices. It was divided into\n two separate colleges, called _Fabiani_ and _Quintiliani_, from\n Fabius and Quintilius, two of their high priests. The former was\n instituted in honour of Romulus, and the latter of Remus. To these\n two sacerdotal bodies Julius C\u00e6sar added a third, called from himself\n the _Julii_, and this action contributed not a little to render his\n cause unpopular, and to betray his ambitious and aspiring views.\n _See:_ Lupercalia. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 45.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 663.\n\n=Lupercus=, a grammarian in the reign of the emperor Gallienus.\n He wrote some grammatical pieces, which some have preferred to\n Herodian\u2019s compositions.\n\n=Lupias=, or =Lupia=, now _Lippe_, a town of Germany, with a small\n river of the same name falling into the Rhine. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 1, &c.\n\n=Lupus=, a general of the emperor Severus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Britain.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A questor in the reign of Tiberius, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic writer of\n Sicily, who wrote a poem on the return of Menelaus and Helen to\n Sparta, after the destruction of Troy. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4,\n ltr. 16, li. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius Rutilius, a Roman, who, contrary to\n the omens, marched against the Marsi, and was killed with his army.\n He has been taxed with impiety, and was severely censured in the\n Augustan age. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 68.\n\n=Lusitania=, a part of ancient Spain, whose extent and situation\n have not been accurately defined by the ancients. According to the\n more correct descriptions it extended from the Tagus to the sea\n of Cantabria, and comprehended the modern kingdom of Portugal. The\n inhabitants were warlike, and were conquered by the Roman army under\n Dolabella, B.C. 99, with great difficulty. They generally lived\n upon plunder, and were rude and unpolished in their manners. It was\n usual among them to expose their sick in the high-roads, that their\n diseases might be cured by the directions and advice of travellers.\n They were very moderate in their meals, and never ate but of one\n dish. Their clothes were commonly black, and they generally warmed\n themselves by means of stones heated in the fire. _Strabo_, bk. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 43; bk. 27,\n ch. 20.\n\n=Lusius=, a river of Arcadia. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3,\n ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, _Arcadia_, ch. 28.\n\n=Lusones=, a people of Spain, near the Iberus.\n\n=Lustricus Brutianus=, a Roman poet. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 23.\n\n=Lut\u0101tius Cat\u016dlus=, a Roman who shut the temple of Janus after peace\n had been made with Carthage. _See:_ Luctatius.\n\n=Luterius=, a general of the Gauls, defeated by C\u00e6sar, &c.\n\n=L\u016btetia=, a town of Belgic Gaul, on the confluence of the rivers\n Sequana and Matrona, which received its name, as some suppose, from\n the quantity of clay, _lutum_, which is in its neighbourhood. Julius\n C\u00e6sar fortified and embellished it, from which circumstance some\n authors call it _Julii Civitas_. Julian the apostate resided there\n some time. It is now called _Paris_, the capital of France. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bks. 6 & 7.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ammianus_, bk. 20.\n\n=Caius Lutorius Priscus=, a Roman knight, put to death by order of\n Tiberius, because he had written a poem in which he had bewailed\n the death of Germanicus, who then laboured under a severe illness.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 49, &c.\n\n=Ly\u00e6us=, a surname of Bacchus. It is derived from \u03bb\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _solvere_,\n because wine, over which Bacchus presides, gives freedom to the mind,\n and delivers it from all cares and melancholy. _Horace_, epode 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 675.\n\n=Lybas=, one of the companions of Ulysses, &c.\n\n=Lybya=, or =Lybissa=, a small village of Bithynia, where Annibal was\n buried.\n\n=Lyc\u0103bas=, an Etrurian who had been banished from his country for\n murder. He was one of those who offered violence to Bacchus, and\n who were changed into dolphins. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,\n li. 624.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Lapith\u00e6 who ran away from the battle which was\n fought at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,\n li. 302.\n\n=Lycab\u0113tus=, a mountain of Attica, near Athens. _Statius._\n\n=Lyc\u00e6a=, festivals in Arcadia, in honour of Pan the god of shepherds.\n They are the same as the Lupercalia of the Romans.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A festival\n at Argos in honour of Apollo Lyc\u00e6us, who delivered the Argives from\n wolves, &c.\n\n=Lyc\u00e6um=, a celebrated place near the banks of the Ilissus in Attica.\n It was in this pleasant and salubrious spot that Aristotle taught\n philosophy, and as he generally instructed his pupils in walking,\n they were called Peripatetics, \u1f00 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c9, _ambulo_. The philosopher\n continued his instructions for 12 years, till, terrified by the false\n accusations of Eurymedon, he was obliged to fly to Chalcis.\n\n=Lyc\u00e6us=, a mountain of Arcadia, sacred to Jupiter, where a temple\n was built in honour of the god by Lycaon the son of Pelasgus. It was\n also sacred to Pan, whose festivals, called _Lyc\u00e6a_, were celebrated\n there. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 16; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 343.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 698.\n\n=Ly\u0306cambes=, the father of Neobule. He promised his daughter in marriage\n to the poet Archilochus, and afterwards refused to fulfil his\n engagement when she had been courted by a man whose opulence had more\n influence than the fortune of the poet. This irritated Archilochus;\n he wrote a bitter invective against Lycambes and his daughter, and\n rendered them both so desperate by the satire of his composition,\n that they hanged themselves. _Horace_, epode 6, li. 13.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Ibis_, li. 52.\u2015\u2015_Aristotle_, _Rhetoric_, bk. 3.\n\n=Ly\u0306c\u0101on=, the first king of Arcadia, son of Pelasgus and Melib\u0153a. He\n built a town called Lycosura on the top of mount Lyc\u00e6us, in honour of\n Jupiter. He had many wives, by whom he had a daughter called Callisto,\n and 50 sons. He was succeeded on the throne by Nyctimus, the eldest\n of his sons. He lived about 1820 years before the christian era.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 176.\u2015\u2015_Catullus_, poem 76.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another king of Arcadia,\n celebrated for his cruelties. He was changed into a wolf by Jupiter,\n because he offered human victims on the altars of the god Pan. Some\n attribute this metamorphosis to another cause. The sins of mankind,\n as they relate, were become so enormous, that Jupiter visited the\n earth to punish their wickedness and impiety. He came to Arcadia,\n where he was announced as a god, and the people began to pay proper\n adoration to his divinity. Lycaon, however, who used to sacrifice\n all strangers to his wanton cruelty, laughed at the pious prayers\n of his subjects, and, to try the divinity of the god, he served up\n human flesh on his table. This impiety so irritated Jupiter, that\n he immediately destroyed the house of Lycaon, and changed him into a\n wolf. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 198, &c. These two monarchs\n are often confounded together, though it appears that they were two\n different characters, and that not less than an age elapsed between\n their reigns.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Priam and Laothoe. He was taken by Achilles\n and carried to Lemnos, whence he escaped. He was afterwards killed\n by Achilles in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 21, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n father of Pandarus, killed by Diomedes before Troy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Gnossian\n artist, who made the sword which Ascanius gave to Euryalus. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 304.\n\n=Ly\u0306c\u0101\u014fnia=, a country of Asia, between Cappadocia, Pisidia, Pamphylia,\n and Phrygia, made a Roman province under Augustus. Iconium was the\n capital. _Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 27,\n ch. 54; bk. 38, ch. 39.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Arcadia bore also that name, from Lycaon,\n one of its kings. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island in the\n Tiber.\n\n=Ly\u0306cas=, a priest of Apollo in the interest of Turnus. He was killed\n by \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 315.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another officer of\n Turnus. _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, ch. 561.\n\n=Ly\u0306caste=, an ancient town of Crete, whose inhabitants accompanied\n Idomeneus to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Priam by a concubine. She married Polydamas the son of Antenor.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous courtesan of Drepanum, called Venus on account of her\n great beauty. She had a son called Eryx, by Butes son of Amycus.\n\n=Lycastum=, a town of Cappadocia.\n\n=Lycastus=, a son of Minos I. He was father of Minos II., by Ida\n the daughter of Corybas. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Minos and\n Philonome daughter of Nyctimus. He succeeded his father on the throne\n of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, chs. 3 & 4.\n\n=Lyce=, one of the Amazons, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 374.\n\n=Lyces=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 33.\n\n=Lyc\u0113um.= _See:_ Lyc\u00e6um.\n\n=Lychn\u012bdus=, now _Achridna_, a city with a lake of the same name, in\n Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 32; bk. 44, ch. 15.\n\n=Ly\u0306cia=, a country of Asia Minor, bounded by the Mediterranean on\n the south, Caria on the west, Pamphylia on the east, and Phrygia on\n the north. It was anciently called _Milyas_ and _Tremile_, from the\n Mily\u00e6 or Solymi, a people of Crete, who came to settle there. The\n country received the name of Lycia, from Lycus the son of Pandion,\n who established himself there. The inhabitants have been greatly\n commended by all the ancients, not only for their sobriety and\n justice, but their great dexterity in the management of the bow.\n They were conquered by Cr\u0153sus king of Lydia, and afterwards by Cyrus.\n Though they were subject to the power of Persia, yet they were\n governed by their own kings, and only paid a yearly tribute to the\n Persian monarch. They became part of the Macedonian empire when\n Alexander came into the east, and afterwards were ceded to the house\n of the Seleucid\u00e6. The country was reduced into a Roman province\n by the emperor Claudius. Apollo had there his celebrated oracle at\n Patara, and the epithet _hiberna_ is applied to the country, because\n the god was said to pass the winter in his temple. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 4, lis. 143 & 446; bk. 7, li. 816.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 6,\n li. 686.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 173.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 37, ch. 16; bk. 38, ch. 39.\n\n=Lyc\u012ddas=, a centaur, killed by the Lapith\u00e6 at the nuptials of\n Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 310.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A shepherd\u2019s\n name. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A beautiful youth, the admiration of\n Rome in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 4, li. 19.\n\n=Lycimna=, a town of Peloponnesus.\n\n=Lycimnia=, a slave, mother of Helenor by a Lydian prince. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 446.\n\n=Lyciscus=, an Athenian archon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Messenian of the family of the\n \u00c6pytid\u00e6. When his daughters were doomed by lot to be sacrificed\n for the good of their country, he fled with them to Sparta, and\n Aristodemus upon this cheerfully gave his own children and soon after\n succeeded to the throne. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A youth of\n whom Horace was enamoured.\n\n=Ly\u0306cius=, a son of Hercules and Toxicreta.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Lycaon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n epithet given to Apollo from his temple in Lycia, where he gave\n oracles, particularly at Patara, where the appellation of _Lyci\u00e6\n sortes_ was given to his answers, and even to the will of the fates.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 346.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Danaus.\n\n=Ly\u0306c\u014fm\u0113des=, a king of Scyros, an island in the \u00c6gean sea, son of\n Apollo and Parthenope. He was secretly entrusted with the care of\n young Achilles, whom his mother Thetis had disguised in woman\u2019s\n clothes, to remove him from the Trojan war, where she knew he must\n unavoidably perish. Lycomedes has rendered himself infamous for his\n treachery to Theseus, who had implored his protection when driven\n from the throne of Athens by the usurper Mnestheus. Lycomedes, as\n it is reported, either envious of the fame of his illustrious guest,\n or bribed by the emissaries of Mnestheus, led Theseus to an elevated\n place, on pretence of showing him the extent of his dominions,\n and perfidiously threw him down a precipice, where he was killed.\n _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17; bk. 7, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Arcadian, who, with 500\n chosen men, put to flight 1000 Spartans and 500 Argives, &c.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A seditious person at Tegea.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Mantinean\n general, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian, the first who took one of the enemy\u2019s\n ships at the battle of Salamis. _Plutarch._\n\n=Lycon=, a philosopher of Troas, son of Astyonax, in the age of\n Aristotle. He was greatly esteemed by Eumenes, Antiochus, &c. He died\n in the 74th year of his age. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives and Opinions\n of Eminent Philosophers_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote the life of Pythagoras.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer of epigrams.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A player, greatly esteemed\n by Alexander. A Syracusan who assisted in murdering Dion.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n peripatetic philosopher.\n\n=Lyc\u014dne=, a city of Thrace.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Argolis. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 24.\n\n=Ly\u0306c\u014dphron=, a son of Periander king of Corinth. The murder of his\n mother Melissa by his father had such an effect upon him, that he\n resolved never to speak to a man who had been so wantonly cruel\n against his relations. This resolution was strengthened by the advice\n of Procles his maternal uncle, and Periander at last banished to\n Corcyra a son whose disobedience and obstinacy had rendered him\n odious. Cypselus, the eldest son of Periander, being incapable of\n reigning, Lycophron was the only surviving child who had any claim to\n the crown of Corinth. But when the infirmities of Periander obliged\n him to look for a successor, Lycophron refused to come to Corinth\n while his father was there, and he was induced to leave Corcyra,\n only on promise that Periander would come and dwell there while he\n remained master of Corinth. This exchange, however, was prevented.\n The Corcyreans, who were apprehensive of the tyranny of Periander,\n murdered Lycophron before he left that island. _Herodotus_, bk. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Aristotle._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Thebe, the wife of Alexander tyrant\n of Pher\u00e6. He assisted his sister in murdering her husband, and he\n afterwards seized the sovereignty. He was dispossessed by Philip of\n Macedonia. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Corinth,\n killed by Nicias. _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Cythera, son\n of Mastor. He went to the Trojan war with Ajax the son of Telamon,\n after the accidental murder of one of his citizens. He was killed,\n &c. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 15, li. 450.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous Greek poet and\n grammarian, born at Chalcis, in Eub\u0153a. He was one of the poets who\n flourished under Ptolemy Philadelphus, and who, from their number,\n obtained the name of Pleiades. Lycophron died by the wound of an\n arrow. He wrote tragedies, the titles of 20 of which have been\n preserved. The only remaining composition of this poet is called\n _Cassandra_ or _Alexandra_. It contains 1474 verses, whose obscurity\n has procured the epithet of _Tenebrosus_ to its author. It is a\n mixture of prophetical effusions, which, as he supposes, were given\n by Cassandra during the Trojan war. The best editions of Lycophron\n are that of Basil, 1546, folio, enriched with the Greek commentary of\n Tzetzes; that of Canter, 8vo, apud Commelin. 1596; and that of Potter,\n folio, Oxford, 1702. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 533.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 5,\n _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 3.\n\n=Lycop\u014flis=, now _Siut_, a town of Egypt. It received this name on\n account of the immense number of wolves, \u03bb\u03c5\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9, which repelled\n an army of \u00c6thiopians, who had invaded Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\n\n=Lycopus=, an \u00c6tolian who assisted the Cyreneans against Ptolemy.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Lycorea=, a town of Phocis at the top of Parnassus, where the people\n of Delphi took refuge during Deucalion\u2019s deluge, directed by the\n howlings of wolves. _Pausanias_, _Phocis_, ch. 6.\n\n=Lycoreus=, the supposed founder of Lycorea, on mount Parnassus, was\n son of Apollo and Corycia. _Hyginus_, fable 161.\n\n=Ly\u0306c\u014drias=, one of the attendant nymphs of Cyrene. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 4, li. 339.\n\n=Ly\u0306c\u014dris=, a freedwoman of the senator Volumnius, also called\n _Cytheris_, and _Volumnia_, from her master. She is celebrated for\n her beauty and intrigues. The poet Gallus was greatly enamoured of\n her, and his friend Virgil, in his 10th eclogue, comforts him for the\n loss of the favours of Cytheris, who followed Marcus Antony\u2019s camp,\n and was become the Aspasia of Rome. The charms of Cleopatra, however,\n prevailed over those of Cytheris, and the unfortunate courtesan lost\n the favours of Antony and of all the world at the same time. Lycoris\n was originally a comedian. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 537.\n\n=Lycormas=, a river of \u00c6tolia, whose sands were of a golden colour. It\n was afterwards called _Evenus_, from king Evenus, who threw himself\n into it. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 245.\n\n=Lycortas=, the father of Polybius, who flourished B.C. 184. He was\n chosen general of the Ach\u00e6an league, and he revenged the death of\n Philop\u0153men, &c. _Plutarch._\n\n=Lycos\u016bra=, a city built by Lycaon on mount Lyc\u00e6us in Arcadia.\n\n=Lyctus=, a town of Crete, the country of Idomeneus, whence he is often\n called _Lyctius_. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 401.\n\n=Lycurgr\u012ddes=, annual days of solemnity, appointed in honour of the\n lawgiver of Sparta.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A patronymic of a son of Lycurgus. _Ovid_,\n _Ibis_, li. 503.\n\n=Lycurgus=, a king of Nem\u00e6a, in Peloponnesus. He was raised from the\n dead by \u00c6sculapius. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 5, li. 638.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A giant\n killed by Osiris in Thrace. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Thrace,\n son of Dryas. He has been represented as cruel and impious, on\n account of the violence which he offered to Bacchus. He, according\n to the opinion of the mythologists, drove Bacchus out of his kingdom,\n and abolished his worship, for which impiety he was severely punished\n by the gods. He put his own son Dryas to death in a fury, and he cut\n off his own legs, mistaking them for vine boughs. He was put to death\n in the greatest torments by his subjects, who had been informed by\n the oracle that they should not taste wine till Lycurgus was no more.\n This fable is explained by observing that the aversion of Lycurgus\n for wine, over which Bacchus presided, arose from the filthiness and\n disgrace of intoxication, and therefore the monarch wisely ordered\n all the vines of his dominions to be cut down, that himself and his\n subjects might be preserved from the extravagance and debauchery\n which are produced by too free a use of wine. _Hyginus_, fable 132.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 130.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 22.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3,\n li. 14.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hercules and Praxithea\n daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Pheres\n the son of Cretheus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator of\n Athens, surnamed _Ibis_, in the age of Demosthenes, famous for his\n justice and impartiality when at the head of the government. He was\n one of the 30 orators whom the Athenians refused to deliver up to\n Alexander. Some of his orations are extant. He died about 330 years\n before Christ. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Tegea, son of Aleus,\n by Ne\u00e6ra the daughter of Pereus. He married Cleophile, called also\n Eurynome, by whom he had Amphidamas, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated lawgiver of Sparta, son of\n king Eunomus and brother to Polydectes. He succeeded his brother on\n the Spartan throne; but when he saw that the widow of Polydectes was\n pregnant, he kept the kingdom not for himself, but till Charilaus his\n nephew was arrived to years of maturity. He had previously refused to\n marry his brother\u2019s widow, who wished to strengthen him on his throne\n by destroying her own son Charilaus, and leaving him in the peaceful\n possession of the crown. The integrity with which he acted, when\n guardian of his nephew Charilaus, united with the disappointment and\n the resentment of the queen, raised him many enemies, and he at last\n yielded to their satire and malevolence, and retired to Crete. He\n travelled like a philosopher, and visited Asia and Egypt without\n suffering himself to be corrupted by the licentiousness and luxury\n which prevailed there. The confusion which followed his departure\n from Sparta now had made his presence totally necessary, and he\n returned home at the earnest solicitations of his countrymen.\n The disorders which reigned at Sparta induced him to reform the\n government; and the more effectually to execute his undertaking,\n he had recourse to the oracle of Delphi. He was received by the\n priestess of the god with every mark of honour, his intentions were\n warmly approved by the divinity, and he was called the friend of\n gods, and himself rather god than man. After such a reception from\n the most celebrated oracle of Greece, Lycurgus found no difficulty\n in reforming the abuses of the state, and all were equally anxious\n in promoting a revolution which had received the sanction of heaven.\n This happened 884 years before the christian era. Lycurgus first\n established a senate, which was composed of 28 senators, whose\n authority preserved the tranquillity of the state, and maintained\n a due and just equilibrium between the kings and the people,\n by watching over the intrusions of the former, and checking the\n seditious convulsions of the latter. All distinctions were destroyed,\n and by making an equal and impartial division of the land among the\n members of the commonwealth, Lycurgus banished luxury, and encouraged\n the useful arts. The use of money, either of gold or silver, was\n totally forbidden, and the introduction of heavy brass and iron coin\n brought no temptations to the dishonest, and left every individual\n in the possession of his effects without any fears of robbery or\n violence. All the citizens dined in common, and no one had greater\n claims to indulgence or luxury than another. The intercourse of\n Sparta with other nations was forbidden, and few were permitted to\n travel. The youths were entrusted to the public master as soon as\n they had attained their seventh year, and their education was left to\n the wisdom of the laws. They were taught early to think, to answer in\n a short and laconic manner, and to excel in sharp repartee. They were\n instructed and encouraged to carry things by surprise, but if ever\n the theft was discovered they were subjected to a severe punishment.\n Lycurgus was happy and successful in establishing and enforcing these\n laws, and by his prudence and administration the face of affairs in\n Laced\u00e6mon was totally changed, and it gave rise to a set of men\n distinguished for their intrepidity, their fortitude, and their\n magnanimity. After this, Lycurgus retired from Sparta to Delphi, or,\n according to others, to Crete, and before his departure he bound all\n the citizens of Laced\u00e6mon by a solemn oath, that neither they nor\n their posterity would alter, violate, or abolish the laws which he\n had established before his return. He soon after put himself to death,\n and he ordered his ashes to be thrown into the sea, fearful lest,\n if they were carried to Sparta, the citizens would call themselves\n freed from the oath which they had taken, and empowered to make a\n revolution. The wisdom and the good effect of the laws of Lycurgus\n have been firmly demonstrated at Sparta, where for 700 years they\n remained in full force, but the legislator has been censured as cruel\n and impolitic. He has shown himself inhumane in ordering mothers to\n destroy such of their children whose feebleness or deformity in their\n youth seemed to promise incapability of action in maturer years,\n and to become a burden to the state. His regulations about marriage\n must necessarily be censured, and no true conjugal felicity can be\n expected from the union of a man with a person whom he perhaps never\n knew before, and whom he was compelled to choose in a dark room,\n where all the marriageable women in the state assembled on stated\n occasions. The peculiar dress which was appointed for the females\n might be termed improper; and the law must for ever be called\n injudicious, which ordered them to appear naked on certain days of\n festivity, and wrestle in a public assembly promiscuously, with boys\n of equal age with themselves. These things indeed contributed as much\n to corrupt the morals of the Laced\u00e6monians, as the other regulations\n seemed to be calculated to banish dissipation, riot, and debauchery.\n Lycurgus has been compared to Solon, the celebrated legislator of\n Athens, and it has been judiciously observed, that the former gave\n his citizens morals conformable to the laws which he had established,\n and that the latter had given the Athenians laws which coincided with\n their customs and manners. The office of Lycurgus demanded resolution,\n and he showed himself inexorable and severe. In Solon artifice\n was requisite, and he showed himself mild and even voluptuous. The\n moderation of Lycurgus is greatly commended, particularly when we\n recollect that he treated with the greatest humanity and confidence\n Alcander, a youth who had put out one of his eyes in a seditious\n tumult. Lycurgus had a son called Antiorus, who left no issue. The\n Laced\u00e6monians showed their respect for their great legislator, by\n yearly celebrating a festival in his honour, called Lycurgid\u00e6 or\n Lycurgides. The introduction of money into Sparta in the reign of\n Agis the son of Archidamus was one of the principal causes which\n corrupted the innocence of the Laced\u00e6monians, and rendered them the\n prey of intrigue and of faction. The laws of Lycurgus were abrogated\n by Philop\u0153men, B.C. 188, but only for a little time, as they were\n soon after re-established by the Romans. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 8, 10, 15, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\n\n=Lycus=, a king of B\u0153otia, successor to his brother Nycteus, who left\n no male issue. He was entrusted with the government only during the\n minority of Labdacus, the son of the daughter of Nycteus. He was\n further enjoined to make war against Epopeus, who had carried away\n by force Antiope the daughter of Nycteus. He was successful in this\n expedition. Epopeus was killed, and Lycus recovered Antiope and\n married her, though she was his niece. This new connection highly\n displeased his first wife Dirce, and Antiope was delivered to the\n unfeeling queen and tortured in the most cruel manner. Antiope at\n last escaped, and entreated her sons Zethus and Amphion to avenge\n her wrongs. The children, incensed on account of the cruelties which\n their mother had suffered, besieged Thebes, killed Lycus, and tied\n Dirce to the tail of a wild bull, which dragged her till she died.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king\n of Libya, who sacrificed whatever strangers came upon his coast. When\n Diomedes, at his return from the Trojan war, had been shipwrecked\n there, the tyrant seized him and confined him. He, however, escaped\n by means of Callirhoe, the tyrant\u2019s daughter, who was enamoured of\n him, and who hung herself when she saw herself deserted.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Neptune by Cel\u00e6no, made king of a part of Mysia by Hercules. He\n offered violence to Megara the wife of Hercules, for which he was\n killed by the incensed hero. Lycus gave a kind reception to the\n Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 18,\n 31, 32, 137.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6gyptus,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Mars,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Lycaon king of\n Arcadia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Pandion king of Athens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Arcesilaus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the companions of \u00c6neas. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 97 & 159.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Alexander in the interest of\n Lysimachus. He made himself master of Ephesus by the treachery of\n Andron, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Centaurs.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Priam.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Phrygia, which disappears near Colosse, and\n rises again at the distance of about four stadia, and at last falls\n into the M\u00e6ander. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 273.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n river of Sarmatia, falling into the Palus M\u00e6otis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in\n Paphlagonia, near Heraclea. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, poem 1, li.\n 47.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Assyria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Armenia, falling into the\n Euxine near the Phasis. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 367.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One\n of the friends of \u00c6neas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 545.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A youth beloved by Alc\u00e6us. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 32.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n town of Crete.\n\n=Lyde=, the wife of the poet Antimachus, &c. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1,\n poem 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman in Domitian\u2019s reign, who pretended that she could\n remove barrenness by medicines. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 141.\n\n=L\u0233dia=, a celebrated kingdom of Asia Minor, whose boundaries were\n different at different times. It was first bounded by Mysia Major,\n Caria, Phrygia Major, and Ionia, but in its more flourishing times\n it contained the whole country which lies between the Halys and the\n \u00c6gean sea. It was anciently called _M\u00e6onia_, and received the name of\n Lydia from Lydus, one of its kings. It was governed by monarchs who,\n after the fabulous ages, reigned for 249 years in the following order:\n Ardysus began to reign 797 B.C.; Alyattes, 761; Meles, 747; Candaules,\n 735; Gyges, 718; Ardysus II., 680; Sadyattes, 631; Alyattes II., 619;\n and Cr\u0153sus, 562, who was conquered by Cyrus, B.C. 548, when the\n kingdom became a province of the Persian empire. There were three\n different races that reigned in Lydia, the Atyad\u00e6, Heraclid\u00e6, and\n Mermnad\u00e6. The history of the first is obscure and fabulous; the\n Heraclid\u00e6 began to reign about the Trojan war, and the crown remained\n in their family for about 505 years, and was always transmitted from\n father to son. Candaules was the last of the Heraclid\u00e6; and Gyges the\n first, and Cr\u0153sus the last, of the Mermnad\u00e6. The Lydians were great\n warriors in the reign of the Mermnad\u00e6. They invented the art of\n coining gold and silver, and were the first who exhibited public\n sports, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 6; bk. 3, ch. 90; bk. 7, ch. 74.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 2, 5, & 13.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mistress of Horace, &c., bk. 1, ode 8.\n\n=Lydias=, a river of Macedonia.\n\n=L\u0233dius=, an epithet applied to the Tiber, because it passed near\n Etruria, whose inhabitants were originally a Lydian colony. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 781; bk. 8, li. 479.\n\n=Lydus=, a son of Atys and Callithea, king of M\u00e6onia, which from him\n received the name of Lydia. His brother Tyrrhenus led a colony to\n Italy, and gave the name of Tyrrhenia to the settlement which he made\n on the coast of the Mediterranean. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 74.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n eunuch, &c.\n\n=Lygdamis=, or =Lygdamus=, a man who made himself absolute at Naxos.\n _Poly\u00e6nus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the Cimmerians who passed into Asia Minor,\n and took Sardis in the reign of Ardyes king of Lydia. _Callimachus._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An athlete of Syracuse, the father of Artemisia the celebrated\n queen of Halicarnassus. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 99.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A servant of\n the poet Propertius, or of his mistress Cynthia.\n\n=Lygii=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 42.\n\n=Lygodesma=, a surname of Diana at Sparta, because her statue\n was brought by Orestes from Taurus, shielded round with osiers.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26.\n\n=Lygus.= _See:_ Ligus.\n\n=Lym\u012bre=, a town of Lycia. _Ovid_ _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.\n\n=Lymax=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 41.\n\n=Lync\u012bdes=, a man at the court of Cepheus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_\n bk. 4, fable 12.\n\n=Lyncest\u00e6=, a noble family of Macedonia, connected with the royal\n family. _Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 2, &c.\n\n=Lyncestes=, a son of Amyntas, in the army of Alexander, &c. _Curtius_,\n bk. 7, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Alexander, a son-in-law of Antipater, who conspired\n against Alexander and was put to death. _Curtius_, bk. 7.\n\n=Lyncestius=, a river of Macedonia, whose waters were of an intoxicating\n quality. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 17, li. 329.\n\n=Lync\u0113us=, son of Aphareus, was among the hunters of the Calydonian\n boar, and one of the Argonauts. He was so sharp-sighted that, as it\n is reported, he could see through the earth, and distinguish objects\n at the distance of above nine miles. He stole some oxen with his\n brother Idas, and they were both killed by Castor and Pollux, when\n they were going to celebrate their nuptials with the daughters of\n Leucippus. _Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 3.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 4, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 303.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n _Argonautica_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6gyptus, who married Hypermnestra\n the daughter of Danaus. His life was spared by the love and humanity\n of his wife. _See:_ Danaides. He made war against his father-in-law,\n dethroned him, and seized his crown. Some say that Lynceus was\n reconciled to Danaus, and that he succeeded him after his death,\n and reigned 41 years. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, chs. 16, 19, 25.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n companions of \u00c6neas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 768.\n\n=Lyncus=, =Lync\u00e6us=, or =Lynx=, a cruel king of Scythia, or, according\n to others, of Sicily. He received, with feigned hospitality,\n Triptolemus, whom Ceres had sent all over the world to teach mankind\n agriculture; and as he was jealous of his commission, he resolved to\n murder this favourite of the gods in his sleep. As he was going to\n give the deadly blow to Triptolemus, he was suddenly changed into\n a lynx, an animal which is the emblem of perfidy and ingratitude.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 657.\n\n=Lyncus=, a town of Macedonia, of which the inhabitants were called\n Lyncest\u00e6. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103; bk. 4, ch. 10.\n\n=Lyndus=, a town of Sicily.\n\n=Lyrc\u00e6=, a people of Scythia, who live upon hunting.\n\n=Lyrc\u00e6us=, a mountain of Arcadia. _See:_ Lyc\u00e6us.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fountain.\n _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 711.\n\n=Lyrcea=, a town of Peloponnesus, formerly called Lyncea. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 35.\n\n=Lyrcus=, a king of Caunus in Caria, &c. _Parthenius._\n\n=Lyrnessus=, a city of Cilicia, the native country of Briseis, called\n from thence _Lyrnesseis_. It was taken and plundered by Achilles\n and the Greeks at the time of the Trojan war, and the booty divided\n among the conquerors. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 197.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 108; _Heroides_, poem 3, li. 5;\n _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 15.\n\n=Lysander=, a celebrated general of Sparta, in the last years of the\n Peloponnesian war. He drew Ephesus from the interest of Athens,\n and gained the friendship of Cyrus the younger. He gave battle to\n the Athenian fleet, consisting of 120 ships, at \u00c6gospotamos, and\n destroyed it all, except three ships, with which the enemy\u2019s general\n fled to Evagoras king of Cyprus. In this celebrated battle, which\n happened 405 years before the christian era, the Athenians lost 3000\n men, and with them their empire and influence among the neighbouring\n states. Lysander well knew how to take advantage of his victory, and\n the following year Athens, worn out by a long war of 27 years, and\n discouraged by its misfortunes, gave itself up to the power of the\n enemy, and consented to destroy the Pir\u00e6us, to deliver up all its\n ships, except 12, to recall all those who had been banished, and, in\n short, to be submissive in every degree to the power of Laced\u00e6mon.\n Besides these humiliating conditions, the government of Athens\n was totally changed, and 30 tyrants were set over it by Lysander.\n This glorious success, and the honour of having put an end to the\n Peloponnesian war, increased the pride of Lysander. He had already\n begun to pave his way to universal power by establishing aristocracy\n in the Grecian cities of Asia, and now he attempted to make the crown\n of Sparta elective. In the pursuit of his ambition he used prudence\n and artifice; and as he could not easily abolish a form of government\n which ages and popularity had confirmed, he had recourse to the\n assistance of the gods. His attempts, however, to corrupt the oracles\n of Delphi, Dodona, and Jupiter Ammon, proved ineffectual, and he was\n even accused of using bribes by the priests of the Libyan temple.\n The sudden declaration of war against the Thebans saved him from\n the accusations of his adversaries, and he was sent, together with\n Pausanias, against the enemy. The plans of his military operations\n were discovered, and the Haliartians, whose ruin he secretly\n meditated, attacked him unexpectedly, and he was killed in a bloody\n battle, which ended in the defeat of his troops, 394 years before\n Christ. His body was recovered by his colleague Pausanias, and\n honoured with a magnificent funeral. Lysander has been commended\n for his bravery, but his ambition deserves the severest censure, and\n his cruelty and his duplicity have greatly stained his character. He\n was arrogant and vain in his public as well as private conduct, and\n he received and heard with the greatest avidity the hymns which his\n courtiers and flatterers sung to his honour. Yet in the midst of all\n his pomp, his ambition, and intrigues, he died extremely poor, and\n his daughters were rejected by two opulent citizens of Sparta, to\n whom they had been betrothed during the life of their father. This\n behaviour of the lovers was severely punished by the Laced\u00e6monians,\n who protected from injury the children of a man whom they hated\n for his sacrilege, his contempt of religion, and his perfidy. The\n father of Lysander, whose name was Aristoclites or Aristocrates,\n was descended from Hercules, though not reckoned of the race of the\n Heraclid\u00e6. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan chief, wounded by Ajax son of Telamon before\n Troy. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 491.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Ephori in the\n reign of Agis, &c. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grandson of the great Lysander.\n _Pausanias._\n\n=Lysandra=, a daughter of Ptolemy Lagus, who married Agathocles the son\n of Lysimachus. She was persecuted by Arsinoe, and fled to Seleucus\n for protection. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.\n\n=Lysaniax=, a man made king of Itur\u00e6a by Antony, &c.\n\n=Lyse=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Lysi\u0103des=, an Athenian, son of Ph\u00e6drus the philosopher, &c.\n _Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian archon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of\n Megalopolis, who died B.C. 226. _Plutarch._\n\n=Lysianassa=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Epaphus, mother of Busiris. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n=Ly\u0306sias=, a celebrated orator, son of Cephalus, a native of Syracuse.\n His father left Sicily and went to Athens, where Lysias was born\n and carefully educated. In his 15th year he accompanied the colony\n which the Athenians sent to Thurium, and after a long residence there\n he returned home in his 47th year. He distinguished himself by his\n eloquence, and by the simplicity, correctness, and purity of his\n orations, of which he wrote no less than 425 according to Plutarch,\n though the number may with more probability be reduced to 230. Of\n these 34 are extant, the best editions of which are that of Taylor,\n 8vo, Cambridge. 1740, and that of Auger, 2 vols., 8vo, Paris, 1783.\n He died in the 81st year of his age, 378 years before the christian\n era. _Plutarch_, _Lives of the Ten Orators_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Brutus_;\n _On Oratory_.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian general, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Phrygia. _Strabo._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Syria, now _Berziech_, near Emesa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of\n Tarsus, B.C. 267.\n\n=Lys\u012dcles=, an Athenian sent with Chares into B\u0153otia, to stop the\n conquests of Philip of Macedonia. He was conquered at Ch\u00e6ron\u00e6a, and\n sentenced to death for his ill conduct there.\n\n=Lys\u012dd\u012dce=, a daughter of Pelops and Hippodamia, who married Mastor\n the son of Perseus and Andromeda. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Thespius.\n _Apollodorus._\n\n=Lysim\u0103che=, a daughter of Abas the son of Melampus. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\n\n=Lysim\u0103chia=, now _Hexamili_, a city on the Thracian Chersonesus.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of \u00c6tolia, built by Lysimachus.\n _Strabo_, bks. 7 & 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in \u00c6olia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Lysim\u0103chus=, a son of Agathocles, who was among the generals of\n Alexander. After the death of that monarch, he made himself master\n of part of Thrace, where he built a town which he called Lysimachia.\n He sided with Cassander and Seleucus against Antigonus and Demetrius,\n and fought with them at the celebrated battle of Ipsus. He afterwards\n seized Macedonia, after expelling Pyrrhus from the throne, B.C.\n 286; but his cruelty rendered him odious, and the murder of his\n son Agathocles so offended his subjects, that the most opulent and\n powerful revolted from him and abandoned the kingdom. He pursued them\n to Asia, and declared war against Seleucus, who had given them a kind\n reception. He was killed in a bloody battle, 281 years before Christ,\n in the 80th year of his age, and his body was found in the heaps\n of slain only by the fidelity of a little dog, which had carefully\n watched near it. It is said that the love and respect of Lysimachus\n for his learned master Callisthenes proved nearly fatal to him. He,\n as Justin mentions, was thrown into the den of a hungry lion, by\n order of Alexander, for having given Callisthenes poison, to save\n his life from ignominy and insult; and when the furious animal darted\n upon him, he wrapped his hand in his mantle, and boldly thrust it\n into the lion\u2019s mouth, and by twisting his tongue killed an adversary\n ready to devour him. This act of courage in his self-defence\n recommended him to Alexander. He was pardoned, and ever after\n esteemed by the monarch. _Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 19, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Acarnanian, preceptor\n to Alexander the Great. He used to call himself Ph\u0153nix, his pupil\n Achilles, and Philip Peleus. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 15, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Alexandria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Aristides,\n rewarded by the Athenians on account of the virtue of his father.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A chief priest among the Jews, about 204 years before Christ,\n &c. _Josephus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician greatly attached to the notions of\n Hippocrates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Heraclea in Pontus, &c.\n\n=Lysimelia=, a marsh of Sicily near Syracuse.\n\n=Lysinoe=, now _Aglasson_, a city of Asia, near Pamphylia. _Livy_,\n bk. 38, ch. 15.\n\n=Lysippe=, a daughter of Pr\u0153tus. _See:_ Pr\u0153tides.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n Thespius.\n\n=Lysippus=, a famous statuary of Sicyon. He was originally a whitesmith,\n and afterwards applied himself to painting, till his talents and\n inclination taught him that he was born to excel in sculpture. He\n flourished about 325 years before the christian era, in the age of\n Alexander the Great. The monarch was so partial to the artist, that\n he forbade any sculptor but Lysippus to make his statue. Lysippus\n excelled in expressing the hair, and he was the first who made the\n head of his statues less large, and the body smaller than usual, that\n they might appear taller. This was observed by one of his friends,\n and the artist gave for answer, that his predecessors had represented\n men in their natural form, but that he represented them such as they\n appeared. Lysippus made no less than 600 statues, the most admired\n of which were those of Alexander; one of Apollo of Tarentum 40 cubits\n high; one of a man coming out of a bath, with which Agrippa adorned\n his baths; one of Socrates; and those of the 25 horsemen who were\n drowned in the Granicus. These were so valued, that in the age of\n Augustus, they were bought for their weight in gold. _Plutarch_,\n _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 164; _Rhetorica ad Herennium_,\n bk. 4, ch. 148.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 37, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 240.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic poet, some of whose\n plays are mentioned by Athen\u00e6us. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general\n of the Ach\u00e6an league.\n\n=Lysis=, a Pythagorean philosopher, preceptor to Epaminondas. He\n flourished about 388 years before the christian era. He is supposed\n by some to be the author of the golden verses which are attributed to\n Pythagoras. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Epaminondas_, ch. 2.\n\n=Lysistr\u0103tus=, an Athenian parasite.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Lysippus. He was\n the first artist who ever made a statue with wax. _Pliny_, bk. 34,\n ch. 8; bk. 35, ch. 12.\n\n=Lysithous=, a son of Priam. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Lyso=, a friend of Cicero, &c. _Cicero_, bk. 13, _Letters to his\n Friends_, ltr. 19,\n\n=Lystra=, a town of Lycaonia.\n\n=Lyt\u00e6a=, a daughter of Hyacinthus, put to death by the Athenians.\n _Apollodorus._\n\n=Lyzanias=, a king of Chalcis, &c.\n\n\n M\n\n=Mac\u00e6=, a people of Arabia Felix. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 8. They are placed\n in Africa near the larger Syrtis by _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 175.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 275; bk. 5, li. 194.\n\n=Macar=, a son of Criasius or Crinacus, the first Greek who led a colony\n to Lesbos. His four sons took possession of the four neighbouring\n islands, Chios, Samos, Cos, and Rhodes, which were called the seats\n of the Macares, or the blessed (\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03b1\u03c1, _beatus_). _Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\n\n=M\u0103c\u0103reus=, an ancient historian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6olus, who debauched his\n sister Canace, and had a son by her. The father being informed of\n the incest, ordered the child to be exposed, and sent a sword to\n his daughter, and commanded her to destroy herself. Macareus fled to\n Delphi, where he became priest of Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_;\n _Heroides_, poem 11; _Ibis_, li. 562.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the companions of\n Ulysses, left at Caieta in Italy, where \u00c6neas found him. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 159.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.\n\n=M\u0103c\u0103ria=, a daughter of Hercules and Dejanira. After the death\n of Hercules, Eurystheus made war against the Heraclid\u00e6, whom the\n Athenians supported, and the oracle declared, that the descendants\n of Hercules should obtain the victory if any one of them devoted him\n self to death. This was cheerfully accepted by Macaria, who refused\n to endanger the life of the children of Hercules by suffering the\n victim to be drawn by lot, and the Athenians obtained a victory.\n Great honours were paid to the patriotic Macaria, and a fountain of\n Marathon was called by her name. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n ancient name of Cyprus.\n\n=Mac\u0103ris=, an ancient name of Crete.\n\n=Macednus=, a son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus._\n\n=M\u0103c\u0113do=, a son of Osiris, who had a share in the divine honours which\n were paid to his father. He was represented clothed in a wolf\u2019s skin,\n for which reason the Egyptians held that animal in great veneration.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who\n gave his name to Macedonia. Some supposed him to be the same as the\n son or general of Osiris, whilst others consider him as the grandson\n of Deucalion by the mother\u2019s side. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=M\u0103c\u0113d\u014fnia=, a celebrated country, situated between Thrace, Epirus,\n and Greece. Its boundaries have been different at different periods.\n Philip increased it by the conquest of Thessaly and of part of Thrace,\n and according to Pliny it contained no less than 150 different\n nations. The kingdom of Macedonia, first founded B.C. 814, by Caranus,\n a descendant of Hercules, and a native of Argos, continued in\n existence 646 years, till the battle of Pydna. The family of Caranus\n remained in possession of the crown until the death of Alexander the\n Great, and began to reign in the following order: Caranus, after a\n reign of 28 years, was succeeded by C\u0153nus, who ascended the throne\n 786 B.C.; Thurimas, 774; Perdiccas, 729; Arg\u00e6us, 678; Philip, 640;\n \u00c6ropas, 602; Alcetas or Alectas, 576; Amyntas, 547; Alexander, 497;\n Perdiccas, 454; Archelaus, 413; Amyntas, 399; Pausanias, 398;\n Amyntas II., 397; Arg\u00e6us the tyrant, 390; Amyntas restored, 390;\n Alexander II., 371; Ptolemy Alorites, 370; Perdiccas III., 366;\n Philip son of Amyntas, 360; Alexander the Great, 336; Philip Arid\u00e6us,\n 323; Cassander, 316; Antipater and Alexander, 298; Demetrius king\n of Asia, 294; Pyrrhus, 287; Lysimachus, 286; Ptolemy Ceraunus, 280;\n Meleager, two months; Antipater the Etesian, 45 days; Antigonus\n Gonatas, 277; Demetrius, 243; Antigonus Doson, 232; Philip, 221;\n Perseus, 179; conquered by the Romans 168 B.C. at Pydna. Macedonia\n has been severally called \u00c6monia, Mygdonia, P\u00e6onia, Edonia, \u00c6mathia,\n &c. The inhabitants of Macedonia were naturally warlike, and though\n in the infancy of their empire they were little known beyond the\n borders of their country, yet they signalized themselves greatly in\n the reign of Philip, and added the kingdom of Asia to their European\n dominions by the valour of Alexander. The Macedonian phalanx, or body\n of soldiers, was always held in the highest repute, and it resisted\n and subdued the repeated attacks of the bravest and most courageous\n enemies. _Livy_, bk. 44.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 6, ch. 9; bk. 7, ch. 1, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bks. 3 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 7.\n\n=Macedon\u012dcum bellum=, was undertaken by the Romans against Philip king\n of Macedonia, some few months after the second Punic war, B.C. 200.\n The cause of this war originated in the hostilities which Philip had\n exercised against the Ach\u00e6ans, the friends and allies of Rome. The\n consul Flaminius had the care of the war, and he conquered Philip on\n the confines of Epires, and afterwards in Thessaly. The Macedonian\n fleets were also defeated; Eub\u0153a was taken; and Philip, after\n continual losses, sued for peace, which was granted him in the\n fourth year of the war. The ambition and cruelty of Perseus, the son\n and successor of Philip, soon irritated the Romans. Another war was\n undertaken, in which the Romans suffered two defeats. This, however,\n did not discourage them; Paulus \u00c6milius was chosen consul in the 60th\n year of his age, and entrusted with the care of the war. He came to\n a general engagement near the city of Pydna. The victory sided with\n the Romans, and 20,000 of the Macedonian soldiers were left on the\n field of battle. This decisive blow put an end to the war, which had\n already continued for three years, 168 years before the christian\n era. Perseus and his sons Philip and Alexander were taken prisoners,\n and carried to Rome to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. About 15\n years after, new seditions were raised in Macedonia, and the false\n pretensions of Andriscus, who called himself the son of Perseus,\n obliged the Romans to send an army to quell the commotions. Andriscus\n at first obtained many considerable advantages over the Roman forces,\n till at last he was conquered and delivered to the consul Metellus,\n who carried him to Rome. After these commotions, which are sometimes\n called the third Macedonian war, Macedonia was finally reduced into a\n Roman province, and governed by a regular proconsul, about 148 years\n before the christian era.\n\n=Macedon\u012dcus=, a surname given to Metellus, from his conquests in\n Macedonia. It was also given to such as had obtained any victory in\n that province.\n\n=Macella=, a town of Sicily, taken by the consul Duillius. _Livy_,\n bk. 26, ch. 21.\n\n=Macer \u00c6mylius=, a Latin poet of Verona, intimate with Tibullus and\n Ovid, and commended for his genius, his learning, and the elegance\n of his poetry. He wrote some poems upon serpents, plants, and birds,\n mentioned by Ovid. He also composed a poem upon the ruins of Troy,\n to serve as a supplement to Homer\u2019s Iliad. His compositions are now\n lost. He died B.C. 16. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 44;\n _ex Ponto_, bk. 2, ltr. 10.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius\n Claudius, a propretor of Africa in the reign of Nero. He assumed the\n title of emperor, and was put to death by order of Galba.\n\n=Mach\u00e6ra=, a river of Africa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A common crier at Rome. _Juvenal_,\n satire 7, li. 9.\n\n=Machan\u012ddas=, a man who made himself absolute at Sparta. He was killed\n by Philop\u0153men, after being defeated at Mantinea, B.C. 208. Nabis\n succeeded him. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 30; bk. 28, chs. 5\n & 7.\n\n=M\u0103ch\u0101on=, a celebrated physician, son of \u00c6sculapius and brother to\n Podalirus. He went to the Trojan war with the inhabitants of Trica,\n Ithome, and \u0152chalia. According to some he was king of Messenia. As\n physician to the Greeks, he healed the wounds which they received\n during the Trojan war, and was one of those concealed in the wooden\n horse. Some suppose that he was killed before Troy by Eurypylus the\n son of Telephus. He received divine honours after death, and had a\n temple in Messenia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_ _ex Ponto_,\n bk. 3, ltr. 4.\u2015\u2015_Quintus Smyrn\u00e6us_, bk. 6, li. 409.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, lis. 263 & 426.\n\n=Macra=, a river flowing from the Apennines, and dividing Liguria from\n Etruria. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 426.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Macri campi=, a plain in Cisalpine Gaul, near the river Gabellus.\n _Livy_, bk. 41, ch. 18; bk. 45, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A plain near Mutina bears\n the same name. _Columella_, bk. 7, ch. 2.\n\n=Macri\u0101nus Titus Fulvius Julius=, an Egyptian of obscure birth, who,\n from a private soldier, rose to the highest command in the army,\n and proclaimed himself emperor when Valerian had been made prisoner\n by the Persians, A.D. 260. His liberality supported his usurpation;\n his two sons Macrianus and Quietus were invested with the imperial\n purple, and the enemies of Rome were severely defeated, either by\n the emperors or their generals. When he had supported his dignity for\n a year in the eastern parts of the world, Macrianus marched towards\n Rome, to crush Gallienus, who had been proclaimed emperor. He was\n defeated in Illyricum by the lieutenant of Gallienus, and put to\n death with his son, at his own expressive request, A.D. 262.\n\n=Macr\u012bnus Marcus Opilius Severus=, a native of Africa, who rose\n from the most ignominious condition to the rank of prefect of\n the pretorian guards, and at last of emperor, after the death of\n Caracalla, whom he inhumanly \u2666sacrificed to his ambition, A.D. 217.\n The beginning of his reign was popular; the abolition of the taxes,\n and an affable and complaisant behaviour, endeared him to his\n subjects. These promising appearances did not long continue, and the\n timidity which Macrinus betrayed in buying the peace of the Persians\n by a large sum of money, soon rendered him odious; and while he\n affected to imitate the virtuous Aurelius without possessing the good\n qualities of his heart, he became contemptible and insignificant.\n This affectation irritated the minds of the populace, and when severe\n punishments had been inflicted on some of the disorderly soldiers\n the whole army mutinied; and their tumult was increased by their\n consciousness of their power and numbers, which Macrinus had the\n imprudence to betray, by keeping almost all the military force of\n Rome encamped together in the plains of Syria. Heliogabalus was\n proclaimed emperor, and Macrinus attempted to save his life by flight.\n He was, however, seized in Cappadocia, and his head was cut off and\n sent to his successor, June 7th, A.D. 218. Macrinus reigned about\n two months and three days. His son, called Diadumenianus, shared his\n father\u2019s fate.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of the poet Persius, to whom his second\n satire is inscribed.\n\n \u2666 \u2018sacrified\u2019 replaced with \u2018sacrificed\u2019\n\n=Macro=, a favourite of the emperor Tiberius, celebrated for his\n intrigues, perfidy, and cruelty. He destroyed Sejanus, and raised\n himself upon the ruins of that unfortunate favourite. He was\n accessary to the murder of Tiberius, and conciliated the good opinion\n of Caligula, by prostituting to him his own wife called Ennia. He\n soon after became unpopular, and was obliged by Caligula to kill\n himself together with his wife, A.D. 38.\n\n=Macr\u014fbii=, a people of \u00c6thiopia, celebrated for their justice and\n the innocence of their manners. They generally lived to their 120th\n year, some say 1000 years; and indeed from that longevity they have\n obtained their name (\u03bc\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b2\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, _long life_), to distinguish them\n more particularly from the other inhabitants of \u00c6thiopia. After\n so long a period spent in virtuous actions, and freed from the\n \u2666indulgences of vice, and from maladies, they dropped into the\n grave as to sleep, without pain and without terror. _Orpheus_,\n _Argonautica_, li. 1105.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 48.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 3.\n\n \u2666 \u2018induligencies\u2019 replaced with \u2018indulgences\u2019\n\n=Macrobius=, a Latin writer, who died A.D. 415. Some suppose that\n he was chamberlain to the emperor Theodosius II.; but this appears\n groundless, when we observe that Macrobius was a follower of paganism,\n and that none were admitted to the confidence of the emperor, or to\n the enjoyment of high stations, except such as were of the christian\n religion. Macrobius has rendered himself famous for a composition\n called _Saturnalia_, a miscellaneous collection of antiquities and\n criticism, supposed to have been the result of a conversation of\n some of the learned Romans during the celebration of the Saturnalia.\n This was written for the use of his son, and the bad latinity which\n the author has often introduced, proves that he was not born in a\n part of the Roman empire where the Latin tongue was spoken, as he\n himself candidly confesses. The Saturnalia are useful for the learned\n reflections which they contain, and particularly for some curious\n observations on the two greatest epic poets of antiquity. Besides\n this, Macrobius wrote a commentary on Cicero\u2019s _Somnium Scipionis_,\n which was likewise composed for the improvement of the author\u2019s son,\n and dedicated to him. The best editions are that of Gronovius, 8vo,\n Leiden, 1670, and that of Lipscomb, 8vo, 1777.\n\n=Macr\u014fchir=, a Greek name of Artaxerxes, the same as _Longimanus_.\n This surname arises from his having one _hand longer_ than the other.\n _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.\n\n=Macr\u014dnes=, a nation of Pontus, on the confines of Colchis and Armenia.\n _Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 153.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus._\n\n=Mactorium=, a town of Sicily at the south, near Gela.\n\n=M\u0103c\u016dl\u014dnus=, a rich and penurious Roman, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 7,\n li. 40.\n\n=Madaura=, a town on the borders of Numidia and G\u00e6tulia, of which the\n inhabitants were called _Madaurenses_. It was the native place of\n Apuleius. _Apuleius_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11.\n\n=Madestes=, a town of Thrace.\n\n=Madetes=, a general of Darius, who bravely defended a place against\n Alexander. The conqueror resolved to put him to death, though 30\n orators pleaded for his life. Sisygambis prevailed over the almost\n inexorable Alexander, and Madetes was pardoned. _Curtius_, bk. 5,\n ch. 3.\n\n=Maduat\u0113ni=, a people of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 40.\n\n=Madyes=, a Scythian prince who pursued the Cimmerians in Asia, and\n conquered Cyaxares, B.C. 623. He held for some time the supreme power\n of Asia Minor. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 103.\n\n=M\u00e6ander=, a son of Oceanus and Tethys.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated river of Asia\n Minor, rising near Cel\u00e6n\u00e6, and flowing through Caria and Ionia into\n the \u00c6gean sea between Miletus and Priene, after it has been increased\n by the waters of the Marsyas, Lycus, Eudon, Leth\u00e6us, &c. It is\n celebrated among the poets for its windings, which amount to no less\n than 600, and from which all obliquities have received the name of\n _M\u00e6anders_. It forms in its course, according to the observations of\n some travellers, the Greek letters \u03b5, \u03b6, \u03be, \u03c2, and \u03c9, and from its\n windings D\u00e6dalus had the first idea of his famous labyrinth. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 145, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li.\n 254.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 208; bk. 6, li. 471.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk.\n 2.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Piso_, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 12, &c.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.\n\n=M\u00e6andria=, a city of Epirus.\n\n=M\u00e6at\u00e6=, a people at the south of Scotland. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 76,\n ch. 12.\n\n=M\u00e6cenas.= _See:_ Mec\u00e6nas.\n\n=M\u00e6di=, a people of _M\u00e6dica_, a district of Thrace, near Rhodope.\n _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 25; bk. 40, ch. 21.\n\n=M\u00e6lius=, a Roman, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, for aspiring to\n tyranny at Rome in the early ages of the republic.\n\n=M\u00e6macteria=, sacrifices offered to Jupiter at Athens in the winter\n month M\u00e6macterion. The god surnamed _M\u00e6mactes_ was intreated to send\n mild and temperate weather, as he presided over the seasons, and was\n the god of the air.\n\n=M\u00e6n\u0103des=, a name of the Bacchantes, or priestesses of Bacchus. The\n word is derived from \u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, _to be furious_, because in the\n celebration of their festivals, their gestures and actions were those\n of mad women. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 458.\n\n=M\u00e6n\u0103la=, a town of Spain.\n\n=M\u00e6n\u0103lus= (plural, M\u00e6nala), a mountain of Arcadia sacred to the god\n Pan, and greatly frequented by shepherds. It received its name from\n M\u00e6nalus, a son of Lycaon. It was covered with pine trees, whose echo\n and shade have been greatly celebrated by all the ancient poets.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 216.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 1, li. 17; _Eclogues_ poem 8, li. 24.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Arcadia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Lycaon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Atalanta.\n\n=M\u00e6nius=, a Roman consul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A dictator accused and honourably\n acquitted, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A spendthrift at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 15,\n li. 26.\n\n=M\u00e6non=, a tyrant of Sicily, B.C. 285.\n\n=M\u00e6nus=, a river of Germany, now called _the Mayne_, falling into the\n Rhine at Mayence.\n\n=M\u00e6\u014fnia=, a country of Asia Minor, the same as Lydia. It is to be\n observed, that only part of Lydia was known by the name of M\u00e6onia,\n that is, the neighbourhood of mount Tmolus, and the country watered\n by the Pactolus. The rest on the sea coast was called Lydia. _Strabo_,\n bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The Etrurians, as being\n descended from a Lydian colony, are often called _M\u00e6onid\u00e6_ (_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 759), and even the lake Thrasymenus in their\n country is called _M\u00e6onius lacus_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 35.\n\n=M\u00e6\u014fn\u012ddes=, a name given to the Muses, because Homer, their greatest\n and worthiest favourite, was supposed to be a native of M\u00e6onia.\n\n=M\u00e6\u014fn\u012ddes=, a surname of Homer, because, according to the opinion of\n some writers, he was born in M\u00e6on. _Ovid._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The surname is also\n applied to Bacchus, as he was worshipped in M\u00e6onia.\n\n=M\u00e6\u014fnis=, an epithet applied to Omphale, as queen of Lydia or M\u00e6onia.\n _Ovid._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The epithet is also applied to Arachne, as a native of\n Lydia. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6.\n\n=M\u00e6\u014dt\u00e6=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia.\n\n=M\u00e6\u014dtis Palus=, a large lake, or part of the sea between Europe and\n Asia, at the north of the Euxine, to which it communicates by the\n Cimmerian Bosphorus, now called the _sea of Azof_ or _Zaback_. It\n was worshipped as a deity by the Massaget\u00e6. It extends about 390\n miles from south-west to north-east, and is about 600 miles in\n circumference. The Amazons are called _M\u00e6otides_, as living in\n the neighbourhood. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n \u2666_Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 12; _epistles of Sabinus_, ltr. 2, li. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 739.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Fasti\u2019 replaced with \u2018Tristia\u2019\n\n=M\u00e6sia sylva=, a wood in Etruria, near the mouth of the Tiber. _Livy_,\n bk. 1, ch. 33.\n\n=M\u00e6via=, an immodest woman. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 22.\n\n=M\u00e6vius=, a poet of inferior note in the Augustan age, who made himself\n known by his illiberal attacks on the character of the first writers\n of his time, as well as by his affected compositions. His name would\n have sunk in oblivion if Virgil had not ridiculed him in his third\n eclogue, and Horace in his 10th epode.\n\n=Magas=, a king of Cyrene, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He\n reigned 50 years, and died B.C. 257. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Magella=, a town of Sicily about the middle of the island.\n\n=Maget\u00e6=, a people of Africa.\n\n=Magi=, a religious sect among the eastern nations of the world, and\n particularly in Persia. They had great influence in the political as\n well as religious affairs of the state, and a monarch seldom ascended\n the throne without their previous approbation. Zoroaster was founder\n of their sect. They paid particular homage to fire, which they deemed\n a deity, as pure in itself, and the purifier of all things. In their\n religious tenets they had two principles, one good, the source of\n everything good; and the other evil, from whence sprang all manner\n of ills. Their professional skill in the mathematics and philosophy\n rendered everything familiar to them, and from their knowledge of the\n phenomena of the heavens, the word Magi was applied to all learned\n men; and in process of time, the Magi, from their experience and\n profession, were confounded with the magicians who impose upon the\n superstitious and credulous. Hence the word _Magi_ and _Magicians_\n became synonymous among the vulgar. Smerdis, one of the Magi, usurped\n the crown of Persia after the death of Cambyses, and the fraud was\n not discovered till the seven noble Persians conspired against the\n usurper, and elected Darius king. From this circumstance there was\n a certain day on which none of the Magi were permitted to appear in\n public, as the populace had the privilege of murdering whomsoever of\n them they met. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 62, &c.\n\n=Magius=, a lieutenant of Piso, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man in the interest of Pompey,\n grandfather to the historian Velleius Paterculus, &c. _Paterculus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 115.\n\n=Magna Gr\u00e6cia=, a part of Italy. _See:_ Gr\u00e6cia Magna.\n\n=Magna Mater=, a name given to Cybele.\n\n=Magnentius=, an ambitious Roman, who distinguished himself by his\n cruelty and perfidy. He conspired against the life of Constans,\n and murdered him in his bed. This cruelty was highly resented by\n Constantius; and the assassin, unable to escape from the fury of his\n antagonist, murdered his own mother and the rest of his relations,\n and afterwards killed himself by falling upon a sword, which he\n had thrust against a wall. He was the first of the followers of\n christianity who ever murdered his lawful sovereign, A.D. 353.\n\n=Magnes=, a young man who found himself detained by the iron nails\n which were under his shoes as he walked over a stone mine. This was\n no other than the magnet, which received its name from the person\n who had been first sensible of its powers. Some say that Magnes was a\n slave of Medea, whom that enchantress changed into a magnet. _Orphic\n Lithica_, bk. 10, li. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6olus and Anaretta, who married\n Nais, by whom he had Pierus, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n poet and musician of Smyrna, in the age of Gyges king of Lydia.\n\n=Magn\u0113sia=, a town of Asia Minor on the M\u00e6ander, about 15 miles from\n Ephesus, now called _Guzelhizar_. It is celebrated for the death\n of Themistocles, and for a battle which was fought there 187 years\n before the christian era, between the Romans and Antiochus king of\n Syria. The forces of Antiochus amounted to 70,000 men, according to\n Appian, or 70,000 foot and 12,000 horse, according to Livy, which\n have been exaggerated by \u2666Florus to 300,000 men; the Roman army\n consisted of about 28,000 or 30,000 men, 2000 of which were employed\n in guarding the camp. The Syrians lost 50,000 foot and 4000 horse,\n and the Romans only 300 killed, with 25 horse. It was founded by a\n colony from Magnesia in Thessaly, and was commonly called _Magnesia\n ad M\u00e6andrum_, to distinguish it from another called _Magnesia ad\n Sipylum_ in Lydia, at the foot of mount Sipylus. This last was\n destroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A country on\n the eastern parts of Thessaly, at the south of Ossa. It was sometimes\n called _\u00c6monia_ and _Magnes Campus_. The capital was also called\n Magnesia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A promontory of Magnesia in Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 37.\n \u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Appian._\n\n \u2666 \u2018Florius\u2019 replaced with \u2018Florus\u2019\n\n=Mago=, a Carthaginian general sent against Dionysius tyrant of Sicily.\n He obtained a victory, and granted peace to the conquered. In a\n battle which soon after followed this treaty of peace, Mago was\n killed. His son, of the same name, succeeded to the command of the\n Carthaginian army, but he disgraced himself by flying at the approach\n of Timoleon, who had come to assist the Syracusans. He was accused\n in the Carthaginian senate, and he prevented by suicide the execution\n of the sentence justly pronounced against him. His body was hung on\n a gibbet, and exposed to public ignominy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Annibal the\n Great. He was present at the battle of Cann\u00e6, and was deputed by his\n brother to carry to Carthage the news of the celebrated victory which\n had been obtained over the Roman armies. His arrival at Carthage was\n unexpected, and more powerfully to astonish his countrymen on account\n of the victory of Cann\u00e6, he emptied in the senate-house the three\n bushels of golden rings which had been taken from the Roman knights\n slain in battle. He was afterwards sent to Spain, where he defeated\n the two Scipios, and was himself, in another engagement, totally\n ruined. He retired to the Baleares, which he conquered; and one of\n the cities there still bears his name, and is called Portus Magonis,\n _Port Mahon_. After this he landed in Italy with an army, and took\n possession of part of Insubria. He was defeated in a battle by\n Quintilius Varus, and died of a mortal wound 203 years before the\n christian era. _Livy_, bk. 30, &c. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_,\n ch. 8, gives a very different account of his death, and says he either\n perished in a shipwreck, or was murdered by his servants. Perhaps\n Annibal had two brothers of that name.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Carthaginian, more known\n by the excellence of his writings than by his military exploits. He\n wrote 28 volumes upon husbandry; these were preserved by Scipio, at\n the taking of Carthage, and presented to the Roman senate. They were\n translated into Greek by Cassius Dionysius of Utica, and into Latin\n by order of the Roman senate, though Cato had already written so\n copiously upon the subject; and the Romans, as it has been observed,\n consulted the writings of Mago with greater earnestness than the\n books of the Sybilline verses. _Columella._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Carthaginian sent\n by his countrymen to assist the Romans against Pyrrhus and the\n Tarentines, with a fleet of 120 sail. This offer was politely refused\n by the Roman senate. This Mago was father of Asdrubal and Hamilcar.\n _Valerius Maximus._\n\n=Magon=, a river of India falling into the Ganges. _Arrian._\n\n=M\u0101gronti\u0103cum=, or =Magontea=, a large city of Germany, now called\n _Mentz_. _Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Histories_, bks. 15 & 23.\n\n=Magus=, an officer of Turnus, killed by \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 10, li. 522.\n\n=Maherbal=, a Carthaginian who was at the siege of Saguntum, and who\n commanded the cavalry of Annibal at the battle of Cann\u00e6. He advised\n the conqueror immediately to march to Rome, but Annibal required\n time to consider on so bold a measure; upon which Maherbal observed,\n that Annibal knew how to conquer, but not how to make a proper use of\n victory.\n\n=Ma\u012ba=, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, mother of Mercury by Jupiter.\n She was one of the Pleiades, the most luminous of the seven sisters.\n _See:_ Pleiades. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 1, li. 301.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Cybele.\n\n=Majestas=, a goddess among the Romans, daughter of Honour and\n Reverence. _Ovid_, bk. 5; _Fasti_, li. 25.\n\n=Majori\u0101nus Julius Valerius=, an emperor of the western Roman empire,\n raised to the imperial throne A.D. 457. He signalized himself by his\n private as well as public virtues. He was massacred, after a reign\n of 37 years, by one of his generals, who envied in his master the\n character of an active, virtuous, and humane emperor.\n\n=Majorca=, the greatest of the islands called Baleares, on the coast of\n Spain, in the Mediterranean. _Strabo._\n\n=Mala Fortuna=, the goddess of evil fortune, was worshipped among the\n Romans. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.\n\n=Mal\u0113a=, a promontory of Lesbos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Peloponnesus, at the\n south of Laconia. The sea is so rough and boisterous there, that the\n dangers which attended a voyage round it gave rise to the proverb\n of _Cum ad Maleam deflexeris, obliviscere qu\u00e6 sunt domi_. _Strabo_,\n bks. 8 & 9.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 58.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Aratus_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 193.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 21,\n ch. 44.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 16, li. 24; poem 11, li. 20.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 23.\n\n=Maleventum=, the ancient name of Beneventum. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 27.\n\n=Malho=, or =Matho=, a general of an army of Carthaginian mercenaries,\n 258 B.C.\n\n=Malia=, a city of Phthiotis, near mount \u0152ta and Thermopyl\u00e6. There were\n in its neighbourhood some hot mineral waters which the poet Catullus\n has mentioned. From Malia a gulf or small bay in the neighbourhood,\n at the western extremities of the island of Eub\u0153a, has received the\n name of the gulf of Malia, _Maliacum Fretum_, or _Maliacus Sinus_.\n Some call it the gulf of Lamia, from its vicinity to Lamia. It is\n often taken for the _Sinus Pelasgicus_ of the ancients. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus._\n\n=Malii=, a people of Mesopotamia.\n\n=Malis=, a servant-maid of Omphale, beloved by Hercules.\n\n=Mallea=, or =Mallia aqua=. _See:_ Malia.\n\n=Malle\u014flus=, a man who murdered his mother, &c. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad\n Herennium_, bk. 1, ch. 13.\n\n=Mallius=, a Roman consul defeated by the Gauls, &c.\n\n=Malloph\u014fra= (_lanam ferens_), a surname under which Ceres had a temple\n at Megara, because she had taught the inhabitants the utility of\n wool, and the means of tending sheep to advantage. This temple is\n represented as so old in the age of Pausanias, that it was falling\n to decay. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.\n\n=Mallos=, a town of Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 227.\n\n=Malth\u012bnus=, a name under which Horace has lashed some of his friends\n or enemies. Bk. 1, satire 2, li. 27.\n\n=Mamaus=, a river of Peloponnesus.\n\n=Mamercus=, a tyrant of Catana, who surrendered to Timoleon. His\n attempts to speak in a public assembly at Syracuse were received\n with groans and hisses, upon which he dashed his head against a\n wall, and endeavoured to destroy himself. The blows were not fatal,\n and Mamercus was soon after put to death as a robber, B.C. 340.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A dictator at\n Rome, B.C. 437.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul with Decimus Brutus.\n\n=Mamerthes=, a Corinthian who killed his brother\u2019s son in hopes of\n reigning, upon which he was torn to pieces by his brother. _Ovid_,\n _Ibis_.\n\n=Mamert\u012bna=, a town of Campania, famous for its wines.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name of\n Messana in Sicily. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 117.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=Mamert\u012bni=, a mercenary band of soldiers which passed from Campania\n into Sicily, at the request of Agathocles. When they were in the\n service of Agathocles, they claimed the privilege of voting at the\n election of magistrates at Syracuse, and had recourse to arms to\n support their unlawful demands. The sedition was appeased by the\n authority of some leading men, and the Campanians were ordered to\n leave Sicily. In their way to the coast they were received with great\n kindness by the people of Messana, and soon returned perfidy for\n hospitality. They conspired against the inhabitants, murdered all\n the males in the city, and married their wives and daughters, and\n rendered themselves masters of the place. After this violence they\n assumed the name of Mamertini, and called their city _Mamertina_,\n from a provincial word, which in their language signified _martial_\n or _warlike_. The Mamertines were afterwards defeated by Hiero, and\n totally disabled from repairing their ruined affairs. _Plutarch_,\n _Pyrrhus_, &c.\n\n=Mamilia lex=, _de limitibus_, by the tribune Mamilius. It ordained\n that in the boundaries of the lands five or six feet of land should\n be left uncultivated, which no person could convert into private\n property. It also appointed commissioners to see it carried into\n execution.\n\n=Mamilii=, a plebeian family at Rome, descended from the Aborigines.\n They first lived at Tusculum, from whence they came to Rome. _Livy_,\n bk. 3, ch. 29.\n\n=Mamilius Octavius=, a son-in-law of Tarquin, who behaved with uncommon\n bravery at the battle of Regill\u00e6. He is also called Manilius. _See:_\n Manilius.\n\n=Mammea=, the mother of the emperor Severus, who died A.D. 235.\n\n=Mam\u016drius Veturius=, a worker in brass in Numa\u2019s reign. He was ordered\n by the monarch to make a number of ancylia or shields, like that\n one which had fallen from heaven, that it might be difficult to\n distinguish the true one from the others. He was very successful in\n his undertaking, and he asked for no other reward, but that his name\n might be frequently mentioned in the hymns which were sung by the\n Salii in the feast of the Ancylia. This request was granted. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 392.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 6.\n\n=Mamurra=, a Roman knight born at Formi\u00e6. He followed the fortune of\n Julius C\u00e6sar in Gaul, where he greatly enriched himself. He built a\n magnificent palace on mount C\u0153lius, and was the first who incrusted\n his walls with marble. Catullus has attacked him in his epigrams.\n Formi\u00e6 is sometimes called _Mamurrarum urbs_. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 6.\n\n=Manast\u0103bal=, son of Masinissa, who was father to the celebrated\n Jugurtha. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.\n\n=Caius Manc\u012bnus=, a Roman general, who, though at the head of an army\n of 30,000 men, was defeated by 4000 Numantians, B.C. 138. He was\n dragged from the senate, &c. _Cicero_, _Orator_, bk. 1, ch. 40.\n\n=Mand\u0101ne=, a daughter of king Astyages, married by her father to\n Cambyses, an ignoble person of Persia. The monarch had dreamed\n that his daughter\u2019s urine had drowned all his city, which had been\n interpreted in an unfavourable manner by the soothsayers, who assured\n him that his daughter\u2019s son would dethrone him. The marriage of\n Mandane with Cambyses would, in the monarch\u2019s opinion, prevent the\n effects of the dream, and the children of this connection would, like\n their father, be poor and unnoticed. The expectations of Astyages\n were frustrated. He was dethroned by his grandson. _See:_ Cyrus.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 107.\n\n=Mand\u0101nes=, an Indian prince and philosopher, whom Alexander invited\n by his ambassador, on pain of death, to come to his banquet, as\n being the son of Jupiter. The philosopher ridiculed the threats and\n promises of Alexander, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 15.\n\n=Mand\u0113la=, a village in the country of the Sabines, near Horace\u2019s\n country seat. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 105.\n\n=Mandonius=, a prince of Spain, who for some time favoured the cause\n of the Romans. When he heard that Scipio the Roman commander was\n ill, he raised commotions in the provinces, for which he was severely\n reprimanded and punished. _Livy_, bk. 29.\n\n=Mandr\u014fcles=, a general of Artaxerxes, &c. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.\n\n=Mandron=, a king of the Bebryces, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Mandubii=, a people of Gaul (now _Burgundy_), in C\u00e6sar\u2019s army, &c.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 78.\n\n=Mandubratius=, a young Briton who came over to C\u00e6sar in Gaul. His\n father Immanuentius was king in Britain, and had been put to death by\n order of Cassivelaunus. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 20.\n\n=Manduria=, a city of Calabria near Tarentum, whose inhabitants were\n famous for eating dog\u2019s flesh. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 27, ch. 15.\n\n=Manes=, a son of Jupiter and Tellus, who reigned in M\u00e6onia. He was\n father of Cotys, by Callirrhoe the daughter of Oceanus.\n\n=M\u0101nes=, a name generally applied by the ancients to the souls when\n separated from the body. They were reckoned among the infernal\n deities, and generally supposed to preside over the burying places\n and the monuments of the dead. They were worshipped with great\n solemnity, particularly by the Romans. The augurs always invoked\n them when they proceeded to exercise their sacerdotal offices. Virgil\n introduces his hero as sacrificing to the infernal deities, and\n to the Manes, a victim whose blood was received in a ditch. The\n word _manes_ is supposed to be derived from Mania, who was by some\n reckoned the mother of those tremendous deities. Others derive it\n from _manare, quod per omnia \u00e6therea terrenaque manabant_, because\n they filled the air, particularly in the night, and were intent\n to molest and disturb the peace of mankind. Some say that _manes_\n comes from _manis_, an old Latin word which signified _good_ or\n _propitious_. The word _manes_ is differently used by ancient authors;\n sometimes it is taken for the infernal regions, and sometimes it is\n applied to the deities of Pluto\u2019s kingdom, whence the epitaphs of the\n Romans were always superscribed with D. M., _D\u00ees Manibus_, to remind\n the sacrilegious and profane not to molest the monuments of the dead,\n which were guarded with such sanctity. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 19.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, bk. 4, _Georgics_, li. 469; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 1, satire 8, li. 28.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Locris.\n\n=Man\u0113tho=, a celebrated priest of Heliopolis in Egypt, surnamed the\n Mendesian, B.C. 261. He wrote in Greek a history of Egypt, which\n has been often quoted and commended by the ancients, particularly\n by Josephus. It was chiefly collected from the writings of Mercury,\n and from the journals and annals which are preserved in the Egyptian\n temples. This history has been greatly corrupted by the Greeks. The\n author supported that all the gods of the Egyptians had been mere\n mortals, and had all lived upon earth. This history, which is now\n lost, had been epitomized, and some fragments of it are still extant.\n There is extant a Greek poem ascribed to Manetho, in which the power\n of the stars, which preside over the birth and fate of mankind, is\n explained. The Apotelesmata of this author were edited in 4to, by\n Gronovious, Leiden, 1698.\n\n=Mania=, a goddess, supposed to be the mother of the Lares and Manes.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A female servant of queen Berenice the daughter of Ptolemy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n mistress of Demetrius Poliorcetes, called also Demo, and Mania, from\n her folly. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.\n\n=Manilia lex=, by Manilius the tribune, A.U.C. 678. It required that\n all the forces of Lucullus and his province, together with Bithynia,\n which was then under the command of Glabrio, should be delivered to\n Pompey, and that this general should, without any delay, declare war\n against Mithridates, and still retain the command of the Roman fleet,\n and the empire of the Mediterranean, as before.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, which\n permitted all those whose fathers had not been invested with public\n offices, to be employed in the management of affairs.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman\n famous for her debaucheries. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 242.\n\n=M\u0101n\u012blius=, a Roman who married the daughter of Tarquin. He lived\n at Tusculum, and received his father-in-law in his house, when\n banished from Rome, &c. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, a celebrated\n mathematician and poet of Antioch, who wrote a poetical treatise\n on astronomy, of which five books are extant, treating of the fixed\n stars. The style is not elegant. The age in which he lived is not\n known, though some suppose that he flourished in the Augustan age. No\n author, however, in the age of Augustus has made mention of Manilius.\n The best editions of Manilius are those of Bentley, 4to, London, 1739,\n and Stoeberus, 8vo, Strasbourg, 1767.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Titus, a learned historian\n in the age of Sylla and Marius. He is greatly commended by Cicero,\n _pro Roscio_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus, another mentioned by _Cicero_, _On Oratory_,\n bk. 1, ch. 48, as supporting the character of a great lawyer, and of\n an eloquent and powerful orator.\n\n=Man\u012dmi=, a people in Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 43.\n\n=Manlia lex=, by the tribune Publius Manlius, A.U.C. 557. It revived\n the office of _treviri epulones_, first instituted by Numa. The\n _epulones_ were priests, who prepared banquets for Jupiter and the\n gods at public festivals, &c.\n\n=Manlius Torqu\u0101tus=, a celebrated Roman, whose youth was distinguished\n by a lively and cheerful disposition. These promising talents\n were, however, impeded by a difficulty of speaking; and the father,\n unwilling to expose his son\u2019s rusticity at Rome, detained him in\n the country. The behaviour of the father was publicly censured, and\n Marius Pomponius the tribune cited him to answer for his unfatherly\n behaviour to his son. Young Manlius was informed of this, and with\n a dagger in his hand he entered the house of the tribune, and made\n him solemnly promise that he would drop the accusation. This action\n of Manlius endeared him to the people, and soon after he was chosen\n military tribune. In a war against the Gauls, he accepted the\n challenge of one of the enemy, whose gigantic stature and ponderous\n arms had rendered him terrible and almost invincible in the eyes of\n the Romans. The Gaul was conquered, and Manlius stripped him of his\n arms, and from the collar (_torquis_) which he took from the enemy\u2019s\n neck, he was ever after surnamed _Torquatus_. Manlius was the\n first Roman who was raised to the dictatorship without having been\n previously consul. The severity of Torquatus to his son has been\n deservedly censured. This father had the courage and heart to put to\n death his son, because he had engaged one of the enemy, and obtained\n an honourable victory, without his previous permission. This uncommon\n rigour displeased many of the Romans; and though Torquatus was\n honoured with a triumph, and commended by the senate for his services,\n yet the Roman youth showed their disapprobation of the consul\u2019s\n severity, by refusing him at his return the homage which every other\n conqueror received. Some time after the censorship was offered to\n him, but he refused it, observing that the people could not bear\n his severity, nor he the vices of the people. From the rigour of\n Torquatus, all edicts and actions of severity and justice have been\n called _Manliana edicta_. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_,\n bk. 6, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus, a celebrated Roman, whose valour was\n displayed in the field of battle, even at the early age of 16. When\n Rome was taken by the Gauls, Manlius with a body of his countrymen\n fled into the Capitol, which he defended when it was suddenly\n surprised in the night by the enemy. This action gained him the\n surname of _Capitolinus_, and the geese, which by their clamour had\n awakened him to arm himself in his own defence, were ever after held\n sacred among the Romans. A law which Manlius proposed to abolish\n the taxes on the common people, raised the senators against him. The\n dictator Cornelius Cossus seized him as a rebel, but the people put\n on mourning, and delivered from prison their common father. This did\n not in the least check his ambition; he continued to raise factions,\n and even secretly to attempt to make himself absolute, till at\n last the tribunes of the people themselves became his accusers. He\n was tried in the Campius Martius; but when the distant view of the\n Capitol which Manlius had saved seemed to influence the people in his\n favour, the court of justice was removed, and Manlius was condemned.\n He was thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, A.U.C. 371, and to\n render his ignominy still greater, none of his family were afterwards\n permitted to bear the surname of _Marcus_, and the place where his\n house had stood was deemed unworthy to be inhabited. _Livy_, bk. 5,\n ch. 31; bk. 6, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, chs. 13 & 26.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 825.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Imperiosus, father of Manlius Torquatus. He was made dictator. He\n was accused of detaining his son at home. _See:_ Manlius Torquatus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Volsco, a Roman consul who received an army of Scipio in Asia,\n and made war against the Gallo-grecians, whom he conquered. He\n was honoured with a triumph at his return, though it was at first\n strongly opposed. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 12,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, or Aulus, a senator sent to Athens to collect the best\n and wisest laws of Solon, A.U.C. 300. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 54; bk. 3,\n ch. 31.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, called also Cincinnatus. He made war against the\n Etrurians and Veientes with great success, and he died of a wound\n which he had received in a battle.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who in his pretorship\n reduced Sardinia. He was afterwards made dictator.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who\n was defeated by a rebel army of slaves in Sicily.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A pretor in Gaul,\n who fought against the Boii, with very little success.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n called Attilius, who defeated a Carthaginian fleet, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n who conspired with Catiline against the Roman republic.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n in whose consulship the temple of Janus was shut.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who was\n banished under Tiberius for his adultery.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman appointed judge\n between his son Silanus and the province of Macedonia. When all the\n parties had been heard, the father said, \u201cIt is evident that my son\n has suffered himself to be bribed, therefore I deem him unworthy\n of the republic and of my house, and I order him to depart from my\n presence.\u201d Silanus was so struck at the rigour of his father, that\n he hanged himself. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A learned man\n in the age of Cicero.\n\n=Mannus=, the son of Thiasto, both famous divinities among the Germans.\n _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 2.\n\n=Julius Mansu\u0113tus=, a friend of Vitellius, who entered the Roman armies,\n and left his son, then very young, at home. The son was promoted by\n Galba, and soon after met a detachment of the partisans of Vitellius\n in which his father was. A battle was fought, and Mansuetus was\n wounded by the hand of his son, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3,\n ch. 25.\n\n=Mantinea=, a town of Arcadia in Peloponnesus. It was taken by Aratus\n and Antigonus, and, on account of the latter, it was afterwards\n called _Antigonia_. The emperor Adrian built there a temple in honour\n of his favourite Alcinous. It is famous for the battle which was\n fought there between Epaminondas at the head of the Thebans, and\n the combined forces of Laced\u00e6mon, Achaia, Elis, Athens, and Arcadia,\n about 363 years before Christ. The Theban general was killed in the\n engagement, and from that time Thebes lost its power and consequence\n among the Grecian states. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Epaminondas_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\n\n=Mantineus=, the father of Ocalea, who married Abas the son of Lynceus\n and Hypermnestra. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.\n\n=Mantin\u014drum oppidum=, a town of Corsica, now supposed to be _Bastia_.\n\n=Mantius=, a son of Melampus.\n\n=Manto=, a daughter of the prophet Tiresias, endowed with the gift\n of prophecy. She was made prisoner by the Argives when the city of\n Thebes fell into their hands, and as she was the worthiest part of\n the booty, the conquerors sent her to Apollo the god of Delphi, as\n the most valuable present they could make. Manto, often called Daphne,\n remained for some time at Delphi, where she officiated as priestess,\n and where she gave oracles. From Delphi she came to Claros in Ionia,\n where she established an oracle of Apollo. Here she married Rhadius\n the sovereign of the country, by whom she had a son called Mopsus.\n Manto afterwards visited Italy, where she married Tiberinus the king\n of Alba, or, as the poets mention, the god of the river Tiber. From\n this marriage sprang Ocnus, who built a town in the neighbourhood,\n which, in honour of his mother, he called Mantua. Manto, according to\n a certain tradition, was so struck at the misfortunes which afflicted\n Thebes, her native country, that she gave way to her sorrow, and was\n turned into a fountain. Some suppose her to be the same who conducted\n \u00c6neas into hell, and who sold the Sibylline books to Tarquin the\n Proud. She received divine honours after death. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 1, li. 199; bk. 10, li. 199.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,\n li. 157.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bks. 14 & 16.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 10 & 33; bk. 7, ch. 3.\n\n=Mantua=, a town of Italy beyond the Po, founded about 300 years before\n Rome, by Bianor or Ocnus the son of Manto. It was the ancient capital\n of Etruria. When Cremona, which had followed the interest of Brutus,\n was given to the soldiers of Octavius, Mantua also, which was in the\n neighbourhood, shared the common calamity, though it had favoured\n the party of Augustus, and many of the inhabitants were tyrannically\n deprived of their possessions. Virgil, who was among them, and a\n native of the town, and from thence often called _Mantuanus_, applied\n for redress to Augustus, and obtained it by means of his poetical\n talents. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 1, &c.;\n _Georgics_, ch. 3, li. 12; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 180.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 15.\n\n=Maracanda=, a town of Sogdiana.\n\n=M\u0103r\u0103tha=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.\n\n=M\u0103r\u0103thon=, a village of Attica, 10 miles from Athens, celebrated for\n the victory which the 10,000 Athenians and 1000 Plat\u00e6ans, under the\n command of Miltiades, gained over the Persian army, consisting of\n 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, or, according to Valerius Maximus,\n of 300,000, or, as Justin says, of 600,000, under the command of\n Datis and Artaphernes, on the 28th of Sept. 490, B.C. In this battle,\n according to Herodotus, the Athenians lost only 192 men, and the\n Persians 6300. Justin has raised the loss of the Persians in this\n expedition and in the battle to 200,000 men. To commemorate this\n immortal victory of their countrymen, the Greeks raised small\n columns, with the names inscribed on the tombs of the fallen heroes.\n It was also in the plains of Marathon that Theseus overcame a\n celebrated bull, which ravaged the neighbouring country. Erigone\n is called _Marathonia virgo_, as being born at Marathon. _Statius_,\n bk. 5, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 3, li. 74.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades._\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of\n Attica, son of Epopeus, who gave his name to a small village there.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Sicyon.\n\n=Mar\u0103thos=, a town of Ph\u0153nicia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12.\n\n=Marcella=, a daughter of Octavia the sister of Augustus by Marcellus.\n She married Agrippa.\n\n=Marcell\u012bnus Ammi\u0101nus=, a celebrated historian who carried arms under\n Constantius, Julian, and Valens, and wrote a history of Rome from the\n reign of Domitian, where Suetonius stops, to the emperor Valens. His\n style is neither elegant nor laboured, but it is greatly valuable\n for its veracity, and in many of the actions he mentions, the author\n was nearly concerned. This history was composed at Rome, where\n Ammianus retired from the noise and troubles of the camp, and does\n not betray that severity against the christians which other writers\n have manifested, though the author was warm in favour of paganism,\n the religion which for a while was seated on the throne. It was\n divided into 31 books, of which only the 18 last remain, beginning at\n the death of Magnentius. Ammianus has been liberal in his encomiums\n upon Julian, whose favours he enjoyed and who so eminently patronised\n his religion. The negligence with which some facts are sometimes\n mentioned, has induced many to believe that the history of Ammianus\n has suffered much from the ravages of time, and that it has descended\n to us mutilated and imperfect. The best editions of Ammianus are\n those of Gronovius, folio, and 4to, Leiden, 1693, and of Ernesti,\n 8vo, Lipscomb, 1773.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer under Julian.\n\n=Marcellus Marcus Claudius=, a famous Roman general, who, after the\n first Punic war, had the management of an expedition against the\n Gauls, where he obtained the _Spolia opima_, by killing with his\n own hand Viridomarus the king of the enemy. Such success rendered\n him popular, and soon after he was entrusted to oppose Annibal in\n Italy. He was the first Roman who obtained some advantage over this\n celebrated Carthaginian, and showed his countrymen that Annibal\n was not invincible. The troubles which were raised in Sicily by the\n Carthaginians at the death of Hieronymus, alarmed the Romans, and\n Marcellus, in his third consulship, was sent with a powerful force\n against Syracuse. He attacked it by sea and land, but his operations\n proved ineffectual, and the invention and industry of a philosopher\n [_See:_ Archimedes] were able to baffle all the efforts, and to\n destroy all the great and stupendous machines and military engines\n of the Romans during three successive years. The perseverance of\n Marcellus at last obtained the victory. The inattention of the\n inhabitants during their nocturnal celebration of the festivals\n of Diana, favoured his operations; he forcibly entered the town,\n and made himself master of it. The conqueror enriched the capital\n of Italy with the spoils of Syracuse, and when he was accused of\n rapaciousness, for stripping the conquered city of all its paintings\n and ornaments, he confessed that he had done it to adorn the public\n buildings of Rome, and to introduce a taste for the fine arts and\n elegance of the Greeks among his countrymen. After the conquest\n of Syracuse, Marcellus was called upon by his country to oppose\n a second time Annibal. In this campaign he behaved with greater\n vigour than before; the greatest part of the towns of the Samnites,\n which had revolted, were recovered by force of arms, and 3000 of the\n soldiers of Annibal made prisoners. Some time after an engagement\n with the Carthaginian general proved unfavourable; Marcellus had the\n disadvantage; but on the morrow a more successful skirmish vindicated\n his military character, and the honour of the Roman soldiers.\n Marcellus, however, was not sufficiently vigilant against the snares\n of his adversary. He imprudently separated himself from his camp, and\n was killed in an ambuscade in the 60th year of his age, in his fifth\n consulship, A.U.C. 546. His body was honoured with a magnificent\n funeral by the conqueror, and his ashes were conveyed in a silver\n urn to his son. Marcellus claims our commendation for his private\n as well as public virtues; and the humanity of the general will ever\n be remembered who, at the surrender of Syracuse, wept at the thought\n that many were going to be exposed to the avarice and rapaciousness\n of an incensed soldiery, which the policy of Rome and the laws of war\n rendered inevitable. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 855.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 38.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lives_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of his descendants,\n who bore the same name, signalized himself in the civil wars of C\u00e6sar\n and Pompey, by his firm attachment to the latter. He was banished by\n C\u00e6sar, but afterwards recalled at the request of the senate. Cicero\n undertook his defence in an oration which is still extant.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n grandson of Pompey\u2019s friend rendered himself popular by his universal\n benevolence and affability. He was son of Marcellus, by Octavia the\n sister of Augustus. He married Julia, that emperor\u2019s daughter, and\n was publicly intended as his successor. The suddenness of his death,\n at the early age of 18, was the cause of much lamentation at Rome,\n particularly in the family of Augustus, and Virgil procured himself\n great favours by celebrating the virtues of this amiable prince.\n _See:_ Octavia. Marcellus was buried at the public expense. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 883.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Augustus_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Marcellus_.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _de Consolatione ad Marciam_.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 93.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The son of the great Marcellus who took Syracuse,\n was caught in the ambuscade which proved fatal to his father, but he\n forced his way from the enemy and escaped. He received the ashes of\n his father from the conqueror. _Plutarch_, _Marcellus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who\n conspired against Vespasian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The husband of Octavia the sister of\n Augustus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A conqueror of Britain.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer under the emperor\n Julian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man put to death by Galba.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who gave Cicero\n information of Catiline\u2019s conspiracy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A colleague of Cato in\n the questorship.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Pamphylia, who wrote an heroic poem\n on physic, divided into 42 books. He lived in the reign of Marcus\n Aurelius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman drowned in a storm, &c.\n\n=Marcia lex=, by Marcius Censorinus. It forbade any man to be invested\n with the office of censor more than once.\n\n=Marcia=, the wife of Regulus. When she heard that her husband had\n been put to death at Carthage in the most excruciating manner, she\n retorted the punishment, and shut up some Carthaginian prisoners in a\n barrel, which she had previously filled with sharp nails. The senate\n was obliged to stop the wantonness of her cruelty. _Diodorus_, bk. 24.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A favourite of the emperor Commodus, whom he poisoned.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n vestal virgin, punished for her incontinence.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Philip,\n who married Cato the censor. Her husband gave her to his friend\n Hortensius for the sake of procreating children, and after his death\n he took her again to his own house.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient name of the island\n of Rhodes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Cato of Utica.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A stream of water.\n _See:_ Martia aqua.\n\n=Marci\u0101na=, a sister of the emperor Trajan, who, on account of her\n public and private virtues and her amiable disposition, was declared\n Augusta and empress by her brother. She died A.D. 113.\n\n=Marcianop\u014flis=, the capital of Lower M\u0153sia in Greece. It receives its\n name in honour of the empress Marciana.\n\n=Marci\u0101nus=, a native of Thrace, born of an obscure family. After he\n had for some time served in the army as a common soldier, he was made\n private secretary to one of the officers of Theodosius. His winning\n address and uncommon talents raised him to higher stations; and\n on the death of Theodosius II., A.D. 450, he was invested with the\n imperial purple in the east. The subjects of the Roman empire had\n reason to be satisfied with their choice. Marcianus showed himself\n active and resolute, and when Attila, the barbarous king of the Huns,\n asked of the emperor the annual tribute, which the indolence and\n cowardice of his predecessors had regularly paid, the successor of\n Theodosius firmly said that he kept his gold for his friends, but\n that iron was the metal which he had prepared for his enemies. In\n the midst of universal popularity Marcianus died, after a reign of\n six years, in the 69th year of his age, as he was making warlike\n preparations against the barbarians that had invaded Africa. His\n death was lamented, and indeed his merit was great, since his\n reign has been distinguished by the appellation of the golden age.\n Marcianus married Pulcheria, the sister of his predecessor. It is\n said, that in the years of his obscurity he found a man who had been\n murdered, and that he had the humanity to give him a private burial,\n for which circumstance he was accused of the homicide and imprisoned.\n He was condemned to lose his life, and the sentence would have been\n executed, had not the real murderer been discovered, and convinced\n the world of the innocence of Marcianus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Capella, a writer. _See:_\n Capella.\n\n=Marcus Marcius Sab\u012bnus=, was the progenitor of the Marcian family at\n Rome. He came to Rome with Numa, and it was he who advised Numa to\n accept of the crown which the Romans offered to him. He attempted\n to make himself king of Rome, in opposition to Tullus Hostilius, and\n when his efforts proved unsuccessful he killed himself. His son, who\n married a daughter of Numa, was made high priest by his father-in-law.\n He was father of Ancus Marcius. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who\n accused Ptolemy Auletes king of Egypt of misdemeanour in the Roman\n senate.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman consul, defeated by the Samnites. He was more\n successful against the Carthaginians, and obtained a victory, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another consul, who obtained a victory over the Etrurians.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who defeated the Hernici.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who fought against\n Asdrubal.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man whom Catiline hired to assassinate Cicero.\n\n=Marcius Saltus=, a place in Liguria, &c.\n\n=Marcomanni=, a people of Germany, who originally dwelt on the banks of\n the Rhine and the Danube. They proved powerful enemies to the Roman\n emperors. Augustus granted them peace, but they were afterwards\n subdued by Antoninus and Trajan, &c. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 109.\n \u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, chs. 46 & 62; _Germania_, ch. 42.\n\n=Marcus=, a pr\u00e6nomen common to many of the Romans. _See:_ \u00c6milius,\n Lepidus, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Cato, killed at Philippi, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caryensis,\n a general of the Ach\u00e6an league, 255 B.C.\n\n=Mardi=, a people of Persia, on the confines of Media. They were\n very poor, and generally lived upon the flesh of wild beasts. Their\n country, in later times, became the residence of the famous assassins\n destroyed by Hulakou the grandson of Zingis Khan. _Herodotus_, bks.\n 1 & 3.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.\n\n=Mardia=, a place of Thrace, famous for a battle between Constantine\n and Licinius, A.D. 315.\n\n=Mardonius=, a general of Xerxes, who, after the defeat of his master\n at Thermopyl\u00e6 and Salamis, was left in Greece with an army of 300,000\n chosen men, to subdue the country, and reduce it under the power\n of Persia. His operations were rendered useless by the courage and\n vigilance of the Greeks; and in a battle at Plat\u00e6a, Mardonius was\n defeated and left among the slain, B.C. 479. He had been commander\n of the armies of Darius in Europe, and it was chiefly by his advice\n that Xerxes invaded Greece. He was son-in-law of Darius. _Plutarch_,\n _Aristotle_.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bks. 6, 7, & 8.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 13, &c.\n\n=Mardus=, a river of Media, falling into the Caspian sea.\n\n=Mare Mortuum=, called also, from the _bitumen_ which it throws up,\n the lake _Asphaltites_, is situate in Jud\u00e6a, and is near 100 miles\n long and 25 broad. Its waters are \u2666saltier than those of the sea, but\n the vapours exhaled from them are not so pestilential as have been\n generally represented. It is supposed that the 13 cities, of which\n Sodom and Gomorrah, as mentioned in the Scriptures, were the capital,\n were destroyed by a volcano, and on the site a lake formed. Volcanic\n appearances now mark the face of the country, and earthquakes are\n frequent. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Josephus_, _Jewish War_, bk. 4,\n ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16, p. 764.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 3.\n\n \u2666 \u2018salter\u2019 replaced with \u2018saltier\u2019\n\n=M\u0103re\u014dtis=, now _Siwah_, a lake in Egypt near Alexandria. Its\n neighbourhood is famous for wine, though some make the _Mareoticum\n vinum_ grow in Epirus, or in a certain part of Libya, called also\n Mareotis, near Egypt. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 91.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 1, ode 38, li. 14.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bks. 3 & 10.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\n\n=Marginia= and =Margiania=, a town and country near the river Oxus,\n at the east of Hyrcania, celebrated for its wines. The vines are so\n uncommonly large that two men can scarcely grasp the trunk of one of\n them. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 5.\n\n=Marg\u012btes=, a man against whom, as some suppose, Homer wrote a poem,\n to ridicule his superficial knowledge, and to expose his affectation.\n When Demosthenes wished to prove Alexander an inveterate enemy to\n Athens, he called him another Margites.\n\n=Margus=, a river of M\u0153sia falling into the Danube, with a town of the\n same name, now _Kastolatz_.\n\n=Mari\u0103ba=, a city in Arabia, near the Red sea.\n\n=Maria lex=, by Caius Marius the tribune, A.U.C. 634. It ordered the\n planks called _pontes_, on which the people stood up to give their\n votes in the _comitia_, to be narrower, that no other might stand\n there to hinder the proceedings of the assembly by appeal, or other\n disturbances.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, called also _Porcia_, by Lucius Marius and\n Porcius, tribunes, A.U.C. 691. It fined a certain sum of money such\n commanders as gave a false account to the Roman senate of the number\n of the slain in a battle. It obliged them to swear to the truth of\n their return when they entered the city, according to the best\n computation.\n\n=Mariamna=, a Jewish woman, who married Herodes, &c.\n\n=Mari\u0101n\u00e6 foss\u00e6=, a town of Gaul Narbonensis, which received its name\n from the _dyke_ (_fossa_) which Marius opened from thence to the sea.\n _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\n\n=Mariandynum=, a place near Bithynia, where the poets feign that\n Hercules dragged Cerberus out of hell. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\n \u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 2 & 19; bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Mari\u0101nus=, a surname given to Jupiter from a temple built to his\n honour by Marius. It was in this temple that the Roman senate\n assembled to recall Cicero, a circumstance communicated to him in\n a dream. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\n\n=Mar\u012bca=, a nymph of the river Liris, near Minturn\u00e6. She married king\n Faunus, by whom she had king Latinus, and she was afterwards called\n Fauna and Fatua, and honoured as a goddess. A city of Campania bore\n her name. Some suppose her to be the same as Circe. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 7, li. 47.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wood on the borders of\n Campania bore also the name of _Marica_, as being sacred to the nymph.\n _Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 17, li. 7.\n\n=Mar\u012bcus=, a Gaul thrown to lions, in the reign of Vitellius, who\n refused to devour him, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 61.\n\n=Mar\u012bna=, a daughter of Arcadius, &c.\n\n=Mar\u012bnis=, a friend of Tiberius, put to death, &c.\n\n=Marion=, a king of Tyre in the age of Alexander the Great.\n\n=Marissa=, an opulent town of Jud\u00e6a.\n\n=Mar\u012bta lex.= _See:_ Julia de Maritandis.\n\n=Maris=, a river of Scythia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Armisodares, who assisted\n Priam against the Greeks, and was killed by Antilochus. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 317.\n\n=Marisus=, a river of Dacia.\n\n=Caiaus Marius=, a celebrated Roman, who, from a peasant, became one\n of the most powerful and cruel tyrants that Rome ever beheld during\n her consular government. He was born at Arpinum, of obscure and\n illiterate parents. His father bore the same name as himself, and\n his mother was called Fulcinia. He forsook the meaner occupations of\n the country for the camp, and signalized himself under Scipio at the\n siege of Numantia. The Roman general saw the courage and intrepidity\n of young Marius, and foretold the era of his future greatness. By\n his seditions and intrigues at Rome, while he exercised the inferior\n offices of the state, he rendered himself known; and his marriage\n with Julia, who was of the family of the C\u00e6sars, contributed in\n some measure to raise him to consequence. He passed into Africa as\n lieutenant to the consul Metellus against Jugurtha, and after he had\n there ingratiated himself with the soldiers, and raised enemies to\n his friend and benefactor, he returned to Rome, and canvassed for\n the consulship. The extravagant promises he made to the people, and\n his malevolent insinuations about the conduct of Metellus, proved\n successful. He was elected, and appointed to finish the war against\n Jugurtha. He showed himself capable in every degree to succeed\n Metellus. Jugurtha was defeated and afterwards betrayed into the\n hands of the Romans by the perfidy of Bocchus. No sooner was Jugurtha\n conquered, than new honours and fresh trophies awaited Marius.\n The provinces at Rome were suddenly invaded by an army of 300,000\n barbarians, and Marius was the only man whose activity and boldness\n could resist so powerful an enemy. He was elected consul, and sent\n against the Teutones. The war was prolonged, and Marius was a third\n and fourth time invested with the consulship. At last two engagements\n were fought, and not less than 200,000 of the barbarian forces of\n the Ambrones and Teutones were slain in the field of battle, and\n 90,000 made prisoners. The following year was also marked by a\n total overthrow of the Cimbri, another horde of barbarians, in which\n 140,000 were slaughtered by the Romans, and 60,000 taken prisoners.\n After such honourable victories, Marius, with his colleague Catulus,\n entered Rome in triumph, and for his eminent services, he deserved\n the appellation of the third founder of Rome. He was elected consul\n a sixth time; and, as his intrepidity had delivered his country from\n its foreign enemies, he sought employment at home, and his restless\n ambition began to raise seditions and to oppose the power of Sylla.\n This was the cause and the foundation of a civil war. Sylla refused\n to deliver up the command of the forces with which he was empowered\n to prosecute the Mithridatic war, and he resolved to oppose the\n authors of a demand which he considered as arbitrary and improper. He\n advanced to Rome, and Marius was obliged to save his life by flight.\n The unfavourable winds prevented him from seeking a safer retreat\n in Africa, and he was left on the coasts of Campania, where the\n emissaries of his enemy soon discovered him in a marsh, where he had\n plunged himself in the mud, and left only his mouth above the surface\n for respiration. He was violently dragged to the neighbouring town of\n Minturn\u00e6, and the magistrates, all devoted to the interest of Sylla,\n passed sentence of immediate death on their magnanimous prisoner. A\n Gaul was commanded to cut off his head in the dungeon, but the stern\n countenance of Marius disarmed the courage of the executioner, and,\n when he heard the exclamation of _Tune, homo, audes occidere Caium\n Marium_, the dagger dropped from his hand. Such an uncommon adventure\n awakened the compassion of the inhabitants of Minturn\u00e6. They released\n Marius from prison, and favoured his escape to Africa, where he\n joined his son Marius, who had been arming the princes of the country\n in his cause. Marius landed near the walls of Carthage, and he\n received no small consolation at the sight of the venerable ruins\n of a once powerful city, which, like himself, had been exposed to\n calamity, and felt the cruel vicissitude of fortune. This place of\n his retreat was soon known, and the governor of Africa, to conciliate\n the favours of Sylla, compelled Marius to fly to a neighbouring\n island. He soon after learned that Cinna had embraced his cause at\n Rome, when the Roman senate had stripped him of his consular dignity\n and bestowed it upon one of his enemies. This intelligence animated\n Marius; he set sail to assist his friend, only at the head of 1000\n men. His army, however, gradually increased, and he entered Rome like\n a conqueror. His enemies were inhumanly sacrificed to his fury. Rome\n was filled with blood, and he who had once been called the father\n of his country, marched through the streets of the city, attended by\n a number of assassins, who immediately slaughtered all those whose\n salutations were not answered by their leader. Such were the signals\n for bloodshed. When Marius and Cinna had sufficiently gratified their\n resentment, they made themselves consuls, but Marius, already worn\n out with old age and infirmities, died 16 days after he had been\n honoured with the consular dignity for the seventh time, B.C. 86. His\n end was probably hastened by the uncommon quantities of wine which\n he drank when labouring under a dangerous disease, to remove, by\n intoxication, the stings of a guilty conscience. Such was the end\n of Marius, who rendered himself conspicuous by his victories, and\n by his cruelty. As he was brought up in the midst of poverty and\n among peasants, it will not appear wonderful that he always betrayed\n rusticity in his behaviour, and despised in others those polished\n manners and that studied address which education had denied him. He\n hated the conversation of the learned only because he was illiterate,\n and if he appeared an example of sobriety and temperance, he owed\n these advantages to the years of obscurity which he had passed at\n Arpinum. His countenance was stern, his voice firm and imperious, and\n his disposition untractable. He always betrayed the greatest timidity\n in the public assemblies, as he had not been early taught to make\n eloquence and oratory his pursuit. He was in the 70th year of his\n age when he died, and Rome seemed to rejoice at the fall of a man\n whose ambition had proved fatal to so many of her citizens. His\n only qualifications were those of a great general, and with these\n he rendered himself the most illustrious and powerful of the Romans,\n because he was the only one whose ferocity seemed capable to oppose\n the barbarians of the north. The manner of his death, according to\n some opinions, remains doubtful, though some have charged him with\n the crime of suicide. Among the instances which are mentioned of\n his firmness this may be recorded: A swelling in the leg obliged him\n to apply to a physician, who urged the necessity of cutting it off.\n Marius gave it, and saw the operation performed without a distortion\n of the face, and without a groan. The physician asked the other,\n and Marius gave it with equal composure. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.\n \u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_,\n satire 8, li. 245, &c.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 69.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, the son of\n the great Marius, was as cruel as his father, and shared his good and\n his adverse fortune. He made himself consul in the 25th year of his\n age, and murdered all the senators who opposed his ambitious views.\n He was defeated by Sylla, and fled to Pr\u00e6neste, where he killed\n himself. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Priscus, a governor of Africa,\n accused of extortion in his province by Pliny the younger, and\n banished from Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ltr. 11.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 1,\n li. 48.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lover, &c. _See:_ Hellas.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Greek fathers\n of the fifth century, whose works were edited by Garner, 2 vols.,\n folio, Paris, 1673; and by Baluzius, Paris, 1684.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus Aurelius,\n a native of Gaul, who, from the mean employment of a blacksmith,\n became one of the generals of Gallienus, and at last caused himself\n to be saluted emperor. Three days after this elevation, a man who had\n shared his poverty without partaking of his more prosperous fortune,\n publicly assassinated him, and he was killed by a sword which he\n himself had made in the time of his obscurity. Marius has been often\n celebrated for his great strength, and it is confidently reported\n that he could stop, with one of his fingers only, the wheel of a\n chariot in its most rapid course.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Maximus, a Latin writer, who\n published an account of the Roman emperors from Trajan to Alexander,\n now lost. His compositions were entertaining, and executed with\n great exactness and fidelity. Some have accused him of inattention,\n and complain that his writings abounded with many fabulous and\n insignificant stories.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Celsus, a friend of Galba, saved from death\n by Otho, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 45.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sextus, a\n rich Spaniard, thrown down from the Tarpeian rock, on account of his\n riches, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 19.\n\n=Marm\u0103cus=, the father of Pythagoras. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Marm\u0103renses=, a people of Lycia.\n\n=Marm\u0103r\u012dca.= _See:_ Marmarid\u00e6.\n\n=Marm\u0103r\u012dd\u00e6=, the inhabitants of that part of Lybia called _Marmarica_,\n between Cyrene and Egypt. They were swift in running, and pretended\n to possess some drugs or secret power to destroy the poisonous\n effects of the bite of serpents. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 300;\n bk. 11, li. 182.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 680; bk. 9, li. 894.\n\n=Marm\u0103rion=, a town of Eub\u0153a, whence Apollo is called _Marmarinus_.\n _Strabo_, bk. 10.\n\n=Maro.= _See:_ Virgilius.\n\n=Marobodui=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 42.\n\n=Maron=, a son of Evanthes, high priest of Apollo in Africa, when\n Ulysses touched upon the coast. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 9, li. 179.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Egyptian who accompanied Osiris in his conquests, and built\n a city in Thrace, called from him Maronea. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Maron\u0113a=, a city of the Cicones, in Thrace, near the Hebrus, of\n which Bacchus is the chief deity. The wine has always been reckoned\n excellent, and with it, it was supposed that Ulysses intoxicated the\n Cyclops Polyphemus. _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus._\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 2,\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 57.\n\n=Marp\u0115sia=, a celebrated queen of the Amazons, who waged a successful\n war against the inhabitants of mount Caucasus. The mountain was\n called _Marpesius Mons_ from its female conqueror. _Justin_, bk. 2,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6.\n\n=Marpessa=, a daughter of the Evenus, who married Idas, by whom she had\n Cleopatra the wife of Meleager. Marpessa was tenderly loved by her\n husband; and when Apollo endeavoured to carry her away, Idas followed\n the ravisher with a bow and arrows, resolved on revenge. Apollo and\n Idas were separated by Jupiter, who permitted Marpessa to go with\n that of the two lovers whom she most approved of. She returned to her\n husband. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 549.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 8, li. 305.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4,\n ch. 2; bk. 5, ch. 18.\n\n=Marpesus=, a town of Mysia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Paros, abounding in white\n marble, whence _Marpesia cautes_. The quarries are still seen by\n modern travellers. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 471.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 12; bk. 36, ch. 5.\n\n=Marres=, a king of Egypt, who had a crow which conveyed his letters\n wherever he pleased. He raised a celebrated monument to this faithful\n bird near the city of crocodiles. _\u00c6lian_, _de Natura Animalium_,\n bk. 6, ch. 7.\n\n=Marruc\u012bni=, a people of Picenum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 564.\n\n=Marr\u016dvium=, or =Marrubium=, now _San Benedetto_, a place near\n the Liris, in Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 750.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 497.\n\n=Mars=, the god of war among the ancients, was the son of Jupiter and\n Juno, according to Hesiod, Homer, and all the Greek poets, or of Juno\n alone, according to Ovid. This goddess, as the poet mentions, wished\n to become a mother without the assistance of the other sex, like\n Jupiter, who had produced Minerva all armed from his head, and she\n was shown a flower by Flora in the plains near Olenus, whose very\n touch made women pregnant. _See:_ Juno. The education of Mars was\n entrusted by Juno to the god Priapus, who instructed him in dancing\n and in every manly exercise. His trial before the celebrated court\n of the Areopagus, according to the authority of some authors, for the\n murder of Hallirhotius, forms an interesting epoch in history. _See:_\n Areopagit\u00e6. The amours of Mars and Venus are greatly celebrated.\n The god of war gained the affection of Venus, and obtained the\n gratification of his desires; but Apollo, who was conscious of\n their familiarities, informed Vulcan of his wife\u2019s debaucheries, and\n awakened his suspicions. Vulcan secretly laid a net around the bed,\n and the two lovers were exposed in each other\u2019s arms, to the ridicule\n and satire of all the gods, till Neptune prevailed upon the husband\n to set them at liberty. This unfortunate discovery so provoked\n Mars, that he changed into a cock his favourite Alectryon, whom\n he had stationed at the door to watch against the approach of the\n sun [_See:_ Alectryon], and Venus also showed her resentment by\n persecuting with the most inveterate fury the children of Apollo.\n In the wars of Jupiter and the Titans, Mars was seized by Otus and\n Ephialtes, and confined for 15 months, till Mercury procured him his\n liberty. During the Trojan war Mars interested himself on the side\n of the Trojans, but whilst he defended these favourites of Venus\n with uncommon activity, he was wounded by Diomedes, and hastily\n retreated to heaven to conceal his confusion and his resentment, and\n to complain to Jupiter that Minerva had directed the unerring weapon\n of his antagonist. The worship of Mars was not very universal among\n the ancients; his temples were not numerous in Greece, but in Rome\n he received the most unbounded honours, and the warlike Romans were\n proud of paying homage to a deity whom they esteemed as the patron\n of their city, and the father of the first of their monarchs. His\n most celebrated temple at Rome was built by Augustus after the\n battle of Philippi. It was dedicated to Mars ultor, or the _avenger_.\n His priests among the Romans were called Salii; they were first\n instituted by Numa, and their chief office was to guard the sacred\n Ancylia, one of which, as was supposed, had fallen down from heaven.\n Mars was generally represented in the naked figure of an old man,\n armed with a helmet, a pike, and a shield. Sometimes he appeared in a\n military dress, and with a long flowing beard, and sometimes without.\n He generally rode in a chariot drawn by furious horses, which the\n poets called Flight and Terror. His altars were stained with the\n blood of the horse, on account of his warlike spirit, and of the wolf,\n on account of his ferocity. Magpies and vultures were also offered\n up to him, on account of their greediness and voracity. The Scythians\n generally offered him asses, and the people of Caria dogs. The\n weed called dog-grass was sacred to him, because it grows, as it is\n commonly reported, in places which are fit for fields of battle, or\n where the ground has been stained with the effusion of human blood.\n The surnames of Mars are not numerous. He was called Gradivus, Mavors,\n Quirinus, Salisubsulus, among the Romans. The Greeks called him Ares,\n and he was the Enyalus of the Sabines, the Camulus of the Gauls,\n and the Mamers of Carthage. Mars was father of Cupid, Anteros, and\n Harmonia, by the goddess Venus. He had Ascalaphus and Ialmenus by\n Astyoche; Alcippe by Agraulos; Molus, Pylus, Evenus, and Thestius,\n by Demonice the daughter of Agenor. Besides these, he was the reputed\n father of Romulus, \u0152nomaus, Bythis, Thrax, Diomedes of Thrace, &c. He\n presided over gladiators, and was the god of hunting, and of whatever\n exercises or amusements have something manly and warlike. Among the\n Romans it was usual for the consul, before he went on an expedition,\n to visit the temple of Mars, where he offered his prayers, and in a\n solemn manner shook the spear which was in the hand of the \u2666statue\n of the god, at the same time exclaiming, \u201c_Mars vigila!_ god of war,\n watch over the safety of this city.\u201d _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li.\n 231; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 925.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 148.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 346; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 701.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_,\n _Electrum_.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 1; _Iliad_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, ode 4, _Pythian_.\n \u2015\u2015_Quintus Smyrn\u00e6us_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 21 & 28.\n \u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 102.\n\n \u2666 \u2018staute\u2019 replaced with \u2018statue\u2019\n\n=Marsala=, a town of Sicily.\n\n=Mars\u00e6us=, a Roman, ridiculed by Horace, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 35, for\n his prodigality to courtesans.\n\n=Marse=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Marsi=, a nation of Germany, who afterwards came to settle near the\n lake Fucinus in Italy, in a country chequered with forests, abounding\n with wild boars and other ferocious animals. They at first proved\n very inimical to the Romans, but in process of time they became their\n firmest supporters. They are particularly celebrated for the civil\n war in which they were engaged, and which from them has received the\n name of the _Marsian war_. The large contributions which they made\n to support the interest of Rome, and the number of men which they\n continually supplied to the republic, rendered them bold and aspiring,\n and they claimed, with the rest of the Italian states, a share of\n the honours and privileges which were enjoyed by the citizens of\n Rome, B.C. 91. This petition, though supported by the interest, the\n eloquence, and the integrity of the tribune Drusus, was received\n with contempt by the Roman senate; and the Marsi, with their allies,\n showed their dissatisfaction by taking up arms. Their resentment\n was increased when Drusus, their friend at Rome, had been basely\n murdered by the means of the nobles; and they erected themselves into\n a republic, and Corfinium was made the capital of their new empire. A\n regular war was now begun, and the Romans led into the field an army\n of 100,000 men, and were opposed by a superior force. Some battles\n were fought in which the Roman generals were defeated, and the allies\n reaped no inconsiderable advantages from their victories. A battle,\n however, near Asculum, proved fatal to their cause: 4000 of them\n were left dead on the spot; their general, Francus, a man of uncommon\n experience and abilities, was slain, and such as escaped from the\n field perished by hunger in the Apennines, where they had sought a\n shelter. After many defeats, and the loss of Asculum, one of their\n principal cities, the allies, grown dejected and tired of hostilities\n which had already continued for three years, sued for peace one by\n one, and tranquillity was at last re-established in the republic, and\n all the states of Italy were made citizens of Rome. The armies of the\n allies consisted of the Marsi, the Peligni, the Vestini, the Hirpini,\n Pompeiani, Marcini, Picentes, Venusini, Ferentani, Apuli, Lucani, and\n Samnites. The Marsi were greatly addicted to magic. _Horace_, epode 5,\n li. 76; epode 27, li. 29.\u2015\u2015_Appian._\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Sertorius_, _Caius Marius_, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _For Cornelius Balbus_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 1, chs. 50 & 56; _Germania_, ch. 2.\n\n=Marsigni=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 43.\n\n=Marsus Domitius=, a Latin poet.\n\n=Marsyaba=, a town of Arabia.\n\n=Marsyas=, a celebrated piper of Cel\u00e6n\u00e6, in Phrygia, son of Olympus,\n or of Hyagnis, or \u0152agrus. He was so skilful in playing on the\n flute, that he is generally deemed the inventor of it. According to\n the opinion of some, he found it when Minerva had thrown it aside\n on account of the distortion of her face when she played upon it.\n Marsyas was enamoured of Cybele, and he travelled with her as far as\n Nysa, where he had the imprudence to challenge Apollo to a trial of\n his skill as a musician. The god accepted the challenge, and it was\n mutually agreed that he who was defeated should be flayed alive by\n the conquerer. The Muses, or according to Diodorus, the inhabitants\n of Nysa, were appointed umpires. Each exerted his utmost skill,\n and the victory, with much difficulty, was adjudged to Apollo. The\n god, upon this, tied his antagonist to a tree, and flayed him alive.\n The death of Marsyas was universally lamented; the Fauns, Satyrs,\n and Dryads wept at his fate, and from their abundant tears, arose a\n river of Phrygia, well known by the name of Marsyas. The unfortunate\n Marsyas is often represented on monuments as tied, his hands behind\n his back, to a tree, while Apollo stands before him with his lyre\n in his hand. In independent cities among the ancients the statue\n of Marsyas was generally erected in the forum, to represent the\n intimacy which subsisted between Bacchus and Marsyas, as the emblems\n of liberty. It was also erected at the entrance of the Roman forum,\n as a spot where usurers and merchants resorted to transact business,\n being principally intended _in terrorem litigatorum_; a circumstance\n to which Horace seems to allude, bk. 1, satire 6, li. 120. At\n Cel\u00e6n\u00e6, the skin of Marsyas was shown to travellers for some time;\n it was suspended in the public place in the form of a bladder, or a\n foot-ball. _Hyginus_, fable 165.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 707;\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 7.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 503.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29; bk. 7, ch. 56.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n sources of the Marsyas were near those of the M\u00e6ander, and those two\n rivers had their confluence a little below the town of Cel\u00e6n\u00e6. _Livy_,\n bk. 38, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 265.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 3, li. 208.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer who published a history of Macedonia,\n from the first origin and foundation of that empire till the reign of\n Alexander, in which he lived.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Egyptian who commanded the armies\n of Cleopatra against her brother Ptolemy Physcon, whom she attempted\n to dethrone.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man put to death by Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily.\n\n=Martha=, a celebrated prophetess of Syria, whose artifice and fraud\n proved of the greatest service to Caius Marius in the numerous\n expeditions which he undertook. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.\n\n=Martia=, a vestal virgin, put to death for her incontinence.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Cato. _See:_ Marcia.\n\n=Martia aqua=, water at Rome, celebrated for its clearness and\n salubrity. It was conveyed to Rome, at the distance of above 30 miles,\n from the lake Fucinus, by Ancus Martius, whence it received its name.\n _Tibullus_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 26.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 3; bk. 36,\n ch. 15.\n\n=Marti\u0101les ludi=, games celebrated at Rome in honour of Mars.\n\n=Marti\u0101lis Marcus Valerius=, a native of Bilbilis, in Spain, who came\n to Rome about the 20th year of his age, where he recommended himself\n to notice by his poetical genius. As he was the panegyrist of the\n emperors, he gained the greatest honours, and was rewarded in the\n most liberal manner. Domitian gave him the tribuneship; but the\n poet, unmindful of the favours he received, after the death of his\n benefactor, exposed to ridicule the vices and cruelties of a monster,\n whom in his lifetime he had extolled as the pattern of virtue,\n goodness, and excellence. Trajan treated the poet with coldness, and\n Martial, after he had passed 35 years in the capital of the world, in\n the greatest splendour and affluence, retired to his native country,\n where he had the mortification to be the object of malevolence,\n satire, and ridicule. He received some favours from his friends, and\n his poverty was alleviated by the \u2666liberality of Pliny the younger,\n whom he had panegyrized in his poems. Martial died about the 104th\n year of the christian era, in the 75th year of his age. He is now\n well known by the 14 books of epigrams which he wrote, and whose\n merit is now best described by the candid confession of the author\n in this line,\n\n _Sunt bona, sunt qu\u00e6dam mediocria, sunt mala plura._\n\n But the genius which he displays in some of his epigrams deserves\n commendation, though many critics are liberal in their censure upon\n his style, his thoughts, and particularly upon his puns, which are\n often low and despicable. In many of his epigrams the poet has shown\n himself a declared enemy to decency, and the book is to be read with\n caution which can corrupt the purity of morals, and initiate the\n votaries of virtue in the mysteries of vice. It has been observed of\n Martial, that his talent was epigrams. Everything which he did was\n the subject of an epigram. He wrote inscriptions upon monuments in\n the epigrammatical style, and even a new year\u2019s gift was accompanied\n with a distich, and his poetical pen was employed in begging a favour\n as well as in satirizing a fault. The best editions of Martial are\n those of Rader, folio, Mogunt. 1627; of Schriverius, 12mo, Leiden,\n 1619; and of Smids, 8vo, Amsterdam, 1701.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Otho.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n man who conspired against Caracalla.\n\n \u2666 \u2018liberalty\u2019 replaced with \u2018liberality\u2019\n\n=Marti\u0101nus.= _See:_ Marcianus.\n\n=Mart\u012bna=, a woman skilled in the knowledge of poisonous herbs, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 79, &c.\n\n=Martini\u0101nus=, an officer, made C\u00e6sar by \u2666Licinius, to oppose\n Constantine. He was put to death by order of Constantine.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Linicius\u2019 replaced with \u2018Licinius\u2019\n\n=Martius=, a surname of Jupiter in Attica, expressive of his power and\n valour. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman consul sent against\n Perseus, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul against the Dalmatians, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who\n defeated the Carthaginians in Spain.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who defeated the\n Privernates, &c.\n\n=Marullus=, a tribune of the people, who tore the garlands which had\n been placed upon C\u00e6sar\u2019s statues, and who ordered those that had\n saluted him king to be imprisoned. He was deprived of his consulship\n by Julius C\u00e6sar. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Jud\u00e6a.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Latin poet\n in the age of Marcus Aurelius. He satirized the emperor with great\n licentiousness, but his invectives were disregarded, and himself\n despised.\n\n=Marus= (the _Morava_), a river of Germany, which separates modern\n Hungary and Moravia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 63.\n\n=Massa B\u00e6bius=, an informer at the court of Domitian. _Juvenal_,\n satire 1, li. 35.\n\n=Mas\u00e6sylii=, a people of Libya, where Syphax reigned. _See:_ Massyla.\n\n=Masinissa=, son of Gala, was king of a small part of Africa, and\n assisted the Carthaginians in their wars against Rome. He proved\n a most indefatigable and courageous ally, but an act of generosity\n rendered him amicable to the interests of Rome. After the defeat of\n Asdrubal, Scipio, the first Africanus who had obtained the victory,\n found, among the prisoners of war, one of the nephews of Masinissa.\n He sent him back to his uncle loaded with presents, and conducted\n him with a detachment for the safety and protection of his person.\n Masinissa was struck with the generous action of the Roman general;\n he forgot all former hostilities, and joined his troops to those of\n Scipio. This change of sentiments was not the effect of a wavering\n or unsettled mind, but Masinissa showed himself the most attached\n and the firmest ally the Romans ever had. It was to his exertions\n they owed many of their victories in Africa, and particularly in\n that battle which proved fatal to Asdrubal and Syphax. The Numidian\n conqueror, charmed with the beauty of Sophonisba, the captive wife\n of Syphax, carried her to his camp and married her; but when he\n perceived that this new connection displeased Scipio, he sent poison\n to his wife, and recommended her to destroy herself, since he could\n not preserve her life in a manner which became her rank, her dignity,\n and fortune, without offending his Roman allies. In the battle\n of Zama, Masinissa greatly contributed to the defeat of the great\n Annibal, and the Romans, who had been so often spectators of his\n courage and valour, rewarded his fidelity with the kingdom of Syphax,\n and some of the Carthaginian territories. At his death Masinissa\n showed the confidence which he had in the Romans, and the esteem he\n entertained for the rising talents of Scipio \u00c6milianus, by entrusting\n him with the care of his kingdom, and empowering him to divide it\n among his sons. Masinissa died in the 97th year of his age, after\n a reign of above 60 years, 149 years before the christian era. He\n experienced adversity as well as prosperity, and in the first years\n of his reign he was exposed to the greatest danger, and obliged often\n to save his life by seeking a retreat among his savage neighbours.\n But his alliance with the Romans was the beginning of his greatness,\n and he ever after lived in the greatest affluence. He is remarkable\n for the health which he long enjoyed. In the last years of his\n life he was seen at the head of his armies behaving with the most\n indefatigable activity, and he often remained for many successive\n days on horseback without a saddle under him, or a covering upon his\n head, and without showing the least mark of fatigue. This strength\n of mind and body he chiefly owed to the temperance which he observed.\n He was seen eating brown bread at the door of his tent like a private\n soldier the day after he had obtained an immortal victory over the\n armies of Carthage. He left 54 sons, three of whom were legitimate,\n Micipsa, Gulussa, and Manastabal. The kingdom was fairly divided\n among them by Scipio, and the illegitimate children received,\n as their portion, very valuable presents. The death of Gulussa\n and Manastabal soon after left Micipsa sole master of the large\n possessions of Masinissa. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Polybius._\u2015\u2015_Appian_,\n _Lybica [Punic Wars]_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Senectute_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_,\n bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 25, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 769.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 33, ch. 1; bk. 38, ch. 6.\n\n=Maso=, a name common to several persons mentioned by Cicero.\n\n=Mass\u0103ga=, a town of India, taken by Alexander the Great.\n\n=Mass\u0103g\u0115te=, a people of Scythia, who had their wives in common, and\n dwelt in tents. They had no temples, but worshipped the sun, to\n whom they offered horses, on account of their swiftness. When their\n parents had come to a certain age, they generally put them to death,\n and ate their flesh mixed with that of cattle. Authors are divided\n with respect to the place of their residence. Some place them near\n the Caspian sea, others at the north of the Danube, and some confound\n them with the Get\u00e6 and the Scythians. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 35, li.\n 40.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius Periegeta_, li. 738.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 204.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 50.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\n\n=Mass\u0101na.= _See:_ Messana.\n\n=Mass\u0101ni=, a nation at the mouth of the Indus.\n\n=Mass\u012dcus=, a mountain of Campania near Minturn\u00e6, famous for its wine,\n which even now preserves its ancient character. _Pliny_, bk. 14,\n ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 1, li. 19.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,\n li. 143.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Etrurian prince, who assisted \u00c6neas against Turnus\n with 1000 men. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 166, &c.\n\n=Massilia=, a maritime town of Gaul Narbonensis, now called\n _Marseilles_, founded B.C. 539, by the people of Phoc\u00e6a, in Asia,\n who quitted their country to avoid the tyranny of the Persians. It\n is celebrated for its laws, its fidelity for the Romans, and for\n its being long the seat of literature. It acquired great consequence\n by its commercial pursuits during its infancy, and even waged\n war against Carthage. By becoming the ally of Rome, its power was\n established; but in warmly espousing the cause of Pompey against\n C\u00e6sar, its views were frustrated, and it was so much reduced by\n the insolence and resentment of the conqueror, that it never after\n recovered its independence and warlike spirit. _Herodotus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 164.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 37, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, epode 16.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _For Flaccus_, ch. 26; _De Officiis_, bk. 2,\n \u2666ch. 28.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 44; _Agricola_, ch. 4.\n\n \u2666 \u20188\u2019 replaced with \u201828\u2019\n\n=Mass\u0233la=, an inland part of Mauritania near mount Atlas. When the\n inhabitants, called _Massyli_, went on horseback, they never used\n saddles or bridles, but only sticks. Their character was warlike,\n their manners simple, and their love of liberty unconquerable. Some\n suppose them to be the same as the Mas\u00e6ylii, though others say half\n the country belonged only to this last-mentioned people. _Livy_,\n bk. 24, ch. 48; bk. 28, ch. 17; bk. 29, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 3, li. 282; bk. 16, li. 171.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 682.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 132.\n\n=Mastramela=, a lake near Marseilles, now _mer de Martegues_. _Pliny_,\n bk. 3, ch. 4.\n\n=M\u0103s\u016drius=, a Roman knight under Tiberius, learned, but poor. _Persius_,\n bk. 5, li. 90.\n\n=Masus Domitius=, a Latin poet. _See:_ Domitius.\n\n=Matho=, an infamous informer, patronized by Domitian. _Juvenal_,\n satire 1, li. 32.\n\n=Mati\u0113ni=, a people in the neighbourhood of Armenia.\n\n=Mat\u012dnus=, a mountain of Apulia, abounding in yew trees and bees.\n _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 184.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 2, li. 27; epode 16,\n li. 28.\n\n=Matisco=, a town of the \u00c6dui in Gaul, now called _Macon_.\n\n=Matr\u0101lia=, a festival at Rome, in honour of Matuta or Ino. Only matrons\n and freeborn women were admitted. They made offerings of flowers, and\n carried their relations\u2019 children in their arms, recommending them to\n the care and patronage of the goddess whom they worshipped. _Varro_,\n _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 47.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Camillus_.\n\n=Matr\u014dna=, a river of Gaul, now called the _Marne_, falling into the\n Seine. _Ausonius_, _Mosella_, li. 462.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the surnames of Juno,\n because she presided over marriage and over child-birth.\n\n=Matron\u0101lia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Mars, celebrated by\n married women, in commemoration of the rape of the Sabines, and of\n the peace which their intreaties had obtained between their fathers\n and husbands. Flowers were then offered in the temples of Juno.\n _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 229.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\n\n=Matti\u0103ci=, a nation of Germany, now _Marpurg_, in Hesse. The _Mattiac\u00e6\n aqu\u00e6_ was a small town, now _Wisbaden_, opposite Mentz. _Tacitus_,\n _Germania_, ch. 29; _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 56.\n\n=M\u0101t\u016bta=, a deity among the Romans, the same as the Leucothoe of the\n Greeks. She was originally Ino, who was changed into a sea deity\n [_See:_ Ino and Leucothoe], and she was worshipped by sailors as such,\n at Corinth, in a temple sacred to Neptune. Only married women and\n freeborn matrons were permitted to enter her temples at Rome, where\n they generally brought the children of their relations in their arms.\n _Livy_, bk. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, li. 19.\n\n=Mavors=, a name of Mars. _See:_ Mars.\n\n=Mavortia=, an epithet applied to every country whose inhabitants were\n warlike, but especially to Rome, founded by the reputed son of Mavors.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 280, and to Thrace, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3,\n li. 13.\n\n=Mauri=, the inhabitants of Mauritania. This name is derived from their\n black complexion (\u03bc\u03b1\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9). Everything among them grew in greater\n abundance and greater perfection than in other countries. _Strabo_,\n bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 29; bk. 12, ltr. 67.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 569; bk. 10, li. 402.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 5;\n bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 19, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 206.\n\n=Maurit\u0101nia=, a country on the western part of Africa, which forms the\n modern kingdom of _Fez_ and _Morocco_. It was bounded on the west by\n the Atlantic, south by G\u00e6tulia, and north by the Mediterranean, and\n is sometimes called _Maurusia_. It became a Roman province in the\n reign of the emperor Claudius. _See:_ Mauri.\n\n=Maurus=, a man who flourished in the reign of Trajan, or, according to\n others, of the Antonini. He was governor of Syene, in Upper Egypt. He\n wrote a Latin poem upon the rules of poetry and versification.\n\n=Maur\u016bsii=, the people of Maurusia, a country near the columns of\n Hercules. It is also called Mauritania. _See:_ Mauritania. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 206.\n\n=Maus\u014dlus=, a king of Caria. His wife Artemisia was so disconsolate\n at his death, which happened B.C. 353, that she drank up his ashes,\n and resolved to erect one of the grandest and noblest monuments of\n antiquity, to celebrate the memory of a husband whom she tenderly\n loved. This famous monument, which passed for one of the seven\n wonders of the world, was called _Mausoleum_, and from it all other\n magnificent sepulchres and tombs have received the same name. It was\n built by four different architects. Scopas erected the side which\n faced the east, Timotheus had the south, Leochares had the west, and\n Bruxis the north. Pithis was also employed in raising a pyramid over\n this stately monument, and the top was adorned by a chariot drawn by\n four horses. The expenses of this edifice were immense, and this gave\n an occasion to the philosopher Anaxagoras to exclaim, when he saw it,\n \u201cHow much money changed into stones!\u201d _See:_ Artemisia. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 7, ch. 99.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 10, ch.\n 18.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 2, li. 21.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Augustus_,\n ch. 100.\n\n=Maxentius Marcus Aurelius Valerius=, a son of the emperor Maximianus\n Hercules. Some suppose him to have been a supposititious child. The\n voluntary abdication of Diocletian, and of his father, raised him in\n the state, and he declared himself independent emperor, or Augustus,\n A.D. 306. He afterwards incited his father to reassume his imperial\n authority, and in a perfidious manner destroyed Severus, who had\n delivered himself into his hands and relied upon his honour for\n the safety of his life. His victories and successes were impeded\n by Galerius Maximianus, who opposed him with a powerful force. The\n defeat and voluntary death of Galerius soon restored peace to Italy,\n and Maxentius passed into Africa, where he rendered himself odious\n by his cruelty and oppression. He soon after returned to Rome, and\n was informed that Constantine was come to dethrone him. He gave his\n adversary battle near Rome, and, after he had lost the victory, he\n fled back to the city. The bridge over which he crossed the Tiber\n was in a decayed state, and he fell into the river and was drowned,\n on the 24th of September, A.D. 317. The cowardice and luxuries of\n Maxentius are as conspicuous as his cruelties. He oppressed his\n subjects with heavy taxes to gratify the cravings of his pleasures,\n or the avarice of his favourites. He was debauched in his manners,\n and neither virtue nor innocence were safe whenever he was inclined\n to voluptuous pursuits. He was naturally deformed, and of an unwieldy\n body. To visit a pleasure ground, or to exercise himself under a\n marble portico, or to walk on a shady terrace, was to him a Herculean\n labour, which required the greatest exertions of strength and\n resolution.\n\n=Cornelius Maximili\u0101na=, a vestal virgin, buried alive for incontinency,\n A.D. 92.\n\n=Maximi\u0101nus Herculius Marcus Aurelius Valerius=, a native of Sirmium,\n in Pannonia, who served as a common soldier in the Roman armies. When\n Diocletian had been raised to the imperial throne, he remembered the\n valour and courage of his fellow-soldier Maximianus, and rewarded\n his fidelity by making him his colleague in the empire, and by ceding\n to him the command of the provinces of Italy, Africa, and Spain,\n and the rest of the western territories of Rome. Maximianus showed\n the justness of the choice of Diocletian by his victories over the\n barbarians. In Britain success did not attend his arms; but in Africa\n he defeated and put to death Aurelius Julianus, who had proclaimed\n himself emperor. Soon after Diocletian abdicated the imperial purple,\n and obliged Maximianus to follow his example on the 1st of April,\n A.D. 304. Maximianus reluctantly complied with the command of a\n man to whom he owed his greatness, but before the first year of his\n resignation had elapsed, he was roused from his indolence and retreat\n by the ambition of his son Maxentius. He reassumed the imperial\n dignity, and showed his ingratitude to his son by wishing him to\n resign the sovereignty, and to sink into a private person. This\n proposal was not only rejected with the contempt which it deserved,\n but the troops mutinied against Maximianus, and he fled for safety\n to Gaul, to the court of Constantine, to whom he gave his daughter\n Faustina in marriage. Here he again acted a conspicuous character,\n and reassumed the imperial power, which his misfortunes had obliged\n him to relinquish. This offended Constantine. But, when open violence\n seemed to frustrate the ambitious views of Maximianus, he had\n recourse to artifice. He prevailed upon his daughter Faustina\n to leave the doors of her chamber open in the dead of night; and\n when she promised faithfully to execute his commands, he secretly\n introduced himself to her bed, where he stabbed to the heart the\n man who slept by the side of his daughter. This was not Constantine;\n Faustina, faithful to her husband, had apprised him of her father\u2019s\n machinations, and a eunuch had been placed in his bed. Constantine\n watched the motions of his father-in-law, and when he heard the\n fatal blow given to the eunuch, he rushed in with a band of soldiers,\n and secured the assassin. Constantine resolved to destroy a man\n who was so inimical to his nearest relations, and nothing was left\n to Maximianus but to choose his own death. He strangled himself at\n Marseilles, A.D. 310, in the 60th year of his age. His body was found\n fresh and entire in a leaden coffin about the middle of the 11th\n century.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Galerius Valerius, a native of Dacia, who, in the first\n years of his life, was employed in keeping his father\u2019s flocks. He\n entered the army, where his valour and bodily strength recommended\n him to the notice of his superiors, and particularly to Diocletian,\n who invested him with the imperial purple in the east, and gave him\n his daughter Valeria in marriage. Galerius deserved the confidence\n of his benefactor. He conquered the Goths and Dalmatians, and checked\n the insolence of the Persians. In a battle, however, with the king\n of Persia, Galerius was defeated; and, to complete his ignominy,\n and render him more sensible of his disgrace, Diocletian obliged\n him to walk behind his chariot arrayed in his imperial robes. This\n humiliation stung Galerius to the quick; he assembled another army,\n and gave battle to the Persians. He gained a complete victory,\n and took the wives and children of his enemy. This success elated\n Galerius to such a degree, that he claimed the most dignified\n appellations, and ordered himself to be called the son of Mars.\n Diocletian himself dreaded his power, and even, it is said, abdicated\n the imperial dignity by means of his threats. This resignation,\n however, is attributed by some to a voluntary act of the mind, and to\n a desire of enjoying solitude and retirement. As soon as Diocletian\n had abdicated, Galerius was proclaimed Augustus, A.D. 304, but his\n cruelty soon rendered him odious, and the Roman people, offended\n at his oppression, raised Maxentius to the imperial dignity the\n following year, and Galerius was obliged to yield to the torrent of\n his unpopularity, and to fly before his more fortunate adversary.\n He died in the greatest agonies, A.D. 311. The bodily pains and\n sufferings which preceded his death were, according to the christian\n writers, the effects of the vengeance of an offended providence for\n the cruelty which he had exercised against the followers of Christ.\n In his character Galerius was wanton and tyrannical, and he often\n feasted his eyes with the sight of dying wretches, whom his barbarity\n had delivered to bears and other wild beasts. His aversion to learned\n men arose from his ignorance of letters; and, if he was deprived\n of the benefits of education, he proved the more cruel and the\n more inexorable. _Lactantius_, _de Mortibus Persecutorum_, ch. 33.\n \u2015\u2015_Eusebius_, bk. 8, ch. 16.\n\n=Maxim\u012bnus Caius Julius Verus=, the son of a peasant in Thrace. He\n was originally a shepherd, and, by heading his countrymen against\n the frequent attacks of the neighbouring barbarians and robbers,\n he inured himself to the labours and to the fatigues of a camp.\n He entered the Roman armies, where he gradually rose to the first\n offices; and on the death of Alexander Severus he caused himself to\n be proclaimed emperor, A. D. 235. The popularity which he had gained\n when general of the armies, was at an end when he ascended the throne.\n He was delighted with acts of the greatest barbarity, and no less\n than 400 persons lost their lives on the false suspicion of having\n conspired against the emperor\u2019s life. They died in the greatest\n torments, and, that the tyrant might the better entertain himself\n with their sufferings, some were exposed to wild beasts, others\n expired by blows, some were nailed on crosses, while others were shut\n up in the bellies of animals just killed. The noblest of the Roman\n citizens were the objects of his cruelty; and, as if they were more\n conscious than others of his mean origin, he resolved to spare no\n means to remove from his presence a number of men whom he looked\n upon with an eye of envy, and who, as he imagined, hated him for his\n oppression, and despised him for the poverty and obscurity of his\n early years. Such is the character of the suspicious and tyrannical\n Maximinus. In his military capacity he acted with the same ferocity;\n and, in an expedition in Germany, he not only cut down the corn, but\n he totally ruined and set fire to the whole country, to the extent of\n 450 miles. Such a monster of tyranny at last provoked the people of\n Rome. The Gordians were proclaimed emperors, but their innocence and\n pacific virtues were unable to resist the fury of Maximinus. After\n their fall, the Roman senate invested 20 men of their number with\n the imperial dignity and entrusted into their hands the care of the\n republic. These measures so highly irritated Maximinus, that at the\n first intelligence, he howled like a wild beast, and almost destroyed\n himself by knocking his head against the walls of his palace. When\n his fury was abated he marched to Rome, resolved on slaughter.\n His bloody machinations were stopped, and his soldiers, ashamed of\n accompanying a tyrant whose cruelties had procured him the name of\n Busiris, Cyclops, and Phalaris, assassinated him in his tent before\n the walls of Aquileia, A.D. 236, in the 65th year of his age. The\n news of his death was received with the greatest rejoicings at Rome;\n public thanksgivings were offered, and whole hecatombs flamed on\n the altars. Maximinus has been represented by historians as of a\n gigantic stature; he was eight feet high, and the bracelets of his\n wife served as rings to adorn the fingers of his hand. His voracity\n was as remarkable as his corpulence; he generally ate 40 pounds\n of flesh every day, and drank 18 bottles of wine. His strength was\n proportionable to his gigantic shape; he could alone draw a loaded\n waggon, and, with a blow of his fist, he often broke the teeth in a\n horse\u2019s mouth; he also broke the hardest stones between his fingers,\n and cleft trees with his hand. _Herodian._\u2015\u2015_Jornandes_, _Getica_.\n \u2015\u2015_Capitol._ Maximinus made his son, of the same name, emperor,\n as soon as he was invested with the purple, and his choice was\n unanimously approved by the senate, by the people, and by the army.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Galerius Valerius, a shepherd of Thrace, who was raised to the\n imperial dignity by Diocletian, A.D. 305. He was nephew to Galerius\n Maximianus, by his mother\u2019s side, and to him he was indebted for his\n rise and consequence in the Roman armies. As Maximinus was ambitious\n and fond of power, he looked with an eye of jealousy upon those who\n shared the dignity of emperor with himself. He declared war against\n Licinius, his colleague on the throne, but a defeat, which soon\n after followed, on the 30th of April, A.D. 313, between Heraclea\n and Adrianopolis, left him without resources and without friends.\n His victorious enemy pursued him, and he fled beyond mount Taurus,\n forsaken and almost unknown. He attempted to put an end to his\n miserable existence, but his efforts were ineffectual, and though\n his death is attributed by some to despair, it is more universally\n believed that he expired in the greatest agonies of a dreadful\n distemper, which consumed him, day and night, with inexpressible\n pains, and reduced him to a mere skeleton. This miserable end,\n according to the ecclesiastical writers, was the visible punishment\n of heaven, for the barbarities which Maximinus had exercised against\n the followers of christianity, and for the many blasphemies which he\n had uttered. _Lactantius._\u2015\u2015_Eusebius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A minister of the emperor\n Valerian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the ambassadors of young Theodosius to Attila\n king of the Huns.\n\n=Max\u012dmus Magnus=, a native of Spain, who proclaimed himself emperor,\n A.D. 383. The unpopularity of Gratian favoured his usurpation, and\n he was acknowledged by his troops. Gratian marched against him, but\n he was defeated, and soon after assassinated. Maximus refused the\n honours of a burial to the remains of Gratian; and, when he had\n made himself master of Britain, Gaul, and Spain, he sent ambassadors\n into the east, and demanded of the emperor Theodosius to acknowledge\n him as his associate on the throne. Theodosius endeavoured to amuse\n and delay him, but Maximus resolved to support his claim by arms,\n and crossed the Alps. Italy was laid desolate, and Rome opened her\n gates to the conqueror. Theodosius now determined to revenge the\n audaciousness of Maximus, and had recourse to artifice. He began\n to make a naval armament, and Maximus, not to appear inferior to\n his adversary, had already embarked his troops, when Theodosius,\n by secret and hastened marches, fell upon him, and besieged him at\n Aquileia. Maximus was betrayed by his soldiers, and the conqueror,\n moved with compassion at the sight of his fallen and dejected enemy,\n granted him life, but the multitude refused him mercy, and instantly\n struck off his head, A.D. 388. His son Victor, who shared the\n imperial dignity with him, was soon after sacrificed to the fury\n of the soldiers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Petronius, a Roman, descended of an illustrious\n family. He caused Valentinian III. to be assassinated, and ascended\n the throne; and, to strengthen his usurpation, he married the empress,\n to whom he had the weakness and imprudence to betray that he had\n sacrificed her husband to his love for her person. This declaration\n irritated the empress; she had recourse to the barbarians to avenge\n the death of Valentinian, and Maximus was stoned to death by his\n soldiers, and his body thrown into the Tiber, A.D. 455. He reigned\n only 77 days.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pupianus. _See:_ \u2666Pupianus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated cynic\n philosopher and magician of Ephesus. He instructed the emperor Julian\n in magic; and according to the opinion of some historians, it was in\n the conversation and company of Maximus that the apostacy of Julian\n originated. The emperor not only visited the philosopher, but he even\n submitted his writings to his inspection and censure. Maximus refused\n to live in the court of Julian, and the emperor, not dissatisfied\n with the refusal, appointed him high pontiff in the province of\n Lydia, an office which he discharged with the greatest moderation and\n justice. When Julian went into the east, the philosopher promised him\n success, and even said that his conquests would be more numerous and\n extensive than those of the son of Philip. He persuaded his imperial\n pupil that, according to the doctrine of metempsychosis, his body\n was animated by the soul which once animated the hero whose greatness\n and victories he was going to eclipse. After the death of Julian,\n Maximus was almost sacrificed to the fury of the soldiers, but\n the interposition of his friends saved his life, and he retired to\n Constantinople. He was soon after accused of magical practices before\n the emperor Valens, and beheaded at Ephesus, A.D. 366. He wrote some\n philosophical and rhetorical treatises, some of which were dedicated\n to Julian. They are all now lost. _Ammianus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Tyrius, a Platonic\n philosopher in the reign of Marcus Aurelius. This emperor, who was\n naturally fond of study, became one of the pupils of Maximus, and\n paid great deference to his instructions. There are extant of Maximus\n 41 dissertations on moral and philosophical subjects, written in\n Greek, the best editions of which are that of Davis, 8vo, Cambridge,\n 1703; and that of Reiske, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n the Greek fathers of the seventh century, whose works were edited\n by Combesis, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1675.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Paulus Fabius, a consul\n with Marcus Antony\u2019s son. Horace speaks of him, bk. 4, ode 1, li. 10,\n as of a gay, handsome youth, fond of pleasure, yet industrious\n and indefatigable.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An epithet applied to Jupiter, as being the\n greatest and most powerful of all the gods.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Sirmium,\n in Pannonia. He was originally a gardener, but, by enlisting in the\n Roman army, he became one of the military tribunes, and his marriage\n with a woman of rank and opulence soon rendered him independent. He\n was father to the emperor Probus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Trajan, killed in\n the eastern provinces.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the murderers of Domitian, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n philosopher, native of Byzantium, in the age of Julian the emperor.\n\n \u2666 Reference not found.\n\n=Maz\u0103ca=, a large city of Cappadocia, the capital of the province. It\n was called C\u00e6sarea by Tiberius, in honour of Augustus.\n\n=Maz\u0101ces=, a Persian governor of Memphis. He made a sally against the\n Grecian soldiers of Alexander, and killed great numbers of them.\n _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\n\n=Maz\u00e6us=, a satrap of Cilicia, under Artaxerxes Ochus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor\n of Babylon, son-in-law to Darius. He surrendered to Alexander, &c.\n _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\n\n=Maz\u0101res=, a satrap of Media, who reduced Priene under the power of\n Cyrus. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 161.\n\n=Mazaxes= (singular, Mazax), a people of Africa, famous for shooting\n arrows. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 681.\n\n=Maz\u0115ras=, a river of Hyrcania, falling into the Caspian sea.\n _Plutarch._\n\n=Maz\u012bces= and =Maz\u0233ges=, a people of Libya, very expert in the use of\n missile weapons. The Romans made use of them as couriers, on account\n of their great swiftness. _Suetonius_, _Nero_, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 4, li. 684.\n\n=Mec\u00e6nas=, or =Mec\u0153nas Caius \u2666Cilnius=, a celebrated Roman knight,\n descended from the kings of Etruria. He has rendered himself immortal\n by his liberal patronage of learned men and of letters; and to his\n prudence and advice Augustus acknowledged himself indebted for the\n security which he enjoyed. His fondness for pleasure removed him\n from the reach of ambition, and he preferred to die, as he was born,\n a Roman knight, to all the honours and dignities which either the\n friendship of Augustus or his own popularity could heap upon him. It\n was from the result of his advice, against the opinion of Agrippa,\n that Augustus resolved to keep the supreme power in his hands, and\n not by a voluntary resignation to plunge Rome into civil commotions.\n The emperor received the private admonitions of Mec\u0153nas in the\n same friendly manner as they were given, and he was not displeased\n with the liberty of his friend, who threw a paper to him with these\n words, \u201cDescend from the tribunal, thou butcher!\u201d while he sat in the\n judgment-seat, and betrayed revenge and impatience in his countenance.\n He was struck with the admonition, and left the tribunal without\n passing sentence of death on the criminals. To the interference of\n Mec\u0153nas, Virgil owed the restitution of his lands, and Horace was\n proud to boast that his learned friend had obtained his forgiveness\n from the emperor, for joining the cause of Brutus at the battle of\n Philippi. Mec\u0153nas was himself fond of literature, and, according to\n the most received opinion, he wrote a history of animals, a journal\n of the life of Augustus, a treatise on the different natures and\n kinds of precious stones, besides the two tragedies of Octavia and\n Prometheus, and other things, all now lost. He died eight years\n before Christ; and, on his death-bed, he particularly recommended his\n poetical friend Horace to the care and confidence of Augustus. Seneca,\n who has liberally commended the genius and abilities of Mec\u0153nas,\n has not withheld his censure from his dissipation, indolence, and\n effeminate luxury. From the patronage and encouragement which the\n princes of heroic and lyric poetry among the Latins received from\n the favourite of Augustus, all patrons of literature have ever since\n been called _Mec\u0153nates_. Virgil dedicated to him his Georgics, and\n Horace his odes. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 66, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Augustus_.\u2015\u2015_Herodian_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, ltrs. 19 & 92.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Cilnus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Cilnius\u2019\n\n=Mechaneus=, a surname of Jupiter, from his patronizing undertakings.\n He had a statue near the temple of Ceres at Argos, and there the\n people swore, before they went to the Trojan war, either to conquer\n or to perish. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.\n\n=Mecisteus=, son of Echius, or Talaus, was one of the companions of\n Ajax. He was killed by Polydamus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 28,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Mecrida=, the wife of Lysimachus. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 6.\n\n=M\u0113d\u0113a=, a celebrated magician, daughter of \u00c6etes king of Colchis.\n Her mother\u2019s name, according to the more received opinion of Hesiod\n and Hyginus, was Idyia, or, according to others, Ephyre, Hecate,\n Asterodia, Antiope, or Ner\u00e6a. She was the niece of Circe. When Jason\n came to Colchis in quest of the golden fleece, Medea became enamoured\n of him, and it was to her well-directed labours that the Argonauts\n owed their preservation. _See:_ Jason and Argonaut\u00e6. Medea had an\n interview with her lover in the temple of Hecate, where they bound\n themselves by the most solemn oaths, and mutually promised eternal\n fidelity. No sooner had Jason overcome all the difficulties which\n \u00c6etes had placed in his way, than Medea embarked with the conquerors\n for Greece. To stop the pursuit of her father, she tore to pieces\n her brother Absyrtus, and left his mangled limbs in the way through\n which \u00c6etes was to pass. This act of barbarity some have attributed\n to Jason, and not to her. When Jason reached Iolchos, his native\n country, the return and victories of the Argonauts were celebrated\n with universal rejoicings; but \u00c6son the father of Jason was unable\n to assist at the solemnity, on account of the infirmities of his age.\n Medea, at her husband\u2019s request, removed the weakness of \u00c6son, and\n by drawing away the blood from his veins, and filling them again\n with the juice of certain herbs, she restored to him the vigour\n and sprightliness of youth. This sudden change in \u00c6son astonished\n the inhabitants of Iolchos, and the daughters of Pelias were also\n desirous to see their father restored, by the same power, to the\n vigour of youth. Medea, willing to revenge the injuries which her\n husband\u2019s family had suffered from Pelias, increased their curiosity,\n and by cutting to pieces an old ram and making it again, in their\n presence, a young lamb, she totally determined them to try the same\n experiment upon their father\u2019s body. They accordingly killed him\n of their own accord, and boiled his flesh in a cauldron; but Medea\n refused to perform the same friendly offices to Pelias which she had\n done to \u00c6son, and he was consumed by the heat of the fire, and even\n deprived of a burial. This action greatly irritated the people of\n Iolchos, and Medea, with her husband, fled to Corinth to avoid the\n resentment of an offended populace. Here they lived for 10 years\n with much conjugal tenderness; but the love of Jason for Glauce, the\n king\u2019s daughter, soon interrupted their mutual harmony, and Medea was\n divorced. Medea revenged the infidelity of Jason by causing the death\n of Glauce, and the destruction of her family. _See:_ Glauce. This\n action was followed by another still more atrocious. Medea killed two\n of her children in their father\u2019s presence, and when Jason attempted\n to punish the barbarity of the mother, she fled through the air upon\n a chariot drawn by winged dragons. From Corinth Medea came to Athens,\n where, after she had undergone the necessary purification of her\n murder, she married king \u00c6geus, or, according to others, lived in an\n adulterous manner with him. From her connection with \u00c6geus, Medea had\n a son, who was called Medus. Soon after, when Theseus wished to make\n himself known to his father [_See:_ \u00c6geus], Medea, jealous of his\n fame, and fearful of his power, attempted to poison him at a feast\n which had been prepared for his entertainment. Her attempts, however,\n failed of success, and the sight of the sword which Theseus wore by\n his side, convinced \u00c6geus that the stranger against whose life he\n had so basely conspired was no less than his own son. The father and\n the son were reconciled, and Medea, to avoid the punishment which\n her wickedness deserved, mounted her fiery chariot, and disappeared\n through the air. She came to Colchis, where, according to some, she\n was reconciled to Jason, who had sought her in her native country\n after her sudden departure from Corinth. She died at Colchis, as\n Justin mentions, when she had been restored to the confidence of\n her family. After death she married Achilles in the Elysian fields,\n according to the traditions mentioned by Simonides. The murder of\n Mermerus and Pheres, the youngest of Jason\u2019s children by Medea,\n is not attributed to their mother according to \u00c6lian, but the\n Corinthians themselves assassinated them in the temple of Juno Acr\u00e6a.\n To avoid the resentment of the gods, and deliver themselves from the\n pestilence which visited their country after so horrid a massacre,\n they engaged the poet Euripides, for five talents, to write a tragedy,\n which cleared them of the murder, and represented Medea as the cruel\n assassin of her own children. And besides, that this opinion might\n be the better credited, festivals were appointed, in which the mother\n was represented with all the barbarity of a fury murdering her own\n sons. _See:_ Her\u00e6a. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables\n 21, 22, 23, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius Periegetes._\n \u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 5, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch.\n 3; bk. 8, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Medea_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4. \u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fable 1; _Medicamina Faciei Femine\u00e6_.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 19.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Orpheus._\u2015\u2015_Flaccus._\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 556.\n\n=Medesicaste=, a daughter of Priam, who married Imbrius son of Mentor,\n who was killed by Teucer during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 13, ch. 172.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\n\n=Media=, a celebrated country of Asia, bounded on the north by the\n Caspian sea, west by Armenia, south by Persia, and east by Parthia\n and Hyrcania. It was originally called _Aria_, till the age of Medus\n the son of Medea, who gave it the name of Media. The province of\n Media was first raised into a kingdom by its revolt from the Assyrian\n monarchy, B.C. 820; and after it had for some time enjoyed a kind of\n republican government, Deioces, by his artifice, procured himself to\n be called king, 700 B.C. After a reign of 53 years he was succeeded\n by Phraortes, B.C. 647; who was succeeded by Cyaxares, B.C. 625. His\n successor was Astyages, B.C. 585, in whose reign Cyrus became master\n of Media, B.C. 551; and ever after the empire was transferred to the\n Persians. The Medes were warlike in the primitive ages of their power;\n they encouraged polygamy, and were remarkable for the homage which\n they paid to their sovereigns, who were styled kings of kings. This\n title was afterwards adopted by their conquerors the Persians, and it\n was still in use in the age of the Roman emperors. _Justin_, bk. 1,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bks. 5 & 10.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_,\n bk. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus Siculus_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Ctesias._\n\n=Medias=, a tyrant of Mysia, &c.\n\n=Med\u012dcus=, a prince of Larissa, in Thessaly, who made war against\n Lycophron tyrant of Pher\u00e6. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Mediol\u0101num=, now _Milan_, the capital of Insubria at the mouth of the\n Po. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34; bk. 34, ch. 46.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Aulercorum, a town of\n Gaul, now _Evreux_, in Normandy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sant\u014fnum, another, now _Saintes_,\n in Guienne.\n\n=Mediomatrices=, a nation that lived on the borders of the Rhine, now\n _Metz_. _Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n\n=Mediterraneum mare=, a sea which divides Europe and Asia Minor from\n Africa. It receives its name from its situation, _medio terr\u00e6_,\n situate in _the middle of the land_. It has a communication with the\n Atlantic by the columns of Hercules, and with the Euxine through the\n \u00c6gean. The word Mediterraneum does not occur in the classics; but it\n is sometimes called _internum_, _nostrum_, or _medius liquor_, and\n is frequently denominated in Scripture the _Great_ sea. The first\n naval power that ever obtained the command of it, as recorded in\n the fabulous epochs of the writer Castor, was Crete, under Minos.\n Afterwards it passed into the hands of the Lydians, B.C. 1179; of the\n Pelasgi, 1058; of the Thracians, 1000; of the Rhodians, 916; of the\n Phrygians, 893; of the Cyprians, 868; of the Ph\u0153nicians, 826; of the\n Egyptians, 787; of the Milesians, 753; of the Carians, 734; and of\n the Lesbians, 676, which they retained for 69 years. _Horace_, bk. 3,\n ode 3, li. 46.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 668.\u2015\u2015_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_,\n ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 42.\n\n=Meditr\u012bna=, the goddess of medicines, whose festivals, called\n _Meditrinalia_, were celebrated at Rome the last day of September,\n when they made offerings of fruits. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,\n bk. 5, ch. 3.\n\n=Medoacus=, or =Meduacus=, a river in the country of the Veneti, falling\n into the Adriatic sea. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 2.\n\n=Medobithyni=, a people of Thrace.\n\n=Medobriga=, a town of Lusitania, now destroyed. _Hirtius_, ch. 48.\n\n=Medon=, son of Codrus, the seventeenth and last king of Athens, was\n the first Archon that was appointed with regal authority, B.C. 1070.\n In the election Medon was preferred to his brother Neleus, by the\n oracle of Delphi, and he rendered himself popular by the justice and\n moderation of his administration. His successors were called from him\n _Medontid\u00e6_, and the office of archon remained for above 200 years in\n the family of Codrus under 12 perpetual archons. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,\n ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man killed in the Trojan war.\n \u00c6neas saw him in the infernal regions. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li.\n 483.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary of Laced\u00e6mon, who made a famous statue of Minerva,\n seen in the temple of Juno at Olympia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Centaurs, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 303.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Tyrrhene sailors changed into dolphins by Bacchus.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 671.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Peloponnesus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An illegitimate son of Ajax Oileus. _Homer._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Penelope\u2019s\n suitors. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Cyzicus, killed by\n the Argonauts.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Argos, who died about 990 years B.C.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Pylades by Electra. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.\n\n=Medontias=, a woman of Abydos, with whom Alcibiades cohabited as with\n a wife. She had a daughter, &c. _Lysias._\n\n=Meduacus=, two rivers (_Major_, now _Brenta_, and _Minor_, now\n _Bachilione_), falling, near Venice, into the Adriatic sea. _Pliny_,\n bk. 3, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 2.\n\n=Meduana=, a river of Gaul, flowing into the Ligeris, now the _Mayne_.\n _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 438.\n\n=Medull\u012bna=, a Roman virgin ravished by her father, &c. _Plutarch_,\n _Parallela minora_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An infamous courtesan in Juvenal\u2019s age,\n satire 6, li. 321.\n\n=Medus=, now _Kur_, a river of Media, falling into the Araxes. Some\n take Medus adjectively, as applying to any of the great rivers of\n Media. _Strabo_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9, li. 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of \u00c6geus and Medea, who gave his name to a country of Asia. Medus,\n when arrived to years of maturity, went to seek his mother, whom the\n arrival of Theseus in Athens had driven away. _See:_ Medea. He came\n to Colchis, where he was seized by his uncle Perses, who usurped the\n throne of \u00c6etes, his mother\u2019s father, because the oracle had declared\n that Perses should be murdered by one of the grandsons of \u00c6etes.\n Medus assumed another name, and called himself Hippotes son of Creon.\n Meanwhile Medea arrived in Colchis, disguised in the habit of a\n priestess of Diana, and when she heard that one of Creon\u2019s children\n was imprisoned, she resolved to hasten the destruction of a person\n whose family she detested. To effect this with more certainty, she\n told the usurper that Hippotes was really a son of Medea, sent by his\n mother to murder him. She begged Perses to give her Hippotes, that\n she might sacrifice him to her resentment. Perses consented. Medea\n discovered that it was her own son, and she instantly armed him with\n the dagger which she had prepared against his life, and ordered him\n to stab the usurper. He obeyed, and Medea discovered who he was,\n and made her son Medus sit on his grandfather\u2019s throne. _Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 42.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Medea_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus._\n\n=Med\u016bsa=, one of the three Gorgons, daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. She\n was the only one of the Gorgons who was subject to mortality. She\n is celebrated for her personal charms and the beauty of her locks.\n Neptune became enamoured of her, and obtained her favours in the\n temple of Minerva. This violation of the sanctity of the temple\n provoked Minerva, and she changed the beautiful locks of Medusa,\n which had inspired Neptune\u2019s love, into serpents. According to\n Apollodorus and others, Medusa and her sisters came into the world\n with snakes on their heads, instead of hair, with yellow wings and\n brazen hands. Their bodies were also covered with impenetrable scales,\n and their very looks had the power of killing or turning to stones.\n Perseus rendered his name immortal by his conquest of Medusa. He\n cut off her head, and the blood that dropped from the wound produced\n the innumerable serpents that infest Africa. The conqueror placed\n Medusa\u2019s head on the \u00e6gis of Minerva, which he had used in his\n expedition. The head still retained the same petrifying power as\n before, as it was fatally known in the court of Cepheus. _See:_\n Andromeda. Some suppose that the Gorgons were a nation of women,\n whom Perseus conquered. _See:_ Gorgones. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 618.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 624.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_ fable 151.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Priam.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Sthenelus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Megabizi=, certain priests in Diana\u2019s temple at Ephesus. They were all\n eunuchs. _Quintilian_, bk. 5, ch. 12.\n\n=Megabyzus=, one of the noble Persians who conspired against the\n usurper Smerdis. He was set over an army in Europe by king Darius,\n where he took Perinthus and conquered all Thrace. He was greatly\n esteemed by his sovereign. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Zopyrus, satrap to Darius. He conquered Egypt, &c. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 160.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A satrap of Artaxerxes. He revolted from his\n king, and defeated two large armies that had been sent against him.\n The interference of his friends restored him to the king\u2019s favour,\n and he showed his attachment to Artaxerxes by killing a lion which\n threatened his life in hunting. This act of affection in Megabyzus\n was looked upon with envy by the king. He was discarded and\n afterwards reconciled to the monarch by means of his mother. He died\n in the 76th year of his age, B.C. 447, greatly regretted. _Ctesias._\n\n=Meg\u0103cles=, an Athenian archon, who involved the greatest part of the\n Athenians in the sacrilege which was committed in the conspiracy of\n Cylon. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Dion, who assisted his\n brother against Dionysius, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Alcm\u00e6on, who revolted\n with some Athenians after the departure of Solon from Athens. He was\n ejected by Pisistratus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who exchanged dress with Pyrrhus,\n when assisting the Tarentines in Italy. He was killed in that\n disguise.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Messana in Sicily, famous for his inveterate\n enmity to Agathocles tyrant of Syracuse.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who destroyed the\n leading men of Mitylene, because he had been punished.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who\n wrote an account of the lives of illustrious persons.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The maternal\n grandfather of Alcibiades.\n\n=Megaclides=, a peripatetic philosopher in the age of Protagoras.\n\n=Meg\u00e6ra=, one of the furies, daughter of Nox and Acheron. The word is\n derived from \u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _invidere, odisse_, and she is represented\n as employed by the gods, like her sisters, to punish the crimes of\n mankind, by visiting them with diseases, with inward torments, and\n with death. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 846. _See:_ Eumenides.\n\n=Meg\u0103le=, the Greek name of Cybele the mother of the gods, whose\n festivals were called Megalesia.\n\n=Megaleas=, a seditious person of Corinth. He was seized for his\n treachery to king Philip of Macedonia, upon which he destroyed\n himself to avoid punishment.\n\n=Megalesia=, games in honour of Cybele, instituted by the Phrygians,\n and introduced at Rome in the second Punic war, when the statue\n of the goddess was brought from Pessinus. _Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 14.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 337.\n\n=Megalia=, a small island of Campania, near Neapolis. _Statius_, bk. 2,\n _Sylv\u00e6_, \u2666poem 3, li. 80.\n\n \u2666 omitted from text\n\n=Megal\u014fp\u014flis=, a town of Arcadia in Peloponnesus, built by Epaminondas.\n It joined the Ach\u00e6an league, B.C. 232, and was taken and ruined by\n Cleomenes king of Sparta. The inhabitants were called _Megalopolit\u00e6_,\n or _Megalopolitani_. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 14.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 8.\n\n=Megam\u0113de=, the wife of Thestius, mother by him of 50 daughters.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Megan\u012bra=, the wife of Celeus king of Eleusis in Attica. She was\n mother of Triptolemus, to whom Ceres, as she travelled over Attica,\n taught agriculture. She received divine honours after death, and she\n had an altar raised to her, near the fountain where Ceres had first\n been seen when she arrived in Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Arcas. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Megapenthes=, an illegitimate son of Menelaus, who, after his father\u2019s\n return from the Trojan war, was married to a daughter of Alector, a\n native of Sparta. His mother\u2019s name was Teridae, a slave of Menelaus.\n _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\n\n=Meg\u0101ra=, a daughter of Creon king of Thebes, given in marriage to\n Hercules, because he had delivered the Thebans from the tyranny of\n the Orchomenians. _See:_ Erginus. When Hercules went to hell by order\n of Eurystheus, violence was offered to Megara by Lycus, a Theban\n exile, and she would have yielded to her ravisher had not Hercules\n returned that moment and punished him with death. This murder\n displeased Juno, and she rendered Hercules so delirious, that he\n killed Megara and the three children he had by her, in a fit of\n madness, thinking them to be wild beasts. Some say that Megara did\n not perish by the hand of her husband, but that he afterwards married\n her to his friend Iolas. The names of Megara\u2019s children by Hercules\n were Creontiades, Therimachus, and Deicoon. _Hyginus_, fable 82.\n \u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Hercules_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 4.\n\n=Meg\u0101ra= (\u00e6, and plural, orum), a city of Achaia, the capital of a\n country called _Megaris_, founded about 1131 B.C. It is situate\n nearly at an equal distance from Corinth and Athens, on the Sinus\n Saronicus. It was built upon two rocks, and is still in being, and\n preserves its ancient name. It was called after Megareus the son of\n Neptune, who was buried there, or from Megareus, a son of Apollo. It\n was originally governed by 12 kings, but became afterwards a republic,\n and fell into the hands of the Athenians, from whom it was rescued\n by the Heraclid\u00e6. At the battle of Salamis the people of Megara\n furnished 20 ships for the defence of Greece, and at Plat\u00e6a they\n had 300 men in the army of Pausanias. There was here a sect of\n philosophers called the _Megaric_, who held the world to be eternal.\n _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 4, ch. 42; _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 17;\n _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Sicily,\n founded by a colony from Megara in Attica, about 728 years before the\n christian era. It was destroyed by Gelon king of Syracuse; and before\n the arrival of the Megarean colony it was called _Hybla_. _Strabo_,\n \u2666bk. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 689.\n\n \u2666 \u201826\u2019 replaced with \u20186\u2019\n\n=Megareus=, the father of Hippomenes, was son of Onchestus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 605.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Apollo.\n\n=Meg\u0101ris=, a small country of Achaia, between Phocis on the west and\n Attica on the east. Its capital city was called Megara. _See:_ Megara.\n _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 7.\n\n=Megarsus=, a town of Sicily,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Cilicia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of India.\n\n=Megasth\u0115nes=, a Greek historian in the age of Seleucus Nicanor, about\n 300 years before Christ. He wrote about the oriental nations, and\n particularly the Indians. His history is often quoted by the ancients.\n What now passes as his composition is spurious.\n\n=Meges=, one of Helen\u2019s suitors, governor of Dulichium and of the\n Echinades. He went with 40 ships to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 2.\n\n=Megilla=, a native of Locris, remarkable for beauty, and mentioned by\n Horace, bk. 1, ode 27, li. 11.\n\n=Megista=, an island of Lycia, with a harbour of the same name. _Livy_,\n bk. 37, ch. 22.\n\n=Megistias=, a soothsayer, who told the Spartans that defended\n Thermopyl\u00e6, that they all should perish, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,\n ch. 219, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river. _See:_ Mella.\n\n=Mela Pomponius=, a Spaniard, who flourished about the 45th year of the\n christian era, and distinguished himself by his geography divided\n into three books, and written with elegance, with great perspicuity\n and brevity. The best editions of this book, called _De Situ Orbis_,\n are those of Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1722, and of Reinhold, 4to, Eton,\n 1761.\n\n=Mel\u00e6n\u00e6=, a village of Attica. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 12, li. 619.\n\n=Melampus=, a celebrated soothsayer and physician of Argos, son of\n Amythaon and Idomenea, or Dorippe. He lived at Pylos in Peloponnesus.\n His servants once killed two large serpents, which had made their\n nests at the bottom of a large oak, and Melampus paid so much regard\n to these two reptiles, that he raised a burning pile and burned them\n upon it. He also took particular care of their young ones, and fed\n them with milk. Some time after this the young serpents crept to\n Melampus as he slept on the grass near the oak, and, as if sensible\n of the favours of their benefactor, they wantonly played around him,\n and softly licked his ears. This awoke Melampus, who was astonished\n at the sudden change which his senses had undergone. He found\n himself acquainted with the chirping of the birds, and with all\n their rude notes, as they flew around him. He took advantage of this\n supernatural gift, and soon made himself perfect in the knowledge of\n futurity, and Apollo also instructed him in the art of medicine. He\n had soon after the happiness of curing the daughters of Pr\u0153tus, by\n giving them hellebore, which from this circumstance has been called\n _melampodium_, and as a reward for his trouble he married the eldest\n of these princesses. _See:_ Pr\u0153tides. The tyranny of his uncle Neleus\n king of Pylos obliged him to leave his native country, and Pr\u0153tus,\n to show himself more sensible of his services, gave him part of\n his kingdom, over which he established himself. About this time\n the personal charms of Pero the daughter of Neleus had gained\n many admirers, but the father promised his daughter only to him\n who brought into his hands the oxen of Iphiclus. This condition\n displeased many; but Bias, who was also one of her admirers, engaged\n his brother Melampus to steal the oxen, and deliver them to him.\n Melampus was caught in the attempt and imprisoned, and nothing but\n his services as a soothsayer and physician to Iphiclus would have\n saved him from death. All this pleaded in favour of Melampus, but\n when he had taught the childless Iphiclus how to become a father, he\n not only obtained his liberty, but also the oxen, and with them he\n compelled Neleus to give Pero in marriage to Bias. A severe distemper,\n which had rendered the women of Argos insane, was totally removed by\n Melampus, and Anaxagoras, who then sat on the throne, rewarded his\n merit by giving him part of his kingdom, where he established himself,\n and where his posterity reigned during six successive generations.\n He received divine honours after death, and temples were raised\n to his memory. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 287; bk. 15, li. 225.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bks. 2 & 9.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 18; bk. 4, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 550.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Cisseus and Gyas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.\n\n=Melampyges=, a surname of Hercules, from the black and hairy appearance\n of his back, &c.\n\n=Melanch\u00e6tes=, one of Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs, so called from his _black hair_.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.\n\n=Melanchl\u00e6ni=, a people near the Cimmerian Bosphorus.\n\n=Melanchrus=, a tyrant of Lesbos, who died about 612 B.C.\n\n=Melane=, the same as Samothrace.\n\n=Melaneus=, a son of Eurytus, from whom Eretria has been called\n Melaneis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A centaur. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs. _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An \u00c6thiopian, killed at the\n nuptials of Perseus. _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5.\n\n=Melanida=, a surname of Venus.\n\n=Melanion=, the same as Hippomenes, who married Atalanta, according to\n some mythologists. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\n\n=Melanippe=, a daughter of \u00c6olus, who had two children by Neptune,\n for which her father put out both her eyes, and confined her in a\n prison. Her children, who had been exposed and preserved, delivered\n her from confinement, and Neptune restored to her her eye-sight. She\n afterwards married Metapontus. _Hyginus_, fable 186.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nymph who\n married Itonus son of Amphictyon, by whom she had B\u0153otus, who gave\n his name to B\u0153otia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1.\n\n=Melanipp\u012ddes=, a Greek poet about 520 years before Christ. His\n grandson, of the same name, flourished about 60 years after at the\n court of Perdiccas II. of Macedonia. Some fragments of their poetry\n are extant.\n\n=Melanippus=, a priest of Apollo at Cyrene, killed by the tyrant\n Nicocrates. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Astacus, one of the Theban\n chiefs who defended the gates of Thebes against the army of Adrastus\n king of Argos. He was opposed by Tydeus, whom he slightly wounded,\n and at last was killed by Amphiaraus, who carried his head to Tydeus.\n Tydeus, to take revenge of the wound he had received, bit the head\n with such barbarity, that he swallowed the brains, and Minerva,\n offended with his conduct, took away the herb which she had given\n him to cure his wound, and he died. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 18.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Mars, who became enamoured of Cometho, a priestess of\n Diana Triclaria. He concealed himself in the temple, and ravished his\n mistress, for which violation of the sanctity of the place the two\n lovers soon after perished by a sudden death, and the country was\n visited by a pestilence, which was stopped only after the offering of\n a human sacrifice by the direction of the oracle. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,\n ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan, killed by Antilochus in the Trojan war. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, killed by Patroclus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, killed\n by Teucer.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Agrius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, son of Priam.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Theseus.\n\n=Melanosyri=, a people of Syria.\n\n=Melanthii=, rocks near the island of Samos.\n\n=Melanthius=, a man who wrote a history of Attica.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous painter\n of Sicyon. _Pliny_, bk. 35.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tragic poet of a very malevolent\n disposition in the age of Phocion. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan, killed\n by Eurypylus in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A shepherd in\n _Theocritus_, _Idylls_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A goat-herd, killed by Telemachus after\n the return of Ulysses. _Ovid_, ltr. 1, _Heroides_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An elegiac poet.\n\n=Melantho=, a daughter of Proteus, ravished by Neptune under the form\n of a dolphin. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n Penelope\u2019s women, sister to Melanthius. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18,\n &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 18.\n\n=Melanthus=, =Melanthes=, or =Melanthius=, a son of Andropompus,\n whose ancestors were kings of Pylos. He was driven from his paternal\n kingdom by the Heraclid\u00e6, and came to Athens, where king Thym\u0153tes\n resigned the crown to him, provided he fought a battle against\n Xanthus, a general of the B\u0153otians, who made war against him. He\n fought and conquered [_See:_ Apaturia], and his family, surnamed\n the _Neliad\u00e6_, sat on the throne of Athens, till the age of Codrus.\n He succeeded to the crown 1128 years B.C., and reigned 37 years.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Cyzicus. _Flaccus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n river of European Sarmatia, falling into the Borysthenes. _Ovid_,\n _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 10, li. 55.\n\n=Melas= (\u00e6), a river of Peloponnesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Thrace, at the west of the\n Thracian Chersonesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Thessaly,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015in Achaia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015in\n B\u0153otia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015in Sicily,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015in Ionia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015in Cappadocia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Neptune.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, son of Proteus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Phryxus, who was\n among the Argonauts, and was drowned in that part of the sea which\n bore his name. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Meld\u00e6=, or =Meldorum urbs=, a city of Gaul, now _Meaux_, in Champagne.\n\n=M\u0115le\u0101ger=, a celebrated hero of antiquity, son of \u0152neus king of \u00c6tolia,\n by Alth\u00e6a daughter of Thestius. The Parc\u00e6 were present at the moment\n of his birth, and predicted his future greatness. Clotho said that\n he would be brave and courageous, Lachesis foretold his uncommon\n strength, and Atropos declared that he should live as long as that\n fire-brand, which was on the fire, remained entire and unconsumed.\n Alth\u00e6a no sooner heard this, than she snatched the stick from the\n fire, and kept it with the most jealous care, as the life of her\n son was destined to depend upon its preservation. The fame of\n Meleager increased with his years; he signalized himself in the\n Argonautic expedition, and afterwards delivered his country from the\n neighbouring inhabitants, who made war against his father, at the\n instigation of Diana, whose altars \u0152neus had neglected. _See:_ \u0152neus.\n No sooner were they destroyed than Diana punished the negligence\n of \u0152neus by a greater calamity. She sent a huge wild boar, which\n laid waste all the country, and seemed invincible on account of its\n immense size. It became soon a public concern; all the neighbouring\n princes assembled to destroy this terrible animal, and nothing\n became more famous in mythological history than the hunting of\n the Calydonian boar. The princes and chiefs who assembled, and who\n are mentioned by mythologists, are Meleager son of \u0152neus, Idas and\n Lynceus sons of Aphareus, Dryas son of Mars, Castor and Pollux sons\n of Jupiter and Leda, Pirithous son of Ixion, Theseus son of \u00c6geus,\n Anceus and Cepheus sons of Lycurgus, Admetes son of Pheres, Jason son\n of \u00c6son, Peleus and Telamon sons of \u00c6acus, Iphicles son of Amphitryon,\n Eurytryon son of Actor, Atalanta daughter of Sch\u0153neus, Iolas the\n friend of Hercules, the sons of Thestius, Amphiaraus son of Oileus,\n Protheus, Cometes, the brothers of Alth\u00e6a, Hippothous son of Cercyon,\n Leucippus, Adrastus, Ceneus, Phileus, Echeon, Lelex, Ph\u0153nix son of\n Amyntor, Panopeus, Hyleus, Hippasus, Nestor, Men\u0153tius the father of\n Patroclus, Amphicides, Laertes the father of Ulysses, and the four\n sons of Hippocoon. This troop of armed men attacked the boar with\n unusual fury, and it was at last killed by Meleager. The conqueror\n gave the skin and the head to Atalanta, who had first wounded\n the animal. This partiality to a woman irritated the others, and\n particularly Toxeus and Plexippus the brothers of Alth\u00e6a, and they\n endeavoured to rob Atalanta of the honourable present. Meleager\n defended a woman, of whom he was enamoured, and killed his uncles\n in the attempt. Meantime the news of this celebrated conquest had\n already reached Calydon, and Alth\u00e6a went to the temple of the gods to\n return thanks for the victory which her son had gained. As she went\n she met the corpses of her brothers that were brought from the chase,\n and at this mournful spectacle she filled the whole city with her\n lamentations. She was upon this informed that they had been killed\n by Meleager, and in the moment of resentment, to revenge the death of\n her brothers, she threw into the fire the fatal stick on which her\n son\u2019s life depended, and Meleager died as soon as it was consumed.\n Homer does not mention the fire-brand, whence some have imagined\n that this fable is posterior to that poet\u2019s age. But he says that the\n death of Toxeus and Plexippus so irritated Alth\u00e6a, that she uttered\n the most horrible curses and imprecations upon the head of her son.\n Meleager married Cleopatra the daughter of Idas and Marpessa, as also\n Atalanta, according to some accounts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 1, li. 997; bk. 3, li. 518.\n \u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bks. 1 & 6.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 14.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 9.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general who supported Arid\u00e6us when he had been made king, after\n the death of his brother Alexander the Great.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Ptolemy,\n made king of Macedonia B.C. 280 years. He was but two months invested\n with the regal authority.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek poet in the reign of Seleucus,\n the last of the Seleucid\u00e6. He was born at Tyre, and died at Cos.\n It is to his well-directed labours that we are indebted for the\n _Anthologia_, or collection of Greek epigrams, which he selected from\n 46 of the best and most esteemed poets. The original collection of\n Meleager has been greatly altered by succeeding editors. The best\n edition of the _Anthologia_ is that of Brunck, in three vols., 4to\n and 8vo, Strasbourg, 1772.\n\n=M\u0115le\u0101gr\u012ddes=, the sisters of Meleager, daughters of \u0152neus and Alth\u00e6a.\n They were so disconsolate at the death of their brother Meleager,\n that they refused all aliments, and were, at the point of death,\n changed into birds called Meleagrides, whose feathers and eggs, as it\n is supposed, are of a different colour. The youngest of the sisters,\n Gorge and Dejanira, who had been married, escaped this metamorphosis.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 540.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 26.\n\n=Melesander=, an Athenian general, who died B.C. 414.\n\n=Meles= (\u0113tis), a river of Asia Minor, in Ionia, near Smyrna. Some\n of the ancients supposed that Homer was born on the banks of that\n river, from which circumstance they call him _Melisig\u00e8nes_, and his\n compositions _Melet\u00e6\u00e6 chart\u00e6_. It is even supported that he composed\n his poems in a cave near the source of that river. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\n \u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 2, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 7, li. 34.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 4,\n poem 1, li. 201.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A beautiful Athenian\n youth, greatly beloved by Timagoras, whose affections he repaid with\n the greatest coldness and indifference. He even ordered Timagoras\n to leap down a precipice, from the top of the citadel of Athens,\n and Timagoras, not to disoblige him, obeyed, and was killed in the\n fall. This token of true friendship and affection had such an effect\n upon Meles, that he threw himself down from the place, to atone\n by his death for the ingratitude which he had shown to Timagoras.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Lydia, who succeeded his\n father Alyattes, about 747 years before Christ. He was father to\n Candaules.\n\n=Melesig\u0115nes=, or =Melesig\u0115na=, a name given to Homer. _See:_ Meles.\n\n=Melia=, a daughter of Oceanus, who married Inachus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nymph, &c.\n _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Oceanus, sister to Caanthus. She\n became mother of Ismarus and Tenerus by Apollo. Tenerus was endowed\n with the gift of prophecy, and the river Ladon in B\u0153tia assumed the\n name of Ismarus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Nereides.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Agenor.\n\n=M\u0115l\u012db\u0153a=, a daughter of Oceanus, who married Pelasgus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Amphion and Niobe. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A maritime town of Magnesia\n in Thessaly, at the foot of mount Ossa, famous for dyeing wool.\n The epithet of _Melib\u0153us_ is applied to Philoctetes, because he\n reigned there. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 401; bk. 5, li. 251.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 188.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also an island at the mouth of the\n Orontes in Syria, whence _Melib\u0153a purpura_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Melib\u0153us=, a shepherd introduced in Virgil\u2019s eclogues.\n\n=M\u0115l\u012dcerta=, =Melicertes=, or =Melicertus=, a son of Athamas and Ino.\n He was saved by his mother from the fury of his father, who prepared\n to dash him against the wall as he had done his brother Learchus.\n The mother was so terrified that she threw herself into the sea,\n with Melicerta in her arms. Neptune had compassion on the misfortunes\n of Ino and her son, and changed them both into sea deities. Ino\n was called Leucothoe or Matuta, and Melicerta was known among the\n Greeks by the name of Pal\u00e6mon, and among the Latins by that of\n Portumnus. Some suppose that the Isthmian games were in honour of\n Melicerta. _See:_ Isthmia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 529, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_ _de Convivium Septem\n Sapientium_.\n\n=Melig\u016bnis=, one of the \u00c6olian islands near Sicily.\n\n=Mel\u012bna=, a daughter of Thespius, mother of Laomedon by Hercules.\n\n=Mel\u012bsa=, a town of Magna Gr\u00e6cia.\n\n=Melissa=, a daughter of Melissus king of Crete, who, with her sister\n Amalth\u00e6a, fed Jupiter with the milk of goats. She first found out\n the means of collecting honey; whence some have imagined that she was\n changed into a bee, as her name is the Greek word for that insect.\n _Columella._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Oceanides, who married Inachus, by whom\n she had Phoroneus and \u00c6gialus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Procles, who married\n Periander the son of Cypselus, by whom, in her pregnancy, she was\n killed with a blow of his foot, by the false accusation of his\n concubines. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 28.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n woman of Corinth, who refused to initiate others in the festivals of\n Ceres, after she had received admission. She was torn to pieces upon\n this disobedience, and the goddess made a swarm of bees rise from her\n body.\n\n=Melissus=, a king of Crete, father to Melissa and Amalth\u00e6a. _Hyginus_,\n _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Lactantius [Placidus]_, bk. 1,\n ch. 22.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An admiral of the Samian fleet, B.C. 441. He was defeated\n by Pericles, &c. _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of Samos,\n who maintained that the world was infinite, immovable, and without\n a vacuum. According to his doctrines, no one could advance any\n argument upon the power or attributes of Providence, as all human\n knowledge was weak and imperfect. Themistocles was among his pupils.\n He flourished about 440 years before the christian era. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A freedman of Mec\u00e6nas, appointed librarian to Augustus.\n He wrote some comedies. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, ltr. 16, li. 30.\n \u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_.\n\n=Mel\u012dta=, an island in the Libyan sea, between Sicily and Africa, now\n called _Malta_. The soil was fertile, and the country famous for its\n wool. It was first peopled by the Ph\u0153nicians. St. Paul was shipwrecked\n there, and cursed all venomous creatures, which now are not to be\n found in the whole island. Some, however, suppose that the island\n on which the Apostle was shipwrecked, was another island of the same\n name in the Adriatic on the coast of Illyricum, now called _Melede_.\n Malta is now remarkable as being the residence of the knights of\n Malta, formerly of St. John of Jerusalem, settled there A. D. 1530,\n by the concession of Charles V., after their expulsion from Rhodes\n by the Turks. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 46.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another on the coast of Illyricum,\n in the Adriatic, now _Melede_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient\n name of Samothrace. _Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Nereides.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 825.\n\n=Melitene=, a province of Armenia.\n\n=Mel\u012dtus=, a poet and orator of Athens, who became one of the principal\n accusers of Socrates. After his eloquence had prevailed, and Socrates\n had been put ignominiously to death, the Athenians repented of their\n severity to the philosopher, and condemned his accusers. Melitus\n perished among them. His character was mean and insidious, and his\n poems had nothing great or sublime. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Spurius Melius=, a Roman knight accused of aspiring to tyranny, on\n account of his uncommon liberality to the populace. He was summoned\n to appear by the dictator Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, and when he\n refused to obey, he was put to death by Ahala the master of horse,\n A.U.C. 314.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_,\n bk. 6, ch. 3.\n\n=Melixandrus=, a Milesian, who wrote an account of the wars of the\n Lapith\u00e6 and Centaurs. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 11, ch. 2.\n\n=Mella=, or =Mela=, a small river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into\n the Ollius, and with it into the Po. _Catullus_, poem 68, li. 33.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 278.\n\n=Mella Ann\u00e6us=, the father of Lucan. He was accused of being privy\n to Piso\u2019s conspiracy against Nero, upon which he opened his veins.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 17.\n\n=Melob\u014dsis=, one of the Oceanides.\n\n=Melon=, an astrologer, who feigned madness and burnt his house that he\n might not go to an expedition, which he knew would be attended with\n great calamities.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An interpreter of king Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 5,\n ch. 13.\n\n=Melos=, now _Milo_, an island between Crete and Peloponnesus, about\n 24 miles from Scyll\u00e6um, about 60 miles in circumference, and of an\n oblong figure. It enjoyed its independence for above 700 years before\n the time of the Peloponnesian war. This island was originally peopled\n by a Laced\u00e6monian colony, 1116 years before the christian era. From\n this reason the inhabitants refused to join the rest of the islands\n and the Athenians against the Peloponnesians. This refusal was\n severely punished. The Athenians took Melos, and put to the sword\n all such as were able to bear arms. The women and children were made\n slaves, and the island left desolate. An Athenian colony repeopled\n it, till Lysander reconquered it and re-established the original\n inhabitants in their possessions. The island produced a kind of earth\n successfully employed in painting and medicine. _Strabo_, bk. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12; bk. 35, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 2, &c.\n\n=Melpes=, now _Melpa_, a river of Lucania, falling into the Tyrrhene\n sea. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Melpia=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.\n\n=Melp\u014fm\u0115ne=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne.\n She presided over tragedy. Horace has addressed the finest of his\n odes to her, as to the patroness of lyric poetry. She was generally\n represented as a young woman with a serious countenance. Her garments\n were splendid; she wore a buskin, and held a dagger in one hand, and\n in the other a sceptre and crowns. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_.\n\n=Memaceni=, a powerful nation of Asia, &c. _Curtius._\n\n=Memmia Sulpitia=, a woman who married the emperor Alexander Severus.\n She died when young.\n\n=Memmia lex=, ordained that no one should be entered on the calendar of\n criminals who was absent on the public account.\n\n=Memmius=, a Roman citizen, accused of _ambitus_. _Cicero_, _Letters to\n his brother Quintus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman knight, who rendered himself\n illustrious for his eloquence and poetical talents. He was made\n tribune, pretor, and afterwards governor of Bithynia. He was accused\n of extortion in his province, and banished by Julius C\u00e6sar, though\n Cicero undertook his defence. Lucretius dedicated his poem to him.\n _Cicero_, _Brutus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Regulus, a Roman of whom Nero observed, that\n he deserved to be invested with the imperial purple. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 47.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who accused Jugurtha before\n the Roman people.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lieutenant of Pompey, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The family of\n the Memmii were plebeians. They were descended, according to some\n accounts, from Mnestheus the friend of \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 5, li. 117.\n\n=Memnon=, a king of \u00c6thiopia, son of Tithonus and Aurora. He came with\n a body of 10,000 men to assist his uncle Priam, during the Trojan war,\n where he behaved with great courage, and killed Antilochus, Nestor\u2019s\n son. The aged father challenged the \u00c6thiopian monarch, but Memnon\n refused it on account of the venerable age of Nestor, and accepted\n that of Achilles. He was killed in the combat, in the sight of the\n Grecian and Trojan armies. Aurora was so disconsolate at the death\n of her son, that she flew to Jupiter all bathed in tears, and begged\n the god to grant her son such honours as might distinguish him from\n other mortals. Jupiter consented, and immediately a numerous flight\n of birds issued from the burning pile on which the body was laid,\n and after they had flown three times round the flames, they divided\n themselves into two separate bodies, and fought with such acrimony,\n that above half of them fell down into the fire, as victims to\n appease the manes of Memnon. These birds were called _Memnonides_;\n and it has been observed by some of the ancients, that they never\n failed to return yearly to the tomb of Memnon in Troas, and repeat\n the same bloody engagement, in honour of the hero, from whom they\n received their name. The \u00c6thiopians or Egyptians, over whom Memnon\n reigned, erected a celebrated statue to the honour of their monarch.\n This statue had the wonderful property of uttering a melodious sound\n every day, at sun-rising, like that which is heard at the breaking\n of the string of a harp when it is wound up. This was effected by the\n rays of the sun when they fell upon it. At the setting of the sun,\n and in the night the sound was lugubrious. This is supported by the\n testimony of the geographer Strabo, who confesses himself ignorant\n whether it proceeded from the basis of the statue, or the people that\n were then round it. This celebrated statue was dismantled by order\n of Cambyses, when he conquered Egypt, and its ruins still astonish\n modern travellers by their grandeur and beauty. Memnon was the\n inventor of the alphabet, according to Anticlides, a writer mentioned\n by Pliny, bk. 7, ch. 56. _Moschus_, _Epitaphios Bionis_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 578, &c.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 42; bk. 10, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 13\n & 17.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 5.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, on _Apollodorus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Quintus\n Calaber [Smyrn\u00e6us]._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the Persian forces, when\n Alexander invaded Asia. He distinguished himself for his attachment\n to the interest of Darius, his valour in the field, the soundness of\n his counsels, and his great sagacity. He defended Milotus against\n Alexander, and died in the midst of his successful enterprises, B.C.\n 333. His wife Barsine was taken prisoner with the wife of Darius.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of C\u0153losyria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man appointed\n governor of Thrace by Alexander.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote a history of\n Heraclea in Pontus, in the age of Augustus.\n\n=Memphis=, a celebrated town of Egypt, on the western banks of the\n Nile, above the Delta. It once contained many beautiful temples,\n particularly those of the god Apis (_bos Memphites_), whose worship\n was observed with the greatest ceremonies. _See:_ Apis. It was in the\n neighbourhood of Memphis that those famous pyramids were built, whose\n grandeur and beauty still astonish the modern traveller. These noble\n monuments of Egyptian vanity, which pass for one of the wonders of\n the world, are about 20 in number, three of which, by their superior\n size, particularly claim attention. The largest of these is 481 feet\n in height measured perpendicularly, and the area of its basis is\n on 480,249 square feet, or something more than 11 English acres of\n ground. It has steps all round with massy and polished stones, so\n large that the breadth and depth of every step is one single stone.\n The smallest stone, according to an ancient historian, is not less\n than 30 feet. The number of steps, according to modern observation,\n amounts to 208, a number which is not always adhered to by travellers.\n The place where Memphis formerly stood is not now known; the ruins\n of its fallen grandeur were conveyed to Alexandria to beautify its\n palaces, or to adorn the neighbouring cities. _Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem\n 7, li. 28.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 660.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _De Iside\n et Osiride_.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 10, &c.\u2015\u2015_Josephus_, _Jewish\n Antiquities_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nymph, daughter of the Nile, who married\n Ephesus, by whom she had Libya. She gave her name to the celebrated\n city of Memphis. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Danaus.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Memph\u012btis=, a son of Ptolemy Physcon king of Egypt. He was put to\n death by his father.\n\n=Mena=, a goddess worshipped at Rome, and supposed to preside over the\n monthly infirmities of women. She was the same as Juno. According\n to some, the sacrifices offered to her were young puppies that\n still sucked their mother. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 29, ch. 4.\n\n=Mena=, or =Menes=, the first king of Egypt, according to some accounts.\n\n=Menalcas=, a shepherd in Virgil\u2019s eclogues.\n\n=Menalc\u012ddas=, an intriguing Laced\u00e6monian in the time of the famous\n Ach\u00e6an league. He was accused before the Romans, and he killed\n himself.\n\n=Menalippe=, a sister of Antiope queen of the Amazons, taken by\n Hercules when that hero made war against this celebrated nation. She\n was ransomed, and Hercules received in exchange the arms and belt of\n the queen. _Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 229.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of the centaur\n Chiron, beloved and ravished by \u00c6olus son of Hellen. She retired into\n the woods to hide her disgrace from the eyes of her father, and when\n she had brought forth she entreated the gods to remove her totally\n from the pursuits of Chiron. She was changed into a mare, and called\n Ocyroe. Some suppose that she assumed the name of Menalippe, and lost\n that of Ocyroe. She became a constellation after death, called the\n horse. Some authors call her Hippe, or Evippe. _Hyginus_, _Poetica\n Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Pollux_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Menalippe is a name\n common to other persons, but it is generally spelt _Melanippe_ by the\n best authors. _See:_ Melanippe.\n\n=Menalippus.= _See:_ Melanippus.\n\n=Menander=, a celebrated comic poet of Athens, educated under\n Theophrastus. He was universally esteemed by the Greeks, and received\n the appellation of Prince of the New Comedy. He did not disgrace his\n compositions, like Aristophanes, by mean and indecent reflections\n and illiberal satire, but his writings were replete with elegance,\n refined wit, and judicious observations. Of 108 comedies which he\n wrote, nothing remains but a few fragments. It is said that Terence\n translated all these, and indeed we may have cause to lament the\n loss of such valuable writings, when we are told by the ancients\n that the elegant Terence, so much admired, was in the opinion of his\n countrymen reckoned inferior to Menander. It is said that Menander\n drowned himself in the 52nd year of his age, B.C. 293, because\n the compositions of his rival Philemon obtained more applause than\n his own. Only eight of his numerous comedies were rewarded with\n a poetical prize. The name of his father was Diopythus, and that\n of his mother Hegistrata. His fragments, with those of Philemon,\n were published by Clericus, 8vo, 1709. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote an account of\n embassies, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Bactria, whose ashes were divided among\n his subjects, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Ephesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Pergamus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian general defeated at \u00c6gospotamos by Lysander.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n Athenian sent to Sicily with Nicias.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man put to death by\n Alexander for deserting a fortress of which he had the command.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n officer under Mithridates, sent against Lucullus.\n\n=Menapii=, a people of Belgic Gaul, near the Mosa. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\n\n=Menapis=, a Persian exile, made satrap of Hyrcania by Alexander.\n _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4.\n\n=Menas=, a freedman of Pompey the Great, who distinguished himself by\n the active and perfidious part which he took in the civil wars which\n were kindled between the younger Pompey and Augustus. When Pompey\n invited Augustus to his galley, Menas advised his master to seize\n the person of his enemy, and at the same time the Roman empire, by\n cutting the cables of his ship. \u201cNo,\u201d replied Pompey, \u201cI would have\n approved of the measure if you had done it without consulting me; but\n I scorn to break my word.\u201d _Suetonius_, _Octavius Augustus_. Horace,\n epode 4, has ridiculed the pride of Menas, and recalled to his mind\n his former meanness and obscurity.\n\n=Mench\u0113res=, the twelfth king of Memphis.\n\n=Mendes=, a city of Egypt, near Lycopolis, on one of the mouths of\n the Nile, called the Mendesian mouth. Pan, under the form of a goat,\n was worshipped there with the greatest solemnity. It was unlawful to\n kill one of these animals, with which the Egyptians were not ashamed\n to have public commerce, to the disgrace of human nature, from\n the superstitious notion that such embraces had given birth to the\n greatest heroes of antiquity, as Alexander, Scipio, &c. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 2, chs. 42 & 46.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Men\u0115cles=, an orator of Alabanda in Caria, who settled at Rhodes.\n _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2, ch. 53.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Meneclides=, a detractor of the character of Epaminondas. _Cornelius\n Nepos_, _Epaminondas_.\n\n=Menecr\u0103tes=, a physician of Syracuse, famous for his vanity and\n arrogance. He was generally accompanied by some of his patients,\n whose disorders he had cured. He disguised one in the habit of Apollo,\n and the other in that of \u00c6sculapius, while he reserved for himself\n the title and name of Jupiter, whose power was extended over those\n inferior deities. He crowned himself like the master of the gods;\n and in a letter which he wrote to Philip king of Macedon, he styled\n himself in these words, _Menecrates Jupiter to king Philip, greeting_.\n The Macedonian monarch answered, _Philip to Menecrates, greeting, and\n better sense_. Philip also invited him to one of his feasts, but when\n the meats were served up, a table was put separate for the physician,\n on which he was served only with perfumes and frankincense, like\n the father of the gods. This entertainment displeased Menecrates; he\n remembered that he was a mortal, and hurried away from the company.\n He lived about 360 years before the christian era. The book which he\n wrote on cures is lost. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 10, ch. 51.\n \u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 7, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the generals of Seleucus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n physician under Tiberius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek historian of Nysa, disciple to\n Aristarchus, B.C. 119. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Ephesian architect\n who wrote on agriculture. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man appointed to settle the disputes of the Athenians and\n Laced\u00e6monians in the eighth year of the Peloponnesian war. His\n father\u2019s name was Amphidorus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer in the fleet of Pompey\n the son of Pompey the Great.\n\n=Mened\u0113mus=, an officer of Alexander, killed by the \u2666Dah\u00e6. _Curtius_,\n bk. 7, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Socratic philosopher of Eretria, who was\n originally a tent-maker, an employment which he left for the\n profession of arms. The persuasive eloquence and philosophical\n lectures of Plato had such an influence over him, that he gave up\n his offices in the state to cultivate literature. It is said that he\n died through melancholy when Antigonus, one of Alexander\u2019s generals,\n had made himself master of his country, B.C. 301, in the 74th year of\n his age. Some attribute his death to a different cause, and say that\n he was falsely accused of treason, for which he became so desperate\n that he died, after he had passed seven days without taking any\n aliments. He was called the _Eretrian Bull_, on account of his gravity.\n _Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A cynic philosopher of\n Lampsacus, who said that he was come from hell to observe the sins\n and wickedness of mankind. His habit was that of the furies, and his\n behaviour was a proof of his insanity. He was the disciple of Colotes\n of Lampsacus. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Lucullus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n philosopher of Athens. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 19.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Dan\u00e6\u2019 replaced with \u2018Dah\u00e6\u2019\n\n=Menegetas=, a boxer or wrestler in Philip of Macedon\u2019s army, &c.\n _Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=Men\u0115l\u0101i portus=, a harbour on the coast of Africa, between Cyrene\n and Egypt. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Mons, a hill near Sparta, with a fortification, called\n _Menelaium_. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 28.\n\n=M\u0115n\u0115l\u0101ia=, a festival celebrated at Therapn\u00e6 in Laconia, in honour\n of Menelaus. He had there a temple, where he was worshipped with his\n wife Helen, as one of the supreme gods.\n\n=M\u0115n\u0115l\u0101us=, a king of Sparta, brother to Agamemnon. His father\u2019s name\n was Atreus, according to Homer, or, according to the more probable\n opinion of Hesiod, Apollodorus, &c., he was the son of Plisthenes and\n \u00c6rope. _See:_ Plisthenes. He was educated with his brother Agamemnon\n in the house of Atreus, but soon after the death of this monarch,\n Thyestes his brother usurped the kingdom, and banished the two\n children of Plisthenes. Menelaus and Agamemnon came to the court\n of \u0152neus king of Calydonia, who treated them with tenderness and\n paternal care. From Calydonia they went to Sparta, where, like the\n rest of the Grecian princes, they solicited the marriage of Helen\n the daughter of king Tyndarus. By the artifice and advice of Ulysses,\n Helen was permitted to choose a husband, and she fixed her eyes upon\n Menelaus, and married him, after her numerous suitors had solemnly\n bound themselves by an oath to defend her, and protect her person\n against the violence or assault of every intruder. _See:_ Helena. As\n soon as the nuptials were celebrated, \u2666Tyndarus resigned the crown to\n his son-in-law, and their happiness was complete. This was, however,\n of short duration; Helen was the fairest woman of the age, and Venus\n had promised Paris the son of Priam to reward him with such a beauty.\n _See:_ Paris. The arrival of Paris in Sparta was the cause of great\n revolutions. The absence of Menelaus in Crete gave opportunities to\n the Trojan prince to corrupt the fidelity of Helen, and to carry away\n home what the goddess of beauty had promised to him as his due. This\n action was highly resented by Menelaus; he reminded the Greek princes\n of their oath and solemn engagements when they courted the daughter\n of Tyndarus, and immediately all Greece took up arms to defend his\n cause. The combined forces assembled at Aulis in B\u0153otia, where they\n chose Agamemnon for their general, and Calchas for their high priest;\n and after their applications to the court of Priam for the recovery\n of Helen had proved fruitless, they marched to meet their enemies in\n the field. During the Trojan war Menelaus behaved with great spirit\n and courage, and Paris must have fallen by his hand, had not Venus\n interposed and redeemed him from certain death. He also expressed his\n wish to engage Hector, but Agamemnon hindered him from fighting so\n powerful an adversary. In the tenth year of the Trojan war, Helen,\n as it is reported, obtained the forgiveness and the good graces of\n Menelaus by introducing him with Ulysses, the night that Troy was\n reduced to ashes, into the chamber of Deiphobus, whom she had married\n after the death of Paris. This perfidious conduct totally reconciled\n her to her first husband; and she returned with him to Sparta, during\n a voyage of eight years. He died some time after his return. He had\n a daughter called Hermione, and Nicostratus, according to some, by\n Helen, and a son called Megapenthes by a concubine. Some say that\n Menelaus went to Egypt on his return from the Trojan war to obtain\n Helen, who had been detained there by the king of the country. _See:_\n Helena. The palace which Menelaus once inhabited was still entire in\n the days of Pausanias, as well as the temple which had been raised to\n his memory by the people of Sparta. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, &c.;\n _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk.\n 3, chs. 14 & 19.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Quintus Smyrn\u00e6us_ bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poems 5\n & 13.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_ fable 79.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Sophocles._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lieutenant of Ptolemy, set over Salamis.\n _Poly\u00e6nus._\u2015\u2015_Pausanias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Egypt. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n mathematician in the age of the emperor Trajan.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Tyndaros\u2019 replaced with \u2018Tyndarus\u2019\n\n=Men\u0113nius Agrippa=, a celebrated Roman who appeased the Roman populace\n in the infancy of the consular government by repeating the well-known\n fable of the belly and limbs. He flourished 495 B.C. _Livy_, bk. 2,\n chs. 16, 32, 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman consul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An insane person in the age of\n Horace.\n\n=Men\u0115phron=, a man who attempted to offer violence to his own mother.\n He was changed into a wild beast. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7,\n li. 387.\n\n=M\u0113nes=, the first king of Egypt. He built the town of Memphis, as is\n generally supposed, and deserved, by his abilities and popularity,\n to be called a god after death. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 90.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Menesth\u0113i portus=, a town of Hispania \u2666B\u00e6tica.\n\n \u2666 \u2018B\u0153tica\u2019 replaced with \u2018B\u00e6tica\u2019\n\n=Menesteus=, =Menestheus=, or =Mnestheus=, a son of Pereus, who so\n insinuated himself into the favour of the people of Athens, that,\n during the long absence of Theseus, he was elected king. The lawful\n monarch at his return home was expelled, and Mnestheus established\n his usurpation by his popularity and great moderation. As he had\n been one of Helen\u2019s suitors, he went to the Trojan war at the head of\n the people of Athens, and died in his return in the island of Melos.\n He reigned 23 years B.C. 1205, and was succeeded by Demophoon the\n son of Theseus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Iphicrates, who\n distinguished himself in the Athenian armies. _Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Timoleon_.\n\n=Menesthius=, a Greek killed by Paris in the Trojan war.\n\n=Menetas=, a man set governor over Babylon by Alexander. _Curtius_,\n bk. 5, ch. 1.\n\n=Meninx=, or =Lotophag\u012btis insula=, now _Zerbi_, an island on the\n coast of Africa, near the Syrtis Minor. It was peopled by the people\n of Neritos, and thence called _Neritia_. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 318.\n\n=Menippa=, one of the Amazons who assisted \u00c6tes, &c.\n\n=Menippides=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Menippus=, a cynic philosopher of Ph\u0153nicia. He was originally a slave,\n and obtained his liberty with a sum of money, and became one of the\n greatest usurers at Thebes. He grew so desperate from the continual\n reproaches and insults to which he was daily exposed on account of\n his meanness, that he destroyed himself. He wrote 13 books of satires,\n which have been lost. Marcus Varro composed satires in imitation of\n his style, and called them _Menippean_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Stratonice,\n who was preceptor to Cicero for some time. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 91.\n\n=Menius=, a plebeian consul at Rome. He was the first who made the\n rostrum at Rome with the beaks (_rostra_) of the enemy\u2019s ships.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Lycaon, killed by the same thunderbolt which destroyed his\n father. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 472.\n\n=Mennis=, a town of Assyria abounding in bitumen. _Curtius_, bk. 5,\n ch. 1.\n\n=Menod\u014ftus=, a physician.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Samian historian.\n\n=Men\u0153ceus=, a Theban, father of Hipponome, Jocasta, and Creon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n young Theban, son of Creon. He offered himself to death when Tiresias,\n to ensure victory on the side of Thebes against the Argive forces,\n ordered the Thebans to sacrifice one of the descendants of those who\n sprang from the dragon\u2019s teeth, and he killed himself near the cave\n where the dragon of Mars had formerly resided. The gods required this\n sacrifice because the dragon had been killed by Cadmus, and no sooner\n was Creon dead than his countrymen obtained the victory. _Statius_,\n _Thebiad_, bk. 10, li. 614.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Ph\u0153nician Women_.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_,\n bk. 1, ch. 98.\u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _Antigone_.\n\n=Men\u0153tes=, the pilot of the ship Gyas, at the naval games exhibited by\n \u00c6neas at the anniversary of his father\u2019s death. He was thrown into\n the sea by Gyas for his inattention, and saved himself by swimming to\n a rock. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 161, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Arcadian, killed\n by Turnus in the wars of \u00c6neas. _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 517.\n\n=Men\u0153tiades.= _See:_ Men\u0153tius.\n\n=Men\u0153tius=, a son of Actor and \u00c6gina after her amour with Jupiter.\n He left his mother and went to Opus, where he had, by Sthenele,\n or, according to others, by Philomela or Polymela, Patroclus, often\n called from him _Men\u0153tiades_. Men\u0153tius was one of the Argonauts.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 4, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 307.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 97.\n\n=Menon=, a Thessalian commander in the expedition of Cyrus the younger\n against his brother Artaxerxes. He was dismissed on the suspicion\n that he had betrayed his fellow-soldiers. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Thessalian refused the freedom of Athens, though he furnished a\n number of auxiliaries to the people.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The husband of Semiramis.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist in the age of Socrates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the first kings of\n Phrygia. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A scholar of Phidias, &c.\n\n=Menoph\u012dlus=, a eunuch to whom Mithridates, when conquered by Pompey,\n entrusted the care of his daughter. Menophilus murdered the princess\n for fear of her falling into the enemy\u2019s hands. _Ammianus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Menta=, or =Minthe=. _See:_ Minthe.\n\n=Mentes=, a king of the Taphians in \u00c6tolia, son of Anchialus, in the\n time of the Trojan war.\n\n=Mentissa=, a town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 17.\n\n=Mento=, a Roman consul, &c.\n\n=Mentor=, a faithful friend of Ulysses.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hercules.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king\n of Sidonia, who revolted against Artaxerxes Ochus, and afterwards was\n restored to favour by his treachery to his allies, &c. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An excellent artist in polishing cups and engraving flowers\n on them. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 63, ltr. 16.\n\n=Menyllus=, a Macedonian set over the garrison which Antipater had\n stationed at Athens. He attempted in vain to corrupt the innocence of\n Phocion. _Plutarch._\n\n=Mera=, a priest of Venus. _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 8, li. 478.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n dog of Icarius, which by his cries showed Erigone where her murdered\n father had been thrown. Immediately after this discovery the daughter\n hung herself in despair, and the dog pined away, and was made a\n constellation in the heavens known by the name of Canis. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 363.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 130.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_,\n _Varia Historia_, bk. 7, ch. 28.\n\n=Mera=, or =M\u0153ra=, one of the Atlantides, who married Tegeates son of\n Lycaon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.\n\n=Mercurii promontorium=, a cape of Africa near Clypea. _Livy_, bk. 26,\n ch. 44; bk. 29, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.\n\n=Merc\u016drius=, a celebrated god of antiquity, called Hermes by the Greeks.\n There were no less than five of this name according to Cicero; a son\n of C\u0153lus and Lux; a son of Valens and Coronis; a son of the Nile; a\n son of Jupiter and Maia; and another called by the Egyptians Thaut.\n Some add a sixth, a son of Bacchus and Proserpine. To the son of\n Jupiter and Maia, the actions of all the others have been probably\n attributed, as he is the most famous and the best known. Mercury\n was the messenger of the gods, and of Jupiter in particular; he was\n the patron of travellers and of shepherds; he conducted the souls\n of the dead into the infernal regions, and not only presided over\n orators, merchants, declaimers, but he was also the god of thieves,\n pickpockets, and all dishonest persons. His name is derived _a\n mercibus_, because he was the god of merchandise among the Latins.\n He was born, according to the more received opinion, in Arcadia, on\n mount Cyllene, and in his infancy he was entrusted to the care of the\n Seasons. The day that he was born, or more probably the following day,\n he gave an early proof of his craftiness and dishonesty, in stealing\n away the oxen of Admetus which Apollo tended. He gave another proof\n of his thievish propensity, by taking also the quiver and arrows of\n the divine shepherd, and he increased his fame by robbing Neptune of\n his trident, Venus of her girdle, Mars of his sword, Jupiter of his\n sceptre, and Vulcan of many of his mechanical instruments. These\n specimens of his art recommended him to the notice of the gods, and\n Jupiter took him as his messenger, interpreter, and cup-bearer in\n the assembly of the gods. This last office he discharged till the\n promotion of Ganymede. He was presented by the king of heaven with\n a winged cap called _petasus_, and with wings for his feet called\n _talaria_. He had also a short sword called _herpe_, which he lent\n to Perseus. With these he was enabled to go into whatever part of the\n universe he pleased with the greatest celerity; and besides, he was\n permitted to make himself invisible, and to assume whatever shape\n he pleased. As messenger of Jupiter he was entrusted with all his\n secrets. He was the ambassador and plenipotentiary of the gods, and\n he was concerned in all alliances and treaties. He was the confidant\n of Jupiter\u2019s amours, and he often was set to watch over the jealousy\n and intrigues of Juno. The invention of the lyre and its seven\n strings is ascribed to him. This he gave to Apollo, and received in\n exchange the celebrated caduceus with which the god of poetry used\n to drive the flocks of king Admetus. _See:_ Caduceus. In the wars of\n the giants against the gods, Mercury showed himself brave, spirited,\n and active. He delivered Mars from the long confinement which he\n suffered from the superior power of the Aloides. He purified the\n Danaides of the murder of their husbands, he tied Ixion to his wheel\n in the infernal regions, he destroyed the hundred-eyed Argus, he\n sold Hercules to Omphale the queen of Lydia, he conducted Priam to\n the tent of Achilles, to redeem the body of his son Hector, and he\n carried the infant Bacchus to the nymphs of Nysa. Mercury had many\n surnames and epithets. He was called Cyllenius, Caduceator, Acacetos,\n from Acacos, an Arcadian; Acacesius, Tricephalos, Triplex, Chthonius,\n Camillus, Agoneus, Delius, Arcas, &c. His children are also numerous\n as well as his amours. He was father of Autolycus by Chione; of\n Myrtillus by Cleobula; of Libys by Libya; of Echion and Eurytus by\n Antianira; of Cephalus by Creusa; of Prylis by Issa; and of Priapus,\n according to some. He was also father of Hermaphroditus by Venus; of\n Eudorus by Polimela; of Pan by Dryope, or Penelope. His worship was\n well established, particularly in Greece, Egypt, and Italy. He was\n worshipped at Tanagra in B\u0153otia, under the name of Criophorus, and\n represented as carrying a ram on his shoulders, because he delivered\n the inhabitants from a pestilence by telling them to carry a ram in\n that manner round the walls of their city. The Roman merchants yearly\n celebrated a festival on the 15th of May, in honour of Mercury, in a\n temple near the Circus Maximus. A pregnant sow was then sacrificed,\n and sometimes a calf and particularly the tongues of animals were\n offered. After the votaries had sprinkled themselves with water with\n laurel leaves, they offered prayers to the divinity, and entreated\n him to be favourable to them, and to forgive whatever artful measures,\n false oaths, or falsehoods they had used or uttered in the pursuit\n of gain. Sometimes Mercury appears on monuments with a large cloak\n round his arm, or tied under his chin. The chief ensigns of his power\n and offices are his _caduceus_, his _petasus_, and his _talaria_.\n Sometimes he is represented sitting upon a crayfish, holding in one\n hand his caduceus, and in the other the claws of the fish. At other\n times he is like a young man without a beard, holding in one hand\n a purse, as being the tutelary god of merchants, with a cock on his\n wrists as an emblem of vigilance, and at his feet a goat, a scorpion,\n and a fly. Some of his statues represented him as a youth _fascino\n erecto_. Sometimes he rests his foot upon a tortoise. In Egypt\n his statues represented him with the head of a dog, whence he was\n often confounded with Anubis, and received the sacrifice of a stork.\n Offerings of milk and honey were made because he was the god of\n eloquence, whose powers were sweet and persuasive. The Greeks and\n Romans offered tongues to him by throwing them into the fire, as\n he was the patron of speaking of which the tongue is the organ.\n Sometimes his statues represent him as without arms, because,\n according to some, the power of speech can prevail over everything,\n even without the assistance of arms. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, &c.;\n _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.; _Hymn to Hermes_.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_, _Dialogi Mortuorum_.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 667; _Metamorphoses_, bks. 1, 4,\n 11, 14.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 35.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bks. 1, 7, 8, & 9.\u2015\u2015_Orpheus._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Numa_.\n \u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Plato_, _Ph\u00e6dras_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 36.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 48.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bks. 1, 2, & 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Tzetzes_, _Lycophron_,\n li. 219.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_.\u2015\u2015_Lactantius [Placidus].\n _\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, bk. 1, _Imagines_, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Marcus Manilius.\n _\u2015\u2015_Macrobius_, bk. 1, _Saturnalia_, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Trismegistus, a\n priest and philosopher of Egypt, who taught his countrymen how to\n cultivate the olive, and measure their lands, and to understand\n hieroglyphics. He lived in the age of Osiris, and wrote 40 books\n on theology, medicine, and geography, from which Sanchoniathon the\n Ph\u0153nician historian has taken his theogonia. _Diodorus_, bks. 1, & 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 3, _de Natura\n Deorum_.\n\n=Mer\u0115trix=, a name under which Venus was worshipped at Abydos and at\n Samos, because both those places had been benefited by the intrigues\n or the influence of courtesans. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 13.\n\n=M\u0113ri\u014fnes=, a charioteer of Idomeneus king of Crete during the Trojan\n war, son of Molus, a Cretan prince, and Melphidis. He signalized\n himself before Troy, and fought with Deiphobus the son of Priam,\n whom he wounded. He was greatly admired by the Cretans, who even\n paid him divine honours after death. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 6,\n li. 15.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, fable 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Jason\n son of \u00c6son, famous for his great opulence and for his avarice.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 6, ch. 1.\n\n=Merm\u0115ros=, a centaur. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 305.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Trojan, killed by Antilochus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Jason and Medea, who was\n father to Ilus of Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Mermnad\u00e6=, a race of kings in Lydia, of which Gyges was the first.\n They sat on the Lydian throne till the reign of Cr\u0153sus, who was\n conquered by Cyrus king of Persia. They were descendants of the\n Heraclid\u00e6, and probably received the name of Mermnad\u00e6 from Mermnas,\n one of their own family. They were descended from Lemnos, or,\n according to others, from Agelaus, the son of Omphale by Hercules.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 14.\n\n=Meroe=, now _Nuabia_, an island of \u00c6thiopia, with a town of the same\n name, celebrated for its wines. Its original name was _Saba_, and\n Cambyses gave it that of Meroe from his sister. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 173.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 4, lis. 3, 33; bk. 10, lis. 163 & 303. =Mer\u014fpe=,\n one of the Atlantides. She married Sisyphus son of \u00c6olus, and, like\n her sisters, was changed into a constellation after death. _See:_\n Pleiades. It is said, that in the constellation of the Pleiades the\n star of Merope appears more dim and obscure than the rest, because\n she, as the poets observe, married a mortal, while her sisters\n married some of the gods or their descendants. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4,\n li. 175.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 192.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Cypselus, who married Cresphontes\n king of Messenia, by whom she had three children. Her husband and two\n of her children were murdered by Polyphontes. The murderer obliged\n her to marry him, and she would have been forced to comply had not\n Epytus or Telephontes, her third son, revenged his father\u2019s death by\n assassinating Polyphontes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 4, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of \u0152nopion, beloved by Orion.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of the Cebrenus, who\n married \u00c6sacus the son of Priam.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Erechtheus, mother\n of D\u00e6dalus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Pandarus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of the river Sangarius, who married king Priam.\n\n=Merops=, a king of the island of Cos, who married Clymene, one\n of the Oceanides. He was changed into an eagle and placed among\n the constellations. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 763.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, _Poetica astronomica_, bk. 2,\n ch. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated soothsayer of Percosus in Troas, who foretold\n the death of his sons Adrastus and Amphius, who were engaged in the\n Trojan war. They slighted their father\u2019s advice, and were killed by\n Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the companions of \u00c6neas,\n killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 702.\n\n=Meros=, a mountain of India sacred to Jupiter. It is called by Pliny,\n bk. 6, ch. 21, Nysa. Bacchus was educated upon it, whence arose the\n fable that Bacchus was confined in the thigh (\u03bc\u03b7\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2) of his father.\n _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 8,\n ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Mer\u016dla Cornelius=, a Roman who fought against the Gauls, and who was\n made consul by Octavius in the place of Cinna. He some time after\n killed himself in despair, &c. _Plutarch._\n\n=Mesab\u0103tes=, a eunuch in Persia, flayed alive by order of Parysatis,\n because he had cut off the head and right hand of Cyrus. _Plutarch_,\n _Artaxerxes_.\n\n=Mesabius=, a mountain of B\u0153otia, hanging over the Euripus. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 9, ch. 22.\n\n=Mesapia=, an ancient name of B\u0153otia.\n\n=Mesaubius=, a servant of Eum\u00e6us the steward of Ulysses. _Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 14, li. 449.\n\n=Mesembria=, now _Miseuria_, a maritime city of Thrace. Hence\n _Mesembriacus_. _Ovid_, bk. 1, _Tristia_, bk. 6, li. 37.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another\n at the mouth of the Lissus.\n\n=Mesene=, an island in the Tigris where Apamea was built, now _Disel_.\n _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.\n\n=Mesom\u0113des=, a lyric poet in the age of the emperor Antoninus.\n\n=Mesopot\u0103mia=, a country of Asia, which receives its name from its\n situation (\u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2) _between_ the _rivers_ Tigris and Euphrates.\n It is yearly inundated by the Euphrates, and the water properly\n conveyed over the country by canals. It is now called _Diarbec_.\n _Strabo_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura\n Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 52.\n\n=Mess\u0101la=, a name of Valerius Corvinus, from his having conquered\n Messana in Sicily. This family was very ancient; the most celebrated\n was a friend of Brutus, who seized the camp of Augustus at Philippi.\n He was afterwards reconciled to Augustus, and died A.D. 9, in his\n 77th year. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another consul, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of\n Valeria, who married the dictator Sylla. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A great\n flatterer at the court of Tiberius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Syria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n tribune in one of the Roman legions during the civil war between\n Vespasian and Vitellius, of which he wrote an historical account\n mentioned by Tacitus, _Dialogue on Oratory_, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul with\n Domitius, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter at Rome, who flourished B.C. 235.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n writer, whose book _de Augusti progenie_ was edited 12mo, Leiden,\n 1648.\n\n=Messal\u012bna Valeria=, a daughter of Messala Barbatus. She married\n the emperor Claudius, and disgraced herself by her cruelties and\n incontinence. Her husband\u2019s palace was not the only seat of her\n lasciviousness, but she prostituted herself in the public streets,\n and few men there were at Rome who could not boast of having enjoyed\n the favours of the impure Messalina. Her extravagancies at last\n irritated her husband; he commanded her to appear before him to\n answer all the accusations which were brought against her, upon which\n she attempted to destroy herself, and when her courage failed, one of\n the tribunes, who had been sent to her, despatched her with his sword,\n A.D. 48. It is in speaking of her debaucheries and lewdness that a\n celebrated satirist says,\n\n _Et lassata viris, necdum satiata, recessit_.\n\n _Juvenal._\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_,\n _Claudius_.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, called also Statilia. She\n was descended from a consular family, and married the consul Atticus\n Vistinus, whom Nero murdered. She received with great marks of\n tenderness her husband\u2019s murderer and married him. She had married\n four husbands before she came to the imperial throne; and after\n the death of Nero she retired to literary pursuits and peaceful\n occupations. Otho courted her, and would have married her had he not\n destroyed himself. In his last moments he wrote her a very pathetic\n and consolatory letter, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.\n\n=Mess\u0101l\u012bnus Marcus Valerius=, a Roman officer in the reign of Tiberius.\n He was appointed governor of Dalmatia, and rendered himself known by\n his opposition to Piso, and by his attempts to persuade the Romans\n of the necessity of suffering women to accompany the camps on\n their different expeditions. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One\n of Domitian\u2019s informers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A flatterer of the emperor Tiberius.\n\n=Mess\u0101na=, an ancient and celebrated town of Sicily, on the straits\n which separate Italy from Sicily. It was anciently called _Zancle_,\n and was founded 1600 years before the christian era. The inhabitants,\n being continually exposed to the depredation of the people of Cuma,\n implored the assistance of the Messenians of Peloponnesus, and\n with them repelled the enemy. After this victorious campaign, the\n Messenians entered Zancle, and lived in such intimacy with the\n inhabitants that they changed their name, and assumed that of the\n Messenians, and called their city Messana. Another account say that\n Anaxilaus tyrant of Rhegium made war against the Zancleans, with the\n assistance of the Messenians of Peloponnesus, and that after he had\n obtained a decisive victory, he called the conquered city Messana in\n compliment to his allies, about 494 years before the christian era.\n After this revolution at Zancle, the Mamertini took possession of it,\n and made it the capital of the neighbouring country. _See:_ Mamertini.\n It afterwards fell into the hands of the Romans, and was for some\n time the chief of their possessions in Sicily. The inhabitants\n were called Messanii, Messanienses, and Mamertini. The straits of\n Messana have always been looked upon as very dangerous, especially\n by the ancients, on account of the rapidity of the currents, and the\n irregular and violent flowing and ebbing of the sea. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 23; bk. 7,\n ch. 28.\n\n=Messapia=, a country of Italy, between Tarentum and Brundusium. It\n is the same as Calabria. It received its name from Messapus the son\n of Neptune, who left a part of B\u0153otia called _Messapia_, and came\n to Italy, where he assisted the Rutulians against \u00c6neas. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 513.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 691;\n bk. 8, li. 6; bk. 9, li. 27.\n\n=Messatis=, a town of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 18.\n\n=Messe=, a town in the island of Cythera. _Statius_, bk. 1, _Thebiad_,\n bk. 4, li. 226.\n\n=Messeis=, a fountain of Thessaly. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Mess\u0113ne=, a daughter of Triopas king of Argos, who married Polycaon,\n son of Lelex king of Laconia. She encouraged her husband to levy\n troops, and to seize a part of Peloponnesus, which, after it had been\n conquered, received her name. She received divine honours after her\n death, and had a magnificent temple at Ithome, where her statue was\n made half of gold and half of Parian marble. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,\n chs. 1 & 13.\n\n=Mess\u0113ne=, or =Mess\u0113na=, now _Maura-Matra_, a city in the Peloponnesus,\n the capital of the country called Messenia. The inhabitants have\n rendered themselves famous for the war which they carried on against\n the Spartans, and which received the appellation of the _Messenian\n war_. The first Messenian war arose from the following circumstances.\n The Messenians offered violence to some Spartan women, who had\n assembled to offer sacrifices in a temple which was common to\n both nations, and which stood on the borders of their respective\n territories; and, besides, they killed Teleclus the Spartan king,\n who attempted to defend the innocence of the females. This account,\n according to the Spartan traditions, is contradicted by the\n Messenians, who observe that Teleclus, with a chosen body of\n Spartans, assembled at the temple before mentioned, disguised in\n women\u2019s clothes, and all secretly armed with daggers. This hostile\n preparation was to surprise some of the neighbouring inhabitants;\n and in a quarrel which soon after arose, Teleclus and his associates\n were all killed. These quarrels were the cause of the first Messenian\n war, which began B.C. 743. It was carried on with vigour and spirit\n on both sides, and after many obstinate and bloody battles had been\n fought and continued for 19 years, it was at last finished by the\n taking of Ithome by the Spartans, a place which had stood a siege of\n 10 years, and been defended with all the power of the Messenians. The\n insults to which the conquered Messenians were continually exposed\n at last excited their resentment, and they resolved to shake off the\n yoke. They suddenly revolted, and the second Messenian war was begun\n 685 B.C., and continued 14 years. The Messenians at first gained\n some advantage, but a fatal battle in the third year of the war so\n totally disheartened them, that they fled to Ira, where they resolved\n to maintain an obstinate siege against their victorious pursuers.\n The Spartans were assisted by the Samians in besieging Ira, and the\n Messenians were at last obliged to submit to the superior power of\n their adversaries. The taking of Ira by the Laced\u00e6monians, after\n a siege of 11 years, put an end to the second Messenian war. Peace\n was re-established for some time in Peloponnesus, but after the\n expiration of 200 years, the Messenians attempted a third time to\n free themselves from the power of Laced\u00e6mon, B.C. 465. At that time\n the Helots had revolted from the Spartans, and the Messenians, by\n joining their forces to these wretched slaves, looked upon their\n respective calamities as common, and thought themselves closely\n interested in each other\u2019s welfare. The Laced\u00e6monians were assisted\n by the Athenians, but they soon grew jealous of one another\u2019s power,\n and their political connection ended in the most inveterate enmity,\n and at last in open war. Ithome was the place in which the Messenians\n had a second time gathered all their forces, and though 10 years had\n already elapsed, both parties seemed equally confident of victory.\n The Spartans were afraid of storming Ithome, as the oracle of Delphi\n had threatened them with the greatest calamities if they offered any\n violence to a place which was dedicated to the service of Apollo. The\n Messenians, however, were soon obliged to submit to their victorious\n adversaries, B.C. 453, and they consented to leave their native\n country, and totally to depart from the Peloponnesus, solemnly\n promising that if they ever returned into Messenia, they would suffer\n themselves to be sold as slaves. The Messenians upon this, miserably\n exiled, applied to the Athenians for protection, and were permitted\n to inhabit Naupactus, whence some of them were afterwards removed to\n take possession of their ancient territories in Messenia, during the\n Peloponnesian war. The third Messenian war was productive of great\n revolutions in Greece, and though almost a private quarrel, it soon\n engaged the attention of all the neighbouring states, and kindled the\n flames of dissension everywhere. Every state took up arms as if in\n its own defence, or to prevent additional power and dominion from\n being lodged in the hands of its rivals. The descendants of the\n Messenians at last returned to Peloponnesus, B.C. 370, after a long\n banishment of 300 years. _Pausanias_, _Messenia_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 3, ch. 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 1, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 11, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Cimon_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Poly\u00e6nus_,\n bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 4, &c.\n\n=Mess\u0113nia=, a province of Peloponnesus, situate between Laconia, Elis,\n Arcadia, and the sea. Its chief city is Messena. _See:_ Messena.\n\n=Mestor=, a son of Perseus and Andromeda, who married Lysidice daughter\n of Pelops, by whom he had Hippothoe.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Pterilaus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of\n Priam. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Mes\u016bla=, a town of Italy, in the country of the Sabines.\n\n=Met\u0103bus=, a tyrant of the Privernates. He was father of Camilla, whom\n he consecrated to the service of Diana, when he had been banished\n from his kingdom by his subjects. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 540.\n\n=Metagitnia=, a festival in honour of Apollo, celebrated by the\n inhabitants of Melite, who migrated to Attica. It receives its name\n from its being observed in the month called Metagitnion.\n\n=Metan\u012bra=, the wife of Celeus king of Eleusis, who first taught\n mankind agriculture. She is also called Meganira. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 5.\n\n=Metapontum=, a town of Lucania in Italy, founded about 1269 years B.C.\n by Metabus the father of Camilla, or Epeus, one of the companions\n of Nestor. Pythagoras retired there for some time, and perished\n in a sedition. Annibal made it his head-quarters when in that part\n of Italy, and its attachment to Carthage was afterwards severely\n punished by the Roman conquerors, who destroyed its liberties and\n independence. A few broken pillars of marble are now the only\n vestiges of Metapontum. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bks. 1, 8, 25, 27, &c.\n\n=Metapontus=, a son of Sisyphus, who married \u2666Theano. _See:_ \u2666Theano.\n _Hyginus_, fable 166.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Theana\u2019 replaced with \u2018Theano\u2019 for consistency\n\n=Metaurus=, now _Metro_, a town with a small river of the same name, in\n the country of the Brutii. The river Metaurus falls into the Tyrrhene\n sea above Sicily.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, in Umbria, famous for the defeat of\n Asdrubal by the consuls Livy and Nero. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 38.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 495.\n\n=Metella=, the wife of Sylla.\n\n=Metelli [Metellus]=, the surname of the family of the C\u00e6cilii at Rome,\n the most known of whom were:\u2015\u2015A general who defeated the Ach\u00e6ans,\n took Thebes, and invaded Macedonia, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus C\u00e6cilius, who\n rendered himself illustrious by his successes against Jugurtha the\n Numidian king, from which he was surnamed _Numidicus_. He took, in\n this expedition, the celebrated Marius as his lieutenant, and he had\n soon cause to repent of the confidence he had placed in him. Marius\n raised himself to power by defaming the character of his benefactor,\n and Metellus was recalled to Rome, and accused of extortion and\n ill-management. Marius was appointed successor to finish the\n Numidian war, and Metellus was acquitted of the crimes laid to his\n charge before the tribunal of the Roman knights, who observed that\n the probity of his whole life and the greatness of his exploits\n were greater proofs of his innocence than the most powerful\n arguments. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48.\u2015\u2015_Sallust_,\n _Jugurthine War_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius C\u00e6cilius, another, who saved from the\n flames the palladium, when Vesta\u2019s temple was on fire. He was then\n high priest. He lost his sight and one of his arms in doing it, and\n the senate, to reward his zeal and piety, permitted him always to\n be drawn to the senate-house in a chariot, an honour which no one\n had ever before enjoyed. He also gained a great victory over the\n Carthaginians in the first Punic war, and led in his triumph 13\n generals and 120 elephants taken from the enemy. He was honoured\n with the dictatorship, and the office of master of horse, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus C\u00e6cilius Celer, another, who distinguished himself\n by his spirited exertions against Catiline. He married Clodia\n the sister of Clodius, who disgraced him by her incontinence and\n lasciviousness. He died 57 years B.C. He was greatly lamented by\n Cicero, who shed tears at the loss of one of his most faithful\n and valuable friends. _Cicero_, _For Marcus C\u00e6cilius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius\n C\u00e6cilius, a tribune in the civil wars of Julius C\u00e6sar and Pompey.\n He favoured the cause of Pompey, and opposed C\u00e6sar when he entered\n Rome with a victorious army. He refused to open the gates of\n Saturn\u2019s temple, in which were deposited great treasures, upon\n which they were broken open by C\u00e6sar, and Metellus retired,\n when threatened with death.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus C\u00e6cilius, the grandson of\n the high priest, who saved the palladium from the flames, was a\n warlike general, who, from his conquest of Crete and Macedonia,\n was surnamed _Macedonicus_. He had six sons, of whom four are\n particularly mentioned by Plutarch.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus C\u00e6cilius, surnamed\n _Balearicus_, from his conquest of the Baleares.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius C\u00e6cilius,\n surnamed _Diadematus_, but supposed the same as that called Lucius\n with the surname of _Dalmaticus_, from a victory obtained over\n the Dalmatians during his consulship with Mutius Sc\u00e6vola.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius\n C\u00e6cilius, surnamed _Caprarius_, who was consul with Carbo, A.U.C.\n 641.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The fourth was Marcus, and of these four brothers it is\n remarkable, that two of them triumphed in one day, but over what\n nations is not mentioned by _Eutropius_, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Nepos, a consul,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who accused Caius Curio, his father\u2019s detractor,\n and who also vented his resentment against Cicero when going to\n banishment.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who, as tribune, opposed the ambition\n of Julius C\u00e6sar.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the Roman armies against\n the Sicilians and Carthaginians. Before he marched he offered\n sacrifices to all the gods, except Vesta, for which neglect the\n goddess was so incensed that she demanded the blood of his daughter\n Metella. When Metella was going to be immolated, the goddess placed\n a heifer in her place, and carried her to a temple at Lanuvium,\n of which she became the priestess.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius C\u00e6cilius, or Quintus,\n surnamed _Creticus_, from his conquest in Crete, B.C. 66, is\n supposed by some to be the son of Metellus Macedonicus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cimber,\n one of the conspirators against Julius C\u00e6sar. It was he who gave\n the signal to attack and murder the dictator in the senate-house.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pius, a general in Spain, against Sertorius, on whose head\n he set a price of 100 talents, and 20,000 acres of land. He\n distinguished himself also in the Marsian war, and was high priest.\n He obtained the name of _Pius_ from the sorrow he showed during the\n banishment of his father Metellus _Numidicus_, whom he caused to be\n recalled. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_,\n ch. 44.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul who commanded in Africa, &c. _Valerius Maximus._\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Livy._\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Florus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, chs. 8 & 13.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 138.\n \u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Civil Wars_.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_.\u2015\u2015_Sallust_,\n _Jugurthine War_.\n\n=Metharma=, a daughter of Pygmalion king of Cyprus, and mother of\n Adonis by Cinyras, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\n\n=Meth\u012bon=, the father of Phorbas, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,\n fable 3.\n\n=Methodius=, a bishop of Tyre, who maintained a controversy against\n Porphyry. The best edition of his works is that of Paris, folio, 1657.\n\n=Meth\u014dne=, a town of Peloponnesus, where king Philip gained his first\n battle over the Athenians, B.C. 360.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Macedonia, south\n of Pella, in the siege of which, according to _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6,\n Philip lost his right eye.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Magnesia. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 2, li. 71.\n\n=Methydrium=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Megalopolis. _Valerius\n Flaccus._\n\n=Methymna= (now _Porto Petero_), a town of the island of Lesbos, which\n received its name from a daughter of \u2666Macareus. It is the second\n city of the island in greatness, population, and opulence, and its\n territory is fruitful, and the wines it produces excellent. It was\n the native place of Arion. When the whole island of Lesbos revolted\n from the power of the Athenians, Methymna alone remained firm to its\n ancient allies. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 2, satire 8, li. 50.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 90.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Marcareus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Macareus\u2019\n\n=Metiad\u016bsa=, a daughter of Eupalamus, who married Cecrops, by whom she\n had Pandion. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\n\n=Metilia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 536, to settle the power of the\n dictator, and of his master of horse, within certain bounds.\n\n=Metilii=, a patrician family, brought from Alba to Rome by Tullus\n Hostilius. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\n\n=Metilius=, a man who accused Fabius Maximus before the senate, &c.\n\n=M\u0113ti\u014fchus=, a son of Miltiades, who was taken by the Ph\u0153nicians,\n and given to Darius king of Persia. He was tenderly treated by the\n monarch, though his father had conquered the Persian armies in the\n plains of Marathon. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 41.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n Athenian entrusted with the care of the roads, &c. _Plutarch._\n\n=Metion=, a son of Erechtheus king of Athens and Praxithea. He married\n Alcippe daughter of Mars and Agraulos. His sons drove Pandion from\n the throne of Athens, and were afterwards expelled by Pandion\u2019s\n children. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\n\n=Metis=, one of the Oceanides. She was Jupiter\u2019s first wife, celebrated\n for her great prudence and sagacity above the rest of the gods.\n Jupiter, who was afraid lest she should bring forth into the world\n a child more cunning and greater than himself, devoured her in the\n first month of her pregnancy. Some time after this adventure the god\n had his head opened, from which issued Minerva, armed from head to\n foot. According to Apollodorus, bk. 1, ch. 2, Metis gave a portion to\n Saturn, and obliged him to throw up the children whom he had devoured.\n _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 890.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus._\n\n=Metiscus=, a charioteer to Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 469.\n\n=Metius Curtius=, one of the Sabines who fought against the Romans,\n on account of the stolen virgins.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Suffetius, a dictator of Alba,\n in the reign of Tullus Hostilius. He fought against the Romans,\n and at last, finally to settle their disputes, he proposed a single\n combat between the Horatii and Curiatii. The Albans were conquered,\n and Metius promised to assist the Romans against their enemies.\n In a battle against the Veientes and Fidenates, Metius showed his\n infidelity by forsaking the Romans at the first onset, and retired\n to a neighbouring eminence, to wait for the event of the battle, and\n to fall upon whatever side proved victorious. The Romans obtained the\n victory, and Tullus ordered Metius to be tied between two chariots,\n which were drawn by four horses two different ways, and his limbs\n were torn away from his body, about 669 years before the christian\n era. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 23, &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 642.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A critic. _See:_ Tarpa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Carus, a\n celebrated informer under Domitian, who enriched himself with the\n plunder of those who were sacrificed to the emperor\u2019s suspicion.\n\n=Met\u0153cia=, festivals instituted by Theseus in commemoration of the\n people of Attica having removed to Athens.\n\n=Meton=, an astrologer and mathematician of Athens. His father\u2019s\n name was Pausanias. He refused to go to Sicily with his countrymen,\n and pretended to be insane, because he foresaw the calamities that\n attended that expedition. In a book called _Enneadecaterides_, or\n the cycle of 19 years, he endeavoured to adjust the course of the\n sun and the moon, and supported that the solar and lunar years could\n regularly begin from the same point in the heavens. This is called by\n the moderns _the golden numbers_. He flourished B.C. 432. _Vitruvius_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Nicias_. A native of Tarentum, who pretended to\n be intoxicated that he might draw the attention of his countrymen,\n when he wished to dissuade them from making an alliance with king\n Pyrrhus. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.\n\n=Met\u014fpe=, the wife of the river Sangarius. She was mother of Hecuba.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The daughter of Ladon, who married the Asopus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of\n Arcadia.\n\n=Metra=, the daughter of Eresichthon, a Thessalian prince, beloved by\n Neptune. When her father had spent all his fortune to gratify the\n canine hunger under which he laboured, she prostituted herself to her\n neighbours, and received for reward oxen, goats, and sheep, which she\n presented to Eresichthon. Some say that she had received from Neptune\n the power of changing herself into whatever animal she pleased,\n and that her father sold her continually to gratify his hunger, and\n that she instantly assumed a different shape, and became again his\n property. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 21.\n\n=Metragryrte=, one of the names of Tellus, or Cybele.\n\n=Metrobius=, a player greatly favoured by Sylla. _Plutarch._\n\n=Metr\u014fcles=, a pupil of Theophrastus, who had the care of the education\n of Cleombrotus and Cleomenes. He suffocated himself when old and\n infirm. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Metrod\u014drus=, a physician of Chios, B.C. 444. He was the disciple of\n Democritus, and had Hippocrates among his pupils. His compositions\n on medicine, &c., are lost. He supported that the world was eternal\n and infinite, and denied the existence of motion. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter and philosopher of Stratonice, B.C. 171. He was sent\n to Paulus \u00c6mylius, who, after the conquest of Perseus, demanded of\n the Athenians a philosopher and a painter; the former to instruct\n his children, and the latter to make a painting of his triumphs.\n Metrodorus was sent, as in him alone were united the philosopher and\n the painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 5, _De Finibus\n Bonorum et Malorum_, ch. 1; _On Oratory_, bk. 4; _Academica._\n \u2015\u2015\u2666_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Epicurus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Mithridates, sent\n as ambassador to Tigranes king of Armenia. He was remarkable for his\n learning, moderation, humanity, and justice. He was put to death by\n his royal master for his infidelity, B.C. 72. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, of a very retentive memory.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Diod.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Diogenes La\u00ebrtius\u2019\n\n=Metroph\u0103nes=, an officer of Mithridates, who invaded Eub\u0153a, &c.\n\n=Metrop\u014flis=, a town of Phrygia on the M\u00e6ander.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Thessaly\n near Pharsalia.\n\n=Mettius=, a chief of the Gauls, imprisoned by Julius C\u00e6sar. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_.\n\n=Mettus.= _See:_ Metius.\n\n=Metulum=, a town of Liburnia, in besieging of which Augustus was\n wounded. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 49.\n\n=Mevania=, now _Bevagna_, a town of Umbria, on the Clitumnus,\n the birthplace of the poet Propertius. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 473.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 124.\n\n=Mevius=, a wretched poet. _See:_ M\u00e6vius.\n\n=Mezentius=, a king of the Tyrrhenians when \u00c6neas came into Italy. He\n was remarkable for his cruelties, and put his subjects to death by\n slow tortures, or sometimes tied a man to a dead corpse face to face,\n and suffered him to die in that condition. He was expelled by his\n subjects, and fled to Turnus, who employed him in his war against the\n Trojans. He was killed by \u00c6neas, with his son Lausus. _Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 43, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk.\n 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 648; bk. 8, li. 482.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 881.\n\n=Micea=, a virgin of Elis, daughter of Philodemus, murdered by a\n soldier called Lucius, &c. _Plutarch_, _Mulierum virtutes_.\n\n=Micipsa=, a king of Numidia, son of Masinissa, who, at his death,\n B.C. 119, left his kingdom between his sons Adherbal and Hiempsal,\n and his nephew Jugurtha. Jugurtha abused his uncle\u2019s favours by\n murdering his two sons. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Gaius Gracchus_.\n\n=Micythus=, a youth through whom Diomedon, by order of the Persian\n king, made an attempt to bribe Epaminondas. _Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Epaminondas_, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A slave of Anaxilaus of Rhegium. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 7, ch. 170.\n\n=M\u012ddas=, a king of Phrygia, son of Gordius, or Gorgius. In the\n early part of his life, according to some traditions, he found a\n large treasure, to which he owed his greatness and opulence. The\n hospitality he showed to Silenus the preceptor of Bacchus, who had\n been brought to him by some peasants, was liberally rewarded; and\n Midas, when he conducted the old man back to the god, was permitted\n to choose whatever recompence he pleased. He had the imprudence and\n the avarice to demand of the god that whatever he touched might be\n turned into gold. His prayer was granted, but he was soon convinced\n of his injudicious choice; and when the very meats which he attempted\n to eat became gold in his mouth, he begged Bacchus to take away a\n present which must prove so fatal to the receiver. He was ordered\n to wash himself in the river Pactolus, whose sands were turned into\n gold by the touch of Midas. Some time after this adventure, Midas had\n the imprudence to support that Pan was superior to Apollo in singing\n and playing upon the flute, for which rash opinion the offended\n god changed his ears into those of an ass, to show his ignorance\n and stupidity. This Midas attempted to conceal from the knowledge\n of his subjects, but one of his servants saw the length of his\n ears, and being unable to keep the secret, and afraid to reveal it,\n apprehensive of the king\u2019s resentment, he opened a hole in the earth,\n and after he had whispered there that Midas had the ears of an ass,\n he covered the place as before, as if he had buried his words in the\n ground. On that place, as the poets mention, grew a number of reeds,\n which, when agitated by the wind, uttered the same sound that had\n been buried beneath, and published to the world that Midas had the\n ears of an ass. Some explain the fable of the ears of Midas by the\n supposition that he kept a number of informers and spies, who were\n continually employed in gathering every seditious word that might\n drop from the mouths of his subjects. Midas, according to Strabo,\n died of drinking hot bull\u2019s blood. This he did, as Plutarch mentions,\n to free himself from the numerous ill dreams which continually\n tormented him. Midas, according to some, was son of Cybele. He\n built a town, which he called Ancyr\u00e6. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 11, fable 5.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Superstitione_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 191, 274.\u2015\u2015_Maximus Tyrius_, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 4 & 12.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _De\n Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 36; bk. 2, ch. 31.\n\n=Midea=, a town of Argolis. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Lycia.\n _Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 45.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of B\u0153otia, drowned by the\n inundations of the lake Copais. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nymph, who had\n Aspledon by Neptune. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 38.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mistress of\n Electryon. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Mil\u0101nion=, a youth who became enamoured of Atalanta. He is supposed by\n some to be the same as Meleager or Hippomanes. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_,\n bk. 2, li. 188.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Amphidamas.\n\n=M\u012bl\u0113sii=, the inhabitants of Miletus. _See:_ Miletus.\n\n=Milesiorum murus=, a place of Egypt, at the entrance of one of the\n mouths of the Nile.\n\n=Milesius=, a surname of Apollo.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Miletus.\n\n=Mil\u0113tia=, one of the daughters of Scedasus, ravished with her sister\n by some young Thebans. _Plutarch_ & _Pausanias_.\n\n=Mil\u0113tium=, a town of Calabria, built by the people of Miletus of Asia.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Crete. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 154.\n\n=M\u012bl\u0113tus=, a son of Apollo, who fled from Crete to avoid the wrath\n of Minos, whom he meditated to dethrone. He came to Caria, where\n he built a city which he called by his own name. Some suppose that\n he only conquered a city there called Anactoria, which assumed\n his name. They further say, that he put the inhabitants to the\n sword, and divided the women among his soldiers. Cyanea, a daughter\n of the M\u00e6ander, fell to his share. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 446.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated town of Asia Minor,\n the capital of all Ionia, situate about 10 stadia south of the mouth\n of the river M\u00e6ander, near the sea coast on the confines of Ionia and\n Caria. It was founded by a Cretan colony under Miletus, or, according\n to others, by Neleus the son of Codrus, or by Sarpedon, Jupiter\u2019s\n son. It has successively been called _Lelegeis_, _Pithyusa_, and\n _Anactoria_. The inhabitants, called _Milesii_, were very powerful,\n and long maintained an obstinate war against the kings of Lydia.\n They early applied themselves to navigation, and planted no less\n than 80 colonies, or, according to Seneca, 380, in different parts\n of the world. Miletus gave birth to Thales, Anaximenes, Anaximander,\n Hecat\u00e6us, Timotheus the musician, Pittacus, one of the seven wise\n men, &c. Miletus was also famous for a temple and an oracle of Apollo\n Didym\u00e6us, and for its excellent wool, with which were made stuffs and\n garments, held in the highest reputation, both for softness, elegance,\n and beauty. The words _Milesi\u00e6 fabul\u00e6_, or _Milesiaca_, were used to\n express wanton and ludicrous plays. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 413.\n \u2015\u2015_Capitolinus_, _Life of Albinus_, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk.\n 3, li. 306.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 1, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _de Consolatione ad Helviam_.\n\n=Milias=, a part of Lycia.\n\n=Milichus=, a freedman who discovered Piso\u2019s conspiracy against Nero.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 54.\n\n=Milinus=, a Cretan king, &c.\n\n=Milionia=, a town of the Samnites, taken by the Romans.\n\n=M\u012blo=, a celebrated athlete of Crotona in Italy. His father\u2019s name was\n Diotimus. He early accustomed himself to carry the greatest burdens,\n and by degrees became a monster in strength. It is said that he\n carried on his shoulders a young bullock four years old, for above 40\n yards, and afterwards killed it with one blow of his fist, and ate it\n up in one day. He was seven times crowned at the Pythian games, and\n six at Olympia. He presented himself a seventh time, but no one had\n the courage or boldness to enter the lists against him. He was one of\n the disciples of Pythagoras, and to his uncommon strength the learned\n preceptor and his pupils owed their life. The pillar which supported\n the roof of the school suddenly gave way, but Milo supported the\n whole weight of the building, and gave the philosopher and his\n auditors time to escape. In his old age Milo attempted to pull up\n a tree by the roots and break it. He partly effected it, but his\n strength being gradually exhausted, the tree, when half cleft,\n re-united, and his hands remained pinched in the body of the tree.\n He was then alone, and being unable to disentangle himself, he was\n eaten up by the wild beasts of the place, about 300 years before\n the christian era. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de\n Senectute_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Titus Annius, a native of Lanuvium,\n who attempted to obtain the consulship at Rome by intrigue and\n seditious tumults. Clodius the tribune opposed his views, yet Milo\n would have succeeded had not an unfortunate event totally frustrated\n his hopes. As he was going into the country, attended by his wife and\n a numerous retinue of gladiators and servants, he met on the Appian\n road his enemy Clodius, who was returning to Rome with three of his\n friends and some domestics completely armed. A quarrel arose between\n the servants. Milo supported his attendants, and the dispute became\n general. Clodius received many severe wounds, and was obliged to\n retire to a neighbouring cottage. Milo pursued his enemy in his\n retreat, and ordered his servants to despatch him. Eleven of the\n servants of Clodius shared his fate, as also the owner of the house\n who had given them a reception. The body of the murdered tribune\n was carried to Rome, and exposed to public view. The enemies of Milo\n inveighed bitterly against the violence and barbarity with which the\n sacred person of a tribune had been treated. Cicero undertook the\n defence of Milo, but the continual clamours of the friends of Clodius,\n and the sight of an armed soldiery, which surrounded the seat of\n judgment, so terrified the orator, that he forgot the greatest part\n of his arguments, and the defence he made was weak and injudicious.\n Milo was condemned and banished to Massilia. Cicero soon after sent\n his exiled friend a copy of the oration which he had delivered in his\n defence, in the form in which we have it now; and Milo, after he had\n read it, exclaimed, \u201cO Cicero, hadst thou spoken before my accusers\n in those terms, Milo would not be now eating figs at Marseilles.\u201d The\n friendship and cordiality of Cicero and Milo were the fruits of long\n intimacy and familiar intercourse. It was by the successful labours\n of Milo that the orator was recalled from banishment and restored to\n his friends. _Cicero_, _For Milo_.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, chs. 47 &\n 68.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 40.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the forces of Pyrrhus.\n He was made governor of Tarentum, and that he might be reminded of\n his duty to his sovereign, Pyrrhus sent him as a present a chain,\n which was covered with the skin of Nicias the physician, who had\n perfidiously offered the Romans to poison his royal master for a sum\n of money. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Pisa in Elis, thrown\n into the river Alpheus by his subjects for his oppression. _Ovid_,\n _Ibis_, li. 325.\n\n=Mil\u014dnius=, a drunken buffoon at Rome, accustomed to dance when\n intoxicated. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 24.\n\n=Miltas=, a soothsayer, who assisted Dion in explaining prodigies, &c.\n\n=Milti\u0103des=, an Athenian, son of Cypselus, who obtained a victory in a\n chariot race at the Olympic games, and led a colony of his countrymen\n to the Chersonesus. The causes of this appointment are striking\n and singular. The Thracian Dolonci, harassed by a long war with the\n Absynthians, were directed by the oracle of Delphi to take for their\n king the first man they met in their return home, who invited them\n to come under his roof and partake of his entertainments. This was\n Miltiades, whom the appearance of the Dolonci, their strange arms\n and garments, had struck. He invited them to his house, and was made\n acquainted with the commands of the oracle. He obeyed, and when the\n oracle of Delphi had approved a second time the choice of the Dolonci,\n he departed for the Chersonesus, and was invested by the inhabitants\n with sovereign power. The first measure he took was to stop the\n further incursions of the Absynthians, by building a strong wall\n across the isthmus. When he had established himself at home, and\n fortified his dominions against foreign invasion, he turned his arms\n against Lampsacus. His expedition was unsuccessful; he was taken in\n an ambuscade, and made prisoner. His friend Cr\u0153sus king of Lydia was\n informed of his captivity, and he procured his release by threatening\n the people of Lampsacus with his severest displeasure. He lived a\n few years after he had recovered his liberty. As he had no issue, he\n left his kingdom and his possessions to Stesagoras the son of Cimon,\n who was his brother by the same mother. The memory of Miltiades\n was greatly honoured by the Dolonci, and they regularly celebrated\n festivals and exhibited shows in commemoration of a man to whom they\n owed their greatness and preservation. Some time after Stesagoras\n died without issue, and Miltiades the son of Cimon, and the brother\n of the deceased, was sent by the Athenians with one ship to take\n possession of the Chersonesus. At his arrival Miltiades appeared\n mournful, as if lamenting the recent death of his brother. The\n principal inhabitants of the country visited the new governor to\n condole with him; but their confidence in his sincerity proved fatal\n to them. Miltiades seized their persons, and made himself absolute\n in Chersonesus; and to strengthen himself he married Hegesipyla, the\n daughter of Olorus the king of the Thracians. His prosperity, however,\n was of short duration. In the third year of his government his\n dominions were threatened by an invasion of the Scythian Nomades,\n whom Darius had some time before irritated by entering their country.\n He fled before them, but as their hostilities were but momentary,\n he was soon restored to his kingdom. Three years after he left\n Chersonesus and set sail for Athens, where he was received with\n great applause. He was present at the celebrated battle of Marathon,\n in which all the chief officers ceded their power to him, and left\n the event of the battle to depend upon his superior abilities.\n He obtained an important victory [_See:_ Marathon] over the more\n numerous forces of his adversaries; and when he had demanded of his\n fellow-citizens an olive crown as the reward of his valour in the\n field of battle, he was not only refused, but severely reprimanded\n for presumption. The only reward, therefore, that he received for\n a victory which proved so beneficial to the interests of universal\n Greece, was in itself simple and inconsiderable, though truly great\n in the opinion of that age. He was represented in the front of a\n picture among the rest of the commanders who fought at the battle of\n Marathon, and he seemed to exhort and animate his soldiers to fight\n with courage and intrepidity. Some time after Miltiades was entrusted\n with a fleet of 70 ships, and ordered to punish those islands which\n had revolted to the Persians. He was successful at first, but a\n sudden report that the Persian fleet was coming to attack him,\n changed his operations as he was besieging Paros. He raised the\n siege and returned to Athens, where he was accused of treason, and\n \u2666particularly of holding a correspondence with the enemy. The falsity\n of these accusations might have appeared, if Miltiades had been\n able to come into the assembly. A wound which he had received before\n Paros detained him at home, and his enemies, taking advantage of his\n absence, became more eager in their accusations and louder in their\n clamours. He was condemned to death, but the rigour of the sentence\n was retracted on the recollection of his great services to the\n Athenians, and he was put into prison till he had paid a fine of\n 50 talents to the state. His inability to discharge so great a\n sum detained him in confinement, and soon after his wounds became\n incurable, and he died about 489 years before the christian era. His\n body was ransomed by his son Cimon, who was obliged to borrow and\n pay the 50 talents, to give his father a decent burial. The crimes\n of Miltiades were probably aggravated in the eyes of his countrymen\n when they remembered how he made himself absolute in Chersonesus;\n and in condemning the barbarity of the Athenians towards a general\n who was the source of their military prosperity, we must remember the\n jealousy which ever reigns among a free and independent people, and\n how watchful they are in defence of the natural rights which they\n see wrested from others by violence and oppression. Cornelius Nepos\n has written the life of Miltiades the son of Cimon; but his history\n is incongruous and not authentic; and the author, by confounding the\n actions of the son of Cimon with those of the son of Cypselus, has\n made the whole dark and unintelligible. Greater reliance in reading\n the actions of both the Miltiades is to be placed on the narration\n of Herodotus, whose veracity is confirmed, and who was indisputably\n more informed and more capable of giving an account of the life and\n exploits of men who flourished in his age, and of which he could see\n the living monuments. Herodotus was born about six years after the\n famous battle of Marathon, and Cornelius Nepos, as a writer of the\n Augustan age, flourished about 450 years after the age of the father\n of history. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 137;\n bk. 6, ch. 34, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Cimon_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Archon of Athens.\n\n \u2666 \u2018paticularly\u2019 replaced with \u2018particularly\u2019\n\n=Milto=, a favourite mistress of Cyrus the younger. _See:_ Aspasia.\n\n=Milvius=, a parasite at Rome, &c. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n bridge at Rome over the Tiber, now called _Pont de Molle_. _Cicero_,\n _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 33.\u2015\u2015_Sallust_, _Catilin\u00e6\n Coniuratio_, ch. 45.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 47.\n\n=Milyas=, a country of Asia Minor, better known by the name of Lycia.\n Its inhabitants, called _Milyades_, and afterwards _Solymi_, were\n among the numerous nations which formed the army of Xerxes in his\n invasion of Greece. _Herodotus._\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 1,\n ch. 38.\n\n=Mimall\u014fnes=, the Bacchanals, who, when they celebrated the orgies\n of Bacchus, put horns on their heads. They are also called\n _Mimallonides_, and some derive their name from the mountain\n Mimas. _Persius_, bk. 1, li. 99.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, li. 541.\n \u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 660.\n\n=Mimas=, a giant whom Jupiter destroyed with thunder. _Horace_, bk. 3,\n ode 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A high mountain of Asia Minor, near Colophon. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan, son of Theano and\n Amycus, born on the same night as Paris, with whom he lived in\n great intimacy. He followed the fortune of \u00c6neas, and was killed by\n Mezentius. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 702.\n\n=Mimnermus=, a Greek poet and musician of Colophon in the age of Solon.\n He chiefly excelled in elegiac poetry, whence some have attributed\n the invention of it to him; and, indeed, he was the poet who made\n elegy an amorous poem, instead of a mournful and melancholy tale.\n In the expression of love, Propertius prefers him to Homer, as this\n verse shows:\n\n _Plus in amore valet Mimnermi versus Homero_.\n\n In his old age Mimnermus became enamoured of a young girl called\n Nanno. Some few fragments of his poetry remain, collected by Stob\u00e6us.\n He is supposed by some to be the inventor of the pentameter verse,\n which others, however, attribute to Callinus or Archilochus. The\n surname of _Ligustiades_, \u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03c5\u03c2 (_shrill-voiced_), has been applied\n to him, though some imagine the word to be the name of his father.\n _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 14.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 11.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 65.\n\n=Mincius=, now _Mincio_, a river of Venetia, flowing from the lake\n Benacus, and falling into the Po. Virgil was born on its banks.\n _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7, li. 13; _Germania_, ch. 3, li. 15;\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 206.\n\n=Mind\u0103rus=, a commander of the Spartan fleet during the Peloponnesian\n war. He was defeated by the Athenians, and died 410 B.C. _Plutarch._\n\n=M\u012bn\u0113\u012ddes=, the daughters of Minyas or Mineus, king of Orchomenos\n in B\u0153otia. They were three in number, Leuconoe, Leucippe, and\n Alcithoe. Ovid calls the two first Clymene and Iris. They derided\n the orgies of Bacchus, for which impiety the god inspired them\n with an unconquerable desire of eating human flesh. They drew\n lots which of them should give up her son as food to the rest. The\n lot fell upon Leucippe, and she gave up her son Hippasus, who was\n instantly devoured by the three sisters. They were changed into\n bats. In commemoration of this bloody crime, it was usual among\n the Orchomenians for the high priest, as soon as the sacrifice\n was finished, to pursue, with a drawn sword, all the women who had\n entered the temple, and even to kill the first he came up to. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 12.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Qu\u00e6stiones Gr\u00e6c\u00e6_,\n ch. 38.\n\n=M\u012dnerva=, the goddess of wisdom, war, and all the liberal arts, was\n produced from Jupiter\u2019s brain without a mother. The god, as it is\n reported, married Metis, whose superior prudence and sagacity above\n the rest of the gods, made him apprehend that the children of such\n a union would be of a more exalted nature, and more intelligent\n than their father. To prevent this, Jupiter devoured Metis in\n her pregnancy, and some time after, to relieve the pains which he\n suffered in his head, he ordered Vulcan to cleave it open. Minerva\n came all armed and grown up from her father\u2019s brain, and immediately\n was admitted into the assembly of the gods, and made one of the most\n faithful counsellors of her father. The power of Minerva was great\n in heaven; she could hurl the thunders of Jupiter, prolong the life\n of men, bestow the gift of prophecy, and, indeed, she was the only\n one of all the divinities whose authority and consequence were equal\n to those of Jupiter. The actions of Minerva are numerous, as well as\n the kindnesses by which she endeared herself to mankind. Her quarrel\n with Neptune concerning the right of giving a name to the capital\n of Cecropia deserves attention. The assembly of the gods settled\n the dispute by promising the preference to whichever of the two\n gave the most useful and necessary present to the inhabitants of the\n earth. Neptune, upon this, struck the ground with his trident, and\n immediately a horse issued from the earth. Minerva produced the olive,\n and obtained the victory by the unanimous voice of the gods, who\n observed that the olive, as the emblem of peace, is far preferable\n to the horse, the symbol of war and bloodshed. The victorious deity\n called the capital _Athen\u00e6_, and became the tutelar goddess of the\n place. Minerva was always very jealous of her power, and the manner\n in which she punished the presumption of Arachne is well known.\n _See:_ Arachne. The attempts of Vulcan to offer her violence, are\n strong marks of her virtue. Jupiter had sworn by the Styx to give\n to Vulcan, who had made him a complete suit of armour, whatever he\n desired. Vulcan demanded Minerva, and the father of the gods, who\n had permitted Minerva to live in perpetual celibacy, consented, but\n privately advised his daughter to make all the resistance she could\n to frustrate the attempts of her lover. The prayers and force of\n Vulcan proved ineffectual, and her chastity was not violated, though\n the god left on her body the marks of his passion, and, from the\n impurity which proceeded from this scuffle, and which Minerva threw\n down upon the earth, wrapped up in wool, was born Erichthon, an\n uncommon monster. _See:_ Erichthonius. Minerva was the first who\n built a ship, and it was her zeal for navigation, and her care for\n the Argonauts, which placed the prophetic tree of Dodona behind the\n ship Argo, when going to Colchis. She was known among the ancients by\n many names. She was called Athena, Pallas [_See:_ Pallas], Parthenos,\n from her remaining in perpetual celibacy; Tritonia, because\n worshipped near the lake Tritonis; Glaucopis, from the blueness of\n her eyes; Agorea, from her presiding over markets; Hippia, because\n she first taught mankind how to manage the horse; Stratea and Area,\n from her martial character; Coryphagenes, because born from Jupiter\u2019s\n brain; Sais, because worshipped at Sais, &c. Some attributed to her\n the invention of the flute, whence she was surnamed Andon, Luscinia,\n Musica, Salpiga, &c. She, as it is reported, once amused herself\n in playing upon her favourite flute before Juno and Venus, but\n the goddesses ridiculed the distortion of her face in blowing the\n instrument. Minerva, convinced of the justness of their remarks\n by looking at herself in a fountain near mount Ida, threw away the\n musical instrument, and denounced a melancholy death to him who\n found it. Marsyas was the miserable proof of the veracity of her\n expressions. The worship of Minerva was universally established;\n she had magnificent temples in Egypt, Ph\u0153nicia, all parts of Greece,\n Italy, Gaul, and Sicily. Sais, Rhodes, and Athens particularly\n claimed her attention, and it is even said that Jupiter rained a\n shower of gold upon the island of Rhodes, which had paid so much\n veneration and such an early reverence to the divinity of his\n daughter. The festivals celebrated in her honour were solemn and\n magnificent. _See:_ Panathen\u00e6a. She was invoked by every artist,\n and particularly such as worked in wool, embroidery, painting, and\n sculpture. It was the duty of almost every member of society to\n implore the assistance and patronage of a deity who presided over\n sense, taste, and reason. Hence the poets have had occasion to say,\n\n _Tu nihil invit\u00e2 dices faciesve Minerv\u00e2_,\n\n and,\n\n _Qui bene plac\u00e2rit Pallada, doctus erit_.\n\n Minerva was represented in different ways, according to the different\n characters in which she appeared. She generally appeared with a\n countenance full more of masculine firmness and composure, than of\n softness and grace. Most usually she was represented with a helmet on\n her head, with a large plume nodding in the air. In one hand she held\n a spear, and in the other a shield, with the dying head of Medusa\n upon it. Sometimes this Gorgon\u2019s head was on her breastplate, with\n living serpents writhing round it, as well as round her shield and\n helmet. In most of her statues she is represented as sitting, and\n sometimes she holds in one hand a distaff, instead of a spear. When\n she appeared as the goddess of the liberal arts she was arrayed in\n a variegated veil, which the ancients called _peplum_. Sometimes\n Minerva\u2019s helmet was covered at the top with the figure of a cock,\n a bird which, on account of his great courage, is properly sacred to\n the goddess of war. Some of her statues represented her helmet with\n a sphinx in the middle, supported on either side by griffins. In\n some medals, a chariot drawn by four horses, or sometimes a dragon\n or a serpent, with winding spires, appear at the top of her helmet.\n She was partial to the olive tree; the owl and the cock were her\n favourite birds, and the dragon among reptiles was sacred to her.\n The functions, offices, and actions of Minerva seem so numerous, that\n they undoubtedly originate in more than one person. Cicero speaks of\n five persons of this name; a Minerva, mother of Apollo; a daughter\n of the Nile, who was worshipped at Sais, in Egypt; a third, born from\n Jupiter\u2019s brain; a fourth, daughter of Jupiter and Coryphe; and a\n fifth, daughter of Pallas, generally represented with winged shoes.\n This last put her father to death because he attempted her virtue.\n _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 16; bk. 3,\n ode 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 6, 9, & 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, _Imagines_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, &c.;\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 15;\n bk. 3, ch. 23, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Olympian_,\n poem 7.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 354.\u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _\u0152dipus_.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_, &c.; _Odyssey_; _Hymn to Pallas Athena_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Aeschylus_, _Eumenides_.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_,\n _Dialogues_.\u2015\u2015_Clement of Alexandria_, _Stromateis_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Orpheus_, _Hymns_, poem 31.\u2015\u2015_Quintus Smyrn\u00e6us_, bk. 14, li. 448.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 168.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_,\n bk. 2, li. 721; bk. 7, &c.\u2015\u2015_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Demeter_.\n \u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Pausanias_.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bk. 5.\n\n=Minerv\u00e6 Castrum=, a town of Calabria, now _Castro_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Promontorium, a\n cape at the most southern extremity of Campania.\n\n=M\u012dnerv\u0101lia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Minerva, celebrated in\n the months of March and June. During this solemnity scholars obtained\n some relaxation from their studious pursuits, and the present,\n which it was usual for them to offer to their masters, was called\n _Minerval_, in honour of the goddess Minerva, who patronized\n over literature. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Tristia_, bk. 3, li. 809.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 30.\n\n=M\u012dnio=, now _Mignone_, a river of Etruria, falling into the Tyrrhene\n sea. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 183.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the favourites of\n Antiochus king of Syria.\n\n=Minn\u00e6i=, a people of Arabia, on the Red sea. _Pliny_, bk. 12, ch. 14.\n\n=Minoa=, a town of Sicily, built by Minos when he was pursuing D\u00e6dalus,\n and called also _Heraclea_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Peloponnesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n Crete.\n\n=Minois=, belonging to Minos. Crete is called _Minoia regna_, as being\n the legislator\u2019s kingdom. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n patronymic of Ariadne. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 157.\n\n=Minos=, a king of Crete, son of Jupiter and Europa, who gave laws to\n his subjects, B.C. 1406, which still remained in full force in the\n age of the philosopher Plato. His justice and moderation procured\n him the appellation of the favourite of the gods, the confidant of\n Jupiter, the wise legislator, in every city of Greece; and, according\n to the poets, he was rewarded for his equity, after death, with the\n office of supreme and absolute judge in the infernal regions. In this\n capacity, he is represented sitting in the middle of the shades and\n holding a sceptre in his hand. The dead plead their different causes\n before him, and the impartial judge shakes the fatal urn, which is\n filled with the destinies of mankind. He married Ithona, by whom he\n had Lycastes, who was the father of Minos II. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,\n bk. 19, li. 178.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 432.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 41.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 1, ode 28.\n\n=Minos II.=, was a son of Lycastes, the son of Minos I. king of Crete.\n He married Pasiphae the daughter of Sol and Perseis, and by her\n he had many children. He increased his paternal dominions by the\n conquest of the neighbouring islands, but he showed himself cruel\n in the war which he carried on against the Athenians, who had put\n to death his son Androgeus. _See:_ Androgeus. He took Megara by\n the treachery of Scylla [_See:_ Scylla], and, not satisfied with\n a victory, he obliged the vanquished to bring him yearly to Crete\n seven chosen boys, and the same number of virgins, to be devoured\n by the Minotaur. _See:_ Minotaurus. This bloody tribute was at last\n abolished when Theseus had destroyed the monster. _See:_ Theseus.\n When D\u00e6dalus, whose industry and invention had fabricated the\n labyrinth, and whose imprudence, in assisting Pasiphae in the\n gratification of her unnatural desires, had offended Minos, fled\n from the place of his confinement with wings [_See:_ D\u00e6dalus], and\n arrived safe in Sicily, the incensed monarch pursued the offender,\n resolved to punish his infidelity. Cocalus king of Sicily, who\n had hospitably received D\u00e6dalus, entertained his royal guest with\n dissembled friendship; and that he might not deliver to him a man\n whose ingenuity and abilities he so well knew, he put Minos to death.\n Some say that it was the daughters of Cocalus who put the king of\n Crete to death, by detaining him so long in a bath till he fainted,\n after which they suffocated him. Minos died about 35 years before\n the Trojan war. He was father of Androgeus, Glaucus, and Deucalion,\n and two daughters, Ph\u00e6dra and Ariadne. Many authors have confounded\n the two monarchs of this name, the grandfather and the grandson,\n but Homer, Plutarch, and Diodorus prove plainly that they were\n two different persons. _Pausanias_, _Achaia_, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 41.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,\n li. 141.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 21.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Min\u014dtaurus=, a celebrated monster, half a man and half a bull,\n according to this verse of Ovid, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 24,\n\n _Semibovemque virum, semivirumque bovem_.\n\n It was the fruit of Pasiphae\u2019s amour with a bull. Minos refused to\n sacrifice a white bull to Neptune, an animal which he had received\n from the god for that purpose. This offended Neptune, and he made\n Pasiphae the wife of \u2666Minos enamoured of this fine bull, which had\n been refused to his altars. D\u00e6dalus prostituted his talents in being\n subservient to the queen\u2019s unnatural desires, and, by his means,\n Pasiphae\u2019s horrible passions were gratified, and the Minotaur came\n into the world. Minos confined in the labyrinth a monster which\n convinced the world of his wife\u2019s lasciviousness and indecency, and\n reflected disgrace upon his family. The Minotaur usually devoured\n the chosen young men and maidens, whom the tyranny of Minos yearly\n extracted from the Athenians. Theseus delivered his country from this\n shameful tribute, when it had fallen to his lot to be sacrificed to\n the voracity of the Minotaur, and, by means of Ariadne, the king\u2019s\n daughter, he destroyed the monster, and made his escape from the\n windings of the labyrinth. The fabulous traditions of the Minotaur,\n and of the infamous commerce of Pasiphae with a favourite bull, have\n been often explained. Some suppose that Pasiphae was enamoured of one\n of her husband\u2019s courtiers, called Taurus, and that D\u00e6dalus favoured\n the passion of the queen by suffering his house to become the retreat\n of the two lovers. Pasiphae, some time after, brought twins into the\n world, one of whom greatly resembled Minos, and the other Taurus.\n In the natural resemblance of their countenance with that of their\n supposed fathers originated their name, and consequently the fable\n of the Minotaur. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 2.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 40.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Pal\u00e6phatus._\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 6, li. 26.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Minys\u2019 replaced with \u2018Minos\u2019\n\n=Minthe=, a daughter of Cocytus, loved by Pluto. Proserpine discovered\n her husband\u2019s amour, and changed his mistress into an herb, called by\n the same name, _mint_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 729.\n\n=Minturn\u00e6=, a town of Campania, between Sinuessa and Formi\u00e6. It was in\n the marshes, in its neighbourhood, that Marius concealed himself in\n the mud, to avoid the partisans of Sylla. The people condemned him to\n death, but when his voice alone had terrified the executioner, they\n showed themselves compassionate, and favoured his escape. Marica was\n worshipped there; hence _Maric\u00e6 regna_ applied to the place. _Strabo_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 10; bk. 10, ch. 21;\n bk. 27, ch. 38.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 424.\n\n=M\u012dn\u016dtia=, a vestal virgin, accused of debauchery on account of the\n beauty and elegance of her dress. She was condemned to be buried\n alive because a female supported the false accusation, A.U.C. 418.\n _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A public way from Rome to Brundusium.\n _See:_ Via.\n\n=M\u012dn\u016dtius Augurinus=, a Roman consul slain in a battle against the\n Samnites.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune of the people, who put M\u00e6lius to death when\n he aspired to the sovereignty of Rome. He was honoured with a brazen\n statue for causing the corn to be sold at a reduced price to the\n people. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Rufus, a\n master of horse to the dictator Fabius Maximus. His disobedience to\n the commands of the dictator was productive of an extension of his\n prerogative, and the master of the horse was declared equal in power\n to the dictator. Minutius, soon after this, fought with ill success\n against Annibal, and was saved by the interference of Fabius; which\n circumstance had such an effect upon him, that he laid down his power\n at the feet of his deliverer, and swore that he would never act again\n but by his directions. He was killed at the battle of Cann\u00e6. _Livy.\n _\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman consul who defended\n Coriolanus from the insults of the people, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, defeated\n by the \u00c6qui, and disgraced by the dictator Cincinnatus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer\n under C\u00e6sar, in Gaul, who afterwards became one of the conspirators\n against his patron. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n tribune who warmly opposed the views of Caius Gracchus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman,\n chosen dictator, and obliged to lay down his office, because, during\n the time of his election, the sudden cry of a rat was heard.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Roman, one of the first who were chosen questors.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Felix, an\n African lawyer, who flourished 207 A.D. He has written an elegant\n dialogue in defence of the christian religion, called _Octavius_,\n from the principal speaker in it. This book was long attributed\n to Arnobius, and even printed as an eighth book (_Octavus_), till\n Balduinus discovered the imposition in his edition of Felix, 1560.\n The two last editions are that of Davies, 8vo, Cambridge, 1712; and\n of Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1709.\n\n=Miny\u00e6=, a name given to the inhabitants of Orchomenos in B\u0153otia,\n from Minyas king of the country. Orchomenos the son of Minyas\n gave his name to the capital of the country, and the inhabitants\n still retained their original appellation, in contradistinction to\n the Orchomenians of Arcadia. A colony of Orchomenians passed into\n Thessaly and settled in Iolchos; from which circumstance the people\n of the place, and particularly the Argonauts, were called Miny\u00e6. This\n name they received, according to the opinion of some, not because a\n number of Orchomenians had settled among them, but because the chief\n and noblest of them were descended from the daughters of Minyas. Part\n of the Orchomenians accompanied the sons of Codrus when they migrated\n to Ionia. The descendants of the Argonauts, as well as the Argonauts\n themselves, received the name of Miny\u00e6. They first inhabited Lemnos,\n where they had been born from the Lemnian women who had murdered\n their husbands. They were driven from Lemnos by the Pelasgi about\n 1160 years before the christian era, and came to settle in Laconia,\n from whence they passed into Calliste with a colony of Laced\u00e6monians.\n _Hyginus_, fable 14.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 1,\n _Argonautica_.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 145.\n\n=M\u012dnyas=, a king of B\u0153otia, son of Neptune and Tritogenia the daughter\n of \u00c6olus. Some make him the son of Neptune and Callirrhoe, or of\n Chryses, Neptune\u2019s son, and Chrysogenia the daughter of Halmus.\n He married Clytodora, by whom he had Presbon, Periclymenus, and\n Eteoclymenus. He was father of Orchomenos, Diochithondes, and Athamas,\n by a second marriage with Phanasora the daughter of Paon. According\n to Plutarch and Ovid, he had three daughters, called Leuconoe,\n Alcithoe, and Leucippe. They were changed into bats. _See:_ Mineides.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Qu\u00e6stiones Gr\u00e6c\u00e6_, ch. 38.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, lis. 1 & 468.\n\n=Miny\u0306cus=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the sea near Arene, called\n afterwards Orchomenus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Minyeides.= _See:_ Mineides.\n\n=Minyia=, a festival observed at Orchomenus, in honour of Minyas the\n king of the place. The Orchomenians were called Miny\u00e6, and the river\n upon whose banks their town was built, Mynos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small island near\n Patmos.\n\n=Minytus=, one of Niobe\u2019s sons. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Miraces=, a eunuch of Parthia, &c. _Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 690.\n\n=Mis\u0113num=, or =Misenus=. _See:_ Misenus.\n\n=Mis\u0113nus=, a son of \u00c6olus, who was piper to Hector. After Hector\u2019s\n death he followed \u00c6neas to Italy, and was drowned on the coast\n of Campania, because he had challenged one of the Tritons. \u00c6neas\n afterwards found his body on the sea-shore, and buried it on a\n promontory which bears his name, now _Miseno_. There was also a town\n of the same name on the promontory, at the west of the bay of Naples,\n and it had also a capacious harbour, where Augustus and some of\n the Roman emperors generally kept stationed one of their fleets.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 239; bk. 6, lis. 164 & 234.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 9; _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 51.\n\n=Misitheus=, a Roman celebrated for his virtues and his misfortunes. He\n was father-in-law to the emperor Gordian, whose counsels and actions\n he guided by his prudence and moderation. He was sacrificed to the\n ambition of Philip, a wicked senator who succeeded him as prefect of\n the pretorian guards. He died A.D. 243, and left all his possessions\n to be appropriated for the good of the public.\n\n=Mithras=, a god of Persia, supposed to be the sun, or, according to\n others, Venus Urania. His worship was introduced at Rome, and the\n Romans raised him altars, on which was this \u2666inscription, _Deo Soli\n Mithr\u00e6_, or _Soli Deo invicto Mithr\u00e6_. He is generally represented\n as a young man, whose head is covered with a turban, after the manner\n of the Persians. He supports his knee upon a bull that lies on the\n ground, and one of whose horns he holds in one hand, while with\n the other he plunges a dagger into his neck. _Statius_, _Thebiad_,\n bk. 1, li. 720.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Claudian_, _de consulatu\n Stilichonis_, bk. 1.\n\n \u2666 \u2018incription\u2019 replaced with \u2018inscription\u2019\n\n=Mithracenses=, a Persian who fled to Alexander after the murder of\n Darius by Bessus. _Curtius_, bk. 5.\n\n=Mithrad\u0101tes=, a herdsman of Astyages, ordered to put young Cyrus\n to death. He refused, and educated him at home as his own son, &c.\n _Herodotus._\u2015\u2015_Justin._\n\n=Mithr\u0113nes=, a Persian who betrayed Sardes, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 3.\n\n=Mithrid\u0101tes I.=, was the third king of Pontus. He was tributary to the\n crown of Persia, and his attempts to make himself independent proved\n fruitless. He was conquered in a battle, and obtained peace with\n difficulty. Xenophon calls him merely a governor of Cappadocia. He\n was succeeded by Ariobarzanes, B.C. 363. _Diodorus._\u2015\u2015_Xenophon._\n\n=Mithrid\u0101tes II.=, king of Pontus, was grandson to Mithridates I. He\n made himself master of Pontus, which had been conquered by Alexander,\n and had been ceded to Antigonus at the general division of the\n Macedonian empire among the conqueror\u2019s generals. He reigned about\n 26 years, and died at the advanced age of 84 years, B.C. 302. He was\n succeeded by his son Mithridates III. Some say that Antigonus put\n him to death, because he favoured the cause of Cassander. _Appian_,\n _Mithridatic Wars_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus._\n\n=Mithrid\u0101tes III.=, was son of the preceding monarch. He enlarged his\n paternal possessions by the conquest of Cappadocia and Paphlagonia,\n and died after a reign of 36 years. _Florus._\n\n=Mithrid\u0101tes IV.=, succeeded his father Ariobarzanes, who was the son\n of Mithridates III.\n\n=Mithrid\u0101tes V.=, succeeded his father Mithridates IV., and strengthened\n himself on his throne by an alliance with Antiochus the Great, whose\n daughter Laodice he married. He was succeeded by his son Pharnaces.\n\n=Mithrid\u0101tes VI.=, succeeded his father Pharnaces. He was the first of\n the kings of Pontus who made alliance with the Romans. He furnished\n them with a fleet in the third Punic war, and assisted them against\n Aristonicus, who had laid claim to the kingdom of Pergamus. This\n fidelity was rewarded; he was called _Evergetes_, and received\n from the Roman people the province of Phrygia Major, and was called\n the friend and ally of Rome. He was murdered B.C. 123. _Appian_,\n _Mithridatic Wars_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 37, &c.\n\n=Mithrid\u0101tes VII.=, surnamed _Eupator_ and _The Great_, succeeded\n his father Mithridates VI., though only at the age of 11 years.\n The beginning of his reign was marked by ambition, cruelty, and\n artifice. He murdered his own mother, who had been left by his father\n co-heiress of the kingdom, and he fortified his constitution by\n drinking antidotes against the poison with which his enemies at\n court attempted to destroy him. He early inured his body to hardship,\n and employed himself in many manly exercises, often remaining whole\n months in the country, and making the frozen snow and the earth the\n place of his repose. Naturally ambitious and cruel, he spared no\n pains to acquire himself power and dominion. He murdered the two sons\n whom his sister Laodice had had by Ariarathes king of Cappadocia, and\n placed one of his own children, only eight years old, on the vacant\n throne. These violent proceedings alarmed Nicomedes king of Bithynia,\n who married Laodice the widow of Ariarathes. He suborned a youth to\n be king of Cappadocia, as the third son of Ariarathes, and Laodice\n was sent to Rome to impose upon the senate, and assure them that her\n third son was still alive, and that his pretensions to the kingdom\n of Cappadocia were just and well grounded. Mithridates used the same\n arms of dissimulation. He also sent to Rome Gordius, the governor\n of his son, who solemnly declared before the Roman people, that\n the youth who sat on the throne of Cappadocia was the third son\n and lawful heir of Ariarathes, and that he was supported as such by\n Mithridates. This intricate affair displeased the Roman senate, and\n finally to settle the dispute between the two monarchs, the powerful\n arbiters took away the kingdom of Cappadocia from Mithridates, and\n Paphlagonia from Nicomedes. These two kingdoms, being thus separated\n from their original possessors, were presented with their freedom\n and independence; but the Cappadocians refused it, and received\n Ariobarzanes for king. Such were the first seeds of enmity between\n Rome and the king of Pontus. _See:_ Mithridaticum bellum. Mithridates\n never lost an opportunity by which he might lessen the influence\n of his adversaries; and the more effectually to destroy their power\n in Asia, he ordered all the Romans that were in his dominions to\n be massacred. This was done in one night, and no less than 150,000,\n according to Plutarch, or 80,000 Romans, as Appian mentions, were\n made, at one blow, the victims of his cruelty. This universal\n massacre called aloud for revenge. Aquilius, and soon after Sylla,\n marched against Mithridates with a large army. The former was made\n prisoner, but Sylla obtained a victory over the king\u2019s generals,\n and another decisive engagement rendered him master of all Greece,\n Macedonia, Ionia, and Asia Minor, which had submitted to the\n victorious arms of the monarch of Pontus. This ill fortune was\n aggravated by the loss of about 200,000 men, who were killed in the\n several engagements that had been fought; and Mithridates, weakened\n by repeated ill success by sea and land, sued for peace from the\n conqueror, which he obtained on condition of defraying the expenses\n which the Romans had incurred by the war, and of remaining satisfied\n with the possessions which he had received from his ancestors.\n While these negotiations of peace were carried on, Mithridates\n was not unmindful of his real interests. His poverty, and not his\n inclinations, obliged him to wish for peace. He immediately took\n the field, with an army of 140,000 infantry and 16,000 horse, which\n consisted of his own forces and those of his son-in-law Tigranes king\n of Armenia. With such a numerous army, he soon made himself master\n of the Roman provinces in Asia; none dared to oppose his conquests,\n and the Romans, relying on his fidelity, had withdrawn the greatest\n part of their armies from the country. The news of his warlike\n preparations was no sooner heard, than Lucullus the consul marched\n into Asia, and without delay blocked up the camp of Mithridates, who\n was then besieging Cyzicus. The Asiatic monarch escaped from him,\n and fled into the heart of his kingdom. Lucullus pursued him with the\n utmost celerity, and would have taken him prisoner after a battle,\n had not the avidity of his soldiers preferred the plundering of a\n mule loaded with gold, to the taking of a monarch who had exercised\n such cruelties against their countrymen, and shown himself so\n faithless to the most solemn engagements. After this escape,\n Mithridates was more careful about the safety of his person, and he\n even ordered his wives and sisters to destroy themselves, fearful of\n their falling into the enemy\u2019s hands. The appointment of Glabrio to\n the command of the Roman forces, instead of Lucullus, was favourable\n to Mithridates, and he recovered the greatest part of his dominions.\n The sudden arrival of Pompey, however, soon put an end to his\n victories. A battle, in the night, was fought near the Euphrates,\n in which the troops of Pontus laboured under every disadvantage.\n The engagement was by moonlight, and, as the moon then shone in\n the face of the enemy, the lengthened shadows of the arms of the\n Romans having induced Mithridates to believe that the two armies\n were close together, the arrows of his soldiers were darted from a\n great distance, and their efforts rendered ineffectual. A universal\n overthrow ensued, and Mithridates, bold in his misfortunes, rushed\n through the thick ranks of the enemy, at the head of 800 horsemen,\n 500 of which perished in the attempt to follow him. He fled to\n Tigranes, but that monarch refused an asylum to his father-in-law,\n whom he had before supported with all the collected forces of his\n kingdom. Mithridates found a safe retreat among the Scythians, and,\n though destitute of power, friends, and resources, yet he meditated\n the destruction of the Roman empire, by penetrating into the heart\n of Italy by land. These wild projects were rejected by his followers,\n and he sued for peace. It was denied to his \u2666ambassadors, and the\n victorious Pompey declared that, to obtain it, Mithridates must ask\n it in person. He scorned to trust himself into the hands of his enemy,\n and resolved to conquer or to die. His subjects refused to follow him\n any longer, and they revolted from him, and made his son Pharnaces\n king. The son showed himself ungrateful to his father, and even,\n according to some writers, he ordered him to be put to death. This\n unnatural treatment broke the heart of Mithridates; he obliged his\n wife to poison herself, and attempted to do the same himself. It was\n in vain; the frequent antidotes he had taken in the early part of his\n life strengthened his constitution against the poison, and, when this\n was unavailing, he attempted to stab himself. The blow was not mortal;\n and a Gaul, who was then present, at his own request, gave him the\n fatal stroke, about 63 years before the christian era, in the 72nd\n year of his age. Such were the misfortunes, abilities, and miserable\n end of a man, who supported himself so long against the power of\n Rome, and who, according to the declaration of the Roman authors,\n proved a more powerful and indefatigable adversary to the capital of\n Italy, than the great Annibal, and Pyrrhus, Perseus, or Antiochus.\n Mithridates has been commended for his eminent virtues, and censured\n for his vices. As a commander he deserves the most unbounded applause,\n and it may create admiration to see him waging war with such success\n during so many years against the most powerful people on earth,\n led to the field by a Sylla, a Lucullus, and a Pompey. He was the\n greatest monarch that ever sat on a throne, according to the opinion\n of Cicero; and, indeed, no better proof of his military character can\n be brought, than the mention of the great rejoicings which happened\n in the Roman armies and in the capital at the news of his death.\n No less than 12 days were appointed for public thanksgivings to the\n immortal gods, and Pompey, who had sent the first intelligence of\n his death to Rome, and who had partly hastened his fall, was rewarded\n with the most uncommon honours. _See:_ Ampia lex. It is said that\n Mithridates conquered 24 nations, whose different languages he\n knew, and spoke with the same ease and fluency as his own. As a\n man of letters he also deserves attention. He was acquainted with\n the Greek language, and even wrote in that dialect a treatise on\n botany. His skill in physic is well known, and even now there is a\n celebrated antidote which bears his name, and is called _Mithridate_.\n Superstition, as well as nature, had united to render him great; and\n if we rely upon the authority of Justin, his birth was accompanied\n by the appearance of two large comets, which were seen for 70 days\n successively, and whose splendour eclipsed the mid-day sun, and\n covered the fourth part of the heavens. _Justin_, bk. 37, ch. 1,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Sulla_; _Lucullus_; _Caius Marius_; & _Pompey_.\n \u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 30,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 97; bk. 7,\n ch. 24; bk. 25, ch. 2; bk. 33, ch. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On Pompey\u2019s\n Command_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Eutropius_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Josephus_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Orosius_, bk. 6, &c.\n\n \u2666 \u2018ambassaders\u2019 replaced with \u2018ambassadors\u2019\n\n=Mithrid\u0101tes=, a king of Parthia, who took Demetrius prisoner.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n man made king of Armenia by Tiberius. He was afterwards imprisoned\n by Caligula, and set at liberty by Claudius. He was murdered by one\n of his nephews, and his family were involved in his ruin. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, king of Armenia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Pergamus, who\n warmly embraced the cause of Julius C\u00e6sar, and was made king of\n Bosphorus by him. Some supposed him to be the son of the great\n Mithridates by a concubine. He was murdered, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of\n Iberia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Comagena.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated king of Parthia, who\n enlarged his possessions by the conquest of some of the neighbouring\n countries. He examined with a careful eye the constitution and\n political regulations of the nations he had conquered, and framed\n from them, for the service of his own subjects, a code of laws.\n _Justin._\u2015\u2015_Orosius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who murdered his father, and made\n himself master of the crown.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Pontus, put to death by\n order of Galba, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man in the armies of Artaxerxes. He was\n rewarded by the monarch for having wounded Cyrus the younger; but,\n when he boasted that he had killed him, he was cruelly put to death.\n _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Ariobarzanes, who basely\n murdered Datames. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.\n\n=Mithrid\u0101t\u012dcum bellum=, begun 89 years B.C., was one of the longest and\n most celebrated wars ever carried on by the Romans against a foreign\n power. The ambition of Mithridates, from whom it receives its name,\n may be called the cause and origin of it. His views upon the kingdom\n of Cappadocia, of which he was stripped by the Romans, first engaged\n him to take up arms against the republic. Three Romans officers,\n Lucius Cassius the proconsul, Marcus Aquilius, and Quintus Oppius,\n opposed Mithridates with the troops of Bithynia, Cappadocia,\n Paphlagonia, and Gallo-gr\u00e6cia. The army of these provinces, together\n with the Roman soldiers in Asia, amounted to 70,000 men and 6000\n horse. The forces of the king of Pontus were greatly superior to\n these; he led 250,000 foot, 40,000 horse, and 130 armed chariots into\n the field of battle, under the command of Neoptolemus and Archelaus.\n His fleet consisted of 400 ships of war, well manned and provisioned.\n In an engagement the king of Pontus obtained the victory, and\n dispersed the Roman forces in Asia. He became master of the greatest\n part of Asia, and the Hellespont submitted to his power. Two of the\n Roman generals were taken, and Marcus Aquilius, who was principally\n entrusted with the conduct of the war, was carried about in Asia, and\n exposed to the ridicule and insults of the populace, and at last put\n to death by Mithridates, who ordered melted gold to be poured down\n his throat, as a slur upon the avidity of the Romans. The conqueror\n took every possible advantage; he subdued all the islands of the\n \u00c6gean sea, and, though Rhodes refused to submit to his power, yet\n all Greece was soon overrun by his general Archelaus, and made\n tributary to the kingdom of Pontus. Meanwhile the Romans, incensed\n against Mithridates on account of his perfidy, and of his cruelty\n in massacring 80,000 of their countrymen in one day all over Asia,\n appointed Sylla to march into the east. Sylla landed in Greece, where\n the inhabitants readily acknowledged his power; but Athens shut her\n gates against the Roman commander, and Archelaus, who defended it,\n defeated, with the greatest courage, all the efforts and operations\n of the enemy. This spirited defence was of short duration. Archelaus\n retreated into B\u0153otia, where Sylla soon followed him. The two hostile\n armies drew up in a line of battle near Ch\u00e6ronea, and the Romans\n obtained the victory, and of the almost innumerable forces of the\n Asiatics, no more than 10,000 escaped. Another battle in Thessaly,\n near Orchomenos, proved equally fatal to the king of Pontus. Dorylaus,\n one of his generals, was defeated, and he soon after sued for peace.\n Sylla listened to the terms of accommodation, as his presence at Rome\n was now become necessary to quell the commotions and cabals which\n his enemies had raised against him. He pledged himself to the king\n of Pontus to confirm him in the possession of his dominions, and to\n procure him the title of friend and ally of Rome; and Mithridates\n consented to relinquish Asia and Paphlagonia, to deliver Cappadocia\n to Ariobarzanes, and Bithynia to Nicomedes, and to pay to the Romans\n 2000 talents to defray the expenses of the war, and to deliver into\n their hands 70 galleys, with all their rigging. Though Mithridates\n seemed to have re-established peace in his dominions, yet Fimbria,\n whose sentiments were contrary to those of Sylla, and who made\n himself master of the army of Asia by intrigue and oppression,\n kept him under continual alarms, and rendered the existence of his\n power precarious. Sylla, who had returned from Greece to ratify the\n treaty which had been made with Mithridates, rid the world of the\n tyrannical Fimbria; and the king of Pontus, awed by the resolution\n and determined firmness of his adversary, agreed to the conditions,\n though with reluctance. The hostile preparations of Mithridates,\n which continued in the time of peace, became suspected by the Romans,\n and Mur\u00e6na, who was left as governor of Asia in Sylla\u2019s absence, and\n who wished to make himself known by some conspicuous action, began\n hostilities by taking Comana and plundering the temple of Bellona.\n Mithridates did not oppose him, but he complained of this breach of\n peace before the Roman senate. Mur\u00e6na was publicly reprimanded; but,\n as he did not cease from hostilities, it was easily understood that\n he acted by the private directions of the Roman people. The king\n upon this marched against him, and a battle was fought, in which both\n the adversaries claimed the victory. This was the last blow which\n the king of Pontus received in this war, which is called the second\n Mithridatic war, and which continued for about three years. Sylla\n at that time was made perpetual dictator at Rome, and he commanded\n Mur\u00e6na to retire from the kingdom of Mithridates. The death of Sylla\n changed the face of affairs; the treaty of peace between the king\n of Pontus and the Romans, which had never been committed to writing,\n demanded frequent explanations, and Mithridates at last threw off\n the mask of friendship, and declared war. Nicomedes, at his death,\n left his kingdom to the Romans, but Mithridates disputed their\n right to the possessions of the deceased monarch, and entered the\n field with 120,000 men, besides a fleet of 400 ships in his ports,\n 16,000 horsemen to follow him, and 100 chariots armed with scythes.\n Lucullus was appointed over Asia, and entrusted with the care of\n the Mithridatic war. His valour and prudence showed his merit; and\n Mithridates, in his vain attempts to take Cyzicum, lost no less\n than 300,000 men. Success continually attended the Roman arms. The\n king of Pontus was defeated in several bloody engagements, and with\n difficulty saved his life, and retired to his son-in-law Tigranes\n king of Armenia. Lucullus pursued him; and, when his applications\n for the person of the fugitive monarch had been despised by Tigranes,\n he marched to the capital of Armenia, and terrified, by his sudden\n approach, the numerous forces of the enemy. A battle ensued. The\n Romans obtained an easy victory, and no less than 100,000 foot\n of the Armenians perished, and only five men of the Romans were\n killed. Tigranocerta, the rich capital of the country, fell into\n the conqueror\u2019s hands. After such signal victories, Lucullus had the\n mortification to see his own troops mutiny, and to be dispossessed of\n the command by the arrival of Pompey. The new general showed himself\n worthy to succeed Lucullus. He defeated Mithridates, and rendered\n his affairs so desperate, that the monarch fled for safety into the\n country of the Scythians; where, for a while, he meditated the ruin\n of the Roman empire, and, with more wildness than prudence, secretly\n resolved to invade Italy by land, and march an army across the\n northern wilds of Asia and Europe to the Apennines. Not only the\n kingdom of Mithridates had fallen into the enemy\u2019s hands, but also\n all the neighbouring kings and princes were subdued, and Pompey saw\n prostrate at his feet Tigranes himself, that king of kings, who had\n lately treated the Romans with such contempt. Meantime, the wild\n projects of Mithridates terrified his subjects; and they, fearful\n to accompany him in a march of above 2000 miles across a barren and\n uncultivated country, revolted, and made his son king. The monarch,\n forsaken in his old age, even by his own children, put an end to his\n life [_See:_ Mithridates VII.], and gave the Romans cause to rejoice,\n as the third Mithridatic war was ended in his fall, B.C. 63. Such\n were the unsuccessful struggles of Mithridates against the power\n of Rome. He was always full of resources, and the Romans had never\n a greater or more dangerous war to sustain. The duration of the\n Mithridatic war is not precisely known. According to Justin, Orosius,\n Floras, and Eutropius, it lasted 40 years; but the opinion of others,\n who fix its duration to 30 years, is far more credible; and, indeed,\n by proper calculation, there elapsed no more than 26 years from the\n time that Mithridates first entered the field against the Romans,\n till the time of his death. _Appian_, _ Mithridatic Wars_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 37, &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Livy._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Orosius._\u2015\u2015_Paterculus._\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\n\n=Mithrid\u0101tis=, a \u2666daughter of Mithridates the Great. She was poisoned\n by her father.\n\n \u2666 \u2018daughther\u2019 replaced with \u2018daughter\u2019\n\n=Mithrobarz\u0101nes=, a king of Armenia, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer sent by Tigranes\n against Lucullus, &c. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father-in-law of Datames.\n\n=M\u012dty\u0306l\u0113ne= and =H\u012dty\u0306l\u0115n\u00e6=, the capital city of the island of Lesbos,\n which receives its name from Mitylene the daughter of Macareus, a\n king of the country. It was greatly commended by the ancients for\n the stateliness of its buildings and the fruitfulness of its soil,\n but more particularly for the great men whom it produced. Pittacus,\n Alc\u00e6us, Sappho, Terpander, Theophanes, Hellenicus, &c., were all\n natives of Mitylene. It was long a seat of learning, and, with Rhodes\n and Athens, it had the honour of having educated many of the great\n men of Rome and Greece. In the Peloponnesian war the Mityleneans\n suffered greatly for their revolt from the power of Athens; and, in\n the Mithridatic wars, they had the boldness to resist the Romans,\n and disdain the treaties which had been made between Mithridates and\n Sylla. _Cicero_, _On the Agrarian Law_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bks. 3 & 12.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, &c.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Pompey_, &c.\n\n=Mitys=, a man whose statue fell upon his murderer, and crushed him to\n death, &c. _Aristotle_, bk. 10, _Poetics_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Macedonia.\n\n=Miz\u00e6i=, a people of Elymais.\n\n=Mnasalces=, a Greek poet, who wrote epigrams. _Athen\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\n\n=Mnasias=, an historian of Ph\u0153nicia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Colophon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A third\n of Patr\u00e6, in Achaia, who flourished 141 B.C.\n\n=Mnasicles=, a general of Thymbro, &c. _Diodorus_, \u2666bk. 18.\n\n \u2666 \u201858\u2019 replaced with \u201818\u2019\n\n=Mnas\u012blus=, a youth who assisted Chromis to tie the old Silenus, whom\n they found asleep in a cave. Some imagine that Virgil spoke of Varus\n under the name of Mnasilus. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 13.\n\n=Mnasippidas=, a Laced\u00e6monian, who imposed upon the credulity of the\n people, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=Mnasippus=, a Laced\u00e6monian, sent with a fleet of 65 ships and 1500 men\n to Corcyra, where he was killed, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\n\n=Mnasitheus=, a friend of Aratus.\n\n=Mnason=, a tyrant of Elatia, who gave 1200 pieces of gold for 12\n pictures of 12 gods to Asclepiodorus. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 16.\n\n=Mnasyrium=, a place in Rhodes. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Mnemon=, a surname given to Artaxerxes on account of his retentive\n memory. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Kings_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Rhodian.\n\n=Mn\u0113m\u014fsy\u0306ne=, a daughter of C\u0153lus and Terra, mother of the nine Muses\n by Jupiter, who assumed the form of a shepherd to enjoy her company.\n The word _Mnemosyne_ signifies _memory_, and therefore the poets\n have rightly called memory the mother of the Muses, because it is to\n that mental endowment that mankind are indebted for their progress\n in science. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 4.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_,\n _Isthmean_, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fountain of B\u0153otia, whose waters were generally drunk\n by those who consulted the oracle of Trophonius. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,\n ch. 39.\n\n=Mnesarchus=, a celebrated philosopher of Greece, pupil to Pan\u00e6tius,\n &c. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\n\n=Mnesid\u0103mus=, an officer who conspired against the lieutenant of\n Demetrius. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Mnesilaus=, a son of Pollux and Ph\u0153be. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Mnesim\u0103che=, a daughter of Dexamenus king of Olenus, courted by\n Eurytion, whom Hercules killed. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Mnesim\u0103chus=, a comic poet.\n\n=Mnester=, a freedman of Agrippina, who murdered himself at the death\n of his mistress. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 9.\n\n=Mnestheus=, a Trojan, descended from Assaracus. He was a competitor\n for the prize given to the best sailing vessel by \u00c6neas, at the\n funeral games of Anchises in Sicily, and became the progenitor of the\n family of the Memmii at Rome. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 116, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Peteus. _See:_ Menestheus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A freedman of Aurelian, &c.\n _Eutropius_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Aurelius Victor._\n\n=Mnestia=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Mnestra=, a mistress of Cimon.\n\n=Mn\u0115vis=, a celebrated bull, sacred to the sun in the town of\n Heliopolis. He was worshipped with the same superstitious ceremonies\n as Apis, and, at his death, he received the most magnificent funeral.\n He was the emblem of Osiris. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de\n Iside et Osiride_.\n\n=Moaphernes=, the uncle of Strabo\u2019s mother, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\n\n=Modestus=, a Latin writer, whose book _De re Militari_ has been\n elegantly edited in 2 vols., 8vo, Vesali\u00e6, 1670.\n\n=Modia=, a rich widow at Rome. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 130.\n\n=M\u0153cia=, one of the tribes at Rome. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 17.\n\n=M\u0153nus=, now _Mayne_, a river of Germany, which falls into the Rhine\n near Mentz. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 28.\n\n=M\u0153rag\u0115tes=, _fatorum ductor_, a surname of Jupiter. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 5, ch. 15.\n\n=M\u0153ris=, a king of India, who fled at the approach of Alexander.\n _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A steward of the shepherd Menalcas in\n _Virgil\u2019s_, _Eclogues_, poem 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Egypt. He was the last\n of the 300 kings from Menes to Sesostris, and reigned 68 years.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated lake in Egypt, supposed\n to have been dug by the king of the same name. It is about 220 miles\n in circumference, and intended as a reservoir for the superfluous\n waters during the inundation of the Nile. There were two pyramids in\n it, 600 feet high, half of which lay under the water, and the other\n appeared above the surface. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 1, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 12.\n\n=M\u0153di=, a people of Thrace, conquered by Philip of Macedonia.\n\n=M\u0153on=, a Sicilian, who poisoned Agathocles, &c.\n\n=M\u0153ra=, a dog. _See:_ Mera.\n\n=M\u0153sia=, a country of Europe, bounded on the south by the mountains of\n Dalmatia, north by mount H\u00e6mus, extending from the confluence of the\n Savus and the Danube to the shores of the Euxine. It was divided into\n Upper and Lower M\u0153sia. Lower M\u0153sia was on the borders of the Euxine,\n and contained that tract of country which received the name of Pontus\n from its vicinity to the sea, and which is now part of _Bulgaria_.\n Upper M\u0153sia lies beyond the other, in the inland country, now called\n _Servia_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1,\n li. 102.\n\n=Moleia=, a festival in Arcadia, in commemoration of a battle in which\n Lycurgus obtained the victory.\n\n=Molion=, a Trojan prince, who distinguished himself in the defence\n of his country against the Greeks as the friend and companion of\n Thymbr\u00e6us. They were slain by Ulysses and Diomedes. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 11, li. 320.\n\n=Mol\u012b\u014fne=, the wife of Actor son of Phorbas. She became mother\n of Cteatus and Eurytus, who, from her, are called _Molionides_.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Molo=, a philosopher of Rhodes, called also Apollonius. Some are of\n opinion that Apollonius and Molo are two different persons, who were\n both natives of Alabanda, and disciples of Menecles, of the same\n place. They both visited Rhodes, and there opened a school, but Molo\n flourished some time after Apollonius. Molo had Cicero and Julius\n C\u00e6sar among his pupils. _See:_ Apollonius. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A prince of Syria, who revolted against Antiochus, and killed\n himself when his rebellion was attended with ill success.\n\n=Moloeis=, a river of B\u0153otia, near Plat\u00e6a.\n\n=M\u014florchus=, an old shepherd near Cleon\u00e6, who received Hercules with\n great hospitality. The hero, to repay the kindness he received,\n destroyed the Nem\u00e6an lion, which laid waste the neighbouring country\n and, therefore, the Nem\u00e6an games, instituted on this occasion, are to\n be understood by the words _Lucus Molorchi_. There were two festivals\n instituted in his honour, called _Molorche\u00e6_. _Martial_, bk. 9,\n ltr. 44; bk. 14, ltr. 44.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 19.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebiad_, bk. 4, li. 160.\n\n=M\u014flossi=, a people of Epirus, who inhabited that part of the country\n which was called _Molossia_, or _Molossis_ from king Molossus. This\n country had the bay of Ambracia on the south, and the country of\n the Perrh\u00e6beans on the east. The dogs of the place were famous,\n and received the name of _Molossi_ among the Romans. Dodona was the\n capital of the country according to some writers. Others, however,\n reckon it as the chief city of Thesprotia. _Lucretius_, bk. 5,\n lis. 10, 62.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 440.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Livy._\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, bk. 2, ch. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 495.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 6,\n li. 114.\n\n=M\u014flossia=, or =Molossis=. _See:_ Molossi.\n\n=Molossus=, a son of Pyrrhus and Andromache. He reigned in Epirus,\n after the death of Helenus, and part of his dominions received the\n name of Molossia from him. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname\n of Jupiter in Epirus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian general, &c. _Pausanias_,\n _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Merion of Crete. _See:_ Molus. _Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 6.\n\n=Molpadia=, one of the Amazons, &c. _Plutarch._\n\n=Molpus=, an author who wrote a history of Laced\u00e6mon.\n\n=Molus=, a Cretan, father of Meriones. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Deucalion.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, son of Mars and Demonice.\n\n=Molycrion=, a town of \u00c6tolia, between the Evenus and Naupactum.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\n\n=Momemphis=, a town of Egypt. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\n\n=Momus=, the god of pleasantry among the ancients, was son of Nox,\n according to Hesiod. He was continually employed in satirizing the\n gods, and whatever they did was freely turned to ridicule. He blamed\n Vulcan, because in the human form which he had made of clay, he had\n not placed a window in his breast, by which whatever was done or\n thought there might be easily brought to light. He censured the house\n which Minerva had made, because the goddess had not made it movable,\n by which means a bad neighbourhood might be avoided. In the bull\n which Neptune had produced, he observed that his blows might have\n been surer if his eyes had been placed near his horns. Venus herself\n was exposed to his satire; and when the sneering god had found no\n fault in the body of the naked goddess, he observed, as she retired,\n that the noise of her feet was too loud, and greatly improper in the\n goddess of beauty. These illiberal reflections upon the gods were the\n cause that Momus was driven from heaven. He is generally represented\n raising a mask from his face, and holding a small figure in his hand.\n _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_, _Hermotimus_.\n\n=Mona=, an island between Britain and Hibernia, anciently inhabited by\n a number of Druids. It is supposed by some to be the modern island of\n _Anglesey_, and by others, the island of _Man_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 14, chs. 18 & 29.\n\n=Mon\u00e6ses=, a king of Parthia, who favoured the cause of Marcus Antony\n against Augustus. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 6, li. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Parthian in the\n age of Mithridates, &c.\n\n=Monda=, a river between the Durius, and Tagus, in Portugal. _Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 22.\n\n=Mon\u0113sus=, a general killed by Jason at Colchis, &c.\n\n=Mon\u0113ta=, a surname of Juno among the Romans. She received it because\n she advised them to sacrifice a pregnant sow to Cybele, to avert an\n earthquake. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 15. _Livy_ says\n (bk. 7, ch. 28) that a temple was vowed to Juno under this name, by\n the dictator Furius, when the Romans waged war against the Aurunci,\n and that the temple was raised to the goddess by the senate, on\n the spot where the house of Manlius Capitolinus had formerly stood.\n _Suidas_, however, says, that Juno was surnamed _Moneta_, from\n assuring the Romans, when in the war against Pyrrhus they complained\n of want of pecuniary resources, that money could never fail to those\n who cultivated justice.\n\n=Mon\u012dma=, a beautiful woman of Miletus, whom Mithridates the Great\n married. When his affairs grew desperate, Mithridates ordered his\n wives to destroy themselves; Monima attempted to strangle herself,\n but when her efforts were unavailing, she ordered one of her\n attendants to stab her. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.\n\n=Monimus=, a philosopher of Syracuse.\n\n=Mon\u014fdus=, a son of Prusias. He had one continued bone instead of a row\n of teeth, whence his name (\u03bc\u03bf\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 \u1f41\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2). _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 16.\n\n=Mon\u0153cus=, now _Monaco_, a town and port of Liguria, where Hercules had\n a temple; whence he is called _Mon\u0153cius_, and the harbour _Herculis\n Portus_. _Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 830.\n\n=Monoleus=, a lake of \u00c6thiopia.\n\n=Monoph\u0103ge=, sacrifices in \u00c6gina.\n\n=Monoph\u012dlus=, a eunuch of Mithridates. The king entrusted him with the\n care of one of his daughters; and the eunuch, when he saw the affairs\n of his master in a desperate situation, stabbed her, lest she should\n fall into the enemy\u2019s hands, &c.\n\n=Mons Sacer=, a mountain near Rome, where the Roman populace retired in\n a tumult, which was the cause of the election of the tribunes.\n\n=Mons Sev\u0113rus=, a mountain near Rome, &c.\n\n=Mont\u0101nus=, a poet who wrote in hexameter and elegiac verses. _Ovid_,\n _ex Ponto_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator under Vespasian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A favourite of Messalina.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the senators whom Domitian consulted about boiling a\n turbot. _Juvenal_, satire 4.\n\n=Mony\u0306chus=, a powerful giant, who could root up trees and hurl them\n like a javelin. He receives his name from his having the feet of a\n horse, as the word implies. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 11.\n\n=Mony\u0306ma.= _See:_ Monima.\n\n=Mony\u0306mus=, a servant of Corinth, who, not being permitted by his master\n to follow Diogenes the cynic, pretended madness, and obtained his\n liberty. He became a great admirer of the philosopher, and also of\n Crates, and even wrote something in the form of facetious stories.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Mophis=, an Indian prince conquered by Alexander.\n\n=Mopsium=, a hill and town of Thessaly, between Tempe and Larissa.\n _Livy_, bk. 42.\n\n=Mopsopia=, an ancient name of Athens, from Mopsus, one of its kings,\n and from thence the epithet of _Mopsopius_ is often applied to an\n Athenian.\n\n=Mopsuhestia=, or =Mopsos=, a town of Cilicia near the sea. _Cicero_,\n _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ch. 8.\n\n=Mopsus=, a celebrated prophet, son of Manto and Apollo, during the\n Trojan war. He was consulted by Amphimachus king of Colophon, who\n wished to know what success would attend his arms in a war which\n he was going to undertake. He predicted the greatest calamities;\n but Calchas, who had been a soothsayer of the Greeks during the\n Trojan war, promised the greatest successes. Amphimachus followed\n the opinion of Calchas, but the opinion of Mopsus was fully verified.\n This had such an effect upon Calchas that he died soon after. His\n death is attributed by some to another mortification of the same\n nature. The two soothsayers, jealous of each other\u2019s fame, came\n to a trial of their skill in divination. Calchas first asked his\n antagonist how many figs a neighbouring tree bore. \u201cTen thousand\n except one,\u201d replied Mopsus, \u201cand one single vessel can contain them\n all.\u201d The figs were gathered, and his conjectures were true. Mopsus,\n now to try his adversary, asked him how many young ones a certain\n pregnant sow would bring forth. Calchas confessed his ignorance, and\n Mopsus immediately said that the sow would bring forth on the morrow\n 10 young ones, of which only one should be a male, all black, and\n that the females should all be known by their white streaks. The\n morrow proved the veracity of his prediction, and Calchas died by\n excess of the grief which this defeat produced. Mopsus after death\n was ranked among the gods; and had an oracle at Malia, celebrated\n for the true and decisive answers which it gave. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ammianus_, bk. 14, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _de Defectu Oraculorum_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Ampyx and Chloris, born at\n Titaressa in Thessaly. He was the prophet and soothsayer of the\n Argonauts, and died at his return from Colchis by the bite of a\n serpent in Libya. Jason erected to him a monument on the sea-shore,\n where afterwards the Africans built him a temple where he gave\n oracles. He has often been confounded with the son of Manto, as\n their professions and their names were alike. _Hyginus_, fables 14,\n 128, 173.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A shepherd of that name in _Virgil_,\n _Eclogues_.\n\n=Morgantium= (or ia), a town of Sicily, near the mouth of the Simethus.\n _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\n\n=Mor\u012dni=, a people of Belgic Gaul, on the shores of the British ocean.\n The shortest passage to Britain was from their territories. They\n were called _extremi hominum_ by the Romans, because situate on the\n extremities of Gaul. Their city, called _Morinorum castellum_, is now\n _Mount Cassel_, in Artois; and _Morinorum civitas_, is _Terouenne_,\n on the Lis. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 726.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, bk. 4,\n _Gallic War_, ch. 21.\n\n=Moritasgus=, a king of the Senones at the arrival of C\u00e6sar in Gaul.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\n\n=Morius=, a river of B\u0153otia. _Plutarch._\n\n=Morpheus=, the son and minister of the god Somnus, who naturally\n imitated the grimaces, gestures, words, and manners of mankind. He is\n sometimes called the god of sleep. He is generally represented as a\n sleeping child of great corpulence, and with wings. He holds a vase\n in one hand, and in the other are some poppies. He is represented by\n Ovid as sent to inform by a dream and a vision the unhappy Alcyone\n of the fate of her husband Ceyx. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,\n fable 10.\n\n=Mors=, one of the infernal deities born of Night, without a father.\n She was worshipped by the ancients, particularly by the Laced\u00e6monians,\n with great solemnity, and represented not as an actually existing\n power, but as an imaginary being. Euripides introduces her in one of\n his tragedies on the stage. The moderns represent her as a skeleton\n armed with a scythe and a scymetar.\n\n=Mortuum mare.= _See:_ Mare Mortuum.\n\n=Morys=, a Trojan killed by Meriones during the Trojan war. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 13, &c.\n\n=Mosa=, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into the German ocean, and now\n called the _Maese_ or _Meuse_. The bridge over it, _Mos\u00e6pons_, is now\n supposed to be _Maestricht_. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 66.\n\n=Moscha=, now _Mascat_, a port of Arabia on the Red sea.\n\n=Moschi=, a people of Asia, at the west of the Caspian sea. _Mela_,\n bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 270.\n\n=Moschion=, a name common to four different writers, whose compositions,\n character, and native place are unknown. Some fragments of their\n writings remain, some few verses and a treatise _de morbis mulierum_,\n edited by Gesner, 4to, Basil, 1566.\n\n=Moschus=, a Ph\u0153nician who wrote the history of his country in his own\n mother tongue.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of Sidon. He is supposed to be the\n founder of anatomical philosophy. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek Bucolic poet\n in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. The sweetness and elegance of his\n eclogues, which are still extant, make the world regret the loss of\n poetical pieces no ways inferior to the productions of Theocritus.\n The best editions of Moschus with Bion is that of Heskin, 8vo,\n Oxford, 1748.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek rhetorician of Pergamus in the age of Horace,\n defended by Torquatus in an accusation of having poisoned some of his\n friends. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 5, li. 9.\n\n=Mosella=, a river of Belgic Gaul falling into the Rhine at Coblentz,\n and now called the _Moselle_. _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 53.\n\n=Moses=, a celebrated legislator and general among the Jews, well\n known in sacred history. He was born in Egypt 1571 B.C., and after he\n had performed his miracles before Pharaoh, conducted the Israelites\n through the Red sea, and given them laws and ordinances, during their\n peregrination of 40 years in the wilderness of Arabia, he died at the\n age of 120. His writings have been quoted and commended by several of\n the heathen authors, who have divested themselves of their prejudices\n against a Hebrew, and extolled his learning and the effects of his\n wisdom. _Longinus._\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Mosychlus=, a mountain of Lemnos. _Nicander._\n\n=Mosyn\u00e6ci=, a nation on the Euxine sea, in whose territories the 10,000\n Greeks stayed on their return from Cunaxa. _Xenophon._\n\n=Moth\u014dne=, a town of Magnesia, where Philip lost one of his eyes.\n _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6. The word is oftener spelt Methone.\n\n=Motya=, a town of Sicily, besieged and taken by Dionysius tyrant of\n Syracuse.\n\n=Muci\u0101nus=, a facetious and intriguing general under Otho and Vitellius,\n &c.\n\n=Mucius.= _See:_ Mutius.\n\n=Mucr\u00e6=, a village of Samnium. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 565.\n\n=Mulc\u012dber=, a surname of Vulcan (_a mulcendo ferrum_), from his\n occupation. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 5. _See:_ Vulcanus.\n\n=Mul\u016dcha=, a river of Africa, dividing Numidia from Mauritania. _Pliny_,\n bk. 5, ch. 2.\n\n=Mulvius pons=, a bridge on the Flaminian way, about one mile distant\n from Rome. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 14.\n\n=Lucius Mummius=, a Roman consul sent against the Ach\u00e6ans, whom he\n conquered, B.C. 147. He destroyed Corinth, Thebes, and Chalcis, by\n order of the senate, and obtained the surname of _Achaicus_ from\n his victories. He did not enrich himself with the spoils of the\n enemy, but returned home without any increase of fortune. He was so\n unacquainted with the value of the paintings and works of the most\n celebrated artists of Greece, which were found in the plunder of\n Corinth, that he said to those who conveyed them to Rome, that if\n they lost them or injured them, they should make others in their\n stead. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 34, ch. 7; bk. 37, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 5, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius, a man commended by Caius Publicius for\n the versatility of his mind, and the propriety of his manners.\n _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Latin poet. _Macrobius_, bk. 1,\n _Saturnalia_, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus, a pretor. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Spurius, a brother of Achaicus before mentioned, distinguished as\n an orator, and for his fondness for the stoic philosophy. _Cicero_,\n _Brutus_, ch. 25; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n lieutenant of Crassus defeated, &c. _Plutarch_, _Crassus_.\n\n=Munatius Plancus=, a consul sent to the rebellious army of Germanicus.\n He was almost killed by the incensed soldiery, who suspected that it\n was through him that they had not all been pardoned and indemnified\n by a decree of the senate. Calpurnius rescued him from their fury.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator and disciple of Cicero. His father, grandfather, and\n great grandfather bore the same name. He was with C\u00e6sar in Gaul, and\n was made consul with Brutus. He promised to favour the republican\n cause for some time, but he deserted again to C\u00e6sar. He was long\n Antony\u2019s favourite, but he left him at the battle of Actium to\n conciliate the favours of Octavius. His services were great in the\n senate; for through his influence and persuasion, that venerable body\n flattered the conqueror of Antony with the appellation of Augustus.\n He was rewarded with the office of censor. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Gratus, a Roman knight who conspired with Piso against Nero.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Augustus_,\n ch. 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Horace, epode 3, li. 31.\n\n=Munda=, a small town of Hispania B\u00e6tica, celebrated for a battle which\n was fought there on the 17th of March, B.C. 45, between C\u00e6sar and\n the republican forces of Rome, under Labienus and the sons of Pompey.\n C\u00e6sar obtained the victory after an obstinate and bloody battle, and\n by this blow put an end to the Roman republic. Pompey lost 30,000\n men, and C\u00e6sar only 1000, and 500 wounded. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,\n li. 400.\u2015\u2015_Hirtius_, _Spanish War_, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1.\n\n=Mun\u012btus=, a son of Laodice, the daughter of Priam by Acamas. He was\n entrusted to the care of \u00c6thra as soon as born, and at the taking of\n Troy he was made known to his father, who saved his life, and carried\n him to Thrace, where he was killed by the bite of a serpent.\n _Parthenius_, ch. 10.\n\n=Muny\u0306chia= (and \u00e6), a port of Attica, between the Pir\u00e6us and the\n promontory of Sunium, called after king _Munychus_, who built there\n a temple to Diana, and in whose honour he instituted festivals called\n _Munychia_. The temple was held so sacred that whatever criminals\n fled there for refuge were pardoned. During the festivals they\n offered small cakes which they called _amphiphontes_, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\n \u1f01\u03bc\u03c6\u03b9\u03c6\u03b1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _from shining all round_, because there were lighted\n torches hung round when they were carried to the temple, or because\n they were offered at the full moon, at which time the solemnity was\n observed. It was particularly in honour of Diana, who is the same as\n the moon, because it was full moon when Themistocles conquered the\n Persian fleet at Salamis. The port of Munychia was well fortified and\n of great consequence; therefore the Laced\u00e6monians, when sovereigns\n of Greece, always kept a regular garrison there. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 709.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 1.\n\n=Mur\u00e6na=, a celebrated Roman, left at the head of the armies of the\n republic in Asia by Sylla. He invaded the dominions of Mithridates\n with success, but soon after met with a defeat. He was honoured\n with a triumph at his return to Rome. He commanded one of the wings\n of Sylla\u2019s army at the battle against Archelaus near Ch\u00e6ronea. He\n was ably defended in an oration by Cicero, when his character was\n attacked and censured. _Cicero_, _for Lucius Murena_.\u2015\u2015_Appian_,\n _Mithridatic Wars_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man put to death for conspiring against\n Augustus, B.C. 22.\n\n=Murcia.= _See:_ Murtia.\n\n=Murcus=, an enemy of the triumvirate of Julius C\u00e6sar.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Statius, a\n man who murdered Piso in Vesta\u2019s temple in Nero\u2019s reign. _Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 43.\n\n=Murgantia=, a town of Samnium. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 27.\n\n=Murrh\u0113nus=, a friend of Turnus, killed by \u00c6neas, &c. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 12, li. 529.\n\n=Mursa=, now _Essek_, a town of Hungary, where the Drave falls into the\n Danube.\n\n=Murtia=, or =Myrtia= (_a_ \u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2), a supposed surname of Venus,\n because she presided over the _myrtle_. This goddess was the\n patroness of idleness and cowardice. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,\n bk. 4, ch. 32.\n\n=Mus=, a Roman consul. _See:_ Decius.\n\n=Musa Antonius=, a freedman and physician of Augustus. He cured his\n imperial master of a dangerous disease under which he laboured, by\n recommending to him the use of the cold bath. He was greatly rewarded\n for this celebrated cure. He was honoured with a brazen statue by the\n Roman senate, which was placed near that of \u00c6sculapius, and Augustus\n permitted him to wear a golden ring, and to be exempted from all\n taxes. He was not so successful in recommending the use of the cold\n bath to Marcellus, as he had been to Augustus, and his illustrious\n patient died under his care. The cold bath was for a long time\n discontinued, till Charmis of Marseilles introduced it again, and\n convinced the world of its great benefits. Musa was brother to\n Euphorbus the physician of king Juba. Two small treatises, _de\n herb\u00e2 Botanic\u00e2_, and _de tuend\u00e2 Valetudine_, are supposed to be the\n productions of his pen.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Nicomedes king of Bithynia.\n She attempted to recover her father\u2019s kingdom from the Romans, but\n to no purpose, though C\u00e6sar espoused her cause. _Paterculus_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Julius C\u00e6sar_.\n\n=Mus\u00e6=, certain goddesses who presided over poetry, music, dancing,\n and all the liberal arts. They were daughters of Jupiter and\n Mnemosyne, and were nine in number: Clio, Euterpe, Thalia, Melpomene,\n Terpsichore, Erato, Polyhymnia, Calliope, and Urania. Some suppose\n that there were in ancient times only three Muses, Melete, Mneme,\n and A\u0153de; others four, Telxiope, A\u0153de, Arche, Melete. They were,\n according to others, daughters of Pierus and Antiope, from which\n circumstance they are called _Pierides_. The name of Pierides might\n probably be derived from mount Pierus, where they were born. They\n have been severally called _Castalides_, _Aganippides_, _Lebethrides_,\n _Aonides_, _Heliconiades_, &c., from the places where they were\n worshipped, or over which they presided. Apollo, who was the patron\n and the conductor of the Muses, has received the name of _Musagetes_,\n or leader of the Muses. The same surname was also given to Hercules.\n The palm tree, the laurel, and all the fountains of Pindus, Helicon,\n Parnassus, &c., were sacred to the Muses. They were generally\n represented as young, beautiful, and modest virgins. They were fond\n of solitude, and commonly appeared in different attire, according to\n the arts and sciences over which they presided. _See:_ Clio, Euterpe,\n Thalia, Melpomene, &c. Sometimes they were represented as dancing\n in a chorus, to intimate the near and indissoluble connection which\n exists between the liberal arts and sciences. The Muses sometimes\n appear with wings, because by the assistance of wings they freed\n themselves from the violence of Pyren\u00e6us. Their contest with the\n daughters of Pierus is well known. _See:_ Pierides. The worship\n of the Muses was universally established, particularly in the\n enlightened parts of Greece, Thessaly, and Italy. No sacrifices\n were ever offered to them, though no poet ever began a poem without\n a solemn invocation to the goddesses who presided over verse. There\n were festivals instituted in their honour in several parts of Greece,\n especially among the Thespians, every fifth year. The Macedonians\n observed also a festival in honour of Jupiter and the Muses. It\n had been instituted by king Archelaus, and it was celebrated with\n stage plays, games, and different exhibitions, which continued\n nine days, according to the number of the Muses. _Plutarch_,\n _Amatorius_.\u2015\u2015_Pollux._\u2015\u2015_Aeschines_, _Against Timarchus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 310.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Hymn 25\n to the Muses and Apollo_.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 7.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 14.\n\n=Mus\u00e6us=, an ancient Greek poet, supposed to have been son or disciple\n of Linus or Orpheus, and to have lived about 1410 years before the\n christian era. Virgil has paid great honour to his memory by placing\n him in the Elysian fields attended by a great multitude, and taller\n by the head than his followers. None of the poet\u2019s compositions are\n extant. The elegant poem of the loves of Leander and Hero was written\n by a Mus\u00e6us, who flourished in the fourth century, according to the\n more received opinions. Among the good editions of Mus\u00e6us two may\n be selected as the best; that of Rover, 8vo, Leiden, 1727, and that\n of Schroder, 8vo, Leovard, 1743. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 677.\n \u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Latin poet, whose compositions were very\n obscene. _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 96.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of Thebes who lived\n during the Trojan war.\n\n=Musonius Rufus=, a stoic philosopher of Etruria in the reign of\n Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 81.\n\n=Must\u0113la=, a man greatly esteemed by Cicero. _Letters to Atticus_,\n bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A gladiator. _Cicero._\n\n\u2666=Muta=, a goddess who presided over silence, among the Romans. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 580.\n\n \u2666 corrected alphabetic order.\n\n=Muthullus=, a river of Numidia. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 48.\n\n=Mutia=, a daughter of Quintus Mutius Sc\u00e6vola, and sister of Metellus\n Celer. She was Pompey\u2019s third wife. Her incontinent behaviour so\n disgusted her husband, that at his return from the Mithridatic\n war, he divorced her, though she had borne him three children. She\n afterwards married Marcus Scaurus. Augustus greatly esteemed her.\n _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wife of Julius C\u00e6sar, beloved by Clodius\n the tribune. _Suetonius_, _Julius C\u00e6sar_, ch. 50.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of\n Augustus.\n\n=Mutia lex=, the same as that which was enacted by Licinius Crassus,\n and Quintus Mutius, A.U.C. 657. _See:_ Licinia lex.\n\n=Mutica=, or =Mutyce=, a town of Sicily west of the cape Pachynus.\n _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 43.\n\n=Mutilia=, a woman intimate with Livia Augusta. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Mut\u012dna=, a Roman colony of Cisalpine Gaul, where Marcus Antony\n besieged Decimus Brutus, whom the consuls Pansa and Hirtius delivered.\n Two battles on the 15th of April, B.C. 43, were fought there, in\n which Antony was defeated, and at last obliged to retire. Mutina is\n now called _Modena_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 41; bk. 7, li. 872.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 592.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 822.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 14; _Brutus_,\n ltr. 5.\n\n=Mut\u012bnes=, one of Annibal\u2019s generals, who was honoured with the freedom\n of Rome on delivering up Agrigentum. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 41; bk. 27,\n ch. 5.\n\n=Mutinus.= _See:_ Mutunus.\n\n=Mutius=, the father-in-law of Caius Marius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who saved\n the life of young Marius by conveying him away from the pursuit of\n his enemies in a load of straw.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Tiberius Gracchus,\n by whose means he was raised to the office of a tribune.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius\n Sc\u00e6vola, surnamed _Cordus_, became famous for his courage and\n intrepidity. When Porsenna king of Etruria had besieged Rome to\n reinstate Tarquin in all his rights and privileges, Mutius determined\n to deliver his country from so dangerous an enemy. He disguised\n himself in the habit of a Tuscan, and as he could fluently speak the\n language, he gained an easy introduction into the camp, and soon into\n the royal tent. Porsenna sat alone with his secretary when Mutius\n entered. The Roman rushed upon the secretary and stabbed him to the\n heart, mistaking him for his royal master. This occasioned a noise,\n and Mutius, unable to escape, was seized and brought before the king.\n He gave no answer to the inquiries of the courtiers, and only told\n them that he was a Roman; and to give them a proof of his fortitude,\n he laid his right hand on an altar of burning coals, and sternly\n looking at the king, and without uttering a groan, he boldly told him\n that 300 young Romans like himself had conspired against his life,\n and entered the camp in disguise, determined either to destroy him\n or perish in the attempt. This extraordinary confession astonished\n Porsenna; he made peace with the Romans, and retired from their city.\n Mutius obtained the surname of _Sc\u00e6vola_, because he had lost the use\n of his right hand by burning it in the presence of the Etrurian king.\n _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 2, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus Sc\u00e6vola, a Roman consul. He obtained a\n victory over the Dalmatians, and signalized himself greatly in the\n Marsian war. He is highly commended by Cicero, whom he instructed in\n the study of civil law. _Cicero._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, appointed\n proconsul of Asia, which he governed with so much popularity, that\n he was generally proposed to others as a pattern of equity and\n moderation. Cicero speaks of him as eloquent, learned, and ingenious,\n equally eminent as an orator and as a lawyer. He was murdered in the\n temple of Vesta, during the civil war of Marius and Sylla, 82 years\n before Christ. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 48.\n \u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 22.\n\n=Mut\u016bnus=, or =Mut\u012bnus=, a deity among the Romans, much the same as\n the Priapus of the Greeks. The Roman matrons, and particularly new\n married women, disgraced themselves by the obscene ceremonies which\n custom obliged them to observe before the statue of this impure deity.\n _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 9; bk. 6, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Lactantius_,\n bk. 1, ch. 20.\n\n=Mutusc\u00e6=, a town of Umbria. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 711.\n\n=Muzeris=, a town of India, now _Vizindruk_. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.\n\n=Myagrus=, or =Myodes=, a divinity among the Egyptians, called also\n Achor. He was entreated by the inhabitants to protect them from flies\n and serpents. His worship passed into Greece and Italy. _Pliny_,\n bk. 10, ch. 28.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 26.\n\n=My\u0306c\u0103le=, a celebrated magician, who boasted that she could draw down\n the moon from her orb. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 263.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n city and promontory of Asia Minor opposite Samos, celebrated for a\n battle which was fought there between the Greeks and Persians on the\n 22nd of September, 479 B.C., the same day that Mardonius was defeated\n at Plat\u00e6a. The Persians were about 100,000 men, that had just\n returned from the unsuccessful expedition of Xerxes in Greece. They\n had drawn their ships to the shore and fortified themselves, as if\n determined to support a siege. They suffered the Greeks to disembark\n from their fleet without the least molestation, and were soon obliged\n to give way before the cool and resolute intrepidity of an inferior\n number of men. The Greeks obtained a complete victory, slaughtered\n some thousands of the enemy, burned their camp, and sailed back to\n Samos with an immense booty, in which were seventy chests of money\n among other very valuable things. _Herodotus._\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman\u2019s name. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 141.\n\n=Mycalessus=, an inland town of B\u0153otia, where Ceres had a temple.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 19.\n\n=My\u0306c\u0113n\u00e6=, a town of Argolis, in Peloponnesus, built by Perseus son of\n Danae. It was situate on a small river at the east of the Inachus,\n about 50 stadia from Argos, and received its name from Mycene,\n a nymph of Laconia. It was once the capital of a kingdom, whose\n monarchs reigned in the following order: Acrisius, 1344 B.C.; Perseus,\n Electryon, M\u00e6stor, and Sthenelus, and Sthenelus alone for eight years;\n Atreus and Thyestes, Agamemnon, \u00c6gysthus, Orestes, \u00c6pytus, who was\n dispossessed 1104 B.C., on the return of the Heraclid\u00e6. The town of\n Mycen\u00e6 was taken and laid in ruins by the Argives, B.C. 568; and it\n was almost unknown where it stood in the age of the geographer Strabo.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 6, li. 839.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3. The word _Mycen\u00e6us_ is used\n for Agamemnon, as he was one of the kings of Mycen\u00e6.\n\n=Myc\u0113nis= (idis), a name applied to Iphigenia, as residing at Mycen\u00e6.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 34.\n\n=Mycer\u012bnus=, a son of Cheops king of Egypt. After the death of his\n father he reigned with great justice and moderation. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 129.\n\n=Myciberna=, a town of the Hellespont. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.\n\n=Mycithus=, a servant of Anaxilaus tyrant of Rhegium. He was entrusted\n with the care of the kingdom, and of the children of the deceased\n prince, and he exercised his power with such fidelity and moderation,\n that he acquired the esteem of all the citizens, and at last restored\n the kingdom to his master\u2019s children when come to years of maturity,\n and retired to peace and solitude with a small portion. He is called\n by some Micalus. _Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 2.\n\n=Mycon=, a celebrated painter, who with others assisted in making and\n perfecting the _P\u0153cile_ of Athens. He was the rival of Polygnotus.\n _Pliny_, bks. 33 & 35.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A youth of Athens changed into a poppy by\n Ceres.\n\n=Myc\u014fnos= (or e), one of the Cyclades between Delos and Icaria, which\n received its name from Myconus, an unknown person. It is about three\n miles at the east of Delos, and is 36 miles in circumference. It\n remained long uninhabited on account of the frequent earthquakes\n to which it was subject. Some suppose that the giants whom Hercules\n killed were buried under that island, whence arose the proverb of\n _everything is under Mycone_, applied to those who treat of different\n subjects under one and the same title, as if none of the defeated\n giants had been buried under no other island or mountain about Mycone.\n Strabo observes, and his testimony is supported by that of modern\n travellers, that the inhabitants of Mycone became bald very early,\n even at the age of 20 or 25, from which circumstance they were called,\n by way of contempt, _the bald heads of Mycone_. Pliny says that\n the children of the place were always born without hair. The island\n was poor, and the inhabitants very avaricious; whence Archilochus\n reproached a certain Pericles, that he came to a feast like a\n Myconian, that is, without previous invitation. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 3, li. 76.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 37; bk. 12,\n ch. 7; bk. 14, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 3, ch.\n 29.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 463.\n\n=Mydon=, one of the Trojan chiefs who defended Troy against the Greeks.\n He was killed by Antilochus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 580.\n\n=Myecph\u014fris=, a town in Egypt, in a small island near Bubastis.\n\n=My\u0113nus=, a mountain of \u00c6tolia. _Plutarch_, _de Fluviis_.\n\n=Mygdon=, a brother of Amycus, killed in a war against Hercules.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n brother of Hecuba. _See:_ Mygdonus.\n\n=Mygd\u014fnia=, a small province of Macedonia, near Thrace, between\n the rivers Axius and Strymon. The inhabitants, called _Mygdones_,\n migrated into Asia, and settled near Troas, where the country\n received the name of their ancient habitation. Cybele was called\n _Mygdonia_, from the worship she received in Mygdonia in Phrygia.\n _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 22; bk. 3, ode 16, li. 41.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 45.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small province of Mesopotamia\n bears also the name of Mygdonia, and was probably peopled by a\n Macedonian colony. _Flaccus_, bk. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 20.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12.\n\n=Mygd\u014fnus=, or =Mygdon=, a brother of Hecuba, Priam\u2019s wife, who reigned\n in part of Thrace. His son Cor\u0153bus was called _Mygdonides_, from him.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 341.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n small river running through Mesopotamia.\n\n=Mylassa= (orum), a town of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 39.\n\n=Myle=, or =Mylas=, a small river on the east of Sicily, with a town of\n the same name. _Livy_, bk. 24, chs. 30 & 31.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Augustus_,\n ch. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a town of Thessaly, now _Mulazzo_. _Livy_, bk. 42,\n ch. 54.\n\n=Myles=, a son of Lelex.\n\n=Mylitta=, a surname of Venus among the Assyrians, in whose temples\n all the women were obliged to prostitute themselves to strangers.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 131 & 199.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Myndus=, a maritime town of Caria near Halicarnassus. _Cicero_,\n _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 3, ltr. 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.\n\n=Mynes=, a prince of Lyrnessus, who married Briseis. He was killed by\n Achilles, and his wife became the property of the conqueror. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 3.\n\n=Myni\u00e6.= _See:_ Miny\u00e6.\n\n=My\u014fnia=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias._\n\n=Myon\u0113sus=, a town and promontory of Ionia, now _Jalanghi-Liman_.\n _Livy_, bk. 37, chs. 13 & 27.\n\n=Myra= (orum, or \u00e6), a town of Lycia, on a high hill, two miles from\n the sea. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Myriandros=, a town of Seleucia in Syria, on the bay of Issus, which\n is sometimes called _Sinus Myriandricus_. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 108.\n\n=Myr\u012bna=, a maritime town of \u00c6olia, called also _Sebastopolis_, and\n now _Sanderlic_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 47.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 33,\n ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A queen of the Amazons, &c. _Dionysius\n of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Lemnos, now _Palio Castro_.\n _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Asia, destroyed by an earthquake\n in Trajan\u2019s reign.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Thoas king of Lemnos, by whom she\n had \u2666Hypsipyle.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Hipsipyle\u2019 replaced with \u2018Hypsipyle\u2019 for consistency\n\n=Myr\u012bnus=, a surname of Apollo, from Myrina in \u00c6olia, where he was\n worshipped.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A gladiator. _Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 29.\n\n=Myri\u0153=, a town of Arcadia, called also Megalopolis.\n\n=Myrl\u00e6\u00e6=, or =Apamea=, a town of Bithynia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.\n\n=Myrmec\u012ddes=, an artist of Miletus, mentioned as making chariots\n so small that they could be covered by the wing of a fly. He also\n inscribed an elegiac distich on a grain of Indian sesamum. _Cicero_,\n bk. 4, _Academica._\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1.\n\n=Myrm\u012dd\u014fnes=, a people on the southern borders of Thessaly, who\n accompanied Achilles to the Trojan war. They received their name from\n Myrmidon, a son of Jupiter and Eurymedusa, who married one of the\n daughters of \u00c6olus son of Hellen. His son Actor married \u00c6gina the\n daughter of the Asopus. He gave his name to his subjects, who dwelt\n near the river Peneus in Thessaly. According to some, the Myrmidons\n received their name from their having been originally ants, \u03bc\u03c5\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2.\n _See:_ \u00c6acus. According to Strabo, they received it from their\n industry, because they imitated the diligence of the ants, and like\n them were indefatigable, and were continually employed in cultivating\n the earth. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 654.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 52.\n\n=Myron=, a tyrant of Sicyon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Priene, who wrote a history\n of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated statuary of\n Greece, peculiarly happy in imitating nature. He made a cow so much\n resembling life, that even bulls were deceived and approached her\n as if alive, as is frequently mentioned by many epigrams in the\n Anthologia. He flourished about 442 years before Christ. _Ovid_,\n _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 319.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias._\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_ satire 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 41.\n\n=Myronianus=, an historian. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Myronides=, an Athenian general who conquered the Thebans. _Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=Myrrha=, a daughter of Cinyras king of Cyprus. She became enamoured\n of her father, and introduced herself into his bed unknown. She had\n a son by him, called Adonis. When Cinyras was apprised of the incest\n he had committed, he attempted to stab his daughter, and Myrrha\n fled into Arabia, where she was changed into a tree called myrrh.\n _Hyginus_, fables 58 & 275.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 298.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\n\n=Myrs\u012dlus=, a son of Myrsus, the last of the Heraclid\u00e6 who reigned in\n Lydia. He is also called Candaules. _See:_ Candaules.\n\n=Myrsus=, the father of Candaules. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Greek historian in the age of Solon.\n\n=Myrt\u0103le=, a courtesan of Rome, mistress to the poet Horace, bk. 1,\n ode 33.\n\n=Myrtea=, a surname of Venus. _See:_ Murtia.\n\n=Myrt\u012dlus=, son of Mercury and Phaetusa, or Cleobule, or Clymene, was\n arm-bearer to \u0152nomaus king of Pisa. He was so experienced in riding\n and in the management of horses, that he rendered those of \u0152nomaus\n the swiftest in all Greece. His infidelity proved at last fatal\n to him. \u0152nomaus had been informed by an oracle that his daughter\n Hippodamia\u2019s husband would cause his death, and on that account\n he resolved to marry her only to him who should overcome him in a\n chariot race. This seemed totally impossible, and to render it more\n terrible, \u0152nomaus declared that death would be the consequence of a\n defeat in the suitors. The charms of Hippodamia were so great, that\n many sacrificed their life in the fruitless endeavour to obtain her\n hand. Pelops at last presented himself, undaunted at the fate of\n those who had gone before him, but before he entered the course he\n bribed Myrtilus, and assured him that he should share Hippodamia\u2019s\n favours if he returned victorious from the race. Myrtilus, who was\n enamoured of Hippodamia, gave an old chariot to \u0152nomaus, which broke\n in the course and caused his death. Pelops gained the victory, and\n married Hippodamia; and when Myrtilus had the audacity to claim the\n reward promised to his perfidy, Pelops threw him headlong into the\n sea, where he perished. The body of Myrtilus, according to some,\n was carried by the waves to the sea-shore, where he received an\n honourable burial, and as he was the son of Mercury, he was made\n a constellation. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 84 & 224.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 1.\n\n=Myrtis=, a Greek woman who distinguished herself by her poetical\n talents. She flourished about 500 years B.C., and instructed the\n celebrated Corinna in the several rules of versification. Pindar\n himself, as some report, was also one of her pupils.\n\n=Myrt\u014dum mare=, a part of the \u00c6gean sea which lies between Eub\u0153a,\n Attica, and Peloponnesus, as far as cape Melea. It receives this\n name from Myrto, a woman; or from Myrtos, a small island opposite\n to Carystos in Eub\u0153a; or from Myrtilus the son of Mercury, who was\n drowned there, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 84.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\n\n=Myrtuntium=, a name given to that part of the sea which lies on the\n coast of Epirus, between the bay of Ambracia and Leucas.\n\n=Myrt\u016bsa=, a mountain of Libya. _Callimachus_, _Hymn to Apollo_.\n\n=Mys= (Myos), an artist famous in working and polishing silver. He\n beautifully represented the battle of the Centaurs and Lapith\u00e6, on a\n shield in the hand of Minerva\u2019s statue made by Phidias. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 28.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 8, ltrs. 34 & 51; bk. 14, ltr. 93.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 14.\n\n=Myscellus=, or =Miscellus=, a native of Rhyp\u00e6 in Achaia, who founded\n Crotona in Italy according to an oracle, which told him to build a\n city where he found rain with fine weather. The meaning of the oracle\n long perplexed him, till he found a beautiful woman all in tears in\n Italy, which circumstance he interpreted in his favour. According\n to some, Myscellus, who was the son of Hercules, went out of\n Argos without the permission of the magistrates, for which he was\n condemned to death. The judges had put each a black ball as a sign\n of condemnation, but Hercules changed them all and made them white,\n and had his son acquitted, upon which Myscellus left Greece and came\n to Italy, where he built Crotona. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15,\n li. 19.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 6 & 8.\u2015\u2015_Suidas._\n\n=Mysia=, a country of Asia Minor, generally divided into major and\n minor. Mysia minor was bounded on the north and west by the Propontis\n and Bithynia, and Phrygia on the southern and eastern borders. Mysia\n major had \u00c6olia on the south, the \u00c6gean on the west, and Phrygia on\n the north and east. Its chief cities were Cyzicum, Lampsacus, &c.\n The inhabitants were once very warlike, but they greatly degenerated;\n and the words _Mysorum ultimus_ were emphatically used to signify a\n person of no merit. The ancients generally hired them to attend their\n funerals as mourners, because they were naturally melancholy and\n inclined to shed tears. They were once governed by monarchs. They\n are supposed to be descended from the Mysians of Europe, a nation\n which inhabited that part of Thrace which was situate between mount\n H\u00e6mus and the Danube. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Against Verres_.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A festival in honour of Ceres,\n surnamed Mysia from Mysias, an Argive, who raised her a temple near\n Pallene in Achaia. Some derive the words \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03bc\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd, _to cloy_,\n or _satisfy_, because Ceres was the first who satisfied the wants of\n men by giving them corn. The festival continued during seven days, &c.\n\n=Myson=, a native of Sparta, one of the seven wise men of Greece.\n When Anacharsis consulted the oracle of Apollo, to know which was\n the wisest man in Greece, he received for answer, he who was now\n ploughing his fields. This was Myson. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives\n and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers_.\n\n=Mystes=, a son of the poet Valgius, whose early death was so lamented\n by the father, that Horace wrote an ode to allay the grief of his\n friend. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9.\n\n=Mythecus=, a sophist of Syracuse. He studied cookery, and when he\n thought himself sufficiently skilled in dressing meat, he went to\n Sparta, where he gained much practice, especially among the younger\n citizens. He was soon after expelled the city by the magistrates, who\n observed that the aid of Mythecus was unnecessary, as hunger was the\n best seasoning.\n\n=My\u0306til\u0113ne.= _See:_ Mitylene.\n\n=Myus= (_Myuntis_), a town of Ionia on the confines of Caria, founded\n by a Grecian colony. It is one of the 12 capital cities of Ionia,\n situate at the distance of about 30 stadia from the mouth of the\n M\u00e6ander. Artaxerxes king of Persia gave it to Themistocles to\n maintain him in meat. Magnesia was to support him in bread, and\n Lampsacus in wine. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Themistocles_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 142.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 11.\n\n\n N\n\n=Nabazanes=, an officer of Darius III., at the battle of Issus. He\n conspired with Bessus to murder his royal master, either to obtain\n the favour of Alexander or to seize the kingdom. He was pardoned by\n Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=N\u0103b\u0103th\u00e6a=, a country of Arabia, of which the capital was called Petra.\n The word is often applied to any of the eastern countries of the\n world by the poets, and seems to be derived from Nabath the son of\n Ishmael. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 61; bk. 5, li. 163.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 63.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 11,\n li. 126.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Hercules \u0152taeus_, li. 160, &c.\n\n=N\u0101bis=, a celebrated tyrant of Laced\u00e6mon, who in all acts of cruelty\n and oppression surpassed a Phalaris or a Dionysius. His house was\n filled with flatterers and with spies, who were continually employed\n in watching the words and the actions of his subjects. When he had\n exercised every art in plundering the citizens of Sparta, he made a\n statue, which in resemblance was like his wife, and was clothed in\n the most magnificent apparel, and whenever any one refused to deliver\n up his riches, the tyrant led him to the statue, which immediately,\n by means of secret springs, seized him in its arms, and tormented him\n in the most excruciating manner with bearded points and prickles, hid\n under the clothes. To render his tyranny more popular, Nabis made an\n alliance with Flaminius the Roman general, and pursued with the most\n inveterate enmity the war which he had undertaken against the Ach\u00e6ans.\n He besieged Gythium and defeated Philop\u0153men in a naval battle. His\n triumph was short; the general of the Ach\u00e6ans soon repaired his\n losses, and Nabis was defeated in an engagement, and treacherously\n murdered, as he attempted to save his life by flight, B.C. 192, after\n a usurpation of 14 years. _Polybius_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bks. 30 & 31.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Philop\u0153men_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Florus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A priest of Jupiter Ammon, killed in the second\n Punic war, as he fought against the Romans. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15,\n li. 672.\n\n=Nabonassar=, a king of Babylon, after the division of the Assyrian\n monarchy. From him the _Nabonassarean epoch_ received its name,\n agreeing with the year of the world 3237, or 746 B.C.\n\n=Nacri campi=, a place of Gallia Togata near Mutina. _Livy_, bk. 41,\n ch. 18.\n\n=Nadagara.= _See:_ \u2666Nagara.\n\n \u2666 reference not found\n\n=N\u00e6nia=, the goddess of funerals at Rome, whose temple was without the\n gates of the city. The songs which were sung at funerals were also\n called _n\u00e6nia_. They were generally filled with the praises of the\n deceased, but sometimes they were so unmeaning and improper, that the\n word became proverbial to signify nonsense. _Varro_, \u2666_Antiquitates\n rerum humanarum et divinarum_.\u2015\u2015_Plautus_, _Asinaria_. \u2660act 4,\n scene 1, li. 63.\n\n \u2666 \u2018de Vit\u00e2 P. R.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Antiquitates rerum humanarum\n et divinarum\u2019\n \u2660 \u201841\u2019 replaced with \u20184\u2019\n\n=Cn\u00e6us N\u00e6vius=, a Latin poet in the first Punic war. He was originally\n in the Roman armies, but afterwards he applied himself to study and\n wrote comedies, besides a poetical account of the first Punic war,\n in which he had served. His satirical disposition displeased the\n consul Metellus, who drove him from Rome. He passed the rest of his\n life in Utica, where he died, about 203 years before the christian\n era. Some fragments of his poetry are extant. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6\n Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 1; _de Senectute_.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr.\n 1, li. 53.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune of the people at Rome, who accused Scipio\n Africanus of extortion.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An augur in the reign of Tarquin. To\n convince the king and the Romans of his power as an augur, he cut\n a flint with a razor, and turned the ridicule of the populace into\n admiration. Tarquin rewarded his merit by erecting to him a statue\n in the _comitium_, which was still in being in the age of Augustus.\n The razor and flint were buried near it under an altar, and it was\n usual among the Romans to make witnesses in civil causes swear near\n it. This miraculous event of cutting a flint with a razor, though\n believed by some writers, is treated as fabulous and improbable by\n Cicero, who himself had been an augur. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 17;\n _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 3, ch. 6.\n\n=N\u00e6v\u014flus=, an infamous pimp in Domitian\u2019s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 9,\n li. 1.\n\n=Naharvali=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 43.\n\n=N\u0101i\u0103des=, or =Naides=, certain inferior deities who presided over\n rivers, springs, wells, and fountains. The Naiades generally\n inhabited the country, and resorted to the woods or meadows near the\n stream over which they presided, whence the name (\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _to flow_).\n They are represented as young and beautiful virgins, often leaning\n upon an urn, from which flows a stream of water. \u00c6gle was the\n fairest of the Naiades, according to Virgil. They were held in great\n veneration among the ancients, and often sacrifices of goats and\n lambs were offered to them, with libations of wine, honey, and oil.\n Sometimes they received only offerings of milk, fruit, and flowers.\n _See:_ Nymph\u00e6. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,\n li. 328.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13.\n\n=Nais=, one of the Oceanides, mother of Chiron or Glaucus by Magnes.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nymph, mother by Bucolion of \u00c6gesus\n and Pedasus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nymph in an island of\n the Red sea, who by her incantations turned to fishes all those\n who approached her residence, after she had admitted them to her\n embraces. She was herself changed into a fish by Apollo. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 49, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The word is used for water\n by _Tibullus_, bk. 3, poem 7.\n\n=Naissus=, or =Nessus=, now _Nissa_, a town of M\u0153sia, the birthplace of\n Constantine, ascribed by some to Illyricum or Thrace.\n\n=Nantuates=, a people of Gaul near the Alps. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Nap\u00e6\u00e6=, certain divinities among the ancients, who presided over the\n hills and woods of the country. Some suppose that they were tutelary\n deities of the fountains, and the Naiades of the sea. Their name is\n derived from \u03bd\u03b1\u03c0\u03b7, _a grove_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 535.\n\n=Napata=, a town of \u00c6thiopia.\n\n=Naph\u012dlus=, a river of Peloponnesus, falling into the Alpheus.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 1.\n\n=Nar=, now _Nera_, a river of Umbria, whose waters, famous for\n their sulphureous properties, pass through the lake Velinus, and\n issuing from thence with great rapidity, fall into the Tiber.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 330.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7,\n li. 517.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 15.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 79; bk. 3, ch. 9.\n\n=Narbo Martius=, now _Narbonne_, a town of Gaul, founded by the consul\n Marcius, A.U.C. 636. It became the capital of a large province of\n Gaul, which obtained the name of Gallia _Narbonensis_. _Paterculus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 15; bk. 2, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3.\n\n=Narbonensis Gallia=, one of the four great divisions of ancient Gaul,\n was bounded by the Alps, the Pyrenean mountains, Aquitania, Belgicum,\n and the Mediterranean, and contained the modern provinces of\n Languedoc, Provence, Dauphin\u00e9, and Savoy.\n\n=Narc\u00e6us=, a son of Bacchus and Physcoa. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 15.\n\n=Narcea=, a surname of Minerva in Elis, from her temple there, erected\n by Narc\u00e6us.\n\n=Narcissus=, a beautiful youth, son of Cephisus and the nymph Liriope,\n born at Thespis in B\u0153otia. He saw his image reflected in a fountain,\n and became enamoured of it, thinking it to be the nymph of the place.\n His fruitless attempts to approach this beautiful object so provoked\n him, that he grew desperate and killed himself. His blood was changed\n into a flower, which still bears his name. The nymphs raised a\n funeral pile to burn his body, according to Ovid, but they found\n nothing but a beautiful flower. Pausanias says that Narcissus had a\n sister as beautiful as himself, of whom he became deeply enamoured.\n He often hunted in the woods in her company, but his pleasure was\n soon interrupted by her death; and still to keep afresh her memory,\n he frequented the groves, where he had often attended her, or\n reposed himself on the brim of a fountain, where the sight of his\n own reflected image still awakened tender sentiments. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 9, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 271.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3,\n li. 346, &c.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A freedman and secretary of\n Claudius, who abused his trust and the infirmities of his imperial\n master, and plundered the citizens of Rome to enrich himself.\n Messalina, the emperor\u2019s wife, endeavoured to remove him, but\n Narcissus sacrificed her to his avarice and resentment. Agrippina,\n who succeeded in the place of Messalina, was more successful.\n Narcissus was banished by her intrigues, and compelled to kill\n himself, A.D. 54. The emperor greatly regretted his loss, as he had\n found him subservient to his most criminal and extravagant pleasures.\n _Tacitus._\u2015\u2015_Suetonius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A favourite of the emperor Nero, put to\n death by Galba.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wretch who strangled the emperor Commodus.\n\n=Nargara=, a town of Africa, where Hannibal and Scipio came to a parley.\n _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 29.\n\n=Narisci=, a nation of Germany, in the Upper Palatinate. _Tacitus_,\n _Germania_, ch. 42.\n\n=Narnia=, or =Narna=, anciently _Nequinum_, now _Narni_, a town of\n Umbria, washed by the river Nar, from which it received its name. In\n its neighbourhood are still visible the remains of an aqueduct and of\n a bridge, erected by Augustus. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 9.\n\n=Naro=, now _Narenta_, a river of Dalmatia, falling into the Adriatic,\n and having the town of _Narona_, now called _Narenza_, on its banks,\n a little above the mouth.\n\n=Narses=, a king of Persia, A.D. 294, defeated by Maximianus Galerius,\n after a reign of seven years.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A eunuch in the court of Justinian,\n who was deemed worthy to succeed Belisarius, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Persian general,\n &c.\n\n=Narth\u0113cis=, a small island near Samos.\n\n=Narycia=, =Narycium=, or =Naryx=, a town of Magna Gr\u00e6cia, built by\n a colony of Locrians after the fall of Troy. The place in Greece\n from which they came bore the same name, and was the country of\n Ajax Oileus. The word _Narycian_ is more universally understood as\n applying to the Italian colony, near which pines and other trees grew\n in abundance. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 438; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3,\n li. 399.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 705.\n\n=Nas\u0103m\u014dnes=, a savage people of Libya near the Syrtes, who generally\n lived upon plunder. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 439.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 165.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 116;\n bk. 11, li. 180.\n\n=Nascio=, or =Natio=, a goddess at Rome who presided over the birth of\n children. She had a temple at Ardea. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,\n bk. 3, ch. 18.\n\n=Nas\u012bca=, the surname of one of the Scipios. Nasica was the first who\n invented the measuring of time by water, B.C. 159, about 134 years\n after the introduction of sun-dials at Rome. _See:_ Scipio.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n avaricious fellow who married his daughter to Coranus, a man as\n mean as himself, that he might not only not repay the money he\n had borrowed, but moreover become his creditor\u2019s heir. Coranus,\n understanding his meaning, purposely alienated his property from\n him and his daughter, and exposed him to ridicule. _Horace_, bk. 2,\n satire 5, li. 64, &c.\n\n=Nasidi\u0113nus=, a Roman knight, whose luxury, arrogance, and ostentation,\n exhibited at an entertainment which he gave to Mec\u00e6nas, were\n ridiculed by Horace, bk. 2, satire 8.\n\n=Lucius Nasidius=, a man sent by Pompey to assist the people of\n Massilia. After the battle of Pharsalia, he followed the interests\n of Pompey\u2019s children, and afterwards revolted to Antony. _Appian._\n\n=Naso=, one of the murderers of Julius C\u00e6sar.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Ovid\u2019s names.\n _See:_ Ovidius.\n\n=Nassus=, or =Nasus=, a town of Acarnania, near the mouth of the\n Achelous. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 24. Also a part of the town of Syracuse.\n\n=Nasua=, a general of the Suevi, when C\u00e6sar was in Gaul.\n\n=Nat\u0101lis Antonius=, a Roman knight who conspired against Nero with\n Piso. He was pardoned for discovering the conspiracy, &c. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 50.\n\n=Natiso=, now _Natisone_, a river rising in the Alps, and falling into\n the Adriatic east of Aquileia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\n\n=Natta=, a man whose manner of living was so mean, that his name became\n almost proverbial at Rome. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 6, li. 224.\n\n=Nava=, now _Nape_, a river of Germany, falling into the Rhine at\n Bingen, below Mentz. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 70.\n\n=Naub\u014flus=, a charioteer of Laius king of Thebes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Phocean, father\n of Iphitus. The sons of Iphitus were called _Naubolides_, from their\n grandfather.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Lernus, one of the Argonauts.\n\n=Naucles=, a general of the mercenary troops of Laced\u00e6mon against\n Thebes, &c.\n\n=Naucr\u0103tes=, a Greek poet, who was employed by Artemisia to write a\n panegyric upon Mausolus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another poet. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n orator who endeavoured to alienate the cities of Lycia from the\n interest of Brutus.\n\n=Naucr\u0103tis=, a city of Egypt on the left side of the Canopic mouth\n of the Nile. It was celebrated for its commerce, and no ship was\n permitted to land at any other place, but was obliged to sail\n directly to the city, there to deposit its cargo. It gave birth to\n Athen\u00e6us. The inhabitants were called _Naucratit\u00e6_, or _Naucratiot\u00e6_.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 97 & 179.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9.\n\n=Navius Actius=, a famous augur. _See:_ N\u00e6vius.\n\n=Naul\u014fchus=, a maritime town of Sicily near Pelorum.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n Thrace on the Euxine sea. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A promontory of\n the island of Imbros.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of the Locri. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 3.\n\n=Naupactus=, or =Naupactum=, a city of \u00c6tolia, at the mouth of the\n Evenus, now called _Lepanto_. The word is derived from \u03bd\u03b1\u03c5\u03c2 and\n \u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9 because it was there that the Heraclid\u00e6 _built_ the first\n _ship_, which carried them to Peloponnesus. It first belonged to the\n Locri Ozol\u00e6, and afterwards fell into the hands of the Athenians,\n who gave it to the Messenians, who had been driven from Peloponnesus\n by the Laced\u00e6monians. It became the property of the Laced\u00e6monians,\n after the battle of \u00c6gospotamos, and it was restored to the Locri.\n Philip of Macedonia afterwards took it, and gave it to the \u00c6tolians,\n from which circumstance it has generally been called one of the chief\n cities of their country. _Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 25.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 43.\n\n=Nauplia=, a maritime city of Peloponnesus, the naval station of the\n Argives. The famous fountain Canathos was in its neighbourhood.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 38.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Naupli\u0103des=, a patronymic of Palamedes son of Nauplius. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 39.\n\n=Nauplius=, a son of Neptune and Amymone, king of Eub\u0153a. He was father\n to the celebrated Palamedes, who was so unjustly sacrificed to the\n artifice and resentment of Ulysses by the Greeks during the Trojan\n war. The death of Palamedes highly irritated Nauplius, and to avenge\n the injustice of the Grecian princes, he attempted to debauch their\n wives and ruin their character. When the Greeks returned from the\n Trojan war, Nauplius saw them with pleasure distressed in a storm on\n the coasts of Eub\u0153a, and to make their disaster still more universal,\n he lighted fires on such places as were surrounded with the most\n dangerous rocks, that the fleet might be shipwrecked upon the coast.\n This succeeded, but Nauplius was so disappointed when he saw Ulysses\n and Diomedes escape from the general calamity, that he threw himself\n into the sea. According to some mythologists, there were two persons\n of this name.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Argos, who went to Colchis with Jason.\n He was son of Neptune and Amymone. The other was king of Eub\u0153a,\n and lived during the Trojan war. He was, according to some, son\n of Clytonas, one of the descendants of Nauplius the Argonaut. The\n Argonaut was remarkable for his knowledge of sea affairs, and of\n astronomy. He built the town of Nauplia, and sold Auge daughter of\n Aleus to king Teuthras, to withdraw her from her father\u2019s resentment.\n _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_,\n bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bks. 1 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 4, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 116.\n\n=Nauportus=, a town of Pannonia on a river of the same name, now called\n _Ober_, or _Upper Laybach_. _Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 110.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 20.\n\n=Naura=, a country of Scythia in Asia. _Curtius_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of India\n within the Ganges. _Arrian._\n\n=Naus\u012dcaa=, a daughter of Alcinous king of the Ph\u00e6aceans. She met\n Ulysses shipwrecked on her father\u2019s coasts, and it was to her\n humanity that he owed the kind reception which he experienced from\n the king. She married, according to Aristotle and Dictys, Telemachus\n the son of Ulysses, by whom she had a son called Perseptolis or\n Ptoliporthus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 19.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 126.\n\n=Naus\u012dcles=, an Athenian, sent to assist the Phocians with 5000 foot, &c.\n\n=Naus\u012bm\u0115nes=, an Athenian, whose wife lost her voice from the alarm she\n received in seeing her son guilty of incest.\n\n=Nausithoe=, one of the Nereides.\n\n=Nausithous=, a king of the Ph\u00e6aceans, father to Alcinous. He was son\n of Neptune and Perib\u0153a. Hesiod makes him son of Ulysses and Calypso.\n _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, bk. 1, li. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The pilot of the vessel which\n carried Theseus into Crete.\n\n=Naustathmus=, a port of Phoc\u00e6a in Ionia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 31.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a part of Cyrenaica, now _Bondaria_. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\n\n=Nautes=, a Trojan soothsayer, who comforted \u00c6neas when his fleet had\n been burnt in Sicily. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 704. He was the\n progenitor of the Nautii at Rome, a family to whom the Palladium of\n Troy was, in consequence of the service of their ancestors, entrusted.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 794.\n\n=Naxos=, now _Naxia_, a celebrated island in the \u00c6gean sea, the\n largest and most fertile of all the Cyclades, about 105 miles in\n circumference, and 30 broad. It was formerly called _Strongyle_,\n _Dia_, _Dionysias_, and _Callipolis_, and received the name of Naxos\n from Naxus, who was at the head of a Carian colony, which settled\n in the island. Naxos abounds with all sorts of fruits, and its\n wines are still in the same repute as formerly. The Naxians were\n anciently governed by kings, but they afterwards exchanged this form\n of government for a republic, and enjoyed their liberty till the age\n of Pisistratus, who appointed a tyrant over them. They were reduced\n by the Persians; but in the expedition of Darius and Xerxes against\n Greece, they revolted and fought on the side of the Greeks. During\n the Peloponnesian war, they supported the interest of Athens. Bacchus\n was the chief deity of the island. The capital was also called\n Naxos; and near it, on the 20th Sept., B.C. 377, the Laced\u00e6monians\n were defeated by Chabrias. _Thucydides_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus._\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 636.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 125.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Pindar._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient town on the eastern side of Sicily, founded\n 759 years before the christian era. There was also another town at\n the distance of five miles from Naxos, which bore the same name, and\n was often called, by contradistinction, _Taurominium_. _Pliny_, bk. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Crete, noted for hones. _Pliny_,\n bk. 36, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Carian who gave his name to the greatest of the\n Cyclades.\n\n=Nazianzus=, a town of Cappadocia where St. Gregory was born, and hence\n he is called _Nazianzenus_.\n\n=Nea=, or =Nova insula=, a small island between Lemnos and the\n Hellespont, which rose out of the sea during an earthquake. _Pliny_,\n bk. 2, ch. 87.\n\n=Ne\u00e6ra=, a nymph, mother of Phaetusa and Lampetia by the Sun. _Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman mentioned by Virgil\u2019s _Eclogues_,\n poem 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mistress of the poet Tibullus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A favourite of Horace.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Pereus, who married Aleus, by whom she had Cepheus,\n Lycurgus, and Auge, who was ravished by Hercules. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Autolycus.\n _Pausanias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Niobe and Amphion.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of\n Strymon. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Ne\u00e6thus=, now _Neto_, a river of Magna Gr\u00e6cia near Crotona. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 51.\n\n=Nealces=, a friend of Turnus in his war against \u00c6neas. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 753.\n\n=Nealices=, a painter, amongst whose capital pieces are mentioned a\n painting of Venus, a sea-fight between the Persians and Egyptians,\n and an ass drinking on the shore, with a crocodile preparing to\n attack it.\n\n=Neandros= (or ia), a town of Troas. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.\n\n=Neanthes=, an orator and historian of Cyzicum, who flourished 257\n years B.C.\n\n=Neap\u014flis=, a city of Campania, anciently called Parthenope, and now\n known by the name of Naples, rising like an amphitheatre at the back\n of a beautiful bay 30 miles in circumference. As the capital of that\n part of Italy, it is now inhabited by upwards of 350,000 souls, who\n exhibit the opposite marks of extravagant magnificence, and extreme\n poverty. Augustus called it Neapolis. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 98.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town in Africa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Thrace.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Egypt,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of\n Palestine,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Ionia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a part of Syracuse. _Livy_, bk. 25,\n ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5.\n\n=Nearchus=, an officer of Alexander in his Indian expedition. He\n was ordered to sail upon the Indian ocean with Onesicritus, and to\n examine it. He wrote an account of this voyage and of the king\u2019s life;\n but his veracity has been called in question by Arrian. After the\n king\u2019s death he was appointed over Lycia and Pamphylia. _Curtius_, bk.\n 9, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A beautiful youth, &c. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n old man mentioned by Cicero, _de Senectute_.\n\n=Nebo=, a high mountain near Palestine, beyond Jordan, from the top of\n which Moses was permitted to view the promised land.\n\n=Nebrissa=, a town of Spain, now _Lebrixa_.\n\n=Nebr\u014ddes=, a mountain of Sicily, where the Himera rises. _Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 237.\n\n=Nebroph\u014fnos=, a son of Jason and Hypsipyle. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.\n\n=Neb\u016dla=, a name given to Nephele the wife of Athamas. _Lactantius\n [Placidus]_ on _Achilleid_ of _Statius_, bk. 1, ch. 65.\n\n=Necess\u012dtas=, a divinity who presided over the destinies of mankind,\n and who was regarded as the mother of the Parc\u00e6. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 4.\n\n=Nechos=, a king of Egypt, who attempted to make a communication\n between the Mediterranean and Red seas, B.C. 610. No less than\n 12,000 men perished in the attempt. It was discovered in his reign\n that Africa was circumnavigable. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 158; bk. 4,\n ch. 42.\n\n=Necrop\u014flis=, one of the suburbs of Alexandria.\n\n=Nectan\u0113bus= and =Nectan\u0101bis=, a king of Egypt, who defended his\n country against the Persians, and was succeeded by Tachos, B.C. 363.\n His grandson, of the same name, made an alliance with Agesilaus king\n of Sparta, and with his assistance he quelled a rebellion of his\n subjects. Some time after he was joined by the Sidonians, Ph\u0153nicians,\n and inhabitants of Cyprus, who had revolted from the king of Persia.\n This powerful confederacy was soon attacked by Darius the king of\n Persia, who marched at the head of his troops. Nectanebus, to defend\n his frontiers against so dangerous an enemy, levied 20,000 mercenary\n soldiers in Greece, the same number in Libya, and 60,000 were\n furnished in Egypt. This numerous body was not equal to the Persian\n forces; and Nectanebus, defeated in a battle, gave up all hopes of\n resistance, and fled into \u00c6thiopia, B.C. 350, where he found a safe\n asylum. His kingdom of Egypt became from that time tributary to the\n king of Persia. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 16, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Poly\u00e6nus._\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Agesilaus_.\n\n=Necysia=, a solemnity observed by the Greeks in memory of the dead.\n\n=Neis=, the wife of Endymion. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Neleus=, a son of Neptune and Tyro. He was brother to Pelias,\n with whom he was exposed by his mother, who wished to conceal her\n infirmities from her father. They were preserved and brought to Tyro,\n who had then married Cretheus king of Iolchos. After the death of\n Cretheus, Pelias and Neleus seized the kingdom of Iolchos, which\n belonged to \u00c6son, the lawful son of Tyro by the deceased monarch.\n After they had reigned for some time conjointly, Pelias expelled\n Neleus from Iolchos. Neleus came to Aphareus king of Messenia, who\n treated him with kindness, and permitted him to build a city, which\n he called Pylos. Neleus married Chloris the daughter of Amphion,\n by whom he had a daughter and 12 sons, who were all, except Nestor,\n killed by Hercules, together with their father. Neleus promised\n his daughter in marriage only to him who brought him the bulls of\n Iphiclus. Bias was the successful lover. _See:_ Melampus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 418.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Eub\u0153a.\n\n=Nelo=, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Nem\u00e6a=, a town of Argolis between Cleon\u00e6 and Phlius, with a wood,\n where Hercules, in the 16th year of his age, killed the celebrated\n Nem\u00e6an lion. This animal, born of the hundred-headed Typhon, infested\n the neighbourhood of Nem\u00e6a, and kept the inhabitants under continual\n alarms. It was the first labour of Hercules to destroy it; and the\n hero, when he found that his arrows and his club were useless against\n an animal whose skin was hard and impenetrable, seized him in his\n arms and squeezed him to death. The conqueror clothed himself in the\n skin, and games were instituted to commemorate so great an event. The\n Nem\u00e6an games were originally instituted by the Argives in honour of\n Archemorus, who died by the bite of a serpent [_See:_ Archemorus],\n and Hercules some time after renewed them. They were one of the four\n great and solemn games which were observed in Greece. The Argives,\n Corinthians, and the inhabitants of Cleon\u00e6 generally presided by\n turns at the celebration, in which were exhibited foot and horse\n races, chariot races, boxing, wrestling, and contests of every kind,\n both gymnical and equestrian. The conqueror was rewarded with a crown\n of olives, afterwards of green parsley, in memory of the adventure of\n Archemorus, whom his nurse laid down on a sprig of that plant. They\n were celebrated every third, or, according to others, every fifth\n year, or more properly on the first and third year of every Olympiad,\n on the 12th day of the Corinthian month _Panemos_, which corresponds\n to our August. They served as an era to the Argives, and to the\n inhabitants of the neighbouring country. It was always usual for\n an orator to pronounce a funeral oration in memory of the death\n of Archemorus, and those who distributed the prizes were always\n dressed in mourning. _Livy_, bk. 27, chs. 30 & 31; bk. 34, ch. 41.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 97, _Epistles_, ltr. 9, li. 61.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, _Corinthia_.\u2015\u2015_Clement of Alexandria._\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us.\n _\u2015\u2015_Poly\u00e6nus._\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 30 & 273.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Peloponnesus falling\n into the bay of Corinth. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 15.\n\n=Nemausus=, a town of Gaul, in Languedoc, near the mouth of the Rhone,\n now _Nismes_.\n\n=Nemesia=, festivals in honour of Nemesis. _See:_ Nemesis.\n\n=Marcus Aurelius Olympius Nemesi\u0101nus=, a Latin poet, born at Carthage,\n of no very brilliant talents, in the third century, whose poems on\n hunting and bird-catching were published by Burman, inter scriptores\n rei venatic\u00e6, 4to, Leiden, 1728.\n\n=N\u0115m\u0115sis=, one of the infernal deities, daughter of Nox. She was the\n goddess of vengeance, always prepared to punish impiety, and at the\n same time liberally to reward the good and virtuous. She is made one\n of the Parc\u00e6 by some mythologists, and is represented with a helm\n and a wheel. The people of Smyrna were the first who made her statues\n with wings, to show with what celerity she is prepared to punish the\n crimes of the wicked, both by sea and land, as the helm and the wheel\n in her hands intimate. Her power did not only exist in this life, but\n she was also employed after death to find out the most effectual and\n rigorous means of correction. Nemesis was particularly worshipped at\n Rhamnus in Attica, where she had a celebrated statue 10 cubits long,\n made of Parian marble by Phidias, or, according to others, by one\n of his pupils. The Romans were also particularly attentive to the\n adoration of a deity whom they solemnly invoked, and to whom they\n offered sacrifices before they declared war against their enemies,\n to show the world that their wars were undertaken upon the most just\n grounds. Her statue at Rome was in the Capitol. Some suppose that\n Nemesis was the person whom Jupiter deceived in the form of a swan,\n and that Leda was entrusted with the care of the children which\n sprang from the two eggs. Others observe that Leda obtained the name\n of Nemesis after death. According to Pausanias, there were more than\n one Nemesis. The goddess Nemesis was surnamed _Rhamnusia_ because\n worshipped at Rhamnus, and _Adrastia_ from the temple which Adrastus\n king of Argos erected to her, when he went against Thebes, to revenge\n the indignities which his son-in-law Polynices had suffered in being\n unjustly driven from his kingdom by Eteocles. The Greeks celebrated\n a festival called _Nemesia_, in memory of deceased persons, as the\n goddess Nemesis was supposed to defend the relics and the memory of\n the dead from all insult. _Hyginus_, _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2,\n ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 224.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 28; bk. 26,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mistress of Tibullus, bk. 2, poem 3, li. 55.\n\n=Nemesius=, a Greek writer, whose elegant and useful treatise, _de\n Natur\u00e2 Hominis_, was edited in 12mo, Ant. apud Plant. 1565, and in\n 8vo, Oxford, 1671.\n\n=Nemetacum=, a town of Gaul, now _Arras_.\n\n=Nemetes=, a nation of Germany, now forming the inhabitants of Spire,\n which was afterwards called _Noviomagus_. _Tacitus_, _Germania_,\n ch. 28.\n\n=Nemoralia=, festivals observed in the woods of Aricia, in honour\n of Diana, who presided over the country and the forests, on which\n account that part of Italy was sometimes denominated _Nemorensis\n ager_. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 259.\n\n=Nemossus= (or um), the capital of the Arverni in Gaul, now _Clermont_.\n _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 419.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\n\n=Neob\u016ble=, a daughter of Lycambes, betrothed to the poet Archilochus.\n _See:_ Lycambes. _Horace_, epode 6, li. 13; bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 79.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 54.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A beautiful woman, to whom Horace\n addressed bk. 3, ode 12.\n\n=Neoc\u00e6saria=, a town of Pontus.\n\n=Neochabis=, a king of Egypt.\n\n=Ne\u014fcles=, an Athenian philosopher, father, or according to Cicero,\n brother to the philosopher Epicurus. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _de Natura\n Deorum_, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Themistocles.\n _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Themistocles_.\n\n=Neog\u0115nes=, a man who made himself absolute, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\n\n=Neomoris=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Neon=, a town of Phocis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was also another of the same name in\n the same country, on the top of Parnassus. It was afterwards called\n _Tithorea_. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, _Phocis_.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bk. 8, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the commanders of the 10,000 Greeks who\n assisted Cyrus against Artaxerxes.\n\n=Neont\u012bchos=, a town of \u00c6olia near the Hermus. _Herodotus._\u2015\u2015_Pliny._\n\n=Ne\u014dpt\u014fl\u0115mus=, a king of Epirus, son of Achilles and Deidamia, called\n _Pyrrhus_ from the _yellow_ colour of his hair. He was carefully\n educated under the eye of his mother, and gave early proofs of\n his valour. After the death of Achilles, Calchas declared, in\n the assembly of the Greeks, that Troy could not be taken without\n the assistance of the son of the deceased hero. Immediately upon\n this, Ulysses and Ph\u0153nix were commissioned to bring Pyrrhus to the\n war. He returned with them with pleasure, and received the name of\n Neoptolemus (_new soldier_), because he had come late to the field.\n On his arrival before Troy, he paid a visit to the tomb of his father,\n and wept over his ashes. He afterwards, according to some authors,\n accompanied Ulysses to Lemnos, to engage Philoctetes to come to the\n Trojan war. He greatly signalized himself during the remaining time\n of the siege, and he was the first who entered the wooden horse. He\n was inferior to none of the Grecian warriors in valour, and Ulysses\n and Nestor alone could claim a superiority over him in eloquence,\n wisdom, and address. His cruelty, however, was as great as that of\n his father. Not satisfied with breaking down the gates of Priam\u2019s\n palace, he exercised the greatest barbarities upon the remains of\n his family, and without any regard to the sanctity of the place\n where Priam had taken refuge, he slaughtered him without mercy;\n or, according to others, dragged him by the hair to the tomb of\n his father, where he sacrificed him, and where he cut off his head,\n and carried it in exultation through the streets of Troy, fixed on\n the point of a spear. He also sacrificed Astyanax to his fury, and\n immolated Polyxena on the tomb of Achilles, according to those who\n deny that that sacrifice was voluntary. When Troy was taken, the\n captives were divided among the conquerors, and Pyrrhus had for his\n share Andromache the widow of Hector, and Helenus the son of Priam.\n With these he departed for Greece, and he probably escaped from\n destruction by giving credit to the words of Helenus, who foretold\n him that, if he sailed with the rest of the Greeks, his voyage would\n be attended with fatal consequences, and perhaps with death. This\n obliged him to take a different course from the rest of the Greeks,\n and he travelled over the greatest part of Thrace, where he had a\n severe encounter with queen Harpalyce. _See:_ Harpalyce. The place of\n his retirement after the Trojan war is not known. Some maintain that\n he went to Thessaly, where his grandfather still reigned; but this\n is confuted by others, who observe, perhaps with more reason, that\n he went to Epirus, where he laid the foundation of a new kingdom,\n because his grandfather Peleus had been deprived of his sceptre by\n Acastus the son of Pelias. Neoptolemus lived with Andromache after\n his arrival in Greece, but it is unknown whether he treated her as a\n lawful wife or a concubine. He had a son by this unfortunate princess,\n called Molossus, and two others, if we rely on the authority of\n Pausanias. Besides Andromache, he married Hermione the daughter\n of Menelaus, as also Lanassa the daughter of Cleod\u00e6us, one of the\n descendants of Hercules. The cause of his death is variously related.\n Menelaus, before the Trojan war, had promised his daughter Hermione\n to Orestes, but the services he experienced from the valour and\n the courage of Neoptolemus during the siege of Troy, induced him\n to reward his merit by making him his son-in-law. The nuptials were\n accordingly celebrated, but Hermione became jealous of Andromache,\n and because she had no children, she resolved to destroy her Trojan\n rival, who seemed to steal away the affections of their common\n husband. In the absence of Neoptolemus at Delphi, Hermione attempted\n to murder Andromache, but she was prevented by the interference of\n Peleus, or, according to others, of the populace. When she saw her\n schemes defeated, she determined to lay violent hands upon herself,\n to avoid the resentment of Neoptolemus. The sudden arrival of Orestes\n changed her resolution, and she consented to elope with her lover to\n Sparta. Orestes at the same time, to revenge and to punish his rival,\n caused him to be assassinated in the temple of Delphi, and he was\n murdered at the foot of the altar by Machareus the priest, or by the\n hand of Orestes himself, according to Virgil, Paterculus, and Hyginus.\n Some say that he was murdered by the Delphians, who had been bribed\n by the presents of Orestes. It is unknown why Neoptolemus went to\n Delphi. Some support that he wished to consult the oracle to know\n how he might have children by the barren Hermione; others say that\n he went thither to offer the spoils which he had obtained during the\n Trojan war, to appease the resentment of Apollo, whom he had provoked\n by calling him the cause of the death of Achilles. The plunder of\n the rich temple of Delphi, if we believe others, was the object\n of the journey of Neoptolemus, and it cannot but be observed that\n he suffered the same death and the same barbarities which he had\n inflicted in the temple of Minerva upon the aged Priam and his\n wretched family. From this circumstance, the ancients have made use\n of the proverb _Neoptolemic revenge_, when a person had suffered\n the same savage treatment which others had received from his hand.\n The Delphians celebrated a festival with great pomp and solemnity\n in memory of Neoptolemus, who had been slain in his attempt to\n plunder their temple, because, as they said, Apollo, the patron\n of the place, had been in some manner accessary to the death of\n Achilles. _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bks. 2\n & 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13,\n lis. 334, 455, &c.; _Heroides_, poem 8.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_,\n _Nemean_, poem 7.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Andromache_ & _Orestes_, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Dictys\n Cretensis_, bks. 4, 5, & 6.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 504;\n _Iliad_, bk. 19, li. 326.\u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _Philoctetes_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 97 & 102.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_,\n _Heroicus_, ch. 19, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dares Phrygius._\u2015\u2015_Quintus Smyrn\u00e6us_,\n bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of the Molossi, father of Olympias the mother of\n Alexander. _Justin_, bk. 17, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, king of Epirus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n uncle of the celebrated Pyrrhus who assisted the Tarentines. He\n was made king of Epirus by the Epirots, who had revolted from their\n lawful sovereign, and was put to death when he attempted to poison\n his nephew, &c. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tragic poet of Athens,\n greatly favoured by Philip king of Macedonia. When Cleopatra, the\n monarch\u2019s daughter, was married to Alexander of Epirus, he wrote some\n verses which proved to be prophetic of the tragical death of Philip.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A relation of Alexander. He was the first\n who climbed the walls of Gaza when that city was taken by Alexander.\n After the king\u2019s death he received Armenia as his province, and made\n war against Eumenes. He was supported by Craterus, but an engagement\n with Eumenes proved fatal to his cause. Craterus was killed, and\n himself mortally wounded by Eumenes, B.C. 321. _Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Eumenes_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the officers of Mithridates the Great, beaten\n by Lucullus in a naval battle. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tragic\n writer.\n\n=Neoris=, a large country of Asia, near Gedrosia, almost destitute\n of waters. The inhabitants were called _Neorit\u00e6_, and it was usual\n among them to suspend their dead bodies from the boughs of trees.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Nepe=, a constellation of the heavens, the same as Scorpio.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n inland town of Etruria, called also _Nepete_, whose inhabitants are\n called _Nepesini_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 490.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 5,\n ch. 19; bk. 26, ch. 34.\n\n=Nephalia=, festivals in Greece, in honour of Mnemosyne the mother\n of the Muses, and Aurora, Venus, &c. No wine was used during the\n ceremony, but merely a mixture of water and honey. _Pollux_, bk. 6,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Suidas._\n\n=N\u0115ph\u0115le=, the first wife of Athamas king of Thebes, and mother of\n Phryxus and Helle. She was repudiated on pretence of being subject to\n fits of insanity, and Athamas married Ino the daughter of Cadmus, by\n whom he had several children. Ino became jealous of Nephele, because\n her children would succeed to their father\u2019s throne before hers, by\n right of seniority, and she resolved to destroy them. Nephele was\n apprised of her wicked intentions, and she removed her children from\n the reach of Ino, by giving them a celebrated ram, sprung from the\n union of Neptune and Theophane, on whose back they escaped to Colchis.\n _See:_ Phryxus. Nephele was afterwards changed into a cloud, whence\n her name is given by the Greeks to the clouds. Some call her _Nebula_,\n which word is the Latin translation of _Nephele_. The fleece of the\n ram, which saved the life of Nephele\u2019s children, is often called the\n _Nephelian fleece_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 2,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 195.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 11,\n li. 56.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the Centaurs.\n\n=Neph\u0115lis=, a cape of Cilicia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 20.\n\n=Nepher\u012btes=, a king of Egypt, who assisted the Spartans against Persia,\n when Agesilaus was in Asia. He sent them a fleet of 100 ships, which\n were intercepted by Conon, as they were sailing towards Rhodes, &c.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Nephus=, a son of Hercules.\n\n=Nepia=, a daughter of Jasus, who married Olympus king of Mysia, whence\n the plains of Mysia are sometimes called _Nepi\u00e6 campi_.\n\n=Nepos, Cornelius=, a celebrated historian in the reign of Augustus.\n He was born at Hostilia, and, like the rest of his learned\n contemporaries, he shared the favours and enjoyed the patronage of\n the emperor. He was the intimate friend of Cicero and of Atticus,\n and recommended himself to the notice of the great and opulent\n by delicacy of sentiment and a lively disposition. According to\n some writers, he composed three books of chronicles, as also a\n biographical account of all the most celebrated kings, generals,\n and authors of antiquity. Of all his valuable compositions, nothing\n remains but his lives of the illustrious Greek and Roman generals,\n which have often been attributed to \u00c6mylius Probus, who published\n them in his own name in the age of Theodosius, to conciliate the\n favour and the friendship of that emperor. The language of Cornelius\n has always been admired, and as a writer of the Augustan age, he is\n entitled to many commendations for the delicacy of his expressions,\n the elegance of his style, and the clearness and precision of his\n narrations. Some support that he translated Dares Phrygius from\n the Greek original; but the inelegance of the diction, and its many\n incorrect expressions, plainly prove that it is the production,\n not of a writer of the Augustan age, but the spurious composition\n of a more modern pen. Cornelius speaks of his account of the Greek\n historians _Dion_, ch. 3. Among the many good editions of Cornelius\n Nepos, two may be selected as the best, that of Verheyk, 8vo, Leiden,\n 1773, and that of Glasgow, 12mo, 1761.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Julius, an emperor of the\n west, &c.\n\n=Nepoti\u0101nus Flavius Popilius=, a son of Eutropia the sister of the\n emperor Constantine. He proclaimed himself emperor after the death of\n his cousin Constans, and rendered himself odious by his cruelty and\n oppression. He was murdered by Anicetus, after one month\u2019s reign, and\n his family were involved in his ruin.\n\n=Nepthys=, wife of Typhon, became enamoured of Osiris her brother-in-law,\n and introduced herself to his bed. She had a son called Anubis by him.\n _Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.\n\n=Nept\u016bni fanum=, a place near Cenchre\u00e6. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in the island of Calauria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another near Mantinea.\n\n=Nept\u016bnia=, a town and colony of Magna Gr\u00e6cia.\n\n=Nept\u016bnium=, a promontory of Arabia at the entrance of the gulf.\n\n=Nept\u016bnius=, an epithet applied to Sextus Pompey, because he believed\n himself to be god of the sea, or descended from him, on account\n of his superiority in ships, &c. _Horace_ epode 9.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_,\n bk. 48.\n\n=Nept\u016bnus=, a god, son of Saturn and Ops, and brother to Jupiter, Pluto,\n and Juno. He was devoured by his father the day of his birth, and\n again restored to life by means of Metis, who gave Saturn a certain\n potion. Pausanias says that his mother concealed him in a sheepfold\n in Arcadia, and that she imposed upon her husband, telling him that\n she had brought a colt into the world, which was instantly devoured\n by Saturn. Neptune shared with his brothers the empire of Saturn, and\n received as his portion the kingdom of the sea. This, however, did\n not seem equivalent to the empire of heaven and earth, which Jupiter\n had claimed, therefore he conspired to dethrone him, with the rest\n of the gods. The conspiracy was discovered, and Jupiter condemned\n Neptune to build the walls of Troy. _See:_ Laomedon. A reconciliation\n was soon after made, and Neptune was reinstituted to all his rights\n and privileges. Neptune disputed with Minerva the right of giving a\n name to the capital of Cecropia, but he was defeated, and the olive\n which the goddess suddenly raised from the earth was deemed more\n serviceable for the good of mankind than the horse which Neptune had\n produced by striking the ground with his trident, as that animal is\n the emblem of war and slaughter. This decision did not please Neptune;\n he renewed the combat by disputing for Tr\u0153zene, but Jupiter settled\n their disputes by permitting them to be conjointly worshipped there,\n and by giving the name of Polias, or the _protectress of the city_,\n to Minerva, and that of king of Tr\u0153zene to the god of the sea. He\n also disputed his right for the isthmus of Corinth with Apollo;\n and Briareus the Cyclops, who was mutually chosen umpire, gave the\n isthmus to Neptune, and the promontory to Apollo. Neptune, as being\n god of the sea, was entitled to more power than any of the other\n gods, except Jupiter. Not only the ocean, rivers, and fountains were\n subjected to him, but he also could cause earthquakes at his pleasure,\n and raise islands from the bottom of the sea with a blow of his\n trident. The worship of Neptune was established in almost every part\n of the earth, and the Libyans in particular venerated him above all\n other nations, and looked upon him as the first and greatest of the\n gods. The Greeks and the Romans were also attached to his worship,\n and they celebrated their isthmian games and Consualia with the\n greatest solemnity. He was generally represented sitting in a chariot\n made of a shell, and drawn by sea-horses or dolphins. Sometimes he is\n drawn by winged horses, and holds his trident in his hand, and stands\n up as his chariot flies over the surface of the sea. Homer represents\n him as issuing from the sea, and in three steps crossing the whole\n horizon. The mountains and the forests, says the poet, trembled as he\n walked; the whales, and all the fishes of the sea, appear round him,\n and even the sea herself seems to feel the presence of her god. The\n ancients generally sacrificed a bull and a horse on his altars, and\n the Roman soothsayers always offered to him the gall of the victims,\n which in taste resembles the bitterness of the sea water. The amours\n of Neptune are numerous. He obtained, by means of a dolphin, the\n favours of Amphitrite, who had made a vow of perpetual celibacy,\n and he placed among the constellations the fish which had persuaded\n the goddess to become his wife. He also married Venilia and Salacia,\n which are only the names of Amphitrite according to some authors,\n who observed that the former word is derived from _venire_, alluding\n to the continual motion of the sea. Salacia is derived from _Salum_,\n which signifies the sea, and is applicable to Amphitrite. Neptune\n became a horse to enjoy the company of Ceres. _See:_ Arion. To\n deceive Theophane, he changed himself into a ram. _See:_ Theophane.\n He assumed the form of the river Enipeus, to gain the confidence of\n Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus, by whom he had Pelias and Neleus.\n He was also father of Phorcus and Polyphemus by Thoossa; of Lycus,\n Nycteus, and Euphemus by Celeno; of Chryses by Chrysogenia; of Anc\u00e6us\n by Astypalea; of B\u0153otus and Helen by Antiope; of Leuconoe by Themisto;\n of Agenor and Bellerophon by Eurynome the daughter of Nysus; of\n Antas by Alcyone the daughter of Atlas; of Abas by Arethusa; of\n Actor and Dictys by Agemede the daughter of Augias; of Megareus by\n \u0152nope daughter of Epopeus; of Cycnus by Harpalyce; of Taras, Otus,\n Ephialtes, Dorus, Alesus, &c. The word _Neptunus_ is often used\n metaphorically by the poets, to signify _sea water_. In the Consualia\n of the Romans, horses were led through the streets finely equipped\n and crowned with garlands, as the god in whose honour the festivals\n were instituted had produced the horse, an animal so beneficial\n for the use of mankind. _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 7, &c.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 26; bk. 2, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 12, &c.; bks. 2, 3, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bks. 1, 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li.\n 117, &c.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 50; bk. 4, ch. 188.\u2015\u2015_Macrobius_,\n _Saturnalia_, bk. 1, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 157.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_,\n _Ph\u0153nician Women_.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus._\u2015\u2015_Apollonius Rhodius._\n\n=N\u0113re\u012ddes=, nymphs of the sea, daughters of Nereus and Doris. They\n were 50, according to the greater number of the mythologists, whose\n names are as follows: Sao, Amphitrite, Proto, Galat\u00e6a, Thoe, Eucrate,\n Eudora, Galena, Glauce, Thetis, Spio, Cymothoe, Melita, Thalia, Agave,\n Eulimene, Erato, Pasithea, Doto, Eunice, Nesea, Dynamene, Pherusa,\n Protomelia, Actea, Panope, Doris, Cymatolege, Hippothoe, Cymo, Eione,\n Hipponoe, Cymodoce, Neso, Eupompe, Pronoe, Themisto, Glauconome,\n Halimede, Pontoporia, Evagora, Liagora, Polynome, Laomedia,\n Lysianassa, Autonoe, Menippe, Evarne, Psamathe, Nemertes. In those\n which Homer mentions, to the number of 30, we find the following\n names different from those spoken of by Hesiod: Halia, Limmoria, Iera,\n Amphitroe, Dexamene, Amphinome, Callianira, Apseudes, Callanassa,\n Clymene, Janira, Nassa, Mera, Orythya, Amathea. Apollodorus, who\n mentions 45, mentions the following names different from the others:\n Glaucothoe, Protomedusa, Pione, Plesaura, Calypso, Cranto, Neomeris,\n Dejanira, Polynoe, Melia, Dione, Isea, Dero, Eumolpe, Ione, Ceto.\n Hyginus and others differ from the preceding authors in the following\n names: Drymo, Xantho, Ligea, Phyllodoce, Cydippe, Lycorias, Cleio,\n Beroe, Ephira, Opis, Asia, Deopea, Arethusa, Crenis, Eurydice, and\n Leucothoe. The Nereides were implored as the rest of the deities;\n they had altars chiefly on the coast of the sea, where the piety\n of mankind made offerings of milk, oil, and honey, and often of\n the flesh of goats. When they were on the sea-shore they generally\n resided in grottos and caves which were adorned with shells, and\n shaded by the branches of vines. Their duty was to attend upon the\n more powerful deities of the sea, and to be subservient to the will\n of Neptune. They were particularly fond of alcyons, and as they\n had the power of ruffling or calming the waters, they were always\n addressed by sailors, who implored their protection, that they might\n grant them a favourable voyage and a prosperous return. They are\n represented as young and handsome virgins, sitting on dolphins and\n holding Neptune\u2019s trident in their hand, or sometimes garlands of\n flowers. _Orpheus_, _Hymn_ 23.\u2015\u2015_Catullus_, _Marriage of Peleus and\n Thetis_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 361, &c.\u2015\u2015_Statius_,\n bk. 2, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 2; bk. 3, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 1.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, chs. 2, & 3.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18, li. 39.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, &c.\n\n=Nereius=, a name given to Achilles, as son of Thetis, who was one of\n the Nereides. _Horace_, epode 17, li. 8.\n\n=N\u0113reus=, a deity of the sea, son of Oceanus and Terra. He married\n Doris, by whom he had 50 daughters, called the Nereides. _See:_\n Nereides. Nereus was generally represented as an old man with a\n long flowing beard, and hair of an azure colour. The chief place of\n his residence was in the \u00c6gean sea, where he was surrounded by his\n daughters, who often danced in choruses round him. He had the gift\n of prophecy, and informed those that consulted him with the different\n fates that attended them. He acquainted Paris with the consequences\n of his elopement with Helen; and it was by his directions that\n Hercules obtained the golden apples of the Hesperides. But the\n sea-god often evaded the importunities of inquirers by assuming\n different shapes, and totally escaping from their grasp. The word\n _Nereus_ is often taken for the sea itself. Nereus is sometimes\n called the most ancient of all the gods. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus._\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 18.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015_Orpheus_,\n _Argonautica_.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 13.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.\n\n=Nerio=, or =Neri\u0113ne=, the wife of Mars. _Aulus Gellius_, ch. 21.\n\n=Ner\u012dphus=, a desert island near the Thracian Chersonesus.\n\n=Ner\u012dtos=, a mountain in the island of Ithaca, as also a small island\n in the Ionian sea, according to Mela. The word Neritos is often\n applied to the whole island of Ithaca, and Ulysses the king of it is\n called _Neritius dux_, and his ship _Neritia navis_. The people of\n Saguntum, as descended from a Neritian colony, are called _Neritia\n proles_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 317.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 3, li. 271.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 712; _Remedia Amoris_, li. 263.\n\n=Ner\u012dtum=, a town of Calabria, now called _Nardo_.\n\n=Nerius=, a silversmith in the age of Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 69.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A usurer in Nero\u2019s age, who was so eager to get money that he\n married as often as he could, and as soon destroyed his wives by\n poison, to possess himself of their estates. _Persius_, bk. 2, li. 14.\n\n=Nero Claudius Domitius C\u00e6sar=, a celebrated Roman emperor, son of\n Caius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the daughter of Germanicus.\n He was adopted by the emperor Claudius, A.D. 50, and four years\n after he succeeded to him on the throne. The beginning of his reign\n was marked by acts of the greatest kindness and condescension,\n by affability, complaisance, and popularity. The object of his\n administration seemed to be the good of his people; and when he was\n desired to sign his name to a list of malefactors that were to be\n executed, he exclaimed, \u201cI wish to heaven I could not write.\u201d He was\n an enemy to flattery, and when the senate had liberally commended\n the wisdom of his government, Nero desired them to keep their praises\n till he deserved them. These promising virtues were soon discovered\n to be artificial, and Nero displayed the propensities of his nature.\n He delivered himself from the sway of his mother, and at last\n ordered her to be assassinated. This unnatural act of barbarity might\n astonish some of the Romans, but Nero had his devoted adherents; and\n when he declared that he had taken away his mother\u2019s life to save\n himself from ruin, the senate applauded his measures, and the people\n signified their approbation. Many of his courtiers shared the unhappy\n fate of Agrippina, and Nero sacrificed to his fury or caprice all\n such as obstructed his pleasure, or diverted his inclination. In the\n night he generally sallied out from his palace, to visit the meanest\n taverns and all the scenes of debauchery which Rome contained.\n In this nocturnal riot he was fond of insulting the people in the\n streets, and his attempts to offer violence to the wife of a Roman\n senator nearly cost him his life. He also turned actor, and publicly\n appeared on the Roman stage in the meanest characters. In his\n attempts to excel in music, and to conquer the disadvantages of a\n hoarse, rough voice, he moderated his meals, and often passed the\n day without eating. The celebrity of the Olympian games attracted\n his notice. He passed into Greece, and presented himself as a\n candidate for the public honours. He was defeated in wrestling,\n but the flattery of the spectators adjudged him the victory, and\n Nero returned to Rome with all the pomp and \u2666splendour of an eastern\n conqueror, drawn in the chariot of Augustus, and attended by a band\n of musicians, actors, and stage dancers, from every part of the\n empire. These private and public amusements of the emperor were\n indeed innocent; his character was injured, but not the lives of the\n people. But his conduct soon became more abominable; he disguised\n himself in the habit of a woman, and was publicly married to one of\n his eunuchs. This violence to nature and decency was soon exchanged\n for another; Nero resumed his sex, and celebrated his nuptials with\n one of his meanest catamites, and it was on this occasion that one\n of the Romans observed that the world would have been happy if Nero\u2019s\n father had had such a wife. But now his cruelty was displayed in a\n more superlative degree, and he sacrificed to his wantonness his wife\n Octavia Popp\u00e6a, and the celebrated writers, Seneca, Lucan, Petronius,\n &c. The christians also did not escape his barbarity. He had heard of\n the burning of Troy, and as he wished to renew that dismal scene, he\n caused Rome to be set on fire in different places. The conflagration\n became soon universal, and during nine successive days the fire\n was unextinguished. All was desolation; nothing was heard but\n the lamentations of mothers whose children had perished in the\n flames, the groans of the dying, and the continual fall of palaces\n and buildings. Nero was the only one who enjoyed the general\n consternation. He placed himself on the top of a high tower, and he\n sang on his lyre the destruction of Troy, a dreadful scene which\n his barbarity had realized before his eyes. He attempted to avert\n the public odium from his head, by a feigned commiseration of the\n miseries of his subjects. He began to repair the streets and the\n public buildings at his own expense. He built himself a celebrated\n palace, which he called his golden house. It was profusely adorned\n with gold and precious stones, and with whatever was rare and\n exquisite. It contained spacious fields, artificial lakes, woods,\n gardens, orchards, and whatever could exhibit beauty and grandeur.\n The entrance of this edifice could admit a large colossus of the\n emperor 120 feet high; the galleries were each a mile long, and\n the whole was covered with gold. The roofs of the dining halls\n represented the firmament in motion as well as in figure, and\n continually turned round night and day, showering down all sorts of\n perfumes and sweet waters. When this grand edifice, which, according\n to Pliny, extended all round the city, was finished, Nero said, that\n now he could lodge like a man. His profusion was not less remarkable\n in all his other actions. When he went a-fishing, his nets were made\n with gold and silk. He never appeared twice in the same garment,\n and when he undertook a voyage, there were thousands of servants\n to take care of his wardrobe. This continuation of debauchery and\n extravagance at last roused the resentment of the people. Many\n conspiracies were formed against the emperor, but they were generally\n discovered, and such as were accessary suffered the greatest\n punishments. The most dangerous conspiracy against Nero\u2019s life\n was that of Piso, from which he was delivered by the confession of\n a slave. The conspiracy of Galba proved more successful; and the\n conspirator, when he was informed that his plot was known to Nero,\n declared himself emperor. The unpopularity of Nero favoured his cause;\n he was acknowledged by all the Roman empire, and the senate condemned\n the tyrant that sat on the throne to be dragged naked through the\n streets of Rome, and whipped to death, and afterwards to be thrown\n down from the Tarpeian rock like the meanest malefactor. This,\n however, was not done, and Nero, by a voluntary death, prevented the\n execution of the sentence. He killed himself, A.D. 68, in the 32nd\n year of his age, after a reign of thirteen years and eight months.\n Rome was filled with acclamations at the intelligence, and the\n citizens, more strongly to indicate their joy, wore caps such as\n were generally used by slaves who had received their freedom. Their\n vengeance was not only exercised against the statues of the deceased\n tyrant, but his friends were the objects of the public resentment,\n and many were crushed to pieces in such a violent manner, that one\n of the senators, amid the universal joy, said that he was afraid they\n should soon have cause to wish for Nero. The tyrant, as he expired,\n begged that his head might not be cut off from his body, and exposed\n to the insolence of an enraged populace, but that the whole might be\n burned on the funeral pile. His request was granted by one of Galba\u2019s\n freedmen, and his obsequies were performed with the usual ceremonies.\n Though his death seemed to be the source of universal gladness, yet\n many of his favourites lamented his fall, and were grieved to see\n that their pleasures and amusements were stopped by the death of the\n patron of debauchery and extravagance. Even the king of Parthia sent\n ambassadors to Rome to condole with the Romans, and to beg that they\n would honour and revere the memory of Nero. His statues were also\n crowned with garlands of flowers, and many believed that he was not\n dead, but that he would soon make his appearance, and take a due\n vengeance upon his enemies. It will be sufficient to observe, in\n finishing the character of this tyrannical emperor, that the name\n of _Nero_ is even now used emphatically to express a barbarous and\n unfeeling oppressor. Pliny calls him the common enemy and the fury of\n mankind, and in this he has been followed by all writers, who exhibit\n Nero as the pattern of the most execrable barbarity and unpardonable\n wantonness. _Plutarch_, _Galba_.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk.\n 7, ch. 8, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 64.\u2015\u2015_Aurelius Victor._\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Annals_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Claudius, a Roman general sent into Spain to succeed\n the two Scipios. He suffered himself to be imposed upon by Asdrubal,\n and was soon after succeeded by young Scipio. He was afterwards\n made consul, and intercepted Asdrubal, who was passing from Spain\n into Italy with a large reinforcement for his brother Annibal. An\n engagement was fought near the river Metaurus, in which 56,000 of\n the Carthaginians were left on the field of battle, and great numbers\n taken prisoners, 207 B.C. Asdrubal the Carthaginian general was\n also killed, and his head cut off and thrown into his brother\u2019s camp\n by the conquerors. _Appian_, _Hannibalic War_.\u2015\u2015_Orosius_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 27, &c.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 37.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk.\n 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who opposed\n Cicero when he wished to punish with death such as were accessary\n to Catiline\u2019s conspiracy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Germanicus, who was ruined by\n Sejanus, and banished from Rome by Tiberius. He died in the place of\n his exile. His death was voluntary, according to some. _Suetonius_,\n _Tiberius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Domitian was called _Nero_, because his cruelties\n surpassed those of his predecessors, and also _Calvus_, from the\n baldness of his head. _Juvenal_, satire 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The Neros were of the\n Claudian family, which, during the republican times of Rome, was\n honoured with 28 consulships, five dictatorships, six triumphs, seven\n censorships, and two ovations. They assumed the surname of Nero,\n which, in the language of the Sabines, signifies _strong_ and\n _warlike_.\n\n \u2666 \u2018slendour\u2019 replaced with \u2018splendour\u2019\n\n=Neronia=, a name given to Artaxata by Tiridates, who had been restored\n to his kingdom by Nero, whose favours he acknowledged by calling the\n capital of his dominions after the name of his benefactor.\n\n=Neroni\u0101n\u00e6 Therm\u00e6=, baths at Rome, made by the emperor Nero.\n\n=Nertobrigia=, a town of Spain on the Bilbilis.\n\n=Nerva Cocceius=, a Roman emperor after the death of Domitian, A.D.\n 96. He rendered himself popular by his mildness, his generosity, and\n the active part he took in the management of affairs. He suffered no\n statues to be raised to his honour, and he applied to the use of the\n government all the gold and silver statues which flattery had erected\n to his predecessor. In his civil character he was the pattern of good\n manners, of sobriety, and temperance. He forbade the mutilation of\n male children, and gave no countenance to the law which permitted\n the marriage of an uncle with his niece. He made a solemn declaration\n that no senator should suffer death during his reign; and this he\n observed with such sanctity that, when two members of the senate\n had conspired against his life, he was satisfied to tell them that\n he was informed of their wicked machinations. He also conducted\n them to the public spectacles, and seated himself between them, and\n when a sword was offered to him, according to the usual custom, he\n desired the conspirators to try it upon his body. Such goodness of\n heart, such confidence in the self-conviction of the human mind,\n and such reliance upon the consequence of his lenity and indulgence,\n conciliated the affection of all his subjects. Yet, as envy and\n danger are the constant companions of greatness, the pretorian\n guards at last mutinied, and Nerva nearly yielded to their fury. He\n uncovered his aged neck in the presence of the incensed soldiery, and\n bade them wreak their vengeance upon him, provided they spared the\n life of those to whom he was indebted for the empire, and whom his\n honour commanded him to defend. His seeming submission was unavailing,\n and he was at last obliged to surrender to the fury of his soldiers\n some of his friends and supporters. The infirmities of his age,\n and his natural timidity, at last obliged him to provide himself\n against any future mutiny or tumult, by choosing a worthy successor.\n He had many friends and relations, but he did not consider the\n aggrandizement of his family, and he chose for his son and successor\n Trajan, a man of whose virtues and greatness of mind he was fully\n convinced. This voluntary choice was approved by the acclamations\n of the people, and the wisdom and prudence which marked the reign of\n Trajan showed how discerning was the judgment, and how affectionate\n were the intentions, of Nerva for the good of Rome. He died on the\n 27th of July, A.D. 98, in his 72nd year, and his successor showed\n his respect for his merit and his character by raising him altars\n and temples in Rome, and in the provinces, and by ranking him in\n the number of the gods. Nerva was the first Roman emperor who was\n of foreign extraction, his father being a native of Crete. _Pliny_,\n _Panegyrics_.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 69.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus Cocceius, a consul\n in the reign of Tiberius. He starved himself, because he would not be\n concerned in the extravagance of the emperor.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated lawyer,\n consul with the emperor Vespasian. He was father to the emperor of\n that name.\n\n=Nervii=, a warlike people of Belgic Gaul, who continually upbraided\n the neighbouring nations for submitting to the power of the Romans.\n They attacked Julius C\u00e6sar, and were totally defeated. Their country\n forms the modern province of _Hainault_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 428.\n \u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\n\n=Nerulum=, an inland town of Lucania, now _Lagonegro_. _Livy_, bk. 9,\n ch. 20.\n\n=Nerium=, or =Artabrum=, a promontory of Spain, now cape _Finisterre_.\n _Strabo_, bk. 3.\n\n=Nesactum=, a town of Istria at the mouth of the Arsia, now _Castel\n Nuovo_.\n\n=Nes\u00e6a=, one of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 338.\n\n=Nesim\u0103chus=, the father of Hippomedon, a native of Argos, who was one\n of the seven chiefs who made war against Thebes. _Hyginus_, fable 70.\n \u2015\u2015_Scholiast_ on _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 1, li. 44.\n\n=Nesis= (is, or idis), now _Nisita_, an island on the coast of\n Campania, famous for asparagus. Lucan and Statius speak of its air\n as unwholesome and dangerous. _Pliny_, bk. 19, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 6, li. 90.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 16, ltrs. 1\n & 2.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 1, li. 148.\n\n=Nessus=, a celebrated centaur, son of Ixion and the Cloud. He offered\n violence to Dejanira, whom Hercules had entrusted to his care,\n with orders to carry her across the river Evenus. _See:_ Dejanira.\n Hercules saw the distress of his wife from the opposite shore of the\n river, and immediately he let fly one of his poisoned arrows, which\n struck the centaur to the heart. Nessus, as he expired, gave the\n tunic he then wore to Dejanira, assuring her that, from the poisoned\n blood which had flowed from his wounds, it had received the power\n of calling a husband away from unlawful loves. Dejanira received\n it with pleasure, and this mournful present caused the death of\n Hercules. _See:_ Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n ltr. 9.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 28.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river. _See:_ Nestus.\n\n=Nest\u014fcles=, a famous statuary of Greece, rival to Phidias. _Pliny_,\n bk. 34, ch. 8.\n\n=Nestor=, a son of Neleus and Chloris, nephew to Pelias and grandson\n to Neptune. He had 11 brothers, who were all killed, with his father,\n by Hercules. His tender age detained him at home, and was the cause\n of his preservation. The conqueror spared his life, and placed him\n on the throne of Pylos. He married Eurydice the daughter of Clymenes,\n or, according to others, Anaxibia the daughter of Atreus. He early\n distinguished himself in the field of battle, and was present at\n the nuptials of Pirithous, when a bloody battle was fought between\n the Lapith\u00e6 and Centaurs. As king of Pylos and Messenia he led his\n subjects to the Trojan war, where he distinguished himself among the\n rest of the Grecian chiefs by eloquence, address, wisdom, justice,\n and an uncommon prudence of mind. Homer displays his character as\n the most perfect of all his heroes; and Agamemnon exclaims, that\n if he had 10 generals like Nestor, he should soon see the walls\n of Troy reduced to ashes. After the Trojan war, Nestor retired to\n Greece, where he enjoyed, in the bosom of his family, the peace and\n tranquillity which were due to his wisdom and to his old age. The\n manner and the time of his death are unknown; the ancients are all\n agreed that he lived three generations of men, which length of time\n some suppose to be 300 years, though more probably only 90, allowing\n 30 years for each generation. From that circumstance, therefore, it\n was usual among the Greeks and the Latins, when they wished a long\n and happy life to their friends, to wish them to see the years of\n Nestor. He had two daughters, Pisidice and Polycaste; and seven sons,\n Perseus, Straticus, Aretus, Echephron, Pisistratus, Antilochus, and\n Trasimedes. Nestor was one of the Argonauts, according to _Valerius\n Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 380, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, ch. 13, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, &c.; _Odyssey_, bks. 3 & 11.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fables 10 & 273.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26; bk. 4, chs. 3 & 31.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 12, li. 162, &c.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of Lycaonia\n in the age of the emperor Severus. He was father to Pisander, who,\n under the emperor Alexander, wrote some fabulous stories.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n the body-guards of Alexander. _Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=Nestorius=, a bishop of Constantinople, who flourished A.D. 431.\n He was condemned and degraded from his episcopal dignity for his\n heretical opinions, &c.\n\n=Nestus=, or =Nessus=, now _Nesto_, a small river of Thrace, rising\n in mount Rhodope, and falling into the \u00c6gean sea above the island of\n Thasos. It was for some time the boundary of Macedonia on the east,\n in the more extensive power of that kingdom.\n\n=Netum=, a town of Sicily, now called _Noto_, on the eastern coast.\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 269.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Verres_,\n bk. 4, ch. 26; bk. 5, ch. 51.\n\n=Neuri=, a people of Sarmatia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Nic\u00e6a=, a widow of Alexander, who married Demetrius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Antipater, who married Perdiccas.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of India, built by\n Alexander on the very spot where he had obtained a victory over king\n Porus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Achaia near Thermopyl\u00e6, on the bay of Malia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n town of Illyricum.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Corsica.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Thrace,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015in\n B\u0153otia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Bithynia (now _Nice_, or _Is-nik_), built by\n Antigonus, the son of Philip king of Macedonia. It was originally\n called _Antigonia_, and afterwards _Nic\u00e6a_ by Lysimachus, who gave\n it the name of his wife, who was daughter of Antipater.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town\n of Liguria, built by the people of Massilia, in commemoration of a\n victory.\n\n=Nicag\u014fras=, a sophist of Athens in the reign of the emperor Philip.\n He wrote the lives of illustrious men, and was reckoned one of the\n greatest and most learned men of his age.\n\n=Nicander=, a king of Sparta, son of Charillus, of the family of\n the Proclid\u00e6. He reigned 39 years, and died B.C. 770.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer\n of Chalcedon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek grammarian, poet, and physician, of\n Colophon, 137 B.C. His writings were held in estimation, but his\n judgment cannot be highly commended, since, without any knowledge\n of agriculture, he ventured to compose a book on that intricate\n subject. Two of his poems, entitled _Theriaca_, on hunting, and\n _Alexipharmaca_, on antidotes against poison, are still extant; the\n best editions of which are those of Gorr\u00e6us, with a translation in\n Latin verse by Grevinus, a physician at Paris, 4to, Paris, 1557, and\n Salvinus, 8vo, Florence, 1764. _Cicero_, bk. 1, _On Oratory_, ch. 16.\n\n=Nic\u0101nor=, a man who conspired against the life of Alexander. _Curtius_,\n bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Parmenio, who died in Hyrcania, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname\n of Demetrius. _See:_ Demetrius II.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An unskilful pilot of Antigonus.\n _Poly\u00e6nus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A servant of Atticus. _Cicero_, bk. 5, ltr. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Samian, who wrote a treatise on rivers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Media,\n conquered by Seleucus. He had been governor over the Athenians under\n Cassander, by whose orders he was put to death.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the\n emperor Titus, wounded at the siege of Jerusalem.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Stagira,\n by whom Alexander the Great sent a letter to recall the Grecian\n exiles. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Munychia, who seized\n the Pir\u00e6us, and was at last put to death by Cassander, because he\n wished to make himself absolute over Attica. _Diodorus_, bk. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n brother of Cassander, destroyed by Olympias. _Diodorus_, bk. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n general of Antiochus king of Syria. He made war against the Jews, and\n showed himself uncommonly cruel.\n\n=Nicarchus=, a Corinthian philosopher in the age of Periander.\n _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Arcadian chief, who deserted to the Persians,\n at the return of the 10,000 Greeks.\n\n=Nicarth\u012bdes=, a man set over Persepolis by Alexander.\n\n=Nic\u0101tor=, a surname of Seleucus king of Syria, from his having been\n unconquered.\n\n=Nice=, a daughter of Thestius. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Nicephorium=, a town of Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates, where Venus had\n a temple. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 41.\n\n=Niceph\u014frius=, now _Khabour_, a river which flowed by the walls of\n Tigranocerta. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 4.\n\n=Niceph\u014frus C\u00e6sar=, a Byzantine historian, whose works were edited\n folio, Paris, 1661.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Gregoras, another, edited folio, Paris, 1702.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek ecclesiastical historian, whose works were edited by\n Duc\u00e6us, 2 vols., Paris, 1630.\n\n=Nicer=, now the _Necker_, a river of Germany, falling into the Rhine\n at the modern town of Manheim. _Ausonius_, _Mosella_, li. 423.\n\n=Nicer\u0101tus=, a poet who wrote a poem in praise of Lysander.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n father of Nicias.\n\n=Nicetas=, one of the Byzantine historians, whose works were edited\n folio, Paris, 1647.\n\n=Niceteria=, a festival at Athens, in memory of the victory which\n Minerva obtained over Neptune, in their dispute about giving a name\n to the capital of the country.\n\n=Nicia=, a city. _See:_ Nic\u00e6a.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river falling into the Po at\n Brixellum. It is now called _Lenza_, and separates the duchy of\n Modena from Parma.\n\n=Nicias=, an Athenian general, celebrated for his valour and for his\n misfortunes. He early conciliated the good will of the people by his\n liberality, and he established his military character by taking the\n island of Cythera from the power of Laced\u00e6mon. When Athens determined\n to make war against Sicily, Nicias was appointed, with Alcibiades and\n Lamachus, to conduct the expedition, which he reprobated as impolitic,\n and as the future cause of calamities to the Athenian power. In\n Sicily he behaved with great firmness, but he often blamed the quick\n and inconsiderate measures of his colleagues. The success of the\n Athenians remained long doubtful. Alcibiades was recalled by his\n enemies to take his trial, and Nicias was left at the head of affairs.\n Syracuse was surrounded by a wall, and though the operations were\n carried on slowly, yet the city would have surrendered, had not the\n sudden appearance of Gylippus, the Corinthian ally of the Sicilians,\n cheered up the courage of the besieged at the most critical moment.\n Gylippus proposed terms of accommodation to the Athenians, which were\n refused; some battles were fought, in which the Sicilians obtained\n the advantage, and Nicias at last, tired of his ill success, and\n grown desponding, demanded of the Athenians a reinforcement or a\n successor. Demosthenes, upon this, was sent with a powerful fleet,\n but the advice of Nicias was despised, and the admiral, by his\n eagerness to come to a decisive engagement, ruined his fleet and the\n interest of Athens. The fear of his enemies at home prevented Nicias\n from leaving Sicily; and when, at last, a continued series of ill\n success obliged him to comply, he found himself surrounded on every\n side by the enemy, without hope of escaping. He gave himself up to\n the conquerors with all his army, but the assurances of safety which\n he had received soon proved vain and false, and he was no sooner\n in the hands of the enemy than he was shamefully put to death with\n Demosthenes. His troops were sent to quarries, where the plague and\n hard labour diminished their numbers and aggravated their misfortunes.\n Some suppose that the death of Nicias was not violent. He perished\n about 413 years before Christ, and the Athenians lamented in him\n a great and valiant but unfortunate general. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero._\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 4,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian of Rome, intimate with\n Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Nic\u00e6a, who wrote a history\n of philosophers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician of Pyrrhus king of Epirus, who made\n an offer to the Romans of poisoning his master for a sum of money.\n The Roman general disdained his offers, and acquainted Pyrrhus with\n his treachery. He is oftener called Cineas.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter of Athens in\n the age of Alexander. He was chiefly happy in his pictures of women.\n _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 31.\n\n=Nicippe=, a daughter of Pelops, who married Sthenelus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Thespius. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Nicippus=, a tyrant of Cos, one of whose sheep brought forth a lion,\n which was considered as portending his future greatness, and his\n elevation to the sovereignty. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1,\n ch. 29.\n\n=Nico=, one of the Tarentine chiefs who conspired against the life of\n Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated architect and geometrician.\n He was father to the celebrated Galen the prince of physicians.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the slaves of Craterus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of an ass which\n Augustus met before the battle of Actium, a circumstance which\n he considered as a favourable omen.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of an elephant\n remarkable for his fidelity to king Pyrrhus.\n\n=Nicoch\u0103res=, a Greek comic poet in the age of Aristophanes.\n\n=Nic\u014fcles=, a familiar friend of Phocion, condemned to death.\n _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Salamis, celebrated for his contest with a\n king of Ph\u0153nicia, to prove which of the two was most effeminate.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n king of Paphos, who reigned under the protection of Ptolemy king of\n Egypt. He revolted from his friend to the king of Persia, upon which\n Ptolemy ordered one of his servants to put him to death, to strike\n terror into the other dependent princes. The servant, unwilling to\n murder the monarch, advised him to kill himself. Nicocles obeyed, and\n all his family followed his example, 310 years before the christian\n era.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient Greek poet, who called physicians a happy race of\n men, because light published their good deeds to the world, and the\n earth hid all their faults and imperfections.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Cyprus,\n who succeeded his father Evagoras on the throne, 374 years before\n Christ. It was with him that the philosopher Isocrates corresponded.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Sicyon, deposed by means of Aratus the Ach\u00e6an.\n _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.\n\n=Nicocr\u0103tes=, a tyrant of Cyrene.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An author at Athens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of\n Salamis in Cyprus, who made himself known by the valuable collection\n of books which he had. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 1.\n\n=Nicocreon=, a tyrant of Salamis in the age of Alexander the Great.\n He ordered the philosopher Anaxarchus to be pounded to pieces in a\n mortar.\n\n=Nicod\u0113mus=, an Athenian appointed by Conon over the fleet which was\n going to the assistance of Artaxerxes. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n tyrant of Italy, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ambassador sent to Pompey by Aristobulus.\n\n=Nicod\u014drus=, a wrestler of Mantinea, who studied philosophy in his\n old age. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Suidas._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n Athenian archon.\n\n=Nicodr\u014fmus=, a son of Hercules and Nice. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian\n who invaded \u00c6gina, &c.\n\n=Nicol\u0101us=, a philosopher.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated Syracusan, who endeavoured,\n in a pathetic speech, to dissuade his countrymen from offering\n violence to the Athenian prisoners who had been taken with Nicias\n their general. His eloquence was unavailing.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Ptolemy\n against Antigonus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A peripatetic philosopher and historian in the\n Augustan age.\n\n=Nicom\u0103cha=, a daughter of Themistocles.\n\n=Nicom\u0103chus=, the father of Aristotle, whose son also bore the same\n name. The philosopher composed his 10 books of morals for the use\n and improvement of his son, and thence they are called Nicomachea.\n _Suidas._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Alexander\u2019s friends, who discovered the\n conspiracy of Dymus. _Curtius_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An excellent painter.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Pythagorean philosopher.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Laced\u00e6monian general, conquered by\n Timotheus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer in the fifth century, &c.\n\n=Nicom\u0113des I.=, a king of Bithynia, about 278 years before the\n christian era. It was by his exertions that this part of Asia became\n a monarchy. He behaved with great cruelty to his brothers, and built\n a town which he called by his own name, _Nicomedia_. _Justin._\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, &c.\n\n=Nicom\u0113des II.=, was ironically surnamed _Philopater_, because he\n drove his father Prusias from the kingdom of Bithynia, and caused\n him to be assassinated, B.C. 149. He reigned 59 years. Mithridates\n laid claim to his kingdom, but all their disputes were decided by\n the Romans, who deprived Nicomedes of the province of Paphlagonia,\n and his ambitious rival of Cappadocia. He gained the affections of\n his subjects by a courteous behaviour, and by a mild and peaceful\n government. _Justin._\n\n=Nicom\u0113des III.=, son and successor of the preceding, was dethroned by\n his brother Socrates, and afterwards by the ambitious Mithridates.\n The Romans re-established him on his throne, and encouraged him to\n make reprisals upon the king of Pontus. He followed their advice, and\n he was, at last, expelled another time from his dominions, till Sylla\n came into Asia, who restored him to his former power and affluence.\n _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Appian._\n\n=Nicom\u0113des IV.=, was son and successor of Nicomedes III. He passed his\n life in an easy and tranquil manner, and enjoyed the peace which his\n alliance with the Romans had procured him. He died B.C. 75, without\n issue, and left his kingdom, with all his possessions, to the Roman\n people. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 38, ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Nicom\u0113des=, a celebrated geometrician in the age of the philosopher\n Eratosthenes. He made himself known by his useful machines, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n engineer in the army of Mithridates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the preceptors of the\n emperor Marcus Antoninus.\n\n=Nicom\u0113dia= (now _Is-nikmid_), a town of Bithynia, founded by\n Nicomedes I. It was the capital of the country, and it has been\n compared, for its beauty and greatness, to Rome, Antioch, or\n Alexandria. It became celebrated for being, for some time, the\n residence of the emperor Constantine and most of his imperial\n successors. Some suppose that it was originally called _Astacus_, and\n _Olbia_, though it is generally believed that they were all different\n cities. _Ammianus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 12, &c.\n\n=Nicon=, a pirate of Ph\u00e6re in Peloponnesus, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n athlete of Thasos, 14 times victorious at the Olympic games.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n native of Tarentum. _See:_ Nico.\n\n=Niconia=, a town of Pontus.\n\n=Nicophanes=, a famous painter of Greece, whose pieces are mentioned\n with commendation. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.\n\n=Nic\u014fphron=, a comic poet of Athens some time after the age of\n Aristophanes.\n\n=Nic\u014fpolis=, a city of Lower Egypt.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Armenia, built by\n Pompey the Great in memory of a victory which he had there obtained\n over the forces of Mithridates. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, in\n Thrace, built on the banks of the Nestus by Trajan, in memory of a\n victory which he obtained there over the barbarians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n Epirus, built by Augustus after the battle of Actium.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n near Jerusalem, founded by the emperor Vespasian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, in\n M\u0153sia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, in Dacia, built by Trajan to perpetuate the memory\n of a celebrated battle.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, near the bay of Issus, built by\n Alexander.\n\n=Nicostr\u0103ta=, a courtesan who left all her possessions to Sylla.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n same as Carmente mother of Evander.\n\n=Nicostr\u0103tus=, a man of Argos of great strength. He was fond of\n imitating Hercules by clothing himself in a lion\u2019s skin. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Alexander\u2019s soldiers. He conspired against the\n king\u2019s life, with Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter who\n expressed great admiration at the sight of Helen\u2019s picture by Zeuxis.\n _\u00c6lian_, bk. 14, ch. 47.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A dramatic actor of Ionia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic\n poet of Argos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator of Macedonia, in the reign of the emperor\n Marcus Antoninus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Menelaus and Helen. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the Ach\u00e6ans, who defeated the Macedonians.\n\n=Nicotelea=, a celebrated woman of Messenia, who said that she became\n pregnant of Aristomenes by a serpent. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 14.\n\n=Nicot\u0115les=, a Corinthian drunkard, &c. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_,\n bk. 2, ch. 14.\n\n=Niger=, a friend of Marcus Antony, sent to him by Octavia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n surname of Clitus, whom Alexander killed in a fit of drunkenness.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius Pescennius Justus, a celebrated governor in Syria, well\n known by his valour in the Roman armies, while yet a private man. At\n the death of Pertinax he was declared emperor of Rome, and his claims\n to that elevated situation were supported by a sound understanding,\n prudence of mind, moderation, courage, and virtue. He proposed\n to imitate the actions of the venerable Antoninus, of Trajan, of\n Titus, and Marcus Aurelius. He was remarkable for his fondness for\n ancient discipline, and never suffered his soldiers to drink wine,\n but obliged them to quench their thirst with water and vinegar. He\n forbade the use of silver and gold utensils in his camp, all the\n bakers and cooks were driven away, and the soldiers ordered to live,\n during the expedition they undertook, merely upon biscuits. In his\n punishments Niger was inexorable; he condemned 10 of his soldiers to\n be beheaded in the presence of the army, because they had stolen and\n eaten a fowl. The sentence was heard with groans: the army interfered;\n and when Niger consented to diminish the punishment for fear of\n kindling a rebellion, he yet ordered the criminals to make each a\n restoration of 10 fowls to the person whose property they had stolen.\n They were, besides, ordered not to light a fire the rest of the\n campaign, but to live upon cold aliments, and to drink nothing but\n water. Such great qualifications in a general seemed to promise the\n restoration of ancient discipline in the Roman armies, but the death\n of Niger frustrated every hope of reform. Severus, who had also been\n invested with the imperial purple, marched against him; some battles\n were fought, and Niger was at last defeated, A.D. 194. His head was\n cut off and fixed to a long spear, and carried in triumph through\n the streets of Rome. He reigned about one year. _Herodian_, bk. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Eutropius._\n\n=Niger=, or =Nigris= (itis), a river of Africa, which rises in \u00c6thiopia,\n and falls by three mouths into the Atlantic, little known to the\n ancients, and not yet satisfactorily explored by the moderns. _Pliny_,\n bk. 5, chs. 1 & 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_,\n bk. 4, ch. 6.\n\n=Publius Nigidius Fig\u016dlus=, a celebrated philosopher and astrologer\n at Rome, one of the most learned men of his age. He was intimate\n with Cicero, and gave his most unbiassed opinions concerning the\n conspirators who had leagued to destroy Rome with Catiline. He was\n made pretor, and honoured with a seat in the senate. In the civil\n wars he followed the interest of Pompey, for which he was banished\n by the conqueror. He died in the place of his banishment, 47 years\n before Christ. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 4, ltr. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 639.\n\n=Nigr\u012bt\u00e6=, a people of Africa, who dwell on the banks of the Niger.\n _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\n\n=Nileus=, a son of Codrus, who conducted a colony of Ionians to\n Asia, where he built Ephesus, Miletus, Priene, Colophon, Myus,\n Teos, Lebedos, Clazomen\u00e6, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n philosopher who had in his possession all the writings of Aristotle.\n _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 1.\n\n=Nilus=, a king of Thebes, who gave his name to the river which flows\n through the middle of Egypt, and falls into the Mediterranean sea.\n The Nile, anciently called _\u00c6gyptus_, is one of the most celebrated\n rivers in the world. Its sources were unknown to the ancients,\n and the moderns were till lately ignorant of their situation,\n whence an impossibility is generally meant by the proverb of _Nili\n caput qu\u00e6rere_. It flows through the middle of Egypt in a northern\n direction, and when it comes to the town of Cercasorum, it then\n divides itself into several streams, and falls into the Mediterranean\n by seven mouths. The most eastern canal is called the Pelusian,\n and the most western is called the Canopic mouth. The other canals\n are the Sebennytican, that of Sais, the Mendesian, Bolbitinic, and\n Bucolic. They have all been formed by nature, except the two last,\n which have been dug by the labours of men. The island which the Nile\n forms by its division into several streams is called _Delta_, from\n its resemblance to the fourth letter in the Greek alphabet. The Nile\n yearly overflows the country, and it is to those regular inundations\n that the Egyptians are indebted for the fertile produce of their\n lands. It begins to rise in the month of May for 100 successive days,\n and then decreases gradually the same number of days. If it does not\n rise as high as 16 cubits, a famine is generally expected, but if it\n exceeds this by many cubits, it is of the most dangerous consequences;\n houses are overturned, the cattle are drowned, and a great number\n of insects are produced from the mud, which destroy the fruits of\n the earth. The river, therefore, proves a blessing or a calamity to\n Egypt, and the prosperity of the nation depends so much upon it, that\n the tributes of the inhabitants were in ancient times, and are still\n under the present government, proportioned to the rise of the waters.\n The causes of the overflowings of the Nile, which remained unknown\n to the ancients, though searched with the greatest application, are\n owing to the heavy rains which regularly fall in \u00c6thiopia, in the\n months of April and May, and which rush down like torrents upon the\n country, and lay it all under water. These causes, as some people\n suppose, were well known to Homer, as he seems to show it, by saying\n that the Nile flowed down from heaven. The inhabitants of Egypt, near\n the banks of the river, were called _Niliaci_, _Niligen\u00e6_, &c., and\n large canals were also from this river denominated _Nili_ or _Euripi_.\n _Cicero_, _De Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; _Letters to his brother\n Quintus_, bk. 3, ltr. 9; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 11, ltr. 12.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 187; bk. 15,\n li. 753.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Qu\u00e6stiones\n Naturales_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bks. 1, 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Claudian_, _de Nilus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 288; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 800; bk.\n 9, li. 31.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Lucretius_,\n bk. 6, li. 712.\u2015\u2015_Ammianus_, bk. 22.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 32.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Greek fathers, who flourished\n A.D. 440. His works were edited at Rome, folio, 2 vols., 1668 & 1678.\n\n=Ninnius=, a tribune who opposed Clodius the enemy of Cicero.\n\n=Ninias.= _See:_ Ninyas.\n\n=Ninus=, a son of Belus, who built a city to which he gave his own\n name, and founded the Assyrian monarchy, of which he was the first\n sovereign, B.C. 2059. He was very warlike, and extended his conquests\n from Egypt to the extremities of India and Bactriana. He became\n enamoured of Semiramis the wife of one of his officers, and he\n married her after her husband had destroyed himself through fear of\n his powerful rival. Ninus reigned 52 years, and at his death he left\n his kingdom to the care of his wife Semiramis, by whom he had a son.\n The history of Ninus is very obscure, and even fabulous according\n to the opinion of some. Ctesias is the principal historian from\n whom it is derived, but little reliance is to be placed upon him,\n when Aristotle deems him unworthy to be believed. Ninus after death\n received divine honours, and became the Jupiter of the Assyrians\n and the Hercules of the Chaldeans. _Ctesias._\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated city,\n now _Nino_, the capital of Assyria, built on the banks of the Tigris\n by Ninus, and called _Nineveh_ in Scripture. It was, according to\n the relation of Diodorus Siculus, 15 miles long, nine broad, and 48\n in circumference. It was surrounded by large walls 100 feet high, on\n the top of which three chariots could pass together abreast, and was\n defended by 1500 towers, each 200 feet high. Ninus was taken by the\n united armies of Cyaxares and Nabopolassar king of Babylon, B.C. 606.\n _Strabo_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 185, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015_Lucian._\n\n=Ninyas=, a son of Ninus and Semiramis, king of Assyria, who succeeded\n his mother, who had voluntarily abdicated the crown. Some suppose\n that Semiramis was put to death by her own son, because she had\n encouraged him to commit incest. The reign of Ninyas is remarkable\n for its luxury and extravagance. The prince left the care of the\n government to his favourites and ministers, and gave himself up to\n pleasure, riot, and debauchery, and never appeared in public. His\n successors imitated the example of his voluptuousness, and therefore\n their names or history are little known till the age of Sardanapalus.\n _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.\n\n=Ni\u014fbe=, a daughter of Tantalus king of Lydia by Euryanassa or Dione.\n She married Amphion the son of Jasus, by whom she had 10 sons and\n 10 daughters according to Hesiod, or two sons and three daughters\n according to Herodotus. Homer and Propertius say that she had six\n daughters and as many sons, and Ovid, Apollodorus, &c., according to\n the more received opinion, support that she had seven sons and seven\n daughters. The names of the sons were Sipylus, Minytus, Tantalus,\n Agenor, Ph\u00e6dimus, Damasichthon, and Ismenus; and those of the\n daughters, Cleodoxa, Ethod\u00e6a or Thera, Astyoche, Phthia, Pelopia or\n Chloris, Asticratea, and Ogygia. The number of her children increased\n the pride of Niobe, and she not only had the imprudence to prefer\n herself to Latona, who had only two children, but she even insulted\n her, and ridiculed the worship which was paid to her, observing that\n she had a better claim to altars and sacrifices than the mother of\n Apollo and Diana. This insolence provoked Latona, who entreated her\n children to punish the arrogant Niobe. Her prayers were heard, and\n immediately all the sons of Niobe expired by the darts of Apollo,\n and all the daughters except Chloris, who had married Neleus king\n of Polos, were equally destroyed by Diana; and Niobe, struck at the\n suddenness of her misfortunes, was changed into a stone. The carcases\n of Niobe\u2019s children, according to Homer, were left unburied in the\n plains for nine successive days, because Jupiter changed into stones\n all such as attempted to inter them. On the tenth day they were\n honoured with a funeral by the gods. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.\n \u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, fable 5.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 6.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Phoroneus king of Peloponnesus by Laodice. She was beloved by\n Jupiter, by whom she had a son called Argus, who gave his name to\n Argia or Argolis, a country of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 3, ch. 8.\n\n=Niph\u00e6us=, a man killed by horses, &c. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n li. 570.\n\n=Niph\u0101tes=, a mountain of Asia, which divides Armenia from Assyria, and\n from which the Tigris takes its rise. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,\n li. 30.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of\n Armenia, falling into the Tigris. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9, li. 20.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 245.\n\n=Niphe=, one of Diana\u2019s companions. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3,\n li. 245.\n\n=Nireus=, a king of Naxos, son of Charops and Aglaia, celebrated for\n his beauty. He was one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 20.\n\n=Nisa=, a town of Greece. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A country-woman.\n _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A place. _See:_ Nysa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n celebrated plain of Media near the Caspian sea, famous for its\n horses. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 106.\n\n=Nis\u00e6a=, a naval station on the coasts of Megaris. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Parthia, called also Nisa.\n\n=Nis\u00e6e=, a sea-nymph. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 826.\n\n=Niseia.= _See:_ Nisus.\n\n=Nis\u012dbis=, a town of Mesopotamia, built by a colony of Macedonians on\n the Tigris, and celebrated as being a barrier between the provinces\n of Rome and the Persian empire during the reign of the Roman emperors.\n It was sometimes called _Antiochia Mygdonica_. _Josephus_, bk. 20,\n ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Ammianus_, bk. 25, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6,\n ch. 13.\n\n=Nisus=, a son of Hyrtacus, born on mount Ida near Troy. He came to\n Italy with \u00c6neas, and signalized himself by his valour against the\n Rutulians. He was united in the closest friendship with Euryalus,\n a young Trojan, and with him he entered, in the dead of night, the\n enemy\u2019s camp. As they were returning victorious, after much bloodshed,\n they were perceived by the Rutulians, who attacked Euryalus. Nisus,\n in endeavouring to rescue his friend from the enemy\u2019s darts, perished\n himself with him, and their heads were cut off and fixed on a spear,\n and carried in triumph to the camp. Their death was greatly lamented\n by all the Trojans, and their great friendship, like that of a\n Pylades and an Orestes, or of a Theseus and Pirithous, is become\n proverbial. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 176, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of\n Dulichium, remarkable for his probity and virtue. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,\n bk. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Megara, son of Mars, or more probably of Pandion.\n He inherited his father\u2019s kingdom with his brothers, and received\n as his portion the country of Megaris. The peace of the brothers was\n interrupted by the hostilities of Minos, who wished to avenge the\n death of his son Androgeus, who had been murdered by the Athenians.\n Megara was besieged, and Attica laid waste. The fate of Nisus\n depended totally upon a yellow lock, which, as long as it continued\n upon his head, according to the words of an oracle, promised him\n life, and success to his affairs. His daughter Scylla (often called\n _Niseia Virgo_) saw from the walls of Megara the royal besieger, and\n she became desperately enamoured of him. To obtain a more immediate\n interview with this object of her passion, she stole away the\n fatal hair from her father\u2019s head as he was asleep; the town was\n immediately taken, but Minos disregarded the services of Scylla, and\n she threw herself into the sea. The gods changed her into a lark,\n and Nisus assumed the nature of the hawk at the very moment that he\n gave himself death, not to fall into the enemy\u2019s hands. These two\n birds have continually been at variance with each other, and Scylla,\n by her apprehensions at the sight of her father, seems to suffer\n the punishment which her perfidy deserved. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1,\n li. 404, &c.\n\n=Nis\u0233ros=, an island in the \u00c6gean sea, at the west of Rhodes, with a\n town of the same name. It was originally joined to the island of Cos,\n according to Pliny, and it bore the name of _Porphyris_. Neptune, who\n was supposed to have separated them with a blow of his trident, and\n to have there overwhelmed the giant Polybotes, was worshipped there,\n and called _Nisyreus_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\n\n=Nit\u0113tis=, a daughter of Apries king of Egypt, married by his successor\n Amasis to Cyrus. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Nitiobriges=, a people of Gaul, supposed to be _Agenois_, in Guienne.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 7.\n\n=Nit\u014dcris=, a celebrated queen of Babylon, who built a bridge across\n the Euphrates, in the middle of that city, and dug a number of\n reservoirs for the superfluous waters of that river. She ordered\n herself to be buried over one of the gates of the city, and placed an\n inscription on her tomb, which signified that her successors would\n find great treasures within if ever they were in need of money, but\n that their labours would be but ill repaid if ever they ventured to\n open it without necessity. Cyrus opened it through curiosity, and\n was struck to find within these words: _If thy avarice had not been\n insatiable, thou never wouldst have violated the monuments of the\n dead_. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 185.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A queen of Egypt, who built\n a third pyramid.\n\n=Nitria=, a country of Egypt with two towns of the same name, above\n Memphis.\n\n=Nivaria=, an island at the west of Africa, supposed to be _Teneriff_,\n one of the Canaries. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 32.\n\n=Noas=, a river of Thrace falling into the Ister. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 46.\n\n=Nocmon=, a Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 767.\n\n=Noctil\u016bca=, a surname of Diana. She had a temple at Rome on mount\n Palatine, where torches were generally lighted in the night. _Varro_,\n _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 6, li. 38.\n\n=Nola=, an ancient town of Campania, which became a Roman colony before\n the first Punic war. It was founded by a Tuscan, or, according to\n others, by an Eub\u0153an colony. It is said that Virgil had introduced\n the name of Nola in his Georgics, but that, when he was refused a\n glass of water by the inhabitants as he passed through the city, he\n totally blotted it out of his poem, and substituted the word _ora_,\n in the 225th line of the second book of his Georgics. Nola was\n besieged by Annibal, and bravely defended by Marcellus. Augustus died\n there on his return from Neapolis to Rome. Bells were first invented\n there in the beginning of the fifth century, from which reason they\n have been called _Nol\u00e6_, or _Campan\u00e6_, in Latin. The inventor was\n St. Paulinus, the bishop of the place, who died A.D. 431, though\n many imagine that bells were known long before, and only introduced\n into churches by that prelate. Before his time, congregations were\n called to the church by the noise of wooden rattles (_sacra ligna_).\n _Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Augustus_.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 517; bk. 12, li. 161.\u2015\u2015_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 7,\n ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 23, chs. 14 & 39; bk. 24, ch. 13.\n\n=Nom\u0103des=, a name given to all those uncivilized people who had no\n fixed habitation, and who continually changed the place of their\n residence, to go in quest of fresh pasture for the numerous cattle\n which they tended. There were Nomades in Scythia, India, Arabia,\n and Africa. Those of Africa were afterwards called _Numidians_, by\n a small change of the letters which composed their name. _Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 215.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk.\n 1, ch. 15; bk. 4, ch. 187.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1;\n bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 343.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 43.\n\n=Nom\u00e6=, a town of Sicily. _Diodorus_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 14, li. 266.\n\n=Noment\u0101nus=, an epithet applied to Lucius Cassius as a native of\n Nomentum. He is mentioned by Horace as a mixture of luxury and\n dissipation. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 102 & _alibi_.\n\n=Nomentum=, a town of the Sabines in Italy, famous for wine, and now\n called _Lamentana_. The dictator Quintus Servilius Priscus gave the\n Veientes and Fidenates battle there A.U.C. 312, and totally defeated\n them. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 905.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 38; bk. 4,\n ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 773.\n\n=Nomii=, mountains of Arcadia. _Pausanias._\n\n=Nomius=, a surname given to Apollo, because he fed (\u03bd\u03b5\u03bc\u03c9, _pasco_),\n the flocks of king Admetus in Thessaly. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,\n bk. 3, ch. 23.\n\n=N\u014dn\u0101cris=, a town of Arcadia, which received its name from a wife of\n Lycaon. There was a mountain of the same name in the neighbourhood.\n Evander is sometimes called _Nonacrius heros_, as being an Arcadian\n by birth, and Atalanta _Nonacria_, as being a native of the\n place. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 97;\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 10.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 17, &c.\n\n=Nonius=, a Roman soldier, imprisoned for paying respect to Galba\u2019s\n statues, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 56.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who\n exhorted his countrymen after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, and the\n flight of Pompey, by observing that eight standards (_aquil\u00e6_) still\n remained in the camp, to which Cicero answered, _Recte, si nobis cum\n graculis bellum esset_.\n\n=Nonnius Marcellus=, a grammarian, whose treatise _de vari\u00e2\n significatione verborum_ was edited by Mercer, 8vo, Paris, 1614.\n\n=Nonnus=, a Greek writer of the fifth century, who wrote an account\n of the embassy he had undertaken to \u00c6thiopia, among the Saracens\n and other eastern nations. He is also known by his _Dionysiaca_, a\n wonderful collection of heathen mythology and erudition, edited 4to,\n Antwerp, 1569. His _paraphrase_ on John was edited by Heinsius, 8vo,\n Leiden, 1627.\n\n=Nonus=, a Greek physician, whose book _de omnium morborum curatione_\n was edited in 12mo, Strasbourg, 1568.\n\n=Nopia=, or =Cinopia=, a town of B\u0153otia, where Amphiaraus had a temple.\n\n=N\u014dra=, now _Nour_, a place of Phrygia, where Eumenes retired for some\n time, &c. _Cornelius Nepos._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town. _See:_ Norax.\n\n=Norax=, a son of Mercury and Euryth\u00e6a, who led a colony of Iberians\n into Sardinia, where he founded a town, to which he gave the name of\n Nora. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.\n\n=Norba=, a town of the Volsci. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015C\u00e6sarea, a\n town of Spain on the Tagus.\n\n=Caius Norb\u0101nus=, a young and ambitious Roman who opposed Sylla, and\n joined his interest to that of young Marius. In his consulship he\n marched against Sylla, by whom he was defeated, &c. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n friend and general of Augustus, employed in Macedonia against the\n republicans. He was defeated by Brutus, &c.\n\n=Nor\u012dcum=, a country of ancient Illyricum, which now forms a part of\n modern _Bavaria_ and _Austria_. It extended between the Danube, and\n part of the Alps and Vindelicia. Its savage inhabitants, who were\n once governed by kings, made many incursions upon the Romans, and\n were at last conquered under Tiberius, and the country became a\n dependent province. In the reign of Diocletian, Noricum was divided\n into two parts, _Ripense_ and _Mediterranean_. The iron that was\n drawn from Noricum was esteemed excellent, and thence _Noricus ensis_\n was used to express the goodness of a sword. _Dionysius Periegetes.\n _\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_,\n bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 16, li. 9.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 712.\n\n=Northippus=, a Greek tragic poet.\n\n=Nortia=, a name given to the goddess of Fortune among the Etrurians.\n _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\n\n=Nothus=, a son of Deucalion.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Darius king of Persia,\n from his illegitimacy.\n\n=Notium=, a town of \u00c6olia near the Cayster. It was peopled by the\n inhabitants of Colophon, who left their ancient habitations because\n Notium was more conveniently situated in being on the seashore.\n _Livy_, bk. 37, chs. 26, 38, 39.\n\n=Notus=, the south wind, called also Auster.\n\n=Nov\u00e6= (_tabern\u00e6_), the new shops built in the forum at Rome, and\n adorned with the shields of the Cimbri. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_,\n bk. 2, ch. 66.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The _Veteres tabern\u00e6_ were adorned with those of\n the Samnites. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 40.\n\n=Novaria=, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now _Novara_, in Milan. _Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 70.\n\n=Nov\u0101tus=, a man who severely attacked the character of Augustus, under\n a fictitious name. The emperor discovered him, and only fined him a\n small sum of money.\n\n=Novesium=, a town of the Ubii, on the west of the Rhine, now called\n _Nuys_, near Cologne. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 26, &c.\n\n=Noviod\u016bnum=, a town of the \u00c6dui in Gaul, taken by Julius C\u00e6sar. It is\n pleasantly situated on the Ligeris, and now called _Noyon_, or, as\n others suppose, _Nevers_. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 12.\n\n=Noviomagus=, or =Neomagus=, a town of Gaul, now _Nizeux_, in Normandy.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, called also _Nemetes_, now _Spire_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, in\n Batavia, now _Nimeguen_, on the south side of the Waal.\n\n=Novium=, a town of Spain, now _Noya_.\n\n=Novius Priscus=, a man banished from Rome by Nero, on suspicion that\n he was accessary to Piso\u2019s conspiracy. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15,\n ch. 71.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who attempted to assassinate the emperor Claudius.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Two brothers obscurely born, distinguished in the age of Horace\n for their officiousness. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6.\n\n=Novum Comum=, a town of Insubria on the lake Larinus, of which the\n inhabitants were called _Novocomenses_. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_,\n bk. 13, ch. 55.\n\n=Nox=, one of the most ancient deities among the heathens, daughter of\n Chaos. From her union with her brother Erebus she gave birth to the\n Day and the Light. She was also the mother of the Parc\u00e6, Hesperides,\n Dreams, of Discord, Death, Momus, Fraud, &c. She is called by some\n of the poets the mother of all things, of gods as well as of men, and\n therefore she was worshipped with great solemnity by the ancients.\n She had a famous statue in Diana\u2019s temple at Ephesus. It was usual\n to offer her a black sheep, as she was the mother of the furies. The\n cock was also offered to her, as that bird proclaims the approach of\n day, during the darkness of the night. She is represented as mounted\n on a chariot, and covered with a veil bespangled with stars. The\n constellations generally went before her as her constant messengers.\n Sometimes she is seen holding two children under her arms, one of\n which is black, representing death, or rather night, and the other\n white, representing sleep or day. Some of the moderns have described\n her as a woman veiled in mourning, and crowned with poppies, and\n carried on a chariot drawn by owls and bats. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6,\n li. 950.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 455.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 38.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, lis. 125 & 212.\n\n=Nuceria=, a town of Campania taken by Annibal. It became a Roman\n colony under Augustus, and was called _Nuceria Constantia_, or\n _Alfaterna_. It now bears the name of _Nocera_, and contains about\n 30,000 inhabitants. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 472.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 41;\n bk. 27, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 531.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bks. 13 & 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Umbria at the foot of the\n Apennines. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Pliny._\n\n=Nuithones=, a people of Germany, possessing the country now called\n Mecklenburg and Pomerania. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40.\n\n=Numa Martius=, a man made governor of Rome by Tullus Hostilius. He was\n son-in-law of Numa Pompilius, and father to Ancus Martius. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 20.\n\n=Numa Pompilius=, a celebrated philosopher, born at Cures, a village of\n the Sabines, on the day that Romulus laid the foundation of Rome. He\n married Tatia, the daughter of Tatius the king of the Sabines, and at\n her death he retired into the country to devote himself more freely\n to literary pursuits. At the death of Romulus, the Romans fixed upon\n him to be their new king, and two senators were sent to acquaint\n him with the decisions of the senate and of the people. Numa refused\n their offers, and it was not but at the repeated solicitations and\n prayers of his friends that he was prevailed upon to accept the\n royalty. The beginning of his reign was popular, and he dismissed\n the 300 body-guards which his predecessor had kept around his person,\n observing that he did not distrust a people who had compelled him to\n reign over them. He was not, like Romulus, fond of war and military\n expeditions, but he applied himself to tame the ferocity of his\n subjects, to inculcate in their minds a reverence for the Deity,\n and to quell their dissensions by dividing all the citizens into\n different classes. He established different orders of priests, and\n taught the Romans not to worship the Deity by images; and from his\n example no graven or painted statues appeared in the temples or\n sanctuaries of Rome for upwards of 160 years. He encouraged the\n report which was spread of his paying regular visits to the nymph\n Egeria, and made use of her name to give sanction to the laws and\n institutions which he had introduced. He established the college\n of the vestals, and told the Romans that the safety of the empire\n depended upon the preservation of the sacred _ancyle_ or _shield_\n which, as was generally believed, had dropped down from heaven. He\n dedicated a temple to Janus, which, during his whole reign, remained\n shut, as a mark of peace and tranquillity at Rome. Numa died after a\n reign of 43 years, in which he had given every possible encouragement\n to the useful arts, and in which he had cultivated peace, B.C. 672.\n Not only the Romans, but also the neighbouring nations, were eager\n to pay their last offices to a monarch whom they revered for his\n abilities, moderation, and humanity. He forbade his body to be burnt\n according to the custom of the Romans, but he ordered it to be buried\n near mount Janiculum, with many of the books which he had written.\n These books were accidentally found by one of the Romans, about\n 400 years after his death, and as they contained nothing new or\n interesting, but merely the reasons why he had made innovations in\n the form of worship and in the religion of the Romans, they were\n burnt by order of the senate. He left behind one daughter called\n Pompilia, who married Numa Martius, and became the mother of Ancus\n Martius, the fourth king of Rome. Some say that he had also four\n sons, but this opinion is ill-founded. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Varro._\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bks. 13 & 14, &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 809; bk. 9, li. 562.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, chs. 2 & 17.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 59.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Rutulian chiefs killed in\n the night by Nisus and Euryalus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 454.\n\n=Num\u0101na=, a town of Picenum in Italy, of which the people were called\n _Numanates_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Numantia=, a town of Spain near the sources of the river Durius,\n celebrated for the war of 14 years which, though unprotected by walls\n and towers, it bravely maintained against the Romans. The inhabitants\n obtained some advantages over the Roman forces till Scipio Africanus\n was empowered to finish the war, and to see the destruction of\n Numantia. He began the siege with an army of 60,000 men, and was\n bravely opposed by the besieged, who were no more than 4000 men\n able to bear arms. Both armies behaved with uncommon valour, and the\n courage of the Numantines was soon changed into despair and fury.\n Their provisions began to fail, and they fed upon the flesh of their\n horses, and afterwards on that of their dead companions, and at last\n were necessitated to draw lots to kill and devour one another. The\n melancholy situation of their affairs obliged some to surrender to\n the Roman general. Scipio demanded them to deliver themselves up on\n the morrow; they refused, and when a longer time had been granted\n to their petitions, they retired and set fire to their houses, and\n all destroyed themselves, B.C. 133, so that not even one remained to\n adorn the triumph of the conqueror. Some historians, however, deny\n that, and support that a number of Numantines delivered themselves\n into Scipio\u2019s hands, and that 50 of them were drawn in triumph at\n Rome, and the rest sold as slaves. The fall of Numantia was more\n glorious than that of Carthage or Corinth, though inferior to them.\n The conqueror obtained the surname of _Numantinus_. _Florus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Wars in Spain_.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 1, _De Officiis_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 12, li. 1.\n\n=Numant\u012bna=, a woman accused under Tiberius of making her husband\n insane by enchantments, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 22.\n\n=Num\u0101nus Rem\u016dlus=, a Rutulian who accused the Trojans of effeminacy. He\n had married the younger sister of Turnus, and was killed by Ascanius\n during the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 592, &c.\n\n=Num\u0113nes=, a follower of the doctrines of Plato and Pythagoras, born at\n Apamea in Syria. He flourished in the reign of Marcus Antoninus.\n\n=Numenia=, or =Neomenia=, a festival observed by the Greeks at the\n beginning of every lunar month, in honour of all the gods, but\n especially of Apollo or the Sun, who is justly deemed the author\n of light, and of whatever distinction is made in the months,\n seasons, days, and nights. It was observed with games and public\n entertainments which were provided at the expense of rich citizens,\n and which were always frequented by the poor. Solemn prayers were\n offered at Athens during the solemnity, for the prosperity of the\n republic. The demigods as well as the heroes of the ancients were\n honoured and invoked in the festival.\n\n=Numenius=, a philosopher, who supposed that Chaos, from which the\n world was created, was animated by an evil and maleficent soul. He\n lived in the second century.\n\n=Nument\u0101na via=, a road at Rome, which led to mount Sacer through the\n gate Viminalis. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 52.\n\n=Numeria=, a goddess at Rome who presided over numbers. _Augustine_,\n _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\n\n=Numeri\u0101nus Marcus Aurelius=, a son of the emperor Carus. He accompanied\n his father into the east with the title of C\u00e6sar, and at his death\n he succeeded him with his brother Carinus, A.D. 282. His reign was\n short. Eight months after his father\u2019s death, he was murdered in\n his litter by his father-in-law, Arrius Aper, who accompanied him in\n an expedition. The murderer, who hoped to ascend the vacant throne,\n continued to follow the litter as if the emperor was alive, till he\n found a proper opportunity to declare his sentiments. The stench of\n the body, however, soon discovered his perfidy, and he was sacrificed\n to the fury of the soldiers. Numerianus had been admired for his\n learning as well as his moderation. He was naturally an eloquent\n speaker, and in poetry he was inferior to no writer of his age.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n friend of the emperor Severus.\n\n=Numerius=, a man who favoured the escape of Marius to Africa, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n friend of Pompey taken by Julius C\u00e6sar\u2019s adherents, &c. _Pliny._\n\n=Numicia via=, one of the great Roman roads, which led from the capital\n to the town of Brundusium.\n\n=N\u016dm\u012bcus=, a small river of Latium, near Lavinium, where the dead body\n of \u00c6neas was found, and where Anna, Dido\u2019s sister, drowned herself.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 150, &c.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1,\n li. 359.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 358, &c.; _Fasti_,\n bk. 3, li. 643.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Horace, to whom he addressed bk. 1,\n ltr. 6.\n\n=Num\u012dda=, a surname given by Horace, bk. 1, ode 36, to one of the\n generals of Augustus, from his conquests in Numidia. Some suppose\n that it is Pomponius; others, Plotius.\n\n=N\u016dm\u012ddia=, an inland country of Africa, which now forms the kingdom\n of _Algiers_ and _Bildulgerid_. It was bounded on the north by the\n Mediterranean sea, south by G\u00e6tulia, west by Mauritania, and east\n by a part of Libya, which was called Africa Propria. The inhabitants\n were called _Nomades_, and afterwards _Numid\u00e6_. It was the kingdom of\n Masinissa, which was the occasion of the third Punic war, on account\n of the offence which he had received from the Carthaginians. Jugurtha\n reigned there, as also Juba the father and son. It was conquered,\n and became a Roman province, of which Sallust was the first governor.\n The Numidians were excellent warriors, and in their expeditions\n they always endeavoured to engage with the enemy in the night-time.\n They rode without saddles or bridles, whence they have been called\n _infr\u00e6ni_. They had their wives in common, as the rest of the\n barbarian nations of antiquity. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.\n \u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 17.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1,\n ch. 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 754.\n\n=Numidius Quadratus=, a governor of Syria under Claudius. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 12.\n\n=Numistro=, a town of the Brutii in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 17.\n\n=N\u016dm\u012dtor=, a son of Procas king of Alba, who inherited his father\u2019s\n kingdom with his brother Amulius, and began to reign conjointly with\n him. Amulius was too avaricious to bear a colleague on the throne; he\n expelled his brother, and that he might more safely secure himself,\n he put to death his son Lausus, and consecrated his daughter Ilia to\n the service of the goddess Vesta, which demanded perpetual celibacy.\n These great precautions were rendered abortive. Ilia became pregnant,\n and though the two children whom she brought forth were exposed\n in the river by order of the tyrant, their life was preserved,\n and Numitor was restored to his throne by his grandsons, and the\n tyrannical usurper was put to death. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus.\n _\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 4, li. 55, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 768.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Phorcus, who fought with Turnus against \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 10, li. 342.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rich and dissolute Roman in the age of Juvenal,\n satire 7, li. 74.\n\n=Numit\u014drius=, a Roman who defended Virginia, to whom Appius wished to\n offer violence. He was made military tribune.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus Pullus, a\n general of Fregell\u00e6, &c. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 34.\n\n=Numonius=. _See:_ Vala.\n\n=Nuncoreus=, a son of Sesostris king of Egypt, who made an obelisk,\n some ages after brought to Rome, and placed in the Vatican. _Pliny_,\n bk. 26, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015He is called Pheron by Herodotus.\n\n=Nund\u012bna=, a goddess whom the Romans invoked when they named their\n children. This happened the ninth day after their birth, whence the\n name of the goddess, _Nona dies_. _Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 1,\n ch. 16.\n\n=Nund\u012bn\u00e6=. _See:_ Feri\u00e6.\n\n=Nurs\u00e6=, a town of Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 744.\n\n=Nurscia=, a goddess who patronized the Etrurians. _Juvenal_, satire 10,\n li. 74.\n\n=Nursia=, now _Norza_, a town of Picenum, whose inhabitants are called\n _Nursini_. Its situation was exposed, and the air considered as\n unwholesome. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 416.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 7, li. 716.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 20.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 45.\n\n=Nutria=, a town of Illyricum. _Polybius_, bk. 2.\n\n=Nycteis=, a daughter of Nycteus, who was mother of Labdacus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n patronymic of Antiope the daughter of Nycteus, mother of Amphion and\n Zethus by Jupiter, who had assumed the shape of a satyr to enjoy her\n company. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 110.\n\n=Nyctelia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus [_See:_ Nyctelius], observed\n on mount Cith\u00e6ron. _Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.\n\n=Nyctelius=, a surname of Bacchus, because his orgies were celebrated\n in the night (\u03bd\u03c5\u03be _nox_, \u03c4\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9 _perficio_). The words _latex\n Nyctelius_ thence signify wine. _Seneca_, _\u0152dipus_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 15.\n\n=Nycteus=, a son of Hyrieus and Clonia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Chthonius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Neptune by Celene, daughter of Atlas king of Lesbos, or of Thebes,\n according to the more received opinion. He married a nymph of Crete,\n called Polyxo or Amalth\u00e6a, by whom he had two daughters, Nyctimene\n and Antiope. The first of these disgraced herself by her criminal\n amours with her father, into whose bed she introduced herself by\n means of her nurse. When the father knew the incest which he had\n committed, he attempted to stab his daughter, who was immediately\n changed by Minerva into an owl. Nycteus made war against Epopeus, who\n had carried away Antiope, and died of a wound which he had received\n in an engagement, leaving his kingdom to his brother Lycus, whom he\n entreated to continue the war, and punish Antiope for her immodest\n conduct. _See:_ Antiope. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fables 157 & 204.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 590, &c.;\n bk. 6, li. 110, &c.\n\n=Nyctim\u0115ne=, a daughter of Nycteus. _See:_ Nycteus.\n\n=Nyct\u012dmus=, a son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. He died without issue, and\n left his kingdom to his nephew Arcas the son of Callisto. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 4.\n\n=Nymb\u00e6um=, a lake of Peloponnesus in Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,\n li. 23.\n\n=Nymph\u00e6=, certain female deities among the ancients. They were generally\n divided into two classes, nymphs of the land and nymphs of the sea.\n Of the nymphs of the earth, some presided over woods, and were called\n _Dryades_ and _Hamadryades_; others presided over mountains, and\n were called _Oreades_; some presided over hills and dales, and were\n called _Nap\u00e6\u00e6_, &c. Of the sea nymphs, some were called _Oceanides_,\n _Nereides_, _Naiades_, _Potamides_, _Limnades_, &c. These presided\n not only over the sea, but also over rivers, fountains, streams,\n and lakes. The nymphs fixed their residence not only in the sea,\n but also on mountains, rocks, in woods or caverns, and their grottos\n were beautified by evergreens and delightful and romantic scenes. The\n nymphs were immortal, according to the opinion of some mythologists;\n others supposed that, like men, they were subject to mortality,\n though their life was of long duration. They lived for several\n thousand years, according to Hesiod, or, as Plutarch seems obscurely\n to intimate, they lived above 9720 years. The number of the nymphs\n is not precisely known. They were, according to Hesiod, above 3000,\n whose power was extended over the different places of the earth,\n and the various functions and occupations of mankind. They were\n worshipped by the ancients, though not with so much solemnity as the\n superior deities. They had no temples raised to their honour, and\n the only offerings they received were milk, honey, oil, and sometimes\n the sacrifice of a goat. They were generally represented as young and\n beautiful virgins, veiled up to the middle, and sometimes they held a\n vase, from which they seemed to pour water. Sometimes they had grass,\n leaves, and shells, instead of vases. It was deemed unfortunate to\n see them naked, and such sight was generally attended by a delirium,\n to which Propertius seems to allude in this verse, wherein he speaks\n of the innocence and simplicity of the primitive ages of the world,\n\n _Nec fuerat nudas p\u0153na videre Deas_.\n\n The nymphs were generally distinguished by an epithet which denoted\n the place of their residence; thus the nymphs of Sicily were\n called _Sicelides_; those of Corycus, _Corycides_, &c. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 320; bk. 5, li. 412; bk. 9, li. 651, &c.;\n _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 769.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _de Defectu Oraculorum_.\u2015\u2015_Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 12.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_,\n bk. 14.\n\n=Nymph\u00e6um=, a port of Macedonia. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A promontory\n of Epirus on the Ionian sea.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A place near the walls of Apollonia,\n sacred to the nymphs, where Apollo had also an oracle. The place was\n also celebrated for the continual flames of fire which seemed to rise\n at a distance from the plains. It was there that a sleeping satyr was\n once caught and brought to Sylla as he returned from the Mithridatic\n war. This monster had the same features as the poets ascribed to the\n satyr. He was interrogated by Sylla and by his interpreters, but his\n articulations were unintelligible, and the Roman spurned from him a\n creature which seemed to partake of the nature of a beast more than\n that of a man. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 41.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 5, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 42, chs. 36 & 49.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n city of Taurica Chersonesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The building at Rome where the nymphs\n were worshipped bore also this name, being adorned with their statues\n and with fountains and waterfalls, which afforded an agreeable and\n refreshing coolness.\n\n=Nymph\u00e6us=, a man who went into Caria at the head of a colony of\n Melians, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Nymphidius=, a favourite of Nero, who said that he was descended\n from Caligula. He was raised to the consular dignity, and soon after\n disputed the empire with Galba. He was slain by the soldiers, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15.\n\n=Nymphis=, a native of Heraclea, who wrote a history of Alexander\u2019s\n life and actions, divided into 24 books. _\u00c6lian_, bk. 7, _de Natura\n Animalium_.\n\n=Nymphod\u014drus=, a writer of Amphipolis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Syracusan who wrote a\n history of Sicily.\n\n=Nympholleptes=, or =Nymphom\u0103nes=, _possessed by the nymphs_. This name\n was given to the inhabitants of mount Cith\u00e6ron, who believed that\n they were inspired by the nymphs. _Plutarch_, _Aristeides_.\n\n=Nymphon=, a native of Colophon, &c. _Cicero_, _Letters to his brother\n Quintus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Nypsius=, a general of Dionysius the tyrant, who took Syracuse, and\n put all the inhabitants to the sword. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Nysa=, or =Nyssa=, a town of \u00c6thiopia, at the south of Egypt, or,\n according to others, of Arabia. This city, with another of the same\n name in India, was sacred to the god Bacchus, who was educated there\n by the nymphs of the place, and who received the name of Dionysius,\n which seems to be compounded of \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 and \u2666\u039d\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1, the name of his\n father, and that of the place of his education. The god made this\n place the seat of his empire, and the capital of the conquered\n nations of the east. Diodorus, in his third and fourth books, has\n given a prolix account of the birth of the god at Nysa, and of\n his education and heroic actions. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 13, &c.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li.\n 198.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 805.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015According to some geographers there were no less than 10 places\n of the name of Nysa. One of these was on the coast of Eub\u0153a, famous\n for its vines, which grew in such an uncommon manner, that if a twig\n was planted in the ground in the morning, it was said immediately\n to produce grapes, which were full ripe in the evening.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of\n Thrace.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another seated on the top of mount Parnassus, and sacred\n to Bacchus. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 63.\n\n \u2666 \u2018\u039d\u03bc\u03c3\u03b1\u2019 replaced with \u2018\u039d\u03c5\u03c3\u03b1\u2019\n\n=Nys\u00e6us=, a surname of Bacchus, because he was worshipped at Nysa.\n _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 17, li. 22.\u2015\u2015A son of Dionysius of Syracuse.\n _Cornelius Nepos_, _Dion_.\n\n=Nysas=, a river of Africa, rising in \u00c6thiopia.\n\n=Nysis\u00e6 port\u00e6=, a small island in Africa.\n\n=Nysi\u0103des=, a name given to the nymphs of Nysa, to whose care Jupiter\n entrusted the education of his son Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 3, li. 314, &c.\n\n=Nys\u012bros=, an island. _See:_ Nisyros.\n\n=Nysius=, a surname of Bacchus as the protecting god of Nysa. _Cicero_,\n _Flaccus_, ch. 25.\n\n=Nyssa=, a sister of Mithridates the Great. _Plutarch._\n\n\n O\n\n=Oarses=, the original name of Artaxerxes Memnon.\n\n=Oarus=, a river of Sarmatia, falling into the Palus M\u0153otis.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 4.\n\n=O\u0103sis=, a town about the middle of Libya, at the distance of seven\n days\u2019 journey from Thebes in Egypt, where the Persian army, sent by\n Cambyses to plunder Jupiter Ammon\u2019s temple, was lost in the sands.\n There were two other cities of that name very little known. Oasis\n became a place of banishment under the lower empire. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_Zosimus_, bk. 5, ch. 97.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 26.\n\n=Oaxes=, a river of Crete, which received its name from Oaxus the son\n of Apollo. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 1, li. 66.\n\n=Oaxus=, a town of Crete where Etearchus reigned, who founded Cyrene.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Apollo and the nymph Anchiale.\n\n=Obringa=, now _Ahr_, a river of Germany, falling into the Rhine above\n Rimmagen.\n\n=Obultronius=, a questor put to death by Galba\u2019s orders, &c. _Tacitus._\n\n=Ocalea=, or =Ocalia=, a town of B\u0153otia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Mantineus, who married Abas son of Lynceus and\n Hypermnestra, by whom she had Acrisius and Pr\u0153tus. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Oceia=, a woman who presided over the sacred rites of Vesta for 57\n years with the greatest sanctity. She died in the reign of Tiberius,\n and the daughter of Domitius succeeded her. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 2, ch. 86.\n\n=Oce\u0103n\u012ddes= and =Ocean\u012bt\u012ddes=, sea nymphs, daughters of Oceanus, from\n whom they received their name, and of the goddess Tethys. They were\n 3000 according to Apollodorus, who mentions the names of seven of\n them: Asia, Styx, Electra, Doris, Eurynome, Amphitrite, and Metis.\n Hesiod speaks of the eldest of them, and reckons 41: Pitho, Admete,\n Prynno, Ianthe, Rhodia, Hippo, Callirhoe, Urania, Clymene, Idyia,\n Pasithoe, Clythia, Zeuxo, Galuxaure, Plexaure, Perseis, Pluto, Thoe,\n Polydora, Melobosis, Dione, Cerceis, Xantha, Acasta, Ianira, Telestho,\n Europa, Menestho, Petrea, Eudora, Calypso, Tyche, Ocyroe, Crisia,\n Amphiro, with those mentioned by Apollodorus, except Amphitrite.\n Hyginus mentions 16, whose names are almost all different from\n those of Apollodorus and Hesiod, which difference proceeds from the\n mutilation of the original text. The Oceanides, like the rest of\n the inferior deities, were honoured with libations and sacrifices.\n Prayers were offered to them, and they were entreated to protect\n sailors from storms and dangerous tempests. The Argonauts, before\n they proceeded on their expedition, made an offering of flour,\n honey, and oil, on the sea-shore, to all the deities of the sea,\n and sacrificed bulls to them, and entreated their protection. When\n the sacrifice was made on the sea-shore the blood of the victim was\n received in a vessel, but when it was in the open sea, the blood\n was permitted to run down into the waters. When the sea was calm,\n the sailors generally offered a lamb or a young pig, but if it\n was agitated by the winds, and rough, a black bull was deemed\n the most acceptable victim. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Horace._\n \u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 341.\n \u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 349.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Oce\u0103nus=, a powerful deity of the sea, son of C\u0153lus and Terra. He\n married Tethys, by whom he had the most principal rivers, such\n as the Alpheus, Peneus, Strymon, &c., with a number of daughters\n who are called from him Oceanides. _See:_ Oceanides. According to\n Homer, Oceanus was the \u2666father of all the gods, and on that account\n he received frequent visits from the rest of the deities. He is\n generally represented as an old man with a long flowing beard, and\n sitting upon the waves of the sea. He often holds a pike in his hand,\n whilst ships under sail appear at a distance, or a sea monster stands\n near him. Oceanus presided over every part of the sea, and even the\n rivers were subjected to his power. The ancients were superstitious\n in their worship to Oceanus, and revered with great solemnity a\n deity to whose care they entrusted themselves when going on any\n voyage. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 81, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 20.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_.\n\n \u2666 \u2018fathers\u2019 replaced with \u2018father\u2019\n\n=Ocellus=, an ancient philosopher of Lucania. _See:_ Lucanus.\n\n=Oc\u0113lum=, a town of Gaul. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 10.\n\n=Ocha=, a mountain of Eub\u0153a, and the name of Eub\u0153a itself.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sister\n of Ochus, buried alive by his orders.\n\n=Ochesius=, a general of \u00c6tolia in the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 5.\n\n=Ochus=, a surname given to Artaxerxes III., king of Persia. _See:_\n Artaxerxes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Cyzicus, who was killed by the Argonauts.\n _Flaccus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A prince of Persia, who refused to visit his\n native country for fear of giving all the women each a piece of gold.\n _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of India, or of Bactriana. _Pliny_, bk. 6,\n ch. 16; bk. 31, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Persia. He exchanged his name\n for that of Darius. _See:_ Darius Nothus.\n\n=Ocnus=, a son of the Tiber and of Manto, who assisted \u00c6neas against\n Turnus. He built a town, which he called Mantua after his mother\u2019s\n name. Some suppose that he is the same as Bianor. _Virgil_,\n _Eclogues_, poem 9; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 198.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man remarkable\n for his industry. He had a wife as remarkable for her profusion;\n she always consumed and lavished away whatever the labours of her\n husband had earned. He is represented as twisting a cord, which an\n ass standing by eats up as soon as he makes it; whence the proverb\n of _the cord of Ocnus_ often applied to labour which meets no return,\n and which is totally lost. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 3, li. 21.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 29.\n\n=Ocric\u016dlum=, now _Otricoli_, a town of Umbria near Rome. _Cicero_, _For\n Milo_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 19, ch. 41.\n\n=Ocridion=, a king of Rhodes, who was reckoned in the number of the\n gods after death. _Plutarch_, _Gr\u00e6c\u00e6 Qu\u00e6stiones_, ch. 27.\n\n=Ocr\u012bsia=, a woman of Corniculum, who was one of the attendants of\n Tanaquil the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. As she was throwing into\n the flames, as offerings, some of the meats that were served on\n the table of Tarquin, she suddenly saw in the fire what Ovid calls\n _obsc\u0153ni forma virilis_. She informed the queen of it, and when by\n her orders she had approached near it, she conceived a son who was\n called Servius Tullus, and who, being educated in the king\u2019s family,\n afterwards succeeded to the vacant throne. Some suppose that Vulcan\n had assumed that form which was presented to the eyes of Ocrisia, and\n that the god was the father of the sixth king of Rome. _Plutarch_,\n _de Fortuna Romanorum_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 6, li. 627.\n\n=Octacillius=, a slave who was manumitted, and who afterwards taught\n rhetoric at Rome. He had Pompey the Great in the number of his pupils.\n _Suetonius_, _Rhetoricians_.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 79.\n\n=Oct\u0101via=, a Roman lady, sister to the emperor Augustus, and celebrated\n for her beauty and virtues. She married Claudius Marcellus, and after\n his death, Marcus Antony. Her marriage with Antony was a political\n step to reconcile her brother and her husband. Antony proved for\n some time attentive to her, but he soon after despised her for\n Cleopatra, and when she attempted to withdraw him from this unlawful\n amour by going to meet him at Athens, she was secretly rebuked, and\n totally banished from his presence. This affront was highly resented\n by Augustus, and though Octavia endeavoured to pacify him by\n palliating her husband\u2019s behaviour, he resolved to revenge her cause\n by arms. After the battle of Actium and the death of Antony, Octavia,\n forgetful of the injuries she had received, took into her house all\n the children of her husband and treated them with maternal tenderness.\n Marcellus her son by her first husband was married to a niece of\n Augustus, and publicly intended as a successor to his uncle. His\n sudden death plunged all his family into the greatest grief. Virgil,\n whom Augustus patronized, undertook upon himself to pay a melancholy\n tribute to the memory of a young man whom Rome regarded as her future\n father and patron. He was desired to repeat his composition in the\n presence of Augustus and of his sister. Octavia burst into tears as\n soon as the poet began; but when he mentioned, _Tu Marcellus eris_,\n she swooned away. This tender and pathetic encomium upon the merit\n and the virtues of young Marcellus was liberally rewarded by Octavia,\n and Virgil received 10,000 sesterces for every one of the verses.\n Octavia had two daughters by Antony, Antonia Major and Antonia Minor.\n The elder married Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, by whom she had Cn\u00e6us\n Domitius the father of the emperor Nero, by Agrippina the daughter\n of Germanicus. Antonia Minor, who was as virtuous and as beautiful\n as her mother, married Drusus the son of Tiberius, by whom she\n had Germanicus and Claudius, who reigned before Nero. The death\n of Marcellus continually preyed upon the mind of Octavia, who died\n of melancholy about 10 years before the christian era. Her brother\n paid great regard to her memory, by pronouncing himself her funeral\n oration. The Roman people also showed their respect for her virtues\n by their wish to pay her divine honours. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Antonius_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of the emperor Claudius\n by Messalina. She was betrothed to Silanus, but by the intrigues of\n Agrippina, she was married to the emperor Nero in the 16th year of\n her age. She was soon after divorced on pretence of barrenness, and\n the emperor married Popp\u00e6a, who exercised her enmity upon Octavia by\n causing her to be banished into Campania. She was afterwards recalled\n at the instance of the people, and Popp\u00e6a, who was resolved on her\n ruin, caused her again to be banished to an island, where she was\n ordered to kill herself by opening her veins. Her head was cut off\n and carried to Popp\u00e6a. _Suetonius_ in _Claudius_, ch. 27; _Nero_,\n chs. 7 & 35.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12.\n\n=Oct\u0101vi\u0101nus=, or =Oct\u0101vius C\u00e6sar=, the nephew of C\u00e6sar the dictator.\n After the battle of Actium and the final destruction of the Roman\n republic, the servile senate bestowed upon him the title and surname\n of _Augustus_, as more expressive of his greatness and dignity.\n _See:_ Augustus.\n\n=Oct\u0101vius=, a Roman officer who brought Perseus king of Macedonia a\n prisoner to the consul. He was sent by his countrymen to be guardian\n to Ptolemy Eupator the young king of Egypt, where he behaved with\n the greatest arrogance. He was assassinated by Lysias, who was before\n regent of Egypt. The murderer was sent to Rome.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who opposed\n Metellus in the reduction of Crete by means of Pompey. He was obliged\n to retire from the island.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who banished Cinna from Rome,\n and became remarkable for his probity and fondness of discipline. He\n was seized and put to death by order of his successful rivals Marius\n and Cinna.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who boasted of being in the number of C\u00e6sar\u2019s\n murderers. His assertions were false, yet he was punished as if he\n had been accessary to the conspiracy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lieutenant of Crassus\n in Parthia. He accompanied his general to the tent of the Parthian\n conqueror, and was killed by the enemy as he attempted to hinder them\n from carrying away Crassus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Cilicia. He died in his\n province, and Lucullus made applications to succeed him, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n tribune of the people at Rome, whom Tiberias Gracchus his colleague\n deposed.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A commander of the forces of Antony against Augustus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer who killed himself, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune of the people,\n who debauched a woman of Pontus from her husband. She proved\n unfaithful to him, upon which he murdered her. He was condemned\n under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_ & _Histories_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lives_.\n \u2015\u2015_Florus._\u2015\u2015_Livy_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet in the Augustan age, intimate\n with Horace. He also distinguished himself as an historian. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, satire 10, li. 82.\n\n=Octod\u016brus=, a village in the modern country of Switzerland, now called\n _Martigny_. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Octogesa=, a town of Spain, a little above the mouth of the Iberus,\n now called _Mequinensa_. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 61.\n\n=Octolophum=, a place of Greece. _Livy_, bk. 31.\n\n=Ocy\u0103lus=, one of the Ph\u00e6acians with Alcinous. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.\n\n=Ocyp\u0115te=, one of the Harpies, who infected whatever she touched.\n The name signifies _swift flying_. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 265.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Thaumas.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Danaus.\n\n=Ocy\u0306roe=, a daughter of Chiron by Chariclo, who had the gift of\n prophecy. She was changed into a mare. _See:_ Melanippe. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 638, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman, daughter of Chesias,\n carried away by Apollo, as she was going to a festival at Miletus.\n\n=Oden\u0101tus=, a celebrated prince of Palmyra. He early inured himself to\n bear fatigues, and by hunting leopards and wild beasts, he accustomed\n himself to the labours of a military life. He was faithful to the\n Romans; and when Aurelian had been taken prisoner by Sapor king\n of Persia, Odenatus warmly interested himself in his cause, and\n solicited his release by writing a letter to the conqueror and\n sending him presents. The king of Persia was offended at the liberty\n of Odenatus; he tore the letter, and ordered the presents which\n were offered to be thrown into a river. To punish Odenatus, who had\n the impudence, as he observed, to pay homage to so great a monarch\n as himself, he ordered him to appear before him, on pain of being\n devoted to instant destruction, with all his family, if he dared to\n refuse. Odenatus disdained the summons of Sapor, and opposed force\n to force. He obtained some advantages over the troops of the Persian\n monarch, and took his wife prisoner with a great and rich booty.\n These services were seen with gratitude by the Romans; and Gallienus,\n the then reigning emperor, named Odenatus as his colleague on the\n throne, and gave the title of Augustus to his children and to his\n wife, the celebrated Zenobia. Odenatus, invested with new power,\n resolved to signalize himself more conspicuously by conquering the\n northern barbarians, but his exaltation was short, and he perished by\n the dagger of one of his relations, whom he had slightly offended in\n a domestic entertainment. He died at Emessa, about the 267th year of\n the christian era. Zenobia succeeded to all his titles and honours.\n\n=Odessus=, a seaport town at the west of the Euxine sea in Lower M\u0153sia,\n below the mouths of the Danube. _Ovid_, bk. 1, _Tristia_, poem 9,\n li. 57.\n\n=Odeum=, a musical theatre at Athens. _Vitruvius_, bk. 5, ch. 9.\n\n=Od\u012bnus=, a celebrated hero of antiquity, who flourished about 70 years\n before the christian era, in the northern parts of ancient Germany,\n or the modern kingdom of Denmark. He was at once a priest, a soldier,\n a poet, a monarch, and a conqueror. He imposed upon the credulity\n of his superstitious countrymen, and made them believe that he could\n raise the dead to life, and that he was acquainted with futurity.\n When he had extended his power, and increased his fame by conquest\n and by persuasion, he resolved to die in a different manner from\n other men. He assembled his friends, and with a sharp point of a\n lance he made on his body nine different wounds in the form of a\n circle, and as he expired he declared he was going into Scythia,\n where he should become one of the immortal gods. He further added\n that he would prepare bliss and felicity for such of his countrymen\n as lived a virtuous life, who fought with intrepidity, and who died\n like heroes in the field of battle. These injunctions had the desired\n effect; his countrymen superstitiously believed him, and always\n recommended themselves to his protection whenever they engaged in a\n battle, and they entreated him to receive the souls of such as had\n fallen in war.\n\n=Od\u012btes=, a son of Ixion, killed by Mopsus at the nuptials of Pirithous.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 457.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A prince killed at the\n nuptials of Andromeda. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 97.\n\n=Odo\u0101cer=, a king of the Heruli, who destroyed the western empire of\n Rome, and called himself king of Italy, A.D. 476.\n\n=Odomanti=, a people of Thrace on the eastern banks of the Strymon.\n _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 4.\n\n=Od\u014fnes=, a people of Thrace.\n\n=Odry\u0306s\u00e6=, an ancient people of Thrace, between Abdera and the river\n Ister. The epithet of _Odrysius_ is often applied to a Thracian.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 490; bk. 13, li. 554.\u2015\u2015_Statius_,\n _Achilleis_, bk. 1, li. 184.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 53.\n\n=Odyss\u0113a=, one of Homer\u2019s epic poems, in which he describes in 24 books\n the adventures of Ulysses on his return from the Trojan war, with\n other material circumstances. The whole of the action comprehends no\n more than 55 days. It is not so esteemed as the Iliad of that poet.\n _See:_ Homerus.\n\n=Odyss\u0113um=, a promontory of Sicily, at the west of Pachynus.\n\n=\u0152a=, a city of Africa, now Tripoli. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 257.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a place in \u00c6gina. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 5, ch. 83.\n\n=\u0152agrus=, or =\u0152ager=, the father of Orpheus by Calliope. He was king\n of Thrace, and from him mount H\u00e6mus, and also the Hebrus, one of the\n rivers of the country, have received the appellation of _\u0152agrius_,\n though Servius, in his commentaries, disputes the explanation of\n Diodorus, by asserting that the \u0152agrus is a river of Thrace, whose\n waters supply the streams of the Hebrus. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 414.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 1, _Argonautica_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4,\n li. 524.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5, li. 463.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus._\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\n\n=\u0152anthe= and =\u0152anthia=, a town of Phocis, where Venus had a temple.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 38.\n\n=\u0152ax=, a son of Nauplius and Clymene. He was brother to Palamedes, whom\n he accompanied to the Trojan war, and whose death he highly resented\n on his return to Greece, by raising disturbances in the family of\n some of the Grecian princes. _Dictys Cretensis._\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 117.\n\n=\u0152b\u0103lia=, the ancient name of Laconia, which it received from king\n \u0152balus, and thence _\u0152balides puer_ is applied to Hyacinthus as a\n native of the country, and _\u0152balius sanguis_ is used to denominate\n his blood. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The same name is given to Tarentum because built by a Laced\u00e6monian\n colony, whose ancestors were governed by \u0152balus. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 4, li. 125.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 451.\n\n=\u0152b\u0103lus=, a son of Argalus or Cynortas, who was king of Laconia. He\n married Gorgophone the daughter of Perseus, by whom he had Hippocoon,\n Tyndarus, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Telon and the nymph Sebethis, who reigned in the\n neighbourhood of Neapolis in Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 734.\n\n=\u0152b\u0103res=, a satrap of Cyrus, against the Medes. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n groom of Darius son of Hystaspes. He was the cause that his master\n obtained the kingdom of Persia, by his artifice in making his horse\n neigh first. _See:_ Darius I. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 85.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 1, ch. 10.\n\n=\u0152ch\u0103lia=, a country of Peloponnesus in Laconia, with a small town of\n the same name. This town was destroyed by Hercules, while Eurytus\n was king over it, from which circumstance it was often called\n _Eurytopolis_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small town of Eub\u0153a, where, according to some,\n Eurytus reigned, and not in Peloponnesus. _Strabo_, bks. 8, 9, & 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 291.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 9;\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 136.\u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _Trachini\u00e6_, li. 74\n & _Scholia_.\n\n=\u0152cl\u012bdes=, a patronymic of Amphiaraus son of \u0152cleus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 7.\n\n=\u0152cleus.= _See:_ Oicleus.\n\n=\u0152cumenius=, wrote in the middle of the 10th century a paraphrase of\n some of the books of the New Testament in Greek, edited in two vols.,\n folio, Paris, 1631.\n\n=\u0152dip\u014fdia=, a fountain of Thebes in B\u0153otia.\n\n=\u0152d\u012dpus=, a son of Laius king of Thebes and Jocasta. As being descended\n from Venus by his father\u2019s side, \u0152dipus was born to be exposed to\n all the dangers and the calamities which Juno could inflict upon the\n posterity of the goddess of beauty. Laius the father of \u0152dipus was\n informed by the oracle, as soon as he married Jocasta, that he must\n perish by the hands of his son. Such dreadful intelligence awakened\n his fears, and to prevent the fulfilling of the oracle, he resolved\n never to approach Jocasta; but his solemn resolutions were violated\n in a fit of intoxication. The queen became pregnant, and Laius, still\n intent to stop this evil, ordered his wife to destroy her child as\n soon as it came into the world. The mother had not the courage to\n obey, yet she gave the child as soon as born to one of her domestics,\n with orders to expose him on the mountains. The servant was moved\n with pity, but to obey the commands of Jocasta, he bored the feet of\n the child, and suspended him with a twig by the heels to a tree on\n mount Cith\u00e6ron, where he was soon found by one of the shepherds of\n Polybus king of Corinth. The shepherd carried him home; and Perib\u0153a\n the wife of Polybus, who had no children, educated him as her own\n child, with maternal tenderness. The accomplishments of the infant,\n who was named \u0152dipus, on account of the swelling of his feet (\u03bf\u1f30\u03b4\u03b5\u03c9\n _tumeo_, \u03c0\u03bf\u03b4\u03b5\u03c2 _pedes_), soon became the admiration of the age. His\n companions envied his strength and his address; and one of them, to\n mortify his rising ambition, told him he was an illegitimate child.\n This raised his doubts; he asked Perib\u0153a, who, out of tenderness,\n told him that his suspicions were ill-founded. Not satisfied with\n this, he went to consult the oracle of Delphi, and was there told not\n to return home, for if he did, he must necessarily be the murderer of\n his father, and the husband of his mother. This answer of the oracle\n terrified him; he knew no home but the house of Polybus, therefore he\n resolved not to return to Corinth, where such calamities apparently\n attended him. He travelled towards Phocis, and in his journey, met in\n a narrow road Laius on a chariot with his arm-bearer. Laius haughtily\n ordered \u0152dipus to make way for him. \u0152dipus refused, and a contest\n ensued, in which Laius and his arm-bearer were both killed. As \u0152dipus\n was ignorant of the quality and of the rank of the men whom he had\n just killed, he continued his journey, and was attracted to Thebes by\n the fame of the Sphynx. This terrible monster, which Juno had sent to\n lay waste the country [_See:_ \u2666Sphinx], resorted in the neighbourhood\n of Thebes, and devoured all those who attempted to explain, without\n success, the enigmas which he proposed. The calamity was now become\n an object of public concern, and as the successful explanation of an\n enigma would end in the death of the Sphynx, Creon, who at the death\n of Laius had ascended the throne of Thebes, promised his crown and\n Jocasta to him who succeeded in the attempt. The enigma proposed was\n this: What animal in the morning walks upon four feet, at noon upon\n two, and in the evening upon three? This was left for \u0152dipus to\n explain; he came to the monster and said, that man, in the morning\n of life, walks upon his hands and his feet; when he has attained the\n years of manhood, he walks upon his two legs; and in the evening,\n he supports his old age with the assistance of a staff. The monster,\n mortified at the true explanation, dashed his head against a rock and\n perished. \u0152dipus ascended the throne of Thebes, and married Jocasta,\n by whom he had two sons, Polynices and Eteocles, and two daughters,\n Ismene and Antigone. Some years after, the Theban territories were\n visited with a plague; and the oracle declared that it should cease\n only when the murderer of king Laius was banished from B\u0153otia. As\n the death of Laius had never been examined, and the circumstances\n that attended it never known, this answer of the oracle was of the\n greatest concern to the Thebans; but \u0152dipus, the friend of his people,\n resolved to overcome every difficulty by the most exact inquiries.\n His researches were successful, and he was soon proved to be the\n murderer of his father. The melancholy discovery was rendered the\n more alarming when \u0152dipus considered, that he had not only murdered\n his father, but that he had committed incest with his mother. In the\n excess of his grief he put out his eyes, as unworthy to see the light,\n and banished himself from Thebes, or, as some say, was banished by\n his own sons. He retired towards Attica, led by his daughter Antigone,\n and came near Colonus, where there was a grove sacred to the Furies.\n He remembered that he was doomed by the oracle to die in such a place,\n and to become the source of prosperity to the country in which his\n bones were buried. A messenger upon this was sent to Theseus king of\n the country, to inform him of the resolution of \u0152dipus. When Theseus\n arrived, \u0152dipus acquainted him, with a prophetic voice, that the gods\n had called him to die in the place where he stood; and to show the\n truth of this he walked, himself, without the assistance of a guide,\n to the spot where he must expire. Immediately the earth opened, and\n \u0152dipus disappeared. Some suppose that \u0152dipus had not children by\n Jocasta, and that the mother murdered herself as soon as she knew the\n incest which had been committed. His tomb was near the Areopagus, in\n the age of Pausanias. Some of the ancient poets represent him in hell,\n as suffering the punishment which crimes like his seemed to deserve.\n According to some, the four children which he had were by Euriganea\n the daughter of Periphas, whom he married after the death of Jocasta.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 66, &c.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_,\n _Ph\u0153nician Women_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _\u0152dipus Tyrannus_ & _Colonus_,\n Antigone, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 1.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk.\n 11, ch. 270.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebaid_,\n bk. 8, li. 642.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _\u0152dipus_.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Olympian_, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bks. 6 & 10.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Sphynx\u2019 replaced with \u2018Sphinx\u2019 to match listing\n\n=\u0152me=, a daughter of Danaus by Crino. _Apollodorus._\n\n=\u0152nanthes=, a favourite of young Ptolemy king of Egypt.\n\n=\u0152ne=, a small town of Argolis. The people were called _\u0152nead\u00e6_.\n\n=\u0152nea=, a river of Assyria. _Ammianus._\n\n=\u0152neus=, a king of Calydon in \u00c6tolia, son of Parthaon, or Portheus, and\n Euryte. He married Alth\u00e6a the daughter of Thestius, by whom he had\n Clymenus, Meleager, Gorge, and Dejanira. After Alth\u00e6a\u2019s death, he\n married Perib\u0153a the daughter of Hipponous, by whom he had Tydeus. In\n a general sacrifice, which \u0152neus made to all the gods upon reaping\n the rich produce of his fields, he forgot Diana, and the goddess,\n to revenge this unpardonable neglect, incited his neighbours to take\n up arms against him, and, besides, she sent a wild boar to lay waste\n the country of Calydonia. The animal was at last killed by Meleager\n and the neighbouring princes of Greece, in a celebrated chase, known\n by the name of the chase of the Calydonian boar. Some time after,\n Meleager died, and \u0152neus was driven from his kingdom by the sons of\n his brother Agrius. Diomedes, however, his grandson, soon restored\n him to his throne; but the continual misfortunes to which he was\n exposed rendered him melancholy. He exiled himself from Calydon, and\n left his crown to his son-in-law Andremon. He died as he was going\n to Argolis. His body was buried by the care of Diomedes, in a town of\n Argolis, which from him received the name of _\u0152noe_. It is reported\n that \u0152neus received a visit from Bacchus, and that he suffered the\n god to enjoy the favours of Alth\u00e6a, and to become the father of\n Dejanira, for which Bacchus permitted that the wine of which he was\n the patron should be called among the Greeks by the name of \u0152neus\n (\u03bf\u1f30\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2). _Hyginus_, fable 129.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 539.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 510.\n\n=\u0152niad\u00e6=, a town of Acarnania. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 24; bk. 38, ch. 11.\n\n=\u0152n\u012ddes=, a patronymic of Meleager son of \u0152neus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 8, fable 10.\n\n=\u0152noe=, a nymph who married Sicinus, the son of Thoas king of Lemnos.\n From her the island of Sicinus had been called \u0152noe.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Two villages\n of Attica were also called \u0152noe. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 74.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Argolis, where \u0152neus fled when driven\n from Calydon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Elis in the\n Peloponnesus. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, &c.\n\n=\u0152n\u014fmaus=, a son of Mars, by Sterope the daughter of Atlas. He was\n king of Pisa in Elis, and father of Hippodamia, by Evarete daughter\n of Acrisius, or Eurythoa the daughter of Danaus. He was informed\n by the oracle that he should perish by the hands of his son-in-law,\n therefore as he could skilfully drive a chariot he determined to\n marry his daughter only to him who could outrun him, on condition\n that all who entered the list should agree to lay down their life,\n if conquered. Many had already perished, when Pelops son of Tantalus\n proposed himself. He previously bribed Myrtilus the charioteer of\n \u0152nomaus, by promising him the enjoyment of the favours of Hippodamia,\n if he proved victorious. Myrtilus gave his master an old chariot,\n whose axletree broke on the course, which was from Pisa to the\n Corinthian isthmus, and \u0152nomaus was killed. Pelops married Hippodamia,\n and became king of Pisa. As he expired, \u0152nomaus entreated Pelops to\n revenge the perfidy of Myrtilus, which was executed. Those that had\n been defeated when Pelops entered the lists, were Marmax, Alcathous,\n Euryalus, Eurymachus, Capetus, Lasius, Acrias, Chalcodon, Lycurgus,\n Tricolonus, Prias, Aristomachus, \u00c6olius, Eurythrus, and Chronius.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 5, ch. 17; bk. 6, ch. 11, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius Rhodius_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 2, li. 20.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 367;\n _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 8; _Heroides_, poem 8, li. 70.\n\n=\u0152non=, a part of Locris on the bay of _Corinth_.\n\n=\u0152n\u014dna=, an ancient name of the island \u00c6gina. It is also called\n _\u0152nopia_. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 46.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Two villages of Attica are\n also called \u0152nona, or rather \u0152noe.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Troas, the birthplace\n of the nymph \u0152none. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n\n=\u0152n\u014dne=, a nymph of mount Ida, daughter of the river Cebrenus in\n Phrygia. As she had received the gift of prophecy, she foretold to\n Paris, whom she married before he was discovered to be the son of\n Priam, that his voyage into Greece would be attended with the most\n serious consequences, and the total ruin of his country, and that he\n should have recourse to her medicinal knowledge at the hour of death.\n All these predictions were fulfilled; and Paris, when he had received\n the fatal wound, ordered his body to be carried to \u0152none, in hopes\n of being cured by her assistance. He expired as he came into her\n presence; and \u0152none was so struck at the sight of his dead body, that\n she bathed it with her tears, and stabbed herself to the heart. She\n was mother of Corythus by Paris, and this son perished by the hand\n of his father when he attempted, at the instigation of \u0152none, to\n persuade him to withdraw his affection from Helen. _Dictys Cretensis._\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _de Remedia Amoris_ li. 457; _Heroides_, poem 5.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 9.\n\n=\u0152n\u014fpia=, one of the ancient names of the island \u00c6gina. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 473.\n\n=\u0152nop\u012ddes=, a mathematician of Chios. _Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=\u0152nopion=, a son of Ariadne by Theseus, or, according to others, by\n Bacchus. He married Helice, by whom he had a daughter called Hero,\n or Merope, of whom the giant Orion became enamoured. The father,\n unwilling to give his daughter to such a lover, and afraid of\n provoking him by an open refusal, evaded his applications, and at\n last put out his eyes when he was intoxicated. Some suppose that\n this violence was offered to Orion after he had dishonoured Merope.\n \u0152nopion received the island of Chios from Rhadamanthus, who had\n conquered most of the islands of the \u00c6gean sea, and his tomb was\n still seen there in the age of Pausanias. Some suppose, and with more\n probability, that he reigned not at Chios, but at \u00c6gina, which from\n him was called \u0152nopia. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus._\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius Rhodius_,\n bk. 3.\n\n=\u0152n\u014dtri=, the inhabitants of \u0152notria.\n\n=\u0152n\u014dtria=, a part of Italy, which was afterwards called _Lucania_.\n It received this name from \u0152notrus the son of Lycaon, who settled\n there with a colony of Arcadians. The \u0152notrians afterwards spread\n themselves into Umbria and as far as Latium, and the country of the\n Sabines, according to some writers. The name of \u0152notria is sometimes\n applied to Italy. That part of Italy where \u0152notrus settled, was\n before inhabited by the Ausones. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 8,\n ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li.\n 536; bk. 7, li. 85.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 220.\n\n=\u0152notr\u012ddes=, two small islands on the coast of Lucania, where some of\n the Romans were banished by the emperors. They were called Ischia and\n Pontia.\n\n=\u0152n\u014dtrus=, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia. He passed into Magna Gr\u00e6cia\n with a colony, and gave the name of \u0152notria to that part of the\n country where he settled. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\n\n=\u0152n\u016bs\u00e6=, small islands near Chios. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.\n \u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Others on the coast of the Peloponnesus,\n near Messenia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=\u0152onus=, a son of Licymnius, killed at Sparta, where he accompanied\n Hercules; and as the hero had promised Licymnius to bring back his\n son, he burnt his body and presented the ashes to the afflicted\n father. From this circumstance arose a custom of burning the dead\n among the Greeks. _Scholia_, _Homer_, _Iliad_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small river of\n Laconia. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 28.\n\n=\u0152noe=, an island of B\u0153otia formed by the Asopus. _Herodotus_, bk. 9,\n ch. 50.\n\n=\u0152ta=, now _Banina_, a celebrated mountain between Thessaly and\n Macedonia, upon which Hercules burnt himself. Its height has given\n occasion to the poets to feign that the sun, moon, and stars arose\n behind it. Mount \u0152ta, properly speaking, is a long chain of mountains\n which runs from the straits of Thermopyl\u00e6 and the gulf of Malia, in\n a western direction, to mount Pindus, and from thence to the bay of\n Ambracia. The straits or passes of mount \u0152ta are called the straits\n of Thermopyl\u00e6, from the hot baths and mineral waters which are in\n the neighbourhood. These passes are not more than 25 feet in breadth.\n _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Catullus_, poem 66, li. 54.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 20, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_,\n poem 9; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 216; bk. 9, li. 204, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_,\n _Medea_.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small town at the foot of mount\n \u0152ta near Thermopyl\u00e6.\n\n=\u0152ty\u0306lus=, or =\u0152ty\u0306lum=, a town of Laconia, which received its name\n from \u0152tylus, one of the heroes of Argos. Serapis had a temple there.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25.\n\n=Ofellus=, a man whom, though unpolished, Horace represents as a\n character exemplary for wisdom, economy, and moderation. _Horace_,\n bk. 2, satire 2, li. 2.\n\n=Ofi=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 28.\n\n=Ogdol\u0103pis=, a navigable river flowing from the Alps. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\n\n=Ogd\u014drus=, a king of Egypt.\n\n=Oglosa=, an island in the Tyrrhene sea, east of Corsica, famous for\n wine, and now called _Monte Christo_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\n\n=Ogmius=, a name of Hercules among the Gauls. _Lucian_, _Hercules_.\n\n=Ogoa=, a deity of Mylassa in Caria, under whose temple, as was\n supposed, the sea passed. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 10.\n\n=Ogulnia lex=, by Quintus and Cn\u00e6us Ogulnius, tribunes of the people,\n A.U.C. 453. It increased the number of pontifices and augurs from\n four to nine. The addition was made to both orders from plebeian\n families.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman lady as poor as she was lascivious. _Juvenal_,\n satire 6, li. 351.\n\n=Ogy\u0306ges=, a celebrated monarch, the most ancient of those that reigned\n in Greece. He was son of Terra, or, as some suppose, of Neptune,\n and married Thebe the daughter of Jupiter. He reigned in B\u0153otia,\n which from him is sometimes called _Ogygia_, and his power was also\n extended over Attica. It is supposed that he was of Egyptian or\n Ph\u0153nician extraction; but his origin, as well as the age in which\n he lived, and the duration of his reign, are so obscure and unknown,\n that the epithet of _Ogygian_ is often applied to everything of\n dark antiquity. In the reign of Ogyges there was a deluge, which so\n inundated the territories of Attica, that they remained waste for\n near 200 years. This, though it is very uncertain, is supposed to\n have happened about 1764 years before the christian era, and previous\n to the deluge of Deucalion. According to some writers, it was owing\n to the overflowing of one of the rivers of the country. The reign\n of Ogyges was also marked by an uncommon appearance in the heavens,\n and, as it is reported, the planet Venus changed her colour, diameter,\n figure, and her course. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 18, &c.\n\n=Ogy\u0306gia=, a name of one of the gates of Thebes in B\u0153otia. _Lucan_,\n bk. 1, li. 675.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the daughters of Niobe and Amphion, changed\n into stones. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient\n name of B\u0153otia, from Ogyges, who reigned there.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The island of\n Calypso, opposite the promontory of Lacinium in Magna Gr\u00e6cia, where\n Ulysses was shipwrecked. The situation, and even the existence of\n Calypso\u2019s island, is disputed by some writers. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, lis. 52 & 85; bk. 5, li. 254.\n\n=Ocy\u0306ris=, an island in the Indian ocean.\n\n=Oicleus=, a son of Antiphates and Zeuxippe, who married Hypermnestra\n daughter of Thestius, by whom he had Iphianira, Polyb\u0153a, and\n Amphiaraus. He was killed by Laomedon when defending the ships which\n Hercules had brought to Asia, when he made war against Troy. _Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8;\n bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 17.\n\n=O\u012bleus=, a king of the Locrians. His father\u2019s name was Odoedocus,\n and his mother\u2019s Agrianome. He married Eriope, by whom he had Ajax,\n called _Oileus_ from his father, to discriminate him from Ajax the\n son of Telamon. He had also another son called Medon, by a courtesan\n called Rhene. Oileus was one of the Argonauts. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk.\n 1, li. 45.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 14 & 18.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bks. 13 & 15.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n\n=Olane=, one of the mouths of the Po.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Armenia.\n\n=Olanus=, a town of Lesbos.\n\n=Olastr\u00e6=, a people of India. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 249.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6,\n ch. 20.\n\n=Olba=, or =Olbus=, a town of Cilicia.\n\n=Olbia=, a town of Sarmatia at the confluence of the Hypanis and the\n Borysthenes, about 15 miles from the sea, according to Pliny. It was\n afterwards called _Borysthenes_ and _Miletopolis_, because peopled\n by a Milesian colony, and is now supposed to be _Oczakow_. _Strabo_,\n bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Bithynia. _Mela_, bk. 1,\n ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Gallia Narbonensis. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n capital of Sardinia. _Claudian._\n\n=Olbius=, a river of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.\n\n=Olbus=, one of \u00c6etes\u2019 auxiliaries. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 639.\n\n=Olchinium=, or =Olcinium=, now _Dulcigno_, a town of Dalmatia, on the\n Adriatic. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.\n\n=Olbades=, a people of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 5.\n\n=Ole\u0103ros=, or =Oliaros=, one of the Cyclades, about 16 miles in\n circumference, separated from Paros by a strait of seven miles.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 126.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7,\n li. 469.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Oleatrum=, a town of Spain near Saguntum. _Strabo._\n\n=Olen=, a Greek poet of Lycia, who flourished some time before the age\n of Orpheus, and composed many hymns, some of which were regularly\n sung at Delphi, on solemn occasions. Some suppose that he was the\n first who established the oracle of Apollo at Delphi where he first\n delivered oracles. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 35.\n\n=Olenius=, a Lemnian killed by his wife. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 2,\n li. 164.\n\n=Ol\u0115nus=, a son of Vulcan, who married Leth\u00e6a, a beautiful woman, who\n preferred herself to the goddesses. She and her husband were changed\n into stones by the deities. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 68.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous soothsayer of Etruria. _Pliny_, bk. 28, ch. 2.\n\n=Ol\u0115nus=, or =Olenum=, a town of Peloponnesus between Patr\u00e6 and Cyllene.\n The goat Amalth\u00e6a, which was made a constellation by Jupiter, is\n called _Olenia_, from its residence there. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 22.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in \u00c6tolia.\n\n=Oleorus=, one of the Cyclades, now _Antiparo_.\n\n=Olgasys=, a mountain of Galatia.\n\n=Oligyrtis=, a town of Peloponnesus.\n\n=Olinthus=, a town of Macedonia. _See:_ Olynthus.\n\n=Olisipo=, now _Lisbon_, a town of ancient Spain on the Tagus, surnamed\n _Felicitas Julia_ (_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 22), and called by some\n Ulysippo, and said to be founded by Ulysses. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Solinus_, bk. 23.\n\n=Olitingi=, a town of Lusitania. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Ol\u012bzon=, a town of Magnesia in Thessaly. _Homer._\n\n=Titus Ollius=, the father of Popp\u00e6a, destroyed on account of his\n intimacy with Sejanus, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 45.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n river rising in the Alps, and falling into the Po, now called the\n _Oglio_. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.\n\n=Ollov\u012dco=, a prince of Gaul, called the friend of the republic by the\n Roman senate. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 31.\n\n=Olmi\u00e6=, a promontory near Megara.\n\n=Olmius=, a river of B\u0153otia, near Helicon, sacred to the Muses.\n _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 7, li. 284.\n\n=Oloosson=, now _Alessone_, a town of Magnesia. _Homer._\n\n=Olophyxus=, a town of Macedonia on mount Athos. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,\n ch. 22.\n\n=Olp\u00e6=, a fortified place of Epirus, now _Forte Castri_.\n\n=Olus= (untis), a town at the west of Crete.\n\n=Olympeum=, a place of Delos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Syracuse.\n\n=Olympia= (orum), celebrated games which received their name either\n from Olympia, where they were observed, or from Jupiter Olympius, to\n whom they were dedicated. They were, according to some, instituted\n by Jupiter after his victory over the Titans, and first observed by\n the Id\u00e6i Dactyli, B.C. 1453. Some attribute the institution to Pelops,\n after he had obtained a victory over \u0152nomaus and married Hippodamia;\n but the more probable, and indeed the more received opinion is, that\n they were first established by Hercules in honour of Jupiter Olympius,\n after a victory obtained over Augias, B.C. 1222. Strabo objects\n to this opinion, by observing that if they had been established in\n the age of Homer, the poet would have undoubtedly spoken of them,\n as he is in every particular careful to mention the amusements and\n diversions of the ancient Greeks. But they were neglected after\n their first institution by Hercules, and no notice was taken of them,\n according to many writers, till Iphitus, in the age of the lawgiver\n of Sparta, renewed them, and instituted the celebration with greater\n solemnity. This reinstitution, which happened B.C. 884, forms a\n celebrated epoch in Grecian history, and is the beginning of the\n Olympiad. _See:_ Olympias. They, however, were neglected for some\n time after the age of Iphitus, till Cor\u0153bus, who obtained a victory,\n B.C. 776, reinstituted them to be regularly and constantly celebrated.\n The care and superintendence of the games were entrusted to the\n people of Elis, till they were excluded by the Pis\u00e6ans, B.C. 364,\n after the destruction of Pisa. These obtained great privileges\n from this appointment; they were in danger neither of violence nor\n war, but they were permitted to enjoy their possessions without\n molestation, as the games were celebrated within their territories.\n Only one person superintended till the 50th Olympiad, when two were\n appointed. In the 103rd Olympiad, the number was increased to 12,\n according to the number of the tribes of Elis. But in the following\n Olympiad, they were reduced to eight, and afterwards increased to 10,\n which number continued till the reign of Adrian. The presidents were\n obliged solemnly to swear that they would act impartially, and not\n take any bribes, or discover why they rejected some of the combatants.\n They generally sat naked, and held before them the crown which was\n prepared for the conqueror. There were also certain officers to\n keep good order and regularity, called \u1f00\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9, much the same as the\n Roman lictors, of whom the chief was called \u1f00\u03bb\u03c5\u03c4\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b7\u03c2. No women were\n permitted to appear at the celebration of the Olympian games, and\n whoever dared to trespass this law was immediately thrown down from\n a rock. This, however, was sometimes neglected, for we find not\n only women present at the celebration, but also some among the\n combatants, and some rewarded with the crown. The preparations for\n these festivals were great. No person was permitted to enter the\n lists if he had not regularly exercised himself 10 months before the\n celebration at the public gymnasium of Elis. No unfair dealings were\n allowed, and whoever attempted to bribe his adversary was subjected\n to a severe fine. No criminals, nor such as were connected with\n impious and guilty persons, were suffered to present themselves as\n combatants; and even the father and relations were obliged to swear\n that they would have recourse to no artifice which might decide the\n victory in favour of their friends. The wrestlers were appointed\n by lot. Some little balls, superscribed with a letter, were thrown\n into a silver urn, and such as drew the same letter were obliged to\n contend one with the other. He who had an odd letter remained the\n last, and he often had the advantage, as he was to encounter the last\n who had obtained the superiority over his adversary. He was called\n \u1f10\u03c6\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2. In these games were exhibited running, leaping, wrestling,\n boxing, and the throwing of the quoit, which was called altogether\n \u03c0\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd, or _quinquertium_. Besides these, there were horse and\n chariot races, and also contentions in poetry, eloquence, and the\n fine arts. The only reward that the conqueror obtained, was a crown\n of olive; which, as some suppose, was in memory of the labours of\n Hercules, which was accomplished for the universal good of mankind,\n and for which the hero claimed no other reward than the consciousness\n of having been the friend of humanity. So small and trifling a\n reward stimulated courage and virtue, and was more the source\n of great honours than the most unbounded treasures. The statues\n of the conquerors, called Olympionic\u00e6, were erected at Olympia,\n in the sacred wood of Jupiter. Their return home was that of a\n warlike conqueror; they were drawn in a chariot by four horses, and\n everywhere received with the greatest acclamations. Their entrance\n into their native city was not through the gates, but, to make it\n more grand and more solemn, a breach was made in the walls. Painters\n and poets were employed in celebrating their names; and indeed the\n victories severally obtained at Olympia are the subjects of the most\n beautiful odes of Pindar. The combatants were naked; a scarf was\n originally tied round the waist, but when it had entangled one of\n the adversaries, and been the cause that he lost the victory, it was\n laid aside, and no regard was paid to decency. The Olympic games were\n observed every fifth year, or, to speak with greater exactness, after\n a revolution of four years, and in the first month of the fifth year,\n and they continued for five successive days. As they were the most\n ancient and the most solemn of all the festivals of the Greeks, it\n will not appear wonderful that they drew so many people together,\n not only inhabitants of Greece, but of the neighbouring islands\n and countries. _Pindar_, _Olympian_, chs. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 67, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Theseus_, _Lycurgus_, &c.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 10, li. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 46.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_,\n _Anacharsis_.\u2015\u2015_Tzetzes_, _Lycophron_.\u2015\u2015\u2666_Aristotle._\u2015\u2015_Statius_,\n _Thebaid_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Preface_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 49.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Elis in Peloponnesus,\n where Jupiter had a temple with a celebrated statue 50 cubits high,\n reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. The Olympic games\n were celebrated in the neighbourhood. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 3, ch. 8.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Aristotel\u2019 replaced with \u2018Aristotle\u2019\n\n=Olympias=, a certain space of time which elapsed between the\n celebration of the Olympic games. The Olympic games were celebrated\n after the expiration of four complete years, whence some have said\n that they were observed every fifth year. This period of time was\n called Olympiad, and became a celebrated era among the Greeks,\n who computed their time by it. The custom of reckoning time by the\n celebration of the Olympic games was not introduced at the first\n institution of these festivals, but, to speak accurately, only the\n year in which Cor\u0153bus obtained the prize. This Olympiad, which has\n always been reckoned the first, fell, according to the accurate and\n learned computations of some of the moderns, exactly 776 years before\n the christian era, in the year of the Julian period 3938, and 23\n years before the building of Rome. The games were exhibited at the\n time of the full moon, next after the summer solstice; therefore\n the Olympiads were of unequal length, because the time of the full\n moon differs 11 days every year, and for that reason they sometimes\n began the next day after the solstice, and at other times four weeks\n after. The computations by Olympiads ceased, as some suppose, after\n the 364th, in the year 440 of the christian era. It was universally\n adopted, not only by the Greeks, but by many of the neighbouring\n countries, though still the Pythian games served as an epoch to\n the people of Delphi and to the B\u0153otians, the Nem\u00e6an games to the\n Argives and Arcadians, and the Isthmian to the Corinthians and the\n inhabitants of the Peloponnesian isthmus. To the Olympiads history\n is much indebted. They have served to fix the time of many momentous\n events, and indeed before this method of computing time was observed,\n every page of history is mostly fabulous, and filled with obscurity\n and contradiction, and no true chronological account can be properly\n established and maintained with certainty. The mode of computation,\n which was used after the suppression of the Olympiads and of the\n consular fasti of Rome, was more useful as it was more universal;\n but while the era of the creation of the world prevailed in the east,\n the western nations in the sixth century began to adopt with more\n propriety the christian epoch, which was propagated in the eighth\n century, and at last, in the tenth, became legal and popular.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n celebrated woman, who was daughter of a king of Epirus, and who\n married Philip king of Macedonia, by whom she had Alexander the Great.\n Her haughtiness, and more probably her infidelity, obliged Philip\n to repudiate her, and to marry Cleopatra the niece of king Attalus.\n Olympias was sensible of this injury, and Alexander showed his\n disapprobation of his father\u2019s measures by retiring from the court to\n his mother. The murder of Philip, which soon followed this disgrace,\n and which some have attributed to the intrigues of Olympias, was\n productive of the greatest extravagancies. The queen paid the highest\n honour to her husband\u2019s murderer. She gathered his mangled limbs,\n placed a crown of gold on his head, and laid his ashes near those of\n Philip. The administration of Alexander, who had succeeded his father,\n was, in some instances, offensive to Olympias; but when the ambition\n of her son was concerned, she did not scruple to declare publicly\n that Alexander was not the son of Philip, but that he was the\n offspring of an enormous serpent which had supernaturally introduced\n itself into her bed. When Alexander was dead, Olympias seized the\n government of Macedonia, and to establish her usurpation, she cruelly\n put to death Arid\u00e6us, with his wife Eurydice, as also Nicanor the\n brother of Cassander, with 100 leading men of Macedonia, who were\n inimical to her interest. Such barbarities did not long remain\n unpunished; Cassander besieged her in Pydna, where she had retired\n with the remains of her family, and she was obliged to surrender\n after an obstinate siege. The conqueror ordered her to be accused,\n and to be put to death. A body of 200 soldiers were directed to put\n the bloody commands into execution, but the splendour and majesty\n of the queen disarmed their courage, and she was at last massacred\n by those whom she had cruelly deprived of their children, about 316\n years before the christian era. _Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6; bk. 9, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Curtius._\u2015\u2015_Pausanias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fountain of\n Arcadia which flowed for one year and the next was dry. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 29.\n\n=Olympiod\u014drus=, a musician who taught Epaminondas music. _Cornelius\n Nepos._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Thebes in Egypt, who flourished under\n Theodosius II., and wrote 22 books of history, in Greek, beginning\n with the seventh consulship of Honorius, and the second of Theodosius,\n to the period when Valentinian was made emperor. He wrote also\n an account of an embassy to some of the barbarian nations of the\n north, &c. His style is censured by some as low, and unworthy of\n an historian. The commentaries of Olympiodorus on the _Meteora_ of\n Aristotle, were edited with Aldus Manutius, 1550, in folio.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n Athenian officer, present at the battle of Plat\u00e6a, where he behaved\n with great valour. _Plutarch._\n\n=Olympius=, a surname of Jupiter at Olympia, where the god had a\n celebrated temple and statue, which passed for one of the seven\n wonders of the world. It was the work of Phidias. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 7, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Carthage, called also Nemesianus.\n _See:_ Nemesianus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A favourite at the court of Honorius, who\n was the cause of Stilicho\u2019s death.\n\n=Olympus=, a physician of Cleopatra queen of Egypt, who wrote some\n historical treatises. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet and musician\n of Mysia, son of M\u00e6on and disciple to Marsyas. He lived before the\n Trojan war, and distinguished himself by his amatory elegies, his\n hymns, and particularly the beautiful airs which he composed, and\n which were still preserved in the age of Aristophanes. _Plato_,\n _Minos_.\u2015\u2015_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another musician of\n Phrygia, who lived in the age of Midas. He is frequently confounded\n with the preceding. _Pollux_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hercules\n and Eub\u0153a. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Macedonia and Thessaly,\n now _Lacha_. The ancients supposed that it touched the heavens with\n its top; and, from that circumstance, they have placed the residence\n of the gods there, and have made it the court of Jupiter. It is about\n one mile and a half in perpendicular height, and is covered with\n pleasant woods, caves, and grottoes. On the top of the mountain,\n according to the notions of the poets, there was neither wind nor\n rain, nor clouds, but an eternal spring. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bks. 2, 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n mountain of Mysia, called the Mysian Olympus, a name which it still\n preserves.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Elis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Arcadia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in\n the island of Cyprus, now _Santa Croce_. Some suppose the Olympus of\n Mysia and of Cilicia to be the same.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town on the coast of Lycia.\n\n=Olympusa=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Olynthus=, a celebrated town and republic of Macedonia, on the isthmus\n of the peninsula of Pallene. It became famous for its flourishing\n situation, and for its frequent disputes with the Athenians and\n Laced\u00e6monians, and with king Philip, who destroyed it, and sold\n the inhabitants for slaves. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _de Cohibenda Ira_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 127.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 9.\n\n=Olyras=, a river near Thermopyl\u00e6, which, as the mythologists report,\n attempted to extinguish the funeral pile on which Hercules was\n consumed. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Olyzon=, a town of Thessaly.\n\n=Omarius=, a Laced\u00e6monian sent to Darius, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\n\n=Ombi= and =Tentyra=, two neighbouring cities of Egypt, whose\n inhabitants were always in discord one with another. _Juvenal_,\n satire 15, li. 35.\n\n=Ombri.= _See:_ \u2666Umbria.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Umbri\u2019 replaced with \u2018Umbria\u2019 to match listing\n\n=Om\u014fle=, or =Hom\u014fle=, a mountain of Thessaly. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7,\n li. 675.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There were some festivals called _Homoleia_, which were\n celebrated in B\u0153otia in honour of Jupiter, surnamed _Homoleius_.\n\n=Omophagia=, a festival in honour of Bacchus. The word signifies _the\n eating of raw flesh_. _See:_ Dionysia.\n\n=Omph\u0103le=, a queen of Lydia, daughter of Jardanus. She married Tmolus,\n who, at his death, left her mistress of his kingdom. Omphale had\n been informed of the great exploits of Hercules, and wished to see\n so illustrious a hero. Her wish was soon gratified. After the murder\n of Eurytus, Hercules fell sick, and was ordered to be sold as a slave,\n that he might recover his health, and the right use of his senses.\n Mercury was commissioned to sell him, and Omphale bought him, and\n restored him to liberty. The hero became enamoured of his mistress,\n and the queen favoured his passion, and had a son by him, whom some\n call Agelaus, and others Lamon. From this son were descended Gyges\n and Cr\u0153sus; but this opinion is different from the account which\n makes these Lydian monarchs spring from Alc\u00e6us, a son of Hercules by\n Malis, one of the female servants of Omphale. Hercules is represented\n by the poets as so desperately enamoured of the queen that, to\n conciliate her esteem, he spins by her side among her women, while\n she covers herself with the lion\u2019s skin, and arms herself with the\n club of the hero, and often strikes him with her sandals for the\n uncouth manner with which he holds the distaff, &c. Their fondness\n was mutual. As they once travelled together, they came to a grotto\n on mount Tmolus, where the queen dressed herself in the habit of her\n lover, and obliged him to appear in a female garment. After they had\n supped, they both retired to rest in different rooms, as a sacrifice\n on the morrow to Bacchus required. In the night, Faunus, or rather\n Pan, who was enamoured of Omphale, introduced himself into the cave.\n He went to the bed of the queen, but the lion\u2019s skin persuaded him\n that it was the dress of Hercules, and therefore he repaired to the\n bed of Hercules, in hopes to find there the object of his affection.\n The female dress of Hercules deceived him, and he laid himself down\n by his side. The hero was awakened, and kicked the intruder into\n the middle of the cave. The noise awoke Omphale, and Faunus was\n discovered lying on the ground, greatly disappointed and ashamed.\n _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 305, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9;\n bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 11,\n li. 17.\n\n=Omph\u0103los=, a place of Crete, sacred to Jupiter, on the borders of the\n river Triton. It received its name from the umbilical cord (\u1f40\u03bc\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2)\n of Jupiter, which fell there soon after his birth. _Diodorus._\n\n=Omphis=, a king of India, who delivered himself up to Alexander the\n Great. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 12.\n\n=On\u00e6um=, or =O\u00e6neum=, a promontory and town of Dalmatia. _Livy_, bk. 43,\n ch. 19.\n\n=On\u0101rus=, a priest of Bacchus, who is supposed to have married Ariadne\n after she had been abandoned by Theseus. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\n\n=Onas\u012dmus=, a sophist of Athens, who flourished in the reign of\n Constantine.\n\n=On\u0101tas=, a famous statuary of \u00c6gina son of Micon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,\n ch. 42.\n\n=Onchem\u012btes=, a wind which blows from Onchesmus, a harbour of\n Epirus, towards Italy. The word is sometimes spelt _Anchesites_\n and _Anchemites_. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Ptolem\u00e6us._\n\n=Onchestus=, a town of B\u0153otia, founded by Onchestus, a son of Neptune.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 26.\n\n=Oneion=, a place of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.\n\n=Onesicr\u012dtus=, a cynic philosopher of \u00c6gina, who went with Alexander\n into Asia, and was sent to the Indian Gymnosophists. He wrote a\n history of the king\u2019s life, which has been censured for the romantic,\n exaggerated, and improbable narrative it gives. It is asserted that\n Alexander, upon reading it, said that he should be glad to come to\n life again for some time, to see what reception the historian\u2019s work\n met with. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 10.\n\n=Ones\u012dmus=, a Macedonian nobleman, treated with great kindness by the\n Roman emperors. He wrote an account of the life of the emperor Probus,\n and of Carus, with great precision and elegance.\n\n=Onesippus=, a son of Hercules. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Onesius=, a king of Salamis, who revolted from the Persians.\n\n=Onetor\u012ddes=, an Athenian officer, who attempted to murder the garrison\n which Demetrius had stationed at Athens, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Onium=, a place of Peloponnesus, near Corinth.\n\n=Onoba=, a town near the columns of Hercules. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Onobala=, a river of Sicily.\n\n=Onoch\u014fnus=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the Peneus. It was dried\n up by the army of Xerxes. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 196.\n\n=Onomacr\u012dtus=, a soothsayer of Athens. It is generally believed that\n the Greek poem on the Argonautic expedition, attributed to Orpheus,\n was written by Onomacritus. The elegant poems of Mus\u00e6us are also, by\n some, supposed to be the production of his pen. He flourished about\n 516 years before the christian era, and was expelled from Athens by\n Hipparchus, one of the sons of Pisistratus. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Locrian, who wrote concerning laws, &c. _Aristotle_, bk. 2,\n _Politics_.\n\n=Onomarchus=, a Phocian, son of Euthycrates and brother of Philomelus,\n whom he succeeded, as general of his countrymen, in the sacred\n war. After exploits of valour and perseverance, he was defeated\n and slain in Thessaly by Philip of Macedon, who ordered his body to\n be ignominiously hung up, for the sacrilege offered to the temple\n of Delphi. He died 353 B.C. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man to whose care Antigonus entrusted the\n keeping of Eumenes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.\n\n=Onomastor\u012ddes=, a Laced\u00e6monian ambassador sent to Darius, &c.\n _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\n\n=Onomastus=, a freedman of the emperor Otho. _Tacitus._\n\n=Onophas=, one of the seven Persians who conspired against the usurper\n Smerdis. _Ctesias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer in the expedition of Xerxes against\n Greece.\n\n=Onosander=, a Greek writer, whose book _De Imperatoris Institutione_\n has been edited by Schwebel, with a French translation, folio,\n Nuremberg, 1752.\n\n=Onythes=, a friend of \u00c6neas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 12, li. 514.\n\n=Opalia=, festivals celebrated by the Romans, in honour of Ops, on the\n 14th of the calends of January.\n\n=Oph\u0113las=, a general of Cyrene, defeated by Agathocles.\n\n=Opheltes=, a son of Lycurgus king of Thrace. He is the same as\n Archemorus. _See:_ Archemorus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Euryalus, whose\n friendship with Nisus is proverbial. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 201.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the companions of Ac\u0153tes, changed into a dolphin\n by Bacchus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fable 8.\n\n=Ophensis=, a town of Africa. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 50.\n\n=Ophi\u0103des=, an island on the coast of Arabia, so called from the great\n number of serpents found there. It belonged to the Egyptian kings,\n and was considered valuable for the topaz it produced. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 3.\n\n=Ophias=, a patronymic given to Combe, as daughter of Ophius, an\n unknown person. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 382.\n\n=Ophioneus=, was an ancient soothsayer in the age of Aristodemus. He\n was born blind.\n\n=Ophis=, a small river of Arcadia, which falls into the Alpheus.\n\n=Ophi\u016bsa=, the ancient name of Rhodes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small island near Crete.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Sarmatia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island near the Baleares, so called\n from the number of serpents which it produced (\u1f40\u03c6\u03b9\u03c2, _serpens_). It\n is now called _Formentera_.\n\n=Ophrynium=, a town of Troas on the Hellespont. Hector had a grove\n there. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n\n=Op\u012dci=, the ancient inhabitants of Campania, from whose mean\n occupations the word _Opicus_ has been used to express disgrace.\n _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 207.\n\n=Opilius=, a grammarian who flourished about 94 years before Christ. He\n wrote a book called _Libri Musarum_.\n\n=Lucius Opimius=, a Roman who made himself consul in opposition to\n the interests and efforts of the Gracchi. He showed himself a most\n inveterate enemy to Caius Gracchus and his adherents, and behaved,\n during his consulship, like a dictator. He was accused of bribery,\n and banished. He died of want at Dyrrachium. _Cicero_, _For Sestius_,\n _For Plancius_, & _Against Piso_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman, who killed\n one of the Cimbri in single combat.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rich usurer at Rome in the\n age of Horace, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 142.\n\n=Opis=, a town on the Tigris, afterwards called Antiochia. _Xenophon_,\n _Anabasis_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nymph who was among Diana\u2019s attendants.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, lis. 532 & 867.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town near the mouth\n of the Tigris.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Cyrene\u2019s attendants. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 4, li. 343.\n\n=Op\u012dter=, a Roman consul, &c.\n\n=Opiterg\u012bni=, a people near Aquileia, on the Adriatic. Their chief city\n was called _Opitergum_, now _Oderso_. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 416.\n\n=Op\u012btes=, a native of Argos, killed by Hector in the Trojan war.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_.\n\n=Oppia=, a vestal virgin, buried alive for her incontinence.\n\n=Oppia lex=, by Caius Oppius the tribune, A.U.C. 540. It required that\n no woman should wear above half an ounce of gold, have party-coloured\n garments, or be carried in any city or town, or to any place within\n a mile\u2019s distance, unless it was to celebrate some sacred festivals\n or solemnities. This famous law, which was made while Annibal was\n in Italy, and while Rome was in distressed circumstances, created\n discontent, and, 18 years after, the Roman ladies petitioned the\n assembly of the people that it might be repealed. Cato opposed it\n strongly, and made many satirical reflections upon the women for\n their appearing in public to solicit votes. The tribune Valerius, who\n had presented their petition to the assembly, answered the objections\n of Cato, and his eloquence had such an influence on the minds of\n the people, that the law was instantly abrogated with the unanimous\n consent of all the _comitia_, Cato alone excepted. _Livy_, bks. 33\n & 34.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3.\n\n=Oppi\u0101nus=, a Greek poet of Cilicia in the second century. His father\u2019s\n name was Agesilaus, and his mother\u2019s Zenodota. He wrote some poems,\n celebrated for their elegance and sublimity. Two of his poems are\n now extant, five books on fishing called _alieuticon_, and four on\n hunting called _cynegeticon_. The emperor Caracalla was so pleased\n with his poetry, that he gave him a piece of gold for every verse of\n his cynegeticon; from which circumstance the poem received the name\n of the golden verses of Oppian. The poet died of the plague in the\n 30th year of his age. His countrymen raised statues to his honour,\n and engraved on his tomb that the gods had hastened to call back\n Oppian in the flower of youth, only because he had already excelled\n all mankind. The best edition of his works is that of Schneider, 8vo,\n Strasbourg, 1776.\n\n=Oppidius=, a rich old man introduced by Horace, bk. 2, satire 3,\n li. 168, as wisely dividing his possessions among his two sons, and\n warning them against those follies and that extravagance which he\n believed he saw rising in them.\n\n=Caius Oppius=, a friend of Julius C\u00e6sar, celebrated for his life of\n Scipio Africanus, and of Pompey the Great. In the latter he paid not\n much regard to historical facts, and took every opportunity to defame\n Pompey, to extol the character of his patron C\u00e6sar. In the age of\n Suetonius, he was deemed the true author of the Alexandrian, African,\n and Spanish wars, which some attribute to C\u00e6sar, and others to Aulus\n Hirtius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_, ch. 53.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer sent by the Romans against Mithridates. He met with\n ill success, and was sent in chains to the king, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who\n saved his aged father from the dagger of the triumvirate.\n\n=Ops= (_opis_), a daughter of C\u0153lus and Terra, the same as the Rhea\n of the Greeks, who married Saturn, and became mother of Jupiter.\n She was known among the ancients by the different names of _Cybele_,\n _Bona Dea_, _Magna Mater_, _Thya_, _Tellus_, _Proserpina_, and even\n of _Juno_ and _Minerva_; and the worship which was paid to these\n apparently several deities was offered merely to one and the same\n person, mother of the gods. The word _Ops_ seems to be derived from\n _Opus_; because the goddess, who is the same as the earth, gives\n nothing without _labour_. Tatius built her a temple at Rome. She was\n generally represented as a matron, with her right hand opened, as if\n offering assistance to the helpless, and holding a loaf in her left\n hand. Her festivals were called _Opalia_, &c. _Varro_, _de Lingua\n Latina_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_,\n poem 4, li. 68.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 19, ch. 6.\n\n=Opt\u0101tus=, one of the fathers, whose works were edited by Du Pin, folio,\n Paris, 1700.\n\n=Opt\u012dmus Maximus=, epithets given to Jupiter to denote his greatness,\n omnipotence, and supreme goodness. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,\n bk. 2, ch. 25.\n\n=Opus= (_opuntis_), a city of Locris, on the Asopus, destroyed by an\n earthquake. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 28,\n ch. 7.\n\n=Ora=, a town in India, taken by Alexander.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Jupiter\u2019s\n mistresses.\n\n=Orac\u016dlum=, an answer of the gods to the questions of men, or the\n place where those answers were given. Nothing is more famous than the\n ancient oracles of Egypt, Greece, Rome, &c. They were supposed to be\n the will of the gods themselves, and they were consulted, not only\n upon every important matter, but even in the affairs of private life.\n To make peace or war, to introduce a change of government, to plant a\n colony, to enact laws, to raise an edifice, to marry, were sufficient\n reasons to consult the will of the gods. Mankind, in consulting them,\n showed that they wished to pay implicit obedience to the command\n of the divinity, and, when they had been favoured with an answer,\n they acted with more spirit and with more vigour, conscious that the\n undertaking had met with the sanction and approbation of heaven. In\n this, therefore, it will not appear wonderful that so many places\n were sacred to oracular purposes. The small province of B\u0153otia could\n once boast of her 25 oracles, and Peloponnesus of the same number.\n Not only the chief of the gods gave oracles, but, in process of time,\n heroes were admitted to enjoy the same privileges; and the oracles\n of a Trophonius and an Antinous were soon able to rival the fame of\n Apollo and of Jupiter. The most celebrated oracles of antiquity were\n those of Dodona, Delphi, Jupiter Ammon, &c. _See:_ Dodona, Delphi,\n Ammon. The temple of Delphi seemed to claim a superiority over the\n other temples; its fame was once more extended, and its riches were\n so great, that not only private persons, but even kings and numerous\n armies, made it an object of plunder and of rapine. The manner\n of delivering oracles was different. A priestess at Delphi [_See:_\n Pythia] was permitted to pronounce the oracles of the god, and her\n delivery of the answers was always attended with acts of apparent\n madness and desperate fury. Not only women but even doves, were the\n ministers of the temple of Dodona; and the suppliant votary was often\n startled to hear his questions readily answered by the decayed trunk\n or the spreading branches of a neighbouring oak. Ammon conveyed his\n answers in a plain and open manner; but Amphiaraus required many\n ablutions and preparatory ceremonies, and he generally communicated\n his oracles to his suppliants in dreams and visions. Sometimes\n the first words that were heard, after issuing from the temple,\n were deemed the answers of the oracles, and sometimes the nodding\n or shaking of the head of the statue, the motions of fishes in a\n neighbouring lake, or their reluctance in accepting the food which\n was offered to them, were as strong and valid as the most express and\n the minutest explanations. The answers were also sometimes given in\n verse, or written on tablets, but their meaning was always obscure,\n and often the cause of disaster to such as consulted them. Cr\u0153sus,\n when he consulted the oracle of Delphi, was told that, if he crossed\n the Halys, he should destroy a great empire; he supposed that that\n empire was the empire of his enemy, but unfortunately it was his own.\n The words of _Credo te, \u00c6acida, Romanos vincere posse_, which Pyrrhus\n received when he wished to assist the Tarentines against the Romans,\n by a favourable interpretation for himself, proved his ruin. Nero\n was ordered by the oracle of Delphi to beware of 73 years; but the\n pleasing idea that he should live to that age, rendered him careless,\n and he was soon convinced of his mistake, when Galba, in his 73rd\n year, had the presumption to dethrone him. It is a question among\n the learned whether the oracles were given by the inspiration of evil\n spirits, or whether they proceeded from the imposture of the priests.\n Imposture, however, and forgery cannot long flourish, and falsehood\n becomes its own destroyer; and, on the contrary, it is well known\n how much confidence an enlightened age, therefore, much more the\n credulous and the superstitious, place upon dreams and romantic\n stories. Some have strongly believed that all the oracles of the\n earth ceased at the birth of Christ, but the supposition is false.\n It was, indeed, the beginning of their decline; but they remained in\n repute, and were consulted, though perhaps not so frequently, till\n the fourth century, when christianity began to triumph over paganism.\n The oracles often suffered themselves to be bribed. Alexander did it,\n but it is well known that Lysander failed in the attempt. Herodotus,\n who first mentioned the corruption which often prevailed in the\n oracular temples of Greece and Egypt, has been severely treated for\n his remarks by the historian Plutarch. Demosthenes is also a witness\n of the corruption, and he observed that the oracles of Greece were\n servilely subservient to the will and pleasure of Philip king of\n Macedon, as he beautifully expresses it by the word \u03c6\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03c0\u03b9\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd. If\n some of the Greeks, and other European and Asiatic countries, paid\n so much attention to oracles, and were so fully persuaded of their\n veracity, and even divinity, many of their leading men and of their\n philosophers were apprised of their deceit, and paid no regard to\n the command of priests, whom money could corrupt, and interposition\n silence. The Egyptians showed themselves the most superstitious\n of mankind, by their blind acquiescence to the imposition of the\n priests, who persuaded them that the safety and happiness of their\n life depended upon the mere motions of an ox, or the tameness of\n a crocodile. _Homer_, _Iliad_; _Odyssey_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bks. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 5, 7, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_;\n _Agesilaus_; _De Herodoti Malignitate_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_\n bk. 1, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 37.\n \u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Lysander_.\n \u2015\u2015_Aristophanes_, _Knights_ & _Wealth_.\u2015\u2015_Demosthenes_, _Philippics_.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1.\n\n=Or\u00e6a=, a small country of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Certain solemn sacrifices of fruits offered in the four seasons\n of the year, to obtain mild and temperate weather. They were offered\n to the goddesses who presided over the seasons, who attended upon the\n sun, and who received divine worship at Athens.\n\n=Orasus=, a man who killed Ptolemy the son of Pyrrhus.\n\n=Orates=, a river of European Scythia. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4,\n poem 10, li. 47. As this river is not now known, Vossius reads Cretes,\n a river which is found in Scythia. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 4, li. 719.\n \u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 4.\n\n=Orbelus=, a mountain of Thrace or Macedonia.\n\n=Orb\u012dlius Pupillus=, a grammarian of Beneventum, who was the first\n instructor of the poet Horace. He came to Rome in the consulship\n of Cicero, and there, as a public teacher, acquired more fame than\n money. He was naturally of a severe disposition, of which his pupils\n often felt the effects. He lived almost to his 100th year, and lost\n his memory some time before his death. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the\n Grammarians_, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 71.\n\n=Orbitanium=, a town of the Samnites. _Livy_, bk. 24, ch. 20.\n\n=Orb\u014dna=, a mischievous goddess at Rome, who, as it was supposed, made\n children die. Her temple at Rome was near that of the gods Lares.\n _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Orc\u0103des=, islands on the northern coasts of Britain, now called\n the _Orkneys_. They were unknown till Britain was discovered to be\n an island by Agricola, who presided there as governor. _Tacitus_,\n _Agricola_.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_ satire 2, li. 161.\n\n=Orch\u0101lis=, an eminence of B\u0153otia, near Haliartus, called also Alopecos.\n _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.\n\n=Orch\u0103mus=, a king of Assyria, father of Leucothoe by Eurynome.\n He buried his daughter alive for her amours with Apollo. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 212.\n\n=Orchia lex=, by Orchius the tribune, A.U.C. 566. It was enacted\n to limit the number of guests that were to be admitted at an\n entertainment; and it also enforced that, during supper, which was\n the chief meal among the Romans, the doors of every house should be\n left open.\n\n=Orchom\u0115nus=, or =Orchom\u0115num=, a town of B\u0153otia, at the west of\n the lake Copais. It was anciently called _Minyeia_, and from\n that circumstance the inhabitants were often called _Minyans_ of\n Orchomenos. There was at Orchomenos a celebrated temple, built by\n Eteocles son of Cephisus, sacred to the Graces, who were from thence\n called the Orchomenian goddesses. The inhabitants founded Teos in\n conjunction with the Ionians, under the sons of Codrus. _Pliny_, bk.\n 4, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 146.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 37.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Arcadia, at the north of Mantinea.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Thessaly, with a river of the\n same name. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Lycaon king of Arcadia, who gave his\n name to a city of Arcadia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Minyas\n king of B\u0153otia, who gave the name of Orchomenians to his subjects.\n He died without issue, and the crown devolved to Clymenus the son of\n Presbon, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.\n\n=Orcus=, one of the names of the god of hell, the same as Pluto, though\n confounded by some with Charon. He had a temple at Rome. The word\n _Orcus_ is generally used to signify the infernal regions. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, ode 29, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 502, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 116.\n\n=Orcynia=, a place of Cappadocia, where Eumenes was defeated by\n Antigonus.\n\n=Ordessus=, a river of Scythia, which falls into the Ister. _Herodotus._\n\n=Ordovices=, the people of North Wales in Britain, mentioned by\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 53.\n\n=Ore\u0103des=, nymphs of the mountains (\u1f40\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, _mons_), daughters of\n Phoroneus and Hecate. Some call them Orestiades, and give them\n Jupiter for father. They generally attended upon Diana, and\n accompanied her in hunting. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 504.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 787.\n\n=Oreas=, a son of Hercules and Chryseis.\n\n=Orest\u00e6=, a people of Epirus. They received their name from Orestes,\n who fled to Epirus when cured of his insanity. _Lucan_, bk. 3,\n li. 249.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 34.\n\n=Orestes=, a son of \u2666Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. When his father was\n cruelly murdered by Clytemnestra and \u00c6gisthus, young Orestes was\n saved from his mother\u2019s dagger by means of his sister Electra, called\n Laodicea by Homer, and he was privately conveyed to the house of\n Strophius, who was king of Phocis, and who had married a sister of\n Agamemnon. He was tenderly treated by Strophius, who educated him\n with his son Pylades. The two young princes soon became acquainted,\n and, from their familiarity, arose the most inviolable attachment\n and friendship. When Orestes was arrived to the years of manhood, he\n visited Mycen\u00e6, and avenged his father\u2019s death by assassinating his\n mother Clytemnestra, and her adulterer \u00c6gisthus. The manner in which\n he committed this murder is variously reported. According to \u00c6schylus\n he was commissioned by Apollo to avenge his father, and, therefore,\n he introduced himself, with his friend Pylades, at the court of\n Mycen\u00e6, pretending to bring the news of the death of Orestes from\n king Strophius. He was at first received with coldness, and when\n he came into the presence of \u00c6gisthus, who wished to inform himself\n of the particulars, he murdered him, and soon after Clytemnestra\n shared the adulterer\u2019s fate. Euripides and Sophocles mention the same\n circumstance. \u00c6gisthus was assassinated after Clytemnestra, according\n to Sophocles; and, in Euripides, Orestes is represented as murdering\n the adulterer, while he offers a sacrifice to the nymphs. This\n murder, as the poet mentions, irritates the guards, who were present,\n but Orestes appeases their fury by telling them who he is, and\n immediately he is acknowledged king of the country. Afterwards he\n stabs his mother, at the instigation of his sister Electra, after he\n has upbraided her for her infidelity and cruelty to her husband. Such\n meditated murders receive the punishment which, among the ancients,\n was always supposed to attend parricide. Orestes is tormented by the\n Furies, and exiles himself to Argos, where he is still pursued by the\n avengeful goddesses. Apollo himself purifies him, and he is acquitted\n by the unanimous opinion of the Areopagites, whom Minerva herself\n instituted on this occasion, according to the narration of the\n poet \u00c6schylus, who flatters the Athenians in his tragical story, by\n representing them as passing judgment even upon the gods themselves.\n According to Pausanias, Orestes was purified of the murder, not at\n Delphi, but at Tr\u0153zene, where still was seen a large stone at the\n entrance of Diana\u2019s temple, upon which the ceremonies of purification\n had been performed by nine of the principal citizens of the place.\n There was also, at Megalopolis in Arcadia, a temple dedicated to the\n Furies, near which Orestes cut off one of his fingers with his teeth\n in a fit of insanity. These different traditions are confuted by\n Euripides, who says that Orestes, after the murder of his mother,\n consulted the oracle of Apollo at Delphi, where he was informed that\n nothing could deliver him from the persecutions of the Furies, if he\n did not bring into Greece Diana\u2019s statue, which was in the Taurica\n Chersonesus, and which, as it is reported by some, had fallen\n down from heaven. This was an arduous enterprise. The king of the\n Chersonesus always sacrificed on the altars of the goddess all such\n as entered the borders of his country. Orestes and his friend were\n both carried before Thoas the king of the place, and they were doomed\n to be sacrificed. Iphigenia was then priestess of Diana\u2019s temple,\n and it was her office to immolate these strangers. The intelligence\n that they were Grecians delayed the preparations, and Iphigenia was\n anxious to learn something about a country which had given her birth.\n _See:_ Iphigenia. She even interested herself in their misfortunes,\n and offered to spare the life of one of them provided he would convey\n letters to Greece from her hand. This was a difficult trial; never\n was friendship more truly displayed, according to the words of Ovid,\n _ex Ponto_, bk. 3, poem 2:\n\n _Ire jubet Pylades carum moriturus Orestem,\n Hic negat; inque vicem pugnat uterque mori._\n\n At last Pylades gave way to the pressing entreaties of his friend,\n and consented to carry the letters of Iphigenia to Greece. These were\n addressed to Orestes himself, and, therefore, these circumstances\n soon led to a total discovery of the connections of the priestess\n with the man whom she was going to immolate. Iphigenia was convinced\n that he was her brother Orestes, and, when the causes of their\n journey had been explained, she resolved, with the two friends, to\n fly from Chersonesus, and to carry away the statue of Diana. Their\n flight was discovered, and Thoas prepared to pursue them; but Minerva\n interfered, and told him that all had been done by the will and\n approbation of the gods. Some suppose that Orestes came to Cappadocia\n from Chersonesus, and that there he left the statue of Diana at\n Comana. Others contradict this tradition, and, according to Pausanias,\n the statue of Diana Orthia was the same as that which had been\n carried away from the Chersonesus. Some also suppose that Orestes\n brought it to Aricia, in Italy, where Diana\u2019s worship was established.\n After these celebrated adventures, Orestes ascended the throne of\n Argos, where he reigned in perfect security, and married Hermione\n the daughter of Menelaus, and gave his sister to his friend Pylades.\n The marriage of Orestes with Hermione is a matter of dispute among\n the ancients. All are agreed that she had been promised to the son\n of Agamemnon, but Menelaus had married her to Neoptolemus the son\n of Achilles, who had shown himself so truly interested in his cause\n during the Trojan war. The marriage of Hermione with Neoptolemus\n displeased Orestes; he remembered that she had been early promised to\n him, and therefore he resolved to recover her by force or artifice.\n This he effected by causing Neoptolemus to be assassinated, or\n assassinating him himself. According to Ovid\u2019s epistle of Hermione\n to Orestes, Hermione had always been faithful to her first lover,\n and even it was by her persuasion that Orestes removed her from the\n house of Neoptolemus. Hermione was dissatisfied with the partiality\n of Neoptolemus for Andromache, and her attachment for Orestes was\n increased. Euripides, however, and others, speak differently of\n Hermione\u2019s attachment to Neoptolemus: she loved him so tenderly, that\n she resolved to murder Andromache, who seemed to share, in a small\n degree, the affection of her husband. She was ready to perpetrate\n the horrid deed when Orestes came into Epirus, and she was easily\n persuaded by the foreign prince to withdraw herself, in her husband\u2019s\n absence, from a country which seemed to contribute so much to her\n sorrows. Orestes, the better to secure the affections of Hermione,\n assassinated Neoptolemus [_See:_ Neoptolemus], and retired to his\n kingdom of Argos. His old age was crowned with peace and security,\n and he died in the 90th year of his age, leaving his throne to his\n son Tisamenes by Hermione. Three years after, the Heraclid\u00e6 recovered\n the Peloponnesus, and banished the descendants of Menelaus from the\n throne of Argos. Orestes died in Arcadia, as some suppose, by the\n bite of a serpent; and the Laced\u00e6monians, who had become his subjects\n at the death of Menelaus, were directed by an oracle to bring his\n bones to Sparta. They were some time after discovered at Tegea, and\n his stature appeared to be seven cubits, according to the traditions\n mentioned by Herodotus and others. The friendship of Orestes\n and of Pylades became proverbial, and the two friends received\n divine honours among the Scythians, and were worshipped in temples.\n _Pausanias_, bks. 1, 2, 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, chs. 1 & 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 9 & 13.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Heroides_, poem 8; _Ex Ponto_, bk. 3, poem 2; _Metamorphoses_, bk.\n 15; _Ibis_.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_; _Orestes_; _Andromache_, &c. _Iphigeneia_.\n \u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _Electra_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Aeschylus_, _Eumenides_; _Agamemnon_,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Horodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 69.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 120 & 261.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_,\n _Pythian_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 33.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3, li. 304; bk. 4, li. 530.\u2015\u2015_Tzetzes_,\n _On Lycophron_, li. 1374.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Achelaus. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n man sent as ambassador, by Attila king of the Huns, to the emperor\n Theodosius. He was highly honoured at the Roman court, and his\n son Augustulus was the last emperor of the western empire.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n governor of Egypt under the Roman emperors.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A robber of Athens who\n pretended madness, &c. _Aristophanes_, _Acharnians_, li. 1166.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n general of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 108.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Agememnon\u2019 replaced with \u2018Agamemnon\u2019\n\n=Oresteum=, a town of Arcadia, about 18 miles from Sparta. It was\n founded by Orestheus, a son of Lycaon, and originally called\n _Oresthesium_, and afterwards _Oresteum_, from Orestes the son\n of Agamemnon, who resided there for some time after the murder\n of Clytemnestra. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Euripides._\n\n=Orest\u012bd\u00e6=, the descendants or subjects of Orestes the son of Agamemnon.\n They were driven from the Peloponnesus by the Heraclid\u00e6, and came\n to settle in a country which, from them, was called _Orestida_,\n at the south-west of Macedonia. Some suppose that that part of\n Greece originally received its name from Orestes, who fled and built\n there a city, which gave its founder\u2019s name to the whole province.\n _Thucydides_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 31.\n\n=Aurelia Orestilla=, a mistress of Catiline. _Cicero_, \u2666_Letters to his\n Friends_, bk. 8, ch. 7.\n\n \u2666 \u2018ad. Div. 7,\u2019 replaced with \u2018Letters to his Friends, bk. 8\u2019\n\n=Orestis=, or =Orestida=, a part of Macedonia. _Cicero_, _On the\n Responses of the Haruspices_, ch. 16.\n\n=Or\u0115t\u00e6=, a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, on the Euxine sea.\n\n=Oret\u0101ni=, a people of Spain, whose capital was _Oretum_, now _Oreto_.\n _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 11; bk. 35, ch. 7.\n\n=Oretillia=, a woman who married Caligula, by whom she was soon after\n banished.\n\n=Or\u0113um=, one of the principal towns of Eub\u0153a. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 6.\n\n=Orga=, or =Orgas=, a river of Phrygia, falling into the M\u00e6ander.\n _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Pliny._\n\n=Orgessum=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 27.\n\n=Orget\u014frix=, one of the chief men of the Helvetii, while C\u00e6sar was in\n Gaul. He formed a conspiracy against the Romans, and, when accused,\n he destroyed himself. _C\u00e6sar._\n\n=Orgia=, festivals in honour of Bacchus. They are the same as the\n _Bacchanalia_, _Dionysia_, &c., which were celebrated by the ancients\n to commemorate the triumph of Bacchus in India. _See:_ Dionysia.\n\n=Orib\u0103sus=, a celebrated physician, greatly esteemed by the emperor\n Julian, in whose reign he flourished. He abridged the works of\n Galenus, and of all the most respectable writers on physic, at the\n request of the emperor. He accompanied Julian into the east, but his\n skill proved ineffectual in attempting to cure the fatal wound which\n his benefactor had received. After Julian\u2019s death, he fell into the\n hands of the barbarians. The best edition of his works is that of\n Dundas, 4to, Leiden, 1745.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs, _ab_ \u1f40\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, _mons_,\n and (\u03b2\u03b1\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9, _scando_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.\n\n=Or\u012dcum=, or =Or\u012dcus=, a town of Epirus, on the Ionian sea, founded by\n a colony from Colchis, according to Pliny. It was called _Dardania_,\n because Helenus and Andromache, natives of Troy or Dardania, reigned\n over the country after the Trojan war. It had a celebrated harbour,\n and was greatly esteemed by the Romans on account of its situation,\n but it was not well defended. The tree which produces the turpentine\n grew there in abundance. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 136.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 24, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 89.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3,\n ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 187.\n\n=Oriens=, in ancient geography, is taken for all the most eastern parts\n of the world, such as Parthia, India, Assyria, &c.\n\n=Origen=, a Greek writer, as much celebrated for the easiness of his\n manners, his humility, and modesty, as for his learning and the\n sublimity of his genius. He was surnamed _Adamantus_, from his\n assiduity; and became so rigid a christian that he made himself\n a eunuch, by following the literal sense of a passage in the\n Greek testament, which speaks of the voluntary eunuchs of Christ.\n He suffered martyrdom in his 69th year, A.D. 254. His works\n were excellent and numerous, and contained a number of homilies,\n commentaries on the Holy Scriptures, and different treatises, besides\n the _Hexapla_, so called from its being divided into six columns, the\n first of which contained the Hebrew text, the second the same text\n in Greek characters, the third the Greek version of the Septuagint,\n the fourth that of Aquila, the fifth that of Symmachus, and the sixth\n Theodotion\u2019s Greek version. This famous work first gave the hint for\n the compilation of our Polyglot Bibles. The works of Origen have been\n learnedly edited by the Benedictine monks, though the whole is not\n yet completed, in 4 vols., folio, Paris, 1733, 1740, and 1759. The\n Hexapla was published in 8vo, at Lipscomb, 1769, by Carl Friedrich\n Bahrdt.\n\n=Or\u012bgo=, a courtesan in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2,\n li. 55.\n\n=Orinus=, a river of Sicily.\n\n=Oriob\u0103tes=, a general of Darius at the battle of Arbela, &c. _Curtius_,\n bk. 4.\n\n=Or\u012bon=, a celebrated giant sprung from the urine of Jupiter, Neptune,\n and Mercury. These three gods, as they travelled over B\u0153otia, met\n with great hospitality from Hyrieus, a peasant of the country, who\n was ignorant of their dignity and character. They were entertained\n with whatever the cottage afforded, and, when Hyrieus had discovered\n that they were gods, because Neptune told him to fill up Jupiter\u2019s\n cup with wine, after he had served it before the rest, the old man\n welcomed them by the voluntary sacrifice of an ox. Pleased with his\n piety, the gods promised to grant him whatever he required, and the\n old man, who had lately lost his wife, to whom he had promised never\n to marry again, desired them that, as he was childless, they would\n give him a son without another marriage. The gods consented, and\n they ordered him to bury in the ground the skin of the victim, into\n which they had all three made water. Hyrieus did as they commanded,\n and when, nine months after, he dug for the skin, he found in it\n a beautiful child, whom he called _Urion, ab urin\u00e2_. The name was\n changed into Orion, by the corruption of one letter, as Ovid says,\n _Perdidit antiquum littera prima sonum_. Orion soon rendered himself\n celebrated, and Diana took him among her attendants, and even became\n deeply enamoured of him. His gigantic stature, however, displeased\n \u0152nopion king of Chios, whose daughter Hero or Merope he demanded\n in marriage. The king, not to deny him openly, promised to make him\n his son-in-law as soon as he delivered his island from wild beasts.\n This task, which \u0152nopion deemed impracticable, was soon performed\n by Orion, who eagerly demanded his reward. \u0152nopion, on pretence of\n complying, intoxicated his illustrious guest, and put out his eyes\n on the seashore, where he had laid himself down to sleep. Orion,\n finding himself blind when he awoke, was conducted by the sound\n to a neighbouring forge, where he placed one of the workmen on his\n back, and by his directions, went to a place where the rising sun\n was seen with the greatest advantage. Here he turned his face towards\n the luminary, and, as it is reported, he immediately recovered his\n eyesight, and hastened to punish the perfidious cruelty of \u0152nopion.\n It is said that Orion was an excellent workman in iron, and that he\n fabricated a subterraneous palace for Vulcan. Aurora, whom Venus had\n inspired with love, carried him away to the island of Delos, to enjoy\n his company with the greater security; but Diana, who was jealous\n of this, destroyed Orion with her arrows. Some say that Orion had\n provoked Diana\u2019s resentment, by offering violence to Opis, one of her\n female attendants, or, according to others, because he had attempted\n the virtue of the goddess herself. According to Ovid, Orion died\n of the bite of a scorpion, which the earth produced, to punish his\n vanity in boasting that there was not on earth any animal which he\n could not conquer. Some say that Orion was the son of Neptune and\n Euryale, and that he had received from his father the privilege and\n power of walking over the sea without wetting his feet. Others made\n him son of Terra, like the rest of the giants. He had married a nymph\n called Sida before his connection with the family of \u0152nopion; but\n Sida was the cause of her own death, by boasting herself fairer than\n Juno. According to Diodorus, Orion was a celebrated hunter, superior\n to the rest of mankind by his strength and uncommon stature. He built\n the port of Zancle, and fortified the coast of Sicily against the\n frequent inundations of the sea, by heaping a mound of earth, called\n Pelorum, on which he built a temple to the gods of the sea. After\n death, Orion was placed in heaven, where one of the constellations\n still bears his name. The constellation of Orion, placed near the\n feet of the bull, is composed of 17 stars, in the form of a man\n holding a sword, which has given occasion to the poets often to speak\n of Orion\u2019s sword. As the constellation of Orion, which rises about\n the 9th day of March, and sets about the 21st of June, is generally\n supposed to be accompanied, at its rising, with great rains and\n storms, it has acquired the epithet of _aquosus_, given it by Virgil.\n Orion was buried in the island of Delos, and the monument which the\n people of Tanagra in B\u0153otia showed, as containing the remains of this\n celebrated hero, was nothing but a cenotaph. The daughters of Orion\n distinguished themselves as much as their father; and when the oracle\n had declared that B\u0153otia should not be delivered from a dreadful\n pestilence before two of Jupiter\u2019s children were immolated on the\n altars, they joyfully accepted the offer, and voluntarily sacrificed\n themselves for the good of their country. Their names were Menippe\n and Metioche. They had been carefully educated by Diana, and Venus\n and Minerva had made them very rich and valuable presents. The\n deities of hell were struck at the patriotism of the two females,\n and immediately two stars were seen to arise from the earth, which\n still smoked with the blood, and they were placed in the heavens in\n the form of a crown. According to Ovid, their bodies were burned by\n the Thebans, and from their ashes arose two persons whom the gods\n soon after changed into constellations. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 5, li. 121; bk. 11, li. 309.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3,\n li. 517.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bks. 8 & 13; _Fasti_, bk. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 125, & _Poetica\n Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 44, &c.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 13; bk. 3,\n odes 4 & 27; _Epodes_, poem 10, &c.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Catullus_,\n _Carmina_.\u2015\u2015_Pal\u00e6phatus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Parthenius_, _Narrationes\n Amatoriae_, ch. 20.\n\n=Orissus=, a prince of Spain, who put Hamilcar to flight, &c.\n\n=Orisulla Livia=, a Roman matron, taken away from Piso, &c.\n\n=Or\u012bt\u00e6=, a people of India, who submitted to Alexander, &c. _Strabo_,\n bk. 15.\n\n=Orithyia=, a daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens by Praxithea.\n She was courted and carried away by Boreas king of Thrace, as she\n crossed the Ilissus, and became mother of Cleopatra, Chione, Zetus,\n and Calais. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\n \u2015\u2015_Orpheus._\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 706; _Fasti_,\n bk. 5, li. 204.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 5, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n the Nereides.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Cecrops, who bore Europus to Macedon.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Amazons, famous for her warlike and intrepid spirit.\n _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Or\u012dtias=, one of the hunters of the Calydonian boar. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, fable 8.\n\n=Oriundus=, a river of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 31.\n\n=Orm\u0115nus=, a king of Thessaly, son of Cercaphus. He built a town which\n was called Ormenium. He was father of Amyntor. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 9, li. 448.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who settled at Rhodes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Eurypylus,\n &c.\n\n=Ornea=, a town of Argolis, famous for a battle fought there between\n the Laced\u00e6monians and Argives. _Diodorus._\n\n=Orneates=, a surname of Priapus, at Ornea.\n\n=Orneus=, a centaur, son of Ixion and the Cloud. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 302.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Erechtheus king of\n Athens, who built Ornea in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 25.\n\n=Ornithi\u00e6=, a wind blowing from the north in the spring, and so called\n from the appearance of birds (\u1f40\u03c1\u03bd\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c2, _aves_). _Columella_, bk. 11,\n ch. 2.\n\n=Orn\u012btron=, a town of Ph\u0153nicia between Tyre and Sidon.\n\n=Ornitus=, a friend of \u00c6neas, killed by Camilla in the Rutulian wars.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 677.\n\n=Ornosp\u0103des=, a Parthian, driven from his country by Artabanus. He\n assisted Tiberius, and was made governor of Macedonia, &c. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 37.\n\n=Ornytion=, a son of Sisyphus king of Corinth, father of Phocus.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 17.\n\n=Ornytus=, a man of Cyzicus, killed by the Argonauts, &c. _Valerius\n Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 173.\n\n=Oroanda=, a town of Pisidia, now Haviran. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 18.\n\n=Orobia=, a town of Eub\u0153a.\n\n=Orobii=, a people of Italy, near Milan.\n\n=Or\u014ddes=, a prince of Parthia, who murdered his brother Mithridates,\n and ascended his throne. He defeated Crassus the Roman triumvir, and\n poured melted gold down the throat of his fallen enemy, to reproach\n him for his avarice and ambition. He followed the interest of Cassius\n and Brutus at Philippi. It is said that, when Orodes became old and\n infirm, his 30 children applied to him, and disputed in his presence\n their right to the succession. Phraates, the eldest of them, obtained\n the crown from his father, and to hasten him out of the world, he\n attempted to poison him. The poison had no effect; and Phraates,\n still determined on his father\u2019s death, strangled him with his own\n hands, about 37 years before the christian era. Orodes had then\n reigned about 50 years. _Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another king of Parthia, murdered for his cruelty.\n _Josephus_, bk. 18, _Jewish Antiquities_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Artabanus king\n of Armenia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the friends\n of \u00c6neas in Italy, killed by Mezentius. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n li. 732, &c.\n\n=Or\u0153tes=, a Persian governor of Sardis, famous for his cruel murder of\n Polycrates. He died B.C. 521. _Herodotus._\n\n=Orom\u0115don=, a lofty mountain in the island of Cos. _Theocritus_, poem 7.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A giant. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 48.\n\n=Orontas=, a relation of Artaxerxes, sent to Cyprus, where he made\n peace with Evagoras, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 7.\n\n\u2666=Orontes=, a satrap of Mysia, B.C. 385, who rebelled from Artaxerxes,\n &c. _Poly\u00e6nus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Armenia. _Poly\u00e6nus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of\n the Lycians during the Trojan war, who followed \u00c6neas, and perished\n in a shipwreck. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 117; bk. 6, li. 34.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Syria (now _Asi_), rising in C\u0153losyria, and falling,\n after a rapid and troubled course, into the Mediterranean, below\n Antioch. According to Strabo, who mentions some fabulous accounts\n concerning it, the Orontes disappeared under ground for the space of\n five miles. The word _Oronteus_ is often used as Syrius. _Dionysius\n Periegetes._\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 248.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 20.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Orantes\u2019 replaced with \u2018Orontes\u2019\n\n=Orophernes=, a man who seized the kingdom of Cappadocia. He died\n B.C. 154.\n\n=Or\u014dpus=, a town of B\u0153otia, on the borders of Attica, near the Euripus,\n which received its name from Oropus, a son of Macedon. It was the\n frequent cause of quarrels between the B\u0153otians and the Athenians,\n whence some have called it one of the cities of Attica, and was at\n last confirmed in the possession of the Athenians by Philip king of\n Macedon. Amphiaraus had a temple there. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 34.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small town of Eub\u0153a.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Macedonia.\n\n=Orosius=, a Spanish writer, A.D. 416, who published a universal\n history, in seven books, from the creation to his own time, in which,\n though learned, diligent, and pious, he betrayed a great ignorance\n of the knowledge of historical facts, and of chronology. The best\n edition is that of Havercamp, 4to, Leiden, 1767.\n\n=Orospeda=, a mountain of Spain. _Strabo_, bk. 3.\n\n=Orpheus=, a son of \u0152ager by the muse Calliope. Some suppose him to be\n the son of Apollo, to render his birth more illustrious. He received\n a lyre from Apollo, or, according to some, from Mercury, upon which\n he played with such a masterly hand, that even the most rapid rivers\n ceased to flow, the savage beasts of the forest forgot their wildness,\n and the mountains moved to listen to his song. All nature seemed\n charmed and animated, and the nymphs were his constant companions.\n Eurydice was the only one who made a deep impression on the melodious\n musician, and their nuptials were celebrated. Their happiness,\n however, was short; Aristaeus became enamoured of Eurydice, and, as\n she fled from her pursuer, a serpent, that was lurking in the grass,\n bit her foot, and she died of the poisonous wound. Her loss was\n severely felt by Orpheus, and he resolved to recover her, or perish\n in the attempt. With his lyre in his hand, he entered the infernal\n regions, and gained an easy admission to the palace of Pluto.\n The king of hell was charmed with the melody of his strains; and,\n according to the beautiful expressions of the poets, the wheel of\n Ixion stopped, the stone of Sisyphus stood still, Tantalus forgot his\n perpetual thirst, and even the Furies relented. Pluto and Proserpine\n were moved with his sorrow, and consented to restore him Eurydice,\n provided he forbore looking behind till he had come to the extremest\n borders of hell. The conditions were gladly accepted, and Orpheus was\n already in sight of the upper regions of the air, when he forgot his\n promises, and turned back to look at his long-lost Eurydice. He saw\n her, but she instantly vanished from his eyes. He attempted to follow\n her, but he was refused admission; and the only comfort he could find,\n was to soothe his grief at the sound of his musical instrument, in\n grottoes, or on the mountains. He totally separated himself from the\n society of mankind; and the Thracian women, whom he had offended by\n his coldness to their amorous passion, or, according to others, by\n his unnatural gratifications and impure indulgencies, attacked him\n while they celebrated the orgies of Bacchus, and after they had torn\n his body to pieces, they threw his head into the Hebrus, which still\n articulated the words \u201cEurydice! Eurydice\u201d as it was carried down the\n stream into the \u00c6gean sea. Orpheus was one of the Argonauts, of which\n celebrated expedition he wrote a poetical account, still extant.\n This is doubted by Aristotle, who says, according to Cicero, that\n there never existed an Orpheus, but that the poems which pass under\n his name are the compositions of a Pythagorean philosopher named\n Cecrops. According to some of the moderns, the _Argonautica_, and the\n other poems attributed to Orpheus, are the production of the pen of\n Onomacritus, a poet who lived in the age of Pisistratus tyrant of\n Athens. Pausanias, however, and Diodorus Siculus, speak of Orpheus as\n a great poet and musician, who rendered himself equally celebrated by\n his knowledge of the art of war, by the extent of his understanding,\n and by the laws which he enacted. Some maintain that he was killed\n by a thunderbolt. He was buried at Pieria in Macedonia, according\n to Apollodorus. The inhabitants of Dion boasted that his tomb was in\n their city, and the people of mount Libethrus, in Thrace, claimed the\n same honour, and further observed, that the nightingales, which built\n their nests near his tomb, sang with greater melody than all other\n birds. Orpheus, as some report, after death received divine honours,\n the muses gave an honourable burial to his remains, and his lyre\n became one of the constellations in the heavens. The best edition of\n Orpheus is that of Gesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1764. _Diodorus_, bk. 1, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 38.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 645; _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 457, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 14, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 1, &c.; bk. 11,\n fable 1.\u2015\u2015_Plato_, _Republic_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, odes 13 & 35.\n \u2015\u2015_Orpheus._\n\n=Orph\u012dca=, a name by which the orgies of Bacchus were called, because\n they had been introduced in Europe from Egypt by Orpheus.\n\n=Orphne=, a nymph of the infernal regions, mother of Ascalaphus by\n Acheron. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 542.\n\n=Orsed\u012dce=, a daughter of Cinyras and Metharme. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Orseis=, a nymph who married Hellen. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Orsillus=, a Persian who fled to Alexander, when Bessus murdered\n Darius. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 31.\n\n=Orsil\u014fchus=, a son of Idomeneus, killed by Ulysses in the Trojan\n war, &c. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 13, li. 260.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of the river\n Alpheus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan killed by Camilla in the Rutulian wars, &c.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, lis. 636 & 690.\n\n=Ors\u012bnes=, one of the officers of Darius at the battle of Arbela.\n _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\n\n=Orsippus=, a man of Megara, who was prevented from obtaining a prize\n at the Olympic games, because his clothes were entangled as he\n ran. This circumstance was the cause that, for the future, all the\n combatants were obliged to appear naked. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.\n\n=Marcus Ortalus=, a grandson of Hortensius, who was induced to marry\n by a present from Augustus, who wished that ancient family not to be\n extinguished. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_.\n\n=Orthag\u014fras=, a man who wrote a treatise on India, &c. _\u00c6lian_, _de\n Natura Animalium_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A musician in the age of Epaminondas.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n tyrant of Sicyon, who mingled severity with justice in his government.\n The sovereign authority remained upwards of 100 years in his family.\n\n=Orth\u00e6a=, a daughter of Hyacinthus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Orthe=, a town of Magnesia. _Pliny._\n\n=Orthia=, a surname of Diana at Sparta. In her sacrifices it was usual\n for boys to be whipped. _See:_ Diamastigosis. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_,\n &c.\n\n=Orthosia=, a town of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Ph\u0153nicia.\n _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 20.\n\n=Orthrus=, or =Orthos=, a dog which belonged to Geryon, from which and\n the Chim\u00e6ra sprung the Sphinx and the Nem\u00e6an lion. He had two heads,\n and was sprung from the union of Echidna and Typhon. He was destroyed\n by Hercules. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 310.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 5.\n\n=Ort\u014dna.= _See:_ Artona.\n\n=Ortygia=, a grove near Ephesus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small island of Sicily, within the bay of Syracuse, which\n formed once one of the four quarters of that great city. It was in\n this island that the celebrated fountain Arethusa arose. Ortygia\n is now the only part remaining of the once famed Syracuse, about\n two miles in circumference, and inhabited by 18,000 souls. It has\n suffered, like the towns on the eastern coast, by the eruptions of\n \u00c6tna. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 694.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15,\n li. 403.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient name of the island of Delos. Some suppose\n that it received this name from Latona, who fled thither when changed\n into a quail (\u1f40\u03c1\u03c4\u03c5\u03be) by Jupiter, to avoid the pursuit of Juno. Diana\n was called _Ortygia_, as being born there; as also Apollo. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 651; _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 692.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 124.\n\n=Ortygius=, a Rutulian killed by \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 573.\n\n=Orus=, or =Horus=, one of the gods of the Egyptians, son of Osiris\n and Isis. He assisted his mother in avenging his father, who had been\n murdered by Typhon. Orus was skilled in medicine, he was acquainted\n with futurity, and he made the good and the happiness of his subjects\n the sole object of his government. He was the emblem of the sun among\n the Egyptians, and he was generally represented as an infant, swathed\n in variegated clothes. In one hand he held a staff, which terminated\n in the head of a hawk, in the other a whip with three thongs.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Iside et Osiride_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The first king of Tr\u0153zene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 30.\n\n=Oryander=, a satrap of Persia, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 7.\n\n=Oryx=, a place of Arcadia on the Ladon. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 25.\n\n=Osaces=, a Parthian general, who received a mortal wound from Cassius.\n _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 20.\n\n=Osca=, a town of Spain, now _Huesca_, in Arragon. _Livy_, bk. 34,\n ch. 10.\n\n=Oschoph\u014fria=, a festival observed by the Athenians. It receives its\n name \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c6\u03b5\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c4\u03b1\u03c2 \u1f40\u03c3\u03c7\u03b1\u03c2, _from carrying boughs hung up with\n grapes_, called \u1f40\u03c3\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9. Its original institution is thus mentioned by\n _Plutarch_, _Theseus_. Theseus, at his return from Crete, forgot to\n hang out the white sail by which his father was to be apprised of his\n success. This neglect was fatal to \u00c6geus, who threw himself into the\n sea and perished. Theseus no sooner reached the land, than he sent\n a herald to inform his father of his safe return, and in the mean\n time he began to make the sacrifices which he vowed when he first\n set sail from Crete. The herald, on his entrance into the city, found\n the people in great agitation. Some lamented the king\u2019s death, while\n others, elated at the sudden news of the victory of Theseus, crowned\n the herald with garlands in demonstration of their joy. The herald\n carried back the garlands on his staff to the sea-shore, and after\n he had waited till Theseus had finished his sacrifice, he related the\n melancholy story of the king\u2019s death. Upon this, the people ran in\n crowds to the city, showing their grief by cries and lamentations.\n From that circumstance, therefore, at the feast of the Oschophoria,\n not the herald but his staff is crowned with garlands, and all the\n people that are present always exclaim \u1f10\u03bb\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5, \u03b9\u03bf\u03c5, \u03b9\u03bf\u03c5, the first\n of which expresses haste, and the other a consternation or depression\n of spirits. The historian further mentions that Theseus, when he\n went to Crete, did not take with him the usual number of virgins, but\n that, instead of two of them, he filled up the number with two youths\n of his acquaintance, whom he made pass for women, by disguising\n their dress, and by using them to the ointment and perfumes of women,\n as well as by a long and successful imitation of their voice. The\n imposition succeeded; their sex was not discovered in Crete, and\n when Theseus had triumphed over the Minotaur, he, with these two\n youths, led a procession with branches in their hands, in the same\n habit which is still used at the celebration of the Oschophoria. The\n branches which were carried were in honour of Bacchus or of Ariadne,\n or because they returned in autumn when the grapes were ripe. Besides\n this procession, there was also a race exhibited, in which only young\n men whose parents were both alive were permitted to engage. It was\n usual for them to run from the temple of Bacchus to that of Minerva,\n which was on the sea-shore. The place where they stopped was called\n \u1f40\u03c3\u03c7\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, because the _boughs_ which they carried in their hands\n were deposited there. The reward of the conqueror was a cup called\n \u03c4\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03b1, _five-fold_, because it contained a mixture of five\n different things\u2015\u2015wine, honey, cheese, meal, and oil. _Plutarch_,\n _Theseus_.\n\n=Osci=, a people between Campania and the country of the Volsci, who\n assisted Turnus against \u00c6neas. Some suppose that they are the same\n as the _Opici_, the word Osci being a diminutive or abbreviation\n of the other. The language, the plays, and ludicrous expressions\n of this nation, are often mentioned by the ancients, and from their\n indecent tendency some suppose the word _obsc\u00e6num_ (_quasi oscenum_)\n is derived. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters\n to his Friends_, bk. 7, ltr. 1.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 730.\n\n=Oscius=, a mountain, with a river of the same name, in Thrace.\n _Thucydides._\n\n=Oscus=, a general of the fleet of the emperor Otho. _Tacitus_, bk. 1,\n _Histories_, bk. 17.\n\n=Osi=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, chs. 28 & 43.\n\n=Osinius=, a king of Clusium, who assisted \u00c6neas against Turnus.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 655.\n\n=Os\u012bris=, a great deity of the Egyptians, son of Jupiter and Niobe.\n All the ancients greatly differ in their opinions concerning this\n celebrated god, but they all agree that, as king of Egypt, he took\n particular care to civilize his subjects, to polish their morals,\n to give them good and salutary laws, and to teach them agriculture.\n After he had accomplished a reform at home, Osiris resolved to go\n and spread cultivation in the other parts of the earth. He left his\n kingdom to the care of his wife Isis, and of her faithful minister\n Hermes or Mercury. The command of his troops at home was left to the\n trust of Hercules, a warlike officer. In this expedition Osiris was\n accompanied by his brother Apollo, and by Anubis, Macedo, and Pan.\n His march was through \u00c6thiopia, where his army was increased by the\n addition of the Satyrs, a hairy race of monsters, who made dancing\n and playing on musical instruments their chief study. He afterwards\n passed through Arabia, and visited the greatest part of the kingdoms\n of Asia and Europe, where he enlightened the minds of men by\n introducing among them the worship of the gods, and a reverence for\n the wisdom of a supreme being. At his return home Osiris found the\n minds of his subjects roused and agitated. His brother Typhon had\n raised seditions, and endeavoured to make himself popular. Osiris,\n whose sentiments were always of the most pacific nature, endeavoured\n to convince his brother of his ill conduct, but he fell a sacrifice\n to the attempt. Typhon murdered him in a secret apartment and cut his\n body to pieces, which were divided among the associates of his guilt.\n Typhon, according to Plutarch, shut up his brother in a coffer and\n threw him into the Nile. The inquiries of Isis discovered the body of\n her husband on the coast of Ph\u0153nicia, where it had been conveyed by\n the waves, but Typhon stole it as it was being carried into Memphis,\n and he divided it amongst his companions, as was before observed.\n This cruelty incensed Isis; she revenged her husband\u2019s death, and,\n with her son Orus, she defeated Typhon and the partisans of his\n conspiracy. She recovered the mangled pieces of her husband\u2019s body,\n the genitals excepted, which the murderer had thrown into the sea;\n and to render him all the honour which his humanity deserved, she\n made as many statues of wax as there were mangled pieces of his body.\n Each statue contained a piece of the flesh of the dead monarch; and\n Isis, after she had summoned in her presence, one by one, the priests\n of all the different deities in her dominions, gave them each a\n statue, intimating that in doing that she had preferred them to all\n the other communities of Egypt, and she bound them by a solemn oath\n that they would keep secret that mark of her favour, and endeavour\n to show their sense of it by establishing a form of worship and\n paying divine honours to their prince. They were further directed\n to choose whatever animals they pleased to represent the person and\n the divinity of Osiris, and they were enjoined to pay the greatest\n reverence to that representative of divinity, and to bury it when\n dead with the greatest solemnity. To render their establishment\n more popular, each sacerdotal body had a certain portion of land\n allotted to them to maintain them, and to defray the expenses which\n necessarily attended their sacrifices and ceremonial rites. That part\n of the body of Osiris which had not been recovered was treated with\n more particular attention by Isis, and she ordered that it should\n receive honours more solemn, and at the same time more mysterious,\n than the other members. _See:_ Phallica. As Osiris had particularly\n instructed his subjects in cultivating the ground, the priests chose\n the ox to represent him, and paid the most superstitious veneration\n to that animal. _See:_ Apis. Osiris, according to the opinion of some\n mythologists, is the same as the sun, and the adoration which is paid\n by different nations to an Anubis, a Bacchus, a Dionysius, a Jupiter,\n a Pan, &c., is the same as that which Osiris received in the Egyptian\n temples. Isis also after death received divine honours as well as\n her husband, and as the ox was the symbol of the sun, or Osiris,\n so the cow was the emblem of the moon, or of Isis. Nothing can\n give a clearer idea of the power and greatness of Osiris than this\n inscription, which has been found on some ancient monuments: _Saturn,\n the youngest of all the gods, was my father: I am Osiris, who\n conducted a large and numerous army as far as the deserts of India,\n and travelled over the greatest part of the world, and visited the\n streams of the Ister, and the remote shores of the ocean, diffusing\n benevolence to all the inhabitants of the earth_. Osiris was\n generally represented with a cap on his head like a mitre, with two\n horns; he held a stick in his left hand, and in his right a whip with\n three thongs. Sometimes he appears with the head of a hawk, as that\n bird, from its quick and piercing eyes, is a proper emblem of the\n sun. _Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 144.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12, li. 323.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_,\n _de Natura Animalium_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_, _de Syria Dea_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Persian general, who lived 450 B.C.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Turnus,\n killed in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 458.\n\n=Osismii=, a people of Gaul in Britany. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 34.\n\n=Osph\u0103gus=, a river of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 39.\n\n=Osrho\u0113ne=, a country of Mesopotamia, which received this name from one\n of its kings called Osrhoes.\n\n=Ossa=, a lofty mountain of Thessaly, once the residence of the\n Centaurs. It was formerly joined to mount Olympus, but Hercules, as\n some report, separated them, and made between them the celebrated\n valley of Tempe. This separation of the two mountains was more\n probably effected by an earthquake, which happened, as fabulous\n accounts represent, about 1885 years before the christian era. Ossa\n was one of those mountains which the giants, in their wars against\n the gods, heaped up one on the other to scale the heavens with more\n facility. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,\n li. 155; bk. 2, li. 225; bk. 7, li. 224; _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 307;\n bk. 3, li. 441.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bks. 1 & 6.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 281.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Macedonia.\n\n=Oste\u014ddes=, an island near the Lipari isles.\n\n=Ostia=, a town built on the mouth of the river Tiber by Ancus Martius\n king of Rome, about 16 miles distant from Rome. It had a celebrated\n harbour, and was so pleasantly situated, that the Romans generally\n spent a part of the year there as in a country seat. There was a\n small tower in the port like the Pharos of Alexandria, built upon the\n wreck of a large ship which had been sunk there, and which contained\n the obelisks of Egypt, with which the Roman emperors intended to\n adorn the capital of Italy. In the age of Strabo the sand and mud\n deposited by the Tiber had choked the harbour, and added much to the\n size of the small islands, which sheltered the ships at the entrance\n of the river. Ostia, and her harbour called _Portus_, became\n gradually separated, and are now at a considerable distance from the\n sea. _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius._\u2015\u2015_Pliny._\n\n=Ostorius Scap\u016dla=, a man made governor of Britain. He died A.D. 55.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who put himself\n to death when accused before Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14,\n ch. 48.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sabinus, a man who accused Soranus, in Nero\u2019s reign.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 33.\n\n=Ostracine=, a town of Egypt on the confines of Palestine. _Pliny_,\n bk. 5, ch. 12.\n\n=Osymandyas=, a magnificent king of Egypt in a remote period.\n\n=Otacilius=, a Roman consul sent against the Carthaginians, &c.\n\n=Ot\u0101nes=, a noble Persian, one of the seven who conspired against the\n usurper Smerdis. It was through him that the usurpation was first\n discovered. He was afterwards appointed by Darius over the sea-coast\n of Asia Minor, and took Byzantium. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 70, &c.\n\n=Otho Marcus Salvius=, a Roman emperor descended from the ancient\n kings of Etruria. He was one of Nero\u2019s favourites, and as such he\n was raised to the highest offices of the state, and made governor\n of Pannonia by the interest of Seneca, who wished to remove him from\n Rome, lest Nero\u2019s love for Popp\u00e6a should prove his ruin. After Nero\u2019s\n death Otho conciliated the favour of Galba the new emperor; but when\n he did not gain his point, and when Galba had refused to adopt him\n as his successor, he resolved to make himself absolute, without any\n regard to the age and dignity of his friend. The great debts which\n he had contracted encouraged his avarice, and he caused Galba to be\n assassinated, and he made himself emperor. He was acknowledged by\n the senate and the Roman people, but the sudden revolt of Vitellius\n in Germany rendered his situation precarious, and it was mutually\n resolved that their respective right to the empire should be decided\n by arms. Otho obtained three victories over his enemies, but in a\n general engagement near Brixellum, his forces were defeated, and he\n stabbed himself when all hopes of success were vanished, after a\n reign of about three months, on the 20th of April, A.D. 69. It has\n been justly observed that the last moments of Otho\u2019s life were those\n of a philosopher. He comforted his soldiers who lamented his fortunes,\n and he expressed his concern for their safety, when they earnestly\n solicited to pay him the last friendly offices before he stabbed\n himself, and he observed that it was better that one man should\n die, than that all should be involved in ruin for his obstinacy. His\n nephew was pale and distressed, fearing the anger and haughtiness of\n the conqueror; but Otho comforted him, and observed that Vitellius\n would be kind and affectionate to the friends and relations of Otho,\n since Otho was not ashamed to say, that in the time of their greatest\n enmity the mother of Vitellius had received every friendly treatment\n from his hand. He also burnt the letters which, by falling into the\n hands of Vitellius, might provoke his resentment against those who\n had favoured the cause of an unfortunate general. These noble and\n humane sentiments of a man who was the associate of Nero\u2019s shameful\n pleasures, and who stained his hand in the blood of his master, have\n appeared to some wonderful, and passed for the features of policy,\n and not of a naturally virtuous and benevolent heart. _Plutarch_,\n _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius._\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 50, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 90.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Roscius, a tribune of the people,\n who, in Cicero\u2019s consulship, made a regulation to permit the Roman\n knights at public spectacles to have the 14 first rows after the\n seats of the senators. This was opposed with virulence by some, but\n Cicero ably defended it, &c. _Horace_, epode 4, li. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father\n of the Roman emperor Otho was the favourite of Claudius.\n\n=Othry\u0103des=, one of the 300 Spartans who fought against 300 Argives,\n when those two nations disputed their respective right to Thyrea. Two\n Argives, Alcinor and Cronius, and Othryades, survived the battle. The\n Argives went home to carry the news of their victory, but Othryades,\n who had been reckoned among the number of the slain, on account of\n his wounds, recovered himself and carried some of the spoils, of\n which he had stripped the Argives, into the camp of his countrymen;\n and after he had raised a trophy, and had written with his own\n blood, the word _vici_ on his shield, he killed himself, unwilling\n to survive the death of his countrymen. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Parallela Minora_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A patronymic given to\n Pantheus the Trojan priest of Apollo, from his father Othryas.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 319.\n\n=Othryoneus=, a Thracian who came to the Trojan war in hopes of\n marrying Cassandra. He was killed by Idomeneus. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 13.\n\n=Othrys=, a mountain, or rather a chain of mountains, in Thessaly,\n the residence of the Centaurs. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7,\n ch. 129.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 675.\n\n=Otreus=, a king of Phrygia, son of Cisseus and brother to Hecuba.\n\n=Otr\u0153da=, a small town on the confines of Bithynia.\n\n=Otus= and =Ephialtes=, sons of Neptune. _See:_ Aloides.\n\n=Otys=, a prince of Paphlagonia, who revolted from the Persians to\n Agesilaus. _Xenophon._\n\n=Ovia=, a Roman lady, wife of Cneaus Lollius. _Cicero_, _Letters to\n Atticus_, bk. 12, ltr. 21.\n\n=Publius Ov\u012bdius Naso=, a celebrated Roman poet, born at Sulmo on the\n 20th of March, about 43 B.C. As he was intended for the bar, his\n father sent him early to Rome, and removed him to Athens in the 16th\n year of his age. The progress of Ovid in the study of eloquence was\n great, but the father\u2019s expectations were frustrated; his son was\n born a poet, and nothing could deter him from pursuing his natural\n inclination, though he was often reminded that Homer lived and\n died in the greatest poverty. Everything he wrote was expressed in\n poetical numbers, as he himself says, _et quod tentabam scribere\n versus erat_. A lively genius and a fertile imagination soon gained\n him admirers; the learned became his friends; Virgil, Propertius,\n Tibullus, and Horace, honoured him with their correspondence, and\n Augustus patronized him with the most unbounded liberality. These\n favours, however, were but momentary, and the poet was soon after\n banished to Tomos, on the Euxine sea, by the emperor. The true cause\n of this sudden exile is unknown. Some attribute it to a shameful\n amour with Livia the wife of Augustus, while others support that it\n arose from the knowledge which Ovid had of the unpardonable incest\n of the emperor with his daughter Julia. These reasons are, indeed,\n merely conjectural; the cause was of a very private and very secret\n nature, of which Ovid himself is afraid to speak, as it arose from\n error and not from criminality. It was, however, something improper\n in the family and court of Augustus, as these lines seem to indicate.\n\n _Cur aliquid vidi? Cur noxia lumina feci?\n Cur imprudenti cognita culpa mihi est?\n Inscius Act\u00e6on vidit sine veste Dianam;\n Pr\u00e6da fuit canibus non minus ille suis._\n\n Again,\n\n _Inscia quod crimen viderunt lumina plector,\n Peccatumque oculos est habuisse meum._\n\n And in another place,\n\n _Perdiderunt cum me duo crimina, carmen et error,\n Alterius facti culpa silenda mihi est._\n\n In his banishment, Ovid betrayed his pusillanimity, and however\n afflicted and distressed his situation was, yet the flattery and\n impatience which he showed in his writings are a disgrace to his pen,\n and expose him more to ridicule than pity. Though he prostituted his\n pen and his time to adulation, yet the emperor proved deaf to all\n entreaties, and refused to listen to his most ardent friends at Rome\n who wished for the return of the poet. Ovid, who undoubtedly wished\n for a Brutus to deliver Rome of her tyrannical Augustus, continued\n his flattery even to meanness; and, when the emperor died, he was\n so mercenary as to consecrate a temple to the departed tyrant on the\n shores of the Euxine, where he regularly offered frankincense every\n morning. Tiberius proved as regardless as his predecessor to the\n entreaties which were made for Ovid, and the poet died in the seventh\n or eighth year of his banishment, in the 59th year of his age, A.D.\n 17, and was buried at Tomos. In the year 1508 of the christian era,\n the following epitaph was found at Stain, in the modern kingdom of\n Austria:\n\n _Hic situs est vates quem Divi C\u00e6saris ira.\n Augusti patri\u00e2 cedere jussit humo.\n S\u00e6pe miser voluit patriis occumbere terris,\n Sed frustra! Hunc illi fata dedere locum._\n\n This, however, is an imposition, to render celebrated an obscure\n corner of the world, which never contained the bones of Ovid. The\n greatest part of Ovid\u2019s poems are remaining. His _Metamorphoses_,\n in 15 books, are extremely curious, on account of the many different\n mythological facts and traditions which they relate, but they can\n have no claim to an epic poem. In composing this the poet was more\n indebted to the then existing traditions, and to the theogony of\n the ancients, than to the powers of his own imagination. His _Fasti_\n were divided into 12 books, the same number as the constellations in\n the zodiac; but of these, six have perished, and the learned world\n have reason to lament the loss of a poem which must have thrown so\n much light upon the religious rites and ceremonies, festivals and\n sacrifices, of the ancient Romans, as we may judge from the six\n that have survived the ravages of time and barbarity. His _Tristia_,\n which are divided into five books, contain much elegance and\n softness of expression, as also his _Elegies_ on different subjects.\n The _Heroides_ are nervous, spirited, and diffuse, the poetry is\n excellent, the language varied, but the expressions are often too\n wanton and indelicate, a fault which is common in his compositions.\n His three books of _Amorum_, and the same number _de Arte Amandi_,\n with the other _de Remedio Amoris_, are written with great elegance,\n and contain many flowery descriptions; but the doctrine which they\n hold forth is dangerous, and they are to be read with caution,\n as they seem to be calculated to corrupt the heart, and sap the\n foundations of virtue and morality. His _Ibis_, which is written in\n imitation of a poem of Callimachus, of the same name, is a satirical\n performance. Besides these, there are extant some fragments of other\n poems, and among these some of a tragedy called _Medea_. The talents\n of Ovid as a dramatic writer have been disputed, and some have\n observed that he, who is so often void of sentiment, was not born\n to shine as a tragedian. Ovid has attempted perhaps too many sorts\n of poetry at once. On whatever he has written, he has totally\n exhausted the subject, and left nothing unsaid. He everywhere paints\n nature with a masterly hand, and gives strength to the most vulgar\n expressions. It has been judiciously observed, that his poetry, after\n his banishment from Rome, was destitute of that spirit and vivacity\n which we admire in his other compositions. His _Fasti_ are perhaps\n the best written of all his poems, and after them we may fairly rank\n his love verses, his _Heroides_, and, after all, his _Metamorphoses_,\n which were not totally finished when Augustus sent him into\n banishment. His _Epistles from Pontus_ are the language of an\n abject and pusillanimous flatterer. However critics may censure the\n indelicacy and the inaccuracies of Ovid, it is to be acknowledged\n that his poetry contains great sweetness and elegance, and, like\n that of Tibullus, charms the ear and captivates the mind. Ovid\n married three wives, but of the last alone he speaks with fondness\n and affection. He had only one daughter, but by which of his wives\n is unknown; and she herself became mother of two children, by two\n husbands. The best editions of Ovid\u2019s works are those of Burman,\n 4 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1727; of Leiden, 1670, in 8vo, and of\n Utrecht, in 12mo, 4 vols., 1713. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bks. 3 & 4,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bks. 3 & 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who\n accompanied his friend C\u00e6sonius when banished from Rome by Nero.\n _Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 43.\n\n=Ovinia lex= was enacted to permit the censors to elect and admit among\n the number of the senators the best and the worthiest of the people.\n\n=Ovinius=, a freedman of Vatinius, the friend of Cicero, &c.\n _Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus, a Roman senator, punished\n by Augustus for disgracing his rank in the court of Cleopatra.\n _Eutropius_, bk. 1.\n\n=Oxathres=, a brother of Darius, greatly honoured by Alexander, and\n made one of his generals. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another Persian,\n who favoured the cause of Alexander. _Curtius._\n\n=Oxid\u0103tes=, a Persian whom Darius condemned to death. Alexander took\n him prisoner, and some time after made him governor of Media. He\n became oppressive, and was removed. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 3; bk. 9,\n ch. 8.\n\n=Oximes=, a people of European Sarmatia.\n\n=Oxion\u00e6=, a nation of Germans, whom superstitious traditions represented\n as having the countenance human, and the rest of the body like that\n of beasts. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 46.\n\n=Oxus=, a large river of Bactriana, now _Gihon_, falling into the east\n of the Caspian sea. _Pliny_, bk. 16, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Scythia.\n\n=Oxyares=, a king of Bactriana, who surrendered to Alexander.\n\n=Oxyc\u0101nus=, an Indian prince in the age of Alexander, &c.\n\n=Oxydr\u0103c\u00e6=, a nation of India. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 4.\n\n=Oxy\u0306lus=, a leader of the Heraclid\u00e6, when they recovered the\n Peloponnesus. He was rewarded with the kingdom of Elis. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 5, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Mars and Protogenia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 7.\n\n=Oxynthes=, a king of Athens, B.C. 1149. He reigned 12 years.\n\n=Oxyp\u014frus=, a son of Cinyras and Metharme. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\n\n=Oxyrynchus=, a town of Egypt on the Nile. _Strabo._\n\n=Oz\u012bnes=, a Persian imprisoned by Craterus, because he attempted to\n revolt from Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 10.\n\n=Oz\u014fl\u00e6=, or =Oz\u014fli=, a people who inhabited the eastern parts of \u00c6tolia,\n which were called _Ozolea_. This tract of territory lay at the north\n of the bay of Corinth, and extended about 12 miles northward. They\n received their name from the _bad stench_ (\u1f40\u03b6\u03b7) of their bodies and\n of their clothing, which was the raw hides of wild beasts, or from\n the offensive smell of the body of Nessus the Centaur, which after\n death was left to putrefy in the country without the honours of a\n burial. Some derive it with more propriety from the stench of the\n stagnated waters in the neighbouring lakes and marshes. According to\n a fabulous tradition, they received their name from a very different\n circumstance. During the reign of a son of Deucalion, a bitch brought\n into the world a stick instead of whelps. The stick was planted in\n the ground by the king, and it grew up to a large vine and produced\n grapes, from which the inhabitants of the country were called _Ozol\u00e6_,\n not from \u1f40\u03b6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _to smell bad_, but from \u1f40\u03b6\u03bf\u03c2, _a branch or sprout_.\n The name of Ozol\u00e6, on account of its indelicate signification, highly\n displeased the inhabitants, and they exchanged it soon for that of\n \u00c6tolians. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 38.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 32.\n\n\n P\n\n=Pacatianus Titus Julius=, a general of the Roman armies, who proclaimed\n himself emperor in Gaul, about the latter part of Philip\u2019s reign. He\n was soon after defeated, A.D. 249, and put to death, &c.\n\n=Paccius=, an insignificant poet in the age of Domitian. _Juvenal_,\n satire 7, li. 12.\n\n=Paches=, an Athenian, who took Mitylene, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_,\n bk. 4.\n\n=P\u0103ch\u012bnus=, or =Pachynus=, now _Passaro_, a promontory of Sicily,\n projecting about two miles into the sea, in the form of a peninsula,\n at the south-east corner of the island, with a small harbour of the\n same name. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 3, li. 699.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25.\n\n=Marcus Paconius=, a Roman put to death by Tiberius, &c. _Suetonius_,\n _Tiberias_, ch. 61.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A stoic philosopher, son of the preceding. He\n was banished from Italy by Nero, and he retired from Rome with the\n greatest composure and indifference. _Arrian_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n\n=Pac\u014frus=, the eldest of the 30 sons of Orodes king of Parthia, sent\n against Crassus, whose army he defeated, and whom he took prisoner.\n He took Syria from the Romans and supported the republican party\n of Pompey, and of the murderers of Julius C\u00e6sar. He was killed in a\n battle by Ventidius Bassus, B.C. 39, on the same day (9th of June)\n that Crassus had been defeated. _Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 3, ode 6, li. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Parthia, who made a treaty\n of alliance with the Romans, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, intimate with king\n Decebalus.\n\n=Pact\u014dlus=, a celebrated river of Lydia, rising in mount Tmolus, and\n falling into the Hermus after it has watered the city of Sardes. It\n was in this river that Midas washed himself when he turned into gold\n whatever he touched, and from that circumstance it ever after rolled\n golden sands, and received the name of _Chrysorrhoas_. It is called\n Tmolus by Pliny. Strabo observes that it had no golden sands in his\n age. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 142.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 18.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 86.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 110.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 8.\n\n=Pactyas=, a Lydian entrusted with the care of the treasures of Cr\u0153sus\n at Sardes. The immense riches which he could command, corrupted him,\n and, to make himself independent, he gathered a large army. He laid\n siege to the citadel of Sardes, but the arrival of one of the Persian\n generals soon put him to flight. He retired to Cum\u00e6 and afterwards to\n Lesbos, where he was delivered into the hands of Cyrus. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 154, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 35.\n\n=Pactye=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus.\n\n=Pactyes=, a mountain of Ionia, near Ephesus. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=P\u0101c\u016dvius Marcus=, a native of Brundusium, son of the sister of the\n poet Ennius, who distinguished himself by his skill in painting, and\n by his poetical talents. He wrote satires and tragedies which were\n represented at Rome, and of some of which the names are preserved,\n as Perib\u0153a, Hermione, Atalanta, Ilione, Teucer, Antiope, &c. Orestes\n was considered as the best finished performance; the style, however,\n though rough and without either purity or elegance, deserved the\n commendation of Cicero and Quintilian, who perceived strong rays\n of genius and perfection frequently beaming through the clouds of\n the barbarity and ignorance of the times. The poet in his old age\n retired to Tarentum, where he died in his 90th year, about 131 years\n before Christ. Of all his compositions about 437 scattered lines are\n preserved in the collections of Latin poets. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_,\n bk. 2; _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 2, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2,\n ltr. 1, li. 56.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 10.\n\n=Pad\u00e6i=, an Indian nation, who devoured their sick before they died.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 99.\n\n=Padinum=, now _Bondeno_, a town on the Po, where it begins to branch\n into different channels. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\n\n=P\u0103dua=, a town called also _Patavium_, in the country of the Venetians,\n founded by Antenor immediately after the Trojan war. It was the\n native place of the historian Livy. The inhabitants were once so\n powerful, that they could levy an army of 20,000 men. _Strabo_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 251.\n\n=Padus= (now called the _Po_), a river in Italy, known also by the name\n of _Eridanus_, which forms the northern boundary of the territories\n of Italy. It rises in mount Vesulus, one of the highest mountains\n of the Alps, and after it has collected in its course the waters of\n above 30 rivers, discharges itself in an eastern direction into the\n Adriatic sea by seven mouths, two of which only, the Plana or Volano,\n and the Padusa, were formed by nature. It was formerly said that it\n rolled gold dust in its sand, which was carefully searched by the\n inhabitants. The consuls Caius Flaminius Nepos and Publius Furius\n Philus were the first Roman generals who crossed it. The Po is famous\n for the death of Phaeton, who, as the poets mention, was thrown down\n there by the thunderbolts of Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2,\n li. 258, &c.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 680.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 37, ch. 2.\n\n=Pad\u016bsa=, the most southern mouth of the Po, considered by some writers\n as the Po itself. _See:_ Padus. It was said to abound in swans, and\n from it there was a cut to the town of Ravenna. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 11, li. 455.\n\n=P\u00e6an=, a surname of Apollo, derived from the word _p\u00e6an_, a hymn\n which was sung in his honour, because he had killed the serpent\n Python, which had given cause to the people to exclaim _Io P\u00e6an!_ The\n exclamation of Io P\u00e6an! was made use of in speaking to the other gods,\n as it often was a demonstration of joy. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 171.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 358; bk. 14, li. 720.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 18.\n\n=P\u00e6daretus=, a Spartan who, on not being elected in the number of\n the 300 sent on an expedition, &c., declared that, instead of being\n mortified, he rejoiced that 300 men better than himself could be\n found in Sparta. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.\n\n=P\u00e6dius=, a lieutenant of Julius C\u00e6sar in Spain, who proposed a law\n to punish with death all such as were concerned in the murder of his\n patron, &c.\n\n=P\u00e6m\u0101ni=, a people of Belgic Gaul, supposed to have dwelt in the\n country at the west of Luxemburg. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=P\u00e6on=, a Greek historian. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated\n physician who cured the wounds which the gods received during the\n Trojan war. From him, physicians are sometimes called _P\u00e6onii_, and\n herbs serviceable in medicinal processes, _P\u00e6oni\u00e6 herb\u00e6_. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 769.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 535.\n\n=P\u00e6\u014fnes=, a people of Macedonia, who inhabited a small part of the\n country called _P\u00e6onia_. Some believe that they were descended from a\n Trojan colony. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 13,\n &c.\n\n\u2666=P\u00e6\u014fnia=, a country of Macedonia at the west of the Strymon. It\n received its name from P\u00e6on, a son of Endymion, who settled there.\n _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 51; bk. 45, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small town of Attica.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Pe\u014fnia\u2019 replaced with \u2018P\u00e6\u014fnia\u2019\n\n=P\u00e6\u014fn\u012ddes=, a name given to the daughters of Pierus, who were defeated\n by the Muses, because their mother was a native of P\u00e6onia. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, last fable.\n\n=P\u00e6os=, a small town of Arcadia.\n\n=P\u00e6sos=, a town of the Hellespont, called also _Ap\u00e6sos_, situated\n at the north of Lampsacus. When it was destroyed, the inhabitants\n migrated to Lampsacus, where they settled. They were of Milesian\n origin. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Homer_ _Iliad_, bk. 2.\n\n=P\u00e6stum=, a town of Lucania, called also _Neptunia_ and _Posidonia_\n by the Greeks, where the soil produced roses which blossomed twice\n a year. The ancient walls of the town, about three miles in extent,\n are still standing, and likewise venerable remains of temples and\n porticoes. The _Sinus P\u00e6stanus_ on which it stood is now called the\n gulf of _Salerno_. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 119.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 708; _ex Ponto_, bk. 2, poem 4, li. 28.\n\n=P\u00e6tovium=, a town of Pannonia.\n\n=P\u00e6tus C\u00e6cinna=, the husband of Arria. _See:_ Arria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of\n Armenia, under Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who conspired with Catiline against\n his country.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man drowned as he was going to Egypt to collect\n money. _Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 5.\n\n=Pag\u00e6=, a town of Megaris,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Locris. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 3.\n\n=P\u0103g\u0103s\u00e6=, or =P\u0103g\u0103sa=, a town of Magnesia, in Macedonia, with a harbour\n and a promontory of the same name. The ship Argo was built there, as\n some suppose, and, according to Propertius, the Argonauts set sail\n from that harbour. From that circumstance not only the ship Argo,\n but also the Argonauts themselves, were ever after distinguished by\n the epithet of _Pagas\u00e6us_. Pliny confounds Pagas\u00e6 with Demetrias,\n but they are different, and the latter was peopled by the inhabitants\n of the former, who preferred the situation of Demetrias for its\n conveniences. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 1; bk. 8, li. 349.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 715; bk. 6, li. 400.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 3 & 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 20, li. 17.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus Rhodius_, bk. 1, li. 238, &c.\n\n=P\u0103g\u0103sus=, a Trojan killed by Camilla. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11,\n li. 670.\n\n=Pagr\u00e6=, a town of Syria, on the borders of Cilicia. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Pagus=, a mountain of \u00c6olia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 5.\n\n=Pal\u0101cium=, or =Pal\u0101tium=, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n small village on the Palatine hill, where Rome was afterwards built.\n\n=Pal\u00e6=, a town at the south of Corsica, now _St. Bonifacio_.\n\n=Pal\u00e6a=, a town of Cyprus,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Cephallenia.\n\n=Pal\u00e6ap\u014flis=, a small island on the coast of Spain. _Strabo._\n\n=Pal\u00e6mon=, or =Palemon=, a sea deity, son of Athamas and Ino. His\n original name was _Melicerta_, and he assumed that of Pal\u00e6mon, after\n he had been changed into a sea deity by Neptune. _See:_ Melicerta.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A noted grammarian at Rome in the age of Tiberius, who made\n himself ridiculous by his arrogance and luxury. _Juvenal_, satire 6,\n li. 451.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 86.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Neptune, who was\n amongst the Argonauts. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Pal\u00e6p\u0103phos=, the ancient town of Paphos in Cyprus, adjoining to the\n new. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Pal\u00e6phars\u0101lus=, the ancient town of Pharsalus in Thessaly. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Alexandrine War_, ch. 48.\n\n=Pal\u00e6ph\u0103tus=, an ancient Greek philosopher, whose age is unknown,\n though it can be ascertained that he flourished between the times\n of Aristotle and Augustus. He wrote five books _de incredibilibus_,\n of which only the first remains, and in it he endeavours to explain\n fabulous and mythological traditions by historical facts. The best\n edition of Pal\u00e6phatus is that of Johann Friedrich Fischer, in 8vo,\n Lipscomb, 1773.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An heroic poet of Athens, who wrote a poem on the\n creation of the world.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A disciple of Aristotle, born at Abydos.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Egypt.\n\n=Palep\u014flis=, a town of Campania, built by a Greek colony, where Naples\n afterwards was erected. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 22.\n\n=Pal\u00e6ste=, a village of Epirus near Oricus, where C\u00e6sar first landed\n with his fleet. _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 460.\n\n=Pal\u00e6st\u012bna=, a province of Syria, &c. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 105.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 606.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Pal\u00e6st\u012bnus=, an ancient name of the river Strymon.\n\n=Pal\u00e6tyrus=, the ancient town of Tyre on the continent. _Strabo_,\n bk. 16.\n\n=P\u0103l\u0103m\u0113des=, a Grecian chief, son of Nauplius king of Eub\u0153a by Clymene.\n He was sent by the Greek princes, who were going to the Trojan war,\n to bring Ulysses to the camp, who, to withdraw himself from the\n expedition, pretended insanity, and, the better to impose upon\n his friends, used to harness different animals to a plough, and to\n sow salt instead of barley into the furrows. The deceit was soon\n perceived by Palamedes; he knew that the regret to part from his\n wife Penelope, whom he had lately married, was the only reason of\n the pretended insanity of Ulysses; and to demonstrate this, Palamedes\n took Telemachus, whom Penelope had lately brought into the world,\n and put him before the plough of his father. Ulysses showed that he\n was not insane, by turning the plough a different way not to hurt\n his child. This having been discovered, Ulysses was obliged to attend\n the Greek princes to the war, but an immortal enmity arose between\n Ulysses and Palamedes. The king of Ithaca resolved to take every\n opportunity to distress him: and when all his expectations were\n frustrated, he had the meanness to bribe one of his servants, and\n to make him dig a hole in his master\u2019s tent, and there conceal a\n large sum of money. After this Ulysses forged a letter in Phrygian\n characters, which king Priam was supposed to have sent to Palamedes.\n In the letter the Trojan king seemed to entreat Palamedes to deliver\n into his hands the Grecian army, according to the conditions which\n had been previously agreed upon, when he received the money. This\n forged letter was carried, by means of Ulysses, before the princes of\n the Grecian army. Palamedes was summoned, and he made the most solemn\n protestations of innocence. But all was in vain; the money that was\n discovered in his tent served only to corroborate the accusation, and\n he was found guilty by all the army, and stoned to death. Homer is\n silent about the miserable fate of Palamedes, and Pausanias mentions\n that it had been reported by some, that Ulysses and Diomedes had\n drowned him in the sea as he was fishing on the coast. Philostratus,\n who mentions the tragical story above related, adds that Achilles\n and Ajax buried his body with great pomp on the sea-shore, and that\n they raised upon it a small chapel, where sacrifices were regularly\n offered by the inhabitants of Troas. Palamedes was a learned man as\n well as a soldier, and, according to some, he completed the alphabet\n of Cadmus by the addition of the four letters \u03b8, \u03be, \u03c7, \u03c6, during the\n Trojan war. To him, also, is attributed the invention of dice and\n backgammon; and it is said he was the first who regularly ranged an\n army in a line of battle, and who placed sentinels round a camp, and\n excited their vigilance and attention by giving them a watchword.\n _Hyginus_, fables 95, 105, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dictys\n Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, lis. 56\n & 308.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Marcus Manilius_, bk. 4, li.\n 205.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, bk. 10, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Ph\u0153nician Women_.\n \u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 75.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.\n\n=Palantia=, a town of Spain. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\n\n=P\u0103l\u0101t\u012bnus mons=, a celebrated hill, the largest of the seven hills\n on which Rome was built. It was upon it that Romulus laid the first\n foundation of the capital of Italy, in a quadrangular form, and there\n also he kept his court, as well as Tullus Hostilius and Augustus,\n and all the succeeding emperors, from which circumstance the word\n _Palatium_ has ever since been applied to the residence of a monarch\n or prince. The Palatine hill received its name from the goddess\n _Pales_, or from the _Palatini_, who originally inhabited the place,\n or from _balare_ or _palare_, the bleatings of sheep, which were\n frequent there, or perhaps from the word _palantes_, wandering,\n because Evander, when he came to settle in Italy, gathered all the\n inhabitants, and made them all one society. There were some games\n celebrated in honour of Augustus, and called Palatine, because kept\n on the hill. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 53.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li.\n 709.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 33.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,\n li. 822.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 9, li. 23.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 71.\n \u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against\n Catiline_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Apollo, who was worshipped on the Palatine hill,\n was also called _Palatinus_. His temple there had been built, or\n rather repaired, by Augustus, who had enriched it with a library,\n valuable for the various collections of Greek and Latin manuscripts\n which it contained, as also for the Sibylline books deposited there.\n _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 17.\n\n=Palantium=, a town of Arcadia.\n\n=Pal\u0113is=, or =Pal\u00e6=, a town in the island of Cephallenia. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 6, ch. 15.\n\n=Pales=, the goddess of sheepfolds and of pastures among the Romans.\n She was worshipped with great solemnity at Rome, and her festivals,\n called _Palilia_, were celebrated the very day that Romulus began to\n lay the foundation of the city of Rome. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,\n lis. 1 & 294.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 722, &c.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 8.\n\n=Palfurius Sura=, a writer, removed from the senate by Domitian, who\n suspected him of attachment to Vitellius, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 4,\n li. 53.\n\n=Palibothra=, a city of India, supposed now to be _Patna_, or,\n according to others, _Allahabad_. _Strabo_, bk. 15.\n\n=Pal\u012bci=, or =Palisci=, two deities, sons of Jupiter by Thalia, whom\n \u00c6schylus calls \u00c6tna, in a tragedy which is now lost, according to\n the words of Macrobius. The nymph \u00c6tna, when pregnant, entreated\n her lover to remove her from the pursuit of Juno. The god concealed\n her in the bowels of the earth, and when the time of her delivery\n was come, the earth opened, and brought into the world two children,\n who received the name of Palici, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd \u1f30\u03ba\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, _because\n they came again into the world from the bowels of the earth_. These\n deities were worshipped with great ceremonies by the Sicilians, and\n near their temple were two small lakes of sulphureous water, which\n were supposed to have sprung out of the earth at the same time that\n they were born. Near these pools it was usual to take the most solemn\n oaths, by those who wished to decide controversies and quarrels. If\n any of the persons who took the oaths perjured themselves, they were\n immediately punished in a supernatural manner; and those whose oath,\n by the deities of the place, was sincere, departed unhurt. The Palici\n had also an oracle, which was consulted upon great emergencies,\n and which rendered the truest and most unequivocal answers. In\n a superstitious age, the altars of the Palici were stained with\n the blood of human sacrifices, but this barbarous custom was soon\n abolished, and the deities were satisfied with their usual offerings.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 585.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,\n li. 506.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 5,\n ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 219.\n\n=Pal\u012blia=, a festival celebrated by the Romans, in honour of the\n goddess Pales. The ceremony consisted in burning heaps of straw, and\n leaping over them. No sacrifices were offered, but the purifications\n were made with the smoke of horses\u2019 blood, and with the ashes of a\n calf that had been taken from the belly of his mother, after it had\n been sacrificed, and with the ashes of beans. The purification of\n the flocks was also made with the smoke of sulphur, of the olive, the\n pine, the laurel, and the rosemary. Offerings of mild cheese, boiled\n wine, and cakes of millet, were afterwards made to the goddess. This\n festival was observed on the 21st of April, and it was during the\n celebration that Romulus first began to build his city. Some call\n this festival Parilia _quasi a pariendo_, because the sacrifices were\n offered to the divinity for the fecundity of the flocks. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 774; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 721, &c.; bk. 6,\n li. 257.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 19.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 2,\n poem 5, li. 87.\n\n=P\u0103l\u012dn\u016brus=, a skilful pilot of the ship of \u00c6neas. He fell into the\n sea in his sleep, and was three days exposed to the tempests and the\n waves of the sea, and at last came safe to the sea-shore near Velia,\n where the cruel inhabitants of the place murdered him to obtain\n his clothes. His body was left unburied on the sea-shore, and as,\n according to the religion of the ancient Romans, no person was\n suffered to cross the Stygian lake before 100 years were elapsed,\n if his remains had not been decently buried, we find \u00c6neas, when he\n visited the infernal regions, speaking to Palinurus, and assuring\n him, that though his bones were deprived of a funeral, yet the place\n were his body was exposed should soon be adorned with a monument and\n bear his name, and accordingly a promontory was called Palinurus, now\n _Palinuro_. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 513; bk. 5, li. 840, &c.;\n bk. 6, li. 341.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _de Remedia Amoris_, li. 577.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 28.\n\n=Palisc\u014drum=, or =Pal\u012bc\u014drum stagnum=, a sulphureous pool in Sicily.\n _See:_ Palici.\n\n=Paliurus=, now _Nahil_, a river of Africa, with a town of the same\n name at its mouth, at the west of Egypt, on the Mediterranean.\n _Strabo_, bk. 17.\n\n=Pall\u0103des=, certain virgins of illustrious parents, who were consecrated\n to Jupiter by the Thebans of Egypt. It was required that they should\n prostitute themselves, an infamous custom which was considered as a\n purification, during which they were publicly mourned, and afterwards\n they were permitted to marry. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\n\n=Pall\u0103dium=, a celebrated statue of Pallas. It was about three cubits\n high, and represented the goddess as sitting and holding a pike in\n her right hand, and in her left a distaff and a spindle. It fell\n down from heaven near the tent of Ilus, as that prince was building\n the citadel of Ilium. Some, nevertheless, suppose that it fell at\n Pessinus in Phrygia, or, according to others, Dardanus received it\n as a present from his mother Electra. There are some authors who\n maintain that the Palladium was made with the bones of Pelops by\n Abaris; but Apollodorus seems to say that it was no more than a piece\n of clock-work, which moved of itself. However discordant the opinions\n of ancient authors be about this famous statue, it is universally\n agreed that on its preservation depended the safety of Troy. This\n fatality was well known to the Greeks during the Trojan war, and\n therefore Ulysses and Diomedes were commissioned to steal it away.\n They effected their purpose; and if we rely upon the authority of\n some authors, they were directed how to carry it away by Helenus the\n son of Priam, who proved in this unfaithful to his country, because\n his brother Deiphobus, at the death of Paris, had married Helen, of\n whom he was enamoured. Minerva was displeased with the violence which\n was offered to her statue, and, according to Virgil, the Palladium\n itself appeared to have received life and motion, and by the flashes\n which started from its eyes, and its sudden springs from the earth,\n it seemed to show the resentment of the goddess. The true Palladium,\n as some authors observe, was not carried away from Troy by the Greeks,\n but only one of the statues of similar size and shape, which were\n placed near it, to deceive whatever sacrilegious persons attempted\n to steal it. The Palladium, therefore, as they say, was conveyed\n safe from Troy to Italy by \u00c6neas, and it was afterwards preserved by\n the Romans with the greatest secrecy and veneration, in the temple\n of Vesta, a circumstance which none but the vestal virgins knew.\n _Herodian_, bk. 1, ch. 14, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 442, &c.;\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 336.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 166; bk.\n 9, li. 151.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Dares\n Phrygius._\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 139.\n\n=Palladius=, a Greek physician, whose treatise on fevers was edited 8vo,\n Leiden, 1745.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A learned Roman under Adrian, &c.\n\n=Pallant\u0113um=, a town of Italy, or perhaps more properly a citadel\n built by Evander, on mount Palatine, from whence its name originates.\n Virgil says it was called after Pallas the grandfather of Evander;\n but Dionysius derives its name from Palantium, a town of Arcadia.\n _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 8, lis. 54 & 341.\n\n=Pallantia=, a town of _Spain_, now _Palencia_, on the river Cea.\n _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\n\n=Pallantias=, a patronymic of Aurora, as being related to the giant\n Pallas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, fable 12.\n\n=Pallantides=, the 50 sons of Pallas the son of Pandion and the brother\n of \u00c6geus. They were all killed by Theseus the son of \u00c6geus, whom they\n opposed when he came to take possession of his father\u2019s kingdom. This\n opposition they showed in hopes of succeeding to the throne, as \u00c6geus\n left no children except Theseus, whose legitimacy was even disputed,\n as he was born at Tr\u0153zene. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1,\n ch. 22.\n\n=Pallas= (\u0103dis), a daughter of Jupiter, the same as Minerva. The\n goddess received this name either because she killed the giant\n _Pallas_, or perhaps from the spear which she seems to _brandish_ in\n her hands (\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd). For the functions, power, and character of the\n goddess, _See:_ Minerva.\n\n=Pallas= (antis), a son of king Evander, sent with some troops to\n assist \u00c6neas. He was killed by Turnus the king of the Rutuli, after\n he had made a great slaughter of the enemy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8,\n li. 104, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the giants, son of Tartarus and Terra. He was\n killed by Minerva, who covered herself with his skin, whence, as some\n suppose, she is called Pallas. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Crius and Eurybia, who married the nymph Styx, by whom he had\n Victory, Valour, &c. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Lycaon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Pandion, father of Clytus and Butes. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 7, fable 17.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A freedman of Claudius, famous\n for the power and the riches he obtained. He advised the emperor,\n his master, to marry Agrippina, and to adopt her son Nero for\n his successor. It was by his means, and those of Agrippina, that\n the death of Claudius was hastened, and that Nero was raised to\n the throne. Nero forgot to whom he was indebted for the crown. He\n discarded Pallas, and some time after caused him to be put to death,\n that he might make himself master of his great riches, A.D. 61.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 53.\n\n=Pall\u0113ne=, a small peninsula of Macedonia, formerly called _Phlegra_,\n situate above the bay of Therm\u00e6 on the \u00c6gean sea, and containing\n five cities, the principal of which is called Pallene. It was in this\n place, according to some of the ancients, that an engagement happened\n between the gods and the giants. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 45; bk. 45, ch.\n 30.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 391.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 15, li. 357.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A village of Attica, where Minerva had a temple,\n and where the Pallantides chiefly resided. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, chs. 1,\n 161.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\n\n=Pallenses=, a people of Cephallenia, whose chief town was called Pala\n or Pal\u00e6a. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\n\n=Palma=, a governor of Syria.\n\n=Palmaria=, a small island opposite Tarracina in Latium. _Pliny_, bk. 3,\n ch. 6.\n\n=Palm\u0233ra=, the capital of _Palmyrene_, a country on the eastern\n boundaries of Syria, now called _Theudemor_, or _Tadmor_. It is\n famous for being the seat of the celebrated Zenobia and Odenatus,\n in the reign of the emperor Aurelian. It is now in ruins, and the\n splendour and magnificence of its porticoes, temples, and palaces,\n are now frequently examined by the curious and the learned. _Pliny_,\n bk. 6, chs. 26 & 30.\n\n=Palphurius=, one of the flatterers of Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 4,\n li. 53.\n\n=Palumbinum=, a town of Samnium. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 45.\n\n=Pam\u012bsos=, a river of Thessaly, falling into the Peneus. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 7, ch. 129.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Messenia in\n Peloponnesus.\n\n=Pamm\u0113nes=, an Athenian general, sent to assist Megalopolis against\n the Mantineans, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An astrologer.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A learned Grecian, who was\n preceptor to Brutus. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 97, _Orator_, ch. 9.\n\n=Pammon=, a son of Priam and Hecuba. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Pampa=, a village near Tentyra in Thrace. _Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 76.\n\n=Pamph\u012dlus=, a celebrated painter of Macedonia in the age of Philip,\n distinguished above his rivals by a superior knowledge of literature,\n and the cultivation of those studies which taught him to infuse more\n successfully grace and dignity into his pieces. He was founder of the\n school for painting at Sicyon, and he made a law which was observed\n not only in Sicyon, but all over Greece, that none but the children\n of noble and dignified persons should be permitted to learn painting.\n Apelles was one of his pupils. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Neoclides, among the pupils of Plato. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Pamphos=, a Greek poet, supposed to have lived before Hesiod\u2019s age.\n\n=Pamphy\u0306la=, a Greek woman who wrote a general history in 33 books, in\n Nero\u2019s reign. This history, so much commended by the ancients, is\n lost.\n\n=Pamphy\u0306lia=, a province of Asia Minor, anciently called _Mopsopia_,\n and bounded on the south by a part of the Mediterranean, called\n the _Pamphylian sea_, west by Lycia, north by Pisidia, and east\n by Cilicia. It abounded with pastures, vines, and olives, and was\n peopled by a Grecian colony. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 37, chs. 23 & 40.\n\n=Pan= was the god of shepherds, of huntsmen, and of all the inhabitants\n of the country. He was the son of Mercury by Dryope, according to\n Homer. Some give him Jupiter and Callisto for parents, others Jupiter\n and Ybis or Oneis. Lucian, Hyginus, &c., support that he was the son\n of Mercury and Penelope the daughter of Icarius, and that the god\n gained the affections of the princess under the form of a goat, as\n she tended her father\u2019s flocks on mount Taygetus, before her marriage\n with the king of Ithaca. Some authors maintain that Penelope became\n mother of Pan during the absence of Ulysses in the Trojan war, and\n that he was the offspring of all the suitors that frequented the\n palace of Penelope, whence he received the name of _Pan_, which\n signifies _all_ or _everything_. Pan was a monster in appearance; he\n had two small horns on his head, his complexion was ruddy, his nose\n flat, and his legs, thighs, tail, and feet were those of a goat. The\n education of Pan was entrusted to a nymph of Arcadia, called Sinoe,\n but the nurse, according to Homer, terrified at the sight of such\n a monster, fled away and left him. He was wrapped up in the skin of\n beasts by his father, and carried to heaven, where Jupiter and the\n gods long entertained themselves with the oddity of his appearance.\n Bacchus was greatly pleased with him, and gave him the name of Pan.\n The god of shepherds chiefly resided in Arcadia, where the woods and\n the most rugged mountains were his habitation. He invented the flute\n with seven reeds, which he called _Syrinx_, in honour of a beautiful\n nymph of the same name, to whom he attempted to offer violence, and\n who was changed into a reed. He was continually employed in deceiving\n the neighbouring nymphs, and often with success. Though deformed\n in his shape and features, yet he had the good fortune to captivate\n Diana, and of gaining her favour, by transforming himself into\n a beautiful white goat. He was also enamoured of a nymph of the\n mountains called Echo, by whom he had a son called Lynx. He also paid\n his addresses to Omphale queen of Lydia, and it is well known in what\n manner he was received. _See:_ Omphale. The worship of Pan was well\n established, particularly in Arcadia, where he gave oracles on mount\n Lyc\u00e6us. His festivals, called by the Greeks _Lyc\u00e6a_, were brought\n to Italy by Evander, and they were well known at Rome by the name\n of the Lupercalia. _See:_ Lupercalia. The worship, and the different\n functions of Pan, are derived from the mythology of the ancient\n Egyptians. This god was one of the eight great gods of the Egyptians,\n who ranked before the other 12 gods, whom the Romans called\n _Consentes_. He was worshipped with the greatest solemnity over all\n Egypt. His statues represented him as a goat, not because he was\n really such, but this was done for mysterious reasons. He was the\n emblem of fecundity, and they looked upon him as the principle of all\n things. His horns, as some observe, represented the rays of the sun,\n and the brightness of the heavens was expressed by the vivacity and\n the ruddiness of his complexion. The star which he wore on his breast\n was the symbol of the firmament, and his hairy legs and feet denoted\n the inferior parts of the earth, such as the woods and plants. Some\n suppose that he appeared as a goat because, when the gods fled into\n Egypt, in their war against the giants, Pan transformed himself into\n a goat, an example which was immediately followed by all the deities.\n Pan, according to some, is the same as Faunus, and he is the chief\n of all the Satyrs. Plutarch mentions that, in the reign of Tiberius,\n an extraordinary voice was heard near the Echinades, in the Ionian\n sea, which exclaimed that the great Pan was dead. This was readily\n believed by the emperor, and the astrologers were consulted; but\n they were unable to explain the meaning of so supernatural a voice,\n which probably proceeded from the imposition of one of the courtiers\n who attempted to terrify Tiberius. In Egypt, in the town of Mendes,\n which word also signifies a _goat_, there was a sacred goat kept with\n the most ceremonious sanctity. The death of this animal was always\n attended with the greatest solemnities, and, like that of another\n Apis, became the cause of a universal mourning. As Pan usually\n terrified the inhabitants of the neighbouring country, that kind of\n fear which often seizes men, and which is only ideal and imaginary,\n has received from him the name of _panic fear_. This kind of terror\n has been exemplified not only in individuals, but in numerous\n armies, such as that of Brennus, which was thrown into the greatest\n consternation at Rome, without any cause or plausible reason. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 396; bk. 2, li. 277; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,\n li. 689.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 17; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8,\n li. 343; _Georgics_, ch. 3, li. 392.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 142.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 327.\n \u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, chs. 46 &\n 145, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Orpheus_, _Hymns_, poem 10.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Hymn to Pan_.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_, _Dialogi Deorum_, Dialogue of Pan and Hermes\n (Mercury).\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\n\n=P\u0103n\u0103c\u0113a=, a goddess, daughter of \u00c6sculapius, who presided over health.\n _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 918.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11, &c.\n\n=Pan\u00e6tius=, a stoic philosopher of Rhodes, 138 B.C. He studied at\n Athens for some time, of which he refused to become a citizen,\n observing, that a good and modest man ought to be satisfied with one\n country. He came to Rome, where he reckoned among his pupils L\u00e6lius\n and Scipio the second Africanus. To the latter he was attached by\n the closest ties of friendship and partiality; he attended him in\n his expeditions, and partook of all his pleasures and amusements. To\n the interest of their countryman at Rome, the Rhodians were greatly\n indebted for their prosperity and the immunities which they for some\n time enjoyed. Pan\u00e6tius wrote a treatise on the duties of man, whose\n merit can be ascertained from the encomiums which Cicero bestows upon\n it. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1; _Academica_, bk.\n 2, ch. 2; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 46.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Leontini\n in Sicily, B.C. 613. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Pan\u00e6tolium=, a general assembly of the \u00c6tolians. _Livy_, bk. 31,\n ch. 29; bk. 35, ch. 32.\n\n=Panares=, a general of Crete, defeated by Metellus, &c.\n\n=Panariste=, one of the waiting-women of Berenice the wife of king\n Antiochus. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Panathen\u00e6a=, festivals in honour of Minerva the patroness of Athens.\n They were first instituted by Erechtheus or Orpheus, and called\n _Athen\u00e6a_, but Theseus afterwards renewed them, and caused them to\n be celebrated and observed by all the tribes of Athens, which he had\n united into one, and from this reason the festivals received their\n name. Some suppose that they are the same as the Roman _Quinquatria_,\n as they are often called by that name among the Latins. In the first\n years of the institution, they were observed only during one day, but\n afterwards the time was prolonged, and the celebration was attended\n with greater pomp and solemnity. The festivals were two; the _great\n Panathen\u00e6a_ (\u03bc\u03b5\u03b3\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1), which were observed every fifth year, beginning\n on the 22nd of the month called _Hecatomb\u00e6on_, or the 7th of July;\n and the _lesser Panathen\u00e6a_ (\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03b1), which were kept every third year,\n or rather annually, beginning on the 20th or 21st of the month called\n _Thargelion_, corresponding to the 5th or 6th day of the month of\n May. In the lesser festivals there were three games conducted by 10\n presidents chosen from the 10 tribes of Athens, who continued four\n years in office. On the evening of the first day there was a race\n with torches, in which men on foot, and afterwards on horseback,\n contended. The same was also exhibited in the greater festivals. The\n second combat was gymnical, and exhibited a trial of strength and\n bodily dexterity. The last was a musical contention, first instituted\n by Pericles. In the songs they celebrated the generous undertaking\n of Harmodius and Aristogiton, who opposed the Pisistratid\u00e6, and of\n Thrasybulus, who delivered Athens from its 30 tyrants. Phrynis of\n Mitylene was the first who obtained the victory by playing upon the\n harp. There were, besides, other musical instruments, on which they\n played in concert, such as flutes, &c. The poets contended in four\n plays, called from their number \u03c4\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03b1. The last of these was\n a satire. There was also at Sunium an imitation of a naval fight.\n Whoever obtained the victory in any of these games was rewarded with\n a vessel of oil, which he was permitted to dispose of in whatever\n manner he pleased, and it was unlawful for any other person to\n transport that commodity. The conqueror also received a crown of\n the olives which grew in the groves of Academus, and were sacred\n to Minerva, and called \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03b9, from \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, _death_, in remembrance\n of the tragical end of Hallirhotius the son of Neptune, who cut his\n own legs when he attempted to cut down the olive which had given\n the victory to Minerva in preference to his father, when these two\n deities contended about giving a name to Athens. Some suppose that\n the word is derived from \u03bc\u03b5\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, _a part_, because these olives were\n given by contribution by all such as attended at the festivals. There\n was also a dance called _Pyrrhichia_, performed by young boys in\n armour, in imitation of Minerva, who thus expressed her triumph over\n the vanquished Titans. Gladiators were also introduced when Athens\n became tributary to the Romans. During the celebration no person was\n permitted to appear in dyed garments, and if any one transgressed\n he was punished according to the discretion of the president of the\n games. After these things, a sumptuous sacrifice was offered, in\n which every one of the Athenian boroughs contributed an ox, and the\n whole was concluded by an entertainment for all the company with the\n flesh that remained from the sacrifice. In the greater festivals,\n the same rites and ceremonies were usually observed, but with more\n solemnity and magnificence. Others were also added, particularly\n the procession, in which Minerva\u2019s sacred \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, or _garment_,\n was carried. This garment was woven by a select number of virgins,\n called \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9, from \u1f10\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03bd, _work_. They were superintended by\n two of the \u1f00\u03c1\u03c1\u03b7\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9, or young virgins, not above 17 years of age\n nor under 11, whose garments were white and set off with ornaments of\n gold. Minerva\u2019s _peplus_ was of a white colour, without sleeves, and\n embroidered with gold. Upon it were described the achievements of the\n goddess, particularly her victories over the giants. The exploits of\n Jupiter and the other gods were also represented there, and from that\n circumstance men of courage and bravery are said to be \u1f00\u03be\u03b9\u03bf\u03b9 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c0\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5,\n worthy to be portrayed on Minerva\u2019s sacred garment. In the procession\n of the _peplus_, the following ceremonies were observed. In the\n _ceramicus_, without the city, there was an engine built in the form\n of a ship, upon which Minerva\u2019s garment was hung as a sail, and the\n whole was conducted, not by beasts, as some have supposed, but by\n subterraneous machines, to the temple of Ceres Eleusinia, and from\n thence to the citadel, where the _peplus_ was placed upon Minerva\u2019s\n statue, which was laid upon a bed woven or strewed with flowers,\n which was called \u03c0\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03b9\u03c2. Persons of all ages, of every sex and\n quality, attended the procession, which was led by old men and women\n carrying olive branches in their hands, from which reason they were\n called \u03b8\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9, _bearers of green boughs_. Next followed men of\n full age with shields and spears. They were attended by the \u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9,\n or _foreigners_, who carried small boats as a token of their\n foreign origin, and from that account they were called \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03b7\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9,\n _boat-bearers_. After them came the women, attended by the\n wives of the foreigners, called \u1f51\u03b4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9, because they carried\n _water-pots_. Next to these came young men crowned with millet\n and singing hymns to the goddess, and after them followed select\n virgins of the noblest families, called \u03ba\u03b1\u03bd\u03b7\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9, _basket-bearers_,\n because they carried baskets, in which were certain things\n necessary for the celebration, with whatever utensils were\n also requisite. These several necessaries were generally in\n the possession of the chief manager of the festival called\n \u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03b8\u03b5\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, who distributed them when occasion offered. The virgins\n were attended by the daughters of the foreigners, who carried\n umbrellas and little seats, from which they were named \u03b4\u03b9\u03c6\u03c1\u03b7\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9,\n _seat-carriers_. The boys, called \u03c0\u03b1\u03b9\u03b4\u03b1\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9, as it may be supposed,\n led the rear, clothed in coats generally worn at processions. The\n necessaries for this and every other festival were prepared in a\n public hall erected for that purpose, between the Pir\u00e6an gate and\n the temple of Ceres. The management and the care of the whole was\n entrusted to the \u1f51\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2, or people employed in seeing the\n rites and ceremonies properly observed. It was also usual to set\n all prisoners at liberty, and to present golden crowns to such as\n had deserved well of their country. Some persons were also chosen\n to sing some of Homer\u2019s poems, a custom which was first introduced\n by Hipparchus the son of Pisistratus. It was also customary in this\n festival, and every other quinquennial festival, to pray for the\n prosperity of the Plat\u00e6ans, whose services had been so conspicuous\n at the battle of Marathon. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n _Arcadia_, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\n\n=Panch\u00e6a=, =Panch\u0113a=, or =Panchaia=, an island of Arabia Felix, where\n Jupiter Triphylius had a magnificent temple.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A part of Arabia\n Felix, celebrated for the myrrh, frankincense, and perfumes which\n it produced. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 139; bk. 4, li. 379;\n _The Gnat_, li. 87.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 309, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Lucretius_, bk. 2, li. 417.\n\n=Panda=, two deities at Rome, who presided, one over the openings of\n roads, and the other over the openings of towns. _Varro_, _de Re\n Rustica_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 13, ch. 22.\n\n=Pandama=, a girl of India favoured by Hercules, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Pandaria=, or =Pandataria=, a small island of the Tyrrhene sea.\n\n=Pand\u0103rus=, a son of Lycaon, who assisted the Trojans in their war\n against the Greeks. He went to the war without a chariot, and\n therefore he generally fought on foot. He broke the truce which had\n been agreed upon between the Greeks and Trojans, and wounded Menelaus\n and Diomedes, and showed himself brave and unusually courageous. He\n was at last killed by Diomedes; and \u00c6neas, who then carried him in\n his chariot, by attempting to revenge his death, nearly perished by\n the hands of the furious enemy. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 35.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bks. 2 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 112.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 495.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Servius_, _Aeneid_,\n bk. 5, li. 495 ff.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Alcanor, killed with his brother Bitias\n by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 735.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Crete,\n punished with death for being accessary to the theft of Tantalus.\n What this theft was is unknown. Some, however, suppose that Tantalus\n stole the ambrosia and the nectar from the tables of the gods to\n which he had been admitted, or that he carried away a dog which\n watched Jupiter\u2019s temple in Crete, in which crime Pandarus was\n concerned, and for which he suffered. Pandarus had two daughters,\n Camiro and Clytia, who were also deprived of their mother by a sudden\n death, and left without friends or protectors. Venus had compassion\n upon them, and she fed them with milk, honey, and wine. The goddesses\n were all equally interested in their welfare. Juno gave them wisdom\n and beauty, Diana a handsome figure and regular features, and Minerva\n instructed them in whatever domestic accomplishment can recommend a\n wife. Venus wished to make their happiness still more complete; and\n when they were come to nubile years, the goddess prayed Jupiter to\n grant them kind and tender husbands. But in her absence the Harpies\n carried away the virgins and delivered them to the Eumenides, to\n share the punishment which their father suffered. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Pindar._\n\n=Pand\u0103rus=, or =Pandareus=, a man who had a daughter called Philomela.\n She was changed into a nightingale, after she had killed, by mistake,\n her son Itylus, whose death she mourned in the greatest melancholy.\n Some suppose him to be the same as Pandion king of Athens.\n\n=Pandataria=, an island on the coast of Lucania, now called _Santa\n Maria_.\n\n=Pandates=, a friend of Datames at the court of Artaxerxes. _Cornelius\n Nepos_, _Datames_.\n\n=Pandemia=, a surname of Venus, expressive of her great power over the\n affections of mankind.\n\n=Pand\u0113mus=, one of the surnames of the god of love among the Egyptians\n and the Greeks, who distinguished two Cupids, one of whom was the\n vulgar, called Pandemus, and another of a purer and more celestial\n origin. _Plutarch_, _Amatorius_.\n\n=Pandia=, a festival at Athens established by Pandion, from whom it\n received its name, or because it was observed in honour of Jupiter,\n who can \u03c4\u03b1 \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b3\u03b5\u03c5\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _move and turn all things_ as he pleases.\n Some suppose that it concerned the moon, because it does \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03b5\n \u1f30\u03b5\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, _moves incessantly_, by showing itself day and night, rather\n than the sun, which never appears but in the day-time. It was\n celebrated after the Dionysia, because Bacchus is sometimes taken for\n the Sun or Apollo, and therefore the brother, or, as some will have\n it, the son, of the moon.\n\n=Pand\u012bon=, a king of Athens, son of Erichthon and Pasithea, who\n succeeded his father, B.C. 1437. He became father of Procne and\n Philomela, Erechtheus and Butes. During his reign, there was such\n an abundance of corn, wine, and oil, that it was publicly reported\n that Bacchus and Minerva had personally visited Attica. He waged a\n successful war against Labdacus king of B\u0153otia, and gave his daughter\n Procne in marriage to Tereus king of Thrace, who had assisted him.\n The treatment which Philomela received from her brother-in-law Tereus\n [_See:_ Philomela] was the source of infinite grief to Pandion, and\n he died through excess of sorrow, after a reign of 40 years.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There\n was also another Pandion, son of Cecrops II. by Metiaduca, who\n succeeded to his father, B.C. 1307. He was driven from his paternal\n dominions, and fled to Pylas king of Megara, who gave him his\n daughter Pelia in marriage, and resigned his crown to him. Pandion\n became father of four children, called from him _Pandionid\u00e6_, \u00c6geus,\n Pallas, Nisus, and Lycus. The eldest of these children recovered\n his father\u2019s kingdom. Some authors have confounded the two Pandions\n together in such an indiscriminate manner, that they seem to have\n been only one and the same person. Many believe that Philomela and\n Procne were the daughters, not of Pandion I., but of Pandion II.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 676.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 48.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Phineus and Cleopatra, deprived of his eyesight by his father.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6gyptus and Heph\u00e6stina.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of the Indies in the age of Augustus.\n\n=Pand\u014dra=, a celebrated woman, the first mortal female that ever lived,\n according to the opinion of the poet Hesiod. She was made with clay\n by Vulcan at the request of Jupiter, who wished to punish the impiety\n and artifice of Prometheus, by giving him a wife. When this woman\n of clay had been made by the artist, and received life, all the\n gods vied in making her presents. Venus gave her beauty and the art\n of pleasing, the Graces gave her the power of captivating, Apollo\n taught her how to sing, Mercury instructed her in eloquence, and\n Minerva gave her the most rich and splendid ornaments. From all these\n valuable presents, which she had received from the gods, the woman\n was called _Pandora_, which intimates that she had received _every_\n necessary _gift_, \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \u03b4\u03c9\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd. Jupiter after this gave her a beautiful\n box, which she was ordered to present to the man who married her; and\n by the commission of the god, Mercury conducted her to Prometheus.\n The artful mortal was sensible of the deceit, and as he had always\n distrusted Jupiter, as well as the rest of the gods, since he had\n stolen fire away from the sun to animate his man of clay, he sent\n away Pandora without suffering himself to be captivated by her charms.\n His brother Epimetheus was not possessed of the same prudence and\n sagacity. He married Pandora, and when he opened the box which she\n presented to him, there issued from it a multitude of evils and\n distempers, which dispersed themselves all over the world, and which,\n from that fatal moment, have never ceased to afflict the human race.\n Hope was the only one who remained at the bottom of the box, and it\n is she alone who has the wonderful power of easing the labours of man,\n and of rendering his troubles and his sorrows less painful in life.\n _Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Works and Days_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Erechtheus king of Athens. She was sister to Protogenia, who\n sacrificed herself for her country at the beginning of the B\u0153otian\n war.\n\n=Pand\u014drus=, a son of Erechtheus king of Athens.\n\n=Pandosia=, a town in the country of the Brutii, situate on a mountain.\n Alexander king of the Molossi died there. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town\n of Epirus. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\n\n=Pandr\u014fsos=, a daughter of Cecrops king of Athens, sister to Aglauros\n and Herse. She was the only one of the sisters who had not the fatal\n curiosity to open a basket which Minerva had entrusted to their care\n [_See:_ Erichthonius], for which sincerity a temple was raised to her\n near that of Minerva, and a festival instituted in her honour, called\n _Pandrosia_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 738.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, &c.\n\n=Panenus=, or =Pan\u00e6us=, a celebrated painter who was for some time\n engaged in painting the battle of Marathon. _Pliny_, bk. 35.\n\n=Pang\u00e6us=, a mountain of Thrace, anciently called _Mons Caraminus_,\n and joined to mount Rhodope near the sources of the river Nestus.\n It was inhabited by four different nations. It was on this mountain\n that Lycurgus the Thracian king was torn to pieces, and that Orpheus\n called the attention of the wild beasts, and of the mountains\n and woods, to listen to his song. It abounded in gold and silver\n mines. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 16, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 113.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 462.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 739.\n \u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 679; bk. 7, li. 482.\n\n=Paniasis=, a man who wrote a poem upon Hercules, &c. _See:_ Panyasis.\n\n=Panionium=, a place at the foot of mount Mycale, near the town of\n Ephesus in Asia Minor, sacred to Neptune of Helice. It was in this\n place that all the states of Ionia assembled, either to consult for\n their own safety and prosperity, or to celebrate festivals, or to\n offer a sacrifice for the good of all the nation, whence the name\n \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b9\u03c9\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd, _all Ionia_. The deputies of the 12 Ionian cities which\n assembled there were those of Miletus, Myus, Priene, Ephesus, Lebedos,\n Colophon, Clazomen\u00e6, Phoc\u00e6a, Teos, Chios, Samos, and Erythr\u00e6. If the\n bull offered in sacrifice bellowed, it was accounted an omen of the\n highest favour, as the sound was particularly acceptable to the god\n of the sea, as in some manner it resembled the roaring of the waves\n of the ocean. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 148, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.\n\n=Panius=, a place at C\u0153lo-Syria, where Antiochus defeated Scopas,\n B.C. 198.\n\n=Pann\u014fnia=, a large country of Europe, bounded on the east by Upper\n M\u0153sia, south by Dalmatia, west by Noricum, and north by the Danube.\n It was divided by the ancients into Lower and Upper Pannonia. The\n inhabitants were of Celtic origin, and were first invaded by Julius\n C\u00e6sar, and conquered in the reign of Tiberius. Philip and his son\n Alexander some ages before had successively conquered it. Sirmium\n was the ancient capital of all Pannonia, which contains the modern\n provinces of Croatia, Carniola, Sclavonia, Bosnia, Windisch, March,\n with part of Servia, and of the kingdoms of Hungary and Austria.\n _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 95; bk. 6, li. 220.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1,\n li. 109.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 49.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks.\n 4 & 7.\u2015\u2015_Jornandes._\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_,\n _Augustus_, ch. 20.\n\n=Panolbius=, a Greek poet, mentioned by Suidas.\n\n=Panomph\u00e6us=, a surname of Jupiter, either because he was worshipped\n by every nation on earth, or because he heard the prayers and the\n supplications which were addressed to him, or because the rest of the\n gods derived from him their knowledge of futurity (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c2 _omnis_, \u1f40\u03bc\u03c6\u03b7\n _vox_). _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 198.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 8.\n\n=Pan\u014fpe=, or =Pan\u014fp\u0113a=, one of the Nereides, whom sailors generally\n invoked in storms. Her name signifies, _giving every assistance, or\n seeing everything_. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 251.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 5, li. 825.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the daughters of Thespius. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Phocis, called also Panopeus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 19.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 10, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 7, li. 344.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 27; _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 580.\n\n=Pan\u014fpes=, a famous huntsman among the attendants of Acestes king of\n Sicily, who was one of those that engaged in the games exhibited by\n \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 300.\n\n=Pan\u014fpeus=, a son of Phocus and Asterodia, who accompanied Amphitryon\n when he made war against the Teleboans. He was father to Epeus, who\n made the celebrated wooden horse at the siege of Troy. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Phocis,\n between Orchomenos and the Cephisus. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Panopion=, a Roman saved from death by the uncommon fidelity of his\n servant. When the assassins came to murder him as being proscribed,\n the servant exchanged clothes with his master, and let him escape by\n a back door. He afterwards went into his master\u2019s bed, and suffered\n himself to be killed, as if Panopion himself. _Valerius Maximus._\n\n=Panop\u014flis=, _the city of Pan_, a town of Egypt, called also _Chemmis_.\n Pan had there a temple, where he was worshipped with great solemnity,\n and represented in a statue _fascino longissimo et erecto_.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\n\n=Panoptes=, a name of Argus, from the power of his eyes. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2.\n\n=Panormus=, now called _Palermo_, a town of Sicily, built by the\n Ph\u0153nicians, on the north-west part of the island, with a good and\n capacious harbour. It was the strongest hold of the Carthaginians\n in Sicily, and it was at last taken with difficulty by the Romans.\n _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 262.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n town of the Thracian Chersonesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Ionia, near Ephesus,\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Crete,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015in Macedonia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Achaia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Samos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Messenian who insulted the religion of the Laced\u00e6monians. _See:_\n Gonippus.\n\n=Panotii=, a people of Scythia, said to have very large ears. _Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 13.\n\n=Pansa C\u00e6tronianus Vibius=, a Roman consul who, with Aulus Hirtius,\n pursued the murderers of Julius C\u00e6sar, and was killed in a battle\n near Mutina. On his death-bed he advised young Octavius to unite\n his interest with that of Antony, if he wished to revenge the death\n of Julius C\u00e6sar, and from his friendly advice soon after rose the\n celebrated second triumvirate. Some suppose that Pansa was put\n to death by Octavius himself, or, through him, by the physician\n Glicon, who poured poison into the wounds of his patient. Pansa and\n Hirtius were the two last consuls who enjoyed the dignity of chief\n magistrates of Rome with full power. The authority of the consuls\n afterwards dwindled into a shadow. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Dio\n Cassius_, bk. 46.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_ bk. 3, poem 5.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_ &\n _Appian_.\n\n=Pantagnostus=, a brother of Polycrates tyrant of Samos. _Poly\u00e6nus_,\n bk. 1.\n\n=Pantagyas=, a small river on the eastern coast of Sicily, which falls\n into the sea, after running a short space in rough cascades over\n rugged stones and precipices. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 689.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 232.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4,\n li. 471.\n\n=Pantaleon=, a king of Pisa, who presided at the Olympic games, B.C. 664,\n after excluding the Eleans, who on that account expunged the Olympiad\n from the Fasti, and called it the second Anolympiad. They had called\n for the same reason the eighth the first Anolympiad, because the\n Pis\u00e6ans presided.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An \u00c6tolian chief. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 15.\n\n=Pantanus lacus=, the lake of _Lesina_, is situate in Apulia at the\n mouth of the Freuto. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\n\n=Pantauchus=, a man appointed over \u00c6tolia by Demetrius, &c. _Plutarch._\n\n=Panteus=, a friend of Cleomenes king of Sparta, &c. _Plutarch._\n\n=Panthides=, a man who married Italia the daughter of Themistocles.\n\n=Panthea=, the wife of Abradates, celebrated for her beauty and conjugal\n affection. She was taken prisoner by Cyrus, who refused to visit her,\n not to be ensnared by the power of her personal charms. She killed\n herself on the body of her husband, who had been slain in a battle,\n &c. _See:_ Abradates. _Xenophon_, _Cyrop\u00e6dia_.\u2015\u2015_Suidas._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n mother of Eum\u00e6us the faithful servant of Ulysses.\n\n=Pantheon=, a celebrated temple at Rome, built by Agrippa, in the reign\n of Augustus, and dedicated to all the gods, whence the name \u03c0\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c2.\n It was struck with lightning some time after, and partly destroyed.\n \u2666Adrian repaired it, and it still remains at Rome, converted into a\n christian temple, the admiration of the curious. _Pliny_, bk. 36,\n ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Marcellinus_, bk. 16, ch. 10.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Adarin\u2019 replaced with \u2018Adrian\u2019\n\n=Pantheus=, or =Panthus=, a Trojan, son of Othryas the priest of Apollo.\n When his country was burnt by the Greeks, he followed the fortune of\n \u00c6neas, and was killed. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 429.\n\n=Pantho\u012ddes=, a patronymic of Euphorbus the son of Panthous. Pythagoras\n is sometimes called by that name, as he asserted that he was\n Euphorbus during the Trojan war. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 28, li. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 161.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Spartan general\n killed by Pericles at the battle of Tanagra.\n\n=Pantic\u0103p\u00e6um=, now _Kerche_, a town of Taurica Chersonesus, built by\n the Milesians, and governed some time by its own laws, and afterwards\n subdued by the kings of Bosphorus. It was, according to Strabo, the\n capital of the European Bosphorus. Mithridates the Great died there.\n _Pliny._\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\n\n=Pantic\u0103pes=, a river of European Scythia, which falls into the\n Borysthenes, supposed to be the _Samara_ of the moderns. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 4, ch. 54.\n\n=Pantilius=, a buffoon, ridiculed by _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 78.\n\n=Pany\u0103sis=, an ancient Greek, uncle to the historian Herodotus. He\n celebrated Hercules in one of his poems, and the Ionians in another,\n and was universally esteemed. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 2.\n\n=Pany\u0103sus=, a river of Illyricum, falling into the Adriatic, near\n Dyrrhachium. _Ptolemy._\n\n=Pap\u00e6us=, a name of Jupiter among the Scythians. _Herodotus_, bk. 4.\n\n=P\u0103ph\u0101ges=, a king of Ambracia, killed by a lioness deprived of her\n whelps. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 502.\n\n=Paphia=, a surname of Venus, because the goddess was worshipped at\n Paphos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient name of the island of Cyprus.\n\n=Paphl\u0103g\u014fnia=, now _Penderachia_, a country of Asia Minor, situate\n at the west of the river Halys, by which it was separated from\n Cappadocia. It was divided on the west from the Bithynians, by\n the river Parthenius. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 72.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela._\u2015\u2015_Pliny._\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _De Lege\n Agraria contra Rullum_, bk. 2, chs. 2 & 9.\n\n=Paphos=, now _Bafo_, a famous city of the island of Cyprus, founded,\n as some suppose, about 1184 years before Christ, by Agapenor, at the\n head of a colony from Arcadia. The goddess of beauty was particularly\n worshipped there, and all male animals were offered on her altars,\n which, though 100 in number, daily smoked with the profusion of\n Arabian frankincense. The inhabitants were very effeminate and\n lascivious, and the young virgins were permitted by the laws of the\n place to get a dowry by prostitution. _Strabo_, bk. 8, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 2, ch. 96.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 419, &c.; bk. 10, li. 51, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 30, li. 1.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 62;\n _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Paphus=, a son of Pygmalion, by a statue which had been changed into\n a woman by Venus. _See:_ Pygmalion. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10,\n li. 297.\n\n=Papia lex=, _de peregrinis_, by Papius the tribune, A.U.C. 688, which\n required that all strangers should be driven away from Rome. It was\n afterwards confirmed and extended by the Junian law.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n called _Papia Popp\u00e6a_, because it was enacted by the tribunes Marcus\n Papius Mutilus and Quintus Popp\u00e6us Secundus, who had received\n consular power from the consuls for six months. It was called the\n Julian law, after it had been published by order of Augustus, who\n himself was of the Julian family. _See:_ Julia lex, _de Maritandis\n ordinibus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, to empower the high priest to choose 20\n virgins for the service of the goddess Vesta.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, in the age\n of Augustus. It gave the patron a certain right to the property of\n his client, if he had left a specified sum of money, or if he had not\n three children.\n\n=Papi\u0101nus=, a man who proclaimed himself emperor some time after the\n Gordians. He was put to death.\n\n=Papias=, an early christian writer, who first propagated the doctrine\n of the Millennium. There are remaining some historical fragments of\n his.\n\n=Papinianus=, a writer, A.D. 212. _See:_ \u00c6mylius Papinianus.\n\n=Papinius=, a tribune who conspired against Caligula.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who\n destroyed himself, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 49.\n\n=P\u0101p\u012dria=, the wife of Paulus \u00c6mylius. She was divorced. _Plutarch._\n\n=Papiria lex=, by Papirius Carbo, A.U.C. 621. It required that, in\n passing or rejecting laws in the _comitia_, the votes should be given\n on tablets.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by the tribune Papirius, which enacted that\n no person should consecrate any edifice, place, or thing, without the\n consent and permission of the people. _Cicero_, _On his House_, ch.\n 50.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, A.U.C. 563, to diminish the weight, and increase the\n value of the Roman _as_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, A.U.C. 421, to give the freedom\n of the city to the citizens of Acerr\u00e6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, A.U.C. 623. It was\n proposed, but not passed. It recommended the right of choosing a man\n tribune of the people as often as he wished.\n\n=P\u0101p\u012drius=, a centurion engaged to murder Piso the proconsul of Africa.\n _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 49.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A patrician, chosen _rex\n sacrorum_, after the expulsion of the Tarquins from Rome.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman\n who wished to gratify his unnatural desires upon the body of one of\n his slaves called Publilius. The slave refused, and was inhumanly\n treated. This called for the interference of justice, and a decree\n was made which forbade any person to be detained in fetters, but\n only for a crime that deserved such a treatment, and only till\n the criminal had suffered the punishment which the laws directed.\n Creditors also had a right to arrest the goods, and not the person,\n of their debtors. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 28.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Carbo, a Roman consul who\n undertook the defence of Opimius, who was accused of condemning and\n putting to death a number of citizens on mount Aventinus, without the\n formalities of a trial. His client was acquitted.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cursor, a man\n who first erected a sun-dial in the temple of Quirinus at Rome, B.C.\n 293; from which time the days began to be divided into hours.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n dictator who ordered his master of horse to be put to death, because\n he had fought and conquered the enemies of the republic without his\n consent. The people interfered, and the dictator pardoned him. Cursor\n made war against the Sabines and conquered them, and also triumphed\n over the Samnites. His great severity displeased the people. He\n flourished about 320 years before the christian era. _Livy_, bk. 9,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of his family surnamed _Pr\u00e6textatus_, from an action\n of his whilst he wore the _pr\u00e6texta_, a certain gown for young men.\n His father, of the same name, carried him to the senate-house, where\n affairs of the greatest importance were then in debate before the\n senators. The mother of young Papirius wished to know what had passed\n in the senate; but Papirius, unwilling to betray the secrets of that\n august assembly, amused his mother by telling her that it had been\n considered whether it would be more advantageous to the republic to\n give two wives to one husband, than two husbands to one wife. The\n mother of Papirius was alarmed, and she communicated the secret to\n the other Roman matrons, and, on the morrow, they assembled in the\n senate, petitioning that one woman might have two husbands, rather\n than one husband two wives. The senators were astonished at this\n petition, but young Papirius unravelled the whole mystery, and from\n that time it was made a law among the senators, that no young man\n should for the future be introduced into the senate-house, except\n Papirius. This law was carefully observed till the age of Augustus,\n who permitted children of all ages to hear the debates of the\n senators. _Macrobius_, _Saturnalia_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Carbo, a friend\n of Cinna and Marius. He raised cabals against Sylla and Pompey, and\n was at last put to death by order of Pompey, after he had rendered\n himself odious by a tyrannical consulship, and after he had been\n proscribed by Sylla.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul defeated by the armies of the Cimbri.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Crassus, a dictator who triumphed over the Samnites.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul\n murdered by the Gauls, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Papirius Cursor, who defeated\n the Samnites, and dedicated a temple to Romulus Quirinus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Maso, a\n consul who conquered Sardinia and Corsica, and reduced them into the\n form of a province. At his return to Rome, he was refused a triumph,\n upon which he introduced a triumphal procession, and walked with his\n victorious army to the capitol, wearing a crown of myrtle upon his\n head. His example was afterwards followed by such generals as were\n refused a triumph by the Roman senate. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch.\n 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The family of the Papirii was patrician, and long distinguished\n for its services to the state. It bore the different surnames of\n _Crassus_, _Cursor_, _Mugillanus_, _Maso_, _Pr\u00e6textatus_, and _P\u00e6tus_,\n of which the three first branches became the most illustrious.\n\n=Pappia lex=, was enacted to settle the rights of husbands and wives,\n if they had no children.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by which a person less than 50\n years old could not marry another of 60.\n\n=Pappus=, a philosopher and mathematician of Alexandria, in the reign\n of Theodosius the Great.\n\n=Papyrius.= _See:_ Papirius.\n\n=Parabyston=, a tribunal of Athens, where causes of inferior\n consequences were tried by 11 judges. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.\n\n=Parad\u012bsus=, a town of Syria or Ph\u0153nicia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 23.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015In the plains of Jericho there was a large\n palace, with a garden beautifully planted with trees, and called\n _Balsami Paradisus_.\n\n=Par\u00e6tac\u00e6=, or =Taceni=, a people between Media and Persia, where\n Antigonus was defeated by Eumenes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_,\n ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 16.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.\n\n=Par\u00e6tonium=, a town of Egypt at the west of Alexandria, where Isis\n was worshipped. The word _Par\u00e6tonius_ is used to signify Egyptian,\n and is sometimes applied to Alexandria, which was situate in the\n neighbourhood. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 3, li. 295; bk. 10, li. 9.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9,\n li. 712; _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 7.\n\n=Par\u0103li=, a division of the inhabitants of Attica. They received this\n name from their being near the _sea coast_, \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1 and \u1f01\u03bb\u03c2.\n\n=Par\u0103lus=, a friend of Dion, by whose assistance he expelled Dionysius.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Pericles. His premature death was greatly lamented by\n his father. _Plutarch._\n\n=Parasia=, a country at the east of Media.\n\n=Parasius=, a son of Philonomia by a shepherd. He was exposed on\n Erymanthus by his mother, with his twin brother Lycastus. Their lives\n were preserved.\n\n=Parc\u00e6=, powerful goddesses, who presided over the birth and the life\n of mankind. They were three in number, Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos,\n daughters of Nox and Erebus, according to Hesiod, or of Jupiter and\n Themis, according to the same poet in another poem. Some make them\n daughters of the sea. Clotho, the youngest of the sisters, presided\n over the moment in which we are born, and held a distaff in her hand;\n Lachesis spun out all the events and actions of our life; and Atropos,\n the eldest of the three, cut the thread of human life with a pair\n of scissors. Their different functions are well expressed in this\n ancient verse:\n\n _Clotho colum retinet, Lachesis net, et Atropos occat._\n\n The name of the Parc\u00e6, according to Varro, is derived _a partu_\n or _parturiendo_, because they presided over the birth of men; and\n by corruption the word _parca_ is formed from _parta_ or _partus_:\n but, according to Servius, they are called so by antiphrasis, _quod\n nemini parcant_. The power of the Parc\u00e6 was great and extensive. Some\n suppose that they were subjected to none of the gods but Jupiter,\n while others support that even Jupiter himself was obedient to their\n commands; and, indeed, we see the father of the gods, in Homer\u2019s\n Iliad, unwilling to see Patroclus perish, yet obliged, by the\n superior power of the Fates, to abandon him to his destiny. According\n to the more received opinion, they were the arbiters of the life\n and death of mankind, and whatever good or evil befalls us in the\n world, immediately proceeds from the Fates or Parc\u00e6. Some make them\n ministers of the king of hell, and represent them as sitting at\n the foot of his throne; others represent them as placed on radiant\n thrones, amidst the celestial spheres, clothed in robes spangled with\n stars, and wearing crowns on their heads. According to Pausanias, the\n names of the Parc\u00e6 were different from those already mentioned. The\n most ancient of all, as the geographer observes, was Venus Urania,\n who presided over the birth of men; the second was Fortune; Ilythia\n was the third. To these some add a fourth, Proserpina, who often\n disputes with Atropos the right of cutting the thread of human\n life. The worship of the Parc\u00e6 was well established in some cities\n of Greece, and though mankind were well convinced that they were\n inexorable, and that it was impossible to mitigate them, yet they\n were eager to show a proper respect to their divinity, by raising\n them temples and statues. They received the same worship as the\n Furies, and their votaries yearly sacrificed to them black sheep,\n during which solemnity the priests were obliged to wear garlands\n of flowers. The Parc\u00e6 were generally represented as three old women\n with chaplets made with wool, and interwoven with the flowers of the\n narcissus. They were covered with a white robe, and fillet of the\n same colour, bound with chaplets. One of them held a distaff, another\n the spindle, and the third was armed with scissors, with which she\n cut the thread which her sisters had spun. Their dress is differently\n represented by some authors. Clotho appears in a variegated robe,\n and on her head is a crown of seven stars. She holds a distaff in her\n hand, reaching from heaven to earth. The robe which Lachesis wore was\n variegated with a great number of stars, and near her were placed a\n variety of spindles. Atropos was clothed in black; she held scissors\n in her hand, with clues of thread of different sizes, according to\n the length and shortness of the lives, whose destinies they seemed\n to contain. Hyginus attributes to them the invention of these Greek\n letters, \u03b1, \u03b2, \u03b7, \u03c4, \u03c5, and others call them the secretaries of\n heaven, and the keepers of the archives of eternity. The Greeks call\n the Parc\u00e6 by the different names of \u03bc\u03bf\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1, \u03b1\u1f30\u03c3\u03b1, \u03ba\u03b7\u03c1, \u03b5\u1f30\u03bc\u03b1\u03c1\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03b7,\n which are expressive of their power and of their inexorable decrees.\n _Hesiod_, _Theogony_ & _Shield of Heracles_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1,\n ch. 40; bk. 3, ch. 11; bk. 5, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20;\n _Odyssey_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Theocritus._\u2015\u2015_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Artemis_.\n \u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Olympian_, poem\n 10; _Nemean_, poem 7.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de\n Faci\u00e6 Qu\u00e6 in Orbe Lun\u00e6 Apparet_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, in preface to fables &\n fable 277.\u2015\u2015_Varro._\u2015\u2015_Orpheus_, hymn 58.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 1, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Claudian_, _de Raptu Proserpin\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015_Lycophron_ & Tzetzes, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li.\n 533.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 4; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 6.\n\n=Parentalia=, a festival annually observed at Rome in honour of the\n dead. The friends and relations of the deceased assembled on the\n occasion, when sacrifices were offered, and banquets provided. \u00c6neas\n first established it. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 544.\n\n=Parentium=, a port and town of Istria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.\n\n=P\u0103ris=, the son of Priam king of Troy by Hecuba, also called\n _Alexander_. He was destined, even before his birth, to become the\n ruin of his country; and when his mother, in the first month of\n her pregnancy, had dreamed that she should bring forth a torch\n which should set fire to her palace, the soothsayers foretold the\n calamities which might be expected from the imprudence of her future\n son, and which would end in the destruction of Troy. Priam, to\n prevent so great and so alarming an evil, ordered his slave Archelaus\n to destroy the child as soon as born. The slave, either touched\n with humanity, or influenced by Hecuba, did not destroy him, but\n was satisfied to expose him on mount Ida, where the shepherds of the\n place found him, and educated him as their own son. Some attribute\n the preservation of his life, before he was found by the shepherds,\n to the motherly tenderness of a she-bear which suckled him. Young\n Paris, though educated among shepherds and peasants, gave early\n proofs of courage and intrepidity, and from his care in protecting\n the flocks of mount Ida against the rapacity of the wild beasts, he\n obtained the name of Alexander (_helper_ or _defender_). He gained\n the esteem of all the shepherds, and his graceful countenance and\n manly deportment recommended him to the favour of \u0152none, a nymph of\n Ida, whom he married, and with whom he lived with the most perfect\n tenderness. Their conjugal peace was soon disturbed. At the marriage\n of Peleus and Thetis, the goddess of discord, who had not been\n invited to partake of the entertainment, showed her displeasure by\n throwing into the assembly of the gods who were at the celebration\n of the nuptials, a golden apple on which were written the words\n _Detur pulchriori_. All the goddesses claimed it as their own: the\n contention at first became general, but at last only three, Juno,\n Venus, and Minerva, wished to dispute their respective right to\n beauty. The gods, unwilling to become arbiters in an affair of so\n tender and so delicate a nature, appointed Paris to adjudge the prize\n of beauty to the fairest of the goddesses, and indeed the shepherd\n seemed properly qualified to decide so great a contest, as his wisdom\n was so well established, and his prudence and sagacity so well known.\n The goddesses appeared before their judge without any covering or\n ornament, and each tried by promises and entreaties to gain the\n attention of Paris, and to influence his judgment. Juno promised him\n a kingdom; Minerva, military glory; and Venus, the fairest woman in\n the world for his wife, as Ovid expresses it, _Heroides_, poem 17,\n li. 118,\n\n _Udaque cum regnum; belli daret altera laudem;\n Tyndaridis conjux, tertia dixit, eris._\n\n After he had heard their several claims and promises, Paris adjudged\n the prize to Venus, and gave her the golden apple, to which, perhaps,\n she seemed entitled as the goddess of beauty. This decision of Paris\n in favour of Venus drew upon the judge and his family the resentment\n of the two other goddesses. Soon after Priam proposed a contest among\n his sons and other princes, and promised to reward the conqueror with\n one of the finest bulls of mount Ida. His emissaries were sent to\n procure the animal, and it was found in the possession of Paris, who\n reluctantly yielded it up. The shepherd was desirous of obtaining\n again this favourite animal, and he went to Troy and entered the\n list of the combatants. He was received with the greatest applause,\n and obtained the victory over his rivals, Nestor the son of Neleus;\n Cycnus son of Neptune; Polites, Helenus, and Deiphobus sons of Priam.\n He also obtained a superiority over Hector himself, and the prince,\n enraged to see himself conquered by an unknown stranger, pursued\n him closely, and Paris must have fallen a victim to his brother\u2019s\n resentment, had he not fled to the altar of Jupiter. This sacred\n retreat preserved his life, and Cassandra the daughter of Priam,\n struck with the similarity of the features of Paris with those of her\n brothers, inquired his birth and his age. From these circumstances\n she soon discovered that he was her brother, and as such she\n introduced him to her father and to his children. Priam acknowledged\n Paris as his son, forgetful of the alarming dream which had\n influenced him to meditate his death, and all jealousy ceased among\n the brothers. Paris did not long suffer himself to remain inactive;\n he equipped a fleet, as if willing to redeem Hesione, his father\u2019s\n sister, whom Hercules had carried away and obliged to marry Telamon\n the son of \u00c6acus. This was the pretended motive of his voyage, but\n the causes were far different. Paris recollected that he was to\n be the husband of the fairest of women; and if he had been led to\n form those expectations while he was an obscure shepherd of Ida, he\n had now every plausible reason to see them realized, since he was\n acknowledged son of the king of Troy. Helen was the fairest woman\n of the age, and Venus had promised her to him. On these grounds,\n therefore, he visited Sparta, the residence of Helen, who had married\n Menelaus. He was received with every mark of respect, but he abused\n the hospitality of Menelaus, and while the husband was absent in\n Crete, Paris persuaded Helen to elope with him and fly to Asia. Helen\n consented, and Priam received her into his palace without difficulty,\n as his sister was then detained in a foreign country, and as he\n wished to show himself as hostile as possible to the Greeks. This\n affair was soon productive of serious consequences. When Menelaus had\n married Helen, all her suitors had bound themselves by a solemn oath\n to protect her person, and to defend her from every violence [_See:_\n Helena], and therefore the injured husband reminded them of their\n engagements, and called upon them to recover Helen. Upon this all\n Greece took up arms in the cause of Menelaus; Agamemnon was chosen\n general of all the combined forces, and a regular war was begun.\n _See:_ Troja. Paris, meanwhile, who had refused Helen to the\n petitions and embassies of the Greeks, armed himself with his\n brothers and subjects to oppose the enemy; but the success of the\n war was neither hindered nor accelerated by his means. He fought with\n little courage, and at the very sight of Menelaus, whom he had so\n recently injured, all his resolution vanished, and he retired from\n the front of the army, where he walked before like a conqueror. In\n a combat with Menelaus, which he undertook at the persuasion of his\n brother Hector, Paris must have perished, had not Venus interfered,\n and stolen him from the resentment of his adversary. He nevertheless\n wounded, in another battle, Machaon, Euryphilus, and Diomedes, and,\n according to some opinions, he killed with one of his arrows the\n great Achilles. _See:_ Achilles. The death of Paris is differently\n related; some suppose that he was mortally wounded by one of the\n arrows of Philoctetes, which had been once in the possession of\n Hercules, and that when he found himself languid on account of his\n wounds, he ordered himself to be carried to the feet of \u0152none, whom\n he had basely abandoned, and who, in the years of his obscurity,\n had foretold him that he would solicit her assistance in his dying\n moments. He expired before he came into the presence of \u0152none, and\n the nymph, still mindful of their former loves, threw herself upon\n his body, and stabbed herself to the heart, after she had plentifully\n bathed it with her tears. According to some authors, Paris did not\n immediately go to Troy when he left the Peloponnesus, but he was\n driven on the coast of Egypt, where Proteus, who was king of the\n country, detained him, and when he heard of the violence which had\n been offered to the king of Sparta, he kept Helen at his court,\n and permitted Paris to retire. _See:_ Helena. _Dictys Cretensis_,\n bks. 1, 3, & 4.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poems 5, 16, & 17.\u2015\u2015_Quintus Calabrus\n [Smyrn\u00e6us]_, bk. 10, li. 290.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, ode 3.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_,\n _Iphigeneia_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 92 & 273.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 42.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_.\u2015\u2015_Lycophron_. & _Tzetzes_ on\n _Lycophron_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated player at Rome, in the good graces of\n the emperor Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 19, &c.\n\n=Paris\u0103des=, a king of Pontus in the age of Alexander the Great.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, king of Bosphorus.\n\n=Par\u012bsii=, a people and a city of Celtic Gaul, now called _Paris_, the\n capital of the kingdom of France. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 3.\n\n=Parisus=, a river of Pannonia, falling into the Danube. _Strabo._\n\n=Parium=, now _Camanar_, a town of Asia Minor, on the Propontis, where\n Archilochus was born, as some say. _Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7,\n ch. 2; bk. 36, ch. 5.\n\n=Parma=, a town of Italy, near Cremona, celebrated for its wool, and\n now for its cheese. The poet Cassius and the critic Macrobius were\n born there. It was made a Roman colony, A.U.C. 569. The inhabitants\n are called _Parmenenses_ and _Parmani_. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 55.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 4, li. 3.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Philippics_, bk. 14, li. 3.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 7,\n ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 2, ltr. 43, li. 4; bk. 3, ltr. 13, li. 8 &\n ltr. 14, li. 155.\n\n=Parmen\u012ddes=, a Greek philosopher of Elis, who flourished about 505\n years before Christ. He was son of Pyres of Elis, and the pupil\n of Xenophanes, or of Anaximander, according to some. He maintained\n that there were only two elements, fire and the earth; and he taught\n that the first generation of men was produced from the sun. He first\n discovered that the earth was round, and habitable only in the two\n temperate zones, and that it was suspended in the centre of the\n universe, in a fluid lighter than air, so that all bodies left to\n themselves fell on its surface. There were, as he supposed, only two\n sorts of philosophy,\u2015\u2015one founded on reason, and the other on opinion.\n He digested this unpopular system in verses, of which a few fragments\n remain. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Parmenio=, a celebrated general in the armies of Alexander, who\n enjoyed the king\u2019s confidence, and was more attached to his person as\n a man than as a monarch. When Darius king of Persia offered Alexander\n all the country which lies at the west of the Euphrates, with his\n daughter Statira in marriage, and 10,000 talents of gold, Parmenio\n took occasion to observe that he would, without hesitation, accept of\n these conditions, if he were Alexander. \u201cSo would I, were I Parmenio,\u201d\n replied the conqueror. This friendship, so true and inviolable, was\n sacrificed to a moment of resentment and suspicion; and Alexander,\n who had too eagerly listened to a light and perhaps a false\n accusation, ordered Parmenio and his son to be put to death, as if\n guilty of treason against his person. Parmenio was in the 70th year\n of his age, B.C. 330. He died in the greatest popularity, and it\n has been judiciously observed, that Parmenio obtained many victories\n without Alexander, but Alexander not one without Parmenio. _Curtius_,\n bk. 7, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\n\n=Parnassus=, a mountain of Phocis, anciently called _Larnassos_, from\n the _boat_ of Deucalion (\u03bb\u03b1\u03c1\u03bd\u03b1\u03be), which was carried there in the\n universal deluge. It received the name of Parnassus from Parnassus\n the son of Neptune by Cleobula, and was sacred to the Muses, and\n to Apollo and Bacchus. The soil was barren, but the valleys and\n the green woods that covered its sides, rendered it agreeable, and\n fit for solitude and meditation. Parnassus is one of the highest\n mountains of Europe, and it is easily seen from the citadel of\n Corinth, though at the distance of about 80 miles. According to the\n computation of the ancients, it is one day\u2019s journey round. At the\n north of Parnassus, there is a large plain, about eight miles in\n circumference. The mountain, according to the poets, had only two\n tops, called _Hyampea_ and _Tithorea_, on one of which the city of\n Delphi was situated, and thence it was called _Biceps_. _Strabo_, bks.\n 8, 9.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 317; bk. 2, li. 221; bk. 5,\n li. 278.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 71; bk. 3, li. 173.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 42,\n ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 311.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 23, li. 13;\n bk. 3, poem 11, li. 54.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Neptune, who gave his name to a\n mountain of Phocis.\n\n=Parnes= (etis), a mountain of Africa, abounding in vines. _Statius_,\n bk. 12, _Thebaid_, li. 620.\n\n=Parnessus=, a mountain of Asia near Bactriana. _Dionysius Periegeta_,\n li. 737.\n\n=Parni=, a tribe of the Scythians, who invaded Parthia. _Strabo_,\n bk. 11.\n\n=Paron= and =Heraclides=, two youths who killed a man who had insulted\n their father. _Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.\n\n=Paropamisus=, a ridge of mountains at the north of India, called the\n _Stony Girdle_, or Indian Caucasus. _Strabo_, bk. 15.\n\n=Paropus=, now _Colisano_, a town at the north of Sicily, on the shores\n of the Tyrrhene sea. _Polybius_, bk. 1, ch. 24.\n\n=Paroreia=, a town of Thrace, near mount H\u00e6mus. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 27.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Peloponnesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A district of Phrygia Magna. _Strabo_,\n bk. 12.\n\n=Paros=, a celebrated island among the Cyclades, about 7\u00bd miles distant\n from Naxos, and 28 from Delos. According to Pliny, it is half as\n large as Naxos, that is, about 36 or 37 miles in circumference, a\n measure which some of the moderns have extended to 50 and even 80\n miles. It has borne the different names of _Pactia_, _Minoa_, _Hiria_,\n _Demetrias_, _Zacynthus_, _Cabarnis_, and _Hyleassa_. It received\n the name of Paros, which it still bears, from Paros, a son of Jason,\n or, as some maintain, of Parrhasius. The island of Paros was rich\n and powerful, and well known for its famous marble, which was always\n used by the best statuaries. The best quarries were those of Marpesus,\n a mountain where still caverns of the most extraordinary depth are\n seen by modern travellers, and admired as the sources from whence\n the \u2666labyrinth of Egypt and the porticoes of Greece received their\n splendour. According to Pliny, the quarries were so uncommonly deep,\n that, in the clearest weather, the workmen were obliged to use lamps,\n from which circumstance the Greeks have called the marble _Lychnites_,\n worked by the light of lamps. Paros is also famous for the fine\n cattle which it produces, and for its partridges, and wild pigeons.\n The capital city was called Paros. It was first peopled by the\n Ph\u0153nicians, and afterwards a colony of Cretans settled in it. The\n Athenians made war against it, because it had assisted the Persians\n in the invasion of Greece, and took it, and it became a Roman\n province in the age of Pompey. Archilochus was born there. The\n _Parian_ marbles, perhaps better known by the appellation of\n _Arundelian_, were engraved in this island in capital letters, B.C.\n 264, and, as a valuable chronicle, preserved the most celebrated\n epochas of Greece, from the year 1582 B.C. These valuable pieces of\n antiquity were procured originally by M. de Peirisc, a Frenchman,\n and afterwards purchased by the earl of Arundel, by whom they were\n given to the university of Oxford, where they are still to be seen.\n Prideaux published an account of all the inscriptions in 1676. _Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades_ &\n _Alcibiades_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 593; _Georgics_, bk. 3,\n li. 34.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 419; bk. 7, li. 466.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14; bk. 36, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5, &\n _Thucydides_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1,\n ode 19, li. 6.\n\n \u2666 \u2018labryrinth\u2019 replaced with \u2018labyrinth\u2019\n\n=Parph\u014frus=, a native of Colophon, who, at the head of a colony, built\n a town at the foot of Ida, which was abandoned for a situation nearer\n his native city. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\n\n=Parrh\u0103sia=, a town of Arcadia, founded by Parrhasius the son of\n Jupiter. The Arcadians are sometimes called _Parrhasians_, and\n Arcas _Parrhasis_, and Carmenta, Evander\u2019s mother, _Parrhasiadea_.\n _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 237.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 333.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 315; _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 618; _Tristia_,\n bk. 1, li. 190.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.\n\n=Parrh\u0103sius=, a famous painter, son of Evenor of Ephesus, in the age\n of Zeuxis, about 415 years before Christ. He was a great master of\n his profession, and particularly excelled in strongly expressing\n the violent passions. He was blessed with a great genius, and much\n invention, and he was particularly happy in his designs. He acquired\n himself great reputation by his pieces, but by none more than that\n in which he allegorically represented the people of Athens with all\n the injustice, the clemency, the fickleness, timidity, the arrogance\n and inconsistency, which so eminently characterized that celebrated\n nation. He once entered the lists against Zeuxis, and when they had\n produced their respective pieces, the birds came to pick with the\n greatest avidity the grapes which \u2666Zeuxis had painted. Immediately\n Parrhasius exhibited his piece, and Zeuxis said, \u201cRemove your\n curtain, that we may see the painting.\u201d The curtain was the painting,\n and Zeuxis acknowledged himself conquered, by exclaiming, \u201cZeuxis\n has deceived birds, but Parrhasius has deceived Zeuxis himself\u201d.\n Parrhasius grew so vain of his art, that he clothed himself in purple,\n and wore a crown of gold, calling himself the king of painters. He\n was lavish in his own praises, and by his vanity too often exposed\n himself to the ridicule of his enemies. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_;\n _Quomodo Adolescens Poetas Audire Debeat_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch.\n 28.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Jupiter, or, according to some, of Mars, by a nymph called Philonomia.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Xeuxis\u2019 replaced with \u2018Zeuxis\u2019\n\n=Parthamisiris=, a king of Armenia, in the reign of Trajan.\n\n=Parth\u0101on=, a son of Agenor and Epicaste, who married Euryte daughter\n of Hippodamus, by whom he had many children, among whom were \u0152neus\n and Sterope. Parthaon was brother to Demonice, the mother of Evenus\n by Mars, and also to Molus, Pylus, and Thestius. He is called\n Portheus by Homer, _Iliad_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 129 & 239.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Peripetus and father of\n Aristas. _Pausanias_, bk. 8.\n\n=Parth\u0115ni\u00e6= and =Parth\u0115nii=, a certain number of desperate citizens\n of Sparta. During the Messenian war, the Spartans were absent from\n their city for the space of 10 years, and it was unlawful for them to\n return, as they had bound themselves by a solemn oath not to revisit\n Sparta before they had totally subdued Messenia. This long absence\n alarmed the Laced\u00e6monian women, as well as the magistrates. The\n Spartans were reminded by their wives, that if they continued in\n their resolution, the state must at last decay for want of citizens,\n and when they had duly considered this embassy, they empowered all\n the young men in the army, who had come to the war while yet under\n age, and who therefore were not bound by the oath, to return to\n Sparta, and, by a familiar and promiscuous intercourse with all the\n unmarried women of the state, to raise a future generation. It was\n carried into execution, and the children that sprang from this union\n were called Partheni\u00e6, or _sons of virgins_ (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2). The war\n with Messenia was some time after ended, and the Spartans returned\n victorious; but the cold indifference with which they looked upon\n the Partheni\u00e6 was attended with serious consequences. The Partheni\u00e6\n knew they had no legitimate fathers, and no inheritance, and\n that therefore their life depended upon their own exertions. This\n drove them almost to despair. They joined with the Helots, whose\n maintenance was as precarious as their own, and it was mutually\n agreed to murder all the citizens of Sparta, and to seize their\n possessions. This massacre was to be done at a general assembly, and\n the signal was the throwing of a cap in the air. The whole, however,\n was discovered through the diffidence and apprehensions of the Helots;\n and when the people had assembled, the Partheni\u00e6 discovered that all\n was known, by the voice of a crier, who proclaimed that no man should\n throw up his cap. The Partheni\u00e6, though apprehensive of punishment,\n were not visibly treated with greater severity; their calamitous\n condition was attentively examined, and the Spartans, afraid of\n another conspiracy, and awed by their numbers, permitted them to\n sail for Italy, with Phalantus their ringleader at their head. They\n settled in Magna Gr\u00e6cia, and built Tarentum, about 707 years before\n Christ. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, on\n _Laconia_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Apophthegmata Laconica_.\n\n=Parth\u0115nias=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing by Elis. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 6, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The ancient name of Samos. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.\n\n=Parth\u0115nion=, a mountain of Peloponnesus at the north of Tegea.\n _Pausanias._\n\n=Parth\u0115nius=, a river of Paphlagonia, which, after separating Bithynia,\n falls into the Euxine sea, near Sesamum. It received its name either\n because the _virgin_ Diana (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2) bathed herself there, or\n perhaps it received it from the purity and mildness of its waters.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 104.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain\n of Arcadia, which was said to abound in tortoises. Here Telephus\n had a temple. Atalanta was exposed on its top and brought up there.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 54.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A favourite of the emperor Domitian.\n He conspired against his imperial master, and assisted to murder him.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of European Sarmatia. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10,\n li. 49.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of \u00c6neas killed in Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 10, li. 748.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek writer, whose romance, _de Amatoriis\n Affectionibus_ has been edited in 12mo, Basil, 1531.\n\n=Parth\u0115non=, a temple of Athens, sacred to Minerva. It was destroyed by\n the Persians, and afterwards rebuilt by Pericles in a more magnificent\n manner, and still exists. All the circumstances which related to\n the birth of Minerva were beautifully and minutely represented in\n bas-relief, on the front of the entrance. The statue of the goddess,\n 26 cubits high, and made of gold and ivory, passed for one of the\n masterpieces of Phidias. _Pliny_, bk. 34.\n\n=Parth\u0115n\u014fp\u00e6us=, a son of Meleager and Atalanta, or, according to some,\n of Milanion and another Atalanta. He was one of the seven chiefs\n who accompanied Adrastus the king of Argos in his expedition against\n Thebes. He was killed by Amphidicus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 9, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Talaus.\n\n=Parth\u0115n\u014fpe=, one of the Sirens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Stymphalus.\n _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Campania, afterwards called Neapolis,\n or _the new city_, when it had been beautified and enlarged by a\n colony from Eub\u0153a. It is now called _Naples_. It received the name\n of Parthenope from one of the Sirens, whose body was found on the\n sea-shore there. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 564.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bks. 1 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12,\n li. 167.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 33.\n\n=Parthia=, a celebrated country of Asia, bounded on the west by\n Media, south by Carmania, north by Hyrcania, and east by Aria, &c.,\n containing, according to Ptolemy, 25 large cities, the most capital\n of which was called _Hecatompylos_, from its _hundred gates_. Some\n suppose that the present capital of the country is built on the\n ruins of Hecatompylos. According to some authors, the Parthians\n were Scythians by origin, who made an invasion on the more southern\n provinces of Asia, and at last fixed their residence near Hyrcania.\n They long remained unknown and unnoticed, and became successively\n tributary to the empire of the Assyrians, Medes, and Persians. When\n Alexander invaded Asia, the Parthians submitted, like the other\n dependent provinces of Persia, and they were for some time under\n the power of Eumenes, Antigonus, Seleucus, Nicanor, and Antiochus,\n till the rapacity and oppression of Agathocles, a lieutenant of the\n latter, roused their spirit, and fomented rebellion. Arsaces, a man\n of obscure origin, but blessed with great military powers, placed\n himself at the head of his countrymen, and laid the foundation of\n the Parthian empire, about 250 years before the christian era. The\n Macedonians attempted in vain to recover it; a race of active and\n vigilant princes, who assumed the surname of _Arsacides_, from the\n founder of their kingdom, increased its power, and rendered it so\n formidable, that, while it possessed 18 kingdoms between the Caspian\n and Arabian seas, it even disputed the empire of the world with the\n Romans, and could never be subdued by that nation, which had seen\n no people on earth unconquered by their arms. It remained a kingdom\n till the reign of Artabanus, who was killed about the year 229 of the\n christian era, and from that time it became a province of the newly\n re-established kingdom of Persia, under Artaxerxes. The Parthians\n were naturally strong and warlike, and were esteemed the most expert\n horsemen and archers in the world. The peculiar custom of discharging\n their arrows while they were retiring full speed, has been greatly\n celebrated by the ancients, particularly by the poets, who all\n observe that their flight was more formidable than their attacks.\n This manner of fighting, and the wonderful address and dexterity\n with which it was performed, gained them many victories. They were\n addicted much to drinking, and to every manner of lewdness, and\n their laws permitted them to raise children even by their mothers\n and sisters. _Strabo_, bks. 2, 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 31, &c.;\n _\u00c6neid_ bk. 7, li. 606.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, &c., _Fasti_,\n bk. 5, li. 580.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 40.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Marcellinus._\n \u2015\u2015_Herodian_, bk. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 230; bk. 6, li. 50;\n bk. 10, li. 53.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 41, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 19,\n li. 11; bk. 2, ode 13, li. 17.\n\n=Parthini=, a people of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 29, ltr. 12; bk. 33,\n ch. 34; bk. 44, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Against Piso_, ch. 40.\n\n=Parthyt\u0113ne=, a province of Parthia, according to Ptolemy, though some\n authors support that it is the name of Parthia itself.\n\n=Parys\u0103des=, a king of Pontus, B.C. 310. _Diodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of the\n Cimmerian Bosphorus, who flourished 284 B.C.\n\n=Parys\u0103tis=, a Persian princess, wife of Darius Ochus, by whom she\n had Artaxerxes, Memnon, and Cyrus the younger. She was so extremely\n partial to her younger son, that she committed the greatest cruelties\n to encourage his ambition, and she supported him with all her\n interest in his rebellion against his brother Memnon. The death\n of Cyrus at the battle of Cunaxa, was revenged with the grossest\n barbarity, and Parysatis sacrificed to her resentment all such as she\n found concerned in his fall. She also poisoned Statira the wife of\n her son Artaxerxes, and ordered one of the eunuchs of the court to\n be flayed alive, and his skin to be stretched on two poles before her\n eyes, because he had, by order of the king, cut off the hand and the\n head of Cyrus. These cruelties offended Artaxerxes, and he ordered\n his mother to be confined in Babylon; but they were soon after\n reconciled, and Parysatis regained all her power and influence till\n the time of her death. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.\u2015\u2015_Ctesiphon._\n\n=Pasargada=, a town of Persia, near Carmania, founded by Cyrus on the\n very spot where he had conquered Astyages. The kings of Persia were\n always crowned there, and the Pasargad\u00e6 were the noblest families of\n Persia, in the number of which were the Ach\u00e6menides. _Strabo_, bk. 15.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 3, ch. 8.\n\n=Paseas=, a tyrant in Sicyon in Peloponnesus, father to Abantidas, &c.\n _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.\n\n=Pasicles=, a grammarian, &c.\n\n=Pasicr\u0103tes=, a king of part of the island of Cyprus. _Plutarch._\n\n=Pasiphae=, a daughter of the Sun and of Perseis, who married Minos king\n of Crete. She disgraced herself by her unnatural passion for a bull,\n which, according to some authors, she was enabled to gratify by means\n of the artist D\u00e6dalus. This celebrated bull had been given to Minos\n by Neptune, to be offered on his altars, but as the monarch refused\n to sacrifice the animal on account of his beauty, the god revenged\n his disobedience by inspiring Pasiph\u00e6 with an unnatural love for it.\n This fabulous tradition, which is universally believed by the poets,\n who observe that the Minotaur was the fruit of this infamous commerce,\n is refuted by some writers, who suppose that the infidelity of\n Pasiph\u00e6 to her husband was betrayed in her affection for an officer\n called Taurus; and that D\u00e6dalus, by permitting his house to be\n the asylum of the two lovers, was looked upon as accessary to the\n gratification of Pasiph\u00e6\u2019s lust. From this amour with Taurus, as it\n is further remarked, the queen became mother of twins, and the name\n of _Minotaurus_ arises from the resemblance of the children to the\n husband and the lover of Pasiph\u00e6. Minos had four sons by Pasiph\u00e6,\n Castreus, Deucalion, Glaucus, and Androgeus, and three daughters,\n Hecate, Ariadne, and Ph\u00e6dra. _See:_ Minotaurus. _Plato_, _Minos_.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 24.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 40.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 4, lis. 57 & 165.\n\n=Pasithea=, one of the Graces, also called Aglaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,\n ch. 35.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Nereides. _Hesiod._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Atlas.\n\n=Pasit\u012dgris=, a name given to the river Tigris. _Strabo_, bk. 15.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.\n\n=Passaron=, a town of Epirus, where, after sacrificing to Jupiter, the\n kings swore to govern according to law, and the people to obey and\n to defend the country. _Plutarch_, _Pyrrhus_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 45, chs.\n 26 & 33.\n\n=Passi\u0113nus=, a Roman who reduced Numidia, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Paulus, a Roman knight, nephew to the poet Propertius, whose\n elegiac compositions he imitated. He likewise attempted lyric poetry,\n and with success, and chose for his model the writings of Horace.\n _Pliny_, ltrs. 6 & 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Crispus, a man distinguished as an orator,\n but more as the husband of Domitia, and afterwards of Agrippina,\n Nero\u2019s mother, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 20.\n\n=Pasus=, a Thessalian in Alexander\u2019s army, &c.\n\n=Patala=, a harbour at the mouth of the Indus, in an island called\n _Patale_. The river here begins to form a Delta like the Nile. Pliny\n places this island within the torrid zone. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 73.\n \u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Arrian_, bk. 6,\n ch. 17.\n\n=P\u0103t\u0103ra= (orum), now _Patera_, a town of Lycia, situate on the eastern\n side of the mouth of the river Xanthus, with a capacious harbour,\n a temple, and an oracle of Apollo, surnamed _Patareus_, where was\n preserved and shown, in the age of Pausanias, a brazen cap, which\n had been made by the hands of Vulcan, and presented by the god to\n Telephus. The god was supposed by some to reside for the six winter\n months at Patara, and the rest of the year at Delphi. The city was\n greatly embellished by Ptolemy Philadelphus, who attempted in vain to\n change its original name into that of his wife Arsinoe. _Livy_, bk.\n 37, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 41.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 3, ode 14, li. 64.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 516.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 15.\n\n=P\u0103t\u0103vium=, a city of Italy, at the north of the Po, on the shores\n of the Adriatic, now called _Padua_, and once said to be capable of\n sending 20,000 men into the field. _See:_ Padua. It is the birthplace\n of Livy, from which reason some writers have denominated _Patavinity_\n those peculiar expressions and provincial dialect, which they seem\n to discover in the historian\u2019s style, not strictly agreeable to\n the purity and refined language of the Roman authors who flourished\n in or near the Augustan age. _Martial_, bk. 11, ltr. 17, li. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 1, chs. 5, 56; bk. 8, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 10,\n ch. 2; bk. 41, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Paterc\u016dlus=, a Roman, whose daughter Sulpicia was pronounced the\n chastest matron at Rome. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Velleius, an\n historian. _See:_ Velleius.\n\n=Patizithes=, one of the Persian Magi, who raised his brother to the\n throne because he resembled Smerdis the brother of Cambyses, &c.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 61.\n\n=Patmos=, one of the Cyclades, with a small town of the same\n name, situate at the south of Icaria, and measuring 30 miles in\n circumference, according to Pliny, or only 18, according to modern\n travellers. It has a large harbour, near which are some broken\n columns, the most ancient in that part of Greece. The Romans\n generally banished their culprits there. It is now called _Palmosa_.\n _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Patr\u00e6=, an ancient town at the north-west of Peloponnesus, anciently\n called _Aroe_. Diana had there a temple, and a famous statue of gold\n and ivory. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,\n li. 417.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Patro=, a daughter of Thestius. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An epicurean\n philosopher intimate with Cicero. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,\n bk. 13, ch. 1.\n\n=P\u0101tr\u014dcles=, an officer of the fleet of Seleucus and Antiochus. He\n discovered several countries, and it is said that he wrote a history\n of the world. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.\n\n=Patrocli=, a small island on the coast of Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 4,\n ch. 5.\n\n=P\u0101tr\u014dclus=, one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war, son of\n Men\u0153tius by Sthenele, whom some call Philomela, or Polymela. The\n accidental murder of Clysonymus the son of Amphidamus, in the time\n of his youth, obliged him to fly from Opus, where his father reigned.\n He retired to the court of Peleus king of Phthia, where he was kindly\n received, and where he contracted the most intimate friendship with\n Achilles the monarch\u2019s son. When the Greeks went to the Trojan war,\n Patroclus also accompanied them at the express command of his father,\n who had visited the court of Peleus, and he embarked with 10 ships\n from Phthia. He was the constant companion of Achilles, and he lodged\n in the same tent; and when his friend refused to appear in the field\n of battle, because he had been offended by Agamemnon, Patroclus\n imitated his example, and by his absence was the cause of the\n overthrow of the Greeks. But at last Nestor prevailed upon him to\n return to the war, and Achilles permitted him to appear in his armour.\n The valour of Patroclus, together with the terror which the sight of\n the arms of Achilles inspired, soon routed the victorious armies of\n the Trojans, and obliged them to fly within their walls for safety.\n He would have broken down the walls of the city; but Apollo, who\n interested himself for the Trojans, placed himself to oppose him, and\n Hector, at the instigation of the god, dismounted from his chariot\n to attack him, as he attempted to strip one of the Trojans whom he\n had slain. The engagement was obstinate, but at last Patroclus was\n overpowered by the valour of Hector, and the interposition of Apollo.\n His arms became the property of the conqueror, and Hector would have\n severed his head from his body had not Ajax and Menelaus intervened.\n His body was at last recovered and carried to the Grecian camp, where\n Achilles received it with the bitterest lamentations. His funeral was\n observed with the greatest solemnity. Achilles sacrificed near the\n burning pile 12 young Trojans, besides four of his horses, and two\n of his dogs, and the whole was concluded by the exhibition of funeral\n games, in which the conquerors were liberally rewarded by Achilles.\n The death of Patroclus, as it is described by Homer, gave rise to\n new events; Achilles forgot his resentment against Agamemnon, and\n entered the field to avenge the fall of his friend, and his anger was\n gratified only by the slaughter of Hector, who had more powerfully\n kindled his wrath by appearing at the head of the Trojan armies\n in the armour which had been taken from the body of Patroclus. The\n patronymic of _Actorides_ is often applied to Patroclus, because\n Actor was father to Men\u0153tius. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n bk. 9, _Iliad_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables\n 97 & 275.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 273.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Hercules. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Ptolemy Philadelphus.\n\n=Patron=, an Arcadian at the games exhibited by \u00c6neas in Sicily.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 298.\n\n=Patrous=, a surname of Jupiter among the Greeks, represented by his\n statues as having three eyes, which some suppose to signify that he\n reigned in three different places, in heaven, on earth, and in hell.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2.\n\n=Patulcius=, a surname of Janus, which he received _a pateo_, because\n the doors of his temple were always open in the time of war. Some\n suppose that he received it because he presided over gates, or\n because the year began by the celebration of his festivals. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 129.\n\n=Paventia=, a goddess who presided over terror at Rome, and who was\n invoked to protect her votaries from its effects. _Augustine_, _City\n of God_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\n\n=Paula=, the first wife of the emperor Heliogabalus. She was daughter\n of the prefect of the pretorian guards. The emperor divorced her, and\n Paula retired to solitude and obscurity with composure.\n\n=Paul\u012bna=, a Roman lady who married Saturninus, a governor of Syria, in\n the reign of the emperor Tiberius. Her conjugal peace was disturbed,\n and violence was offered to her virtue by a young man called Mundus,\n who was enamoured of her, and who had caused her to come to the\n temple of Isis by means of the priests of the goddess, who declared\n that Anubis wished to communicate to her something of moment.\n Saturninus complained to the emperor of the violence which had been\n offered to his wife, and the temple of Isis was overturned and Mundus\n banished, &c. _Josephus_, _Antiquities_, bk. 18, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife\n of the philosopher Seneca, who attempted to kill herself when Nero\n had ordered her husband to die. The emperor, however, prevented\n her, and she lived some few years after in the greatest melancholy.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 63, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sister of the emperor\n Adrian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of the emperor Maximinus.\n\n=Paul\u012bnus Pompeius=, an officer in Nero\u2019s reign, who had the command of\n the German armies, and finished the works on the banks of the Rhine,\n which Drusus had begun 63 years before. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13,\n ch. 53.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman general, the first who crossed mount\n Atlas with an army. He wrote a history of this expedition in Africa,\n which is lost. Paulinus also distinguished himself in Britain, &c. He\n followed the arms of Otho against Vitellius. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Valerius, a friend of Vespasian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Julius, a Batavian nobleman,\n put to death by Fonteius Capito, on pretence of rebellion. _Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 13.\n\n=Paulus \u00c6mylius=, a Roman, son of the \u00c6mylius who fell at Cann\u00e6,\n was celebrated for his victories, and received the surname of\n _Macedonicus_ from his conquest of Macedonia. In the early part of\n life he distinguished himself by his uncommon application, and by his\n fondness for military discipline. His first appearance in the field\n was attended with great success, and the barbarians that had revolted\n in Spain were reduced with the greatest facility under the power of\n the Romans. In his first consulship his arms were directed against\n the Ligurians, whom he totally subjected. His applications for a\n second consulship proved abortive; but when Perseus the king of\n Macedonia had declared war against Rome, the abilities of Paulus\n were remembered, and he was honoured with the consulship about the\n 60th year of his age. After this appointment he behaved with uncommon\n vigour, and soon a general engagement was fought near Pydna. The\n Romans obtained the victory, and Perseus saw himself deserted by all\n his subjects. In two days the conqueror made himself master of all\n Macedonia, and soon after the fugitive monarch was brought into his\n presence. Paulus did not exult over his fallen enemy; but when he\n had gently rebuked him for his temerity in attacking the Romans,\n he addressed himself in a pathetic speech to the officers of his\n army who surrounded him, and feelingly enlarged on the instability\n of fortune, and the vicissitude of all human affairs. When he had\n finally settled the government of Macedonia with 10 commissioners\n from Rome, and after he had sacked 70 cities of Epirus, and divided\n the booty amongst his soldiers, Paulus returned to Italy. He\n was received with the usual acclamations, and though some of the\n seditious soldiers attempted to prevent his triumphal entry into the\n capital, yet three days were appointed to exhibit the fruits of his\n victories. Perseus, with his wretched family, adorned the triumph of\n the conqueror, and as they were dragged through the streets before\n the chariot of Paulus, they drew tears of compassion from the people.\n The riches which the Romans derived from this conquest were immense,\n and the people were freed from all taxes till the consulship of\n Hirtius and Pansa; but while every one of the citizens received some\n benefit from the victories of Paulus, the conqueror himself was poor,\n and appropriated for his own use nothing of the Macedonian treasures\n except the library of Perseus. In the office of censor, to which he\n was afterwards elected, Paulus behaved with the greatest moderation,\n and at his death, which happened about 168 years before the christian\n era, not only the Romans, but their very enemies, confessed, by\n their lamentations, the loss which they had sustained. He had married\n Papiria, by whom he had two sons, one of whom was adopted by the\n family of Maximus, and the other by that of Scipio Africanus. He had\n also two daughters, one of whom married a son of Cato, and the other\n \u00c6lius Tubero. He afterwards divorced Papiria; and when his friends\n wished to reprobate his conduct in doing so, by observing that she\n was young and handsome, and that she had made him father of a fine\n family, Paulus replied, that the shoe which he then wore was new and\n well made, but that he was obliged to leave it off, though no one but\n himself, as he said, knew where it pinched him. He married a second\n wife, by whom he had two sons, whose sudden death exhibited to\n the Romans, in the most engaging view, their father\u2019s philosophy\n and stoicism. The elder of these sons died five days before Paulus\n triumphed over Perseus, and the other three days after the public\n \u2666procession. This domestic calamity did not shake the firmness of the\n conqueror; yet before he retired to a private station, he harangued\n the people, and in mentioning the severity of fortune upon his family,\n he expressed his wish that every evil might be averted from the\n republic by the sacrifice of the domestic prosperity of an individual.\n _Plutarch_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bks. 43, 44, &c. _Justin_, bk. 33,\n ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Samosatenus, an author in the reign of Gallienus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Maximus. _See:_ Maximus Fabius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015\u00c6gineta, a Greek physician\n whose work was edited _apud_, _Aldus Manutius_, Venice, folio, 1528.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius \u00c6mylius, a consul, who, when opposed to Annibal in Italy,\n checked the rashness of his colleague Varro, and recommended an\n imitation of the conduct of the great Fabius, by harassing and not\n facing the enemy in the field. His advice was rejected, and the\n battle of Cann\u00e6, so glorious to Annibal, and so fatal to Rome, soon\n followed. Paulus was wounded, but when he might have escaped from\n the slaughter, by accepting a horse generously offered by one of\n his officers, he disdained to fly, and perished by the darts of the\n enemy. _Horace_, ode 12, li. 38.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 39.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Julius,\n a Latin poet in the age of Adrian and Antoninus. He wrote some\n poetical pieces, recommended by Aulus Gellius.\n\n \u2666 \u2018processsion\u2019 replaced with \u2018procession\u2019\n\n=P\u0101ulus.= _See:_ \u00c6mylius.\n\n=Pavor=, an emotion of the mind which received divine honours among\n the Romans, and was considered of a most tremendous power, as\n the ancients swore by her name in the most solemn manner. Tullus\n Hostilius, the third king of Rome, was the first who built her\n temples, and raised altars to her honour, as also to Pallor the\n goddess of paleness. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 17.\n\n=Pausanias=, a Spartan general, who greatly signalized himself at\n the battle of Plat\u00e6a, against the Persians. The Greeks were very\n sensible of his services, and they rewarded his merit with the tenth\n of the spoils taken from the Persians. He was afterwards set at\n the head of the Spartan armies, and extended his conquests in Asia;\n but the haughtiness of his behaviour created him many enemies, and\n the Athenians soon obtained a superiority in the affairs of Greece.\n Pausanias was dissatisfied with his countrymen, and he offered to\n betray Greece to the Persians, if he received in marriage, as the\n reward of his perfidy, the daughter of their monarch. His intrigues\n were discovered by means of a youth, who was entrusted with his\n letters to Persia, and who refused to go, on the recollection that\n such as had been employed in that office before had never returned.\n The letters were given to the Ephori of Sparta, and the perfidy of\n Pausanias laid open. He fled for safety to a temple of Minerva, and\n as the sanctity of the place screened him from the violence of his\n pursuers, the sacred building was surrounded with heaps of stones,\n the first of which was carried there by the indignant mother of the\n unhappy man. He was starved to death in the temple, and died about\n 471 years before the christian era. There was a festival, and solemn\n games instituted in his honour, in which only free-born Spartans\n contended. There was also an oration spoken in his praise, in which\n his actions were celebrated, particularly the battle of Plat\u00e6a, and\n the defeat of Mardonius. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Aristeides_ & _Themistocles_.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A favourite of\n Philip king of Macedonia. He accompanied the prince in an expedition\n against the Illyrians, in which he was killed.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, at the\n court of king Philip, very intimate with the preceding. He was\n grossly and unnaturally abused by Attalus, one of the friends of\n Philip, and when he complained of the injuries he had received, the\n king in some measure disregarded his remonstrances, and wished them\n to be forgotten. This incensed Pausanias; he resolved to revenge\n himself, and when he had heard from his master Hermocrates the\n sophist that the most effectual way to render himself illustrious was\n to murder a person who had signalized himself by uncommon actions,\n he stabbed Philip as he entered a public theatre. After this bloody\n action he attempted to make his escape to his chariot, which waited\n for him at the gate of the city, but he was stopped accidentally\n by the twig of a vine, and fell down. Attalus, Perdiccas, and other\n friends of Philip, who pursued him, immediately fell upon him and\n despatched him. Some support that Pausanias committed this murder\n at the instigation of Olympias the wife of Philip, and of her\n son Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Apophthegmata Laconica_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Macedonia, deposed by Amyntas,\n after a year\u2019s reign. _Diodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who attempted to\n seize upon the kingdom of \u2666Macedonia, from which he was prevented\n by Iphicrates the Athenian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Alexander the Great,\n made governor of Sardis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician in the age of Alexander.\n _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated orator and historian, who settled at Rome,\n A.D. 170, where he died in a very advanced age. He wrote a history\n of Greece, in 10 books, in the Ionic dialect, in which he gives,\n with great precision and geographical knowledge, an account of the\n situation of its different cities, their antiquities, and the several\n curiosities which they contained. He has also interwoven mythology in\n his historical account, and introduced many fabulous traditions and\n superstitious stories. In each book the author treats of a separate\n country, such as Attica, Arcadia, Messenia, Elis, &c. Some suppose\n that he gave a similar description of Ph\u0153nicia and Syria. There was\n another Pausanias, a native of C\u00e6sarea in Cappadocia, who wrote some\n declamations, and who is often confounded with the historian of that\n name.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The best edition of Pausanias is that of Khunius, folio,\n Lipscomb, 1696.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Laced\u00e6monian, who wrote a partial account of his\n country.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary of Apollonia, whose abilities were displayed\n in adorning Apollo\u2019s temple at Delphi. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Sparta, of the family of the Eurysthenid\u00e6, who died 397\n B.C., after a reign of 14 years.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Macedona\u2019 replaced with \u2018Macedonia\u2019\n\n=Pausias=, a painter of Sicyon, the first who understood how to apply\n colours to wood or ivory by means of fire. He made a beautiful\n painting of his mistress Glycere, whom he represented as sitting\n on the ground, and making garlands with flowers, and from this\n circumstance the picture, which was bought afterwards by Lucullus for\n two talents, received the name of _Stephanoplocon_. Some time after\n the death of Pausias, the Sicyonians were obliged to part with the\n pictures which they possessed to deliver themselves from an enormous\n debt, and Marcus Scaurus the Roman bought them all, in which were\n those of Pausias, to adorn the theatre, which had been built during\n his edileship. Pausias lived about 350 years before Christ. _Pliny_,\n bk. 35, ch. 11.\n\n=Pausily\u0306pus=, a mountain near Naples, which receives its name from\n the beauty of its situation, (\u03c0\u03b1\u03c5\u03c9 \u03bb\u03c5\u03c0\u03b7, _cessare facio dolor_). The\n natives show there the tomb of Virgil, and regard it with the highest\n veneration. There were near some fish-ponds belonging to the emperor.\n The mountain is now famous for a subterraneous passage near half\n a mile in length, and 22 feet in breadth, which affords a safe and\n convenient passage to travellers. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 4,\n li. 52.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 53.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, ltrs. 5\n & 57.\n\n=Pax=, an allegorical divinity among the ancients. The Athenians raised\n her a statue, which represented her as holding Plutus the god of\n wealth in her lap, to intimate that peace gives rise to prosperity\n and to opulence; and they were the first who erected an altar\n to her honour after the victories obtained by Timotheus over the\n Laced\u00e6monian power, though Plutarch asserts it had been done after\n the conquests of Cimon over the Persians. She was represented among\n the Romans with the horn of plenty, and also carrying an olive branch\n in her hand. The emperor Vespasian built her a celebrated temple at\n Rome, which was consumed by fire in the reign of Commodus. It was\n customary for men of learning to assemble in that temple, and even to\n deposit their writings there, as in a place of the greatest security.\n Therefore when it was burnt, not only books, but also many valuable\n things, jewels, and immense treasures, were lost in the general\n conflagration. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timotheus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Cimon_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16.\n\n=Paxos=, a small island between Ithaca and the Echinades in the Ionian\n sea.\n\n=Peas=, a shepherd, who, according to some, set on fire the pile on\n which Hercules was burnt. The hero gave him his bow and arrows.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Ped\u00e6us=, an illegitimate son of Antenor. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.\n\n=Ped\u0101cia=, a woman of whom Horace, bk. 1, satire 8, li. 39, speaks of\n as a contemptible character.\n\n=Ped\u0101ni.= _See:_ Pedum.\n\n=Ped\u0101nius=, a prefect of Rome, killed by one of his slaves for having\n denied him his liberty, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 42.\n\n=Pedasa= (orum), a town of Caria, near Halicarnassus. _Livy_, bk. 33,\n ch. 30.\n\n=Ped\u0103sus=, a son of Bucolion the son of Laomedon. His mother was one\n of the Naiades. He was killed in the Trojan war by Euryalus. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the four horses of Achilles. As\n he was not immortal like the other three, he was killed by Sarpedon.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town near Pylos in the Peloponnesus.\n\n=Pediadis=, a part of Bactriana, through which the Oxus flows.\n _Polybius._\n\n=Pedias=, the wife of Cranaus.\n\n=Pedius Bl\u00e6sus=, a Roman, accused by the people of Cyrene of plundering\n the temple of \u00c6sculapius. He was condemned under Nero, &c. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nephew of Julius C\u00e6sar, who commanded\n one of his legions in Gaul, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Poplicola, a lawyer in the age of\n Horace. His father was one of Julius C\u00e6sar\u2019s heirs, and became consul\n with Augustus after Pansa\u2019s death.\n\n=Pedo=, a lawyer, patronized by Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 129.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Albinovanus. _See:_ Albinovanus.\n\n=Pedianus Asconius=, flourished A.D. 76.\n\n=Pedum=, a town of Latium, about 10 miles from Rome, conquered by\n Camillus. The inhabitants were called _Pedani_. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 39;\n bk. 8, chs. 13 & 14.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 4, li. 2.\n\n=Peg\u00e6=, a fountain at the foot of mount Arganthus in Bithynia, into\n which Hylas fell. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 20, li. 33.\n\n=Peg\u0103s\u012ddes=, a name given to the Muses from the horse Pegasus, or from\n the fountain which Pegasus had raised from the ground, by striking it\n with his foot. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15, li. 27.\n\n=P\u0113g\u0103sis=, a name given to \u0152none by Ovid, _Heroides_, poem 5, because\n she was daughter of the _river_ (\u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7) Cebrenus.\n\n=Peg\u0103sium stagnum=, a lake near Ephesus, which arose from the earth when\n Pegasus struck it with his foot.\n\n=Peg\u0103sus=, a winged horse sprung from the blood of Medusa, when Perseus\n had cut off her head. He received his name from his being born,\n according to Hesiod, near the _sources_ (\u03c0\u03b7\u03b3\u03b7) of the ocean. As\n soon as born he left the earth, and flew up into heaven, or rather,\n according to Ovid, he fixed his residence on mount Helicon, where,\n by striking the earth with his foot, he instantly raised a fountain,\n which has been called Hippocrene. He became the favourite of the\n Muses; and being afterwards tamed by Neptune or Minerva, he was\n given to Bellerophon to conquer the Chim\u00e6ra. No sooner was this fiery\n monster destroyed, than Pegasus threw down his rider, because he was\n a mortal, or rather, according to the more received opinion, because\n he attempted to fly to heaven. This act of temerity in Bellerophon\n was punished by Jupiter, who sent an insect to torment Pegasus,\n which occasioned the melancholy fall of his rider. Pegasus continued\n his flight up to heaven, and was placed among the constellations by\n Jupiter. Perseus, according to Ovid, was mounted on the horse Pegasus,\n when he destroyed the sea monster which was going to devour Andromeda.\n _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 282.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 11, li. 20.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 179.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 3\n & 4.\u2015\u2015_Lycophron_, li. 17.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 12, chs. 3 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 785.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 57.\n\n=Pel\u0103go=, a eunuch, one of Nero\u2019s favourites, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 14, ch. 59.\n\n=Pel\u0103gon=, a man killed by a wild boar. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,\n li. 360.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Asopus and Metope.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Phocian, one of whose\n men conducted Cadmus, and showed him where, according to the oracle,\n he was to build a city.\n\n=Pelagonia=, one of the divisions of Macedonia at the north. _Livy_,\n bk. 26, ch. 25; bk. 31, ch. 28.\n\n=Pelarge=, a daughter of Potneus, who re-established the worship of\n Ceres in B\u0153otia. She received divine honours after death. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 9, ch. 25.\n\n=Pelasgi=, a people of Greece, supposed to be one of the most ancient\n in the world. They first inhabited Argolis in Peloponnesus, which\n from them received the name of _Pelasgia_, and about 1883 years\n before the christian era they passed into \u00c6monia, and were afterwards\n dispersed in several parts of Greece. Some of them fixed their\n habitation in Epirus, others in Crete, others in Italy, and others in\n Lesbos. From these different changes of situation in the Pelasgians,\n all the Greeks are indiscriminately called Pelasgians, and their\n country Pelasgia, though, more properly speaking, it should be\n confined to Thessaly, Epirus, and Peloponnesus, in Greece. Some of\n the Pelasgians, that had been driven from Attica, settled at Lemnos,\n where some time after they carried some Athenian women, whom they\n had seized in an expedition on the coast of Attica. They raised some\n children by these captive females, but they afterwards destroyed\n them with their mothers, through jealousy, because they differed\n in manners as well as language from them. This horrid murder was\n attended by a dreadful pestilence, and they were ordered, to expiate\n their crime, to do whatever the Athenians commanded them. This\n was to deliver their possessions into their hands. The Pelasgians\n seem to have received their name from Pelasgus, the first king and\n founder of their nation. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus._\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Medea_ &\n _Agamemnon_.\n\n=Pelasgia=, or =Pelasgiotis=, a country of Greece, whose inhabitants\n are called _Pelasgi_ or _Pelasgiot\u00e6_. Every country of Greece, and\n all Greece in general, is indiscriminately called Pelasgia, though\n the name should be more particularly confined to a part of Thessaly,\n situate between the Peneus, the Aliacmon, and the Sperchius. The\n maritime borders of this part of Thessaly were afterwards called\n _Magnesia_, though the sea or its shore still retained the name of\n _Pelasgicus Sinus_, now the gulf of _Volo_. Pelasgia is also one of\n the ancient names of Epirus, as also of Peloponnesus. _See:_ Pelasgi.\n\n=Pelasgus=, a son of Terra, or, according to others, of Jupiter and\n Niobe, who reigned in Sicyon, and gave his name to the ancient\n inhabitants of Peloponnesus.\n\n=P\u0115l\u0113thr\u014fnii=, an epithet given to the Lapith\u00e6, because they inhabited\n the town of _Pelethronium_, at the foot of mount Pelion in Thessaly;\n or because one of their number bore the name of Pelethronius. It\n is to them that mankind is indebted for the invention of the bit\n with which they tamed their horses with so much dexterity. _Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 115.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 452.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 387.\n\n=Peleus=, a king of Thessaly, son of \u00c6acus and Endeis the daughter of\n Chiron. He married Thetis, one of the Nereides, and was the only one\n among mortals who married an immortal. He was accessary to the death\n of his brother Phocus, and on that account he was obliged to leave\n his father\u2019s dominions. He retired to the court of Eurytus the son of\n Actor, who reigned at Phthia, or according to the less received\n opinion of Ovid, he fled to Ceyx king of Trachinia. He was purified\n of his murder by Eurytus, with the usual ceremonies, and the monarch\n gave him his daughter Antigone in marriage. Some time after this\n Peleus and Eurytus went to the chase of the Calydonian boar, where\n the father-in-law was accidentally killed by an arrow which his\n son-in-law had aimed at the beast. This unfortunate event obliged him\n to banish himself from the court of Phthia, and he retired to Iolchos,\n where he was purified of the murder of Eurytus, by Acastus the king\n of the country. His residence at Iolchos was short; Astydamia the\n wife of Acastus became enamoured of him, and when she found him\n insensible to her passionate declaration, she accused him of attempts\n upon her virtue. The monarch partially believed the accusations of\n his wife, but not to violate the laws of hospitality, by putting him\n instantly to death, he ordered his officers to conduct him to mount\n Pelion, on pretence of hunting, and there to tie him to a tree, that\n he might become the prey of the wild beasts of the place. The orders\n of Acastus were faithfully obeyed; but Jupiter, who knew the\n innocence of his grandson Peleus, ordered Vulcan to set him at\n liberty. As soon as he had been delivered from danger, Peleus\n assembled his friends to punish the ill-treatment which he had\n received from Acastus. He forcibly took Iolchos, drove the king from\n his possessions, and put to death the wicked Astydamia. After the\n death of Antigone, Peleus courted Thetis, of whose superior charms\n Jupiter himself had been enamoured. His pretensions however, were\n rejected, and, as he was a mortal, the goddess fled from him with the\n greatest abhorrence; and the more effectually to evade his inquiries,\n she generally assumed the shape of a bird, or of a tree, or of a\n tigress. Peleus became more animated from her refusal; he offered a\n sacrifice to the gods, and Proteus informed him that to obtain Thetis\n he must surprise her while she was asleep in her grotto, near the\n shores of Thessaly. This advice was immediately followed, and Thetis,\n unable to escape from the grasp of Peleus, at last consented to marry\n him. Their nuptials were celebrated with the greatest solemnity, and\n all the gods attended, and made them each the most valuable presents.\n The goddess of discord was the only one of the deities who was not\n present, and she punished this seeming neglect by throwing an apple\n into the midst of the assembly of the gods, with the inscription of\n _Detur pulchriori_. _See:_ Discordia. From the marriage of Peleus and\n Thetis was born Achilles, whose education was early entrusted to the\n Centaur Chiron, and afterwards to Ph\u0153nix the son of Amyntor. Achilles\n went to the Trojan war, at the head of his father\u2019s troops, and\n Peleus gloried in having a son who was superior to all the Greeks\n in valour and intrepidity. The death of Achilles was the source of\n grief to Peleus; and Thetis, to comfort her husband, promised him\n immortality, and ordered him to retire into the grottos of the island\n of Leuce, where he would see and converse with the manes of his son.\n Peleus had a daughter called Polydora, by Antigone. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 9, li. 482.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Andromache_.\u2015\u2015_Catullus_, _Marriage of\n Peleus and Thetis_ [poem 64].\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 5; _Fasti_,\n bk. 2; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fables 7 & 8.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 54.\n\n=Peli\u0103des=, the daughters of Pelias. _See:_ Pelias.\n\n=Pelias=, the twin brother of Neleus, was son of Neptune, by Tyro the\n daughter of Salmoneus. His birth was concealed from the world by his\n mother, who wished her father to be ignorant of her incontinence. He\n was exposed in the woods, but his life was preserved by shepherds,\n and he received the name of _Pelias_, from a spot of the colour of\n _lead_ in his face. Some time after this adventure, Tyro married\n Cretheus, son of \u00c6olus king of Iolchos, and became mother of three\n children, of whom \u00c6son was the eldest. Meantime Pelias visited his\n mother, and was received in her family; and, after the death of\n Cretheus, he unjustly seized the kingdom, which belonged to the\n children of Tyro, by the deceased monarch. To strengthen himself in\n his usurpation, Pelias consulted the oracle, and when he was told to\n beware of one of the descendants of \u00c6olus, who should come to his\n court with one foot shod, and the other bare, he privately removed\n the son of \u00c6son, after he had publicly declared that he was dead.\n These precautions proved abortive. Jason the son of \u00c6son, who had\n been educated by Chiron, returned to Iolchos, when arrived to years\n of maturity; and as he had lost one of his shoes in crossing the\n river Anaurus, or the Evenus, Pelias immediately perceived that this\n was the person whom he was advised so much to dread. His unpopularity\n prevented him from acting with violence against a stranger, whose\n uncommon dress and commanding aspect had raised admiration in his\n subjects. But his astonishment was excited when he saw Jason arrive\n at his palace, with his friends and his relations, and boldly\n demand the kingdom which he usurped. Pelias was conscious that his\n complaints were well founded, and therefore, to divert his attention,\n he told him that he would voluntarily resign the crown to him if he\n went to Colchis to avenge the death of Phryxus the son of Athamas,\n whom \u00c6etes had cruelly murdered. He further observed that the\n expedition would be attended with the greatest glory, and that\n nothing but the infirmities of old age had prevented him himself from\n vindicating the honour of his country, and the injuries of his family\n by punishing the assassin. This, so warmly recommended, was as warmly\n accepted by the young hero, and his intended expedition was made\n known all over Greece. _See:_ Jason. During the absence of Jason, in\n the Argonautic expedition, Pelias murdered \u00c6son and all his family;\n but, according to the more received opinion of Ovid, \u00c6son was still\n living when the Argonauts returned, and he was restored to the vigour\n of youth by the magic of Medea. This sudden change in the vigour and\n the constitution of \u00c6son astonished all the inhabitants of Iolchos,\n and the daughters of Pelias, who had received the patronymic of\n _Peliades_, expressed their desire to see their father\u2019s infirmities\n vanish by the same powerful arts. Medea, who wished to avenge the\n injuries which her husband Jason had received from Pelias, raised the\n desires of the Peliades, by cutting an old ram to pieces, and boiling\n the flesh in a cauldron, and afterwards turning it into a fine young\n lamb. After they had seen this successful experiment, the Peliades\n cut their father\u2019s body to pieces, after they had drawn all the blood\n from his veins, on the assurance that Medea would replenish them by\n her incantations. The limbs were immediately put into a cauldron of\n boiling water, but Medea suffered the flesh to be totally consumed,\n and refused to give the Peliades the promised assistance, and the\n bones of Pelias did not even receive a burial. The Peliades were four\n in number, Alceste, Pisidice, Pelopea, and Hippothoe, to whom Hyginus\n adds Medusa. Their mother\u2019s name was Anaxibia, the daughter of Bias,\n or Philomache, the daughter of Amphion. After this parricide, the\n Peliades fled to the court of Admetus, where Acastus the son-in-law\n of Pelias pursued them, and took their protector prisoner. The\n Peliades died, and were buried in Arcadia. _Hyginus_, fables 12, 13,\n & 14.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, fables 3 & 4; _Heroides_, poem\n 12, li. 129.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch.\n 9.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Medea_.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_,\n _Pythian_, poem 4.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan chief wounded by\n Ulysses during the Trojan war. He survived the ruin of his country,\n and followed the fortune of \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 431.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The ship Argo is called _Pelias arbor_, built of the trees of\n mount Pelion.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The spear of Achilles. _See:_ Pelion.\n\n=Pel\u012bdes=, a patronymic of Achilles, and of Pyrrhus, as being descended\n from Peleus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 264.\n\n=P\u0113ligni=, a people of Italy, who dwelt near the Sabines and Marsi,\n and had Corfinium and Sulmo for their chief towns. The most expert\n magicians were among the Peligni, according to Horace. _Livy_, bk. 8,\n chs. 6 & 29; bk. 9, ch. 41.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, poem 8, li.\n 42.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 19, li. 8.\n\n=Pelignus=, a friend of the emperor Claudius, made governor of\n Cappadocia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 49.\n\n=Pelin\u00e6us=, a mountain of Chios.\n\n=Pelinn\u00e6um=, or =Pelinna=, a town of Macedonia. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 36, chs. 10 & 14.\n\n=Pelion= and =Pelios=, a celebrated mountain of Thessaly, whose top is\n covered with pine trees. In their wars against the gods, the giants,\n as the poets mention, placed mount Ossa upon Pelion, to scale the\n heavens with more facility. The celebrated spear of Achilles, which\n none but the hero could wield, had been cut down on this mountain,\n and was thence called _Pelias_. It was a present from his preceptor\n Chiron, who, like the other Centaurs, had fixed his residence here.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 155; bk. 13, li. 199.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 281;\n bk. 3, li. 94.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Hercules_ & _Medea_.\n\n=Pelium=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 40.\n\n=Pella=, a celebrated town of Macedonia, on the Ludias, not far\n from the Sinus Thermaicus, which became the capital of the country\n after the ruin of Edessa. Philip king of Macedonia was educated\n there, and Alexander the Great was born there, whence he is often\n called _Pell\u00e6us juvenis_. The tomb of the poet Euripides was in the\n neighbourhood. The epithet _Pell\u00e6us_ is often applied to Egypt or\n Alexandria, because the Ptolemies, kings of the country, were of\n Macedonian origin. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 85.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 5, li.\n 60; bk. 8, lis. 475 & 607; bk. 9, lis. 1016 & 1073; bk. 10, li. 55.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 41.\n\n=Pell\u0101ne=, a town of Laconia, with a fountain whose waters have a\n subterraneous communication with the waters of another fountain.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Pell\u0113ne=, a town of Achaia, in the Peloponnesus, at the west of Sicyon,\n famous for its wool. It was built by the giant Pallas, or, according\n to others, by Pellen of Argos, son of Phorbas, and was the country\n of Proteus the sea-god. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 14.\n\n=P\u0115l\u014fp\u0113a=, or =P\u0115l\u014fp\u012ba=, a daughter of Thyestes the brother of Atreus.\n She had a son by her father, who had offered her violence in a wood,\n without knowing that she was his own daughter. Some suppose that\n Thyestes purposely committed the incest, as the oracle had informed\n him that his wrongs should be avenged, and his brother destroyed,\n by a son who should be born from him and his daughter. This proved\n too true. Pelopea afterwards married her uncle Atreus, who kindly\n received in his house his wife\u2019s illegitimate child, called \u00c6gysthus,\n because preserved by goats (\u03b1\u1f30\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2) when exposed in the mountains.\n \u00c6gysthus became his uncle\u2019s murderer. _See:_ \u00c6gysthus. _Hyginus_,\n fable 87, &c.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ibis_,\n li. 359.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Agamemnon_.\n\n=Pel\u014fp\u0113ia=, a festival observed by the people of Elis in honour of\n Pelops. It was kept in imitation of Hercules, who sacrificed to\n Pelops in a trench, as it was usual, when the manes and the infernal\n gods were the objects of worship.\n\n=Pel\u014fp\u012ba=, a daughter of Niobe.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Pelias.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother\n of Cycnus.\n\n=Pelop\u012ddas=, a celebrated general of Thebes, son of Hippoclus. He\n was descended of an illustrious family, and was remarkable for his\n immense possessions, which he bestowed with great liberality to\n the poor and necessitous. Many were the objects of his generosity;\n but when Epaminondas had refused to accept his presents, Pelopidas\n disregarded all his wealth, and preferred before it the enjoyment of\n his friend\u2019s conversation and of his poverty. From their friendship\n and intercourse the Thebans derived the most considerable advantages.\n No sooner had the interest of Sparta prevailed at Thebes, and the\n friends of liberty and national independence been banished from the\n city, than Pelopidas, who was in the number of the exiles, resolved\n to free his country from foreign slavery. His plan was bold and\n animated, and his deliberations were slow. Meanwhile Epaminondas,\n who had been left by the tyrants at Thebes, as being in appearance\n a worthless and insignificant philosopher, animated the youths of\n the city, and at last Pelopidas, with 11 of his associates, entered\n Thebes, and easily massacred the friends of the tyranny, and freed\n the country from foreign masters. After this successful enterprise,\n Pelopidas was unanimously placed at the head of the government; and\n so confident were the Thebans of his abilities as a general and a\n magistrate, that they successively re-elected him 13 times to fill\n the honourable office of governor of B\u0153otia. Epaminondas shared with\n him the sovereign power, and it was to their valour and prudence that\n the Thebans were indebted for a celebrated victory at the battle of\n Leuctra. In a war which Thebes carried on against Alexander tyrant\n of Pher\u00e6, Pelopidas was appointed commander; but his imprudence,\n in trusting himself unarmed into the enemy\u2019s camp, nearly proved\n fatal to him. He was taken prisoner, but Epaminondas restored him to\n liberty. The perfidy of Alexander irritated him, and he was killed\n bravely fighting in a celebrated battle in which his troops obtained\n the victory, B.C. 364 years. He received an honourable burial. The\n Thebans showed their sense for his merit by their lamentations; they\n sent a powerful army to revenge his death on the destruction of the\n tyrant of Pher\u00e6; and his relations and his children were presented\n with immense donations by the cities of Thessaly. Pelopidas is\n admired for his valour, as he never engaged an enemy without\n obtaining the advantage. The impoverished state of Thebes before his\n birth, and after his fall, plainly demonstrates the superiority of\n his genius and of his abilities; and it has been justly observed,\n that with Pelopidas and Epaminondas the glory and the independence\n of the Thebans rose and set. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.\n \u2015\u2015_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Polybius._\n\n=Peloponnesi\u0103cum bellum=, a celebrated war which continued for 27 years\n between the Athenians and the inhabitants of Peloponnesus with their\n respective allies. It is the most famous and the most interesting of\n all the wars which have happened between the inhabitants of Greece;\n and for the minute and circumstantial description which we have of\n the events and revolutions which mutual animosity produced, we are\n indebted more particularly to the correct and authentic writings of\n Thucydides and of Xenophon. The circumstances which gave birth to\n this memorable war are these. The power of Athens, under the prudent\n and vigorous administration of Pericles, was already extended over\n Greece, and it had procured itself many admirers and more enemies,\n when the Corcyreans, who had been planted by a Corinthian colony,\n refused to pay their founders those marks of respect and reverence\n which among the Greeks every colony was obliged to pay to its mother\n country. The Corinthians wished to punish that infidelity; and when\n the people of Epidamnus, a considerable town on the Adriatic, had\n been invaded by some of the barbarians of Illyricum, the people\n of Corinth gladly granted to the Epidamnians that assistance which\n had in vain been solicited from the Corcyreans, their founders and\n their patrons. The Corcyreans were offended at the interference of\n Corinth in the affairs of their colony; they manned a fleet, and\n obtained a victory over the Corinthian vessels which had assisted\n the Epidamnians. The subsequent conduct of the Corcyreans, and their\n insolence to some of the Elians, who had furnished a few ships to the\n Corinthians, provoked the Peloponnesians, and the discontent became\n general. Ambassadors were sent by both parties to Athens to claim its\n protection, and to justify these violent proceedings. The greatest\n part of the Athenians heard their various reasonings with moderation\n and with compassion; but the enterprising ambition of Pericles\n prevailed, and when the Corcyreans had reminded the people of Athens,\n that in all the states of Peloponnesus they had to dread the most\n malevolent enemies, and the most insidious of rivals, they were\n listened to with attention, and were promised support. This step was\n no sooner taken, than the Corinthians appealed to the other Grecian\n states, and particularly to the Laced\u00e6monians. Their complaints\n were accompanied by those of the people of Megara and of \u00c6gina, who\n bitterly inveighed against the cruelty, injustice, and insolence\n of the Athenians. This had due weight with the Laced\u00e6monians, who\n had long beheld with concern and with jealousy the ambitious power\n of the Athenians, and they determined to support the cause of the\n Corinthians. However, before they proceeded to hostilities, an\n embassy was sent to Athens, to represent the danger of entering\n into a war with the most powerful and flourishing of all the Grecian\n states. This alarmed the Athenians, but when Pericles had eloquently\n spoken of the resources and the actual strength of the republic,\n and of the weakness of the allies, the clamours of his enemies\n were silenced, and the answer which was returned to the Spartans\n was taken as a declaration of war. The Spartans were supported by\n all the republics of the Peloponnesus, except Argos and part of\n Achaia, besides the people of Megara, B\u0153otia, Phocis, Locris, Leucas,\n Ambracia, and Anactorium. The Plat\u00e6ans, the Lesbians, Carians,\n Chians, Messenians, Acarnanians, Zacynthians, Corcyreans, Dorians,\n and Thracians, were the friends of the Athenians, with all the\n Cyclades, except Eub\u0153a, Samos, Melos, and Thera. The first blow had\n already been struck, May 7, B.C. 431, by an attempt of the B\u0153otians\n to \u2666surprise Plat\u00e6a; and therefore Archidamus king of Sparta, who had\n in vain recommended moderation to the allies, entered Attica at the\n head of an army of 60,000 men, and laid waste the country by fire\n and sword. Pericles, who was at the head of the government, did not\n attempt to oppose them in the field; but a fleet of 150 ships set\n sail, without delay, to ravage the coasts of the Peloponnesus. Megara\n was also depopulated by an army of 20,000 men, and the campaign of\n the first year of the war was concluded in celebrating, with the most\n solemn pomp, the funerals of such as had nobly fallen in battle. The\n following year was remarkable for a pestilence which raged in Athens,\n and which destroyed the greatest part of the inhabitants. The public\n calamity was still heightened by the approach of the Peloponnesian\n army on the borders of Attica, and by the \u2660unsuccessful expedition\n of the Athenians against Epidaurus and in Thrace. The pestilence\n which had carried away so many of the Athenians proved also fatal\n to Pericles, and he died about two years and six months after the\n commencement of the Peloponnesian war. The following years did not\n give rise to decisive events; but the revolt of Lesbos from the\n alliance of the Athenians was productive of fresh troubles. Mitylene\n the capital of the island was recovered, and the inhabitants treated\n with the greatest cruelty. The island of Corcyra became also the\n seat of new seditions, and those citizens who had been carried away\n prisoners by the Corinthians, and for political reasons treated\n with lenity, and taught to despise the alliance of Athens, were no\n sooner returned home, than they raised commotions and endeavoured\n to persuade their countrymen to join the Peloponnesian confederates.\n This was strongly opposed; but both parties obtained by turns the\n superiority, and massacred, with the greatest barbarity, all those\n who obstructed their views. Some time after Demosthenes the Athenian\n general invaded \u00c6tolia, where his arms were attended with the\n greatest success. He also fortified Pylos in the Peloponnesus, and\n gained so many advantages over the confederates, that they sued for\n peace, which the insolence of Athens refused. The fortune of the war\n soon after changed, and the Laced\u00e6monians, under the prudent conduct\n of Brasidas, made themselves masters of many valuable places in\n Thrace. But this victorious progress was soon stopped by the death\n of their general, and that of Cleon the Athenian commander; and the\n pacific disposition of Nicias, who was now at the head of Athens,\n made overtures of peace and universal tranquillity. Plistoanax the\n king of the Spartans wished them to be accepted; but the intrigues\n of the Corinthians prevented the discontinuation of the war, and\n therefore hostilities began anew. But while war was carried on with\n various success in different parts of Greece, the Athenians engaged\n in a new expedition; they yielded to the persuasive eloquence of\n Gorgias of Leontium, and the ambitious views of Alcibiades, and\n sent a fleet of 20 ships to assist the Sicilian states against the\n tyrannical power of Syracuse, B.C. 416. This was warmly opposed by\n Nicias; but the eloquence of Alcibiades prevailed, and a powerful\n fleet was sent against the capital of Sicily. These vigorous though\n impolitic measures of the Athenians were not viewed with indifference\n by the confederates. Syracuse, in her distress, implored the\n assistance of Corinth, and Gylippus was sent to direct her operations,\n and to defend her against the power of her enemies. The events of\n battles were dubious, and though the Athenian army was animated by\n the prudence and intrepidity of Nicias, and the more hasty courage of\n Demosthenes, yet the good fortune of Syracuse prevailed; and after a\n campaign of two years of bloodshed, the fleets of Athens were totally\n ruined, and the few soldiers that survived the destructive siege,\n made prisoners of war. So fatal a blow threw the people of Attica\n into consternation and despair, and while they sought for resources\n at home, they severely felt themselves deprived of support abroad,\n their allies were alienated by the intrigues of the enemy, and\n rebellion was fomented in their dependent states and colonies on\n the Asiatic coast. The threatened ruin, however, was timely averted,\n and Alcibiades, who had been treated with cruelty by his countrymen,\n and who had for some time resided in Sparta, and directed her\n military operations, now exerted himself to defeat the designs of\n the confederates, by inducing the Persians to espouse the cause of\n his country. But in a short time after, the internal tranquillity\n of Athens was disturbed, and Alcibiades, by wishing to abolish the\n democracy, called away the attention of his fellow-citizens from\n the prosecution of a war which had already cost them so much blood.\n This, however, was but momentary; the Athenians soon after obtained a\n naval victory, and the Peloponnesian fleet was defeated by Alcibiades.\n The Athenians beheld with rapture the success of their arms; but\n when their fleet, in the absence of Alcibiades, had been defeated\n and destroyed near Andros by Lysander the Laced\u00e6monian admiral, they\n showed their discontent and mortification by eagerly listening to\n the accusations which were brought against their naval leader, to\n whom they gratefully had acknowledged themselves indebted for their\n former victories. Alcibiades was disgraced in the public assembly,\n and 10 commanders were appointed to succeed him in the management\n of the republic. This change of admirals, and the appointment of\n Callicratidas to succeed Lysander, whose office had expired with the\n revolving year, produced new operations. The Athenians fitted out a\n fleet, and the two nations decided their superiority near Arginus\u00e6,\n in a naval battle. Callicratidas was killed, and the Laced\u00e6monians\n conquered, but the rejoicings which the intelligence of this victory\n occasioned were soon stopped, when it was known that the wrecks of\n some of the disabled ships of the Athenians, and the bodies of the\n slain, had not been saved from the sea. The admirals were accused in\n the tumultuous assembly, and immediately condemned. Their successors\n in office were not so prudent, but they were more unfortunate in\n their operations. Lysander was again placed at the head of the\n Peloponnesian forces, instead of Eteonicus, who had succeeded to the\n command at the death of Callicratidas. The age and the experience\n of this general seemed to promise something decisive, and indeed\n an opportunity was not long wanting for the display of his military\n character. The superiority of the Athenians over that of the\n Peloponnesians, rendered the former insolent, proud, and negligent,\n and when they had imprudently forsaken their ships to indulge their\n indolence, or pursue their amusements on the sea-shore at \u00c6gospotamus,\n Lysander attacked their fleet, and his victory was complete. Of\n 180 sail, only nine escaped, eight of which fled, under the command\n of Conon, to the island of Cyprus, and the other carried to Athens\n the melancholy news of the defeat. The Athenian prisoners were all\n massacred; and when the Peloponnesian conquerors had extended their\n dominion over the states and communities of Europe and Asia, which\n formerly acknowledged the power of Athens, they returned home to\n finish the war by the reduction of the capital of Attica. The siege\n was carried on with vigour, and supported with firmness, and the\n first Athenian who mentioned capitulation to his countrymen, was\n instantly sacrificed to the fury and the indignation of the populace,\n and all the citizens unanimously declared, that the same moment would\n terminate their independence and their lives. This animated language,\n however, was not long continued; the spirit of faction was not yet\n extinguished at Athens; and it proved, perhaps, more destructive\n to the public liberty, than the operations and assaults of the\n Peloponnesian besiegers. During four months, negotiations were\n carried on with the Spartans by the aristocratical part of the\n Athenians, and at last it was agreed that to establish the peace,\n the fortifications of the Athenian harbours must be demolished,\n together with the long walls which joined them to the city; all their\n ships, except 12, were to be surrendered to the enemy; they were\n to resign every pretension to their ancient dominions abroad; to\n recall from banishment all the members of the late aristocracy; to\n follow the Spartans in war, and, in the time of peace, to frame their\n constitution according to the will and the prescriptions of their\n Peloponnesian conquerors. The terms were accepted, and the enemy\n entered the harbour, and took possession of the city, that very\n day on which the Athenians had been accustomed to celebrate the\n anniversary of the immortal victory which their ancestors had\n obtained over the Persians about 76 years before, near the island of\n Salamis. The walls and fortifications were instantly levelled with\n the ground, and the conquerors observed, that in the demolition of\n Athens, succeeding ages would fix the era of Grecian freedom. The\n day was concluded with a festival, and the recitation of one of the\n tragedies of Euripides, in which the misfortunes of the daughter of\n Agamemnon, who was reduced to misery, and banished from her father\u2019s\n kingdom, excited a kindred sympathy in the bosom of the audience, who\n melted into tears at the recollection that one moment had likewise\n reduced to misery and servitude the capital of Attica, which was\n once called the common patroness of Greece, and the scourge of Persia.\n This memorable event happened about 404 years before the christian\n era, and 30 tyrants were appointed by Lysander over the government\n of the city. _Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lysander_,\n _Pericles_, _Alcibiades_, _Nicias_, & _Agesilaus_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 11, &c.\u2015\u2015_Aristophanes._\u2015\u2015_Thucydides._\u2015\u2015_Plato._\u2015\u2015_Aristotle._\n \u2015\u2015_Lycias._\u2015\u2015_Isocrates._\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Lysander_,\n _Alcibiades_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 1, ch. 24.\n\n \u2666 \u2018supprise\u2019 replaced with \u2018surprise\u2019\n\n \u2660 \u2018unsuccesful\u2019 replaced with \u2018unsuccessful\u2019\n\n=Peloponn\u0113sus=, a celebrated peninsula which comprehends the most\n southern parts of Greece. It received its name from Pelops, who\n settled there, as the name indicates (\u03c0\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bd\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2, _the island\n of Pelops_). It had been called before _Argia_, _Pelasgia_, and\n _Argolis_, and in its form, it has been observed by the moderns,\n highly to resemble the leaf of the plane tree. Its present name\n is _Morea_, which seems to be derived either from the Greek word\n \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b1, or the Latin _morus_, which signifies a _mulberry tree_,\n which is found there in great abundance. The ancient Peloponnesus\n was divided into six different provinces, Messenia, Laconia, Elis,\n Arcadia, Achaia propria, and Argolis, to which some add Sicyon.\n These provinces all bordered on the sea-shore, except Arcadia. The\n Peloponnesus was conquered, some time after the Trojan war, by the\n Heraclid\u00e6 or descendants of Hercules, who had been forcibly expelled\n from it. The inhabitants of this peninsula rendered themselves\n illustrious, like the rest of the Greeks, by their genius, their\n fondness for the fine arts, the cultivation of learning, and the\n profession of arms, but in nothing more than by a celebrated war,\n which they carried on against Athens and her allies for 27 years, and\n which from them received the name of the Peloponnesian war. _See:_\n Peloponnesiacum bellum. The Peloponnesus scarce extended 200 miles in\n length, and 140 in breadth, and about 563 miles in circumference. It\n was separated from Greece by the narrow isthmus of Corinth, which, as\n being only five miles broad, Demetrius, C\u00e6sar, Nero, and some others,\n attempted in vain to cut, to make a communication between the bay\n of Corinth, and the Saronicus sinus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides._\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 12, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21; bk. 8, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 8,\n ch. 40.\n\n=Pelop\u0113a m\u0153nia=, is applied to the cities of Greece, but more\n particularly to Mycen\u00e6 and Argos, where the descendants of Pelops\n reigned. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 193.\n\n=Pelops=, a celebrated prince, son of Tantalus king of Phrygia. His\n mother\u2019s name was Euryanassa, or, according to others, Euprytone, or\n Eurystemista, or Dione. He was murdered by his father, who wished to\n try the divinity of the gods who had visited Phrygia, by placing on\n their table the limbs of his son. The gods perceived his perfidious\n cruelty, and they refused to touch the meat, except Ceres, whom the\n recent loss of her daughter had rendered melancholy and inattentive.\n She ate one of the shoulders of Pelops, and therefore, when Jupiter\n had compassion on his fate, and restored him to life, he placed a\n shoulder of ivory instead of that which Ceres had devoured. This\n shoulder had an uncommon power, and it could heal by its very touch\n every complaint, and remove every disorder. Some time after, the\n kingdom of Tantalus was invaded by Tros king of Troy, on pretence\n that he had carried away his son Ganymedes. This rape had been\n committed by Jupiter himself; the war, nevertheless, was carried on,\n and Tantalus, defeated and ruined, was obliged to fly with his son\n Pelops, and to seek a shelter in Greece. This tradition is confuted\n by some, who support that Tantalus did not fly into Greece, as he had\n been some time before confined by Jupiter in the infernal regions for\n his impiety, and therefore Pelops was the only one whom the enmity\n of Tros persecuted. Pelops came to Pisa, where he became one of the\n suitors of Hippodamia the daughter of king \u0152nomaus, and he entered\n the lists against the father, who promised his daughter only to him\n who could outrun him in a chariot race. Pelops was not terrified\n at the fate of the 13 lovers, who before him had entered the course\n against \u0152nomaus, and had, according to the conditions proposed,\n been put to death when conquered. He previously bribed Myrtilus the\n charioteer of \u0152nomaus, and therefore he easily obtained the victory.\n _See:_ \u0152nomaus. He married Hippodamia, and threw headlong into the\n sea Myrtilus, when he claimed the reward of his perfidy. According\n to some authors, Pelops had received some winged horses from Neptune,\n with which he was enabled to outrun \u0152nomaus. When he had established\n himself on the throne of Pisa, Hippodamia\u2019s possession, he extended\n his conquests over the neighbouring countries, and from him the\n peninsula, of which he was one of the monarchs, received the name of\n Peloponnesus. Pelops, after death, received divine honours, and he\n was as much revered above all the other heroes of Greece, as Jupiter\n was above the rest of the gods. He had a temple at Olympia, near that\n of Jupiter, where Hercules consecrated to him a small portion of land,\n and offered to him a sacrifice. The place where this sacrifice had\n been offered was religiously observed, and the magistrates of the\n country yearly, on coming upon office, made there an offering of\n a black ram. During the sacrifice, the soothsayer was not allowed,\n as at other times, to have a share of the victim, but he alone who\n furnished the wood was permitted to take the neck. The wood for\n sacrifices, as may be observed, was always furnished by some of the\n priests to all such as offered victims, and they received a price\n equivalent to what they gave. The white poplar was generally used in\n the sacrifices made to Jupiter and to Pelops. The children of Pelops\n by Hippodamia were Pitheus, Tr\u0153zen, Atreus, Thyestes, &c., besides\n some by concubines. The time of his death is unknown, though it is\n universally agreed that he survived for some time Hippodamia. Some\n suppose that the Palladium of the Trojans was made with the bones\n of Pelops. His descendants were called _Pelopid\u00e6_. Pindar, who,\n in his first Olympic, speaks of Pelops, confutes the traditions of\n his ivory shoulder, and says that Neptune took him up to heaven to\n become the cup-bearer to the gods, from which he was expelled, when\n the impiety of Tantalus wished to make mankind partake of the nectar\n and the entertainments of the gods. Some suppose that Pelops first\n instituted the Olympic games in honour of Jupiter, and to commemorate\n the victory which he had obtained over \u0152nomaus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,\n ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Olympian_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 404, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 9,\n 82, & 83.\n\n=Pelor=, one of the men who sprang from the teeth of the dragon killed\n by Cadmus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 5.\n\n=Peloria=, a festival observed by the Thessalians, in commemoration of\n the news which they received by one Pelorious, that the mountains of\n Tempe had been separated by an earthquake, and that the waters of the\n lake which lay there stagnated, had found a passage into the Alpheus,\n and left behind a vast, pleasant, and most delightful plain, &c.\n _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 3.\n\n=Pel\u014drus= (_v._ is-dis, _v._ ias-iados), now Cape _Faro_, one of the\n three great promontories of Sicily, on whose top is erected a tower\n to direct the sailor on his voyage. It lies near the coast of Italy,\n and received its name from Pelorus, the pilot of the ship which\n carried away Annibal from Italy. This celebrated general, as it is\n reported, was carried by the tides into the straits of Charybdis, and\n as he was ignorant of the coast, he asked the pilot of his ship the\n name of the promontory, which appeared at a distance. The pilot told\n him it was one of the capes of Sicily, but Annibal gave no credit to\n his information, and murdered him on the spot, on the apprehension\n that he would betray him into the hands of the Romans. He was,\n however, soon convinced of his error, and found that the pilot had\n spoken with great fidelity; and therefore, to pay honour to his\n memory, and to atone for his cruelty, he gave him a magnificent\n funeral, and ordered that the promontory should bear his name, and\n from that time it was called Pelorus. Some suppose that this account\n is false, and they observe that it bore that name before the age of\n Annibal. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, lis. 411 & 687.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 350; bk. 13, li. 727; bk. 15, li. 706.\n\n=Pelt\u00e6=, a town of Phrygia.\n\n=Pel\u016bsium=, now _Tineh_, a town of Egypt, situate at the entrance of\n one of the mouths of the Nile, called from it Pelusian. It is about\n 20 stadia from the sea, and it has received the name of _Pelusium_\n from the lakes and marshes (\u2666\u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2) which are in its neighbourhood.\n It was the key of Egypt on the side of Ph\u0153nicia, as it was impossible\n to enter the Egyptian territories without passing by Pelusium, and\n therefore on that account it was always well fortified and garrisoned,\n as it was of such importance for the security of the country. It\n produced lentils, and was celebrated for the linen stuffs made there.\n It is now in ruins. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Columella_, bk. 5, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 25.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 466; bk. 9,\n li. 83; bk. 10, li. 53.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 19; bk. 45, ch. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 228.\n\n \u2666 \u2018\u03c0\u03bc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2\u2019 replaced with \u2018\u03c0\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2\u2019\n\n=P\u0115n\u0101tes=, certain inferior deities among the Romans, who presided\n over houses and the domestic affairs of families. They were called\n _Penates_, because they were generally placed in the innermost and\n most secret parts of the house, _in Penitissim\u00e2 \u00e6dium parte, quod_,\n as Cicero says, _penitus insident_. The place \u2666where they stood was\n afterwards called _penetralia_, and they themselves received the name\n of _Penetrales_. It was in the option of every master of a family to\n choose his Penates, and therefore Jupiter, and some of the superior\n gods, are often invoked as patrons of domestic affairs. According\n to some, the gods Penates were divided into four classes; the first\n comprehended all the celestial, the second the sea-gods, the third\n the gods of hell, and the last all such heroes as had received\n divine honours after death. The Penates were originally the manes of\n the dead, but when superstition had taught mankind to pay uncommon\n reverence to the statues and images of their deceased friends, their\n attention was soon exchanged for regular worship, and they were\n admitted by their votaries to share immortality and power over the\n world, with a Jupiter or a Minerva. The statues of the Penates were\n generally made with wax, ivory, silver, or earth, according to the\n affluence of the worshipper, and the only offerings they received\n were wine, incense, fruits, and sometimes the sacrifice of lambs,\n sheep, goats, &c. In the early ages of Rome, human sacrifices were\n offered to them; but Brutus, who expelled the Tarquins, abolished\n this unnatural custom. When offerings were made to them, their\n statues were crowned with garlands, poppies, or garlic, and besides\n the monthly day that was set apart for their worship, their festivals\n were celebrated during the Saturnalia. Some have confounded the\n Lares and the Penates, but they were different. _Cicero_, _de Natura\n Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 27; _Against Verres_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\n\n \u2666 \u2018were\u2019 replaced with \u2018where\u2019\n\n=Pendalium=, a promontory of Cyprus.\n\n=P\u0113neia=, or =Pen\u0113is=, an epithet applied to Daphne, as daughter of\n Peneus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 452.\n\n=Penelius=, one of the Greeks killed in the Trojan war. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 494.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hippalmus among the Argonauts.\n\n=P\u0113n\u0115l\u014fpe=, a celebrated princess of Greece, daughter of Icarius,\n and wife of Ulysses king of Ithaca. Her marriage with Ulysses was\n celebrated about the same time that Menelaus married Helen, and she\n retired with her husband to Ithaca, against the inclination of her\n father, who wished to detain her at Sparta, her native country. She\n soon after became mother of Telemachus, and was obliged to part with\n great reluctance from her husband, whom the Greeks obliged to go to\n the Trojan war. _See:_ Palamedes. The continuation of hostilities\n for 10 years made her sad and melancholy; but when Ulysses did not\n return like the other princes of Greece at the conclusion of the\n war, her fears and her anxieties were increased. As she received\n no intelligence of his situation, she was soon beset by a number of\n importuning suitors, who wished her to believe that her husband was\n shipwrecked, and that therefore, she ought no longer to expect his\n return, but forget his loss, and fix her choice and affections on one\n of her numerous admirers. She received their addresses with coldness\n and disdain; but as she was destitute of power, and a prisoner, as it\n were, in their hands, she yet flattered them with hopes and promises,\n and declared that she would make choice of one of them, as soon as\n she had finished a piece of tapestry, on which she was employed.\n The work was done in a dilatory manner, and she baffled their eager\n expectations, by undoing in the night what she had done in the\n daytime. This artifice of Penelope has given rise to the proverb of\n _Penelope\u2019s web_, which is applied to whatever labour can never be\n ended. The return of Ulysses, after an absence of 20 years, however,\n delivered her from her fears and from her dangerous suitors. Penelope\n is described by Homer as a model of female virtue and chastity, but\n some more modern writers dispute her claims to modesty and continence,\n and they represent her as the most debauched and voluptuous of her\n sex. According to their opinions, therefore, she liberally gratified\n the desires of her suitors, in the absence of her husband, and had a\n son whom she called Pan, as if to show that he was the offspring of\n all her admirers. Some, however, suppose that Pan was son of Penelope\n by Mercury, and that he was born before his mother\u2019s marriage with\n Ulysses. The god, as it is said, deceived Penelope, under the form\n of a beautiful goat, as she was tending her father\u2019s flocks on one\n of the mountains of Arcadia. After the return of Ulysses, Penelope\n had a daughter, who was called Ptoliporthe; but if we believe the\n traditions that were long preserved at Mantinea, Ulysses repudiated\n his wife for her incontinence during his absence, and Penelope\n fled to Sparta, and afterwards to Mantinea, where she died and was\n buried. After the death of Ulysses, according to Hyginus, she married\n Telegonus, her husband\u2019s son by Circe, by order of the goddess\n Minerva. Some say that her original name was Arnea, or Amirace, and\n that she was called Penelope, when some river birds called Penelopes\n had saved her from the waves of the sea, when her father had exposed\n her. Icarius had attempted to destroy her, because the oracles had\n told him that his daughter by Perib\u0153a would be the most dissolute of\n her sex, and a disgrace to his family. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Heroides_, poem 1; _Metamorphoses_.\u2015\u2015_Aristotle_, _History of\n Animals_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 127.\u2015\u2015_Aristophanes_, _The Birds_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 37.\n\n=P\u0113neus=, a river of Thessaly, rising on mount Pindus, and falling\n into the Thermean gulf, after a wandering course between mount Ossa\n and Olympus, through the plains of Tempe. It received its name from\n Peneus, a son of Oceanus and Tethys. The Peneus anciently inundated\n the plains of Thessaly, till an earthquake separated the mountains\n Ossa and Olympus, and formed the beautiful vale of Tempe, where\n the waters formerly stagnated. From this circumstance, therefore,\n it obtained the name of Arexes, _ab_ \u1f00\u03c1\u03b1\u03c3\u03c3\u03c9, _scindo_. Daphne the\n daughter of the Peneus, according to the fables of the mythologists,\n was changed into a laurel on the banks of this river. This tradition\n arises from the quantity of laurels which grow near the Peneus.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 452, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 317.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a small river of Elis in Peloponnesus,\n better known under the name of Araxes. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 24.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 8 & 11.\n\n=Penidas=, one of Alexander\u2019s friends, who went to examine Scythia\n under pretence of an embassy. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 6.\n\n=Pen\u012bn\u00e6 alpes=, a certain part of the Alps. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38.\n\n=Pentap\u014flis=, a town of India.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A part of Africa near Cyrene. It\n received this name on account of the _five cities_ which it contained,\n Cyrene, Arsinoe, Berenice, Ptolemais, or Barce, and Apollonia.\n _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also part of Palestine, containing the five\n cities of Gaza, Gath, Ascalon, Azotus, and Ekron.\n\n=Pentel\u012dcus=, a mountain of Attica, where were found quarries of\n beautiful marble. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32.\n\n=Penthes\u012dl\u0113a=, a queen of the Amazons, daughter of Mars by Otrera, or\n Orithya. She came to assist Priam in the last years of the Trojan war,\n and fought against Achilles, by whom she was slain. The hero was so\n struck with the beauty of Penthesilea, when he stripped her of her\n arms, that he even shed tears for having too violently sacrificed\n her to his fury. Thersites laughed at the partiality of the hero, for\n which ridicule he was instantly killed. Lycophron says that Achilles\n slew Thersites because he had put out the eyes of Penthesilea when\n she was yet alive. The scholiast of Lycophron differs from that\n opinion, and declares, that it was commonly believed that Achilles\n offered violence to the body of Penthesilea when she was dead,\n and that Thersites was killed because he had reproached the hero\n for this infamous action, in the presence of all the Greeks. The\n death of Thersites so offended Diomedes that he dragged the body of\n Penthesilea out of the camp, and threw it into the Scamander. It is\n generally supposed that Achilles was enamoured of the Amazon before\n he fought with her, and that she had by him a son called Cayster.\n _Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 3 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 31.\n \u2015\u2015_Quintus Calaber [Smyrn\u00e6us]_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li.\n 495; bk. 11, li. 662.\u2015\u2015_Dares Phrygius._\u2015\u2015_Lycophron_, _Cassandra_,\n li. 995, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 112.\n\n=Pentheus=, son of Echion and Agave, was king of Thebes in B\u0153otia. His\n refusal to acknowledge the divinity of Bacchus was attended with the\n most fatal consequences. He forbade his subjects to pay adoration to\n this new god; and when the Theban women had gone out of the city to\n celebrate the orgies of Bacchus, Pentheus, apprised of the debauchery\n which attended the solemnity, ordered the god himself, who conducted\n the religious multitude, to be seized. His orders were obeyed with\n reluctance, but when the doors of the prison in which Bacchus had\n been confined opened of their own accord, Pentheus became more\n irritated, and commanded his soldiers to destroy the whole band of\n the bacchanals. This, however, was not executed, for Bacchus inspired\n the monarch with the ardent desire of seeing the celebration of the\n orgies. Accordingly, he hid himself in a wood on mount Cith\u00e6ron,\n from whence he could see all the ceremonies unperceived. But here\n his curiosity soon proved fatal; he was descried by the bacchanals,\n and they all rushed upon him. His mother was the first who attacked\n him, and her example was instantly followed by her two sisters, Ino\n and Autonoe, and his body was torn to pieces. Euripides introduces\n Bacchus among his priestesses, when Pentheus was put to death; but\n Ovid, who relates the whole in the same manner, differs from the\n Greek poet only in saying, that not Bacchus himself, but one of\n his priests, was present. The tree on which the bacchanals found\n Pentheus, was cut down by the Corinthians, by order of the oracle,\n and with it two statues of the god of wine were made, and placed in\n their forum. _Hyginus_, fable 184.\u2015\u2015_Theocritus_, poem 26.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, fables 7, 8, & 9.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4,\n li. 469.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Bacch\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Ph\u0153niss\u00e6_ & _Hippolytus_.\n\n=Penth\u012dlus=, a son of Orestes by Erigone the daughter of \u00c6gysthus, who\n reigned conjointly with his brother Tisamenus at Argos. He was driven\n some time after from his throne by the Heraclid\u00e6, and he retired to\n Achaia, and thence to Lesbos, where he planted a colony. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 5, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_ bk. 1, ch. 1.\n\n=Penthylus=, a prince of Paphos, who assisted Xerxes with 12 ships.\n He was seized by the Greeks, to whom he communicated many important\n things concerning the situation of the Persians, &c. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 7, ch. 195.\n\n=Pep\u0103r\u0113thos=, a small island of the \u00c6gean sea, on the coast of\n Macedonia, about 20 miles in circumference. It abounded in olives,\n and its wines have always been reckoned excellent. They were not,\n however, palatable before they were seven years old. _Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 470.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 28,\n ch. 5; bk. 31, ch. 58.\n\n=Pephnos=, a town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 26.\n\n=Pephr\u0113do=, a sea nymph, daughter of Phorcys and Ceto. She was born\n with white hair, and thence surnamed Graia. She had a sister called\n Enyo. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 270.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus._\n\n=Per\u00e6a=, or =Ber\u00e6a=, a country of Jud\u00e6a, near Egypt. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A part of Caria, opposite to Rhodes. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch.\n 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A colony of the Mityleneans in \u00c6olia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 21.\n\n=Perasippus=, an ambassador sent to Darius by the Laced\u00e6monians, &c.\n _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\n\n=Perc\u014dpe=, or =Percote=, a city which assisted Priam during the Trojan\n war. _See:_ Percote.\n\n=Percosius=, a man acquainted with futurity. He attempted in vain to\n dissuade his two sons from going to the Trojan war by telling them\n that they should perish there.\n\n=Perc\u014dte=, a town on the Hellespont, between Abydos and Lampsacus, near\n the sea-shore. Artaxerxes gave it to Themistocles, to maintain his\n wardrobe. It is sometimes called Percope. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 117.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer._\n\n=Perdiccas=, the fourth king of Macedonia, B.C. 729, was descended from\n Temenus. He increased his dominions by conquest, and in the latter\n part of his life, he showed his son Argeus where he wished to be\n buried, and told him, that as long as the bones of his descendants\n and successors on the throne of Macedonia were laid in the same grave,\n so long would the crown remain in their family. These injunctions\n were observed till the time of Alexander, who was buried out\n of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bks. 7 & 8.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, king of Macedonia, son of Alexander. He reigned during\n the Peloponnesian war, and assisted the Laced\u00e6monians against Athens.\n He behaved with great courage on the throne, and died B.C. 413, after\n a long reign of glory and independence, during which he had subdued\n some of his barbarian neighbours.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, king of Macedonia, who\n was supported on his throne by Iphicrates the Athenian against the\n intrusions of Pausanias. He was killed in a war against the Illyrians,\n B.C. 360. _Justin_, bk. 7, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the friends and favourites\n of Alexander the Great. At the king\u2019s death he wished to make himself\n absolute; and the ring which he had received from the hand of the\n dying Alexander, seemed in some measure to favour his pretensions.\n The better to support his claims to the throne, he married Cleopatra\n the sister of Alexander, and strengthened himself by making a league\n with Eumenes. His ambitious views were easily discovered by Antigonus,\n and the rest of the generals of Alexander, who all wished, like\n Perdiccas, to succeed to the kingdom and honours of the deceased\n monarch. Antipater, Craterus, and Ptolemy, leagued with Antigonus\n against him, and after much bloodshed on both sides, Perdiccas was\n totally ruined, and at last assassinated in his tent in Egypt, by his\n own officers, about 321 years before the christian era. Perdiccas had\n not the prudence and the address which were necessary to conciliate\n the esteem and gain the attachment of his fellow-soldiers, and this\n impropriety of his conduct alienated the heart of his friends, and\n at last proved his destruction. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bks. 17 & 18.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.\n \u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.\n\n=Perdix=, a young Athenian, son of the sister of D\u00e6dalus. He invented\n the saw, and seemed to promise to become a greater artist than had\n ever been known. His uncle was jealous of his rising fame, and he\n threw him down from the top of a tower and put him to death. Perdix\n was changed into a bird which bears his name. _Hyginus_, fables 39 &\n 274.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 4, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,\n li. 220, &c.\n\n=Perenna.= _See:_ Anna.\n\n=Perennis=, a favourite of the emperor Commodus. He is described by\n some as a virtuous and impartial magistrate, while others paint\n him as a cruel, violent, and oppressive tyrant, who committed the\n greatest barbarities to enrich himself. He was put to death for\n aspiring to the empire. _Herodian._\n\n=Pereus=, a son of Elatus and Laodice, grandson of Arcas. He left only\n one daughter, called Ne\u00e6ra, who was mother of Auge, and of Cepheus\n and Lycurgus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.\n\n=Perga=, a town of Pamphylia. _See:_ Perge, _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 57.\n\n=Perg\u0103mus= (Pergama plural), the citadel of the city of Troy. The word\n is often used for Troy. It was situated in the most elevated part\n of the town, on the shores of the river Scamander. Xerxes mounted to\n the top of this citadel when he reviewed his troops as he marched to\n invade Greece. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 43.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1,\n li. 466, &c.\n\n=Pergamus=, now _Pergamo_, a town of Mysia, on the banks of the Caycus.\n It was the capital of a celebrated empire called the kingdom of\n Pergamus, which was founded by Phil\u00e6terus, a eunuch, whom Lysimachus,\n after the battle of Ipsus, had entrusted with the treasures which\n he had obtained in the war. Phil\u00e6terus made himself master of the\n treasures and of Pergamus, in which they were deposited, B.C. 283,\n and laid the foundation of an empire, over which he himself presided\n for 20 years. His successors began to reign in the following order:\n His nephew Eumenes ascended the throne 263 B.C.; Attalus, 241;\n \u2666Eumenes II., 197; Attalus Philadelphus, 159; Attalus Philomator,\n 138, who, B.C. 133, left the Roman people heirs to his kingdom, as\n he had no children. The right of the Romans, however, was disputed by\n a usurper, who claimed the empire as his own, and Aquilius the Roman\n general was obliged to conquer the different cities one by one, and\n to gain their submission by poisoning the waters which were conveyed\n to their houses till the whole was reduced into the form of a\n dependent province. The capital of the kingdom of Pergamus was famous\n for a library of 200,000 volumes, which had been collected by the\n different monarchs who had reigned there. This noble collection was\n afterwards transported to Egypt by Cleopatra, with the permission of\n Antony, and it adorned and enriched the Alexandrian library, till it\n was most fatally destroyed by the Saracens, A.D. 642. Parchment was\n first invented and made use of at Pergamus, to transcribe books, as\n Ptolemy king of Egypt had forbidden the exportation of papyrus from\n his kingdom, in order to prevent Eumenes from making a library as\n valuable and as choice as that of Alexandria. From this circumstance\n parchment has been called _charta pergamena_. Galenus the physician\n and Apollodorus the mythologist were born there. \u00c6sculapius was the\n chief deity of the country. _Pliny_, bks. 5 & 15.\u2015\u2015_Isidorus_, bk. 6,\n ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 11; bk. 31, ch. 46.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 10, ch. 21; bk. 13, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Neoptolemus\n and Andromache, who, as some suppose, founded Pergamus in Asia.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Enmenes\u2019 replaced with \u2018Eumenes\u2019\n\n=Perge=, a town of Pamphylia, where Diana had a magnificent temple,\n whence her surname of Perg\u00e6a. Apollonius the geometrician was born\n there. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Pergus=, a lake of Sicily near Enna, where Proserpine was carried away\n by Pluto. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 386.\n\n=Per\u012dander=, a tyrant of Corinth, son of Cypselus. The first years of\n his government were mild and popular, but he soon learnt to become\n oppressive, when he had consulted the tyrant of Sicily, about the\n surest way of reigning. He received no other answer but whatever\n explanation he wished to place on the Sicilian tyrant\u2019s having, in\n the presence of his messenger, plucked, in a field, all the ears\n of corn which seemed to tower above the rest. Periander understood\n the meaning of this answer. He immediately surrounded himself with\n a numerous guard, and put to death the richest and most powerful\n citizens of Corinth. He was not only cruel to his subjects, but his\n family also were objects of his vengeance. He committed incest with\n his mother, and put to death his wife Melissa, upon false accusation.\n He also banished his son Lycophron to the island of Corcyra, because\n the youth pitied and wept at the miserable end of his mother, and\n detested the barbarities of his father. Periander died about 585\n years before the christian era, in his 80th year, and by the meanness\n of his flatterers, he was reckoned one of the seven wise men of\n Greece. Though he was tyrannical, yet he patronized the fine arts; he\n was fond of peace, and he showed himself the friend and the protector\n of genius and of learning. He used to say that a man ought solemnly\n to keep his word, but not to hesitate to break it if ever it clashed\n with his interest. He said also, that not only crimes ought to be\n punished, but also every wicked and corrupt thought. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius_ in _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Aristotle_, bk. 5, _Politics_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Ambracia, whom some rank with the seven wise\n men of Greece, and not the tyrant of Corinth.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man distinguished\n as a physician, but contemptible as a poet. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Lucan._\n\n=Periarchus=, a naval commander of Sparta, conquered by Conon.\n _Diodorus._\n\n=Perib\u0153a=, the second wife of \u0152neus king of Calydon, was daughter\n of Hipponous. She became mother of Tydeus. Some suppose that \u0152neus\n debauched her, and afterwards married her. _Hyginus_, fable 69.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Alcathous, sold by her father on suspicion that she\n was courted by Telamon, son of \u00c6acus king of \u00c6gina. She was carried\n to Cyprus, where Telamon the founder of Salamis married her, and\n she became mother of Ajax. She also married Theseus, according to\n some. She is also called Erib\u0153a. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 17 & 42.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 97.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Polybus king of Corinth, who\n educated \u0152dipus as her own child.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Eurymedon, who\n became mother of Nausithous by Neptune.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Penelope,\n according to some authors.\n\n=Peribomius=, a noted debauchee, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 16.\n\n=Per\u012dcles=, an Athenian of a noble family, son of Xanthippus and\n Agariste. He was naturally endowed with great powers, which he\n improved by attending the lectures of Damon, of Zeno, and of\n Anaxagoras. Under these celebrated masters, he became a commander,\n a statesman, and an orator, and gained the affections of the people\n by his uncommon address and well-directed liberality. When he took\n a share in the administration of public affairs, he rendered himself\n popular by opposing Cimon, who was the favourite of the nobility;\n and to remove every obstacle which stood in the way of his ambition,\n he lessened the dignity and the power of the court of the Areopagus,\n which the people had been taught for ages to respect and to venerate.\n He also attacked Cimon, and caused him to be banished by the\n ostracism. Thucydides also, who had succeeded Cimon on his banishment,\n shared the same fate, and Pericles remained for 15 years the sole\n minister, and, as it may be said, the absolute sovereign of a\n republic which always showed itself so jealous of her liberties,\n and which distrusted so much the honesty of her magistrates. In\n his ministerial capacity Pericles did not enrich himself, but the\n prosperity of Athens was the object of his administration. He made\n war against the Laced\u00e6monians, and restored the temple of Delphi to\n the care of the Phocians, who had been illegally deprived of that\n honourable trust. He obtained a victory over the Sicyonians near\n Nem\u00e6a, and waged a successful war against the inhabitants of Samos,\n at the request of his favourite mistress, Aspasia. The Peloponnesian\n war was fomented by his ambitious views [_See:_ Peloponnesiacum\n bellum], and when he had warmly represented the flourishing state,\n the opulence, and actual power of his country, the Athenians did not\n hesitate a moment to undertake a war against the most powerful\n republics of Greece, a war which continued for 27 years, and which\n was concluded by the destruction of their empire, and the demolition\n of their walls. The arms of the Athenians were for some time crowned\n with success; but an unfortunate expedition raised clamours against\n Pericles, and the enraged populace attributed all their losses to\n him, and to make atonement for their ill success, they condemned\n him to pay 50 talents. This loss of popular favour by republican\n caprice, did not so much affect Pericles as the recent death of\n all his children; and when the tide of unpopularity was passed by,\n he condescended to come into the public assembly, and to view with\n secret pride the contrition of his fellow-citizens, who universally\n begged his forgiveness for the violence which they had offered to his\n ministerial character. He was again restored to all his honours, and\n if possible invested with more power and more authority than before;\n but the dreadful pestilence which had diminished the number of his\n family proved fatal to him, and about 429 years before Christ in his\n 70th year, he fell a sacrifice to that terrible malady which robbed\n Athens of so many of her citizens. Pericles was for 40 years at the\n head of the administration, 25 with others, and 15 alone; and the\n flourishing state of the empire during his government gave occasion\n to the Athenians publicly to lament his loss, and venerate his\n memory. As he was expiring, and seemingly senseless, his friends\n that stood around his bed expatiated with warmth on the most glorious\n actions of his life, and the victories which he had won, when he\n suddenly interrupted their tears and conversation, by saying that,\n in mentioning the exploits that he had achieved, and which were\n common to him with all generals, they had forgotten to mention a\n circumstance which reflected far greater glory upon him as a minister,\n a general, and above all, as a man. \u201cIt is,\u201d says he, \u201cthat not a\n citizen in Athens has been obliged to put on mourning on my account.\u201d\n The Athenians were so pleased with his eloquence that they compared\n it to thunder and lightning, and, as to another father of the gods,\n they gave him the surname of Olympian. The poets, his flatterers,\n said that the goddess of persuasion, with all her charms and\n attractions, dwelt upon his tongue. When he marched at the head\n of the Athenian armies, Pericles observed that he had the command\n of a free nation that were Greeks, and citizens of Athens. He also\n declared, that not only the hand of a magistrate, but also his eyes\n and his tongue, should be pure and undefiled. Yet great and venerable\n as his character may appear, we must not forget the follies of\n Pericles. His vicious partiality for the celebrated courtesan Aspasia\n subjected him to the ridicule and the censure of his fellow-citizens;\n but if he triumphed over satire and malevolent remarks, the Athenians\n had occasion to execrate the memory of a man who by his example\n corrupted the purity and innocence of their morals, and who made\n licentiousness respectable, and the indulgence of every impure desire\n the qualification of the soldier as well as of the senator. Pericles\n lost all his legitimate children by the pestilence, and to call a\n natural son by his own name he was obliged to repeal a law which he\n had made against spurious children, and which he had enforced with\n great severity. This son, called Pericles, became one \u2666of the 10\n generals who succeeded Alcibiades in the administration of affairs,\n and, like his colleagues, he was condemned to death by the Athenians,\n after the unfortunate battle of Arginus\u00e6. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 25.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _On Oratory_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Xenophon_, _Hellenica_.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides._\n\n \u2666 duplicate \u2018of\u2019 removed\n\n=Periclym\u0115nus=, one of the 12 sons of Neleus, brother to Nestor, killed\n by Hercules. He was one of the Argonauts, and had received from\n Neptune his grandfather the power of changing himself into whatever\n shape he pleased. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,\n li. 556.\n\n=Peridia=, a Theban woman, whose son was killed by Turnus in the\n Rutulian war. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 515.\n\n=Perieg\u0113tes Dionysius=, a poet. _See:_ Dionysius.\n\n=Peri\u0113res=, a son of \u00c6olus, or, according to others, of Cynortas.\n _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The charioteer of Men\u0153ceus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Perig\u0115nes=, an officer of Ptolemy, &c.\n\n=Perig\u014fne=, a woman who had a son called Melanippus by Theseus. She\n was daughter of Synnis the famous robber, whom Theseus killed.\n She married Deioneus the son of Eurytus, by consent of Theseus.\n _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25.\n\n=Peril\u0101us=, an officer in the army of Alexander the Great. _Curtius_,\n bk. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Argos.\n\n=Peril\u0113us=, a son of Icarius and Perib\u0153a.\n\n=Perilla=, a daughter of Ovid the poet. She was extremely fond of\n poetry and literature. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 1.\n\n=Perillus=, an ingenious artist at Athens, who made a brazen bull\n for Phalaris tyrant of Agrigentum. This machine was fabricated to\n put criminals to death by burning them alive, and it was such that\n their cries were like the roaring of a bull. When Perillus gave it\n to Phalaris, the tyrant made the first experiment upon the donor,\n and cruelly put him to death by lighting a slow fire under the belly\n of the bull. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1,\n li. 653; _Ibis_, li. 439.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lawyer and usurer in the age of Horace.\n _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 75.\n\n=Perim\u0113de=, a daughter of \u00c6olus, who married Achelous.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife\n of Licymnius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman skilled in the knowledge of herbs and of\n enchantments. _Theocritus_, poem 2.\n\n=Perim\u0113la=, a daughter of Hippodamus, thrown into the sea for receiving\n the addresses of the Achelous. She was changed into an island in the\n Ionian sea, and became one of the Echinades. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 8, li. 690.\n\n=Perinthia=, a play of Menander\u2019s. _Terence_, _Andria_, prologue, li. 9.\n\n=P\u0115rinthus=, a town of Thrace, on the Propontis, anciently surnamed\n _Mygdonica_. It was afterwards called _Heraclea_, in honour of\n Hercules, and now _Erekli_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 30.\n\n=Peripatet\u012dci=, a sect of philosophers at Athens, disciples to\n Aristotle. They derived this name from the place where they were\n taught, called _Peripaton_, in the Lyceum, or because they received\n the philosopher\u2019s lectures as they _walked_ (\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03c5\u03bd\u03c4\u03b5\u03c2). The\n Peripatetics acknowledged the dignity of human nature, and placed\n their _summum bonum_, not in the pleasures of passive sensation,\n but in the due exercise of the moral and intellectual faculties.\n The habit of this exercise, when guided by reason, constituted the\n highest excellence of man. The philosopher contended that our own\n happiness chiefly depends upon ourselves, and though he did not\n require in his followers that self-command to which others pretended,\n yet he allowed a moderate degree of perturbation, as becoming human\n nature, and he considered a certain sensibility of passion totally\n necessary, as by resentment we are enabled to repel injuries, and\n the smart which past calamities have inflicted renders us careful to\n avoid the repetition. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 2, &c.\n\n=Per\u012dphas=, a man who attempted, with Pyrrhus, Priam\u2019s palace, &c.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 476.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6gyptus, who married\n Act\u00e6a. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Lapith\u00e6. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 449.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the first kings of Attica,\n before the age of Cecrops, according to some authors.\n\n=Periph\u0113mus=, an ancient hero of Greece, to whom Solon sacrificed at\n Salamis, by order of the oracle.\n\n\u2666=Periph\u0113tes=, a robber of Attica, son of Vulcan, destroyed by Theseus.\n He is also called Corynetes. _Hyginus_, fable 38.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Periph\u0101tes\u2019 replaced with \u2018Periph\u0113tes\u2019\n Resorted in alphebetical order.\n\n=Perisades=, a people of Illyricum.\n\n=Peristh\u0115nes=, a son of \u00c6gyptus, who married Electra. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Peritanus=, an Arcadian who enjoyed the company of Helen after her\n elopement with Paris. The offended lover punished the crime by\n mutilation, whence mutilated persons were called Peritani in Arcadia.\n _Ptolemy Heph\u00e6stion_, bk. 1, near the beginning.\n\n=Peritas=, a favourite dog of Alexander the Great, in whose honour the\n monarch built a city.\n\n=Peritonium=, a town of Egypt, on the western side of the Nile,\n esteemed of great importance, as being one of the keys of the country.\n Antony was defeated there by Caius Gallus the lieutenant of Augustus.\n\n=Permessus=, a river of B\u0153otia, rising in mount Helicon, and flowing\n all round it. It received its name from Permessus, the father of a\n nymph called Aganippe, who also gave her name to one of the fountains\n of Helicon. The river Permessus, as well as the fountain Aganippe,\n were sacred to the Muses. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2,\n poem 8.\n\n=Pero=, or =Perone=, a daughter of Neleus king of Pylos by Chloris.\n Her beauty drew many admirers, but she married Bias son of Amythaon,\n because he had by the assistance of his brother Melampus [_See:_\n Melampus], and according to her father\u2019s desire, recovered some oxen\n which Hercules had stolen away; and she became mother of Talaus.\n _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 284.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 2, li.\n 17.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Cimon, remarkable\n for her filial affection. When her father had been sent to prison,\n where his judges had condemned him to starve, she supported his life\n by giving him the milk of her breasts, as to her own child. _Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.\n\n=Peroe=, a fountain of B\u0153otia, called after Peroe, a daughter of the\n Asopus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 4.\n\n=Perola=, a Roman who meditated the death of Hannibal in Italy. His\n father Pacuvius dissuaded him from assassinating the Carthaginian\n general.\n\n=Perpenna Marcus=, a Roman who conquered Aristonicus in Asia, and took\n him prisoner. He died B.C. 130.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who joined the rebellion\n of Sertorius, and opposed Pompey. He was defeated by Metellus,\n and some time after he had the meanness to assassinate Sertorius,\n whom he had invited to his house. He fell into the hands of Pompey,\n who ordered him to be put to death. _Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.\n \u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek who obtained the consulship\n at Rome. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\n\n=Perper\u0113ne=, a place of Phrygia, where, as some suppose, Paris adjudged\n the prize of beauty to Venus. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\n\n=Perranthes=, a hill of Epirus, near Ambracia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 4.\n\n=Perrh\u00e6bia=, a part of Thessaly situate on the borders of the Peneus,\n extending between the town of Atrax and the vale of Tempe. The\n inhabitants were driven from their possessions by the Lapith\u00e6, and\n retired into \u00c6tolia, where part of the country received the name of\n _Perrh\u00e6bia_. _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 33\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 34; bk. 39, ch. 34.\n\n=Persa=, or =Perseis=, one of the Oceanides, mother of \u00c6etes, Circe,\n and Pasiphae by Apollo. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\n\n=Pers\u00e6=, the inhabitants of Persia. _See:_ Persia.\n\n=Pers\u00e6us=, a philosopher intimate with Antigonus, by whom he was\n appointed over the Acrocorinth. He flourished B.C. 274. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius_, _Zeno of Citium_.\n\n=Pers\u0113e=, a fountain near Mycen\u00e6, in Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 16.\n\n=Pers\u0113is=, one of the Oceanides.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A patronymic of Hecate, as daughter\n of Perses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 69.\n\n=Pers\u0115ph\u014fne=, a daughter of Jupiter and Ceres, called also Proserpine.\n _See:_ Proserpina.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of Amphion by Jasus.\n\n=Pers\u0115p\u014flis=, a celebrated city, the capital of the Persian empire.\n It was laid in ruins by Alexander after the conquest of Darius.\n The reason of this is unknown. Diodorus says that the sight of\n about 800 Greeks, whom the Persians had shamefully mutilated, so\n irritated Alexander, that he resolved to punish the barbarity of\n the inhabitants of Persepolis, and of the neighbouring country, by\n permitting his soldiers to plunder their capital. Others suppose\n that Alexander set it on fire at the instigation of Thias, one of his\n courtesans, when he had passed the day in drinking and in riot and\n debauchery. The ruins of Persepolis, now _Estakar_, or _Tehel-Minar_,\n still astonish the modern traveller by their grandeur and\n magnificence. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 17, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Arrian._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 14.\n\n=Perses=, a son of Perseus and Andromeda. From him the Persians, who\n were originally called _Cephenes_, received their name. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 7, ch. 61.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Macedonia. _See:_ Perseus.\n\n=Perseus=, a son of Jupiter and Danae, the daughter of Acrisius. As\n Acrisius had confined his daughter in a brazen tower to prevent her\n becoming a mother, because he was to perish, according to the words\n of an oracle, by the hands of his daughter\u2019s son, Perseus was no\n sooner born [_See:_ Danae] than he was thrown into the sea with his\n mother Danae. The hopes of Acrisius were frustrated; the slender boat\n which carried Danae and her son was driven by the winds on the coasts\n of the island of Seriphos, one of the Cyclades, where they were found\n by a fisherman called Dictys, and carried to Polydectes the king\n of the place. They were treated with great humanity, and Perseus\n was entrusted to the care of the priests of Minerva\u2019s temple. His\n rising genius and manly courage, however, soon displeased Polydectes,\n and the monarch, who wished to offer violence to Danae, feared\n the resentment of her son. Yet Polydectes resolved to remove every\n obstacle. He invited all his friends to a sumptuous entertainment,\n and it was requisite that all such as came should present the monarch\n with a beautiful horse. Perseus was in the number of the invited,\n and the more particularly so, as Polydectes knew that he could not\n receive from him the present which he expected from all the rest.\n Nevertheless, Perseus, who wished not to appear inferior to the\n others in magnificence, told the king that as he could not give him\n a horse, he would bring him the head of Medusa, the only one of the\n Gorgons who was subject to mortality. The offer was doubly agreeable\n to Polydectes, as it would remove Perseus from Seriphos, and on\n account of its seeming impossibility, the attempt might perhaps end\n in his ruin. But the innocence of Perseus was patronized by the gods.\n Pluto lent him his helmet, which had the wonderful power of making\n its bearer invisible; Minerva gave him her buckler, which was as\n resplendent as glass; and he received from Mercury wings and the\n talaria, with a short dagger, made of diamonds, and called _herpe_.\n According to some it was from Vulcan, and not from Mercury, that he\n received the _herpe_, which was in form like a scythe. With these\n arms Perseus began his expedition, and traversed the air, conducted\n by the goddess Minerva. He went to the Grai\u00e6, the sisters of the\n Gorgons, who, according to the poets, had wings like the Gorgons, but\n only one eye and one tooth between them all, of which they made use,\n each in her turn. They were three in number, according to \u00c6schylus\n and Apollodorus; or only two, according to Ovid and Hesiod. With\n Pluto\u2019s helmet, which rendered him invisible, Perseus was enabled\n to steal their eye and their tooth while they were asleep, and he\n returned them only when they had informed him where their sisters the\n Gorgons resided. When he had received every necessary information,\n Perseus flew to the habitation of the Gorgons, which was situate\n beyond the western ocean, according to Hesiod and Apollodorus; or\n in Libya, according to Ovid and Lucan; or in the deserts of Asiatic\n Scythia, according to \u00c6schylus. He found these monsters asleep;\n and as he knew that if he fixed his eyes upon them, he should be\n instantly changed into a stone, he continually looked on his shield,\n which reflected all the objects as clearly as the best of glasses.\n He approached them, and with a courage which the goddess Minerva\n supported, he cut off Medusa\u2019s head with one blow. The noise awoke\n the two immortal sisters, but Pluto\u2019s helmet rendered Perseus\n invisible, and the attempts of the Gorgons to revenge Medusa\u2019s death\n proved fruitless; the conqueror made his way through the air, and\n from the blood which dropped from Medusa\u2019s head sprang all those\n innumerable serpents which have ever since infested the sandy deserts\n of Libya. Chrysaor also, with the golden sword, sprung from these\n drops of blood, as well as the horse Pegasus, which immediately flew\n through the air, and stopped on mount Helicon, where he became the\n favourite of the Muses. Meantime Perseus had continued his journey\n across the deserts of Libya; but the approach of night obliged him\n to alight in the territories of Atlas king of Mauritania. He went\n to the monarch\u2019s palace, where he hoped to find a kind reception\n by announcing himself as the son of Jupiter, but in this he was\n disappointed. Atlas recollected that, according to an ancient oracle,\n his gardens were to be robbed of their fruit by one of the sons of\n Jupiter, and therefore he not only refused Perseus the hospitality\n which he demanded, but he even offered violence to his person.\n Perseus, finding himself inferior to his powerful enemy, showed him\n Medusa\u2019s head, and instantly Atlas was changed into a large mountain\n which bore the same name in the deserts of Africa. On the morrow\n Perseus continued his flight, and as he passed across the territories\n of Libya, he discovered, on the coasts of \u00c6thiopia, the naked\n Andromeda, exposed to a sea monster. He was struck at the sight,\n and offered her father Cepheus to deliver her from instant death,\n if he obtained her in marriage as a reward of his labours. Cepheus\n consented, and immediately Perseus raised himself in the air, flew\n towards the monster, which was advancing to devour Andromeda, and\n he plunged his dagger in \u2666its right shoulder, and destroyed it.\n This happy event was attended with the greatest rejoicings. Perseus\n raised three altars to Mercury, Jupiter, and Pallas, and after he\n had offered the sacrifice of a calf, a bullock, and a heifer, the\n nuptials were celebrated with the greatest festivity. The universal\n joy, however, was soon disturbed. Phineus, Andromeda\u2019s uncle, entered\n the palace with a number of armed men, and attempted to carry away\n the bride, whom he had courted and admired long before the arrival of\n Perseus. The father and mother of Andromeda interfered, but in vain;\n a bloody battle ensued, and Perseus must have fallen a victim to the\n rage of Phineus, had not he defended himself at last with the same\n arms which proved fatal to Atlas. He showed the Gorgon\u2019s head to his\n adversaries, and they were instantly turned to stone, each in the\n posture and attitude in which he then stood. The friends of Cepheus,\n and such as supported Perseus, shared not the fate of Phineus, as the\n hero had previously warned them of the power of Medusa\u2019s head, and\n of the services which he received from it. Soon after this memorable\n adventure Perseus retired to Seriphos, at the very moment that his\n mother Danae fled to the altar of Minerva, to avoid the pursuit\n of Polydectes, who attempted to offer her violence. Dictys, who\n had saved her from the sea, and who, as some say, was the brother\n of Polydectes, defended her against the attempts of her enemies,\n and therefore Perseus, sensible of his merit, and of his humanity,\n placed him on the throne of Seriphos, after he had with Medusa\u2019s head\n turned into stones the wicked Polydectes, and the officers who were\n the associates of his guilt. He afterwards restored to Mercury his\n talaria and his wings, to Pluto his helmet, to Vulcan his sword, and\n to Minerva her shield; but as he was more particularly indebted to\n the goddess of wisdom for her assistance and protection, he placed\n the Gorgon\u2019s head on her shield, or rather, according to the more\n received opinion, on her \u00e6gis. After he had finished these celebrated\n exploits, Perseus expressed a wish to return to his native country;\n and accordingly he embarked for the Peloponnesus, with his mother and\n Andromeda. When he reached the Peloponnesian coasts he was informed\n that Teutamias king of Larissa was then celebrating funeral games\n in honour of his father. This intelligence drew him to Larissa to\n signalize himself in throwing the quoit, of which, according to some,\n he was the inventor. But here he was attended by an evil fate, and\n had the misfortune to kill a man with a quoit which he had thrown in\n the air. This was no other than his grandfather Acrisius, who, on the\n first intelligence that his grandson had reached the Peloponnesus,\n fled from his kingdom of Argos to the court of his friend and ally\n Teutamias, to prevent the fulfilling of the oracle which had obliged\n him to treat his daughter with so much barbarity. Some suppose, with\n Pausanias, that Acrisius had gone to Larissa to be reconciled to\n his grandson, whose fame had been spread in every city of Greece;\n and Ovid maintains that the grandfather was under the strongest\n obligations to his son-in-law, as through him he had received his\n kingdom, from which he had been forcibly driven by the sons of his\n brother Pr\u0153tus. This unfortunate murder greatly depressed the spirits\n of Perseus: by the death of Acrisius he was entitled to the throne\n of Argos, but he refused to reign there; and to remove himself from a\n place which reminded him of the parricide which he had unfortunately\n committed, he exchanged his kingdom for that of Tirynthus, and the\n maritime coast of Argolis, where Megapenthes the son of Pr\u0153tus then\n reigned. When he had finally settled in this part of the Peloponnesus,\n he determined to lay the foundations of a new city, which he made\n the capital of his dominions, and which he called _Mycen\u00e6_, because\n the pommel of his sword, called by the Greeks _myces_, had fallen\n there. The time of his death is unknown, yet it is universally agreed\n that he received divine honours like the rest of the ancient heroes.\n He had statues at Mycen\u00e6, and in the island of Seriphos, and the\n Athenians raised him a temple, in which they consecrated an altar in\n honour of Dictys, who had treated Danae and her infant son with so\n much paternal tenderness. The Egyptians also paid particular honour\n to his memory, and asserted that he often appeared among them wearing\n shoes two cubits long, which was always interpreted as a sign of\n fertility. Perseus had by Andromeda, Alceus, Sthenelus, Nestor,\n Electryon, and Gorgophone, and after death, according to some\n mythologists, he became a constellation in the heavens. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 91.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, chs. 16 & 18; bk. 3, ch. 17, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, _Argonautica_,\n bk. 4, li. 1509.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 9, li. 442.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 16; bk. 5, fable 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 9, li. 668.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 64.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 270,\n & _Shield of Heracles_.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Pythian_, li. 7, & _Olympian_,\n bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_,\n bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Tzetzes_, on _Lycophron_, ch. 17.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Nestor and Anaxibia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n writer who published a treatise on the republic of Sparta.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n philosopher, disciple to Zeno. _See:_ Pers\u00e6us.\n\n \u2666 \u2018his\u2019 replaced with \u2018its\u2019\n\n=Perseus=, or =Perses=, a son of Philip king of Macedonia. He\n distinguished himself, like his father, by his enmity to the Romans,\n and when he had made sufficient preparations, he declared war\n against them. His operations, however, were slow and injudicious;\n he wanted courage and resolution, and though he at first obtained\n some advantage over the Roman armies, yet his avarice and his\n timidity proved destructive to his cause. When Paulus was appointed\n to the command of the Roman armies in Macedonia, Perseus showed his\n inferiority by his imprudent encampments, and when he had at last\n yielded to the advice of his officers, who recommended a general\n engagement, and drawn up his forces near the walls of Pydna, B.C. 168,\n he was the first who ruined his own cause, and, by flying as soon as\n the battle was begun, he left the enemy masters of the field. From\n \u2666Pydna, Perseus fled to Samothrace, but he was soon discovered in his\n obscure retreat, and brought into the presence of the Roman conqueror,\n where the meanness of his behaviour exposed him to ridicule, and\n not to mercy. He was carried to Rome, and dragged along the streets\n of the city to adorn the triumph of the conqueror. His family was\n also exposed to the sight of the Roman populace, who shed tears on\n viewing in their streets, dragged like a slave, a monarch who had\n once defeated their armies, and spread alarm all over Italy, by the\n greatness of his military preparations, and by his bold undertakings.\n Perseus died in prison, or, according to some, he was put to a\n shameful death the first year of his captivity. He had two sons,\n Philip and Alexander, and one daughter, whose name is not known.\n Alexander, the younger of these, was hired to a Roman carpenter, and\n led the greatest part of his life in obscurity, till his ingenuity\n raised him to notice. He was afterwards made secretary to the senate.\n _Livy_, bk. 40, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 33, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _\u00c6milius Paulus_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 4,\n poem 12, li. 39.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Pydua\u2019 replaced with \u2018Pydna\u2019\n\n=Persia=, a celebrated kingdom of Asia, which, in its ancient state,\n extended from the Hellespont to the Indus, above 2800 miles, and\n from Pontus to the shores of Arabia, above 2000 miles. As a province,\n Persia was but small, and according to the description of Ptolemy,\n it was bounded on the north by Media, west by Susiana, south by the\n Persian gulf, and east by Carmania. The empire of Persia, or the\n Persian monarchy, was first founded by Cyrus the Great, about 559\n years before the christian era, and under the succeeding monarchs\n it became one of the most considerable and powerful kingdoms of the\n earth. The kings of Persia began to reign in the following order:\n Cyrus, B.C. 559; Cambyses 529; and, after the usurpation of Smerdis\n for seven months, Darius, 521; Xerxes the Great, 485; Artabanus seven\n months, and Artaxerxes Longimanus, 464; Xerxes II., 425; Sogdianus\n seven months, 424; Darius II., or Nothus, 423; Artaxerxes II., or\n Memnon, 404; Artaxerxes III., or Ochus, 358; Arses, or Arogus, 337;\n and Darius III., or Codomanus, 335, who was conquered by Alexander\n the Great, 331. The destruction of the Persian monarchy by the\n Macedonians was easily effected, and from that time Persia became\n tributary to the Greeks. After the death of Alexander, when the\n Macedonian empire was divided among the officers of the deceased\n conqueror, Seleucus Nicanor made himself master of the Persian\n provinces, till the revolt of the Parthians introduced new\n revolutions in the east. Persia was partly reconquered from the\n Greeks, and remained tributary to the Parthians for near 500 years.\n After this the sovereignty was again placed into the hands of the\n Persians, by the revolt of Artaxerxes, a common soldier, A.D. 229,\n who became the founder of the second Persian monarchy, which proved\n so inimical to the power of the Roman emperors. In their national\n character, the Persians were warlike, they were early taught to\n ride, and to handle the bow, and by the manly exercises of hunting,\n they were inured to bear the toils and fatigues of a military life.\n Their national valour, however, soon degenerated, and their want of\n employment at home soon rendered them unfit for war. In the reign of\n Xerxes, when the empire of Persia was in its most flourishing state,\n a small number of Greeks were enabled repeatedly to repel for three\n successive days an almost innumerable army. This celebrated action,\n which happened at Thermopyl\u00e6, shows in a strong light the superiority\n of the Grecian soldiers over the Persians, and the battles that\n before, and a short time after, were fought between the two nations\n at Marathon, Salamis, Plat\u00e6a, and Mycale, are again an incontestible\n proof that these Asiatics had more reliance upon their numbers and\n upon the splendour and richness of their arms, than upon the valour\n and the discipline of their troops. Their custom, too prevalent among\n the eastern nations, of introducing luxury into the camp, proved\n also in some measure destructive to their military reputation, and\n the view which the ancients give us of the army of Xerxes, of his\n cooks, stage-dancers, concubines, musicians, and perfumers, is no\n very favourable sign of the sagacity of a monarch, who, by his nod,\n could command millions of men to flock to his standard. In their\n religion the Persians were very superstitious; they paid the greatest\n veneration to the sun, the moon, and the stars, and they offered\n sacrifices to fire, but the supreme Deity was never represented by\n statues among them. They permitted polygamy, and it was no incest\n among them to marry a sister or a mother. In their punishments they\n were extremely severe, even to barbarity. The monarch always appeared\n with the greatest pomp and dignity; his person was attended by a\n guard of 15,000 men, and he had besides a body of 10,000 chosen\n horsemen, called _immortal_. He styled himself, like the rest\n of the eastern monarchs, the king of kings, as expressive of his\n greatness and his power. The Persians were formerly called _Cephenes_,\n _Ach\u00e6menians_, and _Art\u00e6i_, and they are often confounded with the\n Parthians by the ancient poets. They received the name of Persians\n from Perses the son of Perseus and Andromeda, who is supposed to\n have settled among them. Persepolis was the capital of the country.\n _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 14; bk. 5, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_,\n _Alexander_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\n \u2015\u2015_Xenophon_, _Cyrop\u00e6dia_.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 125, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Marcellinus_, ch. 23.\n\n=Pers\u012dcum mare=, or =Persicus sinus=, a part of the Indian ocean on the\n coast of Persia and Arabia, now called the gulf of _Balgora_.\n\n=Persis=, a province of Persia, bounded by Media, Carmania, Susiana,\n and the Persian gulf. It is often taken for Persia itself.\n\n=Aulus Persius Flaccus=, a Latin poet of Volaterr\u00e6. He was of an\n equestrian family, and he made himself known by his intimacy with\n the most illustrious Romans of the age. The early part of his life\n was spent in his native town, and at the age of 16 he was removed\n to Rome, where he studied philosophy under Cornutus the celebrated\n stoic. He also received the instructions of Palemon the grammarian,\n and Virginius the rhetorician. Naturally of a mild disposition,\n his character was unimpeached, his modesty remarkable, and his\n benevolence universally admired. He distinguished himself by his\n satirical humour, and made the faults of the orators and poets of his\n age, the subject of his poems. He did not even spare Nero, and the\n more effectually to expose the emperor to ridicule, he introduced\n into his satires some of his verses. The _torva mimalloneis implerunt\n cornua bombis_, with the three following verses, are Nero\u2019s,\n according to some. But though he was so severe upon the vicious\n and ignorant, he did not forget his friendship for Cornutus, and he\n showed his regard for his character and abilities by making mention\n of his name with great propriety in his satires. It was by the advice\n of his learned preceptor that he corrected one of his poems in which\n he had compared Nero to Midas, and at his representation he altered\n the words _Auriculas asini Mida rex habet_, into _Auriculas asini\n quis non habet_? Persius died in the 30th year of his age, A.D. 62,\n and left all his books, which consisted of 700 volumes, and a large\n sum of money, to his preceptor; but Cornutus only accepted the\n books, and returned the money to the sisters and friends of the\n deceased. The satires of Persius are six in number, blamed by some\n for obscurity of style and of language. But though they may appear\n almost unintelligible to some, it ought to be remembered that they\n were read with pleasure and with avidity by his contemporaries, and\n that the only difficulties which now appear to the moderns, arise\n from their not knowing the various characters which they described,\n the vices which they lashed, and the errors which they censured. The\n satires of Persius are generally printed with those of Juvenal, the\n best editions of which will be found to be by Hennin, 4to, Leiden,\n 1695, and by Hawkey, 12mo, Dublin, 1746. The best edition of Persius,\n separate, is that of Meric Casaubon, 12mo, London, 1647. _Martial._\n \u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Augustine_, _de Magistro_, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Lactantius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man whose quarrel with Rupilius is mentioned in\n a ridiculous manner by Horace, satire 7. He is called _Hybrida_, as\n being son of a Greek by a Roman woman.\n\n=Pert\u012dnax Publius Helvius=, a Roman emperor after the death of Commodus.\n He was descended from an obscure family, and, like his father, who\n was either a slave or the son of a manumitted slave, he for some\n time followed the mean employment of drying wood and making charcoal.\n His indigence, however, did not prevent him from receiving a liberal\n education, and indeed he was for some time employed in teaching a\n number of pupils the Greek and the Roman languages in Etruria. He\n left this laborious profession for a military life, and by his valour\n and intrepidity, he gradually rose to offices of the highest trust\n in the army, and was made consul by Marcus Aurelius for his eminent\n services. He was afterwards entrusted with the government of M\u0153sia,\n and at last he presided over the city of Rome as governor. When\n Commodus was murdered, Pertinax was universally selected to succeed\n to the imperial throne, and his refusal, and the plea of old age and\n increasing infirmities, did not prevent his being saluted emperor\n and Augustus. He acquiesced with reluctance, but his mildness, his\n economy, and the popularity of his administration, convinced the\n senate and the people of the prudence and the justice of their choice.\n He forbade his name to be inscribed on such places or estates as were\n part of the imperial domain, and exclaimed that they belonged not to\n him, but to the public. He melted all the silver statues which had\n been raised to his vicious predecessor, and he exposed to public sale\n all his concubines, his horses, his arms, and all the instruments of\n his pleasure and extravagance. With the money raised from these he\n enriched the empire, and was enabled to abolish all the taxes which\n Commodus had laid on the rivers, ports, and highways through the\n empire. This patriotic administration gained him the affection of the\n worthiest and most discerning of his subjects, but the extravagant\n and luxurious raised their clamours against him, and when Pertinax\n attempted to introduce among the pretorian guards that discipline\n which was so necessary to preserve the peace and tranquillity of Rome,\n the flames of rebellion were kindled, and the minds of the soldiers\n totally alienated. Pertinax was apprised of this mutiny, but he\n refused to fly at the hour of danger. He scorned the advice of his\n friends who wished him to withdraw from the impending storm, and he\n unexpectedly appeared before the seditious pretorians, and without\n fear or concern, boldly asked them whether they, who were bound\n to defend the person of their prince and emperor, were come to\n betray him and to shed his blood. His undaunted assurance and his\n intrepidity would have had the desired effect, and the soldiers had\n already begun to retire, when one of the most seditious advanced and\n darted his javelin at the emperor\u2019s breast, exclaiming, \u201cThe soldiers\n send you this.\u201d The rest immediately followed the example, and\n Pertinax, muffling up his head, and calling upon Jupiter to avenge\n his death, remained unmoved, and was instantly dispatched. His head\n was cut off, and carried upon the point of a spear as in triumph\n to the camp. This happened on the 28th of March, A.D. 193. Pertinax\n reigned only 87 days, and his death was the more universally lamented,\n as it proceeded from a seditious tumult, and robbed the Roman\n empire of a wise, virtuous, and benevolent emperor. _Dio Cassius._\n \u2015\u2015_Herodian._\u2015\u2015_Capitol._\n\n=Pertunda=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the consummation of\n marriage. Her statue was generally placed in the bridal chamber.\n _Varro_, in _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 6, ch. 9.\n\n=Per\u016dsia=, now _Perugia_, an ancient town of Etruria on the Tiber,\n built by Ocnus. Lucius Antonius was besieged there by Augustus,\n and obliged to surrender. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 41.\n \u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 74.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 37; bk. 10, chs.\n 30 & 37.\n\n=Pescennius.= _See:_ Niger.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man intimate with Cicero.\n\n=Pess\u012bnus= (untis), a town of Phrygia, where Atys, as some suppose, was\n buried. It is particularly famous for a temple and a statue of the\n goddess Cybele, who was from thence called _Pessinuntia_. _Strabo_,\n bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 29, chs. 10 & 11.\n\n=Pet\u0103lia=, a town of Eub\u0153a.\n\n=Pet\u0103lus=, a man killed by Perseus at the court of Cepheus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 115.\n\n=Petelia=, or =Petellia=, a town. _See:_ Petilia.\n\n=Petel\u012bnus lacus=, a lake near one of the gates of Rome. _Livy_, bk. 6,\n ch. 20.\n\n=Peteon=, a town of B\u0153otia. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 7, li. 333.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Peteus=, a son of Orneus, and grandson of Erechtheus. He reigned in\n Attica, and became father of Menestheus, who went with the Greeks\n to the Trojan war. He is represented by some of the ancients as a\n monster, half a man and half a beast. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 35.\n\n=Petilia=, now _Strongoli_, a town of Magna Gr\u00e6cia, the capital of\n Lucania, built or perhaps only repaired by Philoctetes, who, after\n his return from the Trojan war, left his country Melib\u0153a, because his\n subjects had revolted. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 20.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 402.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\n\n=Petilia lex=, was enacted by Petilius the tribune to make an inquiry\n and know how much money had been obtained from the conquests over\n king Antiochus.\n\n=Petilii=, two tribunes who accused Scipio Africanus of extortion. He\n was acquitted.\n\n=Pet\u012blius=, a pretor who persuaded the people of Rome to burn the books\n which had been found in Numa\u2019s tomb, about 400 years after his death.\n His advice was followed. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A plebeian decemvir,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of the capitol, who stole away the treasures\n entrusted to his care. He was accused, but, though guilty, he was\n acquitted, as being the friend of Augustus. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4,\n li. 94.\n\n=Petos\u012br\u012bs=, a celebrated mathematician of Egypt. _Juvenal_, satire 6,\n li. 580.\n\n=Petra=, the capital town of Arabia Petr\u00e6a. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town\n of Sicily, near Hybla, whose inhabitants are called _Petrini_ and\n _Petrenses_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another\n of Pieria in Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against\n Verres_, bk. 1, ch. 39.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An elevated place near Dyrrachium, _Lucan_,\n bk. 6, lis. 16 & 70.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another\n in Elis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another near Corinth.\n\n=Petr\u00e6a=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A part of\n Arabia, which has Syria at the east, Egypt on the west, Palestine\n on the north, and Arabia Felix at the south. This part of Arabia was\n rocky, whence it has received its name. It was for the most part also\n covered with barren sands, and was interspersed with some fruitful\n spots. Its capital was called Petra.\n\n=Petreius=, a Roman soldier who killed his tribune during the Cimbrian\n wars, because he hesitated to attack the enemy. He was rewarded\n for his valour with a crown of grass. _Pliny_, bk. 22, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n lieutenant of Caius Antonius, who defeated the troops of Catiline.\n He took the part of Pompey against Julius C\u00e6sar. When C\u00e6sar had been\n victorious in every part of the world, Petreius, who had retired\n into Africa, attempted to destroy himself by fighting with his friend\n king Juba in single combat. Juba was killed first, and Petreius\n obliged one of his slaves to run him through. _Sallust_, _Catilin\u00e6\n Coniuratio_.\u2015\u2015_Appian._\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, bk. 1, _Civil War_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A centurion\n in C\u00e6sar\u2019s army in Gaul, &c. Some read Petronius.\n\n=Petr\u012dnum=, a town of Campania. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 5, li. 5.\n\n=Petrocorii=, the inhabitants of the modern town of Perigord in France.\n _C\u00e6sar_, bk. 7, _Gallic War_, ch. 75.\n\n=Petronia=, the wife of Vitellius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2,\n ch. 64.\n\n=Petr\u014dnius=, a governor of Egypt, appointed to succeed Gallus. He\n behaved with great humanity to the Jews, and made war against Candace\n queen of \u00c6thiopia. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A favourite of Nero, put\n to death by Galba.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Britain.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune killed in\n Parthia with Crassus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man banished by Nero to the Cyclades, when\n Piso\u2019s conspiracy was discovered. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n governor of Britain in Nero\u2019s reign. He was put to death by Galba\u2019s\n orders.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Maximus, a Roman emperor. _See:_ Maximus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Arbiter,\n a favourite of the emperor Nero, and one of the ministers and\n associates of all his pleasures and his debauchery. He was naturally\n fond of pleasure and effeminate, and he passed his whole nights in\n revels and the days in sleep. He indulged himself in all the delights\n and gaieties of life; but though he was the most voluptuous of the\n age, yet he moderated his pleasures, and wished to appear curious\n and refined in luxury and extravagance. Whatever he did seemed to\n be performed with an air of unconcern and negligence; he was affable\n in his behaviour, and his witticisms and satirical remarks appeared\n artless and natural. He was appointed proconsul of Bithynia, and\n afterwards he was rewarded with the consulship; in both of which\n honourable employments he behaved with all the dignity which became\n one of the successors of a Brutus or a Scipio. With his office he\n laid down his artificial gravity, and gave himself up to the pursuit\n of pleasure; the emperor became more attached to him, and seemed\n fonder of his company; but he did not long enjoy the imperial favours.\n Tigellinus, likewise one of Nero\u2019s favourites, jealous of his fame,\n accused him of conspiring against the emperor\u2019s life. The accusation\n was credited, and Petronius immediately resolved to withdraw himself\n from Nero\u2019s punishment by a voluntary death. This was performed in a\n manner altogether unprecedented, A.D. 66. Petronius ordered his veins\n to be opened; but without the eagerness of terminating his agonies,\n he had them closed at intervals. Some time after they were opened,\n and as if he wished to die in the same careless and unconcerned\n manner as he had lived, he passed his time in discoursing with\n his friends upon trifles, and listened with the greatest avidity\n to love verses, amusing stories, or laughable epigrams. Sometimes\n he manumitted his slaves or punished them with stripes. In this\n ludicrous manner he spent his last moments, till nature was exhausted;\n and before he expired he wrote an epistle to the emperor, in which he\n had described with a masterly hand his nocturnal extravagances, and\n the daily impurities of his actions. This letter was carefully sealed,\n and after he had conveyed it privately to the emperor, Petronius\n broke his signet, that it might not after his death become a snare\n to the innocent. Petronius distinguished himself by his writings, as\n well as by his luxury and voluptuousness. He is the author of many\n elegant but obscene compositions still extant, among which is a poem\n on the civil wars of Pompey and C\u00e6sar, superior in some respects to\n the Pharsalia of Lucan. There is also the feast of _Trimalcion_, in\n which he paints with too much licentiousness the pleasures and the\n debaucheries of a corrupted court and of an extravagant monarch;\n reflections on the instability of human life; a poem on the vanity of\n dreams; another on the education of the Roman youth; two treatises,\n &c. The best editions of Petronius are those of Burman, 4to, Utrecht,\n 1709, and Reinesius, 8vo, 1731.\n\n=Pettius=, a friend of Horace, to whom the poet addressed his eleventh\n epode.\n\n=Petus=, an architect. _See:_ Satyrus.\n\n=Peuce=, a small island at the mouth of the Danube. The inhabitants\n are called _Peuc\u00e6_ and _Peucini_. _Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3,\n li. 202.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Peucestes=, a Macedonian set over Egypt by Alexander. He received\n Persia at the general division of the Macedonian empire at the king\u2019s\n death. He behaved with great cowardice after he had joined himself\n to Eumenes. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Eumenes_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Curtius_,\n bk. 4, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island which was visited by the Argonauts at\n their return from the conquest of the golden fleece.\n\n=Peuc\u0115tia=, a part of Magna Gr\u00e6cia in Italy, at the north of the bay\n of Tarentum, between the Apennines and Lucania, called also _Mesapia_\n and _Calabria_. It received its name from Peucetus the son of Lycaon,\n of Arcadia. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 513.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.\n\n=Peuc\u012bni=, a nation of Germany, called also _Bastern\u00e6_. _Tacitus_,\n _Germania_, ch. 46.\n\n=Peucol\u0101us=, an officer who conspired with Dymnus against Alexander\u2019s\n life. _Curtius_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, set over Sogdiana. _Curtius_,\n bk. 7.\n\n=Pexod\u014drus=, a governor of Caria, who offered to give his daughter in\n marriage to Arid\u00e6us the illegitimate son of Philip. _Plutarch._\n\n=Phacium=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13; bk. 36, ch. 13.\n\n=Phac\u016bsa=, a town of Egypt on the eastern mouth of the Nile.\n\n=Ph\u00e6a=, a celebrated sow which infested the neighbourhood of Cromyon.\n It was destroyed by Theseus as he was travelling from Tr\u0153zene to\n Athens to make himself known to his father. Some suppose that the\n boar of Calydon sprung from this sow. Ph\u00e6a, according to some authors,\n was no other than a woman who prostituted herself to strangers,\n whom she murdered and afterwards plundered. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Ph\u00e6\u0101cia=, an island of the Ionian sea, near the coast of Epirus,\n anciently called _Scheria_, and afterwards _Corcyra_. The inhabitants,\n called _Ph\u00e6aces_, were a luxurious and dissolute people, from which\n reason a glutton was generally stigmatized by the epithet of _Ph\u00e6ax_.\n When Ulysses was shipwrecked on the coast of Ph\u00e6acia, Alcinous was\n then king of the island, whose gardens have been greatly celebrated.\n _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 15, li. 24.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13,\n li. 719.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 6 & 7.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 2, li. 13.\n\n=Ph\u00e6ax=, an inhabitant of the island of Ph\u00e6acia. _See:_ Ph\u00e6acia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n man who sailed with Theseus to Crete.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian who opposed\n Alcibiades in his administration.\n\n=Ph\u00e6casia=, one of the Sporades in the \u00c6gean. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Ph\u00e6d\u012dmus=, one of Niobe\u2019s children. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Macedonian general who betrayed Eumenes to Antigonus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated\n courier of Greece. _Statius_, bk. 6.\n\n=Ph\u00e6don=, an Athenian put to death by the 30 tyrants. His daughters, to\n escape the oppressors and preserve their chastity, threw themselves\n together into a well.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A disciple of Socrates. He had been seized\n by pirates in his younger days, and the philosopher, who seemed to\n discover something uncommon and promising in his countenance, bought\n his liberty for a sum of money, and ever after esteemed him. Ph\u00e6don,\n after the death of Socrates, returned to Elis his native country,\n where he founded a sect of philosophers called _Elean_. The name\n of Ph\u00e6don is affixed to one of the dialogues of Plato. _Macrobius_,\n _Saturnalia_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An archon at\n Athens, when the Athenians were directed by the oracle to remove the\n bones of Theseus to Attica. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\n\n=Ph\u00e6dra=, a daughter of Minos and Pasiphae, who married Theseus, by\n whom she became mother of Acamas and Demophoon. They had already\n lived for some time in conjugal felicity, when Venus, who hated\n all the descendants of Apollo, because that god had discovered her\n amours with Mars, inspired Ph\u00e6dra with an unconquerable passion for\n Hippolytus the son of Theseus, by the Amazon Hippolyte. This shameful\n passion Ph\u00e6dra long attempted to stifle, but in vain; and therefore,\n in the absence of Theseus, she addressed Hippolytus with all the\n impatience of a desponding lover. Hippolytus rejected her with horror\n and disdain; but Ph\u00e6dra, incensed on account of the reception she\n had met, resolved to punish his coldness and refusal. At the return\n of Theseus she accused Hippolytus of attempts upon her virtue. The\n credulous father listened to the accusation, and without hearing the\n defence of Hippolytus, he banished him from his kingdom, and implored\n Neptune, who had promised to grant three of his requests, to punish\n him in some exemplary manner. As Hippolytus fled from Athens, his\n horses were suddenly terrified by a huge sea-monster, which Neptune\n had sent on the shore. He was dragged through precipices and over\n rocks, and he was trampled under the feet of his horses, and crushed\n under the wheels of his chariot. When the tragical end of Hippolytus\n was known at Athens, Ph\u00e6dra confessed her crime, and hung herself in\n despair, unable to survive one whose death her wickedness and guilt\n had occasioned. The death of Hippolytus, and the infamous passion\n of Ph\u00e6dra, are the subject of one of the tragedies of Euripides, and\n of Seneca. Ph\u00e6dra was buried at Tr\u0153zene, where her tomb was still\n seen in the age of the geographer Pausanias, near the temple of\n Venus, which she had built to render the goddess favourable to her\n incestuous passion. There was near her tomb a myrtle, whose leaves\n were all full of small holes, and it was reported that Ph\u00e6dra had\n done this with a hair-pin, when the vehemence of her passion had\n rendered her melancholy and almost desperate. She was represented\n in a painting in Apollo\u2019s temple at Delphi, as suspended by a cord,\n and balancing herself in the air, while her sister Ariadne stood\n near to her, and fixed her eyes upon her; a delicate idea, by which\n the genius of the artist intimated her melancholy end. _Plutarch_,\n _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 22; bk. 2, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 47 & 243.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Hippolytus_ &\n _Seneca_, _Ph\u00e6dra_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 445.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Heroides_, poem 4.\n\n=Ph\u00e6dria=, a village of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 35.\n\n=Ph\u00e6drus=, one of the disciples of Socrates. _Cicero_, _de Natura\n Deorum_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Epicurean philosopher.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Thracian who\n became one of the freedmen of the emperor Augustus. He translated\n into iambic verses the fables of \u00c6sop, in the reign of the emperor\n Tiberius. They are divided into five books, valuable for their\n precision, purity, elegance, and simplicity. They remained long\n buried in oblivion, till they were discovered in the library of St.\n Remi, at Rheims, and published by Peter Pithou, a Frenchman, at the\n end of the 16th century. Ph\u00e6drus was for some time persecuted by\n Sejanus, because this corrupt minister believed that he was satirized\n and abused in the encomiums which the poet everywhere pays to virtue.\n The best editions of Ph\u00e6drus are those of Burman, 4to, Leyden, 1727;\n Hoogstraten, 4to, Amsterdam, 1701; and Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1754.\n\n=Ph\u00e6dy\u0306ma=, a daughter of Otanes, who first discovered that Smerdis, who\n had ascended the throne of Persia at the death of Cambyses, was an\n impostor. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 69.\n\n=Ph\u00e6mon\u014de=, a priestess of Apollo.\n\n=Ph\u00e6nar\u0113te=, the mother of the philosopher Socrates. She was a midwife\n by profession.\n\n=Ph\u00e6nias=, a peripatetic philosopher, disciple of Aristotle. He wrote a\n history of tyrants. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Ph\u00e6nna=, one of the two Graces, worshipped at Sparta, together with\n her sister Clita. Laced\u00e6mon first paid them particular honour.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.\n\n=Ph\u00e6nnis=, a famous prophetess in the age of Antiochus. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 10, ch. 15.\n\n=Ph\u00e6sana=, a town of Arcadia.\n\n=Ph\u00e6stum=, a town of Crete. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3, li. 296.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 56, ch. 13.\n\n=Pha\u0115ton=, a son of the sun, or Ph\u0153bus and Clymene, one of the\n Oceanides. He was son of Cephalus and Aurora, according to Hesiod\n and Pausanias, or of Tithonus and Aurora, according to Apollodorus.\n He is, however, more generally acknowledged to be the son of Ph\u0153bus\n and Clymene. Phaeton was naturally of a lively disposition, and a\n handsome figure. Venus became enamoured of him, and entrusted him\n with the care of one of her temples. This distinguishing favour of\n the goddess rendered him vain and aspiring; and when Epaphus the\n son of Io had told him to check his pride, that he was not the son\n of Ph\u0153bus, Phaeton resolved to know his true origin, and at the\n instigation of his mother, he visited the palace of the sun. He\n begged Ph\u0153bus, that if he really were his father, he would give him\n incontestible proofs of his paternal tenderness, and convince the\n world of his legitimacy. Ph\u0153bus swore by the Styx that he would grant\n him whatever he required, and no sooner was the oath uttered, than\n Phaeton demanded of him to drive his chariot for one day. Ph\u0153bus\n represented the impropriety of such a request, and the dangers\n to which it would expose him; but in vain; and, as the oath was\n inviolable, and Phaeton unmoved, the father instructed his son how\n he was to proceed in his way through the regions of the air. His\n explicit directions were forgotten, or little attended to; and\n no sooner had Phaeton received the reins from his father, than he\n betrayed his ignorance and incapacity to guide the chariot. The\n flying horses became sensible of the confusion of their driver,\n and immediately departed from the usual track. Phaeton repented too\n late of his rashness, and already heaven and earth were threatened\n with a universal conflagration, when Jupiter, who had perceived the\n disorder of the horses of the sun, struck the rider with one of his\n thunderbolts, and hurled him headlong from heaven into the river Po.\n His body, consumed with fire, was found by the nymphs of the place,\n and honoured with a decent burial. His sisters mourned his unhappy\n end, and were changed into poplars by Jupiter. _See:_ Phaetontiades.\n According to the poets, while Phaeton was unskilfully driving the\n chariot of his father, the blood of the \u00c6thiopians was dried up, and\n their skin became black, a colour which is still preserved among the\n greatest part of the inhabitants of the torrid zone. The territories\n of Libya were also parched up, according to the same tradition,\n on account of their too great vicinity to the sun; and ever since,\n Africa, unable to recover her original verdure and fruitfulness,\n has exhibited a sandy country, and uncultivated waste. According to\n those who explain this poetical fable, Phaeton was a Ligurian prince,\n who studied astronomy, and in whose age the neighbourhood of the Po\n was visited with uncommon heats. The horses of the sun are called\n _Phaetontis equi_, either because they were guided by Phaeton, or\n from the Greek word (\u03c6\u03b1\u03b5\u03b8\u03c9\u03bd), which expresses the splendour and\n lustre of that luminary. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 105.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, li. 985.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, fable 17; bk. 2,\n fable 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 4, _Argonautica_.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1,\n ode 11.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Medea_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 156.\n\n=Pha\u0115tonti\u0103des=, or =Phaetontides=, the sisters of Phaeton, who were\n changed into poplars by Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2,\n li. 346. _See:_ Heliades.\n\n=Phaet\u016bsa=, one of the Heliades changed into poplars, after the death\n of their brother Phaeton. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 346.\n\n=Ph\u00e6us=, a town of Peloponnesus.\n\n=Phagesia=, a festival among the Greeks, observed during the celebration\n of the Dionysia. It received its name from the good _eating_ and\n living that then universally prevailed, \u03c6\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd.\n\n=Phalacrine=, a village of the Sabines, where Vespasian was born.\n _Suetonius_, _Vespasian_, ch. 2.\n\n=Phal\u00e6=, wooden towers at Rome, erected in the circus. _Juvenal_,\n satire 6, li. 589.\n\n=Phal\u00e6cus=, a general of Phocis against the B\u0153otians, killed at the\n battle of Cheron\u00e6a. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Phal\u00e6sia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 35.\n\n=Phalanna=, a town of Perrh\u00e6bia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 54.\n\n=Phalanthus=, a Laced\u00e6monian, who founded Tarentum in Italy, at the head\n of the Partheni\u00e6. His father\u2019s name was Aracus. As he went to Italy\n he was shipwrecked on the coast, and carried to shore by a dolphin,\n and from that reason there was a dolphin placed near his statute in\n the temple of Apollo at Delphi. _See:_ Partheni\u00e6. He received divine\n honours after death. _Justin_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 6, li. 11.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 11,\n li. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town and mountain of the same name in Arcadia. _Persius_,\n bk. 8, ch. 35.\n\n=Ph\u0103l\u0103ris=, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who made use of the most\n excruciating torments to punish his subjects on the smallest\n suspicion. Perillus made him a brazen bull, and when he had presented\n it to Phalaris, the tyrant ordered the inventor to be seized, and the\n first experiment to be made on his body. These cruelties did not long\n remain unrevenged; the people of Agrigentum revolted in the tenth\n year of his reign, and put him to death in the same manner as he\n had tortured Perillus and many of his subjects after him, B.C. 552.\n The brazen bull of Phalaris was carried by Amilcar to Carthage;\n but when that city was taken by Scipio, it was delivered again to\n the inhabitants of Agrigentum by the Romans. There are now some\n letters extant written by a certain Abaris to Phalaris, with their\n respective answers, but they are supposed by some to be spurious. The\n best edition is that of the learned Boyle, Oxford, 1718. _Cicero_,\n _Against Verres_, bk. 4; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 12;\n _De Officiis_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 663.\n \u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 8, li. 81.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 762.\n\n=Phalarium=, a citadel of Syracuse, where Phalaris\u2019s bull was placed.\n\n=Phal\u0103rus=, a river of B\u0153otia, falling into the Cephisus. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 9, ch. 34.\n\n=Phalcidon=, a town of Thessaly. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Phaleas=, a philosopher and legislator, &c. _Aristotle._\n\n=Phal\u0113reus Demetrius.= _See:_ Demetrius.\n\n=Phaleria=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 15.\n\n=Phal\u0113ris=, a Corinthian who led a colony to Epidamnus from Corcyra.\n\n=Phal\u0113ron=, or =Phalerum=, or =Phalera= (orum), or =Phalerus portus=,\n an ancient harbour of Athens, about 25 stadia from the city, which,\n for its situation and smallness, was not very fit for the reception\n of many ships.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A place of Thessaly.\n\n=Phal\u0113rus=, a son of Alcon, one of the Argonauts. _Orpheus._\n\n=Phalias=, a son of Hercules and Heliconis daughter of Thestius.\n _Apollodorus._\n\n=Phall\u012dca=, festivals observed by the Egyptians in honour of Osiris.\n They receive their name from \u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 _simulachrum ligneum membri\n virilis_. The institution originated in this: After the murder\n of Osiris, Isis was unable to recover among the other limbs the\n privities of her husband; and therefore, as she paid particular\n honour to every part of his body, she distinguished that which was\n lost with more honour, and paid it more attention. Its representation,\n called _phallus_, was made with wood, and carried during the sacred\n festivals which were instituted in honour of Osiris. The people held\n it in the greatest veneration; it was looked upon as an emblem of\n fecundity, and the mention of it among the ancients never conveyed\n any impure thought or lascivious reflection. The festivals of the\n _phallus_ were imitated by the Greeks, and introduced into Europe by\n the Athenians, who made the procession of the _phallus_ part of the\n celebration of the Dionysia of the god of wine. Those that carried\n the _phallus_, at the end of a long pole, were called _phallophori_.\n They generally appeared among the Greeks, besmeared with the dregs of\n wine, covered with skins of lambs, and wearing on their heads a crown\n of ivy. _Lucian_, _de Syria Dea_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _De Iside et Osiride_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\n\n=Phalysius=, a citizen of Naupactum, who recovered his sight by reading\n a letter sent him by \u00c6sculapius. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, final chapter.\n\n=Phan\u00e6us=, a promontory of the island of Chios, famous for its wines.\n It was called after a king of the same name, who reigned there.\n _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 43.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 98.\n\n=Phanar\u00e6a=, a town of Cappadocia. _Strabo._\n\n=Phanas=, a famous Messenian, &c., who died B.C. 682.\n\n=Phanes=, a man of Halicarnassus, who fled from Amasis king of Egypt,\n to the court of Cambyses king of Persia, whom he advised, when he\n invaded Egypt, to pass through Arabia. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\n\n=Phaneta=, a town of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 28.\n\n=Phan\u014fcles=, an elegiac poet of Greece, who wrote a poem on that\n unnatural sin of which Socrates is accused by some. He supported\n that Orpheus had been the first who disgraced himself by that\n filthy indulgence. Some of his fragments are remaining. _Clement of\n Alexandria_, _Stromateis_, bk. 6.\n\n=Phanod\u0113mus=, an historian who wrote on the antiquities of Attica.\n\n=Phantasia=, a daughter of Nicarchus of Memphis, in Egypt. Some have\n supposed that she wrote a poem on the Trojan war, and another on the\n return of Ulysses to Ithaca, from which compositions Homer copied\n the greatest part of his Iliad and Odyssey, when he visited Memphis,\n where they were deposited.\n\n=Phanus=, a son of Bacchus, who was among the Argonauts. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Phaon=, a boatman of Mitylene in Lesbos. He received a small box of\n ointment from Venus, who had presented herself to him in the form\n of an old woman, to be carried over into Asia, and as soon as he\n had rubbed himself with what the box contained, he became one of the\n most beautiful men of his age. Many were captivated with the charms\n of Phaon, and, among others, Sappho the celebrated poetess. Phaon\n gave himself up to the pleasures of Sappho\u2019s company; but, however,\n he soon conceived a disdain for her, and Sappho, mortified at his\n coldness, threw herself into the sea. Some say that Phaon was beloved\n by the goddess of beauty, who concealed him for some time among\n lettuces. \u00c6lian says that Phaon was killed by a man whose bed he was\n defiling. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_,\n poem 21.\u2015\u2015_Pal\u00e6phatus_, _de Incredibilia_, ch. 49.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us._\n \u2015\u2015_Lucian_, _Dialogi Mortuorum_, bk. 9.\n\n=Phara=, a town of Africa, burnt by Scipio\u2019s soldiers.\n\n=Pharac\u012ddes=, a general of the Laced\u00e6monian fleet, who assisted\n Dionysius the tyrant of Sicily against the Carthaginians. _Poly\u00e6nus_,\n bk. 2.\n\n=Phar\u00e6=, or =Pher\u00e6=, a town of Crete.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Messenia.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30. _See:_ Pher\u00e6.\n\n=Pharasm\u0103nes=, a king of Iberia, in the reign of Antoninus, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 33.\n\n=Pharax=, a Laced\u00e6monian officer, who attempted to make himself\n absolute in Sicily.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Thessalian, whose son, called Cyanippus,\n married a beautiful woman, called Leuconoe, who was torn to pieces\n by his dogs. _Parthenius._\n\n=Pharis=, a town of Laconia, whose inhabitants are called _Pharit\u00e6_.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Mercury and Philodamea, who\n built Phar\u00e6 in Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 30.\n\n=Pharmec\u016bsa=, an island of the \u00c6gean sea, where Julius C\u00e6sar was seized\n by some pirates. _Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, where was\n shown Circe\u2019s tomb. _Strabo._\n\n=Pharnab\u0101zus=, a satrap of Persia, son of a person of the same name,\n B.C. 409. He assisted the Laced\u00e6monians against the Athenians,\n and gained their esteem by his friendly behaviour and support. His\n conduct, however, towards Alcibiades, was of the most perfidious\n nature, and he did not scruple to betray to his mortal enemies the\n man whom he had long honoured with his friendship. _Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Alcibiades._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer under Eumenes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of\n Iberia.\n\n=Pharn\u0103ce=, a town of Pontus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of\n Cinyras king of Pontus. _Suidas._\n\n=Pharn\u0103ces=, a son of Mithridates king of Pontus, who favoured the\n Romans against his father. He revolted against Mithridates, and even\n caused him to be put to death, according to some accounts. In the\n civil wars of Julius C\u00e6sar and Pompey, he interested himself for\n neither of the contending parties; upon which C\u00e6sar turned his army\n against him, and conquered him. It was to express the celerity of his\n operations in conquering Pharnaces, that the victorious Roman made\n use of these words, _Veni, vidi, vici_. _Florus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_,\n _C\u00e6sar_, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 55.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Pontus,\n who made war with Eumenes, B.C. 181.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Cappadocia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n librarian of Atticus. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.\n\n=Pharnap\u0101tes=, a general of Orodes king of Parthia, killed in a battle\n by the Romans.\n\n=Pharnaspes=, the father of Cassandra the mother of Cambyses.\n\n=Pharnus=, a king of Media, conquered by Ninus king of Assyria.\n\n=Pharos=, a small island in the bay of Alexandria, about seven furlongs\n distant from the continent. It was joined to the Egyptian shore\n with a causeway by Dexiphanes, B.C. 284, and upon it was built a\n celebrated tower, in the reign of Ptolemy Soter and Philadelphus,\n by Sostratus the son of Dexiphanes. This tower, which was called the\n tower of Pharos, and which passed for one of the seven wonders of the\n world, was built with white marble, and could be seen at the distance\n of 100 miles. On the top, fires were constantly kept to direct\n sailors in the bay, which was dangerous and difficult of access.\n The building of this tower cost the Egyptian monarch 800 talents,\n which were equivalent to above 165,000_l._ English, if Attic, or if\n Alexandrian, double that sum. There was this inscription upon it,\n _King Ptolemy to the Gods the saviours, for the benefit of sailors_;\n but Sostratus the architect, wishing to claim all the glory, engraved\n his own name upon the stones, and afterwards filled the hollow with\n mortar, and wrote the above-mentioned inscription. When the mortar\n had decayed by time, Ptolemy\u2019s name disappeared, and the following\n inscription then became visible: _Sostratus the Cnidian, son of\n Dexiphanes, to the Gods the saviours, for the benefit of sailors_.\n The word _Pharius_ is often used as Egyptian. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 636;\n bk. 3, li. 260; bk. 6, li. 308; bk. 9, li. 1005, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ars\n Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 635.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, chs. 31 & 85; bk. 36, ch.\n 13.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 13, ch.\n 11.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 3,\n _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 2, li. 102.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A watch-tower near Capre\u00e6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island\n on the coast of Illyricum, now called _Lesina_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The emperor Claudius ordered a tower to be built at the entrance\n of the port of Ostia, for the benefit of sailors, and it likewise\n bore the name of _Pharos_, an appellation afterwards given to every\n other edifice which was raised to direct the course of sailors,\n either with lights, or by signals. _Juvenal_, satire 11, li. 76.\n \u2015\u2015_Suetonius._\n\n=Phars\u0103lus=, now _Farsa_, a town of Thessaly, in whose neighbourhood\n is a large plain called _Pharsalia_, famous for a battle which was\n fought there between Julius C\u00e6sar and Pompey, in which the former\n obtained the victory. In that battle, which was fought on the 12th of\n May, B.C. 48, C\u00e6sar lost about 200 men, or, according to others, 1200.\n Pompey\u2019s loss was 15,000, or 25,000 according to others, and 24,000\n of his army were made prisoners of war by the conqueror. _Lucan_,\n bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Pompey_ & _C\u00e6sar_.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Civil Wars_.\n \u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015That poem of Lucan, in which he gives an account of the civil\n wars of C\u00e6sar and Pompey, bears the name of Pharsalia. _See:_ Lucanus.\n\n=Pharte=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Pharus=, a Rutulian killed by \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n li. 322.\n\n=Pharusii=, or =Phaurusii=, a people of Africa, beyond Mauritania.\n _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\n\n=Pharybus=, a river of Macedonia, falling into the \u00c6gean sea. It is\n called by some Baphyrus.\n\n=Pharycadon=, a town of Macedonia, on the Peneus. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Pharyge=, a town of Locris.\n\n=Phas\u0113lis=, a town of Pamphylia, at the foot of mount Taurus, which was\n long the residence of pirates. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 8, ch.\n 251.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On the Agrarian Law_, bk. 2, ch. 19.\n\n=Phasiana=, a country of Asia, near the river Phasis. The inhabitants\n called _Phasiani_, are of Egyptian origin.\n\n=Phasias=, a patronymic given to Medea, as being born near the Phasis.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7.\n\n=Phasis=, a son of Ph\u0153bus and Ocyroe.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Colchis, rising\n in the mountains of Armenia, now called _Faoz_, and falling into the\n east of the Euxine. It is famous for the expedition of the Argonauts,\n who entered it after a long and perilous voyage, from which reason\n all dangerous voyages have been proverbially intimated by the words\n of _sailing to the Phasis_. There were on the banks of the Phasis\n a great number of large birds, of which, according to some of the\n ancients, the Argonauts brought some to Greece, and which were\n called on that account _pheasants_. The Phasis was reckoned by\n the ancients one of the largest rivers of Asia. _Pliny_, bk. 10,\n ch. 48.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 62.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 1, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 44.\n \u2015\u2015_Orpheus._\n\n=Phassus=, a son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Phauda=, a town of Pontus.\n\n=Phavor\u012bnus=, a writer, the best edition of whose Greek Lexicon is that\n in folio, Venice, 1712.\n\n=Phayllus=, a tyrant of Ambracia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The brother of Onomarchus of\n Phocis, &c. _See:_ Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 2.\n\n=Phea=, or =Pheia=, a town of Elis. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7.\n\n=Phecadum=, an inland town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 41.\n\n=Phegeus=, or =Phlegeus=, a companion of \u00c6neas, killed by Turnus.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 765.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, likewise killed\n by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 371, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A priest\n of Bacchus, the father of Alphesib\u0153a, who purified Alcm\u00e6on of his\n mother\u2019s murder, and gave him his daughter in marriage. He was\n afterwards put to death by the children of Alcm\u00e6on by Callirhoe,\n because he had ordered Alcm\u00e6on to be killed when he had attempted to\n recover a collar which he had given to his daughter. _See:_ Alcm\u00e6on.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 412.\n\n=Phellia=, a river of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 20.\n\n=Phelloe=, a town of Achaia near \u00c6gira, where Bacchus and Diana each\n had a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 26.\n\n=Phellus=, a place of Attica.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Elis, near Olympia. _Strabo._\n\n=Phemius=, a man introduced by Homer as a musician among Penelope\u2019s\n suitors. Some say that he taught Homer, for which the grateful poet\n immortalized his name. _Homer_, _Odyssey_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who, according\n to some, wrote an account of the return of the Greeks from the\n Trojan war. The word is applied by Ovid, _Amores_, bk. 3, li. 7,\n indiscriminately to any person who excels in music.\n\n=Phemonoe=, a priestess of Apollo, who is supposed to have invented\n heroic verses. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.\n\n=Phen\u0113um=, a town of Arcadia, whose inhabitants, called _Pheneat\u00e6_,\n worshipped Mercury. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.\n\n=Pheneus=, a town with a lake of the same name in Arcadia, whose waters\n were unwholesome in the night and wholesome in the daytime. _Cicero_,\n _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 165.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 332.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Melas, killed\n by Tydeus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Pher\u00e6=, a town of Thessaly, where the tyrant Alexander reigned, whence\n he was called _Pher\u00e6us_. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 2, _de\n Officis_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 321.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9,\n ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Attica.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Laconia in Peloponnesus.\n _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 30.\n\n=Pher\u00e6us=, a surname of Jason, as being a native of Pher\u00e6.\n\n=Pheraules=, a Persian whom Cyrus raised from poverty to affluence.\n He afterwards gave up all his possessions to enjoy tranquillity in\n retirement. _Xenophon_, _Cyropaedia_.\n\n=Pher\u0115clus=, one of the Greeks during the Trojan war. _Ovid_,\n _Heroides_, poem 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A pilot of the ship of Theseus, when he went\n to Crete. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\n\n=Pher\u0113cr\u0103tes=, a comic poet of Athens, in the age of Plato and\n Aristophanes. He is supposed to have written 21 comedies, of which\n only a few verses remain. He introduced living characters on the\n stage, but never abused the liberty which he had taken, either by\n satire or defamation. He invented a sort of verse, which from him has\n been called _Pherecratian_. It consisted of the three last feet of\n an hexameter verse, of which the first was always a spondee, as for\n instance, the third verse of Horace\u2019s bk. 1, ode 5, _Grato Pyrrha sub\n antro._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, descended from Deucalion. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6\n Disputationes_.\n\n=Pherec\u0233des=, a philosopher of Scyros, disciple of Pittacus, one of the\n first who delivered his thoughts in prose. He was acquainted with the\n periods of the moon, and foretold eclipses with the greatest accuracy.\n The doctrine of the immortality of the soul was first supported\n by him, as also that of the metempsychosis. Pythagoras was one of\n his disciples, remarkable for his esteem and his attachment to his\n learned master. When Pherecydes lay dangerously ill in the island of\n Delos, Pythagoras hastened to give him every assistance in his power,\n and when all his efforts had proved ineffectual, he buried him, and\n after he had paid him the last offices, he retired to Italy. Some,\n however, suppose, that Pherecydes threw himself down from a precipice\n as he was going to Delphi, or, according to others, he fell a\n sacrifice to the lousy disease, B.C. 515, in the 85th year of his\n age. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015_Lactantius [Placidus]._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian\n of Leros, surnamed the Athenian. He wrote a history of Attica, now\n lost, in the age of Darius Hystaspes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tragic poet.\n\n=Pherendates=, a Persian set over Egypt by Artaxerxes.\n\n=Pherephate=, a surname of Proserpine, from the production of corn.\n\n=Pheres=, a son of Cretheus and Tyro, who built Pher\u00e6 in Thessaly,\n where he reigned. He married Clymene, by whom he had Admetus and\n Lycurgus. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Medea, stoned to death by the\n Corinthians, on account of the poisonous clothes which he had given\n to Glauce, Creon\u2019s daughter. _See:_ Medea. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of \u00c6neas, killed by Halesus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n li. 413.\n\n=Pheretias=, a patronymic of Admetus son of Pheres. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 291.\n\n=Pheret\u012bma=, the wife of Battus king of Cyrene, and mother of\n Arcesilaus. After her son\u2019s death, she recovered the kingdom by means\n of Amasis king of Egypt, and to avenge the murder of Arcesilaus, she\n caused all his assassins to be crucified round the walls of Cyrene,\n and she cut off the breasts of their wives, and hung them up near the\n bodies of their husbands. It is said that she was devoured alive by\n worms, a punishment which, according to some of the ancients, was\n inflicted by Providence for her unparalleled cruelties. _Poly\u00e6nus_,\n bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 204, &c.\n\n=Pherinum=, a town of Thessaly.\n\n=Pheron=, a king of Egypt, who succeeded Sesostris. He was blind,\n and he recovered his sight by washing his eyes, according to the\n directions of the oracle, in the urine of a woman who had never had\n any unlawful connexions. He tried his wife first, but she appeared\n to have been faithless to his bed, and she was burnt with all those\n whose urine could not restore sight to the king. He married the woman\n whose urine proved beneficial. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 111.\n\n=Pher\u016bsa=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Phi\u0103le=, one of Diana\u2019s nymphs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n celebrated courtesan. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 238.\n\n=Phialia=, or =Phigalia=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.\n\n=Phi\u0103lus=, a king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.\n\n=Phicores=, a people near the Palus M\u00e6otis. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.\n\n=Phidias=, a celebrated statuary of Athens, who died B.C. 432. He made\n a statue of Minerva, at the request of Pericles, which was placed\n in the Pantheon. It was made with ivory and gold, and measured 39\n feet in height. His presumption raised him many enemies, and he\n was accused of having carved his own image and that of Pericles on\n the shield of the statue of the goddess, for which he was banished\n from Athens by the clamorous populace. He retired to Elis, where\n he determined to revenge the ill-treatment he had received from his\n countrymen, by making a statue which should eclipse the fame of that\n of Minerva. He was successful in the attempt; and the statue he made\n of Jupiter Olympius was always reckoned the best of all his pieces,\n and has passed for one of the wonders of the world. The people of\n Elis were so sensible of his merit, and of the honour he had done\n to their city, that they appointed his descendants to the honourable\n office of keeping clean that magnificent statue, and of preserving\n it from injury. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On Oratory_.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Pericles_.\n\n=Phidil\u0113=, a woman. _See:_ \u2666Phidyle.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Phidyle\u2019 not referenced in the text.\n\n=Phidipp\u012ddes= a celebrated courier, who ran from Athens to Laced\u00e6mon,\n about 152 English miles, in two days, to ask of the Laced\u00e6monians\n assistance against the Persians. The Athenians raised a temple to his\n memory. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 105.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Miltiades._\n\n=Phiditia=, a public entertainment at Sparta, where much frugality was\n observed, as the word (\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03b1, from \u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, _parco_) denotes.\n Persons of all ages were admitted; the younger frequented it as\n a school of temperance and sobriety, where they were trained to\n good manners and useful knowledge, by the example and discourse of\n their elders. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 34.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n\n=Phidon=, a man who enjoyed the sovereign power at Argos, and is\n supposed to have invented scales and measures, and coined silver at\n \u00c6gina. He died B.C. 854. _Aristotle._\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 127.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient legislator at Corinth.\n\n=Phidy\u0306re=, a female servant of Horace, to whom he addressed bk. 3,\n ode 23.\n\n=Phigalei=, a people of Peloponnesus, near Messenia. They were\n naturally fond of drinking, and negligent of domestic affairs.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 39.\n\n=Phila=, the eldest daughter of Antipater, who married Craterus. She\n afterwards married Demetrius, and when her husband had lost the\n kingdom of Macedonia, she poisoned herself. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 67; bk. 44, chs. 2 & 34.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island\n called also \u2666Phila.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Phla\u2019 replaced with \u2018Phila\u2019\n\n=Philadelphia=, now _Alahasher_, a town of Lydia. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, in Cilicia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Arabia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015-Syria.\n\n=Philadelphus=, a king of Paphlagonia, who followed the interest\n of Marcus Antony.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of\n Egypt, by antiphrasis, because he destroyed all his brothers. _See:_\n Ptolem\u00e6us II.\n\n\u2666=Phil\u00e6=, a town and island of Egypt, above the smaller cataract, but\n placed opposite Syene by _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 9. Isis was worshipped\n there. _Lucan_, bk. 10, li. 313.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Qu\u00e6stiones Naturales_,\n bk. 4, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Sporades. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Phile\u2019 replaced with \u2018Phil\u00e6\u2019\n\n=Phil\u00e6ni=, two brothers of Carthage. When a contest arose between the\n Cyreneans and Carthaginians, about the extent of their territories,\n it was mutually agreed that, at a stated hour, two men should depart\n from each city, and that, wherever they met, there they should fix\n the boundaries of their country. The Phil\u00e6ni accordingly departed\n from Carthage, and met the Cyreneans, when they had advanced far\n into their territories. This produced a quarrel, and the Cyreneans\n supported that the Phil\u00e6ni had left Carthage before the appointment,\n and that therefore they must retire or be buried in the sand. The\n Phil\u00e6ni refused, upon which they were overpowered by the Cyreneans,\n and accordingly buried in the sand. The Carthaginians, to commemorate\n the patriotic deeds of the Phil\u00e6ni, who had sacrificed their lives\n that the extent of their country might not be diminished, raised two\n altars on the place where their bodies had been buried, which they\n called _Phil\u00e6norum ar\u00e6_. These altars were the boundaries of the\n Carthaginian dominions, which on the other side extended as far as\n the columns of Hercules, which is about 2000 miles, or, according\n to the accurate observations of the moderns, only 1420 geographical\n miles. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, chs. 19 & 79.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 15, li. 704.\n\n=Phil\u00e6nis=, or =Phileris=, a courtesan. _See:_ Phileris.\n\n=Phil\u00e6us=, a son of Ajax, by Lyside the daughter of Coronus, one of the\n Lapith\u00e6. Miltiades, as some suppose, was descended from him.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Augeas, who upbraided his father for not granting what Hercules\n justly claimed for cleaning his stables. _See:_ Augeas. He was placed\n upon his father\u2019s throne by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Philammon=, a celebrated musician, son of Apollo and Chione.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man\n who murdered Arsinoe, and who was slain by her female attendants.\n\n=Philanthus=, a son of Prolaus of Elis, killed at the Olympic games.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\n\n=Philarchus=, a hero who gave assistance to the Phocians when the\n Persians invaded Greece.\n\n=Phil\u0113mon=, a Greek comic poet, contemporary with Menander. He obtained\n some poetical prizes over Menander, not so much by the merit of his\n composition, as by the intrigues of his friends. Plautus imitated\n some of his comedies. He lived to his 97th year, and died, as it is\n reported, of laughing, on seeing an ass eat figs, B.C. 274.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015His\n son, who bore the same name, wrote 54 comedies, of which some\n few fragments remain, which do not seem to entitle him to great\n rank among the Greek comic writers. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch.\n 12\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Cohibenda Ira_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poor man of Phrygia. _See:_ Baucis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An illegitimate\n son of Priam.\n\n=Phil\u0113ne=, a town of Attica between Athens and Tanagra. _Statius_,\n _Thebaid_, bk. 4, li. 102.\n\n=Phil\u0113ris=, an immodest woman, whom Philocrates the poet lampooned.\n _Martial_, bk. 7.\n\n=Phil\u0115ros=, a town of Macedonia. _Pliny._\n\n=Philesius=, a leader of the 10,000 Greeks after the battle of Cunaxa.\n\n=Philet\u00e6rus=, a eunuch made governor of Pergamus by Lysimachus. He\n quarrelled with Lysimachus, and made himself master of Pergamus,\n where he laid the foundations of a kingdom called the kingdom of\n Pergamus, B.C. 283. He reigned there for 20 years, and at his death\n he appointed his nephew Eumenes as his successor. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Cretan general who revolted from\n Seleucus, and was conquered, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Phil\u0113tas=, a grammarian and poet of Cos, in the reign of king Philip,\n and of his son Alexander the Great. He was made preceptor to Ptolemy\n Philadelphus. The elegies and epigrams which he wrote have been\n greatly commended by the ancients, and some fragments of them are\n still preserved in Athen\u00e6us. He was so small and slender, according\n to the improbable accounts of \u00c6lian, that he always carried pieces of\n lead in his pockets, to prevent being blown away by the wind. _\u00c6lian_,\n _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, poem 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian.\n\n=Philetius=, a faithful steward of Ulysses, who, with Eumeus, assisted\n him in destroying the suitors, who had not only insulted the queen,\n but wasted the property of the absent monarch. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,\n bk. 20, &c.\n\n=Phil\u012ddas=, a friend of Pelopidas, who favoured the conspiracy formed\n to expel the Spartans from Thebes. He received the conspirators in\n his own house.\n\n=Philides=, a dealer in horses in the age of Themistocles. _Plutarch_,\n _Themistocles_.\n\n=Philinna=, a courtesan, mother of Arid\u00e6us, by Philip the father of\n Alexander.\n\n=Phil\u012bnus=, a native of Agrigentum, who fought with Annibal against\n the Romans. He wrote a partial history of the Punic wars. _Cornelius\n Nepos_, _Hannibal_.\u2015\u2015_Polybius._\n\n=Philippei=, or =Phillippi=, certain pieces of money coined in the\n reign of Philip of Macedonia, and with his image. _Horace_, bk. 2,\n ltr. 1, li. 284.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 52; bk. 37, ch. 59; bk. 39,\n chs. 5 & 7.\n\n=Philippi=, a town of Macedonia, anciently called _Datos_, and situate\n at the east of the Strymon on a rising ground, which abounds with\n springs and water. It was called Philippi after Philip king of\n Macedonia, who fortified it against the incursions of the barbarians\n of Thrace, and became celebrated for two battles which were fought\n there in October, B.C. 42, at the interval of about 20 days, between\n Augustus and Antony, and the republican forces of Brutus and Cassius,\n in which the former obtained the victory. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 15, li. 284.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 45.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, bk. 2, _Civil Wars_.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 490.\n \u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 2.\n\n=Philipp\u012ddes=, a comic poet in Alexander\u2019s age.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A courier, called\n also Phidippides.\n\n=Philipp\u014fp\u014flis=, a town of Thrace, near the Hebrus, built by Philip the\n father of Alexander. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 53.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Thessaly, called\n Philippi.\n\n=Philippus I.=, son of Arg\u00e6us, succeeded his father on the throne of\n Macedonia, and reigned 38 years, B.C. 640.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second of that\n name was the fourth son of Amyntas king of Macedonia. He was sent\n to Thebes as a hostage by his father, where he learnt the art of war\n under Epaminondas, and studied with the greatest care the manners and\n the pursuits of the Greeks. He was recalled to Macedonia, and at the\n death of his brother Perdiccas, he ascended the throne as guardian\n and protector of the youthful years of his nephew. His ambition,\n however, soon discovered itself, and he made himself independent.\n The valour of a prudent general, and the policy of an experienced\n statesman, seemed requisite to ensure his power. The neighbouring\n nations, ridiculing the youth and inexperience of the new king\n of Macedonia, appeared in arms, but Philip soon convinced them of\n their error. Unable to meet them as yet in the field of battle, he\n suspended their fury by presents, and soon turned his arms against\n Amphipolis, a colony tributary to the Athenians. Amphipolis was\n conquered, and added to the kingdom of Macedonia, and Philip\n meditated no less than the destruction of a republic which had\n rendered itself so formidable to the rest of Greece, and had even\n claimed submission from the princes of Macedonia. His designs,\n however, were as yet immature, and before he could make Athens an\n object of conquest, the Thracians and the Illyrians demanded his\n attention. He made himself master of a Thracian colony, to which he\n gave the name of Philippi, and from which he received the greatest\n advantages on account of the golden mines in the neighbourhood.\n In the midst of his political prosperity, Philip did not neglect\n the honour of his family. He married Olympias, the daughter of\n Neoptolemus king of the Molossi; and when, some time after he became\n father of Alexander, the monarch, conscious of the inestimable\n advantages which arise from the lessons, the example, and the\n conversation of a learned and virtuous preceptor, wrote a letter\n with his own hand to the philosopher Aristotle, and begged him to\n retire from his usual pursuits, and to dedicate his whole time to the\n instruction of the young prince. Everything seemed now to conspire\n to his aggrandizement, and historians have observed, that Philip\n received in one day the intelligence of three things which could\n gratify the most unbounded ambition, and flatter the hopes of the\n most aspiring monarch: the birth of a son, an honourable crown at\n the Olympic games, and a victory over the barbarians of Illyricum.\n But all these increased rather than satiated his ambition; he\n declared his inimical sentiments against the power of Athens, and\n the independence of all Greece, by laying siege to Olynthus, a place\n which, on account of its situation and consequence, would prove most\n injurious to the interests of the Athenians, and most advantageous to\n the intrigues and military operations of every Macedonian prince. The\n Athenians, roused by the eloquence of Demosthenes, sent 17 vessels\n and 2000 men to the assistance of Olynthus, but the money of Philip\n prevailed over all their efforts. The greatest part of the citizens\n suffered themselves to be bribed by the Macedonian gold, and Olynthus\n surrendered to the enemy, and was instantly reduced to ruins. His\n successes were as great in every part of Greece; he was declared head\n of the Amphictyonic council, and was entrusted with the care of the\n sacred temple of Apollo at Delphi. If he was recalled to Macedonia,\n it was only to add fresh laurels to his crown, by victories over\n his enemies in Illyricum and Thessaly. By assuming the mask of a\n moderator and peacemaker he gained confidence, and in attempting to\n protect the Peloponnesians against the encroaching power of Sparta,\n he rendered his cause popular, and by ridiculing the insults that\n were offered to his person as he passed through Corinth, he displayed\n to the world his moderation and philosophic virtues. In his attempts\n to make himself master of Eub\u0153a, Philip was unsuccessful; and\n Phocion, who despised his gold as well as his meanness, obliged him\n to evacuate an island whose inhabitants were as insensible to the\n charms of money, as they were unmoved at the horrors of war, and\n the bold efforts of a vigilant enemy. From Eub\u0153a he turned his arms\n against the Scythians, but the advantages which he obtained over\n this indigent nation were inconsiderable, and he again made Greece\n an object of plunder and rapine. He advanced far into B\u0153otia, and\n a general engagement was fought at Ch\u00e6ronea. The fight was long and\n bloody, but Philip obtained the victory. His behaviour after the\n battle reflects great disgrace upon him as a man, and as a monarch.\n In the hour of festivity, and during the entertainment which he had\n given to celebrate the trophies he had won, Philip sallied from his\n camp, and with the inhumanity of a brute he insulted the bodies of\n the slain, and exulted over the calamities of the prisoners of war.\n His insolence, however, was checked when Demades, one of the Athenian\n captives, reminded him of his meanness, by exclaiming, \u201cWhy do you,\n O king, act the part of a Thersites, when you can represent with so\n much dignity the elevated character of an Agamemnon?\u201d The reproof\n was felt; Demades received his liberty, and Philip learned how to\n gain popularity even among his fallen enemies, by relieving their\n wants and easing their distresses. At the battle of Ch\u00e6ronea the\n independence of Greece was extinguished; and Philip, unable to\n find new enemies in Europe, formed new enterprises, and meditated\n new conquests. He was nominated general of the Greeks against the\n Persians, and was called upon as well from inclination as duty to\n revenge those injuries which Greece had suffered from the invasions\n of Darius and of Xerxes. But he was stopped in the midst of his\n warlike preparations; he was stabbed by Pausanius as he entered the\n theatre, at the celebration of the nuptials of his daughter Cleopatra.\n This murder has given rise to many reflections upon the causes which\n produced it; and many who consider the recent repudiation of Olympias,\n and the resentment of Alexander, are apt to investigate the causes\n of his death in the bosom of his family. The ridiculous honours which\n Olympias paid to her husband\u2019s murderer strengthened the suspicion,\n yet Alexander declared that he invaded the kingdom of Persia to\n revenge his father\u2019s death upon the Persian satraps and princes,\n by whose immediate intrigues the assassination had been committed.\n The character of Philip is that of a sagacious, artful, prudent, and\n intriguing monarch: he was brave in the field of battle, eloquent and\n dissimulating at home; and he possessed the wonderful art of changing\n his conduct according to the disposition and caprice of mankind,\n without ever altering his purpose, or losing sight of his ambitious\n aims. He possessed much perseverance, and in the execution of his\n plans he was always vigorous. The hand of an assassin prevented him\n from achieving the boldest and the most extensive of his undertakings;\n and he might have acquired as many laurels, and conquered as many\n nations, as his son Alexander did in the succeeding reign, and the\n kingdom of Persia might have been added to the Macedonian empire,\n perhaps with greater moderation, with more glory, and with more\n lasting advantages. The private character of Philip lies open to\n censure, and raises indignation. The admirer of his virtues is\n disgusted to find him amongst the most abandoned prostitutes, and\n disgracing himself by the most unnatural crimes and lascivious\n indulgencies, which can make even the most debauched and the most\n profligate to blush. He was murdered in the 47th year of his age,\n and the 24th of his reign, about 336 years before the christian era.\n His reign is become uncommonly interesting, and his administration a\n matter of instruction. He is the first monarch whose life and actions\n are described with peculiar accuracy and historical faithfulness.\n Philip was the father of Alexander the Great and of Cleopatra by\n Olympias; he had also by Audaca, an Illyrian, Cyna, who married\n Amyntas the son of Perdiccas, Philip\u2019s elder brother; by Nicasipolis,\n a Thessalian, Nic\u00e6a, who married Cassander; by Philinna, a Lariss\u00e6an\n dancer, Arid\u00e6us, who reigned some time after Alexander\u2019s death;\n by Cleopatra the niece of Attalus, Caranus and Europa, who were\n both murdered by Olympias; and Ptolemy the first king of Egypt by\n Arsinoe, who in the first month of her pregnancy was married to\n Lagus. _Demosthenes_, _Philippics_ & _Olynthiacs_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_ 7, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_, _Demosthenes_, &\n _Apophthegmata Laconica_.\u2015\u2015_Isocrates_, _ad Philippum_.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_,\n bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6schines._\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, _B\u0153otia_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The last king\n of Macedonia, of that name, was son of Demetrius. His infancy, at the\n death of his father, was protected by Antigonus, one of his friends,\n who ascended the throne, and reigned for 12 years, with the title\n of independent monarch. When Antigonus died, Philip recovered\n his father\u2019s throne, though only 15 years of age, and he early\n distinguished himself by his boldness and his ambitious views. His\n cruelty, however, to Aratus, soon displayed his character in its true\n light; and to the gratification of every vice, and every extravagant\n propensity, he had the meanness to sacrifice this faithful and\n virtuous Athenian. Not satisfied with the kingdom of Macedonia,\n Philip aspired to become the friend of Annibal, and wished to share\n with him the spoils which the distresses and continual loss of the\n Romans seemed soon to promise. But his expectations were frustrated;\n the Romans discovered his intrigues, and though weakened by the\n valour and artifice of the Carthaginian, yet they were soon enabled\n to meet him in the field of battle. The consul L\u00e6vinus entered\n without delay his territories of Macedonia, and after he had obtained\n a victory over him near Apollonia, and reduced his fleet to ashes,\n he compelled him to sue for peace. This peaceful disposition was\n not permanent, and when the Romans discovered that he had assisted\n their immortal enemy Annibal with men and money they appointed Titus\n Quinctius Flaminius to punish his perfidy, and the violation of\n the treaty. The Roman consul, with his usual expedition, invaded\n Macedonia; and in a general engagement which was fought near\n Cynocephale, the hostile army was totally defeated, and the monarch\n saved his life with difficulty by flying from the field of battle.\n Destitute of resources, without friends either at home or abroad,\n Philip was obliged to submit to the mercy of the conqueror, and to\n demand peace by his ambassadors. It was granted with difficulty.\n The terms were humiliating; but the poverty of Philip obliged him\n to accept the conditions, however disadvantageous and degrading\n to his dignity. In the midst of these public calamities the peace\n of his family was disturbed; and Perses, the eldest of his sons\n by a concubine, raised seditions against his brother Demetrius,\n whose condescension and humanity had gained popularity among the\n Macedonians, and who, from his residence at Rome as a hostage,\n had gained the good graces of the senate, and by the modesty\n and innocence of his manners, had obtained forgiveness from that\n venerable body for the hostilities of his father. Philip listened\n with too much avidity to the false accusation of Perses; and when\n he heard it asserted that Demetrius wished to rob him of his crown,\n he no longer hesitated to punish with death so unworthy and so\n ungrateful a son. No sooner was Demetrius sacrificed to credulity,\n than Philip became convinced of his cruelty and rashness, and, to\n punish the perfidy of Perses, he attempted to make Antigonus, another\n son, his successor on the Macedonian throne. But he was prevented\n from executing his purpose by death, in the 42nd year of his reign,\n 179 years before the christian era. The assassin of Demetrius\n succeeded his father; and with the same ambition, with the same\n rashness and oppression, renewed the war against the Romans till his\n empire was destroyed and Macedonia became a Roman province. Philip\n has been compared with his great ancestor of the same name; but\n though they possessed the same virtues, the same ambition, and were\n tainted with the same vices, yet the father of Alexander was more\n sagacious and more intriguing, and the son of Demetrius was more\n suspicious, more cruel, and more implacable; and according to the\n pretended prophecy of one of the Sibyls, Macedonia was indebted to\n one Philip for her rise and consequence among nations, and under\n another Philip she lamented the loss of her power, her empire,\n and her dignity. _Polybius_, bk. 16, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 29, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Titus Flamininus_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 31, &c.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Orosius_, bk. 4,\n ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus Julius, a Roman emperor, of an obscure family in\n Arabia, from which he was surnamed _Arabian_. From the lowest rank\n in the army he gradually rose to the highest offices, and when he\n was made general of the pretorian guards he assassinated Gordian to\n make himself emperor. To establish himself with more certainty on\n the imperial throne, he left Mesopotamia a prey to the continual\n invasions of the Persians, and hurried to Rome, where his election\n was universally approved by the senate and the Roman people. Philip\n rendered his cause popular by his liberality and profusion; and it\n added much to his splendour and dignity that the Romans during his\n reign commemorated the foundation of their city, a solemnity which\n was observed but once every 100 years, and which was celebrated with\n more pomp and more magnificence than under the preceding reigns. The\n people were entertained with games and spectacles, the theatre of\n Pompey was successively crowded during three days and three nights,\n and 2000 gladiators bled in the circus at once, for the amusement and\n pleasure of a gazing populace. His usurpation, however, was short;\n Philip was defeated by Decius, who had proclaimed himself emperor in\n Pannonia, and he was assassinated by his own soldiers near Verona,\n in the 45th year of his age, and the 5th of his reign, A.D. 249. His\n son, who bore the same name, and who had shared with him the imperial\n dignity, was also massacred in the arms of his mother. Young Philip\n was then in the 12th year of his age, and the Romans lamented in\n him the loss of rising talents, of natural humanity, and endearing\n virtues. _Aurelius Victor._\u2015\u2015_Zosimus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Acarnania,\n physician to Alexander the Great. When the monarch had been suddenly\n taken ill, after bathing in the Cydnus, Philip undertook to remove\n the complaint when the rest of the physicians believed that all\n medical assistance would be ineffectual. But as he was preparing\n his medicine, Alexander received a letter from Parmenio, in which he\n was advised to beware of his physician Philip, as he had conspired\n against his life. The monarch was alarmed; and when Philip presented\n him the medicine, he gave him Parmenio\u2019s letter to peruse, and\n began to drink the potion. The serenity and composure of Philip\u2019s\n countenance, as he read the letter, removed every suspicion from\n Alexander\u2019s breast, and he pursued the directions of his physician,\n and in a few days recovered. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_,\n bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Arrian_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Alexander the Great, murdered\n by order of Olympias.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Sparta.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Cassander.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who pretended to be the son of Perses, that he might lay\n claim to the kingdom of Macedonia. He was called _Pseudophilippus_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Cassander, in \u00c6tolia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Phrygian, made governor\n of Jerusalem by Antiochus, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Herod the Great, in the\n reign of Augustus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Alexander the Great, called also\n Arid\u00e6us. _See:_ Arid\u00e6us.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A freedman of Pompey the Great. He found\n his master\u2019s body deserted on the sea-shore, in Egypt, and he gave it\n a decent burial, with the assistance of an old Roman soldier, who had\n fought under Pompey.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father-in-law of the emperor Augustus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Laced\u00e6monian who wished to make himself absolute in Thebes.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer made master of Parthia, after the death of Alexander\n the Great.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of part of Syria, son of Antiochus Gryphus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Antipater in the army of Alexander.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Lysimachus,\n who died suddenly after hard walking and labour.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of\n Amphipolis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Carthaginian, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote a history of\n Caria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Megara, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Pamphylia, who wrote\n a diffuse history from the creation down to his own time. It was not\n much valued. He lived in the age of Theodosius II.\n\n=Philiscus=, a famous sculptor, whose statues of Latona, Venus,\n Diana, the Muses, and a naked Apollo, were preserved in the portico\n belonging to Octavia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek comic poet. _Pliny_, bk. 11, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian who received Cicero when he fled to Macedonia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n officer of Artaxerxes, appointed to make peace with the Greeks.\n\n=Philistion=, a comic poet of Nic\u00e6a in the age of Socrates. _Martial_,\n bk. 2, ltr. 41.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician of Locris. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 7,\n ch. 12.\n\n=Philistus=, a musician of Miletus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Syracusan, who, during his\n banishment from his native country, wrote a history of Sicily, in 12\n books, which was commended by some, though condemned for inaccuracy\n by Pausanias. He was afterwards sent against the Syracusans by\n Dionysius the younger, and he killed himself when overcome by the\n enemy, 356 B.C. _Plutarch_, _Dion_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 13.\n\n=Phillo=, an Arcadian maid, by whom Hercules had a son. The father,\n named Alcimedon, exposed his daughter, but she was saved by means\n of her lover, who was directed to the place where she was doomed to\n perish, by the chirping of a magpie, which imitated the plaintive\n cries of a child. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 12.\n\n=Philo=, a Jewish writer of Alexandria, A.D. 40, sent as ambassador\n from his nation to Caligula. He was unsuccessful in his embassy, of\n which he wrote an entertaining account; and the emperor, who wished\n to be worshipped as a god, expressed his dissatisfaction with the\n Jews, because they refused to place his statues in their temples. He\n was so happy in his expressions, and elegant in his variety, that he\n has been called the Jewish Plato, and the book which he wrote on the\n sufferings of the Jews in the reign of Caius, met with such unbounded\n applause in the Roman senate, where he read it publicly, that he was\n permitted to consecrate it in the public libraries. His works were\n divided into three parts, of which the first related to the creation\n of the world, the second spoke of sacred history, and in the third\n the author made mention of the laws and customs of the Jewish nation.\n The best edition of Philo is that of Mangey, 2 vols., folio, London,\n 1742.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who fell in love with his daughter, called Proserpine,\n as she was bathing. He had by her a son, Mercurius Trismegistus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n man who wrote an account of a journey to Arabia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher who\n followed the doctrines of Carneades, B.C. 100.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another philosopher\n of Athens, tutor to Cicero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian in the first century.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An architect of Byzantium, who flourished about three centuries\n before the christian era. He built a dock at Athens, where ships were\n drawn in safety, and protected from storms. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_,\n bk. 1, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek christian writer, whose work was edited at\n Rome, 4to, 1772.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A dialectic philosopher, 260 B.C.\n\n=Philob\u0153otus=, a mountain of B\u0153otia. _Plutarch._\n\n=Philochorus=, a man who wrote a history of Athens in 17 books,\n a catalogue of the archons, two books of olympiads, &c. He died\n B.C. 222.\n\n=Phil\u014fcles=, one of the admirals of the Athenian fleet, during the\n Peloponnesian war. He recommended to his countrymen to cut off the\n right hand of such of the enemies as were taken, that they might\n be rendered unfit for service. His plan was adopted by all the\n 10 admirals except one; but their expectations were frustrated,\n and instead of being conquerors, they were totally defeated at\n \u00c6gospotamos by Lysander, and Philocles, with 3000 of his countrymen,\n was put to death, and denied the honours of a burial. _Plutarch_,\n _Lysander_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Ptolemy king of Egypt.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic poet.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who wrote tragedies at Athens.\n\n=Philocr\u0101tes=, an Athenian, famous for his treachery, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer\n who published a history of Thessaly.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A servant of Caius Gracchus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek orator.\n\n=Philoct\u0113tes=, son of P\u0153an and Demonassa, was one of the Argonauts,\n according to Flaccus and Hyginus, and the arm-bearer and particular\n friend of Hercules. He was present at the death of Hercules, and\n because he had erected the burning pile on which the hero was\n consumed, he received from him the arrows which had been dipped in\n the gall of the hydra, after he had bound himself by a solemn oath\n not to betray the place where his ashes were deposited. He had no\n sooner paid the last office to Hercules, than he returned to Melib\u0153a,\n where his father reigned. From thence he visited Sparta, where he\n became one of the numerous suitors of Helen, and soon after, like the\n rest of those princes who had courted the daughter of Tyndarus, and\n who had bound themselves to protect her from injury, he was called\n upon by Menelaus to accompany the Greeks to the Trojan war, and he\n immediately set sail from Melib\u0153a with seven ships, and repaired\n to Aulis, the general rendezvous of the combined fleet. He was\n here prevented from joining his countrymen, and the offensive smell\n which arose from a wound in his foot, obliged the Greeks, at the\n instigation of Ulysses, to remove him from the camp, and he was\n accordingly carried to the island of Lemnos, or, as others say, to\n Chryse, where Phimachus the son of Dolophion was ordered to wait upon\n him. In this solitary retreat he was suffered to remain for some time,\n till the Greeks, on the tenth year of the Trojan war, were informed\n by the oracle that Troy could not be taken without the arrows of\n Hercules, which were then in the possession of Philoctetes. Upon this\n Ulysses, accompanied by Diomedes, or, according to others, by Pyrrhus,\n was commissioned by the rest of the Grecian army to go to Lemnos,\n and to prevail upon Philoctetes to come and finish the tedious siege.\n Philoctetes recollected the ill-treatment which he had received from\n the Greeks, and particularly from Ulysses, and therefore he not only\n refused to go to Troy, but he even persuaded Pyrrhus to conduct him\n to Melib\u0153a. As he embarked, the manes of Hercules forbade him to\n proceed, but immediately to repair to the Grecian camp, where he\n should be cured of his wounds, and put an end to the war. Philoctetes\n obeyed, and after he had been restored to his former health by\n \u00c6sculapius, or, according to some, by Machaon, or Podalirus, he\n destroyed an immense number of the Trojan enemy, among whom was Paris\n the son of Priam, with the arrows of Hercules. When by his valour\n Troy had been ruined, he set sail from Asia, but as he was unwilling\n to visit his native country, he came to Italy, where, by the\n assistance of his Thessalian followers, he was enabled to build a\n town in Calabria, which he called Petilia. Authors disagree about\n the causes of the wound which Philoctetes received on the foot. The\n most ancient mythologists support that it was the bite of the serpent\n which Juno had sent to torment him, because he had attended Hercules\n in his last moments, and had buried his ashes. According to another\n opinion, the princes of the Grecian army obliged him to discover\n where the ashes of Hercules were deposited, and as he had made\n an oath not to mention the place, he only with his foot struck\n the ground where they lay, and by this means concluded he had not\n violated his solemn engagement. For this, however, he was soon after\n punished, and the fall of one of the poisoned arrows from his quiver\n upon the foot which had struck the ground, occasioned so offensive\n a wound, that the Greeks were obliged to remove him from their camp.\n The sufferings and adventures of Philoctetes are the subject of one\n of the best tragedies of Sophocles, _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 46.\n \u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Pythian_, poem 1.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, ch. 14.\n \u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Hercules_.\u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _Philoctetes_.\u2015\u2015_Quintus\n Calaber [Smyrn\u00e6us]_, bks. 9 & 10.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 26, 97, & 102.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bks. 2 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 329;\n bk. 9, li. 234; _Tristia_, bk. 5, poem 2.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6\n Disputationes_, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, _Heph\u00e6stion_, ch. 6.\n\n=Philocyprus=, a prince of Cyprus in the age of Solon, by whose advice\n he changed the situation of a city, which in gratitude he called Soli.\n _Plutarch_, _Solon_.\n\n=Philodam\u0113a=, one of the Danaides, mother of Phares by Mercury.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 22.\n\n=Philod\u0113mus=, a poet in the age of Cicero, who rendered himself known\n by his lascivious and indelicate verses. _Cicero_, _de Finibus\n Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 121.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n comic poet, ridiculed by Aristophanes.\n\n=Philod\u012dce=, a daughter of Inachus, who married Leucippus.\n\n=Philol\u0101us=, a son of Minos by the nymph Paria, from whom the island\n of Paros received its name. Hercules put him to death, because he\n had killed two of his companions. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Pythagorean philosopher of Crotona, B.C. 374, who first supported\n the diurnal motion of the earth round its axis, and its annual motion\n round the sun. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 4, ch. 39, has ascribed\n this opinion to the Syracusan philosopher Nicetas, and likewise to\n Plato; and from this passage some supposed that Copernicus started\n the idea of the system which he afterwards established. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lawgiver\n of Thebes. He was a native of Corinth, and of the family of the\n Bacchiades, &c. _Aristotle_, bk. 2, _Politics_, final chapter.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n mechanic of Tarentum.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of \u00c6sculapius, who had a temple in\n Laconia, near the Asopus.\n\n=Philol\u014fgus=, a freedman of Cicero. He betrayed his master to Antony,\n for which he was tortured by Pomponia the wife of Cicero\u2019s brother,\n and obliged to cut off his own flesh by piece-meal, and to boil and\n eat it up. _Plutarch_, _Cicero_, &c.\n\n=Philom\u0103che=, the wife of Pelias king of Iolchos. According to some\n writers, she was daughter to Amphion king of Thebes, though she is\n more generally called Anaxibia daughter of Bias. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Philombr\u014ftus=, an archon at Athens, in whose age the state was\n entrusted to Solon, when torn by factions. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.\n\n=Philom\u0113dus=, a man who made himself absolute in Phoc\u00e6a, by promising\n to assist the inhabitants. _Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=Ph\u012dl\u014fm\u0113la=, a daughter of Pandion king of Athens, and sister to\n Procne, who had married Tereus king of Thrace. Procne separated from\n Philomela, to whom she was particularly attached, spent her time in\n great melancholy till she prevailed upon her husband to go to Athens,\n and bring his sister to Thrace. Tereus obeyed his wife\u2019s injunctions,\n but he had no sooner obtained Pandion\u2019s permission to conduct\n Philomela to Thrace, than he became enamoured of her, and resolved to\n gratify his passion. He dismissed the guards, whom the suspicions of\n Pandion had appointed to watch his conduct, and he offered violence\n to Philomela, and afterwards cut off her tongue, that she might not\n be able to discover his barbarity, and the indignities which she\n had suffered. He confined her also in a lonely castle, and after he\n had taken every precaution to prevent a discovery, he returned to\n Thrace, and he told Procne that Philomela had died by the way, and\n that he had paid the last offices to her remains. Procne, at this\n sad intelligence, put on mourning for the loss of Philomela; but a\n year had scarcely elapsed before she was secretly informed that her\n sister was not dead. Philomela, during her captivity, described on\n a piece of tapestry her misfortunes and the brutality of Tereus, and\n privately conveyed it to Procne. She was then going to celebrate the\n orgies of Bacchus when she received it; she disguised her resentment,\n and as, during the festivals of the god of wine, she was permitted to\n rove about the country, she hastened to deliver her sister Philomela\n from her confinement, and she concerted with her on the best measures\n of punishing the cruelty of Tereus. She murdered her son Itylus, who\n was in the sixth year of his age, and served him up as food before\n her husband during the festival. Tereus, in the midst of his repast,\n called for Itylus, but Procne immediately informed him that he was\n then feasting on his flesh, and that instant Philomela, by throwing\n on the table the head of Itylus, convinced the monarch of the cruelty\n of the scene. He drew his sword to punish Procne and Philomela, but\n as he was going to stab them to the heart, he was changed into a\n hoopoe, Philomela into a nightingale, Procne into a swallow, and\n Itylus into a pheasant. This tragical scene happened at Daulis\n in Phocis; but Pausanias and Strabo, who mention the whole of the\n story, are silent about the transformation; and the former observes\n that Tereus, after this bloody repast, fled to Megara, where he\n destroyed himself. The inhabitants of the place raised a monument to\n his memory, where they offered yearly sacrifices, and placed small\n pebbles instead of barley. It was on this monument that the birds\n called hoopoes were first seen; hence the fable of his metamorphosis.\n Procne and Philomela died through excess of grief and melancholy, and\n as the nightingale\u2019s and swallow\u2019s voice is peculiarly plaintive and\n mournful, the poets have embellished the fable by supposing that the\n two unfortunate sisters were changed into birds. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 42; bk. 10, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable\n 45.\u2015\u2015_\u2666Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fables 9 & 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, lis. 15 & 511.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Actor\n king of the Myrmidons.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Stabo\u2019 replaced with \u2018Strabo\u2019\n\n=Philom\u0113lum=, a town of Phrygia. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5,\n ltr. 20; _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 83.\n\n=Philom\u0113lus=, a general of Phocis, who plundered the temple of Delphi,\n and died B.C. 354. _See:_ Phocis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rich musician. _Martial_,\n bk. 4, ltr. 5.\n\n=Philon=, a general of some Greeks, who settled in Asia. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 18.\n\n=Philonides=, a courier of Alexander, who ran from Sicyon to Elis,\n 160 miles, in nine hours, and returned the same journey in 15 hours.\n _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 71.\n\n=Philonis=, a name of Chione daughter of D\u00e6dalion, made immortal by\n Diana.\n\n=Philonoe=, a daughter of Tyndarus king of Sparta by Leda daughter of\n Thestius. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Iobates king of Lycia, who\n married Bellerophon. _Pliny_, bk. 2.\n\n=Philon\u014fme=, a daughter of Nyctimus king of Arcadia, who threw into\n the Erymanthus two children whom she had by Mars. The children\n were preserved, and afterwards ascended their grandfather\u2019s throne.\n _Plutarch_, _Pericles_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second wife of Cycnus the son of\n Neptune. She became enamoured of Tennes, her husband\u2019s son by his\n first wife Proclea the daughter of Clytius, and when he refused to\n gratify her passion, she accused him of attempts upon her virtue.\n Cycnus believed the accusation, and ordered Tennes to be thrown into\n the sea, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.\n\n=Philon\u014fmus=, a son of Electryon king of Mycen\u00e6 by Anaxo. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2.\n\n=Philonus=, a village of Egypt. _Strabo._\n\n=Philop\u0103tor=, a surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of Egypt. _See:_\n Ptolem\u00e6us.\n\n=Philophron=, a general who, with 5000 soldiers, defended Pelusium\n against the Greeks who invaded Egypt. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Philop\u0153men=, a celebrated general of the Ach\u00e6an league, born at\n Megalopolis. His father\u2019s name was Grangis. His education was begun\n and finished under Cassander, Ecdemus, and Demophanes, and he early\n distinguished himself in the field of battle, and appeared fond of\n agriculture and a country life. He proposed himself Epaminondas for a\n model, and he was not unsuccessful in imitating the prudence and the\n simplicity, the disinterestedness and activity, of this famous Theban.\n When Megalopolis was attacked by the Spartans, Philop\u0153men, then in\n the 30th year of his age, gave the most decisive proofs of his valour\n and intrepidity. He afterwards assisted Antigonus, and was present\n in the famous battle in which the \u00c6tolians were defeated. Raised to\n the rank of chief commander, he showed his ability to discharge that\n important trust, by killing with his own hand Mechanidas the \u2666tyrant\n of Sparta; and if he was defeated in a naval battle by Nabis, he\n soon after repaired his losses by taking the capital of Laconia, B.C.\n 188, and by abolishing the laws of \u2660Lycurgus, which had flourished\n there for such a length of time. Sparta, after its conquest, became\n tributary to the Ach\u00e6ans, and Philop\u0153men enjoyed the triumph of\n having reduced to ruins one of the greatest and the most powerful\n of the cities of Greece. Some time after the Messenians revolted\n from the Ach\u00e6an league, and Philop\u0153men, who headed the Ach\u00e6ans,\n unfortunately fell from his horse, and was dragged to the enemy\u2019s\n camp. \u2663Dinocrates the general of the Messenians treated him with\n great severity; he was thrown into a dungeon, and obliged to drink\n a dose of poison. When he received the cup from the hand of the\n executioner, Philop\u0153men asked him how his countrymen had behaved in\n the field of battle; and when he heard that they had obtained the\n victory, he drank the whole with pleasure, exclaiming that this was\n comfortable news. The death of Philop\u0153men, which happened about 183\n years before the christian era, in his 70th year, was universally\n lamented, and the Ach\u00e6ans, to revenge his fate, immediately marched\n to Messenia, where Dinocrates, to avoid their resentment, killed\n himself. The rest of his murderers were dragged to his tomb, where\n they were sacrificed; and the people of Megalopolis, to show further\n their great sense of his merit, ordered a bull to be yearly offered\n on his tomb, and hymns to be sung in his praise, and his actions to\n be celebrated in a panegyrical oration. He had also statues raised\n to his memory, which some of the Romans attempted to violate, and\n to destroy, to no purpose, when Mummius took Corinth. Philop\u0153men\n has been justly called by his countrymen the last of the Greeks.\n _Plutarch_, _ Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 32, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Polybius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n native of Pergamus, who died B.C. 138.\n\n \u2666 \u2018tyant\u2019 replaced with \u2018tyrant\u2019\n\n \u2660 \u2018Lyturgus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Lycurgus\u2019\n\n \u2663 \u2018Dioncrates\u2019 replaced with \u2018Dinocrates\u2019\n\n=Ph\u012dlostr\u0103tus=, a famous sophist born at Lemnos, or, according to some,\n at Athens. He came to Rome, where he lived under the patronage of\n Julia the wife of the emperor Severus, and he was entrusted by the\n empress with all the papers which contained some account or anecdotes\n of Apollonius Thyan\u00e6us, and he was ordered to review them, and with\n them to compile a history. The life of Apollonius is written with\n elegance, but the improbable accounts, the fabulous stories, and\n the exaggerated details which it gives, render it disgusting. There\n is, besides, another treatise remaining of his writings, &c. He died\n A.D. 244. The best edition of his writings is that of Olearius, folio,\n Lipscomb, 1709.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015His nephew, who lived in the reign of Heliogabalus,\n wrote an account of sophists.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher in the reign of Nero.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in the age of Augustus.\n\n=Phil\u014dtas=, a son of Parmenio, distinguished in the battles of\n Alexander, and at last accused of conspiring against his life. He was\n tortured and stoned to death, or, according to some, struck through\n with darts by the soldiers, B.C. 330. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Arrian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer in the army of Alexander.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who was made master of Cilicia, after Alexander\u2019s death.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician in the age of Antony. He ridiculed the expenses and\n the extravagance of this celebrated Roman. _Plutarch._\n\n=Philot\u0115ra=, the mother of Mylo, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Philot\u012dmus=, a freedman of Cicero. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 3,\n ch. 9.\n\n=Phil\u014dtis=, a servant-maid at Rome, who saved her countrymen from\n destruction. After the siege of Rome by the Gauls, the Fidenates\n assembled an army, under the command of Lucius Posthumius, and\n marched against the capital, demanding all the wives and daughters\n in the city, as the conditions of peace. This extraordinary demand\n astonished the senators, and when they refused to comply, Philotis\n advised them to send all their female slaves disguised in matron\u2019s\n clothes, and she offered to march herself at the head. Her advice was\n followed, and when the Fidenates had feasted late in the evening, and\n were quite intoxicated, and fallen asleep, Philotis lighted a torch\n as a signal for her countrymen to attack the enemy. The whole was\n successful, the Fidenates were conquered, and the senate, to reward\n the fidelity of the female slaves, permitted them to appear in the\n dress of the Roman matrons. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de\n Lingua Latina_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2.\n\n=Philox\u0115nus=, an officer of Alexander, who received Cilicia, at the\n general division of the provinces.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Ptolemy, who was given\n to Pelopidas as a hostage.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A dithyrambic poet of Cythera, who\n enjoyed the favour of Dionysius tyrant of Sicily for some time, till\n he offended him by seducing one of his female singers. During his\n confinement, Philoxenus composed an allegorical poem, called Cyclops,\n in which he had delineated the character of the tyrant under the\n name of Polyphemus, and represented his mistress under the name of\n Galat\u00e6a, and himself under that of Ulysses. The tyrant, who was fond\n of writing poetry, and of being applauded, removed Philoxenus from\n his dungeon, but the poet refused to purchase his liberty, by saying\n things unworthy of himself, and applauding the wretched verses of\n Dionysius, and therefore he was sent to the quarries. When he was\n asked his opinion at a feast about some verses which Dionysius had\n just repeated, and which the courtiers had received with the greatest\n applause, Philoxenus gave no answer, but he ordered the guards that\n surrounded the tyrant\u2019s table to take him back to the quarries.\n Dionysius was pleased with his pleasantry and with his firmness,\n and immediately forgave him. Philoxenus died at Ephesus, about 380\n years before Christ. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated musician of Ionia.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter of Eretria, who made for Cassander an excellent\n representation of the battle of Alexander with Darius. He was pupil\n to Nicomachus. _Pliny_, bk. 31, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher, who wished\n to have the neck of a crane, that he might enjoy the taste of his\n aliments longer, and with more pleasure. _Aristotle_, _Eudemian\n Ethics_, bk. 3.\n\n=Philyllius=, a comic poet. _Athen\u00e6us._\n\n=Phily\u0306ra=, one of the Oceanides, who was met by Saturn in Thrace. The\n god, to escape from the vigilance of Rhea, changed himself into a\n horse, to enjoy the company of Philyra by whom he had a son, half a\n man and half a horse, called Chiron. Philyra was so ashamed of giving\n birth to such a monster, that she entreated the gods to change her\n nature. She was metamorphosed into the linden tree, called by her\n name among the Greeks. _Hyginus_, fable 138.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Nauplius.\n\n=Philyres=, a people near Pontus.\n\n=Phily\u0306r\u012ddes=, a patronymic of Chiron the son of Philyra. _Ovid_, _Ars\n Amatoria_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 550.\n\n=Phineus=, a son of Agenor king of Ph\u0153nicia, or, according to some, of\n Neptune, who became king of Thrace, or, as the greater part of the\n mythologists support, of Bithynia. He married Cleopatra the daughter\n of Boreas, whom some call Cleobula, by whom he had Plexippus and\n Pandion. After the death of Cleopatra, he married Id\u00e6a the daughter\n of Dardanus. Id\u00e6a, jealous of Cleopatra\u2019s children, accused them of\n attempts upon their father\u2019s life and crown, or, according to some,\n of attempts upon her virtue, and they were immediately condemned by\n Phineus to be deprived of their eyes. This cruelty was soon after\n punished by the gods. Phineus suddenly became blind, and the Harpies\n were sent by Jupiter to keep him under continual alarm, and to spoil\n the meats which were placed on his table. He was some time after\n delivered from these dangerous monsters by his brothers-in-law\n Zetes and Calais, who pursued them as far as the Strophades. He\n also recovered his sight by means of the Argonauts, whom he had\n received with great hospitality, and instructed in the easiest and\n speediest way by which they could arrive in Colchis. The causes of\n the blindness of Phineus are a matter of dispute among the ancients,\n some supposing that this was inflicted by Boreas, for his cruelty\n to his grandson, whilst others attribute it to the anger of Neptune,\n because he had directed the sons of Phryxus how to escape from\n Colchis to Greece. Many, however, think that it proceeded from his\n having rashly attempted to develop futurity, while others assert that\n Zetes and Calais put out his eyes on account of his cruelty to their\n nephews. The second wife of Phineus is called by some Dia, Eurytia,\n Danae, and Idothea. Phineus was killed by Hercules. _Argonautica_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 19.\u2015\u2015_Orpheus._\u2015\u2015_Flaccus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The brother\n of Cepheus king of \u00c6thiopia. He was going to marry his niece\n Andromeda, when her father Cepheus was obliged to give her up to be\n devoured by a sea monster, to appease the resentment of Neptune. She\n was, however, delivered by Perseus, who married her by the consent\n of her parents, for having destroyed the sea monster. This marriage\n displeased Phineus; he interrupted the ceremony, and, with a number\n of attendants, attacked Perseus and his friends. Perseus defended\n himself, and turned into stone Phineus and his companions, by showing\n them the Gorgon\u2019s head. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, chs. 1 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fables 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 64.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Melas.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Lycaon king of Arcadia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Belus and\n Anchinoe.\n\n=Phinta=, a king of Messenia, &c. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 4.\n\n=Phinthias=, a fountain where it is said nothing could sink. _Pliny_,\n bk. 31, ch. 2.\n\n=Phintia=, a town of Sicily, at the mouth of the Himera. _Cicero_,\n _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 83.\n\n=Phintias=, called also Pithias, Pinthias, and Phytias, a man famous\n for his unparalleled friendship for Damon. _See:_ Damon. _Cicero_,\n _de Officiis_, bk. 3, bk. 10; _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 5,\n ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Agrigentum, B.C. 282.\n\n=Phinto=, a small island between Sardinia and Corsica, now _Figo_.\n\n=Phla=, a small island in the lake Tritonis. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 178.\n\n=Phlegelas=, an Indian king beyond the Hydaspes, who surrendered to\n Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 1.\n\n=Phleg\u0115thon=, a river of hell, whose waters were _burning_, as the word\n \u03c6\u03bb\u03b5\u03b3\u03b5\u03b8\u03c9, from which the name is derived, seems to indicate. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 550.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 532.\n \u2015\u2015_Seneca_, Thyestes _Hippolytus_.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13,\n li. 564.\n\n=Phlegias=, a man of Cyzicus when the Argonauts visited it, &c.\n _Flaccus._\n\n=Phlegon=, a native of Tralles in Lydia, one of the emperor Adrian\u2019s\n freedmen. He wrote different treatises on the long-lived, on\n wonderful things, besides an historical account of Sicily, 16 books\n on the olympiads, an account of the principal places in Rome, three\n books of fasti, &c. Of these some fragments remain. His style was not\n elegant, and he wrote without judgment or precision. His works have\n been edited by Meursius, 4to, Leiden, 1620.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the horses of\n the sun. The word signifies _burning_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2.\n\n=Phlegra=, or =Phlegr\u00e6us Campus=, a place of Macedonia, afterwards\n called _Pallene_, where the giants attacked the gods and were\n defeated by Hercules. The combat was afterwards renewed in Italy, in\n a place of the same name near Cum\u00e6. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 538;\n bk. 9, li. 305.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bks. 4 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 151; bk. 12, li. 378; bk. 15, li. 532.\n \u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 5, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 3, li. 196.\n\n=Phlegy\u00e6=, a people of Thessaly. Some authors place them in B\u0153otia.\n They received their name from Phlegyas the son of Mars, with whom\n they plundered and burned the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Few of them\n escaped to Phocis, where they settled. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 301.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Phlegyas=, a son of Mars by Chryse daughter of Halmus, was king of\n the Lapith\u00e6 in Thessaly. He was father of Ixion and Coronis, to whom\n Apollo offered violence. When the father heard that his daughter\n had been so wantonly abused, he marched an army against Delphi, and\n reduced the temple of the god to ashes. This was highly resented.\n Apollo killed Phlegyas and placed him in hell, where a huge stone\n hangs over his head, and keeps him in continual alarms, by its\n appearance of falling every moment. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 36.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Pythian_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 87.\u2015\u2015_Servius_, _Commentary on the Aeneid\n of Vergil_, bk. 6, li. 618.\n\n=Phlias=, one of the Argonauts, son of Bacchus and Ariadne. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 12.\n\n=Phliasia=, a country of Peloponnesus, near Sicyon, of which Phlius was\n the capital.\n\n=Phlius=, (genitive, untis), a town in Peloponnesus, now _Staphlica_,\n in the territory of Sicyon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, in Elis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, in\n Argolis, now _Drepano_.\n\n=Phl\u0153us=, a surname of Bacchus, expressive of his youth and vigour.\n _Plutarch_, _Qu\u00e6stiones Convivales_, bk. 5, qu. 8.\n\n=Phob\u0113tor=, one of the sons of Somnus, and his principal minister.\n His office was to assume the shape of serpents and wild beasts, to\n inspire terror into the minds of men, as his name intimates (\u03c6\u03bf\u03b2\u03b5\u03c9).\n The other two ministers of Somnus were Phantasia and Morpheus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 640.\n\n=Phobos=, son of Mars, and god of terror among the ancients, was\n represented with a lion\u2019s head, and sacrifices were offered to him\n to deprecate his appearance in armies. _Plutarch_, _Amatorius_.\n\n=Phoc\u00e6a=, now _Fochia_, a maritime town of Ionia, in Asia Minor, with\n two harbours, between Cum\u00e6 and Smyrna, founded by an Athenian colony.\n It received its name from Phocus the leader of the colony, or from\n _phoc\u00e6_, _sea calves_, which are found in great abundance in the\n neighbourhood. The inhabitants, called _Phoc\u00e6i_ and _Phoc\u00e6enses_,\n were expert mariners, and founded many cities in different parts of\n Europe. They left Ionia, when Cyrus attempted to reduce them under\n his power, and they came after many adventures into Gaul, where they\n founded _Massilia_, now Marseilles. The town of Marseilles is often\n distinguished by the epithet of _Phocaica_, and its inhabitants\n called _Phoc\u00e6enses_. Phoc\u00e6a was declared independent by Pompey,\n and under the first emperors of Rome it became one of the most\n flourishing cities of Asia Minor. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34; bk. 37, ch.\n 31; bk. 38, ch. 39.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch.\n 3.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 165.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, epode\n 16.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\n\n=Phocenses= and =Phoc\u012dci=, the inhabitants of Phocis in Greece.\n\n=Phocilides=, a Greek poet and philosopher of Miletus, about 540\n years before the christian era. The poetical piece now extant called\n \u03bd\u03bf\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03bd, and attributed to him, is not of his composition, but of\n another poet who lived in the reign of Adrian.\n\n=Phocion=, an Athenian, celebrated for his virtues, private as well as\n public. He was educated in the school of Plato and Xenocrates, and as\n soon as he appeared among the statesmen of Athens, he distinguished\n himself by his prudence and moderation, his zeal for the public\n good, and his military abilities. He often checked the violent and\n inconsiderate measures of Demosthenes, and when the Athenians seemed\n eager to make war against Philip king of Macedonia, Phocion observed\n that war should never be undertaken without the strongest and most\n certain expectations of success and victory. When Philip endeavoured\n to make himself master of Eub\u0153a, Phocion stopped his progress,\n and soon obliged him to relinquish his enterprise. During the time\n of his administration he was always inclined to peace, though he\n never suffered his countrymen to become indolent, and to forget the\n jealousy and rivalship of their neighbours. He was 45 times appointed\n governor of Athens, and no greater encomium can be passed upon his\n talents as a minister and statesman, than that he never solicited\n that high, though dangerous, office. In his rural retreat, or at\n the head of the Athenian armies, he always appeared barefooted, and\n without a cloak, whence one of his soldiers had occasion to observe,\n when he saw him dressed more warmly than usual during a severe winter,\n that since Phocion wore his cloak it was a sign of the most inclement\n weather. If he was the friend of temperance and discipline, he was\n not a less brilliant example of true heroism. Philip, as well as\n his son Alexander, attempted to bribe him, but to no purpose; and\n Phocion boasted in being one of the poorest of the Athenians, and\n in deserving the appellation of _the Good_. It was through him that\n Greece was saved from an impending war, and he advised Alexander\n rather to turn his arms against Persia, than to shed the blood of\n the Greeks, who were either his allies or his subjects. Alexander\n was so sensible of his merit and of his integrity, that he sent him\n 100 talents from the spoils which he had obtained from the Persians,\n but Phocion was too great to suffer himself to be bribed; and when\n the conqueror had attempted a second time to oblige him, and to\n conciliate his favour, by offering him the government and possession\n of five cities, the Athenian rejected the presents with the same\n indifference, and with the same independent mind. But not totally to\n despise the favours of the monarch, he begged Alexander to restore to\n their liberty four slaves that were confined in the citadel of Sardis.\n Antipater, who succeeded in the government of Macedonia after the\n death of Alexander, also attempted to corrupt the virtuous Athenian,\n but with the same success as his royal predecessor; and when a friend\n had observed to Phocion, that if he could so refuse the generous\n offers of his patrons, yet he should consider the good of his\n children, and accept them for their sake, Phocion calmly replied,\n that if his children were like him they could maintain themselves\n as well as their father had done, but if they behaved otherwise he\n declared that he was unwilling to leave them anything which might\n either supply their extravagancies, or encourage their debaucheries.\n But virtues like these could not long stand against the insolence\n and fickleness of an Athenian assembly. When the Pir\u00e6us was taken,\n Phocion was accused of treason, and therefore, to avoid the public\n indignation, he fled for safety to Polyperchon. Polyperchon sent\n him back to Athens, where he was immediately condemned to drink the\n fatal poison. He received the indignities of the people with uncommon\n composure; and when one of his friends lamented his fate, Phocion\n exclaimed, \u201cThis is no more than what I expected; this treatment\n the most illustrious citizens of Athens have received before me.\u201d He\n took the cup with the greatest serenity of mind, and as he drank the\n fatal draught, he prayed for the prosperity of Athens, and bade his\n friends to tell his son Phocus not to remember the indignities which\n his father had received from the Athenians. He died about 318 years\n before the christian era. His body was deprived of a funeral by order\n of the ungrateful Athenians, and if it was at last interred, it was\n by stealth, under a hearth, by the hand of a woman who placed this\n inscription over his bones: _Keep inviolate, O sacred hearth, the\n precious remains of a good man, till a better day restores them to\n the monument of their forefathers, when Athens shall be delivered of\n her frenzy, and shall be more wise_. It has been observed of Phocion,\n that he never appeared elated in prosperity, or dejected in adversity,\n he never betrayed pusillanimity by a tear, nor joy by a smile. His\n countenance was stern and unpleasant, but he never behaved with\n severity; his expressions were mild, and his rebukes gentle. At the\n age of 80 he appeared at the head of the Athenian armies like the\n most active officer, and to his prudence and cool valour in every\n period of life his citizens acknowledged themselves much indebted.\n His merits were not buried in oblivion; the Athenians repented of\n their ingratitude, and honoured his memory by raising him statues,\n and putting to a cruel death his guilty accusers. _Plutarch_ &\n _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Phocis=, a country of Greece, bounded on the east by B\u0153otia, and by\n Locris on the west. It originally extended from the bay of Corinth\n to the sea of Eub\u0153a, and reached on the north as far as Thermopyl\u00e6,\n but its boundaries were afterwards more contracted. Phocis received\n its name from Phocus, a son of Ornytion, who settled there. The\n inhabitants were called _Phocenses_, and from thence the epithet\n of _Phocicus_ was formed. Parnassus was the most celebrated of\n the mountains of Phocis, and Delphi was the greatest of its towns.\n Phocis is rendered famous for a war which it maintained against\n some of the Grecian republics, and which has received the name of\n the _Phocian war_. This celebrated war originated in the following\n circumstances: \u2015\u2015When Philip king of Macedonia had, by his intrigues\n and well-concerted policy, fomented divisions in Greece, and\n disturbed the peace of every republic, the Greeks universally became\n discontented in their situation, fickle in their resolutions, and\n jealous of the prosperity of the neighbouring states. The Amphictyons,\n who were the supreme rulers of Greece, and who at that time were\n subservient to the views of the Thebans, the inveterate enemies of\n the Phocians, showed the same spirit of fickleness, and, like the\n rest of their countrymen, were actuated by the same fears, the same\n jealousy and ambition. As the supporters of religion, they accused\n the Phocians of impiety for ploughing a small portion of land which\n belonged to the god of Delphi. They immediately commanded that the\n sacred field should be laid waste, and that the Phocians, to expiate\n their crime, should pay a heavy fine to the community. The inability\n of the Phocians to pay the fine, and that of the Amphictyons to\n enforce their commands by violence, gave rise to new events. The\n people of Phocis were roused by the eloquence and the popularity\n of Philomelus, one of their countrymen, and when this ambitious\n ringleader had liberally contributed the great riches he possessed\n for the good of his countrymen, they resolved to oppose the\n Amphictyonic council by force of arms. He seized the rich temple\n of Delphi, and employed the treasures which it contained to raise a\n mercenary army. During two years hostilities were carried on between\n the Phocians and their enemies, the Thebans and the people of Locris,\n but no decisive battles were fought; and it can only be observed,\n that the Phocian prisoners were always put to an ignominious death,\n as guilty of the most abominable sacrilege and impiety, a treatment\n which was liberally retaliated on such of the army of the Amphictyons\n as became the captives of the enemy. The defeat, however, and death\n of Philomelus for a while checked their successes; but the deceased\n general was soon succeeded in the command by his brother, called\n Onomarchus, his equal in boldness and ambition, and his superior in\n activity and enterprise. Onomarchus rendered his cause popular, the\n Thessalians joined his army, and the neighbouring states observed at\n least a strict neutrality, if they neither opposed nor favoured his\n arms. Philip of Macedonia, who had assisted the Thebans, was obliged\n to retire from the field with dishonour, but a more successful battle\n was fought near Magnesia, and the monarch, by crowning the head of\n his soldiers with laurel, and telling them that they fought in the\n cause of Delphi and heaven, obtained a complete victory. Onomarchus\n was slain, and his body exposed on a gibbet; 6000 shared his fate,\n and their bodies were thrown into the sea, as unworthy of funeral\n honours, and 3000 were taken alive. This fatal defeat, however,\n did not ruin the Phocians; Phayllus, the only surviving brother of\n Philomelus, took the command of their armies, and doubling the pay\n of his soldiers, he increased his forces by the addition of 9000 men\n from Athens, Laced\u00e6mon, and Achaia. But all this numerous force at\n last proved ineffectual; the treasures of the temple of Delphi, which\n had long defrayed the expenses of the war, began to fail; dissensions\n arose among the ringleaders of Phocis; and when Philip had crossed\n the straits of Thermopyl\u00e6, the Phocians, relying on his generosity,\n claimed his protection, and implored him to plead their cause before\n the Amphictyonic council. His feeble intercession was not attended\n with success, and the Thebans, the Locrians, and the Thessalians, who\n then composed the Amphictyonic council, unanimously decreed that the\n Phocians should be deprived of the privilege of sending members among\n the Amphictyons. Their arms and their horses were to be sold, for the\n benefit of Apollo; they were to pay the annual sum of 60,000 talents\n till the temple of Delphi had been restored to its ancient splendour\n and opulence; their cities were to be dismantled, and reduced to\n distinct villages, which were to contain no more than 60 houses\n each, at the distance of a furlong from one another, and all the\n privileges and the immunities of which they were stripped, were to\n be conferred on Philip king of Macedonia, for his eminent services\n in the \u2666prosecution of the Phocian war. The Macedonians were ordered\n to put these cruel commands into execution. The Phocians were unable\n to make resistance, and 10 years after they had undertaken the sacred\n war, they saw their country laid desolate, their walls demolished,\n and their cities in ruins, by the wanton jealousy of their enemies,\n and the inflexible cruelty of the Macedonian soldiers, B.C. 348.\n They were not, however, long under this disgraceful sentence; their\n well-known valour and courage recommended them to favour, and they\n gradually regained their influence and consequence by the protection\n of the Athenians, and the favours of Philip. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, bk. 2, _Amores_, poem 6, li. 15; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,\n li. 276.\u2015\u2015_Demosthenes._\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 8, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 16,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_, _Lysander_, _Pericles_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\n\n \u2666 \u2018prosetion\u2019 replaced with \u2018prosecution\u2019\n\n=Phocus=, son of Phocion, was dissolute in his manners and unworthy of\n the virtues of his great father. He was sent to Laced\u00e6mon to imbibe\n there the principles of sobriety, of temperance, and frugality. He\n cruelly revenged the death of his father, whom the Athenians had put\n to death. _Plutarch_, _Phocion_ & _Apophthegmata Laconica_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of \u00c6acus by Psamathe, killed by Telamon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Ornytion, who led a colony of Corinthians into Phocis.\n He cured Antiope, a daughter of Nycteus, of insanity, and married her,\n and by her became father of Panopeus and Crisus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 4.\n\n=Phocylides=, an ancient poet. _See:_ Phocilides.\n\n=Ph\u0153bas=, a name applied to the priestess of Apollo\u2019s temple at Delphi.\n _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 128, &c.\n\n=Ph\u0153be=, a name given to Diana, or the moon, on account of the\n brightness of that luminary. She became, according to Apollodorus,\n mother of Asteria and Latona. _See:_ Diana.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n Leucippus and Philodice, carried away, with her sister Hilaira,\n by Castor and Pollux, as she was going to marry one of the sons\n of Aphareus. _See:_ Leucippides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 22.\n\n=Ph\u0153beum=, a place near Sparta.\n\n=Ph\u0153b\u012ddas=, a Laced\u00e6monian general sent by the Ephori to the assistance\n of the Macedonians against the Thracians. He seized the citadel\n of Thebes; but though he was disgraced and banished from the\n Laced\u00e6monian army for this perfidious measure, yet his countrymen\n kept possession of the town. He died B.C. 377. _Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Pelopidas_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 14, &c.\n\n=Ph\u0153big\u0115na=, a surname of \u00c6sculapius, &c., as being descended from\n Ph\u0153bus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, \u2666bk. 7, li. 773.\n\n \u2666 book reference omitted in text\n\n=Ph\u0153bus=, a name given to Apollo, or the sun. This word expresses the\n brightness and splendour of that luminary (\u03c6\u03bf\u03b9\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2). _See:_ Apollo.\n\n=Ph\u0153mos=, a lake of Arcadia.\n\n=Ph\u0153n\u012bce=, or =Ph\u0153n\u012bcia=, a country of Asia, at the east of the\n Mediterranean, whose boundaries have been different in different\n ages. Some suppose that the names of Ph\u0153nicia, Syria, and Palestine\n are indiscriminately used for one and the same country. Ph\u0153nicia,\n according to Ptolemy, extended on the north as far as the Eleutherus,\n a small river which falls into the Mediterranean sea, a little below\n the island of Aradus, and it had Pelusium or the territories of Egypt\n as its more southern boundary, and Syria on the east. Sidon and Tyre\n were the most capital towns of the country. The inhabitants were\n naturally industrious; the invention of letters is attributed to them,\n and commerce and navigation were among them in the most flourishing\n state. They planted colonies on the shores of the Mediterranean,\n particularly Carthage, Hippo, Marseilles, and Utica; and their\n manufactures acquired such a superiority over those of other nations,\n that among the ancients, whatever was elegant, great, or pleasing,\n either in apparel, or domestic utensils, received the epithet of\n _Sidonian_. The Ph\u0153nicians were originally governed by kings. They\n were subdued by the Persians, and afterwards by Alexander, and\n remained tributary to his successors and to the Romans. They were\n called Ph\u0153nicians, from Ph\u0153nix son of Agenor, who was one of their\n kings, or, according to others, from the great number of _palm trees_\n (\u03b8\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03b5\u03c2) which grow in the neighbourhood. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 42; bk. 5, ch. 58.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1,\n ch. 11; bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucretius_, bk. 2, li. 829.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 47; bk. 5, ch. 12.\n \u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 104; bk. 14, li. 345; bk. 15, li. 288.\n\n=Ph\u0153n\u012bce=, a town of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 12.\n\n=Ph\u0153n\u012bcia.= _See:_, Ph\u0153nice.\n\n=Ph\u0153n\u012bcus=, a mountain of B\u0153otia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Lycia, called also\n _Olympus_, with a town of the same name.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A port of Erythr\u00e6. _Livy_,\n bk. 56, ch. 45.\n\n=Ph\u0153nic\u016dsa=, now _Felicudi_, one of the \u00c6olian islands.\n\n=Ph\u0153nissa=, a patronymic given to Dido, as a native of Ph\u0153nicia.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 529.\n\n=Ph\u0153nix=, son of Amyntor king of Argos by Cleobule, or Hippodamia,\n was preceptor to young Achilles. When his father proved faithless to\n his wife, on account of his fondness for a concubine called Clytia,\n Cleobule, jealous of her husband, persuaded her son Ph\u0153nix to\n ingratiate himself into the favours of his father\u2019s mistress. Ph\u0153nix\n easily succeeded, but when Amyntor discovered his intrigues, he drew\n a curse upon him, and the son was soon after deprived of his sight\n by divine vengeance. According to some, Amyntor himself put out the\n eyes of his son, which so cruelly provoked him, that he meditated\n the death of his father. Reason and piety, however, prevailed over\n passion, and Ph\u0153nix, not to become a parricide, fled from Argos\n to the court of Peleus king of Phthia. Here he was treated with\n tenderness. Peleus carried him to Chiron, who restored to him his\n eyesight, and soon after he was made preceptor to Achilles, his\n benefactor\u2019s son. He was also presented with the government of many\n cities, and made king of the Dolopes. He accompanied his pupil to\n the Trojan war, and Achilles was ever grateful for the instructions\n and precepts which he had received from Ph\u0153nix. After the death of\n Achilles, Ph\u0153nix, with others, was commissioned by the Greeks to\n return to Greece, to bring to the war young Pyrrhus. This commission\n he performed with success, and after the fall of Troy, he returned\n with Pyrrhus, and died in Thrace. He was buried at \u00c6on, or, according\n to Strabo, near Trachinia, where a small river in the neighbourhood\n received the name of Ph\u0153nix. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 9, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 259.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 762.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Agenor, by a nymph\n who was called Telephassa, according to Apollodorus and Moschus, or,\n according to others, Epimedusa, Perimeda, or Agriope. He was, like\n his brothers Cadmus and Cilix, sent by his father in pursuit of his\n sister Europa, whom Jupiter had carried away under the form of a bull,\n and when his inquiries proved unsuccessful, he settled in a country\n which, according to some, was from him called _Ph\u0153nicia_. From him,\n as some suppose, the Carthaginians were called _P\u0153ni_. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 178.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Adonis, according\n to Hesiod.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Theban, delivered to Alexander, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of\n Tenedos, who was an officer in the service of Eumenes.\n\n=Pholoe=, one of the horses of Admetus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Arcadia, near\n Pisa. It received its name from Pholus the friend of Hercules, who\n was buried there. It is often confounded with another of the same\n name in Thessaly, near mount Othrys. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 3, li. 198; bk. 6, li. 388; bk. 7, li. 449.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, bk. 2,\n _Fasti_, li. 273.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A female servant, of Cretan origin, given with\n her two sons to Sergestus by \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 285.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A courtesan in the age of Horace. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 33, li. 7.\n\n=Pholus=, one of the Centaurs, son of Silenus and Melia, or, according\n to others, of Ixion and the cloud. He kindly entertained Hercules\n when he was going against the boar of Erymanthus, but he refused\n to give him wine, as that which he had belonged to the rest of the\n Centaurs. Hercules, upon this, without ceremony, broke the cask and\n drank the wine. The smell of the liquor drew the Centaurs from the\n neighbourhood to the house of Pholus, but Hercules stopped them when\n they forcibly entered the habitation of his friend, and killed the\n greatest part of them. Pholus gave the dead a decent funeral, but he\n mortally wounded himself with one of the arrows which were poisoned\n with the venom of the hydra, and which he attempted to extract\n from the body of one of the Centaurs. Hercules, unable to cure him,\n buried him when dead, and called the mountain where his remains were\n deposited by the name of _Pholoe_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 456; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 294.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bks. 3, 6 &\n 7.\u2015\u2015_Statius Thebaid_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the friends of \u00c6neas, killed\n by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 341.\n\n=Phorbas=, a son of Priam and Epithesia, killed during the Trojan\n war by Menelaus. The god Somnus borrowed his features when he\n deceived Palinurus, and threw him into the sea near the coast of\n Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 842.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Lapithus, who\n married Hyrmine the daughter of Epeus, by whom he had Actor. Pelops,\n according to Diodorus, shared his kingdom with Phorbas, who also,\n says the same historian, established himself at Rhodes, at the head\n of a colony from Elis and Thessaly, by order of the oracle, which\n promised, by his means only, deliverance from the numerous serpents\n which infested the island. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A shepherd of Polybus king of Corinth.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who profaned\n Apollo\u2019s temple, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, li. 414.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n king of Argos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Cyrene, son of Methion, killed by\n Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 3.\n\n=Phorcus=, or =Phorcys=, a sea deity, son of Pontus and Terra, who\n married his sister Ceto, by whom he had the Gorgons, the dragon\n that kept the apples of the Hesperides, and other monsters. _Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the auxiliaries of Priam,\n killed by Ajax during the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n man whose seven sons assisted Turnus against \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 10, li. 328.\n\n=Phormio=, an Athenian general, whose father\u2019s name was Asopicus. He\n impoverished himself to maintain and support the dignity of his army.\n His debts were some time after paid by the Athenians, who wished to\n make him their general, an office which he refused, while he had so\n many debts, observing that it was unbecoming an officer to be at the\n head of an army, when he knew that he was poorer than the meanest of\n his soldiers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Crotona.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A peripatetic philosopher\n of Ephesus, who once gave a lecture upon the duties of an officer,\n and a military profession. The philosopher was himself ignorant of\n the subject which he treated, upon which Hannibal the Great, who\n was one of his auditors, exclaimed that he had seen many doting old\n men, but never one worse than Phormio. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian archon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A disciple of Plato, chosen by the\n people of Elis to make a reformation in their government and their\n jurisprudence.\n\n=Phormis=, an Arcadian who acquired great riches at the court of Gelon\n and Hiero in Sicily. He dedicated the brazen statue of a mare to\n Jupiter Olympius in Peloponnesus, which so much resembled nature,\n that horses came near it, as if it had been alive. _Pausanias_, bk. 5,\n ch. 27.\n\n=Ph\u014fr\u014dneus=, the god of a river of Peloponnesus of the same name. He\n was son of the river Inachus by Melissa, and he was the second king\n of Argos. He married a nymph called Cerdo, or Laodice, by whom he had\n Apis, from whom Argolis was called Apia, and Niobe, the first woman\n of whom Jupiter became enamoured. Phoroneus taught his subjects the\n utility of laws, and the advantages of a social life and of friendly\n intercourse, whence the inhabitants of Argolis are often called\n _Phoron\u00e6i_. Pausanias relates that Phoroneus, with the Cephisus,\n Asterion, and Inachus, were appointed as umpires in a quarrel between\n Neptune and Juno, concerning their right of patronizing Argolis. Juno\n gained the preference, upon which Neptune, in a fit of resentment,\n dried up all the four rivers, whose decision he deemed partial. He\n afterwards restored them to their dignity and consequence. Phoroneus\n was the first who raised a temple to Juno. He received divine honours\n after death. His temple still existed at Argos, under Antoninus the\n Roman emperor. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 15, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 143.\n\n=Phor\u014dnis=, a patronymic of Io the sister of Phoroneus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 625.\n\n=Phor\u014dnium=, a town of Argolis, built by Phoroneus.\n\n=Phot\u012bnus=, a eunuch who was prime minister to Ptolemy king of Egypt.\n When Pompey fled to the court of Ptolemy, after the battle of\n Pharsalia, Photinus advised his master not to receive him, but to\n put him to death. His advice was strictly followed. Julius C\u00e6sar some\n time after visited Egypt, and Photinus raised seditions against him,\n for which he was put to death. When C\u00e6sar triumphed over Egypt and\n Alexandria, the pictures of Photinus, and of some of the Egyptians,\n were carried in the procession at Rome. _Plutarch._\n\n=Photius=, a son of Antonina, who betrayed to Belisarius his wife\u2019s\n debaucheries.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A patrician in Justinian\u2019s reign.\n\n=Phoxus=, a general of the Phoc\u00e6ans, who burnt Lampsacus, &c.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Chalcis, banished by his subjects,\n &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 4.\n\n=Phraates I.=, a king of Parthia, who succeeded Arsaces III., called\n also Phriapatius. He made war against Antiochus king of Syria, and\n was defeated in three successive battles. He left many children\n behind him, but as they were all too young, and unable to succeed\n to the throne, he appointed his brother Mithridates king, of whose\n abilities and military prudence he had often been a spectator.\n _Justin_, bk. 41, ch. 5.\n\n=Phraates II.=, succeeded his father Mithridates as king of Parthia;\n and made war against the Scythians, whom he called to his assistance\n against Antiochus king of Syria, and whom he refused to pay, on\n the pretence that they came too late. He was murdered by some Greek\n mercenaries, who had been once his captives, and who had enlisted in\n his army, B.C. 129. _Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Pompey_.\n\n=Phraates III.=, succeeded his father Pacorus on the throne of Parthia,\n and gave one of his daughters in marriage to Tigranes the son of\n Tigranes king of Armenia. Soon after he invaded the kingdom of\n Armenia, to make his son-in-law sit on the throne of his father.\n His expedition was attended with ill success. He renewed a treaty\n of alliance which his father had made with the Romans. At his return\n in Parthia, he was assassinated by his sons Orodes and Mithridates.\n _Justin._\n\n=Phraates IV.=, was nominated king of Parthia by his father Orodes,\n whom he soon after murdered, as also his own brothers. He made war\n against Marcus Antony with great success, and obliged him to retire\n with much loss. Some time after he was dethroned by the Parthian\n nobility, but he soon regained his power, and drove away the usurper,\n called Tiridates. The usurper claimed the protection of Augustus the\n Roman emperor, and Phraates sent ambassadors to Rome to plead his\n cause, and gain the favour of his powerful judge. He was successful\n in his embassy: he made a treaty of peace and alliance with the Roman\n emperor, restored the ensigns and standards which the Parthians had\n taken from Crassus and Antony, and gave up his four sons with their\n wives as hostages, till his engagements were performed. Some suppose\n that Phraates delivered his children into the hands of Augustus to\n be confined at Rome, that he might reign with greater security, as he\n knew his subjects would revolt as soon as they found any one of his\n family inclined to countenance their rebellion, though at the same\n time they scorned to support the interest of any usurper who was not\n of the royal house of the Arsacid\u00e6. He was, however, at last murdered\n by one of his concubines, who placed her son called Phraatices on the\n throne. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 42, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 51, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Antonius_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 32.\n\n=Phraates=, a prince of Parthia in the reign of Tiberius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A satrap\n of Parthia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 42.\n\n=Phraatices=, a son of Phraates IV. He, with his mother, murdered\n his father, and took possession of the vacant throne. His reign\n was short; he was deposed by his subjects, whom he had offended\n by cruelty, avarice, and oppression.\n\n=Phradates=, an officer in the army of Darius at the battle of Arbela.\n\n=Phragrand\u00e6=, a people of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 25.\n\n=Phrahates=, the same as Phraates. _See:_ Phraates.\n\n=Phranicates=, a general of the Parthian armies, &c. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Phraortes=, succeeded his father Deioces on the throne of Media. He\n made war against the neighbouring nations, and conquered the greatest\n part of Asia. He was defeated and killed in a battle by the Assyrians,\n after a reign of 22 years, B.C. 625. His son Cyaxares succeeded him.\n It is supposed that the Arphaxad mentioned in Judith is Phraortes.\n _Pausanias._\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 102.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of India,\n remarkable for his frugality. _Philostratus._\n\n=Phras\u012dcles=, a nephew of Themistocles, whose daughter Nicomacha he\n married. _Plutarch_, _Themistocles_.\n\n=Phrasimus=, the father of Praxithea. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Phrasius=, a Cyprian soothsayer, sacrificed on an altar by Busiris\n king of Egypt.\n\n=Phrataphernes=, a general of the Massaget\u00e6, who surrendered to\n Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A satrap who, after the death of\n Darius, fled to Hyrcania, &c. _Curtius._\n\n=Phriapatius=, a king of Parthia, who flourished B.C. 195.\n\n=Phricium=, a town near Thermopyl\u00e6. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 13.\n\n=Phrixus=, a river of Argolis. There is also a small town of that name\n in Elis, built by the Miny\u00e6. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 148.\n\n=Phron\u012dma=, a daughter of Etearchus king of Crete. She was delivered to\n a servant to be thrown into the sea, by order of her father, at the\n instigation of his second wife. The servant was unwilling to murder\n the child, but as he was bound by an oath to throw her into the\n sea, he accordingly let her down into the water by a rope, and took\n her out again unhurt. Phronima was afterwards in the number of the\n concubines of Polymnestus, by whom she became mother of Battus the\n founder of Cyrene. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 154.\n\n=Phrontis=, son of Onetor, pilot of the ship of Menelaus, after the\n Trojan war, was killed by Apollo just as the ship reached Sunium.\n _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 3, li. 282.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Phruri=, a Scythian nation.\n\n=Phryges=, a river of Asia Minor, dividing Phrygia from Caria, and\n falling into the Hermus. _Pausanias._\n\n=Phrygia=, a country of Asia Minor, generally divided into Phrygia\n Major and Minor. Its boundaries are not properly or accurately\n defined by ancient authors, though it appears that it was situate\n between Bithynia, Lydia, Cappadocia and Caria. It received its\n name from the _Bryges_, a nation of Thrace, or Macedonia, who came\n to settle there, and from their name, by corruption, arose the\n word _Phrygia_. Cybele was the chief deity of the country, and\n her festivals were observed with the greatest solemnity. The most\n remarkable towns, besides Troy, were Laodice, Hierapolis, and Synnada.\n The invention of the pipe of reeds, and of all sorts of needlework,\n is attributed to the inhabitants, who are represented by some authors\n as stubborn, but yielding to correction (hence _Phryx verberatus\n melior_), as imprudent, effeminate, servile, and voluptuous; and to\n this _Virgil_ seems to allude. _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 617. The Phrygians,\n like all other nations, were called barbarians by the Greeks; their\n music (_Phrygii cantus_) was of a grave and solemn nature, when\n opposed to the brisker and more cheerful Lydian airs. _Mela_, bk. 1,\n ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13,\n li. 429, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 7, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 27.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 1, ch. 50.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 1,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9, li. 16.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 73.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Thrace.\n\n=Phryne=, a celebrated prostitute who flourished at Athens about 328\n years before the christian era. She was mistress to Praxiteles, who\n drew her picture. _See:_ Praxiteles. This was one of his best pieces,\n and it was placed in the temple of Apollo at Delphi. It is said that\n Apelles painted his Venus Anadyomene after he had seen Phryne on the\n sea-shore naked, and with dishevelled hair. Phryne became so rich\n by the liberality of her lovers, that she offered to rebuild, at her\n own expense, Thebes, which Alexander had destroyed, provided this\n inscription was placed on the walls: _Alexander diruit, sed meretrix\n Phryne refecit_. This was refused. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There\n was also another of the same name who was accused of impiety. When\n she saw that she was going to be condemned, she unveiled her bosom,\n which so influenced her judges, that she was immediately acquitted.\n _Quintilian_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\n\n=Phryn\u012dcus=, a general of Samos, who endeavoured to betray his country\n to the Athenians, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A flatterer at Athens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tragic poet of\n Athens, disciple to Thespis. He was the first who introduced a female\n character on the stage. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic poet.\n\n=Phrynis=, a musician of Mitylene, the first who obtained a musical\n prize at the Panathen\u00e6a at Athens. He added two strings to the lyre,\n which had always been used with seven by all his predecessors, B.C.\n 438. It is said that he was originally a cook at the house of Hiero\n king of Sicily.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer in the reign of Commodus, who made a\n collection, in 36 books, of phrases and sentences from the best Greek\n authors, &c.\n\n=Phryno=, a celebrated general of Athens, who died B.C. 590.\n\n=Phryxus=, a son of \u2666Athamas king of Thebes by Nephele. After the\n repudiation of his mother, he was persecuted with the most inveterate\n fury by his stepmother Ino, because he was to sit on the throne\n of Athamas, in preference to the children of a second wife. He was\n apprised of Ino\u2019s intentions upon his life by his mother Nephele,\n or, according to others, by his preceptor; and the better to make his\n escape, he secured part of his father\u2019s treasures, and privately left\n B\u0153otia, with his sister Helle, to go to their friend and relation\n \u00c6etes king of Colchis. They embarked on board a ship, or, according\n to the fabulous account of the poets and mythologists, they mounted\n on the back of a ram whose fleece was of gold, and proceeded on their\n journey through the air. The height to which they were carried made\n Helle giddy, and she fell into the sea. Phryxus gave her a decent\n burial on the sea-shore, and after he had called the place Hellespont\n from her name, he continued his flight, and arrived safe in the\n kingdom of \u00c6etes, where he offered the ram on the altars of Mars.\n The king received him with great tenderness, and gave him his\n daughter Chalciope in marriage. She had by him Phrontis, Melias,\n Argos, Cylindrus, whom some call Cytorus, Catis, Lorus, and Hellen.\n Some time after he was murdered by his father-in-law, who envied\n him the possession of the golden fleece; and Chalciope, to prevent\n her children from sharing their father\u2019s fate, sent them privately\n from Colchis to B\u0153otia, as nothing was to be dreaded there from the\n jealousy or resentment of Ino, who was then dead. The fable of the\n flight of Phryxus to Colchis on a ram has been explained by some, who\n observe that the ship on which he embarked was either called by that\n name, or carried on her prow the figure of that animal. The fleece of\n gold is explained by recollecting that Phryxus carried away immense\n treasures from Thebes. Phryxus was placed among the constellations\n of heaven after death. The ram which carried him to Asia is said to\n have been the fruit of Neptune\u2019s amour with Theophane the daughter of\n Altis. This ram had been given to Athamas by the gods, to reward his\n piety and religious life, and Nephele procured it for her children,\n just as they were going to be sacrificed to the jealousy of Ino.\n The murder of Phryxus was some time after amply revenged by the\n Greeks. It gave rise to a celebrated expedition which was achieved\n under Jason and many of the princes of Greece, and which had for its\n object the recovery of the golden fleece, and the punishment of the\n king of Colchis for his cruelty to the son of Athamas. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 197.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, _Argonautica_.\n \u2015\u2015_Orpheus._\u2015\u2015_Flaccus._\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Pythian_, poem 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 14, 188, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 18; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small\n river of Argolis.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Athmas\u2019 replaced with \u2018Athamas\u2019\n\n=Phthia=, a town of Phthiotis, at the east of mount Othrys in Thessaly,\n where Achilles was born, and from which he is often called _Phthius\n heros_. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 6, li. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk.\n 13, li. 156.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 14, li.\n 38.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nymph\n of Achaia, beloved by Jupiter, who, to seduce her, disguised himself\n under the shape of a pigeon. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 1, ch. 15.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Amphion and Niobe, killed by Diana. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Phthi\u014dtis=, a small province of Thessaly, between the Pelasgicus sinus,\n and the Maliacus sinus, Magnesia, and mount \u0152ta. It was also called\n Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 8.\n\n=Phya=, a tall and beautiful woman of Attica, whom Pisistratus, when\n he wished to re-establish himself a third time in his tyranny,\n dressed like the goddess Minerva, and led to the city on a chariot,\n making the populace believe that the goddess herself came to restore\n him to power. The artifice succeeded. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 59.\n \u2015\u2015_Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 1, ch. 40.\n\n=Phycus= (untis), a promontory near Cyrene, now called _Ras-al-sem_.\n _Lucan_, bk. 9.\n\n=Phyl\u0103ce=, a town of Thessaly, built by Phylacus. Protesilaus reigned\n there, from whence he is often called _Phylacides_. _Lucan_, bk. 6,\n li. 252.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town\n of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.\n\n=Phyl\u0103cus=, a son of Deion king of Phocis. He married Clymene the\n daughter of Mynias, and founded Phylace. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Phylarchus=, a Greek biographer, who flourished B.C. 221. He was\n accused of partiality by _Plutarch_, _Aratus_.\n\n=Phylas=, a king of Ephyre, son of Antiochus and grandson of Hercules.\n\n=Phyle=, a well-fortified village of Attica, at a little distance from\n Athens. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Thrasybulus._\n\n=Phyleis=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Phyl\u0113us=, one of the Greek captains during the Trojan war.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Augeas. He blamed his father for refusing to pay Hercules what he had\n promised him for cleaning his stables. He was placed on his father\u2019s\n throne by Hercules.\n\n=Phyl\u012dra.= _See:_ Philyra.\n\n=Phylla=, the wife of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and mother of Stratonice\n the wife of Seleucus.\n\n=Phyllalia=, a part of Arcadia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A place in Thessaly.\n\n=Phylleius=, a mountain, country, and town of Macedonia. _Apollonius_,\n _Argonautica_, bk. 1.\n\n=Phyllis=, a daughter of Sithon, or, according to others, of Lycurgus\n king of Thrace, who hospitably received Demophoon the son of Theseus,\n who, at his return from the Trojan war, had stopped on her coasts.\n She became enamoured of him, and did not find him insensible to\n her passion. After some months of mutual tenderness and affection,\n Demophoon set sail for Athens, where his domestic affairs recalled\n him. He promised faithfully to return as soon as a month was expired;\n but either his dislike for Phyllis, or the irreparable situation\n of his affairs, obliged him to violate his engagement, and the\n queen, grown desperate on account of his absence, hanged herself,\n or, according to others, threw herself down a precipice into the\n sea, and perished. Her friends raised a tomb over her body, where\n there grew up certain trees, whose leaves at a particular season of\n the year, suddenly became wet, as if shedding tears for the death\n of Phyllis. According to an old tradition mentioned by Servius,\n Virgil\u2019s commentator, Phyllis was changed by the gods into an almond\n tree, which is called _Phylla_ by the Greeks. Some days after this\n metamorphosis, Demophoon revisited Thrace, and when he heard of the\n fate of Phyllis, he ran and clasped the tree, which, though at that\n time stripped of its leaves, suddenly shot forth and blossomed, as if\n still sensible of tenderness and love. The absence of Demophoon from\n the house of Phyllis has given rise to a beautiful epistle of Ovid,\n supposed to have been written by the Thracian queen, about the fourth\n month after her lover\u2019s departure. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 2; _De\n Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 353; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 437.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 59.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A country woman introduced in Virgil\u2019s eclogues.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n nurse of the emperor Domitian. _Suetonius_, _Domitian_, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n country of Thrace, near mount Pang\u00e6us. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 13.\n\n=Phyllius=, a young B\u0153otian, uncommonly fond of Cygnus the son of Hyria,\n a woman of B\u0153otia. Cygnus slighted his passion, and told him that, to\n obtain a return of affection, he must previously destroy an enormous\n lion, take alive two large vultures, and sacrifice on Jupiter\u2019s\n altars a wild bull that infested the country. This he easily effected\n by means of artifice, and by the advice of Hercules he forgot his\n partiality for the son of Hyria. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li.\n 372.\u2015\u2015_Nicander_, _Heteroeumena_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Spartan remarkable for\n the courage with which he fought against Pyrrhus king of Epirus.\n\n=Phyll\u014fd\u014fce=, one of Cyrene\u2019s attendant nymphs. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 4, li. 336.\n\n=Phyllos=, a country of Arcadia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Thessaly near Larissa,\n where Apollo had a temple.\n\n=Phyllus=, a general of Phocis during the Phocian or sacred war against\n the Thebans. He had assumed the command after the death of his\n brothers Philomelus and Onomarchus. He is called by some Phayllus.\n _See:_ Phocis.\n\n=Physcella=, a town of Macedonia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Physcion=, a famous rock of B\u0153otia, which was the residence of the\n Sphinx, and against which the monster destroyed himself, when his\n enigmas were explained by \u0152dipus. _Plutarch._\n\n=Physcoa=, a woman of Elis, mother of Narc\u00e6us by Bacchus. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 5, ch. 16.\n\n=Physcon=, a surname of one of the Ptolemies, king of Egypt, from the\n great prominency of his belly (\u03c6\u03bd\u03bf\u03ba\u03b7, _venter_). _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 2,\n ch. 23.\n\n=Physcos=, a town of Caria, opposite Rhodes. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Physcus=, a river of Asia falling into the Tigris. The 10,000 Greeks\n crossed it on their return from Cunaxa.\n\n=Phyt\u0103l\u012ddes=, the descendants of Phytalus, a man who hospitably\n received and entertained Ceres, when she visited Attica. _Plutarch_,\n _Theseus_.\n\n=Phyton=, a general of the people of Rhegium, against Dionysius the\n tyrant of Sicily. He was taken by the enemy and tortured, B.C. 387,\n and his son was thrown into the sea. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Phyxium=, a town of Elis.\n\n=Pia=, or =Pialia=, festivals instituted in honour of Adrian, by the\n Emperor Antoninus. They were celebrated at Puteoli, on the second\n year of the Olympiads.\n\n=Pi\u0103sus=, a general of the Pelasgi. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n\n=Pic\u0113ni=, the inhabitants of Picenum, called also _Picentes_. They\n received their name from _picus_, a bird by whose auspices they had\n settled in that part of Italy. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 425.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Picentia=, the capital of the Picentini.\n\n=Picent\u012bni=, a people of Italy between Lucania and Campania on the\n Tuscan sea. They are different from the Piceni or Picentes, who\n inhabited Picenum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 450.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 62.\n\n=Pic\u0113num=, or =Pic\u0113nus ager=, a country of Italy near the Umbrians\n and Sabines, on the borders of the Adriatic. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 6;\n bk. 22, ch. 9; bk. 27, ch. 43.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 10, li. 313.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 272.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 44.\n\n=Picra=, a lake of Africa, which Alexander crossed when he went to\n consult the oracle of Ammon. _Diodorus._\n\n=Pict\u00e6=, or =Picti=, a people of Scythia, called also _Agathyrs\u00e6_. They\n received this name from their painting their bodies with different\n colours, to appear more terrible in the eyes of their enemies.\n A colony of these, according to Servius, Virgil\u2019s commentator,\n emigrated to the northern parts of Britain, where they still\n preserved their name and their savage manners, but they are mentioned\n only by later writers. _Marcellinus_, bk. 27, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Claudian_,\n _de Consulatu Honorii_, li. 54.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Pict\u0101vi=, or =Pict\u014fnes=, a people of Gaul in the modern country of\n _Poictou_. _C\u00e6sar_, bk. 7, _Gallic War_, ch. 4.\n\n=Pict\u0103vium=, a town of Gaul.\n\n=Fabius Pictor=, a consul under whom silver was first coined at Rome,\n A.U.C. 485.\n\n=Picumnus= and =Pilumnus=, two deities at Rome, who presided over\n the auspices that were required before the celebration of nuptials.\n Pilumnus was supposed to patronize children, as his name seems, in\n some manner, to indicate, _quod pellat mala infanti\u00e6_. The manuring\n of lands was first invented by Picumnus, from which reason he is\n called _Sterquilinius_. Pilumnus is also invoked as the god of bakers\n and millers, as he is said to have first invented how to grind corn.\n Turnus boasted of being one of his lineal descendants. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 4.\u2015\u2015_Varro._\n\n=Picus=, a king of Latium, son of Saturn, who married Venilia, who is\n also called Canens, by whom he had Faunus. He was tenderly loved by\n the goddess Pomona, and he returned a mutual affection. As he was\n one day hunting in the woods, he was met by Circe, who became deeply\n enamoured of him, and who changed him into a woodpecker, called\n by the name of _picus_ among the Latins. His wife Venilia was so\n disconsolate when she was informed of his death, that she pined away.\n Some suppose that Picus was the son of Pilumnus, and that he gave out\n prophecies to his subjects, by means of a favourite woodpecker, from\n which circumstance originated the fable of his being metamorphosed\n into a bird. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, lis. 48, 171, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 320, &c.\n\n=Pidorus=, a town near mount Athos. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 122.\n\n=Pidytes=, a man killed by Ulysses during the Trojan war.\n\n=Pi\u0115lus=, a son of Neoptolemus king of Epirus, after his father.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\n\n=P\u012d\u0115ra=, a fountain of Peloponnesus, between Elis and Olympia.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 16.\n\n=Pi\u0115ria=, a small tract of country in Thessaly or Macedonia, from which\n the epithet of _Pierian_ was applied to the Muses, and to poetical\n compositions. _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 88, li. 3.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode\n 8, li. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A place between Cilicia and Syria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the wives\n of Danaus, mother of six daughters, called Actea, Podarce, Dioxippe,\n Adyte, Ocypete, and Pilarge. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of\n Oxylus the son of H\u00e6mon, and mother of \u00c6tolus and Laias. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 5, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The daughter of Pythas, a Milesian, &c.\n\n=Pi\u0115r\u012ddes=, a name given to the Muses, either because they were born\n in Pieria, in Thessaly, or because they were supposed by some to be\n the daughters of Pierus, a king of Macedonia, who settled in B\u0153otia.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also the daughters of Pierus, who challenged the Muses to a trial\n in music, in which they were conquered, and changed into magpies. It\n may perhaps be supposed that the victorious Muses assumed the name\n of the conquered daughters of Pierus, and ordered themselves to be\n called Pierides, in the same manner as Minerva was called Pallas\n because she had killed the giant Pallas. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 5, li. 300.\n\n=Pi\u0115ris=, a mountain of Macedonia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.\n\n=Pi\u0115rus=, a mountain of Thessaly, sacred to the Muses, who were from\n thence, as some imagine, called _Pierides_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rich man of Thessaly,\n whose nine daughters, called Pierides, challenged the Muses, and were\n changed into magpies when conquered. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n river of Achaia, in Peloponnesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Thessaly. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 7, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain with a lake of the same name in\n Macedonia.\n\n=Pi\u0115tas=, a virtue which denotes veneration for the deity, and love\n and tenderness to our friends. It received divine honours among the\n Romans, and was made one of their gods. Acilius Glabrio first erected\n a temple to this new divinity, on the spot where a woman had fed with\n her own milk her aged father, who had been imprisoned by the order of\n the senate, and deprived of all aliments. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 36.\n\n=Pigres= and =Mattyas=, two brothers, &c. _Herodotus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of\n three rivers.\n\n=Pigrum mare=, a name applied to the Northern sea, from its being\n frozen. The word _Pigra_ is applied to the Palus M\u0153otis. _Ovid_, bk.\n 4, _ex Ponto_, ltr. 10, li. 61.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Germania_, ch. 45.\n\n=Pilumnus=, the god of bakers at Rome. _See:_ Picumnus.\n\n=Pimpla=, a mountain of Macedonia, with a fountain of the same name,\n on the confines of Thessaly, near Olympus, sacred to the Muses, who\n on that account are often called _Pimple\u00e6_ and _Pimpleades_. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, ode 26, li. 9.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 11,\n li. 3.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 4, li. 26; _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 2,\n li. 36.\n\n=Pimprana=, a town on the Indus. _Arrian._\n\n=Pin\u0103re=, an island of the \u00c6gean sea.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Syria, at the south\n of mount Amanus. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Lycia. _Strabo_,\n bk. 14.\n\n=Pin\u0101rius= and =Potitius=, two old men of Arcadia, who came with\n Evander to Italy. They were instructed by Hercules, who visited the\n court of Evander, how they were to offer sacrifices to his divinity,\n in the morning, and in the evening, immediately at sunset. The\n morning sacrifice they punctually performed, but on the evening\n Potitius was obliged to offer the sacrifice alone, as Pinarius\n neglected to come till after the appointed time. This negligence\n offended Hercules, and he ordered that for the future Pinarius and\n his descendants should preside over the sacrifices, but that Potitius,\n with his posterity, should wait upon the priests as servants, when\n the sacrifices were annually offered to him on mount Aventine.\n This was religiously observed till the age of Appius Claudius,\n who persuaded the Potitii, by a large bribe, to discontinue their\n sacred office, and to have the ceremony performed by slaves. For this\n negligence, as the Latin authors observe, the Potitii were deprived\n of sight, and the family became a little time after totally extinct.\n _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 269, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Victor_, _de Origo Gentis Roman\u00e6_, ch. 8.\n\n=Marcus Pin\u0101rius Rusca=, a pretor, who conquered Sardinia, and defeated\n the Corsicans. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 2.\n\n=Pinarus=, or =Pindus=, now _Delifou_, a river falling into the sea\n near Issus, after flowing between Cilicia and Syria. _Dionysius\n Periegeta._\n\n=Pincum=, a town of M\u0153sia Superior, now _Gradisca_.\n\n=Pind\u0103rus=, a celebrated lyric poet of Thebes. He was carefully trained\n from his earliest years to the study of music and poetry, and he was\n taught how to compose verses with elegance and simplicity, by Myrtis\n and Corinna. When he was young, it is said that a swarm of bees\n settled on his lips, and there left some honeycombs as he reposed\n on the grass. This was universally explained as a prognostic of\n his future greatness and celebrity, and indeed he seemed entitled\n to notice when he had conquered Myrtis in a musical conquest. He\n was not, however, so successful against Corinna, who obtained five\n times, while he was competitor, a poetical prize, which, according\n to some, was adjudged rather to the charms of her person, than to the\n brilliancy of her genius, or the superiority of her composition. In\n the public assemblies of Greece, where females were not permitted to\n contend, Pindar was rewarded with the prize, in preference to every\n other competitor; and as the conquerors at Olympia were the subject\n of his compositions, the poet was courted by statesmen and princes.\n His hymns and p\u00e6ans were repeated before the most crowded assemblies\n in the temples of Greece; and the priestess of Delphi declared that\n it was the will of Apollo that Pindar should receive the half of all\n the first fruit offerings that were annually heaped on his altars.\n This was not the only public honour which he received; after his\n death, he was honoured with every mark of respect, even to adoration.\n His statue was erected at Thebes in the public place where the games\n were exhibited, and six centuries after it was viewed with pleasure\n and admiration by the geographer Pausanias. The honours which had\n been paid to him while alive, were also shared by his posterity; and\n at the celebration of one of the festivals of the Greeks, a portion\n of the victim which had been offered in sacrifice, was reserved for\n the descendants of the poet. Even the most inveterate enemies of the\n Thebans showed regard for his memory, and the Spartans spared the\n house which the prince of Lyrics had inhabited, when they destroyed\n the houses and the walls of Thebes. The same respect was also paid\n him by Alexander the Great when Thebes was reduced to ashes. It\n is said that Pindar died at the advanced age of 86, B.C. 435. The\n greatest part of his works have perished. He had written some hymns\n to the gods, poems in honour of Apollo, dithyrambics to Bacchus, and\n odes on several victories obtained at the four greatest festivals\n of the Greeks, the Olympic, Isthmian, Pythian, and Nemean games.\n Of all these, the odes are the only compositions extant, admired\n for sublimity of sentiments, grandeur of expression, energy and\n magnificence of style, boldness of metaphors, harmony of numbers, and\n elegance of diction. In these odes, which were repeated with the aid\n of musical instruments, and accompanied by the various inflections\n of the voice, with suitable attitudes and proper motions of the body,\n the poet has not merely celebrated the place where the victory was\n won, but has introduced beautiful episodes, and by unfolding the\n greatness of his heroes, the dignity of their characters, and the\n glory of the several republics where they flourished, he has rendered\n the whole truly beautiful and in the highest degree interesting.\n Horace has not hesitated to call Pindar inimitable, and this\n panegyric will not perhaps appear too offensive when we recollect\n that succeeding critics have agreed in extolling his beauties, his\n excellence, the fire, animation, and enthusiasm of his genius. He has\n been censured for his affectation in composing an ode from which the\n letter S was excluded. The best editions of Pindar are those of Heyne,\n 4to, Gottingen, 1773; of Glasgow, 12mo, 1774; and of Schmidius, 4to,\n Witteberg, 1616. _Athen\u00e6us._\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 4, ode 2.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1,\n ch. 8; bk. 9, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 1, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Ephesus, who\n killed his master at his own request, after the battle of Philippi.\n _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Theban, who wrote a Latin poem on the Trojan war.\n\n=Pind\u0103sus=, a mountain of Troas.\n\n=Pindenissus=, a town of Cilicia, on the borders of Syria. Cicero, when\n proconsul in Asia, besieged it for 25 days and took it. _Cicero_,\n _For Marcus C\u00e6lius_; _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 2, ltr. 10.\n\n=Pindus=, a mountain, or rather a chain of mountains, between Thessaly,\n Macedonia, and Epirus. It was greatly celebrated as being sacred to\n the Muses and to Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 570.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 18.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1,\n li. 674; bk. 6, li. 339.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Doris\n in Greece, called also Cyphas. It was watered by a small river of\n the same name which falls into the Cephisus, near Lil\u00e6a. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 56.\n\n=Pingus=, a river of M\u0153sia, falling into the Danube. _Pliny_, bk. 3,\n ch. 26.\n\n=Pinna=, a town of Italy at the mouth of the Matrinus, south of Picenum.\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 518.\n\n=Pinthias.= _See:_ Phinthias.\n\n=Pintia=, a town of Spain, now supposed to be _Valladolid_.\n\n=Pion=, one of the descendants of Hercules, who built _Pionia_, near\n the Caycus in Mysia. It is said that smoke issued from his tomb as\n often as sacrifices were offered to him. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 18.\n\n=Pione=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Pi\u014fnia=, a town of Mysia, near the Caycus.\n\n=Pir\u00e6us=, or =Pyr\u00e6eus=, a celebrated harbour at Athens, at the mouth\n of the Cephisus, about three miles distant from the city. It was\n joined to the town by two walls, in circumference seven miles and\n a half, and 60 feet high, which Themistocles wished to raise in a\n double proportion. One of these was built by Pericles, and the other\n by Themistocles. The towers which were raised on the walls to serve\n as a defence, were turned into dwelling-houses, as the population\n of Athens gradually increased. It was the most capacious of all\n the harbours of the Athenians, and was naturally divided into three\n large basins called Cantharos, Aphrodisium, and Zea, improved by\n the labours of Themistocles, and made sufficiently commodious for\n the reception of a fleet of 400 ships, in the greatest security. The\n walls which joined it to Athens, with all the fortifications, were\n totally demolished when Lysander put an end to the Peloponnesian war\n by the reduction of Attica. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Themistocles_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 5, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 446.\n\n=Piranthus=, a son of Argus and Evadne, brother to Jasus, Epidaurus,\n and Perasus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 17.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Pir\u0113ne=, a daughter of Danaus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of \u0152balus, or, according\n to others, of the Achelous. She had by Neptune two sons, called\n Leches and Cenchrius, who gave their names to two of the harbours of\n Corinth. Pirene was so disconsolate at the death of her son Cenchrius,\n who had been killed by Diana, that she pined away, and was dissolved,\n by her continual weeping, into a fountain of the same name, which was\n still seen at Corinth in the age of Pausanias. The fountain Pirene\n was sacred to the Muses, and, according to some, the horse Pegasus\n was then drinking some of its waters, when Bellerophon took it to\n go and conquer the Chim\u00e6ra. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 240.\n\n=Pir\u012dthous=, a son of Ixion and the cloud, or, according to others,\n of Dia the daughter of Deioneus. Some make him son of Dia by Jupiter,\n who assumed the shape of a horse whenever he paid his addresses to\n his mistress. He was king of the Lapith\u00e6, and, as an ambitious prince,\n he wished to become acquainted with Theseus, king of Athens, of whose\n fame and exploits he had heard so many reports. To see him, and at\n the same time to be a witness of his valour, he resolved to invade\n his territories with an army. Theseus immediately met him on the\n borders of Attica, but at the sight of one another the two enemies\n did not begin the engagement, but, struck with the appearance of\n each other, they stepped between the hostile armies. Their meeting\n was like that of the most cordial friends, and Pirithous, by giving\n Theseus his hand as a pledge of his sincerity, promised to repair all\n the damages which his hostilities in Attica might have occasioned.\n From that time, therefore, the two monarchs became the most intimate\n and the most attached of friends, so much, that their friendship,\n like that of Orestes and Pylades, is become proverbial. Pirithous\n some time after married Hippodamia, and invited not only the heroes\n of his age, but also the gods themselves, and his neighbours the\n Centaurs, to celebrate his nuptials. Mars was the only one of the\n gods who was not invited, and to punish this neglect, the god of\n war was determined to raise a quarrel among the guests, and to\n disturb the festivity of the entertainment. Eurythion, captivated\n with the beauty of Hippodamia, and intoxicated with wine, attempted\n to offer violence to the bride, but he was prevented by Theseus,\n and immediately killed. This irritated the rest of the Centaurs;\n the contest became general, but the valour of Theseus, Pirithous,\n Hercules, and the rest of the Lapith\u00e6, triumphed over their enemies.\n Many of the Centaurs were slain, and the rest saved their lives\n by flight. _See:_ Lapithus. The death of Hippodamia left Pirithous\n very disconsolate, and he resolved with his friend Theseus, who had\n likewise lost his wife, never to marry again, except to a goddess, or\n one of the daughters of the gods. This determination occasioned the\n rape of Helen by the two friends; the lot was drawn, and it fell to\n the share of Theseus to have the beautiful prize. Pirithous upon this\n undertook with his friend to carry away Proserpine and to marry her.\n They descended into the infernal regions, but Pluto, who was apprised\n of their machinations to disturb his conjugal peace, stopped the two\n friends and confined them there. Pirithous was tied to his father\u2019s\n wheel, or, according to Hyginus, he was delivered to the furies to be\n continually tormented. His punishment, however, was short, and when\n Hercules visited the kingdom of Pluto, he obtained from Proserpine\n the pardon of Pirithous, and brought him back to his kingdom safe\n and unhurt. Some suppose that he was torn to pieces by the dog\n Cerberus. _See:_ Theseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, fable 4\n & 5.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Shield of Heracles_.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 2, ch.\n 5.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 14, 79, 155.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 7.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7,\n li. 304.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 23.\n\n=Pirus=, a captain of the Thracians during the Trojan war, killed by\n Thoas king of \u00c6tolia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4.\n\n=Pirust\u00e6=, a people of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.\n\n=Pisa=, a town of Elis, on the Alpheus at the west of the Peloponnesus,\n founded by Pisus the son of Perieres, and grandson of \u00c6olus. Its\n inhabitants accompanied Nestor to the Trojan war, and they enjoyed\n long the privilege of presiding at the Olympic games, which were\n celebrated near their city. This honourable appointment was envied by\n the people of Elis, who made war against the Piseans, and after many\n bloody battles took their city and totally demolished it. It was at\n Pisa that \u0152nomaus murdered the suitors of his daughter, and that he\n himself was conquered by Pelops. The inhabitants were called _Pis\u00e6i_.\n Some have doubted the existence of such a place as Pisa; but this\n doubt originates from Pisa\u2019s having been destroyed in so remote an\n age. The horses of Pisa were famous. The year on which the Olympic\n games were celebrated, was often called _Pis\u00e6us annus_, and the\n victory which was obtained there was called _Pis\u00e6\u00e6 ramus oliv\u00e6_.\n _See:_ Olympia. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 386;\n bk. 4, poem 10, li. 95.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,\n li. 180.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 7, li. 417.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 6,\n ch. 22.\n\n=Pis\u00e6=, a town of Etruria, built by a colony from Pisa in the\n Peloponnesus. The inhabitants were called _Pisani_. Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus affirms that it existed before the Trojan war, but\n others support that it was built by a colony of Pis\u00e6ans, who were\n shipwrecked on the coast of Etruria at their return from the Trojan\n war. Pis\u00e6 was once a very powerful and flourishing city, which\n conquered the Baleares, together with Sardinia and Corsica. The\n sea on the neighbouring coast was called the bay of Pis\u00e6. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 179.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 401.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 2; bk. 45, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.\n\n=Pis\u00e6us=, a surname of Jupiter at Pisa.\n\n=Pisander=, a son of Bellerophon, killed by the Solymi.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan\n chief, killed by Menelaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 13, li. 601.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One\n of Penelope\u2019s suitors, son of Polyctor. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Antimachus, killed by Agamemnon during the Trojan war.\n He had had recourse to entreaties and promises, but in vain, as\n the Grecian wished to resent the advice of Antimachus, who opposed\n the restoration of Helen. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 11, li. 123.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n admiral of the Spartan fleet during the Peloponnesian war. He\n abolished the democracy at Athens, and established the aristocratical\n government of the 400 tyrants. He was killed in a naval battle by\n Conon the Athenian general near Cnidus, in which the Spartans lost\n 50 galleys, B.C. 394. _Diodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of Rhodes, who composed\n a poem called _Heraclea_, in which he gave an account of all the\n labours and all the exploits of Hercules. He was the first who ever\n represented his hero armed with a club. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 22.\n\n=Pis\u0101tes=, or =Pis\u00e6i=, the inhabitants of Pisa in the Peloponnesus.\n\n=Pisaurus=, now _Poglia_, a river of Picenum, with a town called\n _Pisaurum_, now _Pesaro_, which became a Roman colony in the\n consulship of Claudius Pulcher. The town was destroyed by an\n earthquake in the beginning of the reign of Augustus. _Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Catullus_, poem 82.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 44;\n bk. 41, ch. 27.\n\n=Pis\u0113nor=, a son of Ixion and the cloud.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the \u2666ancestors of\n the nurse of Ulysses. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1.\n\n \u2666 \u2018ancestor\u2019 replaced with \u2018ancestors\u2019\n\n=Piseus=, a king of \u2666Etruria, about 260 years before the foundation of\n Rome. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 26.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Etrura\u2019 replaced with \u2018Etruria\u2019\n\n=Pisias=, a general of the Argives in the age of Epaminondas.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n statuary at Athens, celebrated for his pieces. _Pausanias._\n\n=P\u012ds\u012ddia=, an inland country of Asia Minor, between Phrygia, Pamphylia,\n Galatia, and Isauria. It was rich and fertile. The inhabitants were\n called _Pisid\u00e6_. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 37, chs. 54 & 56.\n\n=Pisid\u012dce=, a daughter of \u00c6olus, who married Myrmidon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Nestor.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Pelias.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The daughter of a king of\n Methymna in Lesbos. She became enamoured of Achilles when he invaded\n her father\u2019s kingdom, and she promised to deliver the city into his\n hands if he would marry her. Achilles agreed to the proposal, but\n when he became master of Methymna, he ordered Pisidice to be stoned\n to death for her perfidy. _Parthenius_, _Narrationes Amatori\u00e6_,\n ch. 21.\n\n=Pisis=, a native of Thespia, who gained uncommon influence among\n the Thebans, and behaved with great courage in the defence of their\n liberties. He was taken prisoner by Demetrius, who made him governor\n of Thespia.\n\n=Pisistr\u0103t\u012dd\u00e6=, the descendants of Pisistratus tyrant of Athens. _See:_\n Pisistratus.\n\n=Pisistr\u0103t\u012ddes=, a man sent as ambassador to the satraps of the king of\n Persia, by the Spartans.\n\n=Pisistr\u0103tus=, an Athenian, son of Hippocrates, who early distinguished\n himself by his valour in the field, and by his address and eloquence\n at home. After he had rendered himself the favourite of the populace\n by his liberality, and by the intrepidity with which he had fought\n their battles, particularly near Salamis, he resolved to make himself\n master of his country. Everything seemed favourable to his views;\n but Solon alone, who was then at the head of affairs, and who had\n lately instituted his celebrated laws, opposed him, and discovered\n his duplicity and artful behaviour before the public assembly.\n Pisistratus was not disheartened by the measures of his relation\n Solon, but he had recourse to artifice. In returning from his country\n house, he cut himself in various places, and after he had exposed his\n mangled body to the eyes of the populace, deplored his misfortunes,\n and accused his enemies of attempts upon his life, because he was\n the friend of the people, the guardian of the poor, and the reliever\n of the oppressed; he claimed a chosen body of 50 men from the\n populace to defend his person in future from the malevolence and the\n cruelty of his enemies. The unsuspecting people unanimously granted\n his request, though Solon opposed it with all his influence; and\n Pisistratus had no sooner received an armed band, on whose fidelity\n and attachment he could rely, than he seized the citadel of Athens,\n and made himself absolute. The people too late perceived their\n credulity; yet, though the tyrant was popular, two of the citizens,\n Megacles and Lycurgus, conspired together against him, and by their\n means he was forcibly ejected from the city. His house and all his\n effects were exposed to sale, but there was found in Athens only one\n man who would buy them. The private dissensions of the friends of\n liberty proved favourable to the expelled tyrant, and Megacles, who\n was jealous of Lycurgus, secretly promised to restore Pisistratus\n to all his rights and privileges in Athens, if he would marry\n his daughter. Pisistratus consented, and, by the assistance of\n his father-in-law, he was soon enabled to expel Lycurgus, and to\n re-establish himself. By means of a woman called Phya, whose shape\n was tall, and whose features were noble and commanding, he imposed\n upon the people, and created himself adherents even among his enemies.\n Phya was conducted through the streets of the city, and, showing\n herself subservient to the artifice of Pisistratus, she was announced\n as Minerva, the goddess of wisdom and the patroness of Athens, who\n was come down from heaven to re-establish her favourite Pisistratus,\n in a power which was sanctioned by the will of the gods, and favoured\n by the affection of the people. In the midst of his triumph, however,\n Pisistratus felt himself unsupported, and some time after, when\n he repudiated the daughter of Megacles, he found that not only the\n citizens, but even his very troops, were alienated from him by the\n influence, the intrigues, and the bribery of his father-in-law.\n He fled from Athens, where he could no longer maintain his power,\n and retired to Eub\u0153a. Eleven years after, he was drawn from his\n obscure retreat, by means of his son Hippias, and he was a third\n time received by the people of Athens as their master and sovereign.\n Upon this he sacrificed to his resentment the friends of Megacles,\n but he did not lose sight of the public good; and while he sought\n the aggrandizement of his family, he did not neglect the dignity and\n the honour of the Athenian name. He died about 527 years before the\n christian era, after he had enjoyed the sovereign power at Athens for\n 33 years, including the years of his banishment, and he was succeeded\n by his son Hipparchus. Pisistratus claims our admiration for his\n justice, his liberality, and his moderation. If he was dreaded and\n detested as a tyrant, the Athenians loved and respected his private\n virtues and his patriotism as a fellow-citizen; and the opprobrium\n which generally falls on his head may be attributed not to the\n severity of his administration, but to the republican principles of\n the Athenians, who hated and exclaimed against the moderation and\n equity of the mildest sovereign, while they flattered the pride\n and gratified the guilty desires of the most tyrannical of their\n fellow-subjects. Pisistratus often refused to punish the insolence\n of his enemies; and when he had one day been violently accused of\n murder, rather than inflict immediate punishment upon the man who\n had criminated him, he went to the Areopagus, and there convinced the\n Athenians that the accusations of his enemies were groundless, and\n that his life was irreproachable. It is to his labours that we are\n indebted for the preservation of the poems of Homer, and he was the\n first, according to Cicero, who introduced them at Athens, in the\n order in which they now stand. He also established a public library\n at Athens; and the valuable books which he had diligently collected,\n were carried into Persia when Xerxes made himself master of the\n capital of Attica. Hipparchus and Hippias, the sons of Pisistratus,\n who have received the name of _Pisistratid\u00e6_, rendered themselves\n as illustrious as their father; but the flames of liberty were too\n powerful to be extinguished. The Pisistratid\u00e6 governed with great\n moderation, yet the name of tyrant or sovereign was insupportable to\n the Athenians. Two of the most respectable of the citizens, called\n Harmodius and Aristogiton, conspired against them, and Hipparchus\n was dispatched in a public assembly. This murder was not, however,\n attended with any advantage, and though the two leaders of the\n conspiracy, who have been celebrated through every age for their\n patriotism, were supported by the people, yet Hippias quelled\n the tumult by his uncommon firmness and prudence, and for a while\n preserved that peace in Athens which his father had often been\n unable to command. This was not long to continue, Hippias was at\n last expelled by the united efforts of the Athenians and of their\n allies of Peloponnesus; and he left Attica, when he found himself\n unable to maintain his power and independence. The rest of the family\n of Pisistratus followed him in his banishment, and after they had\n refused to accept the liberal offers of the princes of Thessaly, and\n the king of Macedonia, who wished them to settle in their respective\n territories, the Pisistratid\u00e6 retired to Sig\u00e6um, which their father\n had, in the summit of his power, conquered and bequeathed to his\n posterity. After the banishment of the Pisistratid\u00e6, the Athenians\n became more than commonly jealous of their liberty, and often\n sacrificed the most powerful of their citizens, apprehensive of\n the influence which popularity and a well-directed liberality might\n gain among the fickle and unsettled populace. The Pisistratid\u00e6 were\n banished from Athens about 18 years after the death of Pisistratus,\n B.C. 510. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 7, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 59; bk. 6, ch. 103.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _On Oratory_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Nestor. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Orchomenos, who rendered himself\n odious by his cruelty towards his nobles. He was put to death by\n them; and they carried away his body from the public assembly, by\n hiding each a piece of his flesh under their garments, to prevent\n a discovery from the people, of whom he was a great favourite.\n _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Theban attached to the Roman\n interest while the consul Flaminius was in Greece. He assassinated\n the pretor of B\u0153otia, for which he was put to death, &c.\n\n=Piso=, a celebrated family at Rome, which was a branch of the\n Calpurnians, descended from Calpus the son of Numa. Before the death\n of Augustus, 11 of this family had obtained the consulship, and\n many had been honoured with triumphs, on account of their victories\n in the different provinces of the Roman empire. Of this family the\n most famous were\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius Calpurnius, who was tribune of the people\n about 149 years before Christ, and afterwards consul. His frugality\n procured him the surname of _Frugi_, and he gained the greatest\n honours as an orator, a lawyer, a statesman, and an historian. He\n made a successful campaign in Sicily, and rewarded his son, who\n had behaved with great valour during the war, with a crown of gold,\n which weighed 20 pounds. He composed some annals and harangues, which\n were lost in the age of Cicero. His style was obscure and inelegant.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, a Roman consul, A.U.C. 687 who supported the consular\n dignity against the tumults of the tribunes, and the clamours of\n the people. He made a law to restrain the cabals which generally\n prevailed at the election of the chief magistrates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cneus, another\n consul under Augustus. He was one of the favourites of Tiberius, by\n whom he was appointed governor of Syria, where he rendered himself\n odious by his cruelty. He was accused of having poisoned Germanicus;\n and when he saw that he was shunned and despised by his friends, he\n destroyed himself, A.D. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius, a governor of Spain, who was\n assassinated by a peasant, as he was travelling through the country;\n the murderer was seized and tortured, but he refused to confess\n the causes of the murder.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius, a private man accused of\n having uttered seditious words against the emperor Tiberius. He\n was condemned, but a natural death saved him from the hands of the\n executioner.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius, a governor of Rome for 20 years, an office\n which he discharged with the greatest justice and credit. He was\n greatly honoured by the friendship of Augustus, as well as of his\n successor, a distinction he deserved, both as a faithful citizen\n and a man of learning. Some, however, say that Tiberius made him\n governor of Rome, because he had continued drinking with him a\n night and two days, or two days and two nights, according to Pliny.\n Horace dedicated his poem, _De Arte Poetic\u00e2_, to his two sons, whose\n partiality for literature had distinguished them among the rest of\n the Romans, and who were fond of cultivating \u2666poetry in their leisure\n hours. _Plutarch_, _C\u00e6sar_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cneus, a\n factious and turbulent youth, who conspired against his country with\n Catiline. He was among the friends of Julius C\u00e6sar.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, a Roman\n who was at the head of a celebrated conspiracy against the emperor\n Nero. He had rendered himself a favourite of the people by his\n private as well as public virtues, by the generosity of his behaviour,\n his fondness of pleasure with the voluptuous, and his austerity with\n the grave and the reserved. He had been marked by some as a proper\n person to succeed the emperor; but the discovery of the plot by a\n freed man who was among the conspirators, soon cut him off, with\n all his partisans. He refused to court the affections of the people\n and of the army, when the whole had been made public; and instead of\n taking proper measures for his preservation, either by proclaiming\n himself emperor, as his friends advised, or by seeking a retreat in\n the distant provinces of the empire, he retired to his own house,\n where he opened the veins of both his arms, and bled to death.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius, a senator who followed the emperor Valerian into Persia.\n He proclaimed himself emperor after the death of Valerian, but he\n was defeated and put to death a few weeks after, A.D. 261, by Valens,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Licimanus, a senator adopted by the emperor Galba. He was put\n to death by Otho\u2019s orders.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son-in-law of Cicero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A patrician,\n whose daughter married Julius C\u00e6sar. _Horace._\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_\n & _Histories_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus._\u2015\u2015_Livy._\u2015\u2015_Suetonius._\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _de Officiis_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _C\u00e6sar_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the 30 tyrants\n appointed over Athens by Lysander.\n\n \u2666 \u2018poety\u2019 replaced with \u2018poetry\u2019\n\n=P\u012ds\u014dnis villa=, a place near Bai\u00e6 in Campania, which the emperor Nero\n often frequented. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1.\n\n=Pissirus=, a town of Thrace, near the river Nestus. _Herodius_, bk. 7,\n ch. 109.\n\n=Pistor=, a surname given to Jupiter by the Romans, signifying _baker_,\n because when their city was taken by the Gauls, the god persuaded\n them to throw down loaves from the Tarpeian hill where they were\n besieged, that the enemy might from thence suppose that they were not\n in want of provisions, though in reality they were near surrendering\n through famine. This deceived the Gauls, and they soon after raised\n the siege. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, lis. 350, 394, &c.\n\n=Pistoria=, now _Pistoja_, a town of Etruria, at the foot of the\n Apennines, near Florence, where \u2666Catiline was defeated. _Sallust_,\n _Catilin\u00e6 Coniuratio_, ch. 47.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Cataline\u2019 replaced with \u2018Catiline\u2019\n\n=Pisus=, a son of Aphareus, or, according to others, of Perieres.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5.\n\n=Pisuthnes=, a Persian satrap of Lydia, who revolted from Darius Nothus.\n His father\u2019s name was Hystaspes. _Plutarch_, _Artaxerxes_.\n\n=Pit\u0103ne=, a town of \u00c6olia in Asia Minor. The inhabitants made bricks\n which swam on the surface of the water. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 305.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Vitruvius_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch.\n 18.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 357.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Laconia.\n _Pindar_, ode 6, li. 46.\n\n=Pitar\u0101tus=, an Athenian archon, during whose magistracy Epicurus died.\n _Cicero_, _De Fato_, ch. 9.\n\n=Pithec\u016bsa=, a small island on the coast of Etruria, anciently called\n _\u00c6naria_ and _Enarina_, with a town of the same name, on the top of\n a mountain. The frequent earthquakes to which it was subject obliged\n the inhabitants to leave it. There was a volcano in the middle of\n the island, which has given occasion to the ancients to say that the\n giant Typhon was buried there. Some suppose that it received its name\n from \u03c0\u03b9\u03b8\u03b7\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9, _monkeys_, into which the inhabitants were changed by\n Jupiter. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 90.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3,\n ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Pythian_, poem 1.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 1.\n\n=Pitheus.= _See:_ Pittheus.\n\n=Pitho=, called also _Suada_, the goddess of persuasion among the\n Greeks and Romans supposed to be the daughter of Mercury and Venus.\n She was represented with a diadem on her head, to intimate her\n influence over the hearts of men. One of her arms appears raised,\n as in the attitude of an orator haranguing in a public assembly, and\n with the other she holds a thunderbolt, and fetters made with flowers,\n to signify the powers of reasoning and the attractions of eloquence.\n A caduceus, as a symbol of persuasion, appears at her feet, with the\n writings of Demosthenes and Cicero, the two most celebrated among\n the ancients, who understood how to command the attention of their\n audience, and to rouse and animate their various passions.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman\n courtesan. She received this name on account of the allurements which\n her charms possessed, and of her winning expressions.\n\n=Pithol\u0101us= and =Lycophron=, seized upon the sovereign power of Pher\u00e6,\n by killing Alexander. They were ejected by Philip of Macedonia.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=P\u012bth\u014fleon=, an insignificant poet of Rhodes, who mingled Greek and\n Latin in his compositions. He wrote some epigrams against Julius\n C\u00e6sar, and drew upon himself the ridicule of Horace, on account of\n the inelegance of his style. _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Rhetoricians_.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 21.\u2015\u2015_Macrobius_, bk. 2,\n _Saturnalia_, ch. 2.\n\n=Pithon=, one of the body-guards of Alexander, put to death by Antiochus.\n\n=Pithys=, a nymph beloved by Pan. Boreas was also fond of her, but she\n slighted his addresses, upon which he dashed her against a rock, and\n she was changed into a pine tree.\n\n=Pitt\u0103cus=, a native of Mitylene in Lesbos, was one of the seven wise\n men of Greece. His father\u2019s name was Cyrrhadius. With the assistance\n of the sons of Alc\u00e6us, he delivered his country from the oppression\n of the tyrant Melanchrus, and in the war which the Athenians waged\n against Lesbos he appeared at the head of his countrymen, and\n challenged to single combat Phrynon, the enemy\u2019s general. As the\n event of the war seemed to depend upon this combat, Pittacus had\n recourse to artifice, and when he engaged, he entangled his adversary\n in a net, which he had concealed under his shield, and easily\n despatched him. He was amply rewarded for his victory, and his\n countrymen, sensible of his merit, unanimously appointed him governor\n of their city with unlimited authority. In this capacity Pittacus\n behaved with great moderation and prudence, and after he had governed\n his fellow-citizens with the strictest justice, and after he had\n established and enforced the most salutary laws, he voluntarily\n resigned the sovereign power after he had enjoyed it for 10 years,\n observing that the virtues and innocence of private life were\n incompatible with the power and influence of a sovereign. His\n disinterestedness gained him many admirers, and when the Mityleneans\n wished to reward his public services by presenting him with an\n immense tract of territory, he refused to accept more land than what\n should be contained within the distance to which he could throw a\n javelin. He died in the 82nd year of his age, about 570 years before\n Christ, after he had spent the last 10 years of his life in literary\n ease, and peaceful retirement. One of his favourite maxims was,\n that man ought to provide against misfortunes to avoid them; but\n that if they ever happened he ought to support them with patience\n and resignation. In prosperity friends were to be acquired, and\n in the hour of adversity their faithfulness was to be tried. He\n also observed, that in our actions it was imprudent to make others\n acquainted with our designs, for if we failed we had exposed\n ourselves to censure and to ridicule. Many of his maxims were\n inscribed on the walls of Apollo\u2019s temple at Delphi, to show the\n world how great an opinion the Mityleneans entertained of his\n abilities as a philosopher, a moralist, and a man. By one of his\n laws, every fault committed by a man when intoxicated, deserved\n double punishment. The titles of some of his writings are preserved\n by La\u00ebrtius, among which are mentioned elegiac verses, some laws\n in prose, addressed to his countrymen, epistles, and moral precepts\n called _adomena_. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015_Aristotle_, _Politics_.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch.\n 24.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6,\n ch. 2, sect. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grandson of Porus king of India.\n\n=Pitthea=, a town near Tr\u0153zene. Hence the epithet of _Pittheus_ in\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 296.\n\n=Pitth\u0113us=, a king of Tr\u0153zene in Argolis, son of Pelops and Hippodamia.\n He was universally admired for his learning, wisdom, and application;\n he publicly taught in a school at Tr\u0153zene, and even composed a book,\n which was seen by Pausanias the geographer. He gave his daughter\n \u00c6thra in marriage to \u00c6geus king of Athens, and he himself took\n particular care of the youth and education of his grandson Theseus.\n He was buried at Tr\u0153zene, which he had founded, and on his tomb\n were seen, for many ages, three seats of white marble, on which he\n sat, with two other judges, whenever he gave laws to his subjects\n or settled their disputes. _Pausanias_, bks. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Pituanius=, a mathematician in the age of Tiberius, thrown down from\n the Tarpeian rock, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2.\n\n=Pitul\u0101ni=, a people of Umbria. Their chief town was called _Pitulum_.\n\n=Pity\u00e6a=, a town of Asia Minor. _Apollonius._\n\n=Pityassus=, a town of Pisidia. _Strabo._\n\n=Pityon\u0113sus=, a small island on the coast of Peloponnesus, near\n Epidaurus. _Pliny._\n\n=Pityus= (untis), now _Pitchinda_, a town of Colchis. _Pliny_, bk. 6,\n ch. 5.\n\n=Pity\u016bsa=, a small island on the coast of Argolis. _Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name of Chios.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Two small islands in the Mediterranean,\n near the coast of Spain, of which the larger was called _Ebusus_,\n and the smaller _Ophiusa_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Pius=, a surname given to the emperor Antoninus, on account of his\n piety and virtue.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname given to a son of Metellus, because\n he interested himself so warmly to have his father recalled from\n banishment.\n\n=Placentia=, now called _Placenza_, an ancient town and colony of Italy,\n at the confluence of the Trebia and Po. _Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 25 & 56;\n bk. 37, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, near Lusitania, in Spain.\n\n=Placideianus=, a gladiator in Horace\u2019s age, bk. 2, satire 7.\n\n=Placidia=, a daughter of Theodosius the Great, sister to Honorius\n and Arcadius. She married Adolphus king of the Goths, and afterwards\n Constantine, by whom she had Valentinian III. She died A.D. 449.\n\n=Placidius Julius=, a tribune of a cohort, who imprisoned the emperor\n Vitellius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 85.\n\n=Planasia=, a small island of the \u2666Tyrrhene sea.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, on the\n coast of Gaul, where Tiberius ordered Agrippa the grandson of\n Augustus to be put to death. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n town on the Rhone.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Tyrhene\u2019 replaced with \u2018Tyrrhene\u2019\n\n=Planc\u012bna=, a woman celebrated for her intrigues and her crimes, who\n married Piso, and was accused with him of having murdered Germanicus,\n in the reign of Tiberius. She was acquitted either by means of the\n empress Livia, or on account of the partiality of the emperor for her\n person. She had long supported the spirits of her husband, during his\n confinement, but when she saw herself freed from the accusation, she\n totally abandoned him to his fate. Subservient in everything to the\n will of Livia, she, at her instigation, became guilty of the greatest\n crimes, to injure the character of Agrippina. After the death of\n Agrippina, Plancina was accused of the most atrocious villanies, and,\n as she knew she could not elude justice, she put herself to death,\n A.D. 33. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 26, &c.\n\n=Lucius Plancus Munatius=, a Roman, who rendered himself ridiculous\n by his follies and his extravagance. He had been consul, and had\n presided over a province in the capacity of governor; but he forgot\n all his dignity, and became one of the most servile flatterers\n of Cleopatra and Antony. At the court of the Egyptian queen in\n Alexandria, he appeared in the character of the meanest stage dancer,\n and in a comedy he personated Glaucus, and painted his body of a\n green colour, dancing on a public stage quite naked, only with a\n crown of green reeds on his head, while he had tied behind his back\n the tail of a large sea fish. This exposed him to the public derision,\n and when Antony had joined the rest of his friends in censuring him\n for his unbecoming behaviour, he deserted to Octavius, who received\n him with great marks of friendship and attention. It was he who\n proposed, in the Roman senate, that the title of Augustus should\n be conferred on his friend Octavius, as expressive of the dignity and\n the reverence which the greatness of his exploits seemed to claim.\n Horace has dedicated bk. 1, ode 7, to him; and he certainly deserved\n the honour, from the elegance of his letters, which are still\n extant, written to Cicero. He founded a town in Gaul, which he called\n Lugdunum. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A patrician, proscribed by the\n second triumvirate. His servants wished to save him from death, but\n he refused it, rather than to expose their persons to danger.\n\n=Phangon=, a courtesan of Miletus, in Ionia.\n\n=Plat\u00e6a=, a daughter of Asopus king of B\u0153otia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,\n ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island on the coast of Africa in the Mediterranean.\n It belonged to the Cyreneans. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 157.\n\n=Plat\u00e6a=, and \u00e6 (arum), a town of B\u0153otia, near mount Cith\u00e6ron, on\n the confines of Megaris and Attica, celebrated for a battle fought\n there between Mardonius the commander of Xerxes king of Persia,\n and Pausanias the Laced\u00e6monian, and the Athenians. The Persian\n army consisted of 300,000 men, 3000 of which scarce escaped with\n their lives by flight. The Grecian army, which was greatly inferior,\n lost but few men, and among these 91 Spartans, 52 Athenians, and 16\n Tegeans, were the only soldiers found in the number of the slain. The\n plunder which the Greeks obtained in the Persian camp was immense.\n Pausanias received the tenth of all the spoils, on account of his\n uncommon valour during the engagement, and the rest were rewarded\n each according to their respective merit. This battle was fought on\n the 22nd September, the same day as the battle of Mycale, 479 B.C.,\n and by it Greece was totally delivered for ever from the continual\n alarms to which she was exposed on account of the Persian invasions,\n and from that time none of the princes of Persia dared to appear with\n a hostile force beyond the Hellespont. The Plat\u00e6ans were naturally\n attached to the interest of the Athenians, and they furnished them\n with 1000 soldiers when Greece was attacked by Datis the general of\n Darius. Plat\u00e6a was taken by the Thebans, after a famous siege, in the\n beginning of the Peloponnesian war, and destroyed by the Spartans,\n B.C. 427. Alexander rebuilt it, and paid great encomiums to the\n inhabitants, on account of their ancestors, who had so bravely fought\n against the Persians at the battle of Marathon, and under Pausanias.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 50.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Alexander_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Officiis_,\n bk. 1, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Justin._\n\n=Platanius=, a river of B\u0153otia. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 24.\n\n=Plato=, a celebrated philosopher at Athens, son of Ariston and\n Parectonia. His original name was Aristocles, and he received that of\n Plato from the largeness of his shoulders. As one of the descendants\n of Codrus, and as the offspring of a noble, illustrious, and opulent\n family, Plato was educated with care, his body was formed and\n invigorated with gymnastic exercises, and his mind was cultivated\n and enlightened by the study of poetry and of geometry, from which\n he derived that acuteness of judgment and warmth of imagination which\n have stamped his character as the most subtle and flowery writer of\n antiquity. He first began his literary career by writing poems and\n tragedies; but he was soon disgusted with his own productions, when,\n at the age of 20, he was introduced into the presence of Socrates,\n and when he was enabled to compare and examine, with critical\n accuracy, the merit of his compositions with those of his poetical\n predecessors. He therefore committed to the flames these productions\n of his early years, which could not command the attention or gain\n the applause of a maturer age. During eight years he continued to be\n one of the pupils of Socrates; and if he was prevented by a momentary\n indisposition from attending the philosopher\u2019s last moments, yet he\n collected from the conversation of those that were present, and from\n his own accurate observations, the minutest and most circumstantial\n accounts, which can exhibit, in its truest colours, the concern\n and sensibility of the pupil, and the firmness, virtues, and moral\n sentiments of the dying philosopher. After the death of Socrates,\n Plato retired from Athens, and to acquire that information which the\n accurate observer can derive in foreign countries, he began to travel\n over Greece. He visited Megara, Thebes, and Elis, where he met with\n the kindest reception from his fellow-disciples, whom the violent\n death of their master had likewise removed from Attica. He afterwards\n visited Magna Gr\u00e6cia, attracted by the fame of the Pythagorean\n philosophy, and by the learning, abilities, and reputation of its\n professors, Philolaus, Archytas, and Eurytus. He afterwards passed\n into Sicily, and examined the eruptions and fires of the volcano\n of that island. He also visited Egypt, where then the mathematician\n Theodorus flourished, and where he knew that the tenets of the\n Pythagorean philosophy and metempsychosis had been fostered and\n cherished. When he had finished his travels, Plato retired to\n the groves of Academus, in the neighbourhood of Athens, where\n his lectures were soon attended by a crowd of learned, noble, and\n illustrious pupils; and the philosopher, by refusing to have a share\n in the administration of affairs, rendered his name more famous, and\n his school more frequented. During forty years he presided at the\n head of the academy, and there he devoted his time to the instruction\n of his pupils, and composed those dialogues which have been the\n admiration of every age and country. His studies, however, were\n interrupted for a while, whilst he obeyed the pressing calls\n and invitations of Dionysius, and whilst he persuaded the tyrant\n to become a man, the father of his people, and the friend of\n liberty. _See:_ Dionysius II. In his dress the philosopher was not\n ostentatious; his manners were elegant but modest, simple without\n affectation; and the great honours which his learning deserved were\n not paid to his appearance. When he came to the Olympian games,\n Plato resided, during the celebration, in a family who were totally\n strangers to him. He ate and drank with them, he partook of their\n innocent pleasures and amusements; but though he told them his name\n was Plato, yet he never spoke of the employment which he pursued\n at Athens, and never introduced the name of that philosopher whose\n doctrines he followed, and whose death and virtues were favourite\n topics of conversation in every part of Greece. When he returned home,\n he was attended by the family which had so kindly entertained him;\n and, as being a native of Athens, he was desired to show them the\n great philosopher whose name he bore: their surprise was great when\n he told them that he himself was the Plato whom they wished to behold.\n In his diet he was moderate, and, indeed, to sobriety and temperance\n in the use of food, and to the want of those pleasures which enfeeble\n the body and enervate the mind, some have attributed his preservation\n during the tremendous pestilence which raged at Athens with so much\n fury at the beginning of the Peloponnesian war. Plato was never\n subject to any long or lingering indisposition, and though change of\n climate had enfeebled a constitution naturally strong and healthy,\n the philosopher lived to an advanced age, and was often heard to say,\n when his physicians advised him to leave his residence at Athens,\n where the air was impregnated by the pestilence, that he would\n not advance one single step to gain the top of mount Athos, were\n he assured to attain the great longevity which the inhabitants of\n that mountain were said to enjoy above the rest of mankind. Plato\n died on his birthday, in the 81st year of his age, about 348 years\n before the christian era. His last moments were easy and without pain,\n and, according to some, he expired in the midst of an entertainment,\n or, according to Cicero, as he was writing. The works of Plato are\n numerous; they are all written in the form of a dialogue, except 12\n letters. He speaks always by the mouth of others, and the philosopher\n has nowhere made mention of himself except once in his dialogue\n intituled Ph\u00e6don, and another time in his apology for Socrates. His\n writings were so celebrated, and, his opinion so respected, that he\n was called divine; and for the elegance, melody, and sweetness of his\n expressions, he was distinguished by the appellation of the Athenian\n bee. Cicero had such an esteem for him, that in the warmth of\n panegyric, he exclaimed, _Errare mehercul\u00e8 malo cum Platone qu\u00e0m cum\n istis vera sentire_; and Quintilian said that, when he read Plato, he\n seemed to hear not a man, but a divinity speaking. His style, however,\n though admired and commended by the best and most refined of critics\n among the ancients, has not escaped the censure of some of the\n moderns; and the philosopher has been blamed, who supports that fire\n is a pyramid tied to the earth by numbers, that the world is a figure\n consisting of 12 pentagons, and who, to prove the metempsychosis and\n the immortality of the soul, asserts that the dead are born from the\n living, and the living from the dead. The speculative mind of Plato\n was employed in examining things divine and human, and he attempted\n to fix and ascertain, not only the practical doctrine of morals and\n politics, but the more subtle and abstruse theory of mystical\n theogony. His philosophy was universally received and adopted, and it\n has not only governed the opinions of the speculative part of mankind,\n but it continues still to influence the reasoning, and to divide the\n sentiments, of the moderns. In his system of philosophy he followed\n the physics of Heraclitus, the metaphysical opinions of Pythagoras,\n and the morals of Socrates. He maintained the existence of two beings,\n one self-existent, and the other formed by the hand of a pre-existent\n creature, god and man. The world was created by that self-existent\n cause, from the rude undigested mass of matter which had existed\n from all eternity, and which had even been animated by an irregular\n principle of motion. The origin of evil could not be traced under the\n government of a deity, without admitting a stubborn intractability\n and wildness congenial to matter, and from these, consequently, could\n be demonstrated the deviations from the laws of nature, and from\n thence the extravagant passions and appetites of men. From materials\n like these were formed the four elements, and the beautiful structure\n of the heavens and the earth; and into the active but irrational\n principle of matter, the divinity infused a rational soul. The souls\n of men were formed from the remainder of the rational soul of the\n world, which had previously given existence to the invisible gods and\n demons. The philosopher, therefore, supported the doctrine of ideal\n forms, and the pre-existence of the human mind, which he considered\n as emanations of the Deity, which can never remain satisfied with\n objects or things unworthy of their divine original. Men could\n perceive, with their corporeal senses, the types of immutable things\n and the fluctuating objects of the material world; but the sudden\n changes to which these are continually obnoxious, create innumerable\n disorders, and hence arise deception, and, in short, all the errors\n and miseries of human life. Yet, in whatever situation man may be,\n he is still an object of divine concern; and, to recommend himself\n to the favour of the pre-existent cause, he must comply with the\n purposes of his creation, and, by proper care and diligence, he can\n recover those immaculate powers with which he was naturally endowed.\n All science the philosopher made to consist in reminiscence, and in\n recalling the nature, forms, and proportions of those perfect and\n immutable essences with which the human mind had been conversant.\n From observations like these, the summit of felicity might be\n attained by removing from the material, and approaching nearer to\n the intellectual world, by curbing and governing the passions which\n were ever agitated and inflamed by real and imaginary objects. The\n passions were divided into two classes: the first consisted of the\n irascible passions, which originated in pride or resentment, and were\n seated in the breast; the other, founded on the love of pleasure, was\n the concupiscible part of the soul seated in the belly, and inferior\n parts of the body. These different orders induced the philosopher\n to compare the soul to a small republic, of which the reasoning and\n judging powers were stationed in the head, as in a firm citadel, and\n of which the senses were its guards and servants. By the irascible\n part of the soul men asserted their dignity, repelled injuries, and\n scorned danger; and the concupiscible part provided for the support\n and the necessities of the body, and when governed with propriety, it\n gave rise to temperance. Justice was produced by the regular dominion\n of reason, and by the submission of the passions; and prudence arose\n from the strength, acuteness, and perfection of the soul, without\n which all other virtues could not exist. But, amidst all this, wisdom\n was not easily attained; at their creation all minds were not endowed\n with the same excellence, the bodies which they animated on earth\n were not always in harmony with the divine emanation; some might be\n too weak, others too strong, and on the first years of a man\u2019s life\n depended his future consequence; as an effeminate and licentious\n education seemed calculated to destroy the purposes of the divinity,\n while the contrary produced different effects, and tended to\n cultivate and improve the reasoning and judging faculty, and to\n produce wisdom and virtue. Plato was the first who supported the\n immortality of the soul upon arguments solid and permanent, deduced\n from truth and experience. He did not imagine that the diseases,\n and the death of the body, could injure the principle of life and\n destroy the soul, which, of itself, was of divine origin, and of an\n uncorrupted and immutable essence, which, though inherent for a while\n in matter, could not lose that power which was the emanation of God.\n From doctrines like these, the great founder of Platonism concluded\n that there might exist in the world a community of men, whose\n passions could be governed with moderation, and who, from knowing\n the evils and miseries which arise from ill conduct, might aspire to\n excellence, and attain that perfection which can be derived from the\n proper exercise of the rational and moral powers. To illustrate this\n more fully, the philosopher wrote a book, well known by the name of\n the republic of Plato, in which he explains with acuteness, judgment,\n and elegance the rise and revolution of civil society; and so\n respected was his opinion as a legislator, that his scholars were\n employed in regulating the republics of Arcadia, Elis, and Cnidus, at\n the desire of those states, and Xenocrates gave political rules for\n good and impartial government to the conqueror of the east. The best\n editions of Plato are those of Frankfurt, folio, 1602; and Bipontium,\n 12 vols. 8vo, 1718. _Plato_, _Dialogues_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de\n Officiis_, bk. 1; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 36; _de Natura Deorum_,\n bk. 2, ch. 12; _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Solon_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Epistul\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bks. 2 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 30.\n \u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Lycaon king of Arcadia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek\n poet, called the prince of the middle comedy, who flourished B.C. 445.\n Some fragments remain of his pieces.\n\n=Plator=, a man of Dyrrhachium, put to death by Piso. _Cicero_,\n _Against Piso_, ch. 34.\n\n=Plavis=, a river of Venetia, in Italy.\n\n=Plautia lex=, was enacted by Marcus Plautius the tribune, A.U.C. 664.\n It required every tribe annually to choose 15 persons of their body,\n to serve as judges, making the honour common to all the three orders,\n according to the majority of votes in every tribe.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, called\n also _Plotia_, A.U.C. 675. It punished with the _interdictio ignis &\n aqu\u00e6_, all persons who were found guilty of attempts upon the state,\n or the senators or magistrates, or such as appeared in public, armed\n with an evil design, or such as forcibly expelled any person from his\n legal \u2666possessions.\n\n \u2666 \u2018possesions\u2019 replaced with \u2018possessions\u2019\n\n=Plauti\u0101nus Fulvius=, an African of mean birth, who was banished\n for his seditious behaviour in the years of his obscurity. In his\n banishment, Plautianus formed an acquaintance with Severus, who, some\n years after, ascended the imperial throne. This was the beginning\n of his prosperity; Severus paid the greatest attention to him, and,\n if we believe some authors, their familiarity and intercourse were\n carried beyond the bounds of modesty and propriety. Plautianus shared\n the favours of Severus on the throne as well as in obscurity. He\n was invested with as much power as his patron at Rome, and in the\n provinces; and, indeed, he wanted but the name of emperor to be his\n equal. His table was served with more delicate meats than that of\n the emperor; when he walked in the public streets he received the\n most distinguishing honours, and a number of criers ordered the most\n noble citizens, as well as the meanest beggars, to make way for the\n favourite of the emperor, and not to fix their eyes upon him. He\n was concerned in all the rapine and destruction which were committed\n through the empire, and he enriched himself with the possessions of\n those who had been sacrificed to the emperor\u2019s cruelty or avarice. To\n complete his triumph, and to make himself still greater, Plautianus\n married his favourite daughter Plautilla to Caracalla the son of the\n emperor, and so eager was the emperor to indulge his inclinations in\n this and in every other respect, that he declared he loved Plautianus\n so much that he would even wish to die before him. The marriage of\n Caracalla with Plautilla was attended with serious consequences.\n The son of Severus had complied with great reluctance, and, though\n Plautilla was amiable in her manners, commanding in aspect, and of\n a beautiful countenance, yet the young prince often threatened to\n punish her haughty and imperious behaviour as soon as he succeeded to\n the throne. Plautilla reported the whole to her father, and to save\n his daughter from the vengeance of Caracalla, Plautianus conspired\n against the emperor and his son. The conspiracy was discovered, and\n Severus forgot his attachment to Plautianus, and the favours he had\n heaped upon him, when he heard of his perfidy. The wicked minister\n was immediately put to death, and Plautilla banished to the island\n of Lipari, with her brother Plautius, where, seven years after,\n she was put to death by order of Caracalla, A.D. 211. Plautilla had\n two children, a son who died in his childhood, and a daughter, whom\n Caracalla murdered in the arms of her mother. _Dio Cassius._\n\n=Plautilla=, a daughter of Plautianus the favourite minister of Severus.\n _See:_ Plautianus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of the emperor Nerva, descended of a\n noble family.\n\n=Plautius=, a Roman, who became so disconsolate at the death of his\n wife, that he threw himself upon her burning pile. _Valerius Maximus_,\n bk. 4, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, a consul sent against the Privernates, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Aulus, a governor of Britain who obtained an ovation for the\n conquests he had gained there over the barbarians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Otho\u2019s\n friends. He dissuaded him from killing himself.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lateranus, an\n adulterer of Messalina, who conspired against Nero, and was capitally\n condemned.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Aulus, a general who defeated the Umbrians and the\n Etrurians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, another general, defeated in Lusitania.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man\n put to death by order of Caracalla.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus Sylvanus, a tribune,\n who made a law to prevent seditions in the public assemblies.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Rubellius, a man accused before Nero, and sent to Asia, where he\n was assassinated.\n\n=Marcus Accius Plautus=, a comic poet, born at Sarsina, in Umbria.\n Fortune proved unkind to him, and, from competence, he was reduced\n to the meanest poverty, by engaging in a commercial line. To maintain\n himself, he entered into the family of a baker as a common servant,\n and while he was employed in grinding corn, he sometimes dedicated\n a few moments to the comic muse. Some, however, confute this account\n as false, and support that Plautus was never obliged to the laborious\n employments of a bakehouse for his maintenance. He wrote 25 comedies,\n of which only 20 are extant. He died about 184 years before the\n christian era; and Varro, his learned countryman, wrote this stanza,\n which deserved to be engraved on his tomb:\n\n _Postquam morte captus est Plautus,\n Com\u0153dia luget, scena est deserta;\n Deinde risus, ludus, jocusque, & numeri\n Innumeri simul omnes collacrym\u00e2runt._\n\n The plays of Plautus were \u2666universally esteemed at Rome, and the\n purity, the energy, and the elegance of his language were, by\n other writers, considered as objects of imitation; and Varro, whose\n judgment is great, and generally decisive, declares, that if the\n Muses were willing to speak Latin, they would speak in the language\n of Plautus. In the Augustan age, however, when the Roman language\n became more pure and refined, the comedies of Plautus did not\n appear free from inaccuracy. The poet, when compared to the more\n elegant expressions of a Terence, was censured for his negligence\n in versification, his low wit, execrable puns, and disgusting\n obscenities. Yet, however censured as to language or sentiments,\n Plautus continued to be a favourite on the stage. If his expressions\n were not choice or delicate, it was \u2666universally admitted that he was\n more happy than other comic writers in his pictures; the incidents of\n his plays were more varied, the acts more interesting, the characters\n more truly displayed, and the catastrophe more natural. In the\n reign of the emperor Diocletian, his comedies were still acted on\n the public theatres; and no greater compliment can be paid to his\n abilities as a comic writer, and no greater censure can be passed\n upon his successors in dramatic composition, than to observe, that\n for 500 years, with all the disadvantages of obsolete language and\n diction, in spite of the change of manners, and the revolutions of\n government, he commanded and received that applause which no other\n writer dared to dispute with him. The best editions of Plautus\n are that of Gronovius, 8vo, Leiden, 1664; that of Barbou, 12mo, in\n 3 vols., Paris, 1759; that of Ernesti, 2 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1760;\n and that of Glasgow, 3 vols., 12mo, 1763. _Varro_ on _Quintilian_, bk.\n 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 1, &c.; _On Oratory_, bk. 3,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, lis. 58, 170; _Art of Poetry_, lis. 54\n & 270.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015\u00c6lianus, a high priest, who consecrated the capitol in the\n reign of Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 53.\n\n \u2666 \u2018univerally\u2019 replaced with \u2018universally\u2019\n\n=Pl\u0113i\u0103des=, or =Verg\u012dli\u00e6=, a name given to seven of the daughters of\n Atlas by Pleione or \u00c6thra, one of the Oceanides. They were placed\n in the heavens after death, where they formed a constellation called\n Pleiades, near the back of the bull in the Zodiac. Their names were\n Alcyone, Merope, Maia, Electra, Taygeta, Sterope, and Celeno. They\n all, except Merope, who married Sisyphus king of Corinth, had some\n of the immortal gods for their suitors. On that account, therefore,\n Merope\u2019s star is dim and obscure among the rest of her sisters,\n because she married a mortal. The name of the Pleiades is derived\n from the Greek word \u03c0\u03bb\u03b5\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _to sail_, because that constellation\n shows the time most favourable to navigators, which is in the spring.\n The name of Vergili\u00e6 they derive from _ver_, _the spring_. They are\n sometimes called _Atlantides_, from their father, or _Hesperides_,\n from the gardens of that name, which belonged to Atlas. _Hyginus_,\n fable 192; _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 293; _Fasti_, bk. 5, lis. 106 & 170;\n _Hesiod_, _Works and Days_.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 4, ode 14.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 138; bk. 4, li. 233.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Seven poets, who, from their number, have received the name of\n Pleiades, near the age of Philadelphus Ptolemy king of Egypt. Their\n names were Lycophron, Theocritus, Aratus, Nicander, Apollonius,\n Philicus, and Homerus the younger.\n\n=Plei\u014dne=, one of the Oceanides, who married Atlas king of Mauritania,\n by whom she had 12 daughters, and a son called Hyas. Seven of the\n daughters were changed into a constellation called _Pleiades_, and\n the rest into another called _Hyades_. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 84.\n\n=Plemmy\u0306rium=, now _Massa Oliveri_, a promontory with a small castle of\n that name, in the bay of Syracuse. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 693.\n\n=Plemneus=, a king of Sicyon, son of Peratus. His children always died\n as soon as born, till Ceres, pitying his misfortune, offered herself\n as a nurse to his wife as she was going to be brought to bed. The\n child lived by the care and protection of the goddess, and Plemneus\n was no sooner acquainted with the dignity of his nurse, than he\n raised her a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 5 & 11.\n\n=Pleumosii=, a people of Belgium, the inhabitants of modern Tournay.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 38.\n\n=Pleur\u0101tus=, a king of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 24.\n\n=Pleuron=, a son of \u00c6tolus, who married Xantippe the daughter of Dorus,\n by whom he had Agenor. He founded a city in \u00c6tolia on the Evenus,\n which bore his name. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch.\n 2.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 310.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 382.\n\n=Plexaure=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod._\n\n=Plexippus=, a son of Thestius, brother to Alth\u00e6a the wife of \u0152neus.\n He was killed by his nephew Meleager, in hunting the Calydonian boar.\n His brother Toxeus shared his fate. _See:_ Alth\u00e6a and Meleager.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Phineus and Cleopatra, brother to Pandion king of Athens.\n _Apollodorus._\n\n=Caius Plinius Secundus=, surnamed the _Elder_, was born at Verona, of\n a noble family. He distinguished himself in the field, and, after he\n had been made one of the augurs at Rome, he was appointed governor\n of Spain. In his public character he did not neglect the pleasures\n of literature; the day was employed in the administration of the\n affairs of his province, and the night was dedicated to study. Every\n moment of time was precious to him; at his meals one of his servants\n read to him books valuable for their information, and from them he\n immediately made copious extracts, in a memorandum book. Even while\n he dressed himself after bathing, his attention was called away\n from surrounding objects, and he was either employed in listening to\n another, or in dictating himself. To a mind so earnestly dedicated\n to learning, nothing appeared too laborious, no undertaking too\n troublesome. He deemed every moment lost which was not devoted to\n study, and from these reasons he never appeared at Rome but in a\n chariot, and wherever he went, he was always accompanied by his\n amanuensis. He even censured his nephew, Pliny the younger, because\n he had indulged himself with a walk, and sternly observed, that he\n might have employed those moments to better advantage. But if his\n literary pursuits made him forget the public affairs, his prudence,\n his abilities, and the purity and innocence of his character, made\n him known and respected. He was courted and admired by the emperors\n Titus and Vespasian, and he received from them all the favours which\n a virtuous prince could offer, and an honest subject receive. As he\n was at Misenum, where he commanded the fleet, which was then\n stationed there, Pliny was surprised at the sudden appearance of\n a cloud of dust and ashes. He was then ignorant of the cause which\n produced it, and he immediately set sail in a small vessel for\n mount Vesuvius, which he at last discovered to have made a dreadful\n eruption. The sight of a number of boats that fled from the coast\n to avoid the danger, might have deterred another, but the curiosity\n of Pliny excited him to advance with more boldness, and though his\n vessel was often covered with stones and ashes, that were continually\n thrown up by the mountain, yet he landed on the coast. The place\n was deserted by the inhabitants, but Pliny remained there during\n the night, the better to observe the mountain, which, during the\n obscurity, appeared to be one continual blaze. He was soon disturbed\n by a dreadful earthquake, and the contrary wind on the morrow\n prevented him from returning to Misenum. The eruption of the volcano\n increased, and at last the fire approached the place where the\n philosopher made his observations. Pliny endeavoured to fly before\n it, but though he was supported by two of his servants, he was unable\n to escape. He soon fell down, suffocated by the thick vapours that\n surrounded him, and the insupportable stench of sulphureous matter.\n His body was found three days after, and decently buried by his\n nephew, who was then at Misenum with the fleet. This memorable event\n happened in the 79th year of the christian era, and the philosopher\n who perished by the eruptions of the volcano, has been called by some\n the martyr of nature. He was then in the 56th year of his age. Of the\n works which he composed, none are extant but his natural history in\n 37 books. It is a work, as Pliny the younger says, full of erudition,\n and as varied as nature itself. It treats of the stars, the heavens,\n wind, rain, hail, minerals, trees, flowers, and plants, besides\n an account of all living animals, birds, fishes, and beasts; a\n geographical description of every place on the globe, and a history\n of every art and science, of commerce and navigation, with their rise,\n progress, and several improvements. He is happy in his descriptions\n as a naturalist; he writes with force and energy, and though many of\n his ideas and conjectures are sometimes ill-founded, yet he possesses\n that fecundity of imagination, and vivacity of expression, which are\n requisite to treat a subject with propriety, and to render a history\n of nature pleasing, interesting, and, above all, instructive. His\n style possesses not the graces of the Augustan age; he has neither\n its purity and elegance, nor its simplicity, but it is rather cramped,\n obscure, and sometimes unintelligible. Yet for all this it has ever\n been admired and esteemed, and it may be called a compilation of\n everything which had been written before his age on the various\n subjects which he treats, and a judicious collection from the\n most excellent treatises which had been composed on the various\n productions of nature. Pliny was not ashamed to mention the authors\n which he quoted; he speaks of them with admiration, and while he\n pays the greatest compliment to their abilities, his encomiums\n show, in the strongest light, the goodness, the sensibility, and\n the ingenuousness of his own mind. He had written 160 volumes of\n remarks and annotations on the various authors which he had read,\n and so great was the opinion in his contemporaries of his erudition\n and abilities, that a man called Lartius Lutinius offered to buy\n his notes and observations for the enormous sum of about 3242_l._\n English money. The philosopher, who was himself rich and independent,\n rejected the offer, and his compilations, after his death, came into\n the hands of his nephew Pliny. The best editions of Pliny are that\n of Harduin, 3 vols., folio, Paris, 1723; that of Frantzius, 10 vols.,\n 8vo, Lipscomb, 1728; that of Brotier, 6 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1779;\n and the Variorum 8vo, in 8 vols., Lipscomb, 1778 to 1789. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 69; bk. 13, ch. 20; bk. 15, ch. 53.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n _Epistul\u00e6_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius C\u00e6cilius Secundus, surnamed the _Younger_,\n was son of Lucius C\u00e6cilius by the sister of Pliny the elder. He was\n adopted by his uncle, whose name he assumed, and whose estates and\n effects he inherited. He received the greatest part of his education\n under Quintilian, and at the age of 19 he appeared at the bar,\n where he distinguished himself so much by his eloquence, that he\n and Tacitus were reckoned the two greatest orators of their age.\n He did not make his profession an object of gain like the rest of\n the Roman orators, but he refused fees from the rich as well as from\n the poorest of his clients, and declared that he cheerfully employed\n himself for the protection of innocence, the relief of the indigent,\n and the detection of vice. He published many of his harangues and\n orations, which have been lost. When Trajan was invested with the\n imperial purple, Pliny was created consul by the emperor. This honour\n the consul acknowledged in a celebrated panegyric, which, at the\n request of the Roman senate, and in the name of the whole empire,\n he pronounced on Trajan. Some time after he presided over Pontus\n and Bithynia, in the office and with the power of proconsul, and by\n his humanity and philanthropy the subject was freed from the burden\n of partial taxes, and the persecution which had been begun against\n the christians of his province was stopped, when Pliny solemnly\n declared to the emperor that the followers of Christ were a meek and\n inoffensive sect of men, that their morals were pure and innocent,\n that they were free from all crimes, and that they voluntarily bound\n themselves by the most solemn oaths to abstain from vice, and to\n relinquish every sinful pursuit. If he rendered himself popular in\n his province, he was not less respected at Rome. He was there the\n friend of the poor, the patron of learning, great without arrogance,\n affable in his behaviour, and an example of good breeding, sobriety,\n temperance, and modesty. As a father and a husband his character\n was amiable; as a subject he was faithful to his prince; and as a\n magistrate he was candid, open, and compassionate. His native country\n shared, among the rest, his unbounded benevolence; and Comum, a small\n town of Insubria, which gave him birth, boasted of his liberality in\n the valuable and choice library of books which he collected there. He\n also contributed towards the expenses which attended the education of\n his countrymen, and liberally spent part of his estate for the\n advancement of literature, and for the instruction of those whom\n poverty otherwise deprived of the advantages of a public education.\n He made his preceptor Quintilian and the poet Martial objects of his\n benevolence, and when the daughter of the former was married, Pliny\n wrote to the father with the greatest civility; and while he observed\n that he was rich in the possession of learning, though poor in the\n goods of fortune, he begged of him to accept, as a dowry for his\n beloved daughter, 50,000 sesterces, about 300_l._ \u201cI would not,\u201d\n continued he, \u201cbe so moderate, were I not assured, from your modesty\n and disinterestedness, that the smallness of the present will render\n it acceptable.\u201d He died in the 52nd year of his age, A.D. 113. He had\n written a history of his own times, which is lost. It is said that\n Tacitus did not begin his history till he had found it impossible\n to persuade Pliny to undertake that laborious task; and, indeed,\n what could not have been expected from the panegyrist of Trajan,\n if Tacitus acknowledged himself inferior to him in delineating the\n character of the times? Some suppose, but falsely, that Pliny wrote\n the lives of illustrious men, universally ascribed to Cornelius Nepos.\n He also wrote poetry, but his verses have all perished, and nothing\n of his learned work remains, but his panegyric on the emperor Trajan,\n and 10 books of letters, which he himself collected and prepared for\n the public, from a numerous and respectable correspondence. These\n letters contain many curious and interesting facts; they abound with\n many anecdotes of the generosity and the humane sentiments of the\n writer. They are written with elegance and great purity, and the\n reader everywhere discovers that affability, that condescension\n and philanthropy, which so egregiously marked the advocate of\n the christians. These letters are esteemed by some equal to the\n voluminous epistles of Cicero. In his panegyric, Pliny\u2019s style is\n florid and brilliant; he has used, to the greatest advantage, the\n liberties of the panegyrist, and the eloquence of the courtier. His\n ideas are new and refined, but his diction is distinguished by that\n affectation and pomposity which marked the reign of Trajan. The best\n editions of Pliny are those of Gesner, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1770, and of\n Lallemand, 12mo, Paris apud Barbou; and of the panegyric separate,\n that of Schwartz, 4to, 1746, and of the epistles, the Variorum,\n Leiden, 1669, 8vo. _Pliny_, _Epistul\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015_Vossius._\u2015\u2015_Sidonius._\n\n=Plinth\u012bne=, a town of Egypt on the Mediterranean.\n\n=Plistarchus=, son of Leonidas, of the family of the Eurysthenid\u00e6,\n succeeded on the Spartan throne at the death of Cleombrotus.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 9, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Cassander.\n\n=Plisthanus=, a philosopher of Elis, who succeeded in the school of\n Ph\u00e6don. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Plisth\u0115nes=, a son of Atreus king of Argos, father of Menelaus and\n Agamemnon, according to Hesiod and others. Homer, however, calls\n Menelaus and Agamemnon sons of Atreus, though they were in reality\n the children of Plisthenes. The father died very young, and the two\n children were left in the house of their grandfather, who took care\n of them and instructed them. From his attention to them, therefore,\n it seems probable that Atreus was universally acknowledged their\n protector and father, and thence their surname of _Atrid\u00e6_. _Ovid_,\n _Remedia Amoris_, li. 778.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_.\n\n=Plist\u012bnus=, a brother of Faustulus the shepherd, who saved the life of\n Romulus and Remus. He was killed in a scuffle which happened between\n the two brothers.\n\n=Plisto\u0103nax= and =Plist\u014dnax=, son of Pausanias, was general of the\n Laced\u00e6monian armies in the Peloponnesian war. He was banished from\n his kingdom of Sparta for 19 years, and was afterwards recalled by\n order of the oracle of Delphi. He reigned 58 years. He had succeeded\n Plistarchus. _Thucydides._\n\n=Plistus=, a river of Phocis falling into the bay of Corinth. _Strabo_,\n bk. 9.\n\n=Plot\u00e6=, small islands on the coast of \u00c6tolia, called also Strophades.\n\n=Plot\u012bna Pompeia=, a Roman lady who married Trajan while he was yet a\n private man. She entered Rome in the procession with her husband when\n he was saluted emperor, and distinguished herself by the affability\n of her behaviour, her humanity, and liberal offices to the poor and\n friendless. She accompanied Trajan in the east, and at his death she\n brought back his ashes to Rome, and still enjoyed all the honours\n and titles of a Roman empress under Adrian, who by her means had\n succeeded to the vacant throne. At her death, A.D. 122, she was\n ranked among the gods, and received divine honours, which, according\n to the superstition of the times, she seemed to deserve, from her\n regard for the good and prosperity of the Roman empire, and for her\n private virtues. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\n\n=Plotinop\u014flis=, a town of Thrace, built by the emperor Trajan, and\n called after Plotina, the founder\u2019s wife.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Dacia.\n\n=Plot\u012bnus=, a Platonic philosopher of Lycopolis in Egypt. He was\n for eleven years a pupil of Ammonius the philosopher, and after he\n had profited by all the instructions of his learned preceptor, he\n determined to improve his knowledge, and to visit the territories\n of India and Persia to receive information. He accompanied Gordian\n in his expedition into the east, but the day which proved fatal to\n the emperor, nearly terminated the life of the philosopher. He saved\n himself by flight, and the following year he retired to Rome, where\n he publicly taught philosophy. His school was frequented by people\n of every sex, age, and quality; by senators as well as plebeians, and\n so great was the opinion of the public of his honesty and candour,\n that many, on their death-bed, left all their possessions to his care,\n and entrusted their children to him, as a superior being. He was the\n favourite of all the Romans; and while he charmed the populace by the\n force of his eloquence, and the senate by his doctrines, the emperor\n Gallienus courted him, and admired the extent of his learning. It\n is even said that the emperor and the empress Salonina intended to\n rebuild a decayed city of Campania, and to appoint the philosopher\n over it, that there he might experimentally know, while he presided\n over a colony of philosophers, the validity and the use of the ideal\n laws of the republic of Plato. This plan was not executed, through\n the envy and malice of the enemies of Plotinus. The philosopher,\n at last become helpless and infirm, returned to Campania, where the\n liberality of his friends for a while maintained him. He died A.D.\n 270, in the 66th year of his age, and as he expired, he declared\n that he made his last and most violent efforts to give up what there\n was most divine in him and in the rest of the universe. Amidst the\n great qualities of the philosopher, we discover some ridiculous\n singularities. Plotinus never permitted his picture to be taken,\n and he observed, that to see a painting of himself in the following\n age, was beneath the notice of an enlightened mind. These reasons\n also induced him to conceal the day, the hour, and the place of\n his birth. He never made use of medicines, and though his body was\n often debilitated by abstinence or too much study, he despised to\n have recourse to a physician, and thought that it would degrade the\n gravity of a philosopher. His writings have been collected by his\n pupil Porphyry. They consist of 54 different treatises divided into\n six equal parts, written with great spirit and vivacity; but the\n reasonings are abstruse, and the subjects metaphysical. The best\n edition is that of Picinus, folio, Basil, 1580.\n\n=Plotius Crisp\u012bnus=, a stoic philosopher and poet, whose verses were\n very inelegant, and whose disposition was morose, for which he has\n been ridiculed by Horace, and called _Aretalogus_. _Horace_, bk. 1,\n satire 1, li. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Gallus, a native of Lugdunum, who taught grammar\n at Rome, and had Cicero among his pupils. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Griphus, a man made senator by Vespasian. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,\n bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A centurion in C\u00e6sar\u2019s army. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3,\n ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Tucca, a friend of Horace and of Virgil, who made him his\n heir. He was selected by Augustus, with Varius, to review the \u00c6neid\n of Virgil. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 40.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius, a poet in\n the age of the great Marius, whose exploits he celebrated in his\n verses.\n\n=Plusios=, a surname of Jupiter at Sparta, expressive of his power to\n grant riches. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19.\n\n=Plutarchus=, a native of Ch\u00e6ronea, descended of a respectable family.\n His father, whose name is unknown, was distinguished for his learning\n and virtue, and his grandfather, called Lamprias, was also as\n conspicuous for his eloquence and the fecundity of his genius. Under\n Ammonius, a reputable teacher at Delphi, Plutarch was made acquainted\n with philosophy and mathematics, and so well established was his\n character, that he was appointed by his countrymen, while yet very\n young, to go to the Roman proconsul, in their name, upon an affair of\n the most important nature. This commission he executed with honour to\n himself, and with success for his country. He afterwards travelled in\n quest of knowledge, and after he had visited, like a philosopher and\n an historian, the territories of Egypt and Greece, he retired to Rome,\n where he opened a school. His reputation made his school frequented.\n The emperor Trajan admired his abilities, and honoured him with the\n office of consul, and appointed him governor of Illyricum. After\n the death of his imperial benefactor, Plutarch removed from Rome to\n Ch\u00e6ronea, where he lived in the greatest tranquillity, respected by\n his fellow-citizens, and raised to all the honours which his native\n town could bestow. In this peaceful and solitary retreat, Plutarch\n closely applied himself to study, and wrote the greatest part of\n his works, and particularly his Lives. He died in an advanced age\n at Ch\u00e6ronea, about the 140th year of the christian era. Plutarch\n had five children by his wife, called Timoxena, four sons and one\n daughter. Two of the sons and the daughter died when young, and those\n that survived were called Plutarch and Lamprias, and the latter did\n honour to his father\u2019s memory, by giving to the world an \u2666accurate\n catalogue of his writings. In his private and public character,\n the historian of Ch\u00e6ronea was the friend of discipline. He boldly\n asserted the natural right of mankind, liberty; but he recommended\n obedience and submissive deference to magistrates, as necessary to\n preserve the peace of society. He supported that the most violent\n and dangerous public factions arose too often from private disputes\n and from misunderstanding. To render himself more intelligent, he\n always carried a commonplace book with him, and he preserved with\n the greatest care whatever judicious observations fell in the course\n of conversation. The most esteemed of his works are his lives of\n illustrious men, of whom he examines and delineates the different\n characters with wonderful skill and impartiality. He neither\n misrepresents the virtues, nor hides the foibles of his heroes. He\n writes with precision and with fidelity, and though his diction is\n neither pure nor elegant, yet there is energy and animation, and\n in many descriptions he is inferior to no historian. In some of his\n narrations, however, he is often too circumstantial, his remarks are\n often injudicious; and when he compares the heroes of Greece with\n those of Rome, the candid reader can easily remember which side of\n the Adriatic gave the historian birth. Some have accused him of not\n knowing the genealogy of his heroes, and have censured him for his\n superstition; yet for all this, he is the most entertaining, the\n most instructive, and interesting of all the writers of ancient\n history; and were a man of true taste and judgment asked what book\n he wished to save from destruction, of all the profane compositions\n of antiquity, he would perhaps without hesitation reply, the Lives\n of Plutarch. In his moral treatises, Plutarch appears in a different\n character, and his misguided philosophy and erroneous doctrines\n render some of these inferior compositions puerile and disgusting.\n They, however, contain many useful lessons and curious facts,\n and though they are composed without connection, compiled without\n judgment, and often abound with improbable stories and false\n reasonings, yet they contain much information and many useful\n reflections. The best editions of Plutarch are that of Francfort,\n 2 vols., folio, 1599; that of Stephens, 6 vols., 8vo, 1572; the\n Lives by Reiske, 12 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb. 1775; and the Moralia,\n &c., by Wyttenbach. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Eretria, during the\n Peloponnesian war. He was defeated by the Macedonians. _Plutarch_,\n _Phocion_.\n\n \u2666 \u2018acurate\u2019 replaced with \u2018accurate\u2019\n\n=Plutia=, a town of Sicily. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_.\n\n=Pluto=, a son of Saturn and Ops, inherited his father\u2019s kingdom with\n his brothers Jupiter and Neptune. He received as his lot the kingdom\n of hell, and whatever lies under the earth, and as such he became\n the god of the infernal regions, of death and funerals. From his\n functions, and the place he inhabited, he received different names.\n He was called _Dis_, _Hades_, or _Ades_, _Clytopolon_, _Agelastus_,\n _Orcus_, &c. As the place of his residence was obscure and gloomy,\n all the goddesses refused to marry him; but he determined to obtain\n by force what was denied to his solicitations. As he once visited\n the island of Sicily, after a violent earthquake, he saw Proserpine\n the daughter of Ceres gathering flowers in the plains of Enna,\n with a crowd of female attendants. He became enamoured of her, and\n immediately carried her away upon his chariot drawn by four horses.\n To make his retreat more unknown, he opened himself a passage through\n the earth, by striking it with his trident in the lake of Cyane in\n Sicily, or, according, to others, on the borders of the Cephisus\n in Attica. Proserpine called upon her attendants for help, but in\n vain, and she became the wife of her ravisher, and the queen of hell.\n Pluto is generally represented as holding a sceptre with two teeth;\n he has also keys in his hand, to intimate that whoever enters his\n kingdom can never return. He is looked upon as a hard-hearted and\n inexorable god, with a grim and dismal countenance, and for that\n reason no temples were raised to his honour, as to the rest of the\n superior gods. Black victims, and particularly a bull, were the\n only sacrifices which were offered to him, and their blood was\n not sprinkled on the altars, or received in vessels, as at other\n sacrifices, but it was permitted to run down into the earth, as if\n it were to penetrate as far as the realms of the god. The Syracusans\n yearly sacrificed to him black bulls, near the fountain of Cyane,\n where, according to the received traditions, he had disappeared\n with Proserpine. Among plants, the cypress, the narcissus, and the\n maiden-hair were sacred to him, as also everything which was deemed\n inauspicious, particularly the number two. According to some of the\n ancients, Pluto sat on a throne of sulphur, from which issued the\n rivers Lethe, Cocytus, Phlegethon, and Acheron. The dog Cerberus\n watched at his feet, the Harpies hovered round him, Proserpine\n sat on his left hand, and near to the goddess stood the Eumenides,\n with their heads covered with snakes. The Parc\u00e6 occupied the right,\n and they each held in their hands the symbols of their office, the\n distaff, the spindle, and the scissors. Pluto is called by some the\n father of the Eumenides. During the war of the gods and the Titans,\n the Cyclops made a helmet which rendered the bearer invisible, and\n gave it to Pluto. Perseus was armed with it when he conquered the\n Gorgons. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 155; _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 6.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.\n \u2015\u2015_Orpheus_, hymn 17, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2,\n ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Plato_, _The Republic_.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Medea_; _Hippolytus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Aeschylus_, _Persians_; _Prometheus Bound_.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua\n Latina_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Catullus_, poem 3.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4,\n li. 502; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 273; bk. 8, li. 296.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 6,\n li. 715.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, odes 3 & 18.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Hercules Furens_.\n\n=Plutonium=, a temple of Pluto in Lydia. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_,\n bk. 1, ch. 36.\n\n=Plutus=, a son of Jasion, or Jasius, by Ceres the goddess of corn,\n has been confounded by many of the mythologists with Pluto, though\n plainly distinguished from him as being the god of riches. He was\n brought up by the goddess of peace, and on that account, Pax was\n represented at Athens as holding the god of wealth in her lap. The\n Greeks spoke of him as of a fickle divinity. They represented him\n as blind, because he distributed riches indiscriminately; he was\n lame, because he came slow and gradually; but had wings, to intimate\n that he flew away with more velocity than he approached mankind.\n _Lucian_, _Timon_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 16 & 26.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n _Poetica Astronomica_.\u2015\u2015_Aristophanes_, _Plutus_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Hesoid_, _Theogony_, li. 970.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 53.\n\n=Pluvius=, a surname of Jupiter as god of _rain_. He was invoked by\n that name among the Romans, whenever the earth was parched up with\n continual heat, and was in want of refreshing showers. He had an\n altar in the temple on the capitol. _Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 7, li. 26.\n\n=Plynteria=, a festival among the Greeks, in honour of Aglauros, or\n rather of Minerva, who received from the daughter Cecrops the name\n of Aglauros. The word seems to be derived from \u03c0\u03bb\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _lavare_,\n because, during the solemnity, they undressed the statue of the\n goddess and _washed_ it. The day on which it was observed was\n universally looked upon as unfortunate and inauspicious, and on\n that account no person was permitted to appear in the temples, as\n they were purposely surrounded with ropes. The arrival of Alcibiades\n in Athens that day, was deemed very unfortunate; but, however, the\n success that ever after attended him, proved it to be otherwise. It\n was customary at this festival to bear in procession a cluster of\n figs, which intimated the progress of civilization among the first\n inhabitants of the earth, as figs served them for food after they had\n found a dislike for acorns. _Pollux._\n\n=Pnigeus=, a village of Egypt, near Ph\u0153nicia. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Pnyx=, a place of Athens, set apart by Solon for holding assemblies.\n _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Theseus_ &\n _Themistocles_.\n\n=Poblicius=, a lieutenant of Pompey in Spain.\n\n=Podalirius=, a son of \u00c6sculapius and Epione. He was one of the pupils\n of the Centaur Chiron, and he made himself under him such a master\n of medicine, that, during the Trojan war, the Greeks invited him to\n their camp, to stop a pestilence which had baffled the skill of all\n their physicians. Some, however, suppose that he went to the Trojan\n war not in the capacity of a physician in the Grecian army, but as a\n warrior, attended by his brother Machaon, in 30 ships, with soldiers\n from \u0152chalia, Ithome, and Trica. At his return from the Trojan war,\n Podalirius was shipwrecked on the coast of Caria, where he \u2666was cured\n of the falling sickness and married a daughter of Dam\u0153tas the king\n of the place. He fixed his habitation there, and built two towns,\n one of which he called Syrna, by the name of his wife. The Carians,\n after his death, built him a temple, and paid him divine honours.\n _Dictys Cretensis._\u2015\u2015_Quintus Smyrn\u00e6us_, bks. 6 & 9.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_ _de\n Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2; _Tristia_, poem 6.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Rutulian engaged in the wars of \u00c6neas and Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 12, li. 304.\n\n \u2666 omitted word \u2018was\u2019 inserted\n\n=Podarce=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Podarces=, a son of Iphiclus of Thessaly, who went to the Trojan war.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The first name of Priam. When Troy was taken by Hercules, he was\n redeemed from slavery by his sister Hesione, and from thence received\n the name of Priam. _See:_ Priamus.\n\n=Podares=, a general of Mantinea, in the age of Epaminondas.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 9.\n\n=Podarge=, one of the Harpies, mother of two of the horses of Achilles\n by the Zephyrs. The word intimates the _swiftness_ of her _feet_.\n\n=Podargus=, a charioteer of Hector. _Homer._\n\n=P\u0153as=, son of Thaumacus, was among the Argonauts.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of\n Philoctetes. The son is often called _P\u0153antia proles_, on account of\n his father. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 45.\n\n=P\u0153c\u012dle=, a celebrated portico at Athens, which received its name from\n the _variety_ (\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2) of paintings which it contained. It was\n there that Zeno kept his school, and the stoics also received their\n lessons there, whence their name (_\u00e0_ \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b1, _a porch_). The P\u0153cile\n was adorned with pictures of gods and benefactors, and among many\n others were those of the siege and sacking of Troy, the battle of\n Theseus against the Amazons, the fight between the Laced\u00e6monians and\n Athenians at \u0152noe in Argolis, and of Atticus the great friend of\n Athens. The only reward which Miltiades obtained after the battle of\n Marathon, was to have his picture drawn more conspicuous than that of\n the rest of the officers that fought with him, in the representation\n which was made of the engagement, which was hung up in the P\u0153cile,\n in commemoration of that celebrated victory. _Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Miltiades_ & _Atticus_, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 35.\n\n=P\u0153ni=, a name given to the Carthaginians. It seems to be a corruption\n of the word _Ph\u0153ni_ or _Ph\u0153nices_, as the Carthaginians were of\n Ph\u0153nician origin. _Servius_, _on Virgil_, bk. 1, li. 302.\n\n=P\u0153on.= _See:_ P\u00e6on.\n\n=P\u0153onia=, a part of Macedonia. _See:_ P\u00e6onia.\n\n=P\u0153us=, a part of mount Pindus.\n\n=Pogon=, a harbour of the Tr\u0153zenians on the coast of the Peloponnesus.\n It received this name on account of its appearing to come forward\n before the town of Tr\u0153zene, as the _beard_ (\u03c0\u03c9\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd) does from the chin.\n _Strabo_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2.\n\n=Pola=, a city of Istria, founded by the Colchians, and afterwards\n made a Roman colony, and called _Pietas Julia_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 1 & 5.\n\n=Polemarchus.= _See:_ Archon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The assassin of Polydorus king of\n Sparta. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\n\n=Polemocratia=, a queen of Thrace, who fled to Brutus after the murder\n of C\u00e6sar. She retired from her kingdom because her subjects had\n lately murdered her husband.\n\n=P\u014fl\u0115mon=, a youth of Athens, son of Philostratus. He was much given\n to debauchery and extravagance, and spent the greatest part of his\n life in riot and drunkenness. He once, when intoxicated, entered the\n school of Xenocrates, while the philosopher was giving his pupils a\n lecture upon the effects of intemperance, and he was so struck with\n the eloquence of the academician, and the force of his arguments,\n that from that moment he renounced the dissipated life he had led,\n and applied himself totally to the study of philosophy. He was\n then in the 30th year of his age, and from that time he never drank\n any other liquor but water; and after the death of Xenocrates he\n succeeded in the school where his reformation had been affected. He\n died about 270 years before Christ, in an extreme old age. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 254.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Zeno the rhetorician, made king\n of Pontus by Antony. He attended his patron in his expedition against\n Parthia. After the battle of Actium, he was received into favour by\n Augustus, though he had fought in the cause of Antony. He was killed\n some time after by the barbarians near the Palus M\u00e6otis, against\n whom he had made war. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015His\n son, of the same name, was confirmed on his father\u2019s throne by Roman\n emperors, and the province of Cilicia was also added to his kingdom\n by Claudius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer in the army of Alexander, intimate with\n Philotas, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rhetorician at Rome,\n who wrote a poem on weights and measures still extant. He was master\n to Perseus the celebrated satirist, and died in the age of Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n sophist of Laodice in Asia Minor, in the reign of Adrian. He was\n often sent to the emperor with an embassy by his countrymen, which he\n executed with great success. He was greatly favoured by Adrian, from\n whom he extracted much money. In the 56th year of his age he buried\n himself alive, as he laboured with the gout. He wrote declamations in\n Greek.\n\n=Polemonium=, now _Vatija_, a town of Pontus, at the east of the mouth\n of the \u2666Thermodon.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Theomodon\u2019 replaced with \u2018Thermodon\u2019\n\n=Polias=, a surname of Minerva, as protectress of cities.\n\n=Polichna=, a town of Troas on Ida. _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 28.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Crete. _Thucydides_, bk. 2, ch. 85.\n\n=Polieia=, a festival at Thebes in honour of Apollo, who was\n represented there with _grey hair_ (\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2), contrary to the practice\n of all other places. The victim was a bull, but when it happened\n once that no bull could be found, an ox was taken from the cart and\n sacrificed. From that time the sacrifice of labouring oxen was deemed\n lawful, though before it was looked upon as a capital crime.\n\n=Poliorc\u0113tes= (_destroyer of cities_), a surname given to Demetrius son\n of Antigonus. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.\n\n=Polisma=, a town of Troas, on the Simois. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n\n=Polistr\u0103tus=, an Epicurean philosopher born the same day as\n Hippoclides, with whom he always lived in the greatest intimacy. They\n both died at the same hour. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_,\n bk. 1.\n\n=Pol\u012btes=, a son of Priam and Hecuba, killed by Pyrrhus in his father\u2019s\n presence. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 526, &c. His son, who bore\n the same name, followed \u00c6neas into Italy, and was one of the friends\n of young Ascanius. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 564.\n\n=Politorium=, a city of the Latins destroyed by the Romans, before\n Christ 639. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33.\n\n=Pollinea=, a prostitute, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2, li. 68.\n\n=Polla Argentaria=, the wife of the poet Lucan. She assisted her\n husband in correcting the three first books of his Pharsalia.\n _Statius_, _Sylv\u00e6_, bks. 1 & 2.\n\n=Pollentia=, now _Polenza_, a town of Liguria in Italy, famous for wool.\n There was a celebrated battle fought there between the Romans and\n Alaric king of the Huns, about the 403rd year of the christian era,\n in which the former, according to some, obtained the victory. _Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 48.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch.\n 37.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 598.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 11, _Letters\n to his Friends_, ltr. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Majorca. _Pliny_ & _Mela_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Picenum. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 44; bk. 41, ch. 27.\n\n=Polles=, a Greek poet whose writings were so obscure and unintelligible\n that his name became proverbial. _Suidas._\n\n=Pollio Caius Asinius=, a Roman consul under the reign of Augustus,\n who distinguished himself as much by his eloquence and writings as by\n his exploits in the field. He defeated the Dalmatians, and favoured\n the cause of Antony against Augustus. He patronized, with great\n liberality, the poets Virgil and Horace, who have immortalized him\n in their writings. He was the first who raised a public library at\n Rome, and indeed his example was afterwards followed by many of the\n emperors. In his library were placed the statues of all the learned\n men of every age, and Varro was the only person who was honoured\n there during his lifetime. He was with Julius C\u00e6sar when he crossed\n the Rubicon. He was greatly esteemed by Augustus, when he had become\n one of his adherents, after the ruin of Antony. Pollio wrote some\n tragedies, orations, and a history, which was divided into 17 books.\n All those compositions are lost, and nothing remains of his writings\n except a few letters to Cicero. He died in the 80th year of his age,\n A.D. 4. He is the person in whose honour Virgil has inscribed his\n fourth eclogue, _Pollio_, as a reconciliation was effected between\n Augustus and Antony during his consulship. The poet, it is supposed\n by some, makes mention of a son of the consul born about this time,\n and is lavish in his excursions into futurity, and his predictions\n of approaching prosperity. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 86.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 2, ode 1; satire 10, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poems 3 & 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Annius,\n a man accused of sedition before Tiberius, and acquitted. He\n afterwards conspired against Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, \u2666_Annals_, bk. 6,\n ch. 9; bk. 15, ch. 56.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Vedius, one of the friends of Augustus, who\n used to feed his fishes with human flesh. This cruelty was discovered\n when one of his servants broke a glass in the presence of Augustus,\n who had been invited to a feast. The master ordered the servant to be\n seized; but he threw himself at the feet of the emperor, and begged\n him to interfere, and not to suffer him to be devoured by fishes.\n Upon this the causes of his apprehension were examined, and Augustus,\n astonished at the barbarity of his favourite, caused his servant to\n be dismissed, all the fish-ponds to be filled up, and the crystal\n glasses of Pollio to be broken to pieces.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who poisoned\n Britannicus, at the instigation of Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian in the age\n of Constantine the Great.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist in the age of Pompey the Great.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of the emperor Vespasian.\n\n \u2666 Book title omitted in text\n\n=Pollis=, a commander of the Laced\u00e6monian fleet defeated at Naxos, B.C.\n 377. _Diodorus._\n\n=Pollius Felix=, a friend of the poet Statius, to whom he dedicated his\n second Sylva.\n\n=Pollupex=, now _Final_, a town of Genoa.\n\n=Pollutia=, a daughter of Lucius Vetus, put to death after her husband\n Rubellius Plautus, by order of Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 16, _Annals_,\n chs. 10 & 11.\n\n=Pollux=, a son of Jupiter by Leda the wife of Tyndarus. He was brother\n to Castor. _See:_ Castor.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek writer, who flourished A.D. 186,\n in the reign of Commodus, and died in the 58th year of his age. He\n was born at Naucratis, and taught rhetoric at Athens, and wrote a\n useful work called _Onomasticon_, of which the best edition is that\n of Hemsterhusius, 2 vols., folio, Amsterdam, 1706.\n\n=Poltis=, a king of Thrace, in the time of the Trojan war.\n\n=Polus=, a celebrated Grecian actor.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist of Agrigentum.\n\n=Polusca=, a town of Latium, formerly the capital of the Volsci. The\n inhabitants were called _Pollustini_. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 39.\n\n=Poly\u00e6nus=, a native of Macedonia, who wrote eight books in Greek of\n stratagems, which he dedicated to the emperors Antoninus and Verus,\n while they were making war against the Parthians. He wrote also\n other books which have been lost, among which was a history, with\n a description of the city of Thebes. The best editions of his\n stratagems are those of Masvicius, 8vo, Leiden, 1690, and of Mursinna,\n 12mo, Berlin, 1756.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Philop\u0153men.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator in the\n age of Julius C\u00e6sar. He wrote in three books an account of Antony\u2019s\n expedition in Parthia, and likewise published orations.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n mathematician, who afterwards followed the tenets of Epicurus,\n and disregarded geometry as a false and useless study. _Cicero_,\n _Academic\u00e6 Qu\u00e6stiones_, bk. 4.\n\n=Poly\u0101nus=, a mountain of Macedonia, near Pindus. _Strabo._\n\n=Polyarchus=, the brother of a queen of Cyrene, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Polybidas=, a general after the death of Agesipolis the Laced\u00e6monian.\n He reduced Olynthus.\n\n=Polybius=, or =Poly\u0306bus=, a king of Corinth, who married Perib\u0153a, whom\n some have called Merope. He was son of Mercury by Chthonophyle, the\n daughter of Sicyon king of Sicyon. He permitted his wife, who had no\n children, to adopt and educate as her own son, \u0152dipus, who had been\n found by his shepherds exposed in the woods. He had a daughter called\n Lysianassa, whom he gave in marriage to Talaus son of Bias king of\n Argos. As he had no male child, he left his kingdom to Adrastus,\n who had been banished from his throne, and who had fled to Corinth\n for protection. _Hyginus_, fable 66.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _\u0152dipus_, li. 812.\n\n=Polybius=, a native of Megalopolis in Peloponnesus, son of Lycortas.\n He was early initiated in the duties, and made acquainted with the\n qualifications, of a statesman, by his father, who was a strong\n supporter of the Ach\u00e6an league, and under him Philop\u0153men was taught\n the art of war. In Macedonia he distinguished himself by his valour\n against the Romans, and when Perseus had been conquered, he was\n carried to the capital of Italy as a prisoner of war. But he was not\n long buried in the obscurity of a dungeon. Scipio and Fabius were\n acquainted with his uncommon abilities as a warrior and as a man of\n learning, and they made him their friend by kindness and attention.\n Polybius was not insensible to their merit; he accompanied Scipio\n in his expeditions, and was present at the taking of Carthage and\n Numantia. In the midst of his prosperity, however, he felt the\n distresses of his country, which had been reduced into a Roman\n province, and, like a true patriot, he relieved its wants, and eased\n its servitude by making use of the influence which he had acquired\n by his acquaintance with the most powerful Romans. After the death\n of his friend and benefactor Scipio, he retired from Rome, and passed\n the rest of his days at Megalopolis, where he enjoyed the comforts\n and honours which every good man can receive from the gratitude of\n his citizens, and from the self-satisfaction which attends a humane\n and benevolent heart. He died in the 82nd year of his age, about 124\n years before Christ, of a wound which he had received by a fall from\n his horse. He wrote a universal history in Greek, divided into 40\n books, which began with the wars of Rome with the Carthaginians, and\n finished with the conquest of Macedonia by Paulus. The greatest part\n of this valuable history is lost; the five first books are extant,\n and of the 12 following the fragments are numerous. The history\n of Polybius is admired for its authenticity, and he is, perhaps,\n the only historian among the Greeks who was experimentally and\n professedly acquainted with the military operations and the political\n measures of which he makes mention. He has been recommended in every\n age and country as the best master in the art of war, and nothing\n can more effectually prove the esteem in which he was held among the\n Romans, than to mention that Brutus the murderer of C\u00e6sar perused\n his history with the greatest attention, epitomized it, and often\n retired from the field where he had drawn his sword against Octavius\n and Antony, to read the instructive pages which describe the great\n actions of his ancestors. Polybius, however great and entertaining,\n is sometimes censured for his unnecessary digressions, for his\n uncouth and ill-digested narrations, for his negligence, and\n the inaccurate arrangement of his words. But everywhere there is\n instruction to be found, information to be collected, and curious\n facts to be obtained, and it reflects not much honour upon Livy for\n calling the historian, from whom he has copied whole books almost\n word for word, without gratitude or acknowledgment, _haudquaquam\n spernendus auctor_. Dionysius also, of Halicarnassus, is one of\n his most violent accusers; but the historian has rather exposed his\n ignorance of true criticism, than discovered inaccuracy or inelegance.\n The best editions of Polybius are those of Gronovius, 3 vols., 8vo,\n Amsterdam, 1670; of Ernesti, 3 vols., 8vo, 1764; and of Schweigh\u00e6user,\n 7 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1785. _Plutarch_, _Philop\u0153men_, preface.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 45.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A freedman\n of Augustus. _Suetonius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician, disciple, and successor of\n Hippocrates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A soothsayer of Corinth, who foretold to his sons the\n fate that attended them in the Trojan war.\n\n=Polyb\u0153a=, a daughter of Amyclas and Diomede, sister to Hyacinthus.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 19.\n\n=Polyb\u0153tes.= _See:_ Polyp\u0153tes.\n\n=Polyb\u014dtes=, one of the giants who made war against Jupiter. He was\n killed by Neptune, who crushed him under a part of the island of\n Cos, as he was walking across the \u00c6gean. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, preface to fables.\n\n=Polybus=, a king of Thebes in Egypt in the time of the Trojan war.\n _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 22, li. 284.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Penelope\u2019s suitors.\n _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Sicyon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Corinth.\n _See:_ Polybius.\n\n=Polyc\u0101on=, a son of Lelex, who succeeded his brother Myles. He\n received divine honours after death, with his wife Messene, at\n Laced\u00e6mon, where he had reigned. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Butes, who married a daughter of Hyllus.\n\n=Polycarpus=, a famous Greek writer, born at Smyrna, and educated at\n the expense of a rich but pious lady. Some suppose that he was St.\n John\u2019s disciple. He became bishop of Smyrna, and went to Rome to\n settle the festival of Easter, but to no purpose. He was condemned\n to be burnt at Smyrna, A.D. 167. His epistle to the Philippians is\n simple and modest, yet replete with useful precepts and rules for the\n conduct of life. The best edition of Polycarp\u2019s epistle is that of\n Oxford, 8vo, 1708, being annexed to the works of Ignatius.\n\n=Polycaste=, the youngest of the daughters of Nestor. According to some\n authors she married Telemachus, when he visited her father\u2019s court in\n quest of Ulysses.\n\n=Polych\u0103res=, a rich Messenian, said to have been the cause of the war\n which was kindled between the Spartans and his countrymen, which was\n called the first Messenian war.\n\n=Polycl\u0113a=, the mother of Thessalus, &c.\n\n=Poly\u0306cles=, an Athenian in the time of Demetrius, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous athlete, often crowned at the four solemn games of the\n Greeks. He had a statue in Jupiter\u2019s grove at Olympia. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 6, ch. 1.\n\n=Polycl\u0113tus=, a celebrated statuary of Sicyon, about 232 years before\n Christ. He was universally reckoned the most skilful artist of his\n profession among the ancients, and the second rank was given to\n Phidias. One of his pieces, in which he had represented a body-guard\n of the king of Persia, was so happily executed, and so nice and exact\n in all its proportions, that it was looked upon as a most perfect\n model, and accordingly called _the Rule_. He was acquainted with\n architecture. _Pausanias_, bks. 2 & 6.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who lived about 30 years after.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A favourite of the\n emperor Nero, put to death by Galba.\n\n=Polycl\u012btus=, an historian of Larissa. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_,\n bk. 16, ch. 41.\n\n=Polycr\u0103tes=, a tyrant of Samos, well known for the continual flow of\n good fortune which attended him. He became very powerful, and made\n himself master, not only of the neighbouring islands, but also of\n some cities on the coast of Asia. He had a fleet of 100 ships of\n war, and was so universally respected, that Amasis the king of Egypt\n made a treaty of alliance with him. The Egyptian monarch, however,\n terrified by his continued prosperity, advised him to chequer his\n enjoyments, by relinquishing some of his most favourite objects.\n Polycrates complied, and threw into the sea a beautiful seal, the\n most valuable of his jewels. The voluntary loss of so precious a seal\n afflicted him for some time, but in a few days after, he received as\n a present a large fish, in whose belly the jewel was found. Amasis\n no sooner heard this, than he rejected all alliance with the tyrant\n of Samos, and observed, that sooner or later his good fortune would\n vanish. Some time after Polycrates visited Magnesia on the M\u00e6ander,\n where he had been invited by Or\u0153tes the governor. He was shamefully\n put to death, 522 years before Christ, merely because the governor\n wished to terminate the prosperity of Polycrates. The daughter\n of Polycrates had dissuaded her father from going to the house\n of Or\u0153tes, on account of the bad dreams which she had had, but\n her advice was disregarded. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 22, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist of Athens,\n who, to engage the public attention, wrote a panegyric on Busiris and\n Clytemnestra. _Quintilian_, bk. 2, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient statuary.\n\n=Polycr\u0113ta=, or =Polycr\u012bta=, a young woman of Naxos, who became the\n wife of Diognetus the general of the Erythreans, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_,\n bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another woman of Naxos, who died through the excess of joy.\n _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum virtutes_.\n\n=Polycr\u012dtus=, a man who wrote the life of Dionysius the tyrant of\n Sicily.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Polyctor=, the husband of Stygna, one of the Danaides. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Pisander, one of Penelope\u2019s suitors.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An athlete of Elis. It is said that he obtained a victory at\n Olympia by bribing his adversary Sosander, who was superior to him in\n strength and courage. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21.\n\n=Polyd\u00e6mon=, an Assyrian prince killed by Perseus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable 3.\n\n=Polyd\u0103mas=, a Trojan, son of Antenor by Theano the sister of Hecuba.\n He married Lycaste, a natural daughter of Priam. He is accused by\n some of having betrayed his country to the Greeks. _Dares Phrygius._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Panthous, born the same night as Hector. He was\n inferior in valour to none of the Trojans, except Hector, and his\n prudence, the wisdom of his counsels, and the firmness of his mind,\n claimed equal admiration, and proved most salutary to his unfortunate\n and misguided countrymen. He was at last killed by Ajax, after he had\n slaughtered a great number of the enemy. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 12, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated athlete, son of\n Nicias, who imitated Hercules in whatever he did. He killed a lion\n with his fist, and it is said that he could stop with his hand a\n chariot in its most rapid course. He was one day with some of his\n friends in a cave, when on a sudden a large piece of rock came\n tumbling down; and while all fled away, he attempted to receive the\n fallen fragment in his arms. His prodigious strength, however, was\n insufficient, and he was instantly crushed to pieces under the rock.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Alexander\u2019s officers, intimate\n with Parmenio. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 15.\n\n=Polydamna=, a wife of Thonis king of Egypt. It is said that she gave\n Helen a certain powder, which had the wonderful power of driving away\n care and melancholy. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 228.\n\n=Polydectes=, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclid\u00e6. He was\n son of Eunomus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Magnes, king\n of the island of Seriphos. He received with great kindness Danae and\n her son Perseus, who had been exposed on the sea by Acrisius. _See:_\n Perseus. He took particular care of the education of Perseus; but\n when he became enamoured of Danae, he removed him from his kingdom,\n apprehensive of his resentment. Some time after he paid his addresses\n to Danae, and when she rejected him, he prepared to offer her\n violence. Danae fled to the altar of Minerva for protection, and\n Dictys the brother of Polydectes, who had himself saved her from the\n sea-waters, opposed her ravisher and armed himself in her defence.\n At this critical moment, Perseus arrived, and with Medusa\u2019s head\n he turned into stones Polydectes, with the associates of his guilt.\n The crown of Seriphos was given to Dictys, who had shown himself so\n active in the cause of innocence. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,\n li. 242.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 63, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sculptor of Greece. _Pliny._\n\n=Polydeuc\u0113a=, a fountain of Laconia, near Therapne. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Polyd\u014dra=, a daughter of Peleus king of Thessaly, by Antigone the\n daughter of Eurytion. She married the river Sperchius, by whom she\n had Mnestheus. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Oceanides. _Hesiod._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Meleager king of Calydon, who married Protesilaus. She\n killed herself when she heard that her husband was dead. The wife\n of Protesilaus is more commonly called Laodamia. _See:_ Protesilaus.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Perieres.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island of\n the Propontis near Cyzicus.\n\n=Polyd\u014drus=, a son of Alcamenes king of Sparta. He put an end to the\n war which had been carried on during 20 years, between Messenia and\n his subjects; and during his reign, the Laced\u00e6monians planted two\n colonies, one at Crotona, and the other at Locri. He was universally\n respected. He was assassinated by a nobleman, called Polemarchus. His\n son Eurycrates succeeded him 724 years before Christ. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 204.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated carver of Rhodes,\n who with one stone made the famous statue of Laocoon and his children.\n _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hippomedon, who went with the\n Epigoni to the second Theban war. _Pausanias_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Cadmus and Hermione, who married Nycteis, by whom he had Labdacus\n the father of Laius. He had succeeded to the throne of Thebes,\n when his father had gone to Illyricum. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n brother of Jason of Pher\u00e6, who killed his brother and seized upon his\n possessions. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Priam killed by Achilles.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another son of Priam by Hecuba, or, according to others, by\n Laothoe the daughter of Altes king of Pedasus. As he was young\n and inexperienced when Troy was besieged by the Greeks, his father\n removed him to the court of Polymnestor king of Thrace, and also\n entrusted to the care of the monarch a large sum of money, and the\n greatest part of his treasures, till his country was freed from\n foreign invasion. No sooner was the death of Priam known in Thrace,\n than Polymnestor made himself master of the riches which were in\n his possession; and to ensure them the better, he assassinated young\n Polydorus, and threw his body into the sea, where it was found by\n Hecuba. _See:_ Hecuba. According to Virgil, the body of Polydorus was\n buried near the shore by his assassin, and there grew on his grave\n a myrtle, whose boughs dropped blood, when \u00c6neas, going to Italy,\n attempted to tear them from the tree. _See:_ Polymnestor. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bks. 3, 21, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 432.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20.\u2015\u2015_Dictys\n Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 18.\n\n=Polygius=, a surname of Mercury. _Pausanias._\n\n=Polygn\u014dtus=, a celebrated painter of Thasos, about 422 years before\n the christian era. His father\u2019s name was Aglaophon. He adorned\n one of the public porticoes of Athens with his paintings, in which\n he had represented the most striking events of the Trojan war. He\n particularly excelled in giving grace, liveliness, and expression to\n his pieces. The Athenians were so pleased with him, that they offered\n to reward his labours with whatever he pleased to accept. He declined\n this generous offer, and the Amphictyonic council, which was composed\n of the representatives of the principal cities of Greece, ordered\n that Polygnotus should be maintained at the public expense \u2666wherever\n he went.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 12, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bks. 33 & 34.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Cimon_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 34.\n\n \u2666 \u2018whereever\u2019 replaced with \u2018wherever\u2019\n\n=Polyg\u014fnus= and =Telegonus=, sons of Proteus and Coronis, were killed\n by Hercules. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Polyhymnia= and =Polymnia=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and\n Mnemosyne. She presided over singing and rhetoric, and was deemed the\n inventress of harmony. She was represented veiled in white, holding\n a sceptre in her left hand, and with her right raised up, as if\n ready to harangue. She had a crown of jewels on her head. _Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, lis. 75 & 915.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 1.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_ _Fasti_, bk. 5, lis. 9 & 53.\n\n=Polyidus=, a physician who brought back to life Glaucus the son of\n Minos, by applying to his body a certain herb, with which he had seen\n a serpent restore life to another which was dead. _See:_ Glaucus.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Hercules by one of the daughters of Thestius. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Corinthian soothsayer, called also _Polybius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A dithyrambic poet,\n painter, and musician.\n\n=Polyl\u0101us=, a son of Hercules and Crathe, daughter of Thespius.\n\n=Polym\u0115nes=, an officer appointed to take care of Egypt after it had\n been conquered by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 8.\n\n=Polym\u0113de=, a daughter of Autolycus, who married \u00c6son, by whom she had\n Jason. She survived her husband only a few days. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 13.\n\n=Polymedon=, one of Priam\u2019s illegitimate children.\n\n=Polym\u0113la=, one of Diana\u2019s companions. She was daughter of Phylas,\n and had a son by Mercury. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n \u00c6olus, seduced by Ulysses.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Actor. She was the first\n wife of Peleus the father of Achilles.\n\n=Polymnestes=, a Greek poet of Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 14.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Thera, father of Battus, or Aristotle, by Phronima\n the daughter of Etearchus king of Oaxus. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 150.\n\n=Polymnestor=, a king of the Thracian Chersonesus, who married Ilione,\n the eldest of Priam\u2019s daughters. When the Greeks besieged Troy, Priam\n sent the greatest part of his treasures, together with Polydorus,\n the youngest of his sons, to Thrace, where they were entrusted to\n the care of Polymnestor. The Thracian monarch paid every attention\n to his brother-in-law; but when he was informed that Priam was dead,\n he murdered him to become master of the riches which were in his\n possession. At that time, the Greeks were returning victorious from\n Troy, followed by all the captives, among whom was Hecuba the mother\n of Polydorus. The fleet stopped on the coast of Thrace, where one of\n the female captives discovered on the shore the body of Polydorus,\n whom Polymnestor had thrown into the sea. The dreadful intelligence\n was immediately communicated to the mother, and Hecuba, who\n recollected the frightful dreams which she had had on the preceding\n night, did not doubt but Polymnestor was the cruel assassin. She\n resolved to revenge her son\u2019s death, and immediately she called out\n Polymnestor, as if wishing to impart to him a matter of the most\n important nature. The tyrant was drawn into the snare, and was no\n sooner introduced into the apartments of the Trojan princess, than\n the female captives rushed upon him and put out his eyes with their\n pins, while Hecuba murdered his two children who had accompanied\n him. According to Euripides, the Greeks condemned Polymnestor to be\n banished into a distant island for his perfidy. Hyginus, however,\n relates the whole differently, and observes, that when Polydorus\n was sent to Thrace, Ilione his sister took him instead of her son\n Deiphilus, who was of the same age, apprehensive of her husband\u2019s\n cruelty. The monarch was unacquainted with the imposition; he looked\n upon Polydorus as his own son, and treated Deiphilus as the brother\n of Ilione. After the destruction of Troy, the conquerors, who wished\n the house and family of Priam to be totally extirpated, offered\n Electra the daughter of Agamemnon to Polymnestor, if he would destroy\n Ilione and Polydorus. The monarch accepted the offer, and immediately\n despatched his own son Deiphilus, whom he had been taught to regard\n as Polydorus. Polydorus, who passed as the son of Polymnestor,\n consulted the oracle after the murder of Deiphilus, and when he was\n informed that his father was dead, his mother a captive in the hands\n of the Greeks, and his country in ruins, he communicated the answer\n of the god to Ilione, whom he had always regarded as his mother.\n Ilione told him the measures she had pursued to save his life,\n and upon this he avenged the perfidy of Polymnestor by putting out\n his eyes. _Euripides_, _Hecuba_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 102.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 45, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13,\n li. 430, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Arcadia, succeeded on the throne by Ecmis.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A young Milesian who took a hare in running,\n and afterwards obtained a prize at the Olympic games.\n\n=Poly\u0306n\u012bces=, a son of \u0152dipus king of Thebes by Jocasta. He inherited\n his father\u2019s throne with his brother Eteocles, and it was mutually\n agreed between the two brothers, that they should reign each a year\n alternately. Eteocles first ascended the throne by right of seniority;\n but when the year was expired, he refused to resign the crown to his\n brother. Polynices, upon this, fled to Argos, where he married Argia,\n the daughter of Adrastus the king of the country, and levied a large\n army, at the head of which he marched to Thebes. The command of this\n army was divided among seven celebrated chiefs, who were to attack\n the seven gates of the city of Thebes. The battle was decided by a\n single combat between the two brothers, who both killed one another.\n _See:_ Eteocles. _Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_,\n _Phoenician Women_.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _\u0152dipus_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 68, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 20; bk. 9, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Polynoe=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\n\n=Polyp\u0113mon=, a famous thief, called also _Procrustes_, who plundered\n all the travellers about the Cephisus, and near Eleusis in Attica.\n He was killed by Theseus. Ovid calls him father of Procrustes, and\n Apollodorus of Sinus. _See:_ Procrustes. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 409.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\n\n=Polyperchon=, or =Polysperchon=, one of the officers of Alexander.\n Antipater, at his death, appointed him governor of the kingdom of\n Macedonia, in preference to his own son Cassander. Polyperchon,\n though old, and a man of experience, showed great ignorance in the\n administration of the government. He became cruel, not only to the\n Greeks, or such as opposed his ambitious views, but even to the\n helpless and innocent children and friends of Alexander, to whom he\n was indebted for his rise and military reputation. He was killed in a\n battle 309 B.C. _Curtius._\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 17, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 13.\n\n=Polyph\u0113mus=, a celebrated Cyclops, king of all the Cyclops in\n Sicily, and son of Neptune and Thoosa the daughter of Phorcys. He\n is represented as a monster of strength, of tall stature, and one\n eye in the middle of the forehead. He fed upon human flesh, and kept\n his flocks on the coasts of Sicily, when Ulysses, at his return from\n the Trojan war, was driven there. The Grecian prince, with 12 of his\n companions, visited the coast, and were seized by the Cyclops, who\n confined them in his cave, and daily devoured two of them. Ulysses\n would have shared the fate of his companions, had he not intoxicated\n the Cyclops, and put out his eye with a firebrand while he was asleep.\n Polyphemus was awaked by the sudden pain; he stopped the entrance\n of his cave, but Ulysses made his escape by creeping between the\n legs of the rams of the Cyclops, as they were led out to feed on the\n mountains. Polyphemus became enamoured of Galat\u00e6a, but his addresses\n were disregarded, and the nymph shunned his presence. The Cyclops\n was more earnest, and when he saw Galat\u00e6a surrender herself to the\n pleasures of Acis, he crushed his rival with a piece of a broken\n rock. _Theocritus_, poem 1.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 772.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 19.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Cyclops_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 125.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 619, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n Argonauts, son of Elatus and Hippea. _Hyginus_, fable 14.\n\n=Polyphonta=, one of Diana\u2019s nymphs, daughter of Hipponus and Thraosa.\n\n=Polyphontes=, one of the Heraclid\u00e6, who killed Cresphontes king of\n Messenia, and usurped his crown. _Hyginus_, fable 137.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n Theban generals, under Eteocles. _Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.\n\n=Polyp\u0153tes=, a son of Pirithous and Hippodamia, at the Trojan war.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Apollo by Pythia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Trojans whom \u00c6neas saw when he\n visited the infernal regions. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 484.\n\n=Polysperchon.= _See:_ Polyperchon.\n\n=Polystr\u0101tus=, a Macedonian soldier, who found Darius after he had been\n stabbed by Bessus, and gave him water to drink, and carried the last\n injunctions of the dying monarch to Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch.\n 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An epicurean philosopher who flourished B.C. 238.\n\n=Polytecnus=, an artist of Colophon, who married \u00c6don the daughter of\n Pandarus.\n\n=Polytion=, a friend of Alcibiades, with whom he profaned the mysteries\n of Ceres. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\n\n=Polytim\u0113tus=, a river of Sogdiana. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4.\n\n=Polyphron=, a prince killed by his nephew Alexander the tyrant of\n Pher\u00e6.\n\n=Polytr\u014fpus=, a man sent by the Laced\u00e6monians with an army against the\n Arcadians. He was killed at Orchomenus. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\n\n=Polyx\u0115na=, a daughter of Priam and Hecuba, celebrated for her beauty\n and accomplishments. Achilles became enamoured of her, and solicited\n her hand, and their marriage would have been consummated, had not\n Hector her brother opposed it. Polyxena, according to some authors,\n accompanied her father when he went to the tent of Achilles to redeem\n the body of his son Hector. Some time after, the Grecian hero came\n into the temple of Apollo to obtain a sight of the Trojan princess,\n but he was murdered there by Paris; and Polyxena, who had returned\n his affection, was so afflicted at his death, that she went and\n sacrificed herself on his tomb. Some, however, suppose that that\n sacrifice was not voluntary, but that the manes of Achilles appeared\n to the Greeks as they were going to embark, and demanded of them\n the sacrifice of Polyxena. The princess, who was in the number of\n the captives, was upon this dragged to her lover\u2019s tomb, and there\n immolated by Neoptolemus the son of Achilles. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 13, fable 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bks. 3 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 321.\u2015\u2015_Catullus_, poem 65.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 90.\n\n=Polyxen\u012ddas=, a Syrian general, who flourished B.C. 192.\n\n=Polyx\u0115nus=, one of the Greek princes during the Trojan war. His\n father\u2019s name was Agasthenes. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 5, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Medea by Jason.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A young Athenian who\n became blind, &c. _Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of\n Dionysius, from whom he revolted.\n\n=Polyxo=, a priestess of Apollo\u2019s temple in Lemnos. She was also nurse\n to queen Hypsipyle. It was by her advice that the Lemnian women\n murdered all their husbands. _Apollonius_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Atlantides.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Argos,\n who married Tlepolemus son of Hercules. She followed him to Rhodes,\n after the murder of his uncle Licymnius, and when he departed for\n the Trojan war with the rest of the Greek princes, she became the\n sole mistress of the kingdom. After the Trojan war, Helen fled from\n Peloponnesus to Rhodes, where Polyxo reigned. Polyxo detained her,\n and to punish her as being the cause of a war, in which Tlepolemus\n had perished, she ordered her to be hanged on a tree by her\n female servants, disguised in the habit of Furies. _See:_ Helena.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Nycteus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n wives of Danaus.\n\n=Polyz\u0113lus=, a Greek poet of Rhodes. He had written a poem on the\n origin and birth of Bacchus, Venus, the Muses, &c. Some of his verses\n are quoted by Athen\u00e6us. _Hyginus_, _Poetica Astronomica_, bk. 2,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian archon.\n\n=Pomax\u00e6thres=, a Parthian soldier, who killed Crassus, according to\n some. _Plutarch._\n\n=Pometia=, =Pometii=, =Pometia Suessa=, a town of the Volsci in Latium,\n totally destroyed by the Romans, because it had revolted. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 775.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 17.\n\n=Pomet\u012bna=, one of the tribes of the people at Rome.\n\n=Pom\u014dna=, a nymph at Rome, who was supposed to preside over gardens and\n to be the goddess of all sorts of fruit trees. She had a temple at\n Rome, and a regular priest called _Flamen Pomonalis_, who offered\n sacrifices to her divinity, for the preservation of fruit. She was\n generally represented as sitting on a basket full of flowers and\n fruit, and holding a bough in one hand and apples in the other.\n Pomona was particularly delighted with the cultivation of the earth;\n she disdained the toils of the field, and the fatigues of hunting.\n Many of the gods of the country endeavoured to gain her affection,\n but she received their addresses with coldness. Vertumnus was the\n only one who, by assuming different shapes, and introducing himself\n into her company, under the form of an old woman, prevailed upon\n her to break her vow of celibacy and to marry him. This deity was\n unknown among the Greeks. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 628,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_.\n\n=Pompeia=, a daughter of Sextus Pompey by Scribonia. She was promised\n to Marcellus, as a means of procuring a reconciliation between her\n father and the triumvirs, but she married Scribonius Libo.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Pompey the Great, Julius C\u00e6sar\u2019s third wife. She was\n accused of incontinence, because Clodius had introduced himself in\n women\u2019s clothes into the room where she was celebrating the mysteries\n of Cybele. C\u00e6sar repudiated her upon this accusation. _Plutarch._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Ann\u00e6us Seneca, was the daughter of Pompeius Paulinus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was a portico at Rome, called _Pompeia_, much frequented\n by all orders of people. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, li. 67.\u2015\u2015_Martial_,\n bk. 11, ltr. 48.\n\n=Pompeia lex=, by Pompey the Great, _de ambitu_, A.U.C. 701. It\n ordained that whatever person had been convicted of the crime\n of _ambitus_, should be pardoned, provided he could impeach two\n others of the same crime, and occasion the condemnation of one of\n them.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another by the same, A.U.C. 701, which forbade the use\n of _laudatores_ in trials, or persons who gave a good character of\n the prisoner then impeached.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another by the same, A.U.C. 683.\n It restored to the tribunes their original power and authority, of\n which they had been deprived by the Cornelian law.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another by\n the same, A.U.C. 701. It shortened the forms of trials, and enacted\n that the three first days of a trial should be employed in examining\n witnesses, and it allowed only one day to the parties to make their\n accusation and defence. The plaintiff was confined to two hours, and\n the defendant to three. This law had for its object the riots, which\n happened from the quarrels of Clodius and Milo.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another by the\n same, A.U.C. 698. It required that the judges should be the richest\n of every century, contrary to the usual form. It was, however,\n requisite that they should be such as the Aurelian law prescribed.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of the same, A.U.C. 701. Pompey was by this empowered to\n continue in the government of Spain five years longer.\n\n=Pompei\u0101nus Jupiter=, a large statue of Jupiter, near Pompey\u2019s theatre,\n whence it received its name. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7.\n\n=Pompei\u0101nus=, a Roman knight of Antioch, raised to offices of the\n greatest trust, under the emperor Aurelius, whose daughter Lucilla\n he married. He lived in great popularity at Rome, and retired from\n the court when Commodus succeeded to the imperial crown. He ought,\n according to Julian\u2019s opinion, to have been chosen and adopted as\n successor by Marcus Aurelius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Maxentius, killed by\n Constantine.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman put to death by Caracalla.\n\n=Pompeii=, or =Pompeium=, a town of Campania, built, as some suppose,\n by Hercules, and so called because the hero there exhibited the long\n procession (_pompa_) of the herds of Geryon, which he had obtained\n by conquest. It was partly demolished by an earthquake, A.D. 63,\n and afterwards rebuilt. Sixteen years after it was swallowed up by\n another earthquake, which accompanied one of the eruptions of mount\n Vesuvius. Herculaneum, in its neighbourhood, shared the same fate.\n The people of the town were then assembled in a theatre, where\n public spectacles were exhibited. _See:_ Herculaneum. _Livy_, bk. 9,\n ch. 38.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Qu\u00e6stiones Naturales_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Solinus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Pompeiop\u014flis=, a town of Cilicia, formerly called _Soli_. _Mela_,\n bk. 1, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Paphlagonia, originally called\n _Eupatoria_, which name was exchanged when Pompey conquered\n Mithridates.\n\n=Quintus Pompeius=, a consul who carried on war against the Numantines,\n and made a shameful treaty. He is the first of that noble family,\n of whom mention is made. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cneus, a Roman\n general, who made war against the Marsi, and triumphed over the\n Piceni. He declared himself against Cinna and Marius, and supported\n the interest of the republic. He was surnamed _Strabo_, because he\n squinted. While he was marching against Marius, a plague broke out in\n his army, and raged with such violence, that it carried away 11,000\n men in a few days. He was killed by a flash of lightning, and as he\n had behaved with cruelty while in power, the people dragged his body\n through the streets of Rome with an iron hook, and threw it into the\n Tiber. _Paterculus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Pompey_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015 Rufus, a Roman\n consul with Sylla. He was sent to finish the Marsian war, but the\n army mutinied at the instigation of Pompeius Strabo, whom he was to\n succeed in command, and he was assassinated by some of the soldiers.\n _Appian_, _Civil Wars_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general who succeeded Metellus\n in Spain, and was the occasion of a war with Numantia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another\n general, taken prisoner by Mithridates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sextus, a governor of\n Spain, who cured himself of the gout by placing himself in corn above\n the knee. _Pliny_, bk. 22, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Rufus, a grandson of Sylla.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune of the soldiers in Nero\u2019s reign, deprived of his office\n when Piso\u2019s conspiracy was discovered. _Tacitus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul praised\n for his learning and abilities. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Theophanes of Mitylene, famous for his intimacy with\n Pompey the Great, and for his writings. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune of a pretorian cohort under Galba.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman knight,\n put to death by the emperor Claudius for his adultery with Messalina.\n _Tacitus_, bk. 11, _Annals_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cneus, surnamed _Magnus_, from the\n greatness of his exploits, was son of Pompeius Strabo and Lucilia.\n He early distinguished himself in the field of battle, and fought\n with success and bravery under his father, whose courage and military\n prudence he imitated. He began his career with great popularity;\n the beauty and elegance of his person gained him admirers, and by\n pleading at the bar he displayed his eloquence, and received the\n most unbounded applause. In the disturbances which agitated Rome,\n by the ambition and avarice of Marius and Sylla, Pompey followed the\n interest of the latter, and by levying three legions for his service\n he gained his friendship and his protection. In the 26th year of\n his age, he conquered Sicily, which was in the power of Marius and\n his adherents, and in 40 days he regained all the territories of\n Africa, which had forsaken the interest of Sylla. This rapid success\n astonished the Romans, and Sylla, who admired and dreaded the rising\n power of Pompey, recalled him to Rome. Pompey immediately obeyed,\n and the dictator, by saluting him with the appellation of the Great,\n showed to the world what expectations he formed from the maturer age\n of his victorious lieutenant. This sounding title was not sufficient\n to gratify the ambition of Pompey; he demanded a triumph, and when\n Sylla refused to grant it, he emphatically exclaimed, that the\n sun shone with more ardour at his rising than at his setting. His\n assurance gained what petitions and entreaties could not obtain,\n and he was the first Roman knight who, without an office under the\n appointment of the senate, marched in triumphal procession through\n the streets of Rome. He now appeared, not as a \u2666dependent, but\n as a rival, of the dictator, and his opposition to his measures\n totally excluded him from his will. After the death of Sylla, Pompey\n supported himself against the remains of the Marian faction, which\n was headed by Lepidus. He defeated them, put an end to the war which\n the revolt of Sertorius in Spain had occasioned, and obtained a\n second triumph, though still a private citizen, about 73 years before\n the christian era. He was soon after made consul, and in that office\n he restored the tribunitial power to its original dignity, and in\n 40 days removed the pirates from the Mediterranean, where they had\n reigned for many years, and by their continual plunder and audacity,\n almost destroyed the whole naval power of Rome. While he prosecuted\n the piratical war, and extirpated these maritime robbers in their\n obscure retreat in Cilicia, Pompey was called to greater undertakings,\n and by the influence of his friends at Rome, and of the tribune\n Manilius, he was empowered to finish the war against two of the most\n powerful monarchs of Asia\u2015\u2015Mithridates king of Pontus, and Tigranes\n king of Armenia. In this expedition Pompey showed himself no ways\n inferior to Lucullus, who was then at the head of the Roman armies,\n and who resigned with reluctance an office which would have made\n him the conqueror of Mithridates and the master of all Asia. His\n operations against the king of Pontus were bold and vigorous, and\n in a general engagement the Romans so totally defeated the enemy,\n that the Asiatic monarch escaped with difficulty from the field of\n battle. _See:_ Mithridaticum bellum. Pompey did not lose sight of the\n advantages which despatch would ensure; he entered Armenia, received\n the submission of king Tigranes, and after he had conquered the\n Albanians and Iberians, visited countries which were scarce known\n to the Romans, and, like a master of the world, disposed of kingdoms\n and provinces, and received homage from 12 crowned heads at once; he\n entered Syria, and pushed his conquests as far as the Red sea. Part\n of Arabia was subdued, Judea became a Roman province, and when he had\n now nothing to fear from Mithridates, who had voluntarily destroyed\n himself, Pompey returned to Italy with all the pomp and majesty of\n an eastern conqueror. The Romans dreaded his approach; they knew his\n power and his influence among his troops, and they feared the return\n of another tyrannical Sylla. Pompey, however, banished their fears;\n he disbanded his army, and the conqueror of Asia entered Rome like\n a private citizen. This modest and prudent behaviour gained him\n more friends and adherents than the most unbounded power, aided with\n profusion and liberality. He was honoured with a triumph, and the\n Romans, for three successive days, gazed with astonishment on the\n riches and the spoils which their conquests had acquired in the east,\n and expressed their raptures at the sight of the different nations,\n habits, and treasures which preceded the conqueror\u2019s chariot. But\n it was not this alone which gratified the ambition, and flattered\n the pride of the Romans; the advantages of their conquests were more\n lasting than an empty show, and when 20,000 talents were brought\n into the public treasury, and when the revenues of the republic were\n raised from 50 to 85 millions of drachm\u00e6, Pompey became more powerful,\n more flattered, and more envied. To strengthen himself, and to\n triumph over his enemies, Pompey soon after united his interest\n with that of C\u00e6sar and Crassus, and formed the first triumvirate,\n by solemnly swearing that their attachment should be mutual, their\n cause common, and their union permanent. The agreement was completed\n by the marriage of Pompey with Julia the daughter of C\u00e6sar, and\n the provinces of the republic were arbitrarily divided among the\n triumvirs. Pompey was allotted Africa and the two Spains, while\n Crassus repaired to Syria, to add Parthia to the empire of Rome,\n and C\u00e6sar remained satisfied with the rest, and the continuation of\n his power as governor of Gaul for five additional years. But this\n powerful confederacy was soon broken; the sudden death of Julia,\n and the total defeat of Crassus in Syria, shattered the political\n bands which held the jarring interest of C\u00e6sar and Pompey united.\n Pompey dreaded his father-in-law, and yet he affected to despise\n him; and by suffering anarchy to prevail in Rome, he convinced his\n fellow-citizens of the necessity of investing him with dictatorial\n power. But while the conqueror of Mithridates was as a sovereign\n at Rome, the adherents of C\u00e6sar were not silent. They demanded that\n either the consulship should be given to him, or that he should be\n continued in the government of Gaul. This just demand would perhaps\n have been granted, but Cato opposed it, and when Pompey sent for the\n two legions which he had lent to C\u00e6sar, the breach became more wide,\n and a civil war inevitable. C\u00e6sar was privately preparing to meet\n his enemies, while Pompey remained indolent, and gratified his pride\n in seeing all Italy celebrate his recovery from an indisposition by\n universal rejoicings. But he was soon roused from his inactivity, and\n it was now time to find his friends, if anything could be obtained\n from the caprice and the fickleness of a people which he had once\n delighted and amused, by the exhibition of games and spectacles\n in a theatre which could contain 20,000 spectators. C\u00e6sar was now\n near Rome, he had crossed the Rubicon, which was a declaration of\n hostilities, and Pompey, who had once boasted that he could raise\n legions to his assistance by stamping on the ground with his foot,\n fled from the city with precipitation, and retired to Brundusium\n with the consuls and part of the senators. His cause, indeed, was\n popular; he had been invested with discretionary power, the senate\n had entreated him to protect the republic against the usurpation and\n tyranny of C\u00e6sar, and Cato, by embracing his cause, and appearing in\n his camp, seemed to indicate that he was the friend of the republic,\n and the assertor of Roman liberty and independence. But C\u00e6sar was\n now master of Rome, and in 60 days all Italy acknowledged his power,\n and the conqueror hastened to Spain, there to defeat the interest\n of Pompey, and to alienate the hearts of his soldiers. He was too\n successful, and when he had gained to his cause the western parts of\n the Roman empire, C\u00e6sar crossed Italy and arrived in Greece, where\n Pompey had retired, supported by all the power of the east, the\n wishes of the republican Romans, and a numerous and well-disciplined\n army. Though superior in numbers, he refused to give the enemy battle,\n while C\u00e6sar continually harassed him, and even attacked his camp.\n Pompey repelled him with great success, and he might have decided the\n war, if he had continued to pursue the enemy, while their confusion\n was great, and their escape almost impossible. Want of provisions\n obliged C\u00e6sar to advance towards Thessaly; Pompey pursued him,\n and in the plains of Pharsalia the two armies engaged. The whole\n was conducted against the advice and approbation of Pompey; and\n by suffering his troops to wait for the approach of the enemy, he\n deprived his soldiers of that advantage which the army of C\u00e6sar\n obtained by running to the charge with spirit, vigour, and animation.\n The cavalry of Pompey soon gave way, and the general retired to his\n camp, overwhelmed with grief and shame. But here there was no safety;\n the conqueror pushed on every side, and Pompey disguised himself, and\n fled to the sea-coast, whence he passed to Egypt, where he hoped to\n find a safe asylum, till better and more favourable moments returned,\n in the court of Ptolemy, a prince whom he had once protected and\n ensured on his throne. When Ptolemy was told that Pompey claimed\n his protection, he consulted his ministers, and had the baseness to\n betray and to deceive him. A boat was sent to fetch him on shore,\n and the Roman general left his galley, after an affectionate and\n tender parting with his wife Cornelia. The Egyptian sailors sat in\n sullen silence in the boat, and when Pompey disembarked, Achillas\n and Septimius assassinated him. His wife, who had followed him with\n her eyes to the shore, was a spectator of the bloody scene, and she\n hastened away from the bay of Alexandria, not to share his miserable\n fate. He died B.C. 48, in the 58th or 59th year of his age, the\n day after his birthday. His head was cut off and sent to C\u00e6sar, who\n turned away from it with horror, and shed a flood of tears. The body\n was left for some time naked on the sea-shore, till the humanity\n of Philip, one of his freedmen, and an old soldier who had often\n followed his standard to victory, raised a burning pile, and\n deposited his ashes under a mound of earth. C\u00e6sar erected a monument\n on his remains, and the emperor Adrian, two centuries after, when\n he visited Egypt, ordered it to be repaired at his own expense,\n and paid particular honour to the memory of a great and good man.\n The character of Pompey is that of an intriguing and artful general,\n and the _oris probi_ and _animo inverecundo_ of Sallust, short\n and laconic as it may appear, is the best and most descriptive\n picture of his character. He wished it to appear that he obtained\n all his honours and dignity from merit alone, and as the free and\n unprejudiced favour of the Romans, while he secretly claimed them by\n faction and intrigue; and he who wished to appear the patron and an\n example of true discipline and ancient simplicity, was not ashamed\n publicly to bribe the populace to gain an election, or support his\n favourites. Yet amidst all this dissimulation, which was perhaps but\n congenial with the age, we perceive many other striking features;\n Pompey was kind and clement to the conquered, and generous to his\n captives, and he buried at his own expense Mithridates, with all the\n pomp and solemnity which the greatness of his power and the extent\n of his dominions seemed to claim. He was an enemy to flattery, and\n when his character was impeached by the malevolence of party, he\n condescended, though consul, to appear before the censorial tribunal,\n and to show that his actions and measures were not subversive of the\n peace and the independence of the people. In his private character\n he was as remarkable; he lived with great temperance and moderation,\n and his house was small, and not ostentatiously furnished. He\n destroyed with great prudence the papers which were found in the\n camp of Sertorius, lest mischievous curiosity should find causes to\n accuse the innocent, and to meditate their destruction. With great\n disinterestedness he refused the presents which princes and monarchs\n offered to him, and he ordered them to be added to the public revenue.\n He might have seen a better fate, and terminated his days with more\n glory, if he had not acted with such imprudence when the flames of\n civil war were first kindled; and he reflected with remorse, after\n the battle of Pharsalia, upon his want of usual sagacity and military\n prudence, in fighting at such a distance from the sea, and in leaving\n the fortified places of Dyrrachium, to meet in the open plain an\n enemy, without provisions, without friends, and without resources.\n The misfortunes which attended him after the conquest of Mithridates,\n are attributed by christian writers to his impiety in profaning the\n temple of the Jews, and in entering with the insolence of a conqueror\n the Holy of Holies, where even the sacred person of the high priest\n of the nation was not admitted but upon the most solemn occasions.\n His duplicity of behaviour in regard to Cicero is deservedly censured,\n and he should not have violently sacrificed to party and sedition a\n Roman whom he had ever found his firmest friend and adherent. In his\n meeting with Lucullus he cannot but be taxed with pride, and he might\n have paid more deference and more honour to a general who was as able\n and more entitled than himself to finish the Mithridatic war. Pompey\n married four different times. His first matrimonial connection was\n with Antistia the daughter of the pretor Antistius, whom he divorced,\n with great reluctance, to marry \u00c6mylia the daughter-in-law of Sylla.\n \u00c6mylia died in child-bed; and Pompey\u2019s marriage with Julia the\n daughter of C\u00e6sar was a step more of policy than affection. Yet Julia\n loved Pompey with great tenderness, and her death in child-bed was\n the signal of war between her husband and her father. He afterwards\n married Cornelia the daughter of Metellus Scipio, a woman commended\n for her virtues, beauty, and accomplishments. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.\n \u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius._\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan._\u2015\u2015_Appian._\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Orator_, ch.\n 68, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 25; _Letters to his Friends_,\n bk. 13, ltr. 19.\u2015\u2015_Eutropius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The two sons of Pompey the Great,\n called _Cneus_ and _Sextus_, were masters of a powerful army, when\n the death of their father was known. They prepared to oppose the\n conqueror, but C\u00e6sar pursued them with his usual vigour and success,\n and at the battle of Munda they were defeated, and Cneus was left\n among the slain. Sextus fled to Sicily, where he for some time\n supported himself; but the murder of C\u00e6sar gave rise to new events,\n and if Pompey had been as prudent and as sagacious as his father, he\n might have become, perhaps, as great and as formidable. He treated\n with the triumvirs as an equal, and when Augustus and Antony had the\n imprudence to trust themselves without arms and without attendants\n in his ship, Pompey, by following the advice of his friend Menas,\n who wished him to cut off the illustrious persons who were masters of\n the world, and now in his power, might have made himself as absolute\n as C\u00e6sar; but he refused, and observed it was unbecoming the son of\n Pompey to act with such duplicity. This friendly meeting of Pompey\n with two of the triumvirs was not productive of advantages to him;\n he wished to have no superior, and hostilities began. Pompey was at\n the head of 350 ships, and appeared so formidable to his enemies, and\n so confident of success in himself, that he called himself the son of\n Neptune, and the lord of the sea. He was, however, soon defeated in\n a naval engagement by Octavius and Lepidus, and of all his numerous\n fleet, only 17 sail accompanied his flight into Asia. Here for a\n moment he raised seditions, but Antony ordered him to be seized and\n put to death about 35 years before the christian era. _Plutarch_,\n _Antonius_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 55, &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Trogus. _See:_ Trogus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sextus Festus, a Latin\n grammarian, of whose treatise _de verborum significatione_, the best\n edition is in 4to, Amsterdam, 1699.\n\n \u2666 \u2018dependant\u2019 replaced with \u2018dependent\u2019\n\n=Pompelon=, a town of Spain, now _Pompeluna_, the capital of Navarre.\n _Pliny_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\n\n=Pomp\u012dlius Numa=, the second king of Rome. _See:_ Numa. The descendants\n of the monarch were called _Pompilius Sanguis_, an expression applied\n by Horace to the Pisos. _Art of Poetry_, li. 292.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Andronicus, a\n grammarian of Syria, who opened a school at Rome, and had Cicero and\n C\u00e6sar among his pupils. _Suetonius._\n\n=Pomp\u012dlia=, a daughter of Numa Pompilius. She married Numa Martius, by\n whom she had Ancus Martius the fourth king of Rome.\n\n=Pomp\u012blus=, a fisherman of Ionia. He carried into Miletus Ocyroe the\n daughter of Chesias, of whom Apollo was enamoured; but before he had\n reached the shore, the god changed the boat into a rock, Pompilus\n into a fish of the same name, and carried away Ocyroe. _Pliny_, bk. 6,\n ch. 29; bk. 9, ch. 15; bk. 32, ch. 11.\n\n=Pompiscus=, an Arcadian. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Pomp\u014dnia=, the wife of Quintus Cicero, sister to Pomponius Atticus.\n She punished with the greatest cruelty Philologus, the slave who had\n betrayed her husband to Antony, and she ordered him to cut his flesh\n by piecemeal, and afterwards to boil it and eat it in her presence.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Pomponius Gr\u00e6cinus, in the age of Augustus, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another matron, banished from Rome by Domitian, and recalled by\n Nerva.\n\n=Pomp\u014dnius=, the father of Numa, advised his son to accept the regal\n dignity which the Roman ambassadors offered to him.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated\n Roman intimate with Cicero. He was surnamed Atticus from his long\n residence at Athens. _See:_ Atticus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Flaccus, a man appointed\n governor of M\u0153sia and Syria by Tiberius, because he had continued\n drinking and eating with him for two days without intermission.\n _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_, ch. 42.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune of the people in the\n time of Servilius Ahala the consul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Labeo, a governor of M\u0153sia,\n accused of ill management in his province. He destroyed himself by\n opening his veins. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, li. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Mela, a\n Spaniard, who wrote a book on geography. _See:_ Mela.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A proconsul\n of Africa, accused by the inhabitants of his province, and acquitted,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who accused Manlius the dictator of cruelty. He\n triumphed over Sardinia, of which he was made governor. He escaped\n from Rome, and the tyranny of the triumvirs, by assuming the habit of\n a pretor, and by travelling with his servants disguised in the dress\n of lictors with their fasces.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Secundus, an officer in Germany in\n the age of Nero. He was honoured with a triumph for a victory over\n the barbarians of Germany. He wrote some poems greatly celebrated\n by the ancients for their beauty and elegance. They are lost.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n friend of Caius Gracchus. He was killed in attempting to defend him.\n _Plutarch_, _Tiberius Gracchus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer taken prisoner by\n Mithridates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A dissolute youth, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4,\n li. 52.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sextus, a lawyer, disciple to Papinian, &c.\n\n=Pomposi\u0101nus=, a Roman put to death by Domitian. He had before been\n made consul by Vespasian.\n\n=Pomptina.= _See:_ Pontina.\n\n=Caius Pomptinus=, a Roman officer, who conquered the Allobroges after\n the defeat of Catiline. _Cicero_ bk. 4, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 16;\n bk. 6, ltr. 3.\n\n=Pompus=, a king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.\n\n=Pons \u00c6lius=, was built by the emperor Adrian at Rome. It was the\n second bridge of Rome in following the current of the Tiber. It is\n still to be seen, the largest and most beautiful in Rome.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015\u00c6mylius,\n an ancient bridge at Rome, originally called _Sublicius_, because\n built with wood (_sublic\u00e6_). It was raised by Ancus Martius, and\n dedicated with great pomp and solemnity by the Roman priests. It was\n rebuilt with stones by \u00c6mylius Lepidus, whose name it assumed. It\n was much injured by the overflowing of the river, and the emperor\n Antoninus, who repaired it, made it all with white marble. It was the\n last of all the bridges of Rome, in following the course of the river,\n and some vestiges of it may still be seen.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Aniensis was built\n across the river Anio, about three miles from Rome. It was rebuilt\n by the eunuch Narses, and called after him when destroyed by the\n Goths.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cestus was built in the reign of Tiberius, by a Roman\n called Cestius Gallus, from whom it received its name, and carried\n back from an island of the Tiber, to which the Fabricius conducted.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Aurelianus was built with marble by the emperor \u2666Antoninus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Armoniensis was built by Augustus, to join the Flaminian to the\n \u00c6mylian road.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Bajanus was built at Bai\u00e6 in the sea by Caligula.\n It was supported by boats, and measured about six miles in length.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Janicularis received its name from its vicinity to mount\n Janiculum. It is still standing.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Milvius was about one mile\n from Rome. It was built by the censor \u00c6lius Scaurus. It was near\n it that Constantine defeated Maxentius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Fabricius was built by\n Fabricius, and carried to an island of the Tiber.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Gardius was\n built by Agrippa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Palatinus, near mount Palatine, was also called\n _Senatorius_, because the senators walked over it in procession when\n they went to consult the Sibylline books. It was begun by Marcus\n Fulvius, and finished in the censorship of Lucius Mummius, and some\n remains of it are still visible.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Trajani was built by Trajan\n across the Danube, celebrated for its bigness and magnificence. The\n emperor built it to assist more expeditiously the provinces against\n the barbarians, but his successor destroyed it, as he supposed that\n it would be rather an inducement for the barbarians to invade the\n empire. It was raised on 20 piers of hewn stones, 150 feet from the\n foundation, 60 feet broad, and 170 feet distant one from the other,\n extending in length above a mile. Some of the pillars are still\n standing.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another was built by Trajan over the Tagus, part of\n which still remains. Of temporary bridges, that of C\u00e6sar over the\n Rhine was the most famous.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The largest single-arched bridge known\n is over the river Elaver in France, called _Pons Veteris Brivatis_.\n The pillars stand on two rocks, at the distance of 195 feet. The\n arch is 84 feet high above the water.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Suffragiorum was built in\n the Campus Martius, and received its name, because the populace were\n obliged to pass over it whenever they delivered their suffrages at\n the elections of magistrates and officers of the state.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Tirensis,\n a bridge of Latium between Arpinum and Minturn\u00e6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Triumphalis was\n on the way to the capitol, and passed over by those who triumphed.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Narniensis joined two mountains near Narnia, built by Augustus,\n of stupendous height, 60 miles from Rome; one arch of it remains,\n about 100 feet high.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Antonnius\u2019 replaced with \u2018Antoninus\u2019\n\n=Pontia=, a Roman matron who committed adultery with Sagitta, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mother infamous for her cruelty.\n _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 34.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Venus at Hermione.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman condemned by Nero as guilty\n of a conspiracy. She killed herself by opening her veins. She was\n daughter of Petronius and wife of Bolanus. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li.\n 637.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island in the Tyrrhene sea, where Pilate, surnamed Pontius,\n is supposed to have lived. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 3,\n ch. 1. _See:_ \u0152notrides.\n\n=Pont\u012dcum mare=, the sea of Pontus, generally called the Euxine.\n\n=Pont\u012bcus=, a poet of Rome, contemporary with Propertius, by whom he\n is compared to Homer. He wrote an account of the Theban war in heroic\n verse. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man in Juvenal\u2019s age, fond\n of boasting of the antiquity and great actions of his family, yet\n without possessing himself one single virtue.\n\n=Pont\u012bna=, or =Pomptina lacus=, a lake in the country of the Volsci,\n through which the great Appian road passed. Travellers were sometimes\n conveyed in a boat, drawn by a mule, in the canal that ran along\n the road from Forum Appii to Tarracina. This lake is now become\n so dangerous, from the exhalations of its stagnant water, that\n travellers avoid passing near it. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 85.\n\n=Pont\u012bnus=, a friend of Cicero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune of the people, who\n refused to rise up when C\u00e6sar passed in triumphal procession. He\n was one of C\u00e6sar\u2019s murderers, and was killed at the battle of Mutina.\n _Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_, ch. 78.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 10, _Letters to his\n Friends_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Argolis, with a river of the same name.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 73.\n\n=Pontius Aufidianus=, a Roman citizen, who, upon hearing that violence\n had been offered to his daughter, punished her and her ravisher with\n death. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Herennius, a general\n of the Samnites, who surrounded the Roman army under the consuls\n Titus Veturius and Publius Posthumius. As there was no possibility of\n escaping for the Romans, Pontius consulted his father what he could\n do with an army that were prisoners in his hands. The old man advised\n him either to let them go untouched, or put them all to the sword.\n Pontius rejected his father\u2019s advice, and spared the lives of the\n enemy, after he had obliged them to pass under the yoke with the\n greatest ignominy. He was afterwards conquered, and obliged, in his\n turn, to pass under the yoke. Fabius Maximus defeated him, when he\n appeared again at the head of another army, and he was afterwards\n shamefully put to death by the Romans, after he had adorned the\n triumph of the conqueror. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cominius,\n a Roman who gave information to his countrymen who were besieged\n in the capitol, that Camillus had obtained a victory over the Gauls.\n _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman slave who told Sylla, in a prophetic strain,\n that he brought him success from Bellona.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the favourites\n of Albucilla. He was degraded from the rank of a senator. _Tacitus._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Titus, a Roman centurion, whom Cicero _de Senectute_ mentions as\n possessed of uncommon strength.\n\n=Pontus=, a kingdom of Asia Minor, bounded on the east by Colchis, west\n by the Halys, north by the Euxine sea, and south by part of Armenia.\n It was divided into three parts, according to Ptolemy; Pontus\n _Galaticus_, of which Amasia was the capital, Pontus _Polemoniacus_,\n from its chief town Polemonium, and Pontus _Cappadocius_, of which\n Trapezus was the capital. It was governed by kings, the first of whom\n was Artabazes, either one of the seven Persian noblemen who murdered\n the usurper Smerdis, or one of their descendants. The kingdom of\n Pontus was in its most flourishing state under Mithridates the Great.\n When Julius C\u00e6sar had conquered it, it became a Roman province,\n though it was often governed by monarchs who were tributary to the\n power of Rome. Under the emperors a regular governor was always\n appointed over it. Pontus produced castors, whose testicles were\n highly valued among the ancients for their salutary qualities in\n medicinal processes. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 58.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 1, chs. 1 & 19.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _De Legibus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Manitius._\u2015\u2015_Appian._\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_, bk. 5, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A part of Mysia\n in Europe, on the borders of the Euxine sea, where Ovid was banished,\n and from whence he wrote his four books of epistles _ex Ponto_, and\n his six books _de Tristibus_. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient deity,\n father of Phorcys, Thaumas, Nereus, Eurybia, and Ceto by Terra. He is\n the same as Oceanus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\n\n=Pontus Eux\u012bnus=, a celebrated sea, situate at the west of Colchis\n between Asia and Europe, at the north of Asia Minor. It is called the\n _Black sea_ by the moderns. _See:_ Euxinus.\n\n=Marcus Popilius=, a consul who was informed, as he was offering a\n sacrifice, that a sedition was raised in the city against the senate.\n Upon this he immediately went to the populace in his sacerdotal robes,\n and quieted the multitude with a speech. He lived about the year of\n Rome 404. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 8.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, a consul, who, when besieged by the Gauls, abandoned his\n baggage to save his army. _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 1,\n ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015L\u00e6nas, a Roman ambassador to Antiochus king of Syria. He\n was commissioned to order the monarch to abstain from hostilities\n against Ptolemy king of Egypt, who was an ally of Rome. Antiochus\n wished to evade him by his answers, but Popilius, with a stick which\n he had in his hand, made a circle round him on the sand, and bade\n him, in the name of the Roman senate and people, not to go beyond\n it before he spoke decisively. This boldness intimidated Antiochus;\n he withdrew his garrisons from Egypt, and no longer meditated a war\n against Ptolemy. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 45,\n ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune of the people who\n murdered Cicero, to whose eloquence he was indebted for his life when\n he was accused of parricide. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A pretor who banished the\n friends of Tiberius Gracchus from Italy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman consul who made\n war against the people of Numantia, on pretence that the peace had\n not been firmly established. He was defeated by them.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A senator\n who alarmed the conspirators against C\u00e6sar, by telling them that the\n whole plot was discovered.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman emperor. _See:_ Nepotianus.\n\n=Poplic\u014fla=, one of the first consuls. _See:_ Publicola.\n\n=Popp\u00e6a Sab\u012bna=, a celebrated Roman matron, daughter of Titus Ollius.\n She married a Roman knight called Rufus Crispinus, by whom she had a\n son. Her personal charms, and the elegance of her figure, captivated\n Otho, who was then one of Nero\u2019s favourites. He carried her away\n and married her; but Nero, who had seen her, and had often heard\n her accomplishments extolled, soon deprived him of her company, and\n sent him out of Italy, on pretence of presiding over one of the Roman\n provinces. After he had taken this step, Nero repudiated his wife\n Octavia, on pretence of barrenness, and married Popp\u00e6a. The cruelty\n and avarice of the emperor did not long permit Popp\u00e6a to share the\n imperial dignity, and though she had already made him father of a son,\n he began to despise her, and even to use her with barbarity. She died\n of a blow which she received from his foot when many months advanced\n in her pregnancy, about the 65th year of the christian era. Her\n funeral was performed with great pomp and solemnity, and statues were\n raised to her memory. It is said that she was so anxious to preserve\n her beauty and the elegance of her person, that 500 asses were kept\n on purpose to afford her milk in which she used daily to bathe. Even\n in her banishment she was attended by 50 of these animals for the\n same purpose, and from their milk she invented a kind of ointment or\n pomatum, to preserve beauty, called _popp\u00e6anum_ from her. _Pliny_,\n bk. 11, ch. 41.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassisus_, bk. 65.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Nero_ & _Otho_.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, \u2666_Annals_, bks. 13 & 14.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A beautiful woman at the court of Nero. She was mother to the\n preceding. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 1, &c.\n\n \u2666 Book title omitted in text\n\n=Popp\u00e6us Sab\u012bnus=, a Roman of obscure origin, who was made governor\n of some of the Roman provinces. He destroyed himself, &c. _Tacitus_,\n bk. 6, _Annals_, ch. 39.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sylvanus, a man of consular dignity, who\n brought to Vespasian a body of 600 Dalmatians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Otho.\n\n=Populonia=, or =Populanium=, a town of Etruria, near Pis\u00e6, destroyed\n in the civil wars of Sylla. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 10, li. 172.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Porata=, a river of Dacia, now _Pruth_, falling into the Danube a\n little below Axiopoli.\n\n=Porcia=, a sister of Cato of Utica, greatly commended by Cicero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Cato of Utica, who married Bibulus, and after his death,\n Brutus. She was remarkable for her prudence, philosophy, courage,\n and conjugal tenderness. She gave herself a heavy wound in the thigh,\n to see with what fortitude she could bear pain; and when her husband\n asked her the reason of it, she said that she wished to try whether\n she had courage enough to share not only his bed, but to partake of\n his most hidden secrets. Brutus was astonished at her constancy, and\n no longer detained from her knowledge the conspiracy which he and\n many other illustrious Romans had formed against Julius C\u00e6sar. Porcia\n wished them success, and though she betrayed fear, and fell into a\n swoon the day that her husband was gone to assassinate the dictator,\n yet she was faithful to her promise, and dropped nothing which might\n affect the situation of the conspirators. When Brutus was dead, she\n refused to survive him, and attempted to end her life as a daughter\n of Cato. Her friends attempted to terrify her; but when she saw that\n every weapon was removed from her reach, she swallowed burning coals\n and died, about 42 years before the christian era. Valerius Maximus\n says that she was acquainted with her husband\u2019s conspiracy against\n C\u00e6sar when she gave herself the wound. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 2; bk. 4, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Brutus_, &c.\n\n=Porcia lex=, _de civitate_, by Marcus Porcius the tribune, A.U.C. 453.\n It ordained that no magistrate should punish with death, or scourge\n with rods, a Roman citizen when condemned, but only permit him to\n go into exile. _Sallust_, _Catilinae Coniuratio_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _For Rabirius Postumus_.\n\n=Porcina=, a surname of the orator Marcus \u00c6milius Lepidus, who lived a\n little before Cicero\u2019s age, and was distinguished for his abilities.\n _Cicero_, _Rhetorica ad Herennium_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\n\n=Marcus Porcius Latro=, a celebrated orator who killed himself when\n labouring under a quartan ague, A.U.C. 750.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Licinius, a Latin poet\n during the time of the third Punic war, commended for the elegance,\n the graceful ease, and happy wit of his epigrams.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman senator\n who joined the conspiracy of Catiline.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Cato of Utica,\n given much to drinking.\n\n=Poredorax=, one of the 40 Gauls whom Mithridates ordered to be put\n to death, and to remain unburied for conspiring against him. His\n mistress at Pergamus buried him against the orders of the monarch.\n _Plutarch_, _Mulierum Virtutes_.\n\n=Por\u012bna=, a river of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 85.\n\n=Porosel\u0113ne=, an island near Lesbos. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 31.\n\n=Porphyrion=, a son of C\u0153lus and Terra, one of the giants who made war\n against Jupiter. He was so formidable, that Jupiter, to conquer him,\n inspired him with love for Juno, and while the giant endeavoured to\n obtain his wishes, he, with the assistance of Hercules, overpowered\n him. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 78.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\n\n=Porphy\u0306ris=, a name of the island Cythera.\n\n=Porphyrius=, a Platonic philosopher of Tyre. He studied eloquence\n at Athens under Longinus, and afterwards retired to Rome, where he\n perfected himself under Plotinus. Porphyry was a man of universal\n information, and, according to the testimony of the ancients, he\n excelled his contemporaries in the knowledge of history, mathematics,\n music, and philosophy. He expressed his sentiments with elegance and\n with dignity, and while other philosophers studied obscurity in their\n language, his style was remarkable for its simplicity and grace. He\n applied himself to the study of magic, which he called a theourgic\n or divine operation. The books that he wrote were numerous, and\n some of his smaller treatises are still extant. His most celebrated\n work, which is now lost, was against the religion of Christ, and in\n this theological contest he appeared so formidable, that most of the\n fathers of the church have been employed in confuting his arguments,\n and developing the falsehood of his assertions. He has been\n universally called the greatest enemy which the christian religion\n had, and, indeed, his doctrines were so pernicious, that a copy\n of his book was publicly burnt by order of Theodosius, A.D. 388.\n Porphyry resided for some time in Sicily, and died at the advanced\n age of 71, A.D. 304. The best edition of his life of Pythagoras is\n that of Kuster, 4to, Amsterdam, 1707, that of his treatise, _De\n Abstinenti\u00e2_, is De Rhoer, Utrecht, 8vo, 1767, and that _De Antro\n Nympharum_, in 8vo, Utrecht, 1765.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Latin poet in the reign of\n Constantine the Great.\n\n=Porrima=, one of the attendants of Carmente when she came from Arcadia.\n _Ovid_, bk. 1, _Fasti_, li. 633.\n\n=Porsenna=, or =Pors\u0115na=, a king of Etruria, who declared war against\n the Romans because they refused to restore Tarquin to his throne and\n to his royal privileges. He was at first successful; the Romans were\n defeated, and Porsenna would have entered the gates of Rome, had not\n Cocles stood at the head of a bridge, and supported the fury of the\n whole Etrurian army, while his companions behind were cutting off the\n communication with the opposite shore. This act of bravery astonished\n Porsenna; but when he had seen Mutius Sc\u00e6vola enter his camp with\n an intention to murder him, and when he had seen him burn his hand\n without emotion to convince him of his fortitude and intrepidity,\n he no longer dared to make head against a people so brave and so\n generous. He made a peace with the Romans, and never after supported\n the claims of Tarquin. The generosity of Porsenna\u2019s behaviour to\n the captives was admired by the Romans, and to reward his humanity\n they raised a brazen statue to his honour. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 9, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Publicola_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, epode\n 16.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 646.\n\n=Porta Cap\u0113na=, a gate at Rome, which leads to the Appian road. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 192.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Aurelia, a gate at Rome, which received\n its name from Aurelius, a consul who made a road which led to Pis\u00e6,\n all along the coast of Etruria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Asinaria led to mount C\u0153lius.\n It received its name from the family of the Asinii.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Carmentalis\n was at the foot of the capitol, built by Romulus. It was afterwards\n called _Scelerata_, because the 300 Fabii marched through when they\n went to fight an enemy, and were killed near the river Cremera.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Janualis was near the temple of Janus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Esquilina was also\n called _Metia_, _Taurica_, or _Libitinensis_, and all criminals\n who were going to be executed generally passed through, as also\n dead bodies which were carried to be burnt on mount Esquilinus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Flaminia, called also _Flumentana_, was situate between the\n capitol and mount Quirinalis, and through it the Flaminian road\n passed.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Fontinalis led to the Campus Martius. It received its name\n from the great number of fountains that were near it.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Navalis was\n situate near the place where the ships came from Ostia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Viminalis\n was near mount Viminalis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Trigemina, called also _Ostiensis_,\n led to the town of Ostia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Catularia was near the Carmentalis\n Porta, at the foot of mount Viminalis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Collatina received its name\n from its leading to Collatia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Collina, called also _Quirinalis_,\n _Agonensis_, and _Salaria_, was near Quirinalis Mons. Annibal rode up\n to this gate and threw a spear into the city. It is to be observed,\n that at the death of Romulus there were only three or four gates at\n Rome, but the number was increased, and in the time of Pliny there\n were 37, when the circumference of the walls was 13 miles and 200\n paces.\n\n=Portia= and =Portius=. _See:_ Porcia and Porcius.\n\n=Portmos=, a town of Eub\u0153a. _Demosthenes._\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Portumnalia=, festivals of Portumnus at Rome, celebrated on the 17th\n of August, in a very solemn and lugubrious manner, on the borders\n of the Tiber. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 547.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua\n Latina_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\n\n=Portumnus=, a sea deity. _See:_ Melicerta.\n\n=Porus=, the god of plenty at Rome. He was son of Metis or Prudence.\n _Plato._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of India, when Alexander invaded Asia. The\n conqueror of Darius ordered him to come and pay homage to him, as a\n dependent prince. Porus scorned his commands, and declared he would\n go and meet him on the frontiers of his kingdom sword in hand, and\n immediately he marched a large army to the banks of the Hydaspes.\n The stream of the river was rapid; but Alexander crossed it in the\n obscurity of the night, and defeated one of the sons of the Indian\n monarch. Porus himself renewed the battle, but the valour of the\n Macedonians prevailed, and the Indian prince retired covered with\n wounds, on the back of one of his elephants. Alexander sent one of\n the kings of India to demand him to surrender, but Porus killed the\n messenger, exclaiming, \u201cIs not this the voice of the wretch who has\n abandoned his country?\u201d and when he at last was prevailed upon to\n come before the conqueror, he approached him as an equal. Alexander\n demanded of him how he wished to be treated. \u201cLike a king,\u201d replied\n the Indian monarch. This magnanimous answer so pleased the Macedonian\n conqueror, that he not only restored him his dominions, but he\n increased his kingdom by the conquest of new provinces; and Porus, in\n acknowledgment of such generosity and benevolence, became one of the\n most faithful and attached friends of Alexander, and never violated\n the assurances of peace which he had given him. Porus is represented\n as a man of uncommon stature, great strength, and proportionable\n dignity. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, bk. 2, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 8, &c.\u2015\u2015_Claudianus_, _De Consulatu Honorii_,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another king of India in the reign of Alexander.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king\n of Babylon.\n\n=P\u014fs\u012bdes=, a eunuch and freedman of the emperor Claudius, who rose to\n honours by the favour of his master. _Juvenal_, satire 14, li. 94.\n\n=Posid\u0113um=, a promontory and town of Ionia, where Neptune had a temple.\n _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Syria below Libanus. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town near the Strymon, on the borders of Macedonia.\n _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n\n=Pos\u012bdon=, the name of Neptune among the Greeks.\n\n=Posidonia=, a town of Lucania, better known by the name of P\u00e6stum.\n _See:_ P\u00e6stum.\n\n=Posidonium=, a town or temple of Neptune, near C\u00e6nis in Italy, where\n the straits of Sicily are narrowest, and scarce a mile distant from\n the opposite shore.\n\n=Posidonius=, a philosopher of Apamea. He lived at Rhodes for some\n time, and afterwards came to Rome, where, after cultivating the\n friendship of Pompey and Cicero, he died in his 84th year. He wrote\n a treatise on the nature of the gods, and also attempted to measure\n the circumference of the earth; he accounted for the tides from the\n motion of the moon, and calculated the height of the atmosphere to be\n 400 stadia, nearly agreeing with the ideas of the moderns. _Cicero_,\n _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another philosopher, born at Alexandria in Egypt.\n\n=Posio=, a native of Magnesia, who wrote a history of the Amazons.\n\n=Posthumia=, a vestal virgin, accused of adultery and acquitted.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n wife of Servius Sulpicius. _Cicero_, _Epistles_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n Sylla.\n\n=Posthumius Alb\u012bnus=, a man who suffered himself to be bribed by\n Jugurtha, against whom he had been sent with an army.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer\n at Rome whom Cato ridiculed for composing a history in Greek, and\n afterwards offering apologies for the inaccuracy and inelegance of\n his expressions.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Tubero, a master of horse to the dictator \u00c6milius\n Mamercus. He was himself made dictator in the war which the Romans\n waged against the Volsci, and he punished his son with death for\n fighting against his orders, A.U.C. 312. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 23.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Spurius, a consul sent against the Samnites. He was taken in an\n ambush by Pontius, the enemy\u2019s general, and obliged to pass under\n the yoke with all his army. He saved his life by a shameful treaty,\n and when he returned to Rome he persuaded the Romans not to reckon as\n valid the engagements he had made with the enemy, as it was without\n their advice. He was given up to the enemy because he could not\n perform his engagements; but he was released by Pontius for his\n generous and patriotic behaviour.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Aulus, a dictator who defeated\n the Latins and the Volsci.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Tubertus, another dictator, who\n defeated the \u00c6qui and Volsci.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius, a consul sent against the\n Samnites.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general who defeated the Sabines, and who was the\n first who obtained an ovation.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man poisoned by his wife.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n general who conquered the \u00c6qui, and who was stoned by the army,\n because he refused to divide the promised spoils. _Florus_, bk. 22.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius, a Roman consul who was defeated by the Boii. He was left\n among the slain, and his head was cut off from his body, and carried\n in triumph by the barbarians into their temples, where they made with\n the skull a sacred vessel to offer libations to their gods.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus\n Crassus Latianus, an officer proclaimed emperor in Gaul, A.D. 260.\n He reigned with great popularity, and gained the affection of his\n subjects by his humanity and moderation. He took his son of the same\n name as a colleague on the throne. They were both assassinated by\n their soldiers, after a reign of six years.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Megilthus, a consul\n against the Samnites and Tarentines.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintus, a man put to death\n by Antony.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A soothsayer in the age of Sylla.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Spurius, an enemy\n of Tiberius Gracchus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Albus, a Roman decemvir, sent to Athens to\n collect the most salutary laws of Solon, &c. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 31.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sylvius, a son of \u00c6neas and Sylvia.\n\n=Postverta=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over the painful travails\n of women. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 633.\n\n=Postumia via=, a Roman road about the town of Hostilia.\n\n=Postumius.= _See:_ Posthumius.\n\n=Potam\u012ddes=, nymphs who presided over rivers and fountains, as their\n name (\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, _fluvius_) implies.\n\n=Potamon=, a philosopher of Alexandria, in the age of Augustus. He\n wrote several treatises, and confined himself to the doctrines of no\n particular sect of philosophers.\n\n=Potamos=, a town of Attica, near Sunium. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Potentia=, a town of Picenum. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 44.\n\n=Poth\u012bnus=, a eunuch, tutor to Ptolemy king of Egypt. He advised the\n monarch to murder Pompey, when he claimed his protection after the\n battle of Pharsalia. He stirred up commotions in Alexandria, when\n C\u00e6sar came there, upon which the conqueror ordered him to be put to\n death. _Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 483; bk. 10, li. 95.\n\n=Pothos=, one of the deities of the Samothracians. _Pliny_, bk. 36,\n ch. 5.\n\n=Potid\u00e6a=, a town of Macedonia, situate in the peninsula of Pallene.\n It was founded by a Corinthian colony, and became tributary to the\n Athenians, from whom Philip of Macedonia took it. The conqueror gave\n it to the Olynthians, to render them more attached to his interest.\n Cassander repaired and enlarged it, and called it _Cassandria_, a\n name which it still preserves, and which has given occasion to Livy\n to say, that Cassander was the original founder of that city. _Livy_,\n bk. 44, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Demosthenes_, _Olynthiac_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Potidania=, a town of \u00c6tolia. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 8.\n\n=Pot\u012bna=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over children\u2019s potions.\n _Varro._\n\n=Potitius.= _See:_ Pinarius.\n\n=Potni\u00e6=, a town of B\u0153otia, where Bacchus had a temple. The Potnians,\n having once murdered the priest of the god, were ordered by the\n oracle, to appease his resentment, yearly to offer on his altars\n a young man. This unnatural sacrifice was continued for some years,\n till Bacchus himself substituted a goat, from which circumstance he\n received the appellation of _\u00c6gobolus_ and _\u00c6gophagus_. There was\n here a fountain whose waters made horses run mad as soon as they were\n touched. There were also here certain goddesses called _Potniades_,\n on whose altars, in a grove sacred to Ceres and Proserpine, victims\n were sacrificed. It was also usual, at a certain season of the year,\n to conduct into the grove young pigs, which were found the following\n year in the groves of Dodona. The mares of Potni\u00e6 destroyed their\n master Glaucus son of Sisyphus. _See:_ Glaucus. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,\n ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 267.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia\n Historia_, bk. 15, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Magnesia, whose pastures gave\n madness to asses, according to Pliny.\n\n=Practium=, a town and a small river of Asia Minor, on the Hellespont.\n\n=Pr\u00e6cia=, a courtesan at Rome, who influenced Cethegus, and procured\n Asia as a consular province for Lucullus. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.\n\n=Pr\u00e6neste=, a town of Latium, about 21 miles from Rome, built by\n Telegonus son of Ulysses and Circe, or, according to others, by\n C\u00e6culus the son of Vulcan. There was a celebrated temple of Fortune\n there, with two famous images, as also an oracle, which was long in\n great repute. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 41.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 680.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 1,\n _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 3, li. 80.\n\n=Pr\u00e6sos=, a small town of Crete, destroyed in a civil war by one of the\n neighbouring cities.\n\n=Pr\u00e6sti=, a nation of India. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 8.\n\n=Pr\u00e6t\u014dria=, a town of Dacia, now _Cronstadt_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, now _Aoust_,\n in Piedmont.\n\n=Pr\u00e6torius=, a name ironically applied to As. Sempronius Rufus, because\n he was disappointed in his solicitations for the pretorship, as being\n too dissolute and luxurious in his manners. He was the first who had\n a stork brought to his table. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 2, li. 50.\n\n=Pr\u00e6tutium=, a town of Picenum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 15, li. 568.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 9; bk. 27, ch. 43.\n\n=Prasiane=, now _Verdant_, a large island at the mouth of the Indus.\n _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.\n\n=Prasias=, a lake between Macedonia and Thrace, where were silver mines.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 17.\n\n=Prasii=, a nation of India in Alexander\u2019s age. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 2.\n\n=Pratellia lex=, was enacted by Pratellius the tribune, A.U.C. 398, to\n curb and check the ambitious views of men who were lately advanced in\n the state. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 15.\n\n=Pratinas=, a Greek poet of Phlius, contemporary with \u00c6schylus. He\n was the first among the Greeks who composed satires, which were\n represented as farces. Of these 32 were acted, as also 18 of his\n tragedies, one of which only obtained the poetical prize. Some of his\n verses are extant, quoted by Athen\u00e6us. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 13.\n\n=Praxag\u014fras=, an Athenian writer, who published a history of the kings\n of his own country. He was then only 19 years old, and, three years\n after, he wrote the life of Constantine the Great. He had also\n written the life of Alexander, all now lost.\n\n=Praxias=, a celebrated statuary of Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 18.\n\n=Praxid\u0103mas=, a famous athlete of \u00c6gina. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 18.\n\n=Praxid\u012dce=, a goddess among the Greeks, who presided over the\n execution of enterprises, and who punished all evil actions.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 33.\n\n=Prax\u012dla=, a lyric poetess of Sicyon, who flourished about 492 years\n before Christ. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\n\n=Praxiph\u0103nes=, a Rhodian, who wrote a learned commentary on the obscure\n passages of Sophocles.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Praxis=, a surname of Venus at Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.\n\n=Praxit\u0115les=, a famous sculptor of Magna Gr\u00e6cia, who flourished about\n 324 years before the christian era. He chiefly worked on Parian\n marble, on account of its beautiful whiteness. He carried his art to\n the greatest perfection, and was so happy in copying nature, that his\n statues seemed to be animated. The most famous of his pieces was a\n Cupid which he gave to Phryne. This celebrated courtesan, who wished\n to have the best of all the statues of Praxiteles, and who could not\n depend upon her own judgment in the choice, alarmed the sculptor,\n by telling him his house was on fire. Praxiteles upon this showed\n his eagerness to save his Cupid from the flames, above all his other\n pieces; but Phryne restrained his fears, and, by discovering her\n artifice, obtained the favourite statue. The sculptor employed his\n chisel in making a statue of this beautiful courtesan, which was\n dedicated in the temple of Delphi, and placed between the statues of\n Archidamus king of Sparta, and Philip king of Macedon. He also made\n a statue of Venus, at the request of the people of Cos, and gave them\n their choice of the goddess, either naked or veiled. The former was\n superior to the other in beauty and perfection, but the inhabitants\n of Cos preferred the latter. The \u2666Cnidians, who did not wish to\n patronize modesty and decorum with the same eagerness as the people\n of Cos, bought the naked Venus, and it was so universally esteemed,\n that Nicomedes king of Bithynia offered the Cnidians to pay an\n enormous debt under which they laboured, if they would give him\n their favourite statue. This offer was not accepted. The famous Cupid\n was bought of the Thespians by Caius C\u00e6sar and carried to Rome, but\n Claudius restored it to them, and Nero afterwards obtained possession\n of it. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40; bk. 8, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, chs.\n 34 & 36.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Cnidans\u2019 replaced with \u2018Cnidians\u2019\n\n=Praxithea=, a daughter of Phrasimus and Diogenea. She married\n Erechtheus king of Athens, by whom she had Cecrops, Pandarus, and\n Metion, and four daughters, Procris, Creusa, Chthonia, and Orithyia.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Thestius, mother of\n some children by Hercules. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Erechtheus, sacrificed by order of the oracle.\n\n=Prelius=, a lake of Tuscany, now _Castiglione_. _Cicero_, _For Milo_,\n ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Presbon=, a son of Phryxus, father of Clymenus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Clytodora\n and Minyas also bore the same name. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 34 & 37.\n\n=Pretor=, one of the chief magistrates at Rome. The office of pretor\n was first instituted A.U.C. 388, by the senators, who wished by some\n new honour to compensate for the loss of the consulship, of which\n the plebeians had claimed a share. The pretor received his name a\n _pr\u00e6eundo_. Only one was originally elected, and another A.U.C. 501.\n One of them was totally employed in administering justice among\n the citizens, whence he was called pretor _urbanus_; and the other\n appointed judges in all causes which related to foreigners. In the\n year of Rome 520, two more pretors were created to assist the consul\n in the government of the provinces of Sicily and Sardinia, which had\n been lately conquered, and two more when Spain was reduced into the\n form of a Roman province, A.U.C. 521. Sylla the dictator added two\n more, and Julius C\u00e6sar increased the number to 10, and afterwards\n to 16, and the second triumvirate to 64. After this their numbers\n fluctuated, being sometimes 18, 16, or 12, till, in the decline\n of the empire, their dignity decreased, and their numbers were\n reduced to three. In his public capacity the pretor administered\n justice, protected the rights of widows and orphans, presided at the\n celebration of public festivals, and in the absence of the consul\n assembled or prorogued the senate as he pleased. He also exhibited\n shows to the people, and in the festivals of the Bona Dea, where\n no males were permitted to appear, his wife presided over the rest\n of the Roman matrons. Feasts were announced and proclaimed by him,\n and he had the power to make and repeal laws, if it met with the\n approbation of the senate and people. The questors were subject to\n him, and in the absence of the consuls, he appeared at the head of\n the armies, and in the city he kept a register of all the freedmen\n of Rome, with the reasons for which they had received their freedom.\n In the provinces the pretors appeared with great pomp; six lictors\n with the fasces walked before them, and when the empire was increased\n by conquests, they divided, like the consuls, their government, and\n provinces were given them by lot. When the year of their pretorship\n was elapsed, they were called _propr\u00e6tors_, if they still continued\n at the head of their province. At Rome the pretors appeared also with\n much pomp; two lictors preceded them, they wore the _pr\u00e6texta_, or\n the white robe with purple borders, they sat in curule chairs, and\n their tribunal was distinguished by a sword and a spear, while they\n administered justice. The tribunal was called _pr\u00e6torium_. When they\n rode they appeared on white horses at Rome, as a mark of distinction.\n The pretor who appointed judges to try foreign causes, was called\n _pr\u00e6tor peregrinus_. The pretors _Cereales_, appointed by Julius\n C\u00e6sar, were employed in providing corn and provision for the city.\n They were on that account often called _frumentarii_.\n\n=Preug\u0115nes=, a son of Agenor. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 7, chs.\n 18 & 20.\n\n=Prexaspes=, a Persian who put Smerdis to death, by order of king\n Cambyses. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 30.\n\n=Priam\u012ddes=, a patronymic applied to Paris, as being son of Priam. It\n is also given to Hector, Deiphobus, and all the other children of\n the Trojan monarch. _Ovid_, _Heroides_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3,\n li. 235.\n\n=Pri\u0103mus=, the last king of Troy, was son of Laomedon by Strymo, called\n Placia by some. When Hercules took the city of Troy [_See:_ Laomedon],\n Priam was in the number of his prisoners, but his sister Hesione\n redeemed him from captivity, and he exchanged his original name of\n Podarces for that of _Priam_, which signifies _bought_ or _ransomed_.\n _See:_ Podarces. He was also placed on his father\u2019s throne by\n Hercules, and he employed himself with well-directed diligence in\n repairing, fortifying, and embellishing the city of Troy. He had\n married, by his father\u2019s orders, Arisba, whom now he divorced for\n Hecuba the daughter of Dimas, or Cisseus, a neighbouring prince.\n He had by Hecuba 17 children, according to Cicero, or, according to\n Homer, 19; the most celebrated of whom are Hector, Paris, Deiphobus,\n Helenus, Pammon, Polites, Antiphus, Hipponous, Troilus, Creusa,\n Laodice, Polyxena, and Cassandra. Besides these he had many others\n by concubines. Their names, according to Apollodorus, are Melampus,\n Gorgythion, Phil\u00e6mon, Glaucus, Agathon, Evagoras, Hippothous,\n Chersidamas, Hippodamas, Mestor, Atas, Dorcylus, Dryops, Lycaon,\n Astygonus, Bias, Evander, Chromius, Telestas, Melius, Cebrion,\n Laodocus, Idomeneus, Archemachus, Echephron, Hyperion, Ascanius,\n Arrhetus, Democoon, Dejoptes, Echemon, Clovius, \u00c6gioneus, Hypirychus,\n Lysithous, Polymedon, Medusa, Lysimache, Medesicaste, and Aristodeme.\n After he had reigned for some time in the greatest prosperity, Priam\n expressed a desire to recover his sister Hesione, whom Hercules had\n carried into Greece, and married to Telamon his friend. To carry\n this plan into execution, Priam manned a fleet, of which he gave\n the command to his son Paris, with orders to bring back Hesione.\n Paris, to whom the goddess of beauty had promised the fairest woman\n in the world [_See:_ Paris], neglected in some measure his father\u2019s\n injunctions, and as if to make reprisals upon the Greeks, he carried\n away Helen the wife of Menelaus king of Sparta, during the absence of\n her husband. Priam beheld this with satisfaction, and he countenanced\n his son by receiving in his palace the wife of the king of Sparta.\n This rape kindled the flames of war; all the suitors of Helen, at\n the request of Menelaus [_See:_ Menelaus], assembled to revenge the\n violence offered to his bed, and a fleet, according to some, of 140\n ships under the command of the 69 chiefs that furnished them, set\n sail for Troy. Priam might have averted the impending blow by the\n restoration of Helen; but this he refused to do, when the ambassadors\n of the Greeks came to him, and he immediately raised an army to\n defend himself. Troy was soon besieged; frequent skirmishes took\n place, in which the success was various, and the advantages on both\n sides inconsiderable. The siege was continued for 10 successive years,\n and Priam had the misfortune to see the greatest part of his children\n massacred by the enemy. Hector, the eldest of these, was the only one\n upon whom now the Trojans looked for protection and support; but he\n soon fell a sacrifice to his own courage, and was killed by Achilles.\n Priam severely felt his loss, and as he loved him with the greatest\n tenderness, he wished to ransom his body, which was in the enemy\u2019s\n camp. The gods, according to Homer, interested themselves in favour\n of old Priam. Achilles was prevailed upon by his mother, the goddess\n Thetis, to restore Hector to Priam, and the king of Troy passed\n through the Grecian camp conducted by Mercury the messenger of the\n gods, who with his rod had made him invisible. The meeting of Priam\n and Achilles was solemn and affecting; the conqueror paid to the\n Trojan monarch that attention and reverence which was due to his\n dignity, his years, and his misfortunes, and Priam in a suppliant\n manner addressed the prince whose favours he claimed, and kissed\n the hands that had robbed him of the greatest and the best of his\n children. Achilles was moved by his tears and entreaties; he restored\n Hector, and permitted Priam a truce of 12 days for the funeral of his\n son. Some time after Troy was betrayed into the hands of the Greeks\n by Antenor and \u00c6neas, and Priam upon this resolved to die in defence\n of his country. He put on his armour and advanced to meet the Greeks,\n but Hecuba by her tears and entreaties detained him near an altar of\n Jupiter, whither she had fled for protection. While Priam yielded to\n the prayers of his wife, Polites, one of his sons, fled also to the\n altar before Neoptolemus, who pursued him with fury. Polites, wounded\n and overcome, fell dead at the feet of his parents, and the aged\n father, fired with indignation, ventured the most bitter invectives\n against the Greek, who paid no regard to the sanctity of altars and\n temples, and raising his spear darted it upon him. The spear hurled\n by the feeble hand of Priam touched the buckler of Neoptolemus, and\n fell to the ground. This irritated the son of Achilles; he seized\n Priam by his grey hairs, and without compassion or reverence for the\n sanctity of the place, he plunged his dagger into his breast. His\n head was cut off, \u2666and the mutilated body was left among the heaps of\n slain. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dares Phrygius._\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 120.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk.\n 22, &c.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Troades_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_,\n bk. 1, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015_Quintus Smyrn\u00e6us_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 2, li. 507, &c.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, ode 10, li. 14.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 110.\n \u2015\u2015_Quintus Calaber [Smyrn\u00e6us]_, bk. 15, li. 226.\n\n \u2666 \u2018und\u2019 replaced with \u2018and\u2019\n\n=Pri\u0101pus=, a deity among the ancients, who presided over gardens, and\n the parts of generation in the sexes. He was son of Venus by Mercury\n or Adonis, or, according to the more received opinion, by Bacchus.\n The goddess of beauty, who was enamoured of Bacchus, went to meet\n him as he returned victorious from his Indian expedition, and by him\n she had Priapus, who was born at Lampsacus. Priapus was so deformed\n in all his limbs, particularly the genitals, by means of Juno, who\n had assisted at the delivery of Venus, that the mother, ashamed to\n have given birth to such a monster, ordered him to be exposed on the\n mountains. His life, however, was preserved by the shepherds, and he\n received the name of Priapus _propter deformitatem & membri virilis\n magnitudinem_. He soon became a favourite of the people of Lampsacus,\n but he was expelled by the inhabitants on account of the freedom\n which he took with their wives. This violence was punished by the\n son of Venus, and when the Lampsacenians had been afflicted with a\n disease in the genitals, Priapus was recalled, and temples erected to\n his honour. Festivals were also celebrated, and the people, naturally\n idle and indolent, gave themselves up to every lasciviousness and\n impurity during the celebration. His worship was also introduced\n in Rome; but the Romans revered him more as a god of orchards and\n gardens, than as the patron of licentiousness. A crown painted with\n different colours was offered to him in the spring, and in the summer\n a garland of ears of corn. An ass was generally sacrificed to him,\n because that animal, by its braying, awoke the nymph Lotis, to whom\n Priapus was going to offer violence. He is generally represented with\n a human face and the ears of a goat; he holds a stick in his hand,\n with which he terrifies birds, as also a club to drive away thieves,\n and a scythe to prune the trees and cut down corn. He was crowned\n with the leaves of the vine, and sometimes with laurel or rocket.\n The last of these plants was sacred to him, as it is said to raise\n the passions and excite love. Priapus is often distinguished by\n the epithet of _phallus_, _fascinus_, _Ictyphallus_, or _ruber_, or\n _rubicundus_, which are all expressive of his deformity. _Catullus_,\n poems 19 & 20.\u2015\u2015_Columella_, bk. 2, _de Res Rustica_.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 1, satire 1.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 1, li. 18.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 1, li. 415; bk. 6, li. 319.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 7, li. 33;\n _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 111.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 190.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Asia Minor near Lampsacus,\n now _Caraboa_. Priapus was the chief deity of the place, and from him\n the town received its name, because he had taken refuge there when\n banished from Lampsacus. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island near Ephesus. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 31.\n\n=Pri\u0113ne=, a maritime town of Asia Minor, at the foot of mount Mycale,\n one of the 12 independent cities of Ionia. It gave birth to Bias,\n one of the seven wise men of Greece. It had been built by an Athenian\n colony. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 2; bk. 8, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 12.\n\n=Prima=, a daughter of Romulus and Hersilia.\n\n=Prion=, a place at Carthage.\n\n=Prisci\u0101nus=, a celebrated grammarian at Athens, in the age of the\n emperor Justinian.\n\n=Priscilla=, a woman praised for her conjugal affection by Statius,\n bk. 5, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 1.\n\n=Priscus Servilius=, a dictator at Rome who defeated the Veientes and\n the Fidenates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of the elder Tarquin king of Rome. _See:_\n Tarquinius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Syria, brother to the emperor Philip.\n He proclaimed himself emperor in Macedonia when he was informed of\n his brother\u2019s death, but he was soon after conquered and put to death\n by Decius, Philip\u2019s murderer.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of the emperor Severus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of the emperor Julian, almost murdered by the populace.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Helvidius, a questor in Achaia during the reign of Nero,\n remarkable for his independent spirit. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4,\n ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer under Vitellius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n emperor Adrian\u2019s friends.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Domitian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator,\n whose dissipated and luxurious manners Horace ridicules, bk. 1,\n satire 7, li. 9.\n\n=Pristis=, the name of one of the ships that engaged in the naval\n combat which was exhibited by \u00c6neas at the anniversary of his\n father\u2019s death. She was commanded by Mnestheus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 1, li. 116.\n\n=Privernus=, a Rutulian killed by Capys in the wars between \u00c6neas and\n Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 576.\n\n=Privernum=, now _Piperno Vecchio_, a town of the Volsci in Italy,\n whose inhabitants were called _Privernates_. It became a Roman colony.\n _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 540.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n bk. 1, _De Divinatione_, ch. 43.\n\n=Proba=, the wife of the emperor Probus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman who opened the\n gates of Rome to the Goths.\n\n=Probus Marcus Aurelius Severus=, a native of Sirmium in Pannonia. His\n father was originally a gardener, who, by entering the army, rose\n to the rank of a military tribune. His son obtained the same office\n in the 22nd year of his age, and he distinguished himself so much by\n his probity, his valour, his intrepidity, moderation, and clemency,\n that, at the death of the emperor Tacitus, he was invested with\n the imperial purple by the voluntary and uninfluenced choice of\n his soldiers. His election was universally approved by the Roman\n senate and the people; and Probus, strengthened on his throne by the\n affection and attachment of his subjects, marched against the enemies\n of Rome, in Gaul and Germany. Several battles were fought, and after\n he had left 400,000 barbarians dead in the field, Probus turned\n his arms against the Sarmatians. The same success attended him, and\n after he had quelled and terrified to peace the numerous barbarians\n of the north, he marched through Syria against the Blemmyes\n in the neighbourhood of Egypt. The Blemmyes were defeated with\n great slaughter, and the military character of the emperor was so\n well established, that the king of Persia sued for peace by his\n ambassadors, and attempted to buy the conqueror\u2019s favour with the\n most splendid presents. Probus was then feasting upon the most common\n food when the ambassadors were introduced; but without even casting\n his eyes upon them, he said, that if their master did not give proper\n satisfaction to the Romans, he would lay his territories desolate,\n and as naked as the crown of his head. As he spoke, the emperor took\n off his cap, and showed the baldness of his head to the ambassadors.\n The conditions were gladly accepted by the Persian monarch, and\n Probus retired to Rome to convince his subjects of the greatness\n of his conquests, and to claim from them the applause which their\n ancestors had given to the conqueror of Macedonia or the destroyer of\n Carthage, as he passed along the streets of Rome. His triumph lasted\n several days, and the Roman populace were long entertained with\n shows and combats. But the Roman empire, delivered from its foreign\n enemies, was torn by civil discord; and peace was not re-established\n till three usurpers had been severally defeated. While his\n subjects enjoyed tranquillity, Probus encouraged the liberal\n arts; he permitted the inhabitants of Gaul and Illyricum to plant\n vines in their territories, and he himself repaired 70 cities in\n different parts of the empire which had been reduced to ruins.\n He also attempted to drain the waters which were stagnated in the\n neighbourhood of Sirmium, by conveying them to the sea by artificial\n canals. His armies were employed in this laborious undertaking; but\n as they were unaccustomed to such toils, they soon mutinied, and\n fell upon the emperor as he was passing into one of the towns of\n Illyricum. He fled into an iron tower which he himself had built to\n observe the marshes, but as he was alone, and without arms, he was\n soon overpowered and murdered, in the 50th year of his age, after a\n reign of six years and four months, on the second of November, after\n Christ 282. The news of his death was received with the greatest\n consternation; not only his friends, but his very enemies, deplored\n his fate, and even the army, which had been concerned in his fall,\n erected a monument over his body, and placed upon it this inscription:\n _Hic Probus imperator, ver\u00e8 probus, situs est, victor omnium gentium\n barbararum, victor etiam tyrannorum_. He was then preparing in a\n few days to march against the Persians that had revolted, and his\n victories there might have been as great as those he obtained in the\n two other quarters of the globe. He was succeeded by Carus, and his\n family, who had shared his greatness, immediately retired from Rome,\n not to become objects either of private or public malice. _Zosimus._\n \u2015\u2015_Probus._\u2015\u2015_Saturninus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015\u00c6milius, a grammarian in the age of\n Theodosius. The lives of excellent commanders, written by Cornelius\n Nepos, have been falsely attributed to him by some authors.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n oppressive prefect of the pretorian guards, in the reign of\n Valentinian.\n\n=Procas=, a king of Alba after his father Aventinus. He was father of\n Amulius and Numitor. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 14, li. 622.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 767.\n\n=Prochy\u0306ta=, an island of Campania in the bay of Puteoli, now _Procida_.\n It was situated near Inarima, from which it was said that it had\n been separated by an earthquake. It received its name, according to\n Dionysius, from the nurse of \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 715.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Procilius=, a Latin historian in the age of Pompey the Great. _Varro._\n\n=Procilla Julia=, a woman of uncommon virtue, killed by the soldiers of\n Otho. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 4.\n\n=Caius Valerius Procillus=, a prince of Gaul, intimate with C\u00e6sar.\n\n=Procl\u0113a=, a daughter of Clitius, who married Cycnus, a son of Neptune.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.\n\n=Procles=, a son of Aristodemus and Argia, born at the same birth\n as Eurysthenes. There were continual dissensions between the two\n brothers, who both sat on the Spartan throne, _See:_ Eurysthenes and\n Laced\u00e6mon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Andros in the \u00c6gean sea, who was crowned\n at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who headed\n the Ionians when they took Samos. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Carthaginian writer, son of Eucrates. He wrote some historical\n treatises, of which Pausanias has preserved some fragments.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Epidaurus, put to death\n and thrown into the sea. _Plutarch_, _de Defectu Oraculorum_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n general of the Naxians in Sicily, who betrayed his country to\n Dionysius the tyrant for a sum of money.\n\n=Proclid\u00e6=, the descendants of Procles, who sat on the throne of Sparta,\n together with the Eurysthenid\u00e6. _See:_ Laced\u00e6mon and Eurysthenes.\n\n=Procne.= _See:_ Progne.\n\n=Proconn\u0113sus=, now _Marmora_, an island of the Propontis, at the\n north-east of Cyzicus; also called _Elaphonnesus_ and _Neuris_. It\n was famous for its fine marble. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Procopius=, a celebrated officer of a noble family in Cilicia, related\n to the emperor Julian, with whom he lived in great intimacy. He\n was universally admired for his integrity, but he was not destitute\n of ambition or pride. After he had signalized himself under Julian\n and his successor, he retired from the Roman provinces among the\n barbarians in the Thracian Chersonesus, and some time after he\n suddenly made his appearance at Constantinople, when the emperor\n Valens had marched into the east, and he proclaimed himself master\n of the eastern empire. His usurpation was universally acknowledged,\n and his victories were so rapid, that Valens would have resigned\n the imperial purple, had not his friends intervened. But now fortune\n changed; Procopius was defeated in Phrygia, and abandoned by his army.\n His head was cut off, and carried to Valentinian in Gaul, A.D. 366.\n Procopius was slain in the 42nd year of his age, and he had usurped\n the title of emperor for above eight months. _Ammianus Marcellinus_,\n bks. 25 & 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek historian of C\u00e6sarea in Palestine, secretary\n to the celebrated Belisarius, A.D. 534. He wrote the history of\n the reign of Justinian, and greatly celebrated the hero, whose\n favours and patronage he enjoyed. This history is divided into eight\n books, two of which give an account of the Persian war, two of the\n Vandals, and four of the Goths, to the year 553, which was afterwards\n continued in five books by Agathias till 559. Of this performance the\n character is great, though perhaps the historian is often too severe\n on the emperor. The works of Procopius were edited in 2 vols., folio,\n Paris, 1662.\n\n=Procris=, a daughter of Erechtheus king of Athens. She married\n Cephalus. _See:_ Cephalus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 445.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Thestius.\n\n=Procrustes=, a famous robber of Attica, killed by Theseus near the\n Cephisus. He tied travellers on a bed, and if their length exceeded\n that of the bed, he used to cut it off, but if they were shorter,\n he had them stretched to make their length equal to it. He is called\n by some Damastes and Polypemon. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 2, li. 69;\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 43.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\n\n=Proc\u016dla=, a prostitute in Juvenal\u2019s age, satire 2, li. 68.\n\n=Proc\u016bleius=, a Roman knight, very intimate with Augustus. He is\n celebrated for his humanity and paternal kindness to his brothers\n Mur\u00e6na and Scipio, with whom he divided his possessions, after they\n had forfeited their estates, and incurred the displeasure of Augustus\n for siding with young Pompey. He was sent by Augustus to Cleopatra,\n to endeavour to bring her alive into his presence, but to no purpose.\n He destroyed himself when labouring under a heavy disease. _Horace_,\n bk. 2, ode 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n debauchee in Nero\u2019s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 40.\n\n=Proc\u016dlus Julius=, a Roman who, after the death of Romulus, declared\n that he had seen him in his appearance more than human, and that\n he had ordered him to bid the Romans to offer him sacrifices under\n the name of Quirinus, and to rest assured that Rome was destined by\n the gods to become the capital of the world. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Geganius, a Roman consul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Placitius,\n a Roman who conquered the Hernici.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Vitellius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n consul under Nerva.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man accused of extortion.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An African in\n the age of Aurelius. He published a book entitled _de regionibus_,\n or _religionibus_, on foreign countries, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer who\n proclaimed himself emperor in Gaul, in the reign of Probus. He was\n soon after defeated, and exposed on a gibbet. He was very debauched\n and licentious in his manners, and had acquired riches by piratical\n excursions.\n\n=Procyon=, a star near Sirius, or the dog-star, before which it\n generally rises in July. Cicero calls it _Anticanis_, which is of the\n same signification (\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03c5\u03c9\u03bd). _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 29.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 44.\n\n=Prod\u012dcus=, a sophist and rhetorician of Cos, about 396 years before\n Christ. He was sent as ambassador by his countrymen to Athens, where\n he publicly taught, and had among his pupils Euripides, Socrates,\n Theramenes, and Isocrates. He travelled from town to town in Greece,\n to procure admirers and get money. He made his auditors pay to hear\n him harangue, which has given occasion to some of the ancients to\n speak of the orations of Prodicus for 50 drachmas. In his writings,\n which were numerous, he composed a beautiful episode, in which virtue\n and pleasure were introduced, as attempting to make Hercules one of\n their votaries. The hero at last yielded to the charms of virtue and\n rejected pleasure. This has been imitated by Lucian. Prodicus was at\n last put to death by the Athenians on pretence that he corrupted the\n morals of their youth. _Xenophon_, _Memorabilia_.\n\n=Proerna=, a town of Phthiotis. _Livy_, bk. 63, ch. 14.\n\n=Pr\u0153rosia=, a surname of Ceres. Her festivals, celebrated at Athens and\n Eleusis before the sowing of corn, bore the same name. _Meursius_,\n _Eleusinia_.\n\n=Pr\u0153t\u012ddes=, the daughters of Pr\u0153tus king of Argolis, were three\n in number, Lysippe, Iphinoe, and Iphianassa. They became insane\n for neglecting the worship of Bacchus, or, according to others,\n for preferring themselves to Juno, and they ran about the fields,\n believing themselves to be cows, and flying away not to be harnessed\n to the plough or to the chariot. Pr\u0153tus applied to Melampus to cure\n his daughters of their insanity, but he refused to employ him when he\n demanded the third part of his kingdom as a reward. This neglect of\n Pr\u0153tus was punished, the insanity became contagious, and the monarch\n at last promised Melampus two parts of his kingdom and one of his\n daughters, if he would restore them and the Argian women to their\n senses. Melampus consented, and after he had wrought the cure, he\n married the most beautiful of the Pr\u0153tides. Some have called them\n Lysippe, Ipponoe, and Cyrianassa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 48.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Lactantius [Placidus]_ on _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bks. 1 & 3.\n\n=Pr\u0153tus=, a king of Argos, son of Abas and Ocalea. He was twin brother\n to Acrisius, with whom he quarrelled even before their birth. This\n dissension between the two brothers increased with their years. After\n their father\u2019s death, they both tried to obtain the kingdom of Argos;\n but the claims of Acrisius prevailed, and Pr\u0153tus left Peloponnesus\n and retired to the court of Jobates king of Lycia, where he married\n Stenob\u0153a, called by some Antea or Antiope. He afterwards returned to\n Argolis, and by means of his father-in-law he made himself master of\n Tirynthus. Stenob\u0153a had accompanied her husband to Greece, and she\n became by him mother of the Pr\u0153tides, and of a son called Megapenthes,\n who after his father\u2019s death succeeded on the throne of Tirynthus.\n _See:_ Stenob\u0153a. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 160.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Progne=, a daughter of Pandion king of Athens by Zeuxippe. She married\n Tereus king of Thrace, by whom she had a son called Itylus or Itys.\n _See:_ Philomela.\n\n=Prol\u0103us=, a native of Elis, father to Philanthus and Lampus by Lysippe.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 2.\n\n=Prom\u0103chus=, one of the Epigoni, son of Parthenop\u00e6us. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Psophis daughter of Eryx king of Sicily.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An athlete of Pallene.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n \u00c6son, killed by Pelias. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Promath\u012ddas=, an historian of Heraclea.\n\n=Promathion=, a man who wrote a history of Italy. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\n\n=Prom\u0115don=, a native of the island of Naxos, &c.\n\n=Promen\u00e6a=, one of the priestesses of the temple of Dodona. It was from\n her that Herodotus received the tradition that two doves had flown\n from Thebes in Egypt, one to Dodona, and the other to the temple of\n Jupiter Ammon, where they gave oracles.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 55.\n\n=Promethei jugum= and =antrum=, a place on the top of mount Caucasus,\n in Albania.\n\n=Prom\u0113theus=, a son of Iapetus by Clymene, one of the Oceanides. He was\n brother to Atlas, Men\u0153tius, and Epimetheus, and surpassed all mankind\n in cunning and fraud. He ridiculed the gods, and deceived Jupiter\n himself. He sacrificed two bulls, and filled their skins, one with\n the flesh and the other with the bones, and asked the father of the\n gods which of the two he preferred as an offering. Jupiter became\n the dupe of his artifice, and chose the bones, and from that time\n the priests of the temples were ever after ordered to burn the whole\n victims on the altars, the flesh and the bones altogether. To punish\n Prometheus and the rest of mankind, Jupiter took fire away from the\n earth, but the son of Iapetus outwitted the father of the gods. He\n climbed the heavens by the assistance of Minerva, and stole fire from\n the chariot of the sun, which he brought down upon the earth at the\n end of a ferula. This provoked Jupiter the more; he ordered Vulcan\n to make a woman of clay, and after he had given her life, he sent her\n to Prometheus, with a box of the richest and most valuable presents\n which she had received from the gods. _See:_ Pandora. Prometheus, who\n suspected Jupiter, took no notice of Pandora or her box, but he made\n his brother Epimetheus marry her, and the god, now more irritated,\n ordered Mercury, or Vulcan, according to \u00c6schylus, to carry this\n artful mortal to mount Caucasus, and there tie him to a rock, where\n for 30,000 years a vulture was to feed upon his liver, which was\n never diminished, though continually devoured. He was delivered from\n this painful confinement about 30 years afterwards by Hercules, who\n killed the bird of prey. The vulture, or, according to others, the\n eagle which devoured the liver of Prometheus, was born from Typhon\n and Echidna. According to Apollodorus, Prometheus made the first man\n and woman that ever were upon the earth with clay, which he animated\n by means of the fire which he had stolen from heaven. On this account,\n therefore, the Athenians raised him an altar in the grove of Academus,\n where they yearly celebrated games to his honour. During these games\n there was a race, and he who carried a burning torch in his hand\n without extinguishing it obtained the prize. Prometheus, as it is\n universally credited, had received the gift of prophecy; and all the\n gods, and even Jupiter himself, consulted him as a most infallible\n oracle. To him mankind are indebted for the invention of many of the\n useful arts; he taught them the use of plants, with their physical\n power, and from him they received the knowledge of taming horses\n and different animals, either to cultivate the ground, or for\n the purposes of luxury. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, lis. 510 & 550.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 30; bk. 5,\n ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 144.\u2015\u2015_Aeschylus_, _Prometheus Bound_.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,\n li. 82.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 3.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Medea_, li. 823.\n\n=Prom\u0113this= and =Prometh\u012bdes=, a patronymic applied to the children\n of Prometheus, as to Deucalion, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10,\n li. 390.\n\n=Promethus= and =Damasichthon=, two sons of Codrus, who conducted\n colonies into Asia Minor. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\n\n=Prom\u016dlus=, a Trojan killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 574.\n\n=Pronap\u012ddes=, an ancient Greek poet of Athens, who was, according to\n some, preceptor to Homer. It is said that he first taught the Greeks\n how to write from the left to the right, contrary to the custom of\n writing from the right to the left, which is still observed by some\n of the eastern nations. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.\n\n=Pronax=, a brother of Adrastus king of Argos, son of Talaus and\n Lysimache. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\n\n=Pronoe=, a daughter of Phorbas, mother of Pleuron and Calydon by \u00c6olus.\n\n=Pron\u014fmus=, a Theban who played so skilfully on the lute, that\n the invention of that musical instrument is attributed to him.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 14, ch. 7.\n\n=Pronous=, a son of Phlegeas, killed by the sons of Alcm\u00e6on.\n\n=Pron\u016dba=, a surname of Juno, because she presided over marriages.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 166.\n\n=Propertius Sextus Aurelius=, a Latin poet born at Mevania, in Umbria.\n His father was a Roman knight, whom Augustus proscribed, because\n he had followed the interest of Antony. He came to Rome, where his\n genius and poetical talents soon recommended him to the notice of the\n great and powerful. Mec\u00e6nas, Gallus, and Virgil became his friends,\n and Augustus his patron. Mec\u00e6nas wished him to attempt an epic poem,\n of which he proposed the emperor for hero; but Propertius refused,\n observing that his abilities were unequal to the task. He died\n about 19 years before Christ, in the 40th year of his age. His works\n consist of four books of elegies, which are written with so much\n spirit, vivacity, and energy, that many authors call him the prince\n of the elegiac poets among the Latins. His poetry, though elegant,\n is not free from faults, and the many lascivious expressions which\n he uses deservedly expose him to censure. Cynthia, who is the heroine\n of all his elegies, was a Roman lady, whose real name was Hostia, or\n Hostilia, of whom the poet was deeply enamoured. Though Mevania is\n more generally supposed to be the place of his birth, yet four other\n cities of Umbria have disputed the honour of it; Hespillus, Ameria,\n Perusia, and Assisium. The best edition is that of Santenius, 4to,\n Utrecht, 1780; and when published together with Catullus and Tibullus,\n those of Gr\u00e6vius, 8vo, Utrecht, 1680, and of Vulpius, 4 vols.,\n Patavii, 1737, 1749, 1755, and the edition of Barbou, 12mo, Paris,\n 1754. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 465; bk. 4, poem 10, li. 55;\n _De Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 333.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 8, ltr. 73; bk. 14,\n ltr. 189.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, _Letters_;\n bk. 9, ltr. 22.\n\n=Prop\u0153t\u012ddes=, some women of Cyprus, severely punished by Venus,\n whose divinity they had despised. They sent their daughters to the\n sea-shore, where they prostituted themselves to strangers. The poets\n have feigned that they were changed into stones, on account of their\n insensibility to every virtuous sentiment. _Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 238.\n\n=Propontis=, a sea which has a communication with the Euxine, by the\n Thracian Bosphorus, and with the \u00c6gean by the Hellespont, now called\n the sea of _Marmora_. It is about 175 miles long and 62 broad, and\n it received its name from its vicinity to Pontus. _Mela_, bk. 1,\n ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, bk. 1; _Tristia_, bk. 9, li. 29.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 22.\n\n=Propylea=, a surname of Diana. She had a temple at Eleusis in Attica.\n\n=Proselystius=, a surname of Neptune among the Greeks. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2.\n\n=Proserp\u012dna=, a daughter of Ceres by Jupiter, called by the Greeks\n _Persephone_. She was so beautiful, that the father of the gods\n himself became enamoured of her, and deceived her by changing himself\n into a serpent, and folding her in his wreaths. Proserpine made\n Sicily the place of her residence, and delighted herself with the\n beautiful views, the flowery meadows, and limpid streams, which\n surrounded the plains of Enna. In this solitary retreat, as she\n amused herself with her female attendants in gathering flowers, Pluto\n carried her away into the infernal regions, of which she became the\n queen. _See:_ Pluto. Ceres was so disconsolate at the loss of her\n daughter, that she travelled all over the world, but her inquiries\n were in vain, and she never could have discovered whither she had\n been carried, had not she found the girdle of Proserpine on the\n surface of the waters of the fountain Cyane, near which the ravisher\n had opened himself a passage to his kingdom by striking the earth\n with his trident. Ceres soon learned from the nymph Arethusa that her\n daughter had been carried away by Pluto, and immediately she repaired\n to Jupiter, and demanded of him to punish the ravisher. Jupiter in\n vain attempted to persuade the mother that Pluto was not unworthy\n of her daughter, and when he saw that she was inflexible for the\n restitution of Proserpine, he said that she might return on earth,\n if she had not taken any aliments in the infernal regions. Her return,\n however, was impossible. Proserpine, as she walked in the Elysian\n fields, had gathered a pomegranate from a tree and eaten it, and\n Ascalaphus was the only one who saw it, and for his discovery the\n goddess instantly turned him into an owl. Jupiter, to appease the\n resentment of Ceres, and soothe her grief, permitted that Proserpine\n should remain six months with Pluto in the infernal regions, and\n that she should spend the rest of the year with her mother on earth.\n As queen of hell, and wife of Pluto, Proserpine presided over the\n death of mankind, and, according to the opinion of the ancients, no\n one could die, if the goddess herself, or Atropos her minister, did\n not cut off one of the hairs from the head. From this superstitious\n belief, it was usual to cut off some of the hair of the deceased, and\n to strew it at the door of the house, as an offering for Proserpine.\n The Sicilians were very particular in their worship to Proserpine,\n and as they believed that the fountain Cyane had risen from the earth\n at the very place where Pluto had opened himself a passage, they\n annually sacrificed there a bull, of which they suffered the blood\n to run into the water. Proserpine was universally worshipped by\n the ancients, and she was known by the different names of _Core_,\n _Theogamia_, _Libitina_, _Hecate_, _Juno inferna_, _Anthesphoria_,\n _Cotyto_, _Deois_, _Libera_, &c. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 37; bk. 9, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, fable\n 6; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 417.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 698;\n bk. 6, li. 138.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Against Verres_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 146.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Orpheus_, _Hymn 28_.\u2015\u2015_Claudian_,\n _de Raptu Proserpin\u00e6_.\n\n=Prosop\u012btis=, an island in one of the mouths of the Nile. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Prosper=, one of the fathers who died A.D. 466. His works have been\n edited by Mangeant, folio, Paris, 1711.\n\n=Prosymna=, a part of Argolis, where Juno was worshipped. It received\n its name from a nymph of the same name, daughter of Asterion, who\n nursed Juno. _Pausanias_, bk. 2.\n\n=Protag\u014fras=, a Greek philosopher of Abdera in Thrace, who was\n originally a porter. He became one of the disciples of Democritus,\n when that philosopher had seen him carrying faggots on his head,\n poised in a proper equilibrium. He soon rendered himself ridiculous\n by his doctrines, and in a book which he published, he denied the\n existence of a Supreme Being. This doctrine he supported by observing,\n that his doubts arose from the uncertainty of the existence of a\n Supreme Power, and from the shortness of human life. This book was\n publicly burnt at Athens, and the philosopher banished from the city,\n as a worthless and contemptible being. Protagoras visited from Athens\n different islands in the Mediterranean, and died in Sicily in a very\n advanced age, about 400 years before the christian era. He generally\n reasoned by dilemmas, and always left the mind in suspense about all\n the questions which he proposed. Some suppose that he was drowned.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2666_Plato_, _Protagoras_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of\n Cyprus, tributary to the court of Persia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Plutarch\u2019 replaced with \u2018Plato\u2019\n\n=Protagor\u012ddes=, an historian of Cyzicus, who wrote a treatise on the\n games of Daphne, celebrated at Antioch.\n\n=Protei column\u00e6=, a place in the remotest parts of Egypt. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 262.\n\n=Protesilai turris=, the monument of Protesilaus, on the Hellespont.\n _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Pr\u014dt\u0115s\u012dl\u0101us=, a king of part of Thessaly, son of Iphiclus, originally\n called Iolaus, grandson of Phylacus, and brother to Alcimede the\n mother of Jason. He married Laodamia the daughter of Acastus, and\n some time after he departed with the rest of the Greeks for the\n Trojan war with 40 sail. He was the first of the Greeks who set\n foot on the Trojan shore, and as such he was doomed by the oracle\n to perish, therefore he was killed as soon as he had leaped from his\n ship, by \u00c6neas or Hector. Homer has not mentioned the person who\n killed him. His wife Laodamia destroyed herself when she heard of\n his death. _See:_ Laodamia. Protesilaus has received the patronymic\n of _Phylacides_ either because he was descended from Phylace, or\n because he was a native of Phylace. He was buried on the Trojan\n shore, and, according to Pliny, there were near his tomb certain\n trees which grew to an extraordinary height, which, as soon as they\n could be discovered and seen from Troy, immediately withered and\n decayed, and afterwards grew up again to their former height, and\n suffered the same vicissitude. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 205.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, fable 1; _Heroides_, poem 13,\n li. 17.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 19.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 103, &c.\n\n=Proteus=, a sea deity, son of Oceanus and Tethys, or, according to\n some, of Neptune and Ph\u0153nice. He had received the gift of prophecy\n from Neptune because he had tended the monsters of the sea, and from\n his knowledge of futurity mankind received the greatest services.\n He usually resided in the Carpathian sea, and, like the rest of\n the gods, he reposed himself on the sea-shore, where such as wished\n to consult him generally resorted. He was difficult of access, and\n when consulted he refused to give answers, by immediately assuming\n different shapes, and if not properly secured in fetters, eluding the\n grasp in the form of a tiger, or a lion, or disappearing in a flame\n of fire, a whirlwind, or a rushing stream. Arist\u00e6us and Menelaus\n were in the number of those who consulted him, as also Hercules.\n Some suppose that he was originally king of Egypt, known among his\n subjects by the name of Cetes, and they assert that he had two sons,\n Telegonus and Polygonus, who were both killed by Hercules. He had\n also some daughters, among whom were Cabira, Eidothea, and Rhetia.\n _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 4, li. 360.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,\n fable 10; _Amores_, poem 12, li. 36.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 243.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 387.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 118.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 112.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Proth\u0113nor=, a B\u0153otian who went to the Trojan war. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 2.\n\n=Protheus=, a Greek at the Trojan war.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Spartan who endeavoured to\n prevent a war with the Thebans.\n\n=Prothous=, a son of Lycaon of Arcadia. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Agrius.\n\n=Proto=, one of the Nereides. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Protogen\u0113a=, a daughter of Calydon, by \u00c6olia the daughter of Amythaon.\n She had a son called Oxylus by Mars. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Protog\u0115nes=, a painter of Rhodes, who flourished about 328 years\n before Christ. He was originally so poor that he painted ships to\n maintain himself. His countrymen were ignorant of his ingenuity\n before Apelles came to Rhodes, and offered to buy all his pieces.\n This opened the eyes of the Rhodians; they became sensible of the\n merit of their countrymen, and liberally rewarded him. Protogenes\n was employed for seven years in finishing a picture of Jalysus,\n a celebrated huntsman, supposed to have been the son of Apollo,\n and the founder of Rhodes. During all this time the painter lived\n upon lupines and water, thinking that such aliments would leave him\n greater flights of fancy; but all this did not seem to make him more\n successful in the perfection of his picture. He was to represent in\n the piece a dog panting, and with froth at his mouth, but this he\n never could do with satisfaction to himself; and when all his labours\n seemed to be without success, he threw his sponge upon the piece in\n a fit of anger. Chance alone brought to perfection what the utmost\n labours of art could not do; the fall of the sponge upon the picture\n represented the froth of the mouth of the dog in the most perfect\n and natural manner, and the piece was universally admired. Protogenes\n was very exact in his representations, and copied nature with the\n greatest nicety, but this was blamed as a fault by his friend Apelles.\n When Demetrius besieged Rhodes he refused to set fire to a part of\n the city which might have made him master of the whole, because he\n knew that Protogenes was then working in that quarter. When the town\n was taken, the painter was found closely employed in a garden in\n finishing a picture; and when the conqueror asked him why he showed\n not more concern at the general calamity, he replied, that Demetrius\n made war against the Rhodians, and not against the fine arts.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_,\n _Varia Historia_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 120.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Demetrius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Caligula\u2019s favourites, famous for his cruelty\n and extravagance.\n\n=Protogen\u012ba=, a daughter of Deucalion and Pyrrha. She was beloved\n by Jupiter, by whom she had \u00c6thlius the father of Endymion.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 155.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another. _See:_ Protogenea.\n\n=Protomed\u016bsa=, one of the Nereides, called Protomelia by Hesiod.\n _Theogony_, li. 245.\n\n=Prox\u0115nus=, a B\u0153otian of great authority at Thebes, in the age of\n Xenophon. _Poly\u00e6nus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer who published historical accounts\n of Sparta. _Athen\u00e6us._\n\n=Prudentius Aurelius Clemens=, a Latin poet who flourished A.D. 392,\n and was successively a soldier, an advocate, and a judge. His poems\n are numerous, and all theological, devoid of the elegance and purity\n of the Augustan age, and yet greatly valued. The best editions are\n the Delphin, 4to, Paris, 1687; that of Cellarius, 12mo, Hal\u00e6, 1703;\n and that of Parma, 2 vols., 4to, 1788.\n\n=Prumnides=, a king of Corinth.\n\n=Prusa=, a town of Bithynia, built by king Prusias, from whom it\n received its name. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 10, ltr. 16.\n\n=Prus\u00e6us Dion=, flourished A.D. 105.\n\n=Prusias=, a king of Bithynia, who flourished 221 B.C.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n surnamed _Venator_, who made an alliance with the Romans when they\n waged war with Antiochus king of Syria. He gave a kind reception\n to Annibal, and by his advice he made war against Eumenes king of\n Pergamus, and defeated him. Eumenes, who was an ally of Rome as well\n as Prusias, complained before the Romans of the hostilities of the\n king of Bithynia. Quinctius Flaminius was sent from Rome to settle\n the disputes of the two monarchs, and he was no sooner arrived in\n Bithynia, than Prusias, to gain his favour, prepared to deliver to\n him, at his request, the celebrated Carthaginian, to whom he was\n indebted for all the advantages which he had obtained over Eumenes;\n but Annibal prevented it by a voluntary death. Prusias was obliged\n by the Roman ambassador to make a restitution of the provinces he\n had conquered, and by his meanness he continued to enjoy the favours\n of the Romans. When some time after he visited the capital of Italy,\n he appeared in the habit of a manumitted slave, calling himself\n the freedman of the Romans; and when he was introduced into the\n senate-house, he saluted the senators by the name of visible deities,\n of saviours and deliverers. Such abject behaviour rendered him\n contemptible not only in the eyes of the Romans, but of his subjects,\n and when he returned home the Bithynians revolted, and placed his\n son Nicomedes on the throne. The banished monarch fled to Nicomedia,\n where he was assassinated near the altar of Jupiter, about 149 years\n before Christ. Some say that his son became his murderer. Prusias,\n according to Polybius, was the meanest of monarchs, without honesty,\n without morals, virtue, or principle; he was cruel and cowardly,\n intemperate and voluptuous, and an enemy to all learning. He was\n naturally deformed, and he often appeared in public in the habit of\n a woman, to render his deformities more visible. _Polybius._\u2015\u2015_Livy._\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 31, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Titus Flamininus_, &c.\n\n=Prymno=, one of the Oceanides.\n\n=Pryt\u0103nes=, certain magistrates at Athens who presided over the senate,\n and had the privilege of assembling it when they pleased, festivals\n excepted. They generally met in a large hall, called _prytaneum_,\n where they gave audiences, offered sacrifices, and feasted together\n with all those who had rendered signal service to their country. The\n Prytanes were elected from the senators which were in number 500,\n 50 of which were chosen from each tribe. When they were elected, the\n names of the 10 tribes of Athens were thrown into one vessel, and in\n another were placed nine black beans and a white one. The tribe whose\n name was drawn with the white bean, presided the first, and the rest\n in the order in which they were drawn. They presided each for 35 days,\n as the year was divided into 10 parts; but it is unknown what tribe\n presided the rest of those days which were supernumerary. When the\n number of tribes was increased to 12, each of the Prytanes presided\n one full month.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Some of the principal magistrates of Corinth were\n also called Prytanes.\n\n=Pryt\u0103nis=, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclid\u00e6.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the friends of \u00c6neas killed by\n Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 767.\n\n=Psam\u0103the=, one of the Nereides, mother of Phocus by \u00c6acus king of\n \u00c6gina. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,\n li. 398.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, \u2666bk. 1, li. 364.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Crotopus king\n of Argos. She became mother of Linus by Apollo, and to conceal her\n shame from her father, she exposed her child, which was found by dogs\n and torn to pieces. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 43.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fountain and\n town of Thebes. _Flaccus_, bk. 1, li. 364.\n\n \u2666 Book reference omitted in text.\n\n=Psamathos=, a town and port of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25.\n\n=Psammen\u012btus=, succeeded his father Amasis on the throne of Egypt.\n Cambyses made war against him, and as he knew that the Egyptians\n paid the greatest veneration to cats, the Persian monarch placed some\n of these animals at the head of his army, and the enemy, unable to\n defend themselves, and unwilling to kill those objects of adoration,\n were easily conquered. Psammenitus was twice beaten at Pelusium and\n in Memphis, and became one of the prisoners of Cambyses, who treated\n him with great humanity. Psammenitus, however, raised seditions\n against the Persian monarch; and attempted to make the Egyptians\n rebel, for which he was put to death by drinking bull\u2019s blood. He had\n reigned about six months. He flourished about 525 years before the\n christian era. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.\n\n=Psammet\u012dchus=, a king of Egypt. He was one of the 12 princes who\n shared the kingdom among themselves; but as he was more popular\n than the rest, he was banished from his dominions, and retired into\n the marshes near the sea-shore. A descent of some of the Greeks\n upon Egypt proved favourable to his cause: he joined the enemy,\n and defeated the 11 princes who had expelled him from the country.\n He rewarded the Greeks, by whose valour he had recovered Egypt, he\n allotted them some territory on the sea-coast, patronized the liberal\n arts, and encouraged commerce among his subjects. He made useless\n inquiries to find the sources of the Nile, and he stopped, by bribes\n and money, a large army of Scythians that were marching against\n him. He died 617 years before the christian era, and was buried in\n Minerva\u2019s temple at Sais. During his reign there was a contention\n among some of the neighbouring nations about the antiquity of their\n language. Psammetichus took a part in the contest. He confined\n two young children and fed them with milk; the shepherd to whose\n care they were entrusted was ordered never to speak to them, but to\n watch diligently their articulations. After some time the shepherd\n observed, that whenever he entered the place of their confinement\n they repeatedly exclaimed _Beccos_, and he gave information of this\n to the monarch. Psammetichus made inquiries, and found that the word\n _Beccos_ signified bread in the Ph\u0153nician language, and from that\n circumstance, therefore, it was universally concluded that the\n language of Ph\u0153nicia was of the greatest antiquity. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 28, &c.\u2015\u2015_Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Gordius, brother to Periander, who held the tyranny at Corinth\n for three years, B.C. 584. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 12.\n\n=Psammis=, or =Psammuthis=, a king of Egypt, B.C. 376.\n\n=Psaphis=, a town on the confines of Attica and B\u0153otia. There was there\n an oracle of Amphiaraus.\n\n=Psapho=, a Libyan who taught a number of birds which he kept to say,\n \u201cPsapho is a god,\u201d and afterwards gave them their liberty. The birds\n did not forget the words which they had been taught, and the Africans\n paid divine honours to Psapho. _\u00c6lian._\n\n=Psecas=, one of Diana\u2019s attendant nymphs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 3.\n\n=Psophis=, a town of Arcadia near the river Erymanthus, whose name it\n originally bore, and afterwards that of Phegia. _Statius_, _Thebaid_,\n bk. 4, li. 296.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 5, li. 607.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river and town of Elis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Eryx.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Acarnania.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Libya.\n\n=Psyche=, a nymph whom Cupid married and carried into a place of bliss,\n where he long enjoyed her company. Venus put her to death because\n she had robbed the world of her son; but Jupiter, at the request of\n Cupid, granted immortality to Psyche. The word signifies _the soul_,\n and this personification of Psyche first mentioned by Apuleius is\n posterior to the Augustan age, though still it is connected with\n ancient mythology. Psyche is generally represented with the wings\n of a butterfly, to intimate the lightness of the soul, of which the\n butterfly is the symbol, and on that account, among the ancients,\n when a man had just expired, a butterfly appeared fluttering above,\n as if rising from the mouth of the deceased.\n\n=Psychrus=, a river of Thrace. When sheep drank of its waters they were\n said always to bring forth black lambs. _Aristotle._\n\n=Psylli=, a people of Libya near the Syrtes, very expert in curing\n the venomous bite of serpents, which had no fatal effect upon them.\n _Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 51, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 9,\n lis. 894, 937.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 173.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9,\n ch. 28.\n\n=Pteleum=, a town of Thessaly on the borders of B\u0153otia. _Lucan_, bk. 6,\n li. 852.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 43.\n\n=Pterelaus=, a son of Taphius, presented with immortality from Neptune,\n provided he kept on his head a yellow lock. His daughter cut it off\n and he died. He reigned at Taphos in Argos, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 4.\n\n=Pteria=, a well-fortified town of Cappadocia. It was in the\n neighbourhood, according to some, that Cr\u0153sus was defeated by Cyrus.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 76.\n\n=Ptolederma=, a town of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.\n\n=Ptolem\u00e6um=, a certain place at Athens dedicated to exercise and study.\n _Cicero_, bk. 5, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_.\n\n=Ptolem\u00e6us I.=, surnamed _Lagus_, a king of Egypt, son of Arsinoe, who,\n when pregnant by Philip of Macedonia, married Lagus, a man of mean\n extraction. _See:_ Lagus. Ptolemy was educated in the court of the\n king of Macedonia; he became one of the friends and associates of\n Alexander, and when that monarch invaded Asia, the son of Arsinoe\n attended him as one of his generals. During the expedition, he\n behaved with uncommon valour; he killed one of the Indian monarchs\n in single combat, and it was to his prudence and courage that\n Alexander was indebted for the reduction of the rock Aornus. After\n the conqueror\u2019s death, in the general division of the Macedonian\n empire, Ptolemy obtained as his share the government of Egypt, with\n Libya, and part of the neighbouring territories of Arabia. In this\n appointment the governor soon gained the esteem of the people by\n acts of kindness, by benevolence, and clemency; and though he did not\n assume the title of independent monarch till 19 years after, yet he\n was so firmly established, that the attempts of Perdiccas to drive\n him away from his possessions proved abortive; and Ptolemy, after the\n murder of his rival by Grecian soldiers, might have added the kingdom\n of Macedonia to his Egyptian territories. He made himself master of\n C\u0153losyria, Ph\u0153nicia, and the neighbouring coast of Syria, and when he\n had reduced Jerusalem, he carried about 100,000 prisoners to Egypt,\n to people the extensive city of Alexandria, which became the capital\n of his dominions. After he had rendered these prisoners the most\n attached and faithful of his subjects by his liberality and the\n grant of privileges, Ptolemy assumed the title of king of Egypt, and\n soon after reduced Cyprus under his power. He made war with success\n against Demetrius and Antigonus, who disputed his right to the\n provinces of Syria, and from the assistance he gave to the people of\n Rhodes against their common enemies, he received the name of _Soter_.\n While he extended his dominions, Ptolemy was not negligent of the\n advantages of his people. The bay of Alexandria being dangerous of\n access, he built a tower to conduct the sailors in the obscurity of\n the night [_See:_ Pharos], and that his subjects might be acquainted\n with literature, he laid the foundation of a library, which, under\n the succeeding reigns, became the most celebrated in the world. He\n also established in the capital of his dominions a society called\n _museum_, of which the members, maintained at the public expense,\n were employed in philosophical researches, and in the advancement of\n science and the liberal arts. Ptolemy died in the 84th year of his\n age, after a reign of 39 years, about 284 years before Christ. He was\n succeeded by his son Ptolemy Philadelphus, who had been his partner\n on the throne the last 10 years of his reign. Ptolemy Lagus has been\n commended for his abilities, not only as a sovereign, but as a writer,\n and among the many valuable compositions which have been lost, we\n are to lament a history of Alexander the Great, by the king of Egypt,\n greatly admired and valued for elegance and authenticity. All his\n successors were called _Ptolemies_ from him. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch.\n 7.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 13, &c.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Arrian._\u2015\u2015_Curtius._\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\n\n=Ptolem\u00e6us II.=, son of Ptolemy I., succeeded his father on the\n Egyptian throne, and was called _Philadelphus_ by antiphrasis,\n because he killed two of his brothers. He showed himself worthy in\n every respect to succeed his great father, and, conscious of the\n advantages which arise from an alliance with powerful nations, he\n sent ambassadors to Italy to solicit the friendship of the Romans,\n whose name and military reputation had become universally known\n for the victories which they had just obtained over Pyrrhus and\n the Tarentines. His ambassadors were received with marks of the\n greatest attention, and immediately after four Roman senators came\n to Alexandria, where they gained the admiration of the monarch and\n of his subjects, and, by refusing the crowns of gold and the rich\n presents which were offered to them, convinced the world of the\n virtue and of the disinterestedness of their nation. But while\n Ptolemy strengthened himself by alliance with foreign powers, the\n internal peace of his kingdom was disturbed by the revolt of Magas\n his brother, king of Cyrene. The sedition, however, was stopped,\n though kindled by Antiochus king of Syria, and the death of the\n rebellious prince re-established peace for some time in the family of\n Philadelphus. Antiochus the Syrian king married Berenice the daughter\n of Ptolemy, and the father, though old and infirm, conducted his\n daughter to her husband\u2019s kingdom, and assisted at the nuptials.\n Philadelphus died in the 64th year of his age, 246 years before\n the christian era. He left two sons and a daughter by Arsinoe the\n daughter of Lysimachus. He had afterwards married his sister Arsinoe,\n whom he loved with uncommon tenderness, and to whose memory he began\n to erect a celebrated monument. _See:_ Dinocrates. During the whole\n of his reign, Philadelphus was employed in exciting industry, and in\n encouraging the liberal arts and useful knowledge among his subjects.\n The inhabitants of the adjacent countries were allured by promises\n and presents to increase the number of the Egyptian subjects, and\n Ptolemy could boast of reigning over 33,339 well-peopled cities.\n He gave every possible encouragement to commerce, and by keeping\n two powerful fleets, one in the Mediterranean, and the other in the\n Red sea, he made Egypt the mart of the world. His army consisted of\n 200,000 foot, 40,000 horse, besides 300 elephants and 2000 armed\n chariots. With justice, therefore, he has been called the richest\n of all the princes and monarchs of his age, and, indeed, the remark\n is not false when it is observed, that at his death he left in his\n treasury 750,000 Egyptian talents, a sum equivalent to two hundred\n millions sterling. His palace was the asylum of learned men, whom\n he admired and patronized. He paid particular attention to Euclid,\n Theocritus, Callimachus, and Lycophron, and by increasing the library\n which his father had founded, he showed his taste for learning, and\n his wish to encourage genius. This celebrated library at his death\n contained 200,000 volumes of the best and choicest books, and it\n was afterwards increased to 700,000 volumes. Part of it was burnt by\n the flames of C\u00e6sar\u2019s fleet when he set it on fire to save himself,\n a circumstance, however, not mentioned by the general, and the whole\n was again magnificently repaired by Cleopatra, who added to the\n Egyptian library that of the kings of Pergamus. It is said that\n the Old Testament was translated into Greek during his reign, a\n translation which has been called Septuagint, because translated by\n the labours of 70 different persons. _Eutropius._\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 17,\n ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Livy._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Theocritus._\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 12.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 13, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 42.\u2015\u2015_Aulus Gellius_,\n bk. 6, ch. 17.\n\n=Ptolem\u00e6us III.=, succeeded his father Philadelphus on the Egyptian\n throne. He early engaged in a war against Antiochus Theus, for his\n unkindness to Berenice, the Egyptian king\u2019s sister, whom he had\n married with the consent of Philadelphus. With the most rapid success\n he conquered Syria and Cilicia, and advanced as far as the Tigris,\n but a sedition at home stopped his progress, and he returned to\n Egypt loaded with the spoils of conquered nations. Among the immense\n riches which he brought, he had above 2500 statues of the Egyptian\n gods, which Cambyses had carried away into Persia when he conquered\n Egypt. These were restored to the temples, and the Egyptians called\n their sovereign _Evergetes_, in acknowledgment of his attention,\n beneficence, and religious zeal for the gods of his country. The\n last years of Ptolemy\u2019s reign were passed in peace, if we except the\n refusal of the Jews to pay the tribute of 20 silver talents which\n their ancestors had always paid to the Egyptian monarchs. He also\n interested himself in the affairs of Greece, and assisted Cleomenes\n the Spartan king against the leaders of the Ach\u00e6an league; but he had\n the mortification to see his ally defeated, and even a fugitive in\n Egypt. Evergetes died 221 years before Christ, after a reign of 25\n years, and, like his two illustrious predecessors, he was the patron\n of learning, and, indeed, he is the last of the Lagides who gained\n popularity among his subjects by clemency, moderation and humanity,\n and who commanded respect even from his enemies, by valour, prudence,\n and reputation. It is said that he deposited 15 talents in the\n hands of the Athenians to be permitted to translate the original\n manuscripts of \u00c6schylus, Euripides, and Sophocles. _Plutarch_,\n _Cleomenes_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 29, &c.\n\n=Ptolem\u00e6us IV.=, succeeded his father Evergetes on the throne of\n Egypt, and received the surname of _Philopater_ by antiphrasis,\n because, according to some historians, he destroyed his father by\n poison. He began his reign with acts of the greatest cruelty, and\n he successively sacrificed to his avarice his own mother, his wife,\n his sister, and his brother. He received the name of _Tiphon_ from\n his extravagance and debauchery, and that of _Gallus_, because he\n appeared in the streets of Alexandria like one of the bacchanals,\n and with all the gestures of the priests of Cybele. In the midst of\n his pleasures, Philopater was called to war against Antiochus king\n of Syria, and at the head of a powerful army he soon invaded his\n enemies\u2019 territories, and might have added the kingdom of Syria to\n Egypt, if he had made a prudent use of the victories which attended\n his arms. In his return he visited Jerusalem, but the Jews prevented\n him forcibly from entering their temple, for which insolence to his\n majesty the monarch determined to extirpate the whole nation. He\n ordered an immense number of Jews to be exposed in a plain, and\n trodden under the feet of elephants, but, by a supernatural instinct,\n the generous animals turned their fury not on those that had been\n devoted to death, but upon the Egyptian spectators. This circumstance\n terrified Philopater, and he behaved with more than common kindness\n to a nation which he had so lately devoted to destruction. In the\n latter part of his reign, the Romans, whom a dangerous war with\n Carthage had weakened, but at the same time roused to superior\n activity, renewed, for political reasons, the treaty of alliance\n which had been made with the Egyptian monarchs. Philopater at last,\n weakened and enervated by intemperance and continual debauchery, died\n in the 37th year of his age, after a reign of 17 years, 204 years\n before the christian era. His death was immediately followed by the\n murder of the companions of his voluptuousness and extravagance, and\n their carcases were dragged with the greatest ignominy through the\n streets of Alexandria. _Polybius._\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 30, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Cleomenes_.\n\n=Ptolem\u00e6us V.=, succeeded his father Philopater as king of Egypt,\n though only in the fourth year of his age. During the years of his\n minority he was under the protection of Sosibius and of Aristomenes,\n by whose prudent administration Antiochus was dispossessed of the\n provinces of C\u0153losyria and Palestine, which he had conquered by\n war. The Romans also renewed their alliance with him after their\n victories over Annibal, and the conclusion of the second Punic war.\n This flattering embassy induced Aristomenes to offer the care of\n the patronage of the young monarch to the Romans, but the regent\n was confirmed in his honourable office, and by making a treaty of\n alliance with the people of Achaia, he convinced the Egyptians that\n he was qualified to wield the sceptre and to govern the nation. But\n now that Ptolemy had reached his 14th year, according to the laws and\n customs of Egypt, the years of his minority had expired. He received\n the surname of _Epiphanes_, or Illustrious, and was crowned at\n Alexandria with the greatest solemnity, and the faithful Aristomenes\n resigned into his hands an empire which he had governed with honour\n to himself and with credit to his sovereign. Young Ptolemy was no\n sooner delivered from the shackles of a superior, than he betrayed\n the same vices which had characterized his father; the counsels of\n Aristomenes were despised, and the minister who for 10 years had\n governed the kingdom with equity and moderation, was sacrificed\n to the caprice of the sovereign, who abhorred him for the salutary\n advice which his own vicious inclinations did not permit him to\n follow. His cruelties raised seditions among his subjects, but\n these were twice quelled by the prudence and the moderation of one\n Polycrates, the most faithful of his corrupt ministers. In the midst\n of his extravagance, Epiphanes did not forget his alliance with\n the Romans; above all others he showed himself eager to cultivate\n friendship with a nation from whom he could derive so many advantages,\n and during their war against Antiochus he offered to assist them with\n money against a monarch whose daughter Cleopatra he had married, but\n whom he hated on account of the seditions he raised in the very heart\n of Egypt. After a reign of 24 years, 180 years before Christ, Ptolemy\n was poisoned by his ministers, whom he had threatened to rob of their\n possessions, to carry on a war against Seleucus king of Syria. _Livy_,\n bk. 35, ch. 13, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, &c.\n\n=Ptolem\u00e6us VI.=, succeeded his father Epiphanes on the Egyptian throne,\n and received the surname of _Philometor_, on account of his hatred\n against his mother Cleopatra. He was in the sixth year of his age\n when he ascended the throne, and during his minority the kingdom was\n governed by his mother, and at her death by a eunuch, who was one of\n his favourites. He made war against Antiochus Epiphanes king of Syria,\n to recover the provinces of Palestine and C\u0153losyria, which were part\n of the Egyptian dominions, and after several successes he fell into\n the hands of his enemy, who detained him in confinement. During\n the captivity of Philometor, the Egyptians raised to the throne his\n younger brother Ptolemy Evergetes, or Physcon, also son of Epiphanes,\n but he was no sooner established in his power than Antiochus\n turned his arms against Egypt, drove the usurper \u2666out, and restored\n Philometor to all his rights and privileges as king of Egypt. This\n artful behaviour of Antiochus was soon comprehended by Philometor,\n and when he saw that Pelusium, the key of Egypt, had remained in\n the hands of his Syrian ally, he recalled his brother Physcon,\n and made him partner on the throne, and concerted with him how to\n repel their common enemy. This union of interest in the two royal\n brothers incensed Antiochus; he entered Egypt with a large army,\n but the Romans checked his progress and obliged him to retire. No\n sooner were they delivered from the impending war, than Philometor\n and Physcon, whom the fear of danger had united, began with\n mutual jealousy to oppose each other\u2019s views. Physcon was at last\n banished by the superior power of his brother, and as he could\n find no support in Egypt, he immediately repaired to Rome. To\n excite more effectually the compassion of the Romans, and to gain\n their assistance, he appeared in the meanest dress, and took his\n residence in the most obscure corner of the city. He received\n an audience from the senate, and the Romans settled the dispute\n between the two royal brothers, by making them independent of one\n another, and giving the government of Libya and Cyrene to Physcon,\n and confirming Philometor in the possession of Egypt, and the\n island of Cyprus. These terms of accommodation were gladly accepted,\n but Physcon soon claimed the dominion of Cyprus, and in this he\n was supported by the Romans, who wished to aggrandize themselves by\n the diminution of the Egyptian power. Philometor refused to deliver\n up the island of Cyprus, and to call away his brother\u2019s attention,\n he fomented the seeds of rebellion in Cyrene. But the death of\n Philometor, 145 years before the christian era, left Physcon master\n of Egypt and all the dependent provinces. Philometor has been\n commended by some historians for his clemency and moderation.\n _Diodorus._\u2015\u2015_Livy._\u2015\u2015_Polybius._\n\n \u2666 omitted word \u2018out\u2019 inserted\n\n=Ptolem\u00e6us VII.=, surnamed Physcon, on account of the prominence of his\n belly, ascended the throne of Egypt after the death of his brother\n Philometer, and as he had reigned for some time conjointly with\n him [_See:_ Ptolem\u00e6us VI.], his succession was approved, though the\n wife and the son of the deceased monarch laid claim to the crown.\n Cleopatra was supported in her claims by the Jews, and it was at last\n agreed that Physcon should marry the queen, and that her son should\n succeed on the throne at his death. The nuptials were accordingly\n celebrated, but on that very day the tyrant murdered Cleopatra\u2019s\n son in her arms. He ordered himself to be called _Evergetes_,\n but the Alexandrians refused to do it, and stigmatized him with\n the appellation of _Kakergetes_, or evil-doer, a surname which\n he deserved by his tyranny and oppression. A series of barbarity\n rendered him odious, but as no one attempted to rid Egypt of her\n tyranny, the Alexandrians abandoned their habitations, and fled from\n a place which continually streamed with the blood of their massacred\n fellow-citizens. If their migration proved fatal to the commerce\n and prosperity of Alexandria, it was of the most essential service\n to the countries where they retired; and the numbers of Egyptians\n that sought a safer asylum in Greece and Asia, introduced among the\n inhabitants of those countries the different professions that were\n practised with success in the capital of Egypt. Physcon endeavoured\n to repeople the city which his cruelty had laid desolate; but the\n fear of sharing the fate of the former inhabitants, prevailed more\n than the promise of riches, rights, and immunities. The king at last,\n disgusted with Cleopatra, repudiated her, and married her daughter by\n Philometor, called also Cleopatra. He still continued to exercise the\n greatest cruelty upon his subjects, but the prudence and vigilance\n of his ministers kept the people in tranquillity, till all Egypt\n revolted when the king had basely murdered all the young men of\n Alexandria. Without friends or support in Egypt he fled to Cyprus,\n and Cleopatra the divorced queen ascended the throne. In his\n banishment Physcon dreaded lest the Alexandrians should also place\n the crown on the head of his son, by his sister Cleopatra, who was\n then governor of Cyrene, and under these apprehensions he sent for\n the young prince, called Memphitis, to Cyprus, and murdered him as\n soon as he reached the shore. To make the barbarity more complete\n he sent the limbs of Memphitis to Cleopatra, and they were received\n as the queen was going to celebrate her birthday. Soon after this he\n invaded Egypt with an army, and obtained a victory over the forces of\n Cleopatra, who, being left without friends or assistance, fled to her\n eldest daughter Cleopatra, who had married Demetrius king of Syria.\n This decisive blow restored Physcon to his throne, where he continued\n to reign for some time, hated by his subjects, and feared by his\n enemies. He died at Alexandria in the 67th year of his age, after a\n reign of 29 years, about 116 years before Christ. Some authors have\n extolled Physcon for his fondness for literature; they have observed,\n that from his extensive knowledge he was called the _philologist_,\n and that he wrote a comment upon Homer, besides a history in 24 books,\n admired for its elegance, and often quoted by succeeding authors\n whose pen was employed on the same subject. _Diodorus._\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 38, &c.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Porphyry._\n\n=Ptolem\u00e6us VIII.=, surnamed _Lathyrus_, from an excrescence like a\n pea on the nose, succeeded his father Physcon as king of Egypt. He\n had no sooner ascended the throne, than his mother Cleopatra, who\n reigned conjointly with him, expelled him to Cyprus, and placed the\n crown on the head of his brother Ptolemy Alexander, her favourite\n son. Lathyrus, banished from Egypt, became king of Cyprus; and soon\n after he appeared at the head of a large army, to make war against\n Alexander Jann\u00e6us king of Jud\u00e6a, through whose assistance and\n intrigue he had been expelled by Cleopatra. The Jewish monarch was\n conquered, and 50,000 of his men were left on the field of battle.\n Lathyrus, after he had exercised the greatest cruelty upon the Jews,\n and made vain attempts to recover the kingdom of Egypt, retired to\n Cyprus till the death of his brother Alexander restored him to his\n native dominions. Some of the cities of Egypt refused to acknowledge\n him as their sovereign; and Thebes, for its obstinacy, was closely\n besieged for three successive years, and from a powerful and populous\n city, it was reduced to ruins. In the latter part of his reign\n Lathyrus was called upon to assist the Romans with a navy for the\n conquest of Athens; but Lucullus, who had been sent to obtain the\n wanted supply, though received with kingly honours, was dismissed\n with evasive and unsatisfactory answers, and the monarch refused to\n part with troops which he deemed necessary to preserve the peace of\n his kingdom. Lathyrus died 81 years before the christian era, after a\n reign of 36 years since the death of his father Physcon, 11 of which\n he had passed with his mother Cleopatra on the Egyptian throne, 18 in\n Cyprus, and seven after his mother\u2019s death. He was succeeded by his\n only daughter Cleopatra, whom Alexander the son of Ptolemy Alexander,\n by means of the dictator Sylla, soon after married and murdered.\n _Josephus_, _Jewish Antiquities_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 39.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Lucullus_.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Mithridatic Wars_.\n\n=Ptolem\u00e6us IX.= _See:_ Alexander Ptolemy I.\n\n=Ptolem\u00e6us X.= _See:_ Alexander Ptolemy II.\n\n=Ptolem\u00e6us XI.= _See:_ Alexander Ptolemy III.\n\n=Ptolem\u00e6us XII.=, the illegitimate son of Lathyrus, ascended the throne\n of Egypt at the death of Alexander III. He received the surname of\n _Auletes_, because he played skilfully on the flute. His rise showed\n great marks of prudence and circumspection; and as his predecessor\n by his will had left the kingdom of Egypt to the Romans, Auletes\n knew that he could not be firmly established on his throne without\n the approbation of the Roman senate. He was successful in his\n applications, and C\u00e6sar, who was then consul, and in want of money,\n established his succession, and granted him the alliance of the\n Romans, after he had received the enormous sum of about 1,162,500_l._\n sterling. But these measures rendered him unpopular at home, and when\n he had suffered the Romans quietly to take possession of Cyprus, the\n Egyptians revolted, and Auletes was obliged to fly from his kingdom,\n and seek protection among the most powerful of his allies. His\n complaints were heard at Rome, at first with indifference, and the\n murder of 100 noblemen of Alexandria, whom the Egyptians had sent\n to justify their proceedings before the Roman senate, rendered him\n unpopular and suspected. Pompey, however, supported his cause, and\n the senators decreed to re-establish Auletes on his throne; but as\n they proceeded slowly in the execution of their plans, the monarch\n retired from Rome to Ephesus, where he lay concealed for some time in\n the temple of Diana. During his absence from Alexandria, his daughter\n Berenice had made herself absolute, and established herself on the\n throne by a marriage with Archelaus, a priest of Bellona\u2019s temple\n at Comana; but she was soon driven from Egypt, when Gabinius, at the\n head of a Roman army, approached to replace Auletes on his throne.\n Auletes was no sooner restored to power, than he \u2666sacrificed to\n his ambition his daughter Berenice, and behaved with the greatest\n ingratitude and perfidy to Rabirius, a Roman who had supplied him\n with money when expelled from his kingdom. Auletes died four years\n after his restoration, about 51 years before the christian era. He\n left two sons and two daughters; and by his will ordered the eldest\n of his sons to marry the eldest of his sisters, and to ascend with\n her the vacant throne. As these children were young, the dying\n monarch recommended them to the protection and paternal care of the\n Romans, and accordingly Pompey the Great was appointed by the senate\n to be their patron and their guardian. Their reign was as turbulent\n as that of their predecessors, and it is remarkable for no uncommon\n events, only we may observe that the young queen was the Cleopatra\n who soon after became so celebrated as being the mistress of Julius\n C\u00e6sar, the wife of Marcus Antony, and the last of the Egyptian\n monarchs of the family of Lagus. _Cicero_, _For Rabirius_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 39.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Civil Wars_.\n\n \u2666 \u2018sacrified\u2019 replaced with \u2018sacrificed\u2019\n\n=Ptolem\u00e6us XIII.=, surnamed _Dionysius_ or _Bacchus_, ascended the\n throne of Egypt conjointly with his sister Cleopatra, whom he had\n married, according to the directions of his father Auletes. He was\n under the care and protection of Pompey the Great [_See:_ Ptolem\u00e6us\n XII.], but the wickedness and avarice of his ministers soon obliged\n him to reign independent. He was then in the 13th year of his age,\n when his guardian, after the fatal battle of Pharsalia, came to the\n shores of Egypt, and claimed his protection. He refused to grant the\n required assistance, and by the advice of his ministers he basely\n murdered Pompey, after he had brought him to shore under the mask of\n friendship and cordiality. To curry the favour of the conqueror of\n Pharsalia, Ptolemy cut off the head of Pompey; but C\u00e6sar turned with\n indignation from such perfidy, and when he arrived at Alexandria,\n he found the king of Egypt as faithless to his cause as to that of\n his fallen enemy. C\u00e6sar sat as judge to hear the various claims of\n the brother and sister to the throne; and to satisfy the people, he\n ordered the will of Auletes to be read, and confirmed Ptolemy and\n Cleopatra in the possession of Egypt, and appointed the two younger\n children masters of the island of Cyprus. This fair and candid\n decision might have left no room for dissatisfaction, but Ptolemy was\n governed by cruel and avaricious ministers, and therefore he refused\n to acknowledge C\u00e6sar as a judge or a mediator. The Roman enforced\n his authority by arms, and three victories were obtained over the\n Egyptian forces. Ptolemy, who had been for some time a prisoner in\n the hands of C\u00e6sar, now headed his armies; but a defeat was fatal,\n and as he attempted to save his life by flight, he was drowned in the\n Nile, about 46 years before Christ, and three years and eight months\n after the death of Auletes. Cleopatra, at the death of her brother,\n became sole mistress of Egypt; but as the Egyptians were no friends\n to female government, C\u00e6sar obliged her to marry her younger brother\n Ptolemy, who was then in the 11th year of his age. _Appian_, _Civil\n Wars_.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Alexandrine War_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Josephus_,\n _Antiquities_.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Antonius_, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Suetonius_ _C\u00e6sar_.\n\n=Ptolem\u00e6us Apion=, king of Cyrene, was the illegitimate son of Ptolemy\n Physcon. After a reign of 20 years he died; and as he had no children,\n he made the Romans heirs of his dominions. The Romans presented his\n subjects with their independence. _Livy_, bk. 70.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Ceraunus, a\n son of Ptolemy Soter by Eurydice the daughter of Antipater. Unable\n to succeed to the throne of Egypt, Ceraunus fled to the court of\n Seleucus, where he was received with friendly marks of attention.\n Seleucus was then king of Macedonia, an empire which he had lately\n acquired by the death of Lysimachus in a battle in Phrygia; but his\n reign was short, and Ceraunus perfidiously murdered him and ascended\n his throne, 280 B.C. The murderer, however, could not be firmly\n established in Macedonia, as long as Arsinoe the widow and the\n children of Lysimachus were alive, and entitled to claim his kingdom\n as the lawful possession of their father. To remove these obstacles,\n Ceraunus made offers of marriage to Arsinoe, who was his own sister.\n The queen at first refused, but the protestations and solemn promises\n of the usurper at last prevailed upon her to consent. The nuptials,\n however, were no sooner celebrated, than Ceraunus murdered the two\n young princes, and confirmed his usurpation by rapine and cruelty.\n But now three powerful princes claimed the kingdom of Macedonia\n as their own: Antiochus the son of Seleucus; Antigonus the son of\n Demetrius; and Pyrrhus the king of Epirus. These enemies, however,\n were soon removed; Ceraunus conquered Antigonus in the field of\n battle, and stopped the hostilities of his two other rivals by\n promises and money. He did not long remain inactive; a barbarian\n army of Gauls claimed a tribute from him, and the monarch immediately\n marched to meet them in the field. The battle was long and bloody.\n The Macedonians might have obtained the victory, if Ceraunus had\n shown more prudence. He was thrown down from his elephant, and taken\n prisoner by the enemy, who immediately tore his body to pieces.\n Ptolemy had been king of Macedonia only 18 months. _Justin_, bk. 24,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An illegitimate son of Ptolemy\n Lathyrus king of Cyprus, of which he was tyrannically dispossessed\n by the Romans. Cato was at the head of the forces which were sent\n against Ptolemy by the senate, and the Roman general proposed to\n the monarch to retire from the throne, and to pass the rest of his\n days in the obscure office of high priest in the temple of Venus at\n Paphos. This offer was rejected with the indignation which it merited,\n and the monarch poisoned himself at the approach of the enemy.\n The treasures found in the island amounted to the enormous sum of\n 1,356,250_l._ sterling, which were carried to Rome by the conquerors.\n _Plutarch_, _Cato_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who attempted to make himself king of Macedonia, in\n opposition to Perdiccas. He was expelled by Pelopidas.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Pyrrhus king of Epirus, by Antigone the daughter of Berenice. He was\n left governor of Epirus, when Pyrrhus went to Italy to assist the\n Tarentines against the Romans, where he presided with great prudence\n and moderation. He was killed, bravely fighting in the expedition\n which Pyrrhus undertook against Sparta and Argos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A eunuch, by\n whose friendly assistance Mithridates the Great saved his life after\n a battle with Lucullus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Epirus, who died very young as\n he was marching an army against the \u00c6tolians, who had seized part of\n his dominions. _Justin_, bk. 28.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Chalcidica in Syria,\n about 30 years before Christ. He opposed Pompey when he invaded Syria,\n but he was defeated in the attempt, and the conqueror spared his life\n only upon receiving 1000 talents. _Josephus_, _Antiquities_, bk. 13.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nephew of Antigonus, who commanded an army in the Peloponnesus.\n He revolted from his uncle to Cassander, and some time after he\n attempted to bribe the soldiers of Ptolemy Lagus king of Egypt, who\n had invited him to his camp. He was seized and imprisoned for his\n treachery, and the Egyptian monarch at last ordered him to drink\n hemlock.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Seleucus, killed in the celebrated battle which\n was fought at Issus, between Darius and Alexander the Great.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Juba, made king of Mauritania. He was son of Cleopatra Selene\n the daughter of Marcus Antony, and the celebrated Cleopatra. He was\n put to death by Caius Caligula. _Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Otho.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A favourite of Antiochus king of\n Syria. He was surnamed _Macron_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Jew, famous for his cruelty and\n avarice. He was for some time governor of Jericho, about 135 years\n before Christ.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A powerful Jew during the troubles which disturbed\n the peace of Jud\u00e6a, in the reign of Augustus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Antony by\n Cleopatra, surnamed _Philadelphus_ by his father, and made master of\n Ph\u0153nicia, Syria, and all the territories of Asia Minor, which were\n situated between the \u00c6gean and the Euphrates. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Herod king of Jud\u00e6a.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Chrysermus, who\n visited Cleomenes king of Sparta, when imprisoned in Egypt.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n governor of Alexandria, put to death by Cleomenes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Claudius,\n a celebrated geographer and astrologer in the reign of Adrian and\n Antoninus. He was a native of Alexandria, or, according to others, of\n Pelusium, and on account of his great learning, he received the name\n of most wise, and most divine, among the Greeks. In his system of the\n world, he places the earth in the centre of the universe, a doctrine\n universally believed and adopted till the 16th century, when it was\n confuted and rejected by Copernicus. His geography is valued for its\n learning, and the very useful information which he gives. Besides his\n system and his geography Ptolemy wrote other books, in one of which\n he gives an account of the fixed stars, of 1022 of which he mentions\n the certain and definite longitude and latitude. The best edition of\n Ptolemy\u2019s geography is that of Bertius, folio, Amsterdam, 1618, and\n that of his treatise _de Judiciis Astrologicis_ by Camerarii, 4to,\n 1555; and of the _Harmonica_, 4to, Wallis, Oxford, 1683.\n\n=Ptolem\u0101is=, a town of Thebais in Egypt, called after the Ptolemies,\n who beautified it. There was also another city of the same name in\n the territories of Cyrene. It was situate on the sea-coast, and,\n according to some, it was the same as Barce. _See:_ Barce.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city\n of Palestine, called also _Acon_. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 3, ch. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 73.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14, &c.\n\n=Ptoly\u0306cus=, a statuary of Corcyra, pupil to Critias the Athenian.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 3.\n\n=Ptous=, a son of Athamas and Themisto, who gave his name to a mountain\n of B\u0153otia, upon which he built a temple to Apollo, surnamed _Ptous_.\n The god had also a celebrated oracle on mount Ptous. _Plutarch_,\n _de Defectu Oraculorum_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 9.\n\n=Publicia lex=, forbade any person to play with bad or \u2666fraudulent\n designs.\n\n \u2666 \u2018fradulent\u2019 replaced with \u2018fraudulent\u2019\n\n=Publicius=, a Roman freedman, so much like Pompey the Great, that they\n were often confounded together. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 14.\n\n=Public\u014fla=, a name given to Publius Valerius, on account of his great\n popularity. _See:_ Valerius. _Plutarch_, _Publicola_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 2,\n ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 30, ch. 15.\n\n=Publilia lex=, was made by Publilius Philo the dictator, A.U.C. 445.\n It permitted one of the censors to be elected from the plebeians,\n since one of the consuls was chosen from that body. _Livy_, bk. 8,\n ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by which it was ordained, that all laws should be\n previously approved by the senators, before they were proposed by the\n people.\n\n=Publius Syrus=, a Syrian mimic poet, who flourished about 44 years\n before Christ. He was originally a slave sold to a Roman patrician,\n called Domitius, who brought him up with great attention, and\n gave him his freedom when of age. He gained the esteem of the most\n powerful at Rome, and reckoned Julius C\u00e6sar among his patrons. He\n soon eclipsed the poet Laberius, whose burlesque compositions were\n in general esteem. There remains of Publius a collection of moral\n sentences, written in iambics, and placed in alphabetical order; the\n newest edition of which is that of Patavium. _Josephus Cominus_, 1740.\n\n=Publius=, a pr\u00e6nomen common among the Romans.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, a man who\n conspired with Brutus against Julius C\u00e6sar.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A pretor who conquered\n Pal\u00e6polis. He was only a plebeian, and though neither consul nor\n dictator, he obtained a triumph in spite of the opposition of the\n senators. He was the first who was honoured with a triumph during a\n pretorship.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman consul who defeated the Latins, and was made\n dictator.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman flatterer in the court of Tiberius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune\n who accused Manlius, &c.\n\n=Pud\u012bc\u012dtia=, a goddess who, as her name implies, presided over chastity.\n She had two temples at Rome. _Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 10, ch. 7.\n\n=Pulch\u0115ria=, a daughter of the emperor Theodosius the Great, famous\n for her piety, moderation, and virtues.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Arcadius,\n who held the government of the Roman empire for many years. She was\n mother of Valentinian. Her piety, and her private as well as public\n virtues, have been universally admired. She died A.D. 452, and was\n interred at Ravenna, where her tomb is still to be seen.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sister\n of Theodosius, who reigned absolute for some time in the Roman empire.\n\n=Pulchrum=, a promontory near Carthage, now _Rasafran_. _Livy_, bk. 29,\n ch. 27.\n\n=Pullus=, a surname of Numitorius.\n\n=Pun\u012dcum bellum.= The first Punic war was undertaken by the Romans\n against Carthage, B.C. 264. The ambition of Rome was the origin of\n this war. For upwards of 240 years, the two nations had beheld with\n secret jealousy each other\u2019s power, but they had totally eradicated\n every cause of contention, by settling, in three different treaties,\n the boundaries of their respective territories, the number of their\n allies, and how far one nation might sail in the Mediterranean\n without giving offence to the other. Sicily, an island of the highest\n consequence to the Carthaginians as a commercial nation, was the\n seat of the first dissensions. The Mamertini, a body of Italian\n mercenaries, were appointed by the king of Syracuse to guard the\n town of Messana, but this tumultuous tribe, instead of protecting the\n citizens, basely massacred them, and seized their possessions. This\n act of cruelty raised the indignation of all the Sicilians, and Hiero\n king of Syracuse, who had employed them, prepared to punish their\n perfidy; and the Mamertini, besieged in Messana, and without friends\n or resources, resolved to throw themselves for protection into the\n hands of the first power that could relieve them. They were, however,\n divided in their sentiments, and while some implored the assistance\n of Carthage, others called upon the Romans for protection. Without\n hesitation or delay, the Carthaginians entered Messana, and the\n Romans also hastened to give to the Mamertini that aid which had been\n claimed from them with as much eagerness as from the Carthaginians.\n At the approach of the Roman troops, the Mamertini, who had implored\n their assistance, took up arms, and forced the Carthaginians to\n evacuate Messana. Fresh forces were poured in on every side, and\n though Carthage seemed superior in arms and in resources, yet the\n valour and intrepidity of the Romans daily appeared more formidable,\n and Hiero, the Syracusan king, who hitherto had embraced the interest\n of the Carthaginians, became the most faithful ally of the republic.\n From a private quarrel the war became general. The Romans obtained\n a victory in Sicily, but as their enemies were masters at sea, the\n advantages which they gained were small and inconsiderable. To make\n themselves equal to their adversaries, they aspired to the dominion\n of the sea, and in 60 days timber was cut down, and a fleet of 120\n galleys completely manned and provisioned. The successes they met\n with at sea were trivial, and little advantages could be gained over\n an enemy that were sailors by actual practice and long experience.\n \u2666Duillius at last obtained a victory, and he was the first Roman who\n ever received a triumph after a naval battle. The losses which they\n had already sustained induced the Carthaginians to sue for peace, and\n the Romans, whom an unsuccessful descent upon Africa, under Regulus\n [_See:_ Regulus], had rendered diffident, listened to the proposal,\n and the first Punic war was concluded B.C. 241, on the following\n terms:\u2015\u2015The Carthaginians pledged themselves to pay to the Romans,\n within 20 years, the sum of 3000 Euboic talents; they promised to\n release all the Roman captives without ransom, to evacuate Sicily,\n and the other islands in the Mediterranean, and not to molest Hiero\n king of Syracuse, or his allies. After this treaty, the Carthaginians,\n who had lost the dominion of Sardinia and Sicily, made new conquests\n in Spain, and soon began to repair their losses by industry and\n labour. They planted colonies, and secretly prepared to revenge\n themselves upon their powerful rivals. The Romans were not insensible\n of their successes in Spain, and to stop their progress towards Italy,\n they made stipulations with the Carthaginians, by which they were\n not permitted to cross the Iberus, or to molest the cities of their\n allies the Saguntines. This was for some time observed, but when\n Annibal succeeded to the command of the Carthaginian armies in Spain,\n he spurned the boundaries which the jealousy of Rome had set to his\n arms, and he immediately formed the siege of Saguntum. The Romans\n were apprised of the hostilities which had been begun against their\n allies, but Saguntum was in the hands of the active enemy before\n they had taken any steps to oppose him. Complaints were carried\n to Carthage, and war was determined on by the influence of Annibal\n in the Carthaginian senate. Without delay or diffidence, B.C. 218,\n Annibal marched a numerous army of 90,000 foot and 12,000 horse\n towards Italy, resolved to carry on the war to the gates of Rome.\n He crossed the Rhone, the Alps, and the Apennines, with uncommon\n celerity, and the Roman consuls who were stationed to stop his\n progress were severally defeated. The battles of Trebia, of Ticinus,\n and of the lake of Thrasymenus, threw Rome into the greatest\n apprehensions, but the prudence and the dilatory measures of the\n dictator Fabius soon taught them to hope for better times. Yet the\n conduct of Fabius was universally censured as cowardice, and the two\n consuls who succeeded him in the command, by pursuing a different\n plan of operations, soon brought on a decisive action at Cann\u00e6, in\n which 45,000 Romans were left in the field of battle. This bloody\n victory caused so much consternation at Rome, that some authors have\n declared that if Annibal had immediately marched from the plains of\n Cann\u00e6 to the city, he would have met with no resistance, but would\n have terminated a long and dangerous war with glory to himself,\n and the most inestimable advantages to his country. This celebrated\n victory at Cann\u00e6 left the conqueror master of two camps, and of\n an immense booty; and the cities which had hitherto observed a\n neutrality, no sooner saw the defeat of the Romans, than they eagerly\n embraced the interest of Carthage. The news of this victory was\n carried to Carthage by Mago, and the Carthaginians refused to believe\n it till three bushels of golden rings were spread before them, which\n had been taken from the Roman knights in the field of battle. After\n this Annibal called his brother Asdrubal from Spain with a large\n reinforcement; but the march of Asdrubal was intercepted by the\n Romans, his army was defeated, and himself slain. Affairs now had\n taken a different turn, and Marcellus, who had the command of the\n Roman legions in Italy, soon taught his countrymen that Annibal was\n not invincible in the field. In different parts of the world the\n Romans were making very rapid conquests, and if the sudden arrival of\n a Carthaginian army in Italy at first raised fears and apprehensions,\n they were soon enabled to dispute with their enemies for the\n sovereignty of Spain and the dominion of the sea. Annibal no longer\n appeared formidable in Italy; if he conquered towns in Campania or\n Magna Gr\u00e6cia, he remained master of them only while his army hovered\n in the neighbourhood, and if he marched towards Rome the alarm he\n occasioned was but momentary; the Romans were prepared to oppose him,\n and his retreat was therefore the more dishonourable. The conquests\n of young Scipio in Spain had now raised the expectations of the\n Romans, and he had no sooner returned to Rome than he proposed to\n remove Annibal from the capital of Italy by carrying the war to\n the gates of Carthage. This was a bold and hazardous enterprise,\n but though Fabius opposed it, it was universally approved by the\n Roman senate, and young Scipio was empowered to sail to Africa. The\n conquests of the young Roman were as rapid in Africa as in Spain,\n and the Carthaginians, apprehensive for the fate of their capital,\n recalled Annibal from Italy, and preferred their safety at home\n to the maintaining of a long and expensive war in another quarter\n of the globe. Annibal received their orders with indignation, and\n with tears in his eyes he left Italy, where for 16 years he had\n known no superior in the field of battle. At his arrival in Africa,\n the Carthaginian general soon collected a large army, and met his\n exulting adversary in the plains of Zama. The battle was long and\n bloody, and though one nation fought for glory, and the other for the\n dearer sake of liberty, the Romans obtained the victory, and Annibal,\n who had sworn eternal enmity to the gods of Rome, fled from Carthage\n after he had advised his countrymen to accept the terms of the\n conqueror. This battle of Zama was decisive, the Carthaginians sued\n for peace, which the haughty conquerors granted with difficulty.\n The conditions were these: Carthage was permitted to hold all\n the possessions which she had in Africa before the war, and to be\n governed by her own laws and institutions. She was ordered to make\n restitution of all the ships and other effects which had been taken\n in violation of a truce that had been agreed upon by both nations.\n She was to surrender the whole of her fleet, except 10 galleys;\n she was to release and deliver up all the captives, deserters, or\n fugitives, taken or received during the war; to indemnify Masinissa\n for all the losses which he had sustained; to deliver up all her\n elephants, and for the future never more to tame or break any more\n of these animals. She was not to make war upon any nation whatever\n without the consent of the Romans, and she was to reimburse the\n Romans, to pay the sum of 10,000 talents, at the rate of 200 talents\n a year for 50 years, and she was to give up hostages from the noblest\n families for the performance of these several articles; and till the\n ratification of the treaty, to supply the Roman forces with money\n and provisions. These humiliating conditions were accepted 201 B.C.,\n and immediately 4000 Roman captives were released, 500 galleys were\n delivered and burnt on the spot, but the immediate exaction of 200\n talents was more severely felt, and many of the Carthaginian senators\n burst into tears. During the 50 years which followed the conclusion\n of the second Punic war, the Carthaginians were employed in repairing\n their losses by unwearied application and industry; but they found\n still in the Romans a jealous rival and a haughty conqueror, and\n in Masinissa the ally of Rome an intriguing and ambitious monarch.\n The king of Numidia made himself master of one of their provinces;\n but as they were unable to make war without the consent of Rome,\n the Carthaginians sought relief by embassies, and made continual\n complaints in the Roman senate of the tyranny and oppression of\n Masinissa. Commissioners were appointed to examine the cause of their\n complaints; but as Masinissa was the ally of Rome, the interest of\n the Carthaginians was neglected, and whatever seemed to depress their\n republic was agreeable to the Romans. Cato, who was in the number of\n the commissioners, examined the capital of Africa with a jealous eye;\n he saw it with concern, rising as it were from its ruins; and when\n he returned to Rome he declared, in full senate, that the peace of\n Italy would never be established while Carthage was in being. The\n senators, however, were not guided by his opinion, and the _delenda\n est Carthago_ of Cato did not prevent the Romans from acting with\n moderation. But while the senate were debating about the existence of\n Carthage, and while they considered it as a dependent power, and not\n as an ally, the wrongs of Africa were without redress, and Masinissa\n continued his depredations. Upon this the Carthaginians resolved to\n do their cause that justice which the Romans had denied them; they\n entered the field against the Numidians, but they were defeated in\n a bloody battle by Masinissa, who was then 90 years old. In this\n bold measure they had broken the peace; and as their late defeat had\n rendered them desperate, they hastened with all possible speed to\n the capital of Italy to justify their proceedings, and to implore\n the forgiveness of the Roman senate. The news of Masinissa\u2019s victory\n had already reached Italy, and immediately some forces were sent to\n Sicily, and from thence ordered to pass into Africa. The ambassadors\n of Carthage received evasive and unsatisfactory answers from the\n senate; and when they saw the Romans landed at Utica, they resolved\n to purchase peace by the most submissive terms which even the most\n abject slaves could offer. The Romans acted with the deepest policy;\n no declaration of war had been made, though hostilities appeared\n inevitable; and in answer to the submissive offers of Carthage,\n the consuls replied, that to prevent every cause of quarrel, the\n Carthaginians must deliver into their hands 300 hostages, all\n children of senators, and of the most noble and respectable families.\n The demand was great and alarming, but it was no sooner granted,\n than the Romans made another demand, and the Carthaginians were told\n that peace could not continue, if they refused to deliver up all\n their ships, their arms, engines of war, with all their naval and\n military stores. The Carthaginians complied, and immediately 40,000\n suits of armour, 20,000 large engines of war, with a plentiful store\n of ammunition and missile weapons, were surrendered. After this\n duplicity had succeeded, the Romans laid open the final resolutions\n of the senate, and the Carthaginians were then told that, to avoid\n hostilities, they must leave their ancient habitations and retire\n into the inland parts of Africa, and found another city, at the\n distance of not less than 10 miles from the sea. This was heard with\n horror and indignation; the Romans were fixed and inexorable, and\n Carthage was filled with tears and lamentations. But the spirit of\n liberty and independence was not yet extinguished in the capital of\n Africa, and the Carthaginians determined to sacrifice their lives for\n the protection of their gods, the tombs of their forefathers, and the\n place which had given them birth. Before the Roman army approached\n the city, preparations to support a siege were made, and the ramparts\n of Carthage were covered with stones, to compensate for the weapons\n and instruments of war which they had ignorantly betrayed to the\n duplicity of their enemies. Asdrubal, whom the despair of his\n countrymen had banished on account of the unsuccessful expedition\n against Masinissa, was immediately recalled; and, in the moment of\n danger, Carthage seemed to have possessed more spirit and more vigour\n than when Annibal was victorious at the gates of Rome. The town was\n blocked up by the Romans, and a regular siege begun. Two years were\n spent in useless operations, and Carthage seemed still able to rise\n from its ruins, to dispute for the empire of the world; when Scipio,\n the descendant of the great Scipio, who finished the second Punic\n war, was sent to conduct the siege. The vigour of his operations\n soon baffled the efforts and the bold resistance of the besieged;\n the communications which they had with the land were cut off, and the\n city, which was 20 miles in circumference, was completely surrounded\n on all sides by the enemy. Despair and famine now raged in the city,\n and Scipio gained access to the city walls, where the battlements\n were low and unguarded. His entrance into the streets was disputed\n with uncommon fury, the houses as he advanced were set on fire to\n stop his progress; but when a body of 50,000 persons of either sex\n had claimed quarter, the rest of the inhabitants were disheartened,\n and such as disdained to be prisoners of war perished in the flames,\n which gradually destroyed their habitations, 147 B.C., after a\n continuation of hostilities for three years. During 17 days Carthage\n was in flames; and the soldiers were permitted to redeem from the\n fire whatever possession they could. But while others profited from\n the destruction of Carthage, the philosophic general, struck by the\n melancholy aspect of the scene, repeated two lines from Homer, which\n contained a prophecy concerning the fall of Troy. He was asked by\n the historian Polybius to what he then applied his prediction. \u201cTo\n my country,\u201d replied Scipio; \u201cfor her too I dread the vicissitude\n of human affairs, and in her turn she may exhibit another flaming\n Carthage.\u201d This remarkable event happened about the year of Rome\n 606. The news of this victory caused the greatest rejoicings at Rome;\n and immediately commissioners were appointed by the Roman senate,\n not only to raze the walls of Carthage, but even to demolish and\n burn the very materials with which they were made: and in a few days,\n that city which had been once the seat of commerce, the model of\n magnificence, the common store of the wealth of nations, and one\n of the most powerful states of the world, left behind no traces of\n its splendour, of its power, or even of its existence. _Polybius._\n \u2015\u2015_Orosius._\u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Punic Wars_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Cato_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Livy_, _Epitaph_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus._\n\n \u2666 \u2018Duilius\u2019 replaced with \u2018Duillius\u2019\n\n=Pupia lex=, _de senatu_, required that the senate should not be\n assembled from the 18th of the calends of February to the calends of\n the same month, and that before the embassies were either accepted or\n rejected, the senate should be held on no account.\n\n=Pupi\u0113nus Marcus Claudius Maximus=, a man of an obscure family, who\n raised himself by his merit to the highest offices in the Roman\n armies, and gradually became a pretor, consul, prefect of Rome, and\n a governor of the provinces. His father was a blacksmith. After the\n death of the Gordians, Pupienus was elected with Balbinus to the\n imperial throne, and to rid the world of the usurpation and tyranny\n of the Maximini, he immediately marched against these tyrants; but\n he was soon informed that they had been sacrificed to the fury and\n resentment of their own soldiers; and therefore he retired to Rome\n to enjoy the tranquillity which his merit claimed. He soon after\n prepared to make war against the Persians, who insulted the majesty\n of Rome, but in this he was prevented, and massacred A.D. 236, by\n the pretorian guards. Balbinus shared his fate. Pupienus is sometimes\n called Maximus. In his private character he appeared always grave\n and serious; he was the constant friend of justice, moderation, and\n clemency, and no greater encomium can be passed upon his virtues than\n to say that he was invested with the purple without soliciting for\n it, and that the Roman senate said that they had selected him from\n thousands because they knew no person more worthy or better qualified\n to support the dignity of an emperor.\n\n=Pupius=, a centurion of Pompey\u2019s army, seized by C\u00e6sar\u2019s soldiers, &c.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 13.\n\n=Puppius=, a tragic poet in the age of Julius C\u00e6sar. His tragedies were\n so pathetic, that when they were represented on the Roman stage, the\n audience melted into tears, from which circumstance Horace calls them\n _lacrymosa_, bk. 1, ltr. 1, li. 67.\n\n=Purpur\u0103ri\u00e6=, two islands of the Atlantic on the African coast, now\n _Lancarota_ and _Fortaventura_. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 31; bk. 35, ch. 6.\n\n=Pute\u014fli=, a maritime town of Campania, between Bai\u00e6 and Naples,\n founded by a colony from Cum\u00e6. It was originally called Dic\u00e6archia,\n and afterwards _Puteoli_, from the great number of _wells_ that\n were in the neighbourhood. It was much frequented by the Romans, on\n account of its mineral waters and hot baths, and near it Cicero had a\n villa called _Puteolanum_. It is now called _Puzzoli_, and contains,\n instead of its ancient magnificence, not more than 10,000 inhabitants.\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 385.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de\n Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 8, ch. 3;\n _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ltr. 5.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 7.\n\n=Putic\u016dl\u00e6=, a place near the Esquiline gate, where the meanest of the\n Roman populace were buried. Part of it was converted into a garden by\n Mec\u00e6nas, who received it as a present from Augustus. _Horace_, bk. 1,\n satire 8, li. 8.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\n\n=Pyanepsia=, an Athenian festival celebrated in honour of Theseus\n and his companions; who, after their return from Crete, were\n entertained with all manner of fruits, and particularly pulse. From\n this circumstance, the Pyanepsia was ever after commemorated by\n the _boiling of pulse_, \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u1f11\u03c8\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd \u03c0\u03c5\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1. Some, however, suppose\n that it was observed in commemoration of the Heraclid\u00e6, who were\n entertained with pulse by the Athenians.\n\n=Pydna=, a town of Macedonia, originally called _Citron_, situate\n between the mouth of the rivers Aliacmon and Lydius. It was in this\n city that Cassander massacred Olympias the mother of Alexander the\n Great, his wife Roxane, and his son Alexander. Pydna is famous for a\n battle which was fought there, on the 22nd of June, B.C. 168, between\n the Romans under Paulus, and king Perseus, in which the latter was\n conquered, and Macedonia soon after reduced to the form of a Roman\n province. _Justin_, bk. 14, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Florus._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _\u00c6milius\n Paulus_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 10.\n\n=Pygela=, a seaport town of Ionia. _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 11.\n\n=Pygm\u00e6i=, a nation of dwarfs, in the extremest parts of India, or,\n according to others, in \u00c6thiopia. Some authors affirm that they were\n no more than one foot high, and that they built their houses with\n egg-shells. Aristotle says that they lived in holes under the earth,\n and that they came out in the harvest time with hatchets to cut down\n the corn as if to fell a forest. They went on goats and lambs of\n proportionable stature to themselves, to make war against certain\n birds, whom some call cranes, which came there yearly from Scythia\n to plunder them. They were originally governed by Gerana, a princess\n who was changed into a crane, for boasting herself fairer than Juno.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 90.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Aristotle_, _History of Animals_, bk. 8, ch. 12.\n \u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 13, li. 186.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3,\n ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 83.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, _Imagines_,\n bk. 2, ch. 22, mentions that Hercules once fell asleep in the deserts\n of Africa, after he had conquered Ant\u00e6us, and that he was suddenly\n awakened by an attack which had been made upon his body by an army of\n these Liliputians, who discharged their arrows with great fury upon\n his arms and legs. The hero, pleased with their courage, wrapped the\n greatest number of them in the skin of the Nem\u00e6an lion, and carried\n them to Eurystheus.\n\n=Pygm\u00e6on=, a surname of Adonis in Cyprus. _Hesychius._\n\n=Pygm\u0103lion=, a king of Tyre, son of Belus, and brother to the\n celebrated Dido, who founded Carthage. At the death of his father,\n he ascended the vacant throne, and soon became odious by his cruelty\n and avarice. He sacrificed everything to the gratification of his\n predominant passions, and he did not even spare the life of Sich\u00e6us,\n Dido\u2019s husband, because he was the most powerful and opulent of\n all the Ph\u0153nicians. This murder he committed in a temple, of which\n Sich\u00e6us was the priest; but instead of obtaining the riches which he\n desired, Pygmalion was shunned by his subjects, and Dido, to avoid\n further acts of cruelty, fled away with her husband\u2019s treasures, and\n a large colony, to the coast of Africa, where she founded a city.\n Pygmalion died in the 56th year of his age, and in the 47th of his\n reign. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 347, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 18, ch.\n 5.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated\n statuary of the island of Cyprus. The debauchery of the females of\n Amathus, to which he was a witness, created in him such an aversion\n for the fair sex, that he resolved never to marry. The affection\n which he had denied to the other sex, he liberally bestowed upon the\n works of his own hands. He became enamoured of a beautiful statue\n of marble which he had made, and at his earnest request and prayers,\n according to the mythologists, the goddess of beauty changed the\n favourite statue into a woman, whom the artist married, and by whom\n he had a son called Paphus, who founded the city of that name in\n Cyprus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, fable 9.\n\n=Pyl\u0103des=, a son of Strophius king of Phocis, by one of the sisters\n of Agamemnon. He was educated, together with his cousin Orestes, with\n whom he formed the most inviolable friendship, and whom he assisted\n to revenge the murder of Agamemnon, by assassinating Clytemnestra\n and \u00c6gysthus. He also accompanied him to Taurica Chersonesus, and for\n his services Orestes rewarded him by giving him his sister Electra\n in marriage. Pylades had by her two sons, Medon and Strophius. The\n friendship of Orestes and Pylades became proverbial. _See:_ Orestes.\n _Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6schylus_, _Agamemnon_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 28.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated Greek musician, in the age of\n Philop\u0153men. _Plutarch_, _Philop\u0153men_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mimic in the reign of\n Augustus, banished, and afterwards recalled.\n\n=Pyl\u00e6=, a town of Asia, between Cappadocia and Cilicia. _Cicero_, bk. 5,\n _Letters to Atticus_. The word _Pyl\u00e6_, which signifies _gates_, was\n often applied by the Greeks to any straits or passages which opened a\n communication between one country and another, such as the straits of\n Thermopyl\u00e6, of Persia, Hyrcania, &c.\n\n=Pyl\u00e6m\u0115nes=, a Paphlagonian, son of Melius, who came to the Trojan war,\n and was killed by Menelaus. His son, called Harpalion, was killed by\n Meriones. _Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2,\n li. 358.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of M\u00e6onia, who sent his sons, Mestes and Antiphus,\n to the Trojan war.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, son of Nicomedes, banished from\n Paphlagonia by Mithridates, and restored by Pompey. _Eutropius_,\n bks. 5 & 6.\n\n=Pylag\u014fr\u00e6=, a name given to the Amphictyonic council, because they\n always assembled at Pyl\u00e6, near the temple of Delphi.\n\n=Pyl\u0101on=, a son of Neleus and Chloris, killed by Hercules with his\n brothers. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n\n=Pylarge=, a daughter of Danaus. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Pylartes=, a Trojan killed by Patroclus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16,\n li. 695.\n\n=Pylas=, a king of Megara. He had the misfortune accidentally to\n kill his uncle Bias, for which he fled away, leaving his kingdom\n to Pandion his son-in-law, who had been driven from Athens.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 39.\n\n=Pyl\u0113ne=, a town of \u00c6tolia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\n\n=Pyleus=, a Trojan chief, killed by Achilles.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Clymenus king\n of Orchomenos.\n\n=Pylleon=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 42.\n\n=Pylo=, a daughter of Thespius, mother of Hippotas. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Pylos=, now _Navarin_, a town of Messenia, situate on the western\n coast of the Peloponnesus, opposite the island Sphacteria in the\n Ionian sea. It was also called _Coryphasion_, from the promontory\n on which it was erected. It was built by Pylus, at the head of a\n colony from Megara. The founder was dispossessed of it by Neleus,\n and fled into Elis, where he dwelt in a small town, which he also\n called Pylos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Elis, at the mouth of the river Alpheus,\n between the Peneus and the Selleis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another town of Elis, called\n _Triphyliacha_, from Triphylia, a province of Elis, where it was\n situate. These three cities, which bore the name of Pylos, disputed\n their respective right to the honour of having given birth to the\n celebrated Nestor son of Neleus. The Pylos which is situated near the\n Alpheus seems to win the palm, as it had in its neighbourhood a small\n village called Geranus, and a river called Geron, of which Homer\n makes mention. Pindar, however, calls Nestor king of Messenia, and\n therefore gives the preference to the first-mentioned of these three\n cities. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 19; bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 39.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, _Odyssey_,\n bk. 3.\n\n=Pylus=, a town. _See:_ Pylos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Mars by Demonice the\n daughter of Agenor. He was present at the chase of the Calydonian\n boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Pyra=, part of mount \u0152ta, on which the body of Hercules was burnt.\n _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 30.\n\n=Pyracmon=, one of Vulcan\u2019s workmen in the forges of mount \u00c6tna. The\n name is derived from two Greek words which signify _fire_ and _an\n anvil_. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 425.\n\n=Pyracmos=, a man killed by C\u00e6neus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,\n li. 460.\n\n=Pyr\u00e6chmes=, a king of Eub\u0153a.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of P\u00e6onia during the Trojan war.\n\n=Pyr\u0103mus=, a youth of Babylon, who became enamoured of Thisbe, a\n beautiful virgin who dwelt in the neighbourhood. The flame was mutual,\n and the two lovers, whom their parents forbade to marry, regularly\n received each other\u2019s addresses through the chink of a wall, which\n separated their houses. After the most solemn vows of sincerity they\n both agreed to elude the vigilance of their friends, and to meet one\n another at the tomb of Ninus, under a white mulberry tree, without\n the walls of Babylon. Thisbe came first to the appointed place, but\n the sudden arrival of a lioness frightened her away; and as she fled\n into a neighbouring cave she dropped her veil, which the lioness\n found and besmeared with blood. Pyramus soon arrived; he found\n Thisbe\u2019s veil all bloody, and concluding that she had been torn to\n pieces by the wild beasts of the place, he stabbed himself with his\n sword. Thisbe, when her fears were vanished, returned from the cave,\n and at the sight of the dying Pyramus, she fell upon the sword which\n still reeked with his blood. This tragical scene happened under a\n white mulberry tree, which, as the poets mention, was stained with\n the blood of the lovers, and ever after bore fruit of the colour of\n blood. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 55, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable\n 243.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Cilicia, rising in mount Taurus, and falling into\n the Pamphylian sea. _Cicero_, bk. 3, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr.\n 11.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius Periegetes._\n\n=Pyren\u00e6a Venus=, a town of Gallia \u2666Narbonensis.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Narbonesis\u2019 replaced with \u2018Narbonensis\u2019\n\n=Pyr\u0113n\u00e6i=, a mountain, or a long ridge of high mountains, which\n separate Gaul from Spain, and extend from the Atlantic to the\n Mediterranean sea. They receive their name from Pyrene the daughter\n of Bebrycius [_See:_ Pyrene], or from the fire (\u03c0\u03c5\u03c1) which once raged\n there for several days. This fire was originally kindled by shepherds,\n and so intense was the heat which it occasioned, that all the silver\n mines of the mountains were melted, and ran down in large rivulets.\n This account is deemed fabulous by Strabo and others. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 3, li. 415.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 60.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 34.\n\n=Pyren\u00e6us=, a king of Thrace, who, during a shower of rain, gave\n shelter in his house to the nine muses, and attempted to offer\n them violence. The goddesses upon this took to their wings and flew\n away. Pyren\u00e6us, who attempted to follow them, as if he had wings,\n threw himself down from the top of a tower and was killed. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 274.\n\n=Pyr\u0113ne=, a daughter of Bebrycius king of the southern parts of Spain.\n Hercules offered violence to her before he went to attack Geryon,\n and she brought into the world a serpent, which so terrified her,\n that she fled into the woods, where she was torn to pieces by wild\n beasts.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nymph, mother of Cycnus by Mars. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n fountain near Corinth.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small village in Celtic Gaul, near which,\n according to some, the river Ister took its rise.\n\n=Pyrgi=, an ancient town of Etruria, on the sea coast. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 184.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 3.\n\n=Pyrgion=, an historian who wrote on the laws of Crete. _Athen\u00e6us._\n\n=Pyrgo=, the nurse of Priam\u2019s children, who followed \u00c6neas in his\n flight from Troy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 645.\n\n=Pyrgot\u0115les=, a celebrated engraver on gems in the age of Alexander the\n Great. He had the exclusive privilege of engraving the conqueror, as\n Lysippus was the only sculptor who was permitted to make statues of\n him. _Pliny_, bk. 37, ch. 1.\n\n=Pyrgrus=, a fortified place of Elis in the Peloponnesus.\n\n=Pyrippe=, a daughter of Thespius.\n\n=Pyro=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod._\n\n=Pyrodes=, a son of Cilix, said to be the first who discovered and\n applied to human purposes the fire concealed in flints. _Pliny_,\n bk. 7, ch. 56.\n\n=Pyrois=, one of the horses of the sun. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2,\n li. 153.\n\n=Pyronia=, a surname of Diana. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 16.\n\n=Pyrrha=, a daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora, who married Deucalion\n the son of Prometheus, who reigned in Thessaly. In her age all\n mankind were destroyed by a deluge, and she alone, with her husband,\n escaped from the general destruction, by saving themselves in a boat\n which Deucalion had made by his father\u2019s advice. When the waters\n had retired from the surface of the earth, Pyrrha, with her husband,\n went to the oracle of Themis, where they were directed, to repair\n the loss of mankind, to throw stones behind their backs. They\n obeyed, and the stones which Pyrrha threw were changed into women,\n and those of Deucalion into men. _See:_ Deucalion. Pyrrha became\n mother of Amphictyon, Hellen, and Protogenea by Deucalion. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 350, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 153.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollonius of Rhodes_, bk. 3, li. 1085.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Creon\n king of Thebes. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name which\n Achilles bore when he disguised himself in women\u2019s clothes, at the\n court of Lycomedes. _Hyginus_, fable 96.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Eub\u0153a. _Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A promontory of Phthiotis, on the bay of Malia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n town of Lesbos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A beautiful courtesan at Rome, of whom Horace was\n long an admirer. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 5.\n\n=Pyrrheus=, a place in the city of Ambracia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 5.\n\n=Pyrrhi castra=, a place of Lucania. _Livy_, bk. 35, ch. 27.\n\n=Pyrrhias=, a boatman of Ithaca, remarkable for his humanity. He\n delivered from slavery an old man who had been taken by pirates, and\n robbed of some pots full of pitch. The old man was so grateful for\n his kindness, that he gave the pots to his deliverer, after he had\n told him that they contained gold under the pitch. Pyrrhias, upon\n this, offered the sacrifice of a bull to the old man, and retained\n him in his house, with every act of kindness and attention, till the\n time of his death. _Plutarch_, _Qu\u00e6stiones Gr\u00e6c\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of\n the \u00c6tolians, defeated by Philip, king of Macedonia.\n\n=Pyrrhicha=, a kind of dance, said to be invented and introduced into\n Greece by Pyrrhus the son of Achilles. The dancers were generally\n armed. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 56.\n\n=Pyrrhicus=, a free town of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 21.\n \u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 14.\n\n=Pyrrhid\u00e6=, a patronymic given to the successors of Neoptolemus in\n Epirus.\n\n=Pyrrho=, a philosopher of Elis, disciple to Anaxarchus, and originally\n a painter. His father\u2019s name was Plistarchus, or Pistocrates. He was\n in continual suspense of judgment; he doubted of everything, never\n made any conclusions, and when he had carefully examined a subject,\n and investigated all its parts, he concluded by still doubting of its\n evidence. This manner of doubting in the philosopher has been called\n _Pyrrhonism_, and his disciples have received the appellation of\n sceptics, inquisitors, examiners, &c. He pretended to have acquired\n an uncommon dominion over opinion and passions. The former of these\n virtues he called _ataraxia_, and the latter _matriopathia_, and so\n far did he carry his want of common feeling and sympathy, that he\n passed with unconcern near a ditch in which his master Anaxarchus\n had fallen, and where he nearly perished. He was once in a storm,\n and when all hopes were vanished, and destruction certain, the\n philosopher remained unconcerned; and while the rest of the crew were\n lost in lamentations, he plainly told them to look at a pig which\n was then feeding himself on board the vessel, exclaiming, \u201cThis is\n a true model for a wise man.\u201d As he showed so much indifference in\n everything, and declared that life and death were the same thing,\n some of his disciples asked him why he did not hurry himself out of\n the world. \u201cBecause,\u201d says he, \u201cthere is no difference between life\n and death.\u201d When he walked in the streets he never looked behind,\n or moved from the road for a chariot, even in its most rapid course;\n and, indeed, as some authors remark, this indifference for his safety\n often exposed him to the greatest and most imminent dangers, from\n which he was saved by the interference of his friends who followed\n him. He flourished B.C. 304, and died at the advanced age of 90.\n He left no writings behind him. His countrymen were so partial\n to him that they raised statues to his memory, and exempted all\n the philosophers of Elis from taxes. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 11,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 24.\n\n=Pyrrhus=, a son of Achilles and Deidamia the daughter of king\n Lycomedes, who received this name from the _yellowness_ of his hair.\n He was also called Neoptolemus, or _new warrior_, because he came\n to the Trojan war in the last year of the celebrated siege of the\n capital of Troas. _See:_ Neoptolemus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Epirus, descended\n from Achilles by the side of his mother, and from Hercules by that\n of his father, and son of \u00c6acides and Phthia. He was saved when an\n infant, by the fidelity of his servants, from the pursuits of the\n enemies of his father, who had been banished from his kingdom, and he\n was carried to the court of Glautias king of Illyricum, who educated\n him with great tenderness. Cassander king of Macedonia wished to\n despatch him, as he had so much to dread from him; but Glautias\n not only refused to deliver him up into the hands of his enemy but\n he even went with an army and placed him on the throne of Epirus,\n though only 12 years of age. About five years after, the absence of\n Pyrrhus, to attend the nuptials of one of the daughters of \u2666Glautias,\n raised new commotions. The monarch was expelled from his throne by\n Neoptolemus, who had usurped it after the death of \u00c6acides; and being\n still without resources, he applied to his brother-in-law Demetrius\n for assistance. He accompanied Demetrius at the battle of Ipsus, and\n fought there with all the prudence and intrepidity of an experienced\n general. He afterwards passed into Egypt, where, by his marriage\n with Antigone the daughter of Berenice, he soon obtained a sufficient\n force to attempt the recovery of his throne. He was successful in\n the undertaking, but to remove all causes of quarrel, he took the\n usurper to share with him the royalty, and some time after he put him\n to death under pretence that he had attempted to poison him. In the\n subsequent years of his reign, Pyrrhus engaged in the quarrels which\n disturbed the peace of the Macedonian monarchy; he marched against\n Demetrius, and gave the Macedonian soldiers fresh proofs of his\n valour and activity. By dissimulation he ingratiated himself in the\n minds of his enemy\u2019s subjects, and when Demetrius laboured under\n a momentary illness, Pyrrhus made an attempt upon the crown of\n Macedonia, which, if not then successful, soon after rendered him\n master of the kingdom. This he shared with Lysimachus for seven\n months, till the jealousy of the Macedonians, and the ambition\n of his colleague, obliged him to retire. Pyrrhus was meditating\n new conquests, when the Tarentines invited him to Italy to assist\n them against the encroaching power of Rome. He gladly accepted the\n invitation, but his passage across the Adriatic proved nearly fatal,\n and he reached the shores of Italy, after the loss of the greatest\n part of his troops in a storm. At his entrance into Tarentum, B.C.\n 280, he began to reform the manners of the inhabitants, and by\n introducing the strictest discipline among their troops, to accustom\n them to bear fatigue and to despise dangers. In the first battle\n which he fought with the Romans, he obtained the victory, but for\n this he was more particularly indebted to his elephants, whose bulk\n and uncommon appearance astonished the Romans and terrified their\n cavalry. The number of the slain was equal on both sides, and the\n conqueror said that such another victory would totally ruin him. He\n also sent Cineas, his chief minister, to Rome, and though victorious,\n he sued for peace. These offers of peace were refused, and when\n Pyrrhus questioned Cineas about the manners and the character of\n the Romans, the sagacious minister replied, that their senate was a\n venerable assembly of kings, and that to fight against them, was to\n attack another Hydra. A second battle was fought near Asculum, but\n the slaughter was so great, and the valour so conspicuous on both\n sides, that the Romans and their enemies reciprocally claimed the\n victory as their own. Pyrrhus still continued the war in favour of\n the Tarentines, when he was invited into Sicily by the inhabitants,\n who laboured under the yoke of Carthage, and the cruelty of their own\n petty tyrants. His fondness of novelty soon determined him to quit\n Italy; he left a garrison at Tarentum, and crossed over to Sicily,\n where he obtained two victories over the Carthaginians, and took many\n of their towns. He was for a while successful, and formed the project\n of invading Africa; but soon his popularity vanished, his troops\n became insolent, and he behaved with haughtiness, and showed himself\n oppressive, so that his return to Italy was deemed a fortunate event\n for all Sicily. He had no sooner arrived at Tarentum than he renewed\n hostilities with the Romans with great acrimony, but when his army of\n 80,000 men had been defeated by 20,000 of the enemy, under Curius, he\n left Italy with precipitation, B.C. 274, ashamed of the enterprise,\n and mortified by the victories which had been obtained over one\n of the descendants of Achilles. In Epirus he began to repair his\n military character by attacking Antigonus, who was then on the\n Macedonian throne. He gained some advantages over his enemy, and was\n at last restored to the throne of Macedonia. He afterwards marched\n against Sparta, at the request of Cleonymus, but when all his\n vigorous operations were insufficient to take the capital of Laconia,\n he retired to Argos, where the treachery of Aristeus invited him. The\n Argives desired him to retire, and not to interfere in the affairs of\n their republic, which were confounded by the ambition of two of their\n nobles. He complied with their wishes, but in the night he marched\n his forces into the town, and might have made himself master of\n the place had he not retarded his progress by entering it with his\n elephants. The combat that ensued was obstinate and bloody, and the\n monarch, to fight with more boldness, and to encounter dangers with\n more facility, exchanged his dress. He was attacked by one of the\n enemy, but as he was going to run him through in his own defence,\n the mother of the Argive, who saw her son\u2019s danger from the top of\n a house, threw down a tile and brought Pyrrhus to the ground. His\n head was cut off, and carried to Antigonus, who gave his remains a\n magnificent funeral, and presented his ashes to his son Helenus, 272\n years before the christian era. Pyrrhus has been deservedly commended\n for his talents as a general; and not only his friends, but also\n his enemies, have been warm in extolling him; and Annibal declared,\n that for experience and sagacity the king of Epirus was the first\n of commanders. He had chosen Alexander the Great for a model, and in\n everything he wished not only to imitate, but to surpass him. In the\n art of war none were superior to him; he not only made it his study\n as a general, but even he wrote many books on encampments, and the\n different ways of training up an army, and whatever he did was by\n principle and rule. His uncommon understanding and his penetration\n are also admired; but the general is severely censured, who has\n no sooner conquered a country, than he looks for other victories,\n without regarding or securing what he has already obtained, by\n measures and regulations honourable to himself, and advantageous to\n his subjects. The Romans passed great encomiums upon him, and Pyrrhus\n was no less struck with their magnanimity and valour; so much indeed,\n that he exclaimed that if he had soldiers like the Romans, or if\n the Romans had him for a general, he would leave no corner of the\n earth unseen, and no nation unconquered. Pyrrhus married many wives,\n and all for political reasons; besides Antigone, he had Lanassa the\n daughter of Agathocles, as also a daughter of Autoleon king of P\u00e6onia.\n His children, as his biographer observes, derived a warlike spirit\n from their father, and when he was asked by one to which of them he\n should leave the kingdom of Epirus, he replied, to him who has the\n sharpest sword. _\u00c6lian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 17, &c.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bks. 13 & 14.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk.\n 3, ode 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Epirus, son of Ptolemy, murdered by the people\n of Ambracia. His daughter, called Laudamia, or Deidamia, succeeded\n him. _Pausanias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of D\u00e6dalus.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Glautius\u2019 replaced with \u2018Glautias\u2019\n\n=Pyste=, the wife of Seleucus, taken prisoner by the Gauls, &c.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Pythag\u014fras=, a celebrated philosopher, born at Samos. His father\n Mnesarchus was a person of distinction, and therefore the son\n received that education which was most calculated to enlighten his\n mind and invigorate his body. Like his contemporaries, he was early\n made acquainted with poetry and music; eloquence and astronomy became\n his private studies, and in gymnastic exercises he often bore the\n palm for strength and dexterity. He first made himself known in\n Greece, at the Olympic games, where he obtained, in the 18th year\n of his age, the prize for wrestling; and, after he had been admired\n for the elegance and the dignity of his person, and the brilliancy\n of his understanding, he retired into the east. In Egypt and Chald\u00e6a\n he gained the confidence of the priests, and learned from them the\n artful policy, and the symbolic writings, by which they governed the\n prince as well as the people, and, after he had spent many years in\n gathering all the information which could be collected from antique\n tradition concerning the nature of the gods and the immortality\n of the soul, Pythagoras revisited his native island. The tyranny\n of Polycrates at Samos disgusted the philosopher, who was a great\n advocate for national independence; and though he was the favourite\n of the tyrant, he retired from the island, and a second time assisted\n at the Olympic games. His fame was too well known to escape notice;\n he was saluted in the public assembly by the name of _Sophist_, or\n wise man; but he refused the appellation, and was satisfied with that\n of philosopher, or, _the friend of wisdom_. \u201cAt the Olympic games,\u201d\n said he, in explanation of this new appellation he wished to assume,\n \u201csome are attracted with the desire of obtaining crowns and honours,\n others come to expose their different commodities to sale, while\n curiosity draws a third class, and the desire of contemplating\n whatever deserves notice in that celebrated assembly; thus, on the\n more extensive theatre of the world, while many struggle for the\n glory of a name, and many pant for the advantages of fortune, a few,\n and indeed but a few, who are neither desirous of money nor ambitious\n of fame, are sufficiently gratified to be spectators of the wonder,\n the hurry, and the magnificence of the scene.\u201d From Olympia, the\n philosopher visited the republics of Elis and Sparta, and retired\n to Magna Gr\u00e6cia, where he fixed his habitation in the town of\n Crotona, about the 40th year of his age. Here he founded a sect\n which has received the name of _the Italian_, and he soon saw himself\n surrounded by a great number of pupils, which the recommendation of\n his mental as well as his personal accomplishments had procured. His\n skill in music and medicine, and his knowledge of mathematics and of\n natural philosophy, gained him friends and admirers, and amidst the\n voluptuousness that prevailed among the inhabitants of Crotona, the\n Samian sage found his instructions respected and his approbation\n courted; the most debauched and effeminate were pleased with the\n eloquence and the graceful delivery of the philosopher, who boldly\n upbraided them for their vices, and called them to more virtuous and\n manly pursuits. These animated harangues were attended with rapid\n success, and a reformation soon took place in the morals and the life\n of the people of Crotona. The females were exhorted to become modest,\n and they left off their gaudy ornaments; the youths were called away\n from their pursuits of pleasure, and instantly they forgot their\n intemperance, and paid to their parents that submissive attention and\n deference which the precepts of Pythagoras required. As to the old,\n they were directed no longer to spend their time in amassing money,\n but to improve their understanding, and to seek that peace and those\n comforts of mind which frugality, benevolence, and philanthropy alone\n can produce. The sober and religious behaviour of the philosopher\n strongly recommended the necessity and importance of these precepts.\n Pythagoras was admired for his venerable aspect; his voice was\n harmonious, his eloquence persuasive, and the reputation he had\n acquired by his distant travels, and by being crowned at the Olympic\n games, was great and important. He regularly frequented the temples\n of the gods, and paid his devotion to the divinity at an early\n hour; he lived upon the purest and most innocent food, he clothed\n himself like the priests of the Egyptian gods, and by his continual\n purifications and regular offerings, he seemed to be superior to the\n rest of mankind in sanctity. These artful measures united to render\n him an object not only of reverence, but of imitation. To set himself\n at a greater distance from his pupils, a number of years was required\n to try their various dispositions; the most talkative were not\n permitted to speak in the presence of their master before they had\n been his auditors for five years, and those who possessed a natural\n taciturnity were allowed to speak after a probation of two years.\n When they were capable of receiving the secret instructions of the\n philosopher, they were taught the use of cyphers and hieroglyphic\n writings, and Pythagoras might boast that his pupils could correspond\n together, though in the most distant regions, in unknown characters;\n and by the signs and words which they had received, they could\n discover, though strangers and barbarians, those that had been\n educated in the Pythagorean school. So great was his authority among\n his pupils, that to dispute his word was deemed a crime, and the most\n stubborn were drawn to coincide with the opinions of their opponent,\n when they helped their arguments by the words of _the master said so_,\n an expression which became proverbial in _jurare in verba magistri_.\n The great influence which the philosopher possessed in his school\n was transferred to the world: the pupils divided the applause and\n the approbation of the people with their venerable master, and in\n a short time the rulers and the legislators of all the principal\n towns of Greece, Sicily, and Italy, boasted in being the disciples\n of Pythagoras. The Samian philosopher was the first who supported\n the doctrine of _metempsychosis_, or transmigration of the soul into\n different bodies, and those notions he seemed to have imbibed among\n the priests of Egypt, or in the solitary retreats of the Brachmans.\n More strenuously to support his chimerical system, he declared he\n recollected the different bodies which his soul had animated before\n that of the son of Mnesarchus. He remembered to have been \u00c6thalides\n the son of Mercury, to have assisted the Greeks during the Trojan\n war in the character of Euphorbus [_See:_ Euphorbus], to have been\n Hermotimus, afterwards a fisherman, and last of all Pythagoras.\n He forbade his disciples to eat flesh, as also beans, because he\n supposed them to have been produced from the same putrefied matter\n from which, at the creation of the world, man was formed. In his\n theological system Pythagoras supported that the universe was created\n from a shapeless heap of passive matter by the hands of a powerful\n being, who himself was the mover and soul of the world, and of whose\n substance the souls of mankind were a portion. He considered numbers\n as the principles of everything, and perceived in the universe\n regularity, correspondence, beauty, proportion, and harmony, as\n intentionally produced by the Creator. In his doctrines of morality,\n he perceived in the human mind propensities common to us with the\n brute creation; but besides these, and the passions of avarice and\n ambition, he discovered the nobler seeds of virtue, and supported\n that the most ample and perfect gratification was to be found in\n the enjoyment of moral and intellectual pleasures. The thoughts\n of the past he considered as always present to us, and he believed\n that no enjoyment could be had where the mind was disturbed by\n consciousness of guilt, or fears about futurity. This opinion induced\n the philosopher to recommend to his followers a particular mode\n of education. The tender years of the Pythagoreans were employed\n in continual labour, in study, in exercise, and repose; and the\n philosopher maintained his well-known and important maxim, that many\n things, especially love, are best learnt late. In a more advanced age,\n the adult was desired to behave with caution, spirit, and patriotism,\n and to remember that the community and civil society demanded\n his exertions, and that the good of the public, and not his own\n private enjoyments, were the ends of his creation. From lessons like\n these, the Pythagoreans were strictly enjoined to call to mind, and\n carefully to review, the actions, not only of the present, but of the\n preceding days. In their acts of devotion, they early repaired to the\n most solitary places of the mountains, and after they had examined\n their private and public conduct, and conversed with themselves,\n they joined in the company of their friends, and early refreshed\n their body with light and frugal aliments. Their conversation was\n of the most innocent nature; political or philosophic subjects were\n discussed with propriety, but without warmth, and after the conduct\n of the following day was regulated, the evening was spent with the\n same religious ceremony as the morning, in a strict and partial\n self-examination. From such regularity nothing but the most salutary\n consequences could arise, and it will not appear wonderful that\n the disciples of Pythagoras were so much respected and admired\n as legislators, and imitated for their constancy, friendship, and\n humanity. The authors that lived in, and after, the age of Alexander,\n have rather tarnished than brightened the glory of the founder of the\n Pythagorean school, and they have obscured his fame by attributing\n to him actions which were dissonant with his character as a man and\n a moralist. To give more weight to his exhortations, as some writers\n mention, Pythagoras retired into a subterraneous cave, where his\n mother sent him intelligence of everything which happened during\n his absence. After a certain number of months he again reappeared on\n the earth, with a grim and ghastly countenance, and declared, in the\n assembly of the people, that he was returned from hell. From similar\n exaggerations, it has been asserted that he appeared at the Olympic\n games with a golden thigh, and that he could write in letters of\n blood whatever he pleased on a looking-glass, and that, by setting it\n opposite to the moon, when full, all the characters which were on the\n glass became legible on the moon\u2019s disc. They also support that, by\n some magical words, he tamed a bear, stopped the flight of an eagle,\n and appeared on the same day and at the same instant in the cities\n of Crotona and Metapontum, &c. The time and the place of the death\n of this great philosopher are unknown; yet many suppose that he died\n at Metapontum about 497 years before Christ; and so great was the\n veneration of the people of Magna Gr\u00e6cia for him, that he received\n the same honours as were paid to the immortal gods, and his house\n became a sacred temple. Succeeding ages likewise acknowledged his\n merits, and when the Romans, A.U.C. 411, were commanded by the oracle\n of Delphi to erect a statue to the bravest and wisest of the Greeks,\n the distinguished honour was conferred on Alcibiades and Pythagoras.\n Pythagoras had a daughter, called Damo. There is now extant a\n poetical composition ascribed to the philosopher, and called the\n _golden verses of Pythagoras_, which contain the greatest part of\n his doctrines and moral precepts; but many support that it is a\n supposititious composition, and that the true name of the writer was\n Lysis. Pythagoras distinguished himself also by his discoveries in\n geometry, astronomy, and mathematics, and it is to him that the world\n is indebted for the demonstration of the 47th proposition of the\n first book of Euclid\u2019s elements, about the square of the hypothenuse.\n It is said that he was so elated after making the discovery, that\n he made an offering of a hecatomb to the gods; but the sacrifice\n was undoubtedly of small oxen, made with wax, as the philosopher was\n ever an enemy to shedding the blood of all animals. His system of\n the universe, in which he placed the sun in the centre, and all the\n planets moving in elliptical orbits round it, was deemed chimerical\n and improbable, till the deep inquiries and the philosophy of the\n 16th century proved it, by the most accurate calculations, to be true\n and incontestable. Diogenes La\u00ebrtius, Porphyry, Iamblicus, and others,\n have written an account of his life, but with more erudition, perhaps,\n than veracity. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 5; _Tusculan\u00e6\n Disputationes_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 8, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 112.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 60,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Plato._\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Iamblic._\u2015\u2015_Porphyry._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A soothsayer of Babylon,\n who foretold the death of Alexander and of Heph\u00e6stion, by consulting\n the entrails of victims.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Ephesus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Nero\u2019s\n wicked favourites.\n\n=Pytheas=, an archon at Athens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Massilia, famous for\n his knowledge of astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, and geography.\n He also distinguished himself by his travels, and, with a mind that\n wished to seek information in every corner of the earth, he advanced\n far into the northern seas, and discovered the island of Thule, and\n entered that then unknown sea, which is now called the _Baltic_. His\n discoveries in astronomy and geography were ingenious, and, indeed,\n modern navigators have found it expedient to justify and accede\n to his conclusions. He was the first who established a distinction\n of climate by the length of days and nights. He wrote different\n treatises in Greek, which have been lost, though some of them\n were extant in the beginning of the fifth century. Pytheas lived,\n according to some, in the age of Aristotle. _Strabo_, bk. 2,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 37.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian rhetorician, in the age of\n Demosthenes, who distinguished himself by his intrigues, rapacity,\n and his opposition to the measures of Demosthenes, of whom he\n observed that his orations smelt of the lamp. Pytheas joined\n Antipater after the death of Alexander the Great. His orations were\n devoid of elegance, harsh, unconnected, and diffuse, and from this\n circumstance he has not been ranked among the orators of Athens.\n _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 7, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_\n & _Politica Pr\u00e6cepta_.\n\n=Pythes=, a native of Abdera, in Thrace, son of Andromache, who\n obtained a crown at the Olympian games. _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 14.\n\n=Pytheus=, a Lydian in the age of Xerxes, famous for his riches. He\n kindly entertained the monarch and all his army, when he was marching\n on his expedition against Greece, and offered him to defray the\n expenses of the whole war. Xerxes thanked him with much gratitude,\n and promised to give him whatever he should require. Pytheus asked\n him to dismiss his son from the expedition; upon which the monarch\n ordered the young man to be cut in two, and one half of the body to\n be placed on the right hand of the way, and the other on the left,\n that his army might march between them. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum\n Virtutes_.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus._\n\n=Pythia=, the priestess of Apollo at Delphi. She delivered the answer\n of the god to such as came to consult the oracle, and was supposed\n to be suddenly inspired by the sulphureous vapours which issued from\n the hole of a subterraneous cavity within the temple, over which\n she sat bare on a three-legged stool, called a tripod. In this\n stool was a small aperture, through which the vapour was inhaled by\n the priestess, and, at this divine inspiration, her eyes suddenly\n sparkled, her hair stood on end, and a shivering ran over all her\n body. In this convulsive state she spoke the oracles of the god,\n often with loud howlings and cries, and her articulations were\n taken down by the priest, and set in order. Sometimes the spirit of\n inspiration was more gentle, and not always violent; yet Plutarch\n mentions one of the priestesses who was thrown into such an excessive\n fury, that not only those that consulted the oracle, but also the\n priest that conducted her to the sacred tripod, and attended her\n during the inspiration, were terrified and forsook the temple; and\n so violent was the fit, that she continued for some days in the most\n agonizing situation, and at last died. The Pythia, before she placed\n herself on the tripod, used to wash her whole body, and particularly\n her hair, in the waters of the fountain Castalis, at the foot of\n mount Parnassus. She also shook a laurel tree that grew near the\n place, and sometimes ate the leaves with which she crowned herself.\n The priestess was originally a virgin, but the institution was\n changed when Echecrates, a Thessalian, had offered violence to one of\n them, and none but women who were above the age of 50 were permitted\n to enter upon that sacred office. They always appeared dressed in the\n garments of virgins, to intimate their purity and modesty, and they\n were solemnly bound to observe the strictest laws of temperance and\n chastity, that neither fantastical dresses nor lascivious behaviour\n might bring the office, the religion, or the sanctity of the\n place into contempt. There was originally but one Pythia, besides\n subordinate priests, and afterwards two were chosen, and sometimes\n more. The most celebrated of all these is Phemonoe, who is supposed\n by some to have been the first who gave oracles at Delphi. The\n oracles were always delivered in hexameter verses, a custom which was\n some time after discontinued. The Pythia was consulted only one month\n in the year, about the spring. It was always required that those\n who consulted the oracle should make large presents to Apollo, and\n from thence arose the opulence, splendour, and the magnificence of\n that celebrated temple of Delphi. Sacrifices were also offered to the\n divinity, and if the omens proved unfavourable, the priestess refused\n to \u2666give an answer. There were generally five priests who assisted\n at the offering of the sacrifices, and there was also another who\n attended the Pythia, and assisted her in receiving the oracle. _See:_\n \u2660Delphi, Oraculum. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 6 & 9.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _De\n Defectu Oraculorum_.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Ion_.\u2015\u2015_Dio Chrysostom._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Games\n celebrated in honour of Apollo, near the temple of Delphi. They\n were at first instituted, according to the more received opinion, by\n Apollo himself, in commemoration of the victory which he had obtained\n over the serpent Python, from which they received their name; though\n others maintain that they were first established by Agamemnon, or\n Diomedes, or by Amphictyon, or, lastly, by the council of Amphictyons,\n B.C. 1263. They were originally celebrated once in nine years, but\n afterwards every fifth year, or the second year of every olympiad,\n according to the number of the Parnassian nymphs who congratulated\n Apollo after his victory. The gods themselves were originally among\n the combatants, and, according to some authors, the first prize was\n won by Pollux, in boxing; by Castor, in horse-races; by Hercules,\n in the pancratium; by Zetes, in fighting with the armour; by Calais,\n in running; by Telamon, in wrestling; and by Peleus in throwing the\n quoit. These illustrious conquerors were rewarded by Apollo himself,\n who was present, with crowns and laurels. Some, however, observe\n that it was nothing but a musical contention, in which he who sung\n best the praises of Apollo obtained the prize, which was presents\n of gold or silver, which were afterwards exchanged for a garland\n of the palm tree, or of beech leaves. It is said that Hesiod was\n refused admission to these games because he was not able to play upon\n the harp, which was required of all such as entered the lists. The\n songs which were sung were called \u03a0\u03c5\u03b8\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9 \u03bd\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03b9, _the Pythian modes_,\n divided into five parts, which contained a representation of the\n fight and victory of Apollo over Python; \u1f00\u03bd\u03b1\u03ba\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, _the preparation\n for the fight_; \u1f10\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03b1, _the first attempt_; \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2, _taking\n breath and collecting courage_; \u1f30\u03b1\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b4\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9, _the insulting\n sarcasms of the god over his vanquished enemy_; \u03c3\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b3\u03b3\u03b5\u03c2, _an\n imitation of the hisses of the serpent_, just as he expired under\n the blows of Apollo. A dance was also introduced; and in the 48th\n Olympiad, the Amphictyons, who presided over the games, increased\n the number of musical instruments by the addition of a flute; but,\n as it was more peculiarly used in funeral songs and lamentations,\n it was soon rejected as unfit for merriment, and the festivals which\n represented the triumph of Apollo over the conquered serpent. The\n Romans, according to some, introduced them into their city, and\n called them Apollinares ludi. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, chs. 13 & 37.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 447.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 25.\n\n \u2666 \u2018gave\u2019 replaced with \u2018give\u2019\n\n \u2660 \u2018Delphia\u2019 replaced with \u2018Delphi\u2019\n\n=Pythias=, a Pythagorean philosopher, intimate with Damon. _See:_\n Phintias.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A road which led from Thessaly to Tempe. _\u00c6lian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n comic character, &c.\n\n=Pythion=, an Athenian killed, with 420 soldiers, when he attempted to\n drive the garrison of Demetrius from Athens, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Pythium=, a town of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 53; bk. 44, ch. 2.\n\n=Pythius=, a Syracusan, who defrauded Canius, a Roman knight, to\n whom he had sold his gardens, &c. _Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 3,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Apollo, which he had received for his\n having conquered the serpent Python, or because he was worshipped at\n Delphi; called also Pytho. _Macrobius_, bk. 1, _Saturnalia_, ch. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 33, li. 16.\n\n=Pytho=, the ancient name of the town of Delphi, which it received\n \u1f00\u03c0\u03bf \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03c0\u03c5\u03b8\u03b5\u03c3\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, because the serpent which Apollo killed, _rotted\n there_. It was also called Parnassia Nape. _See:_ Delphi.\n\n=Pythoch\u0103ris=, a musician, who assuaged the fury of some wolves by\n playing on a musical instrument, &c. _\u00c6lian._\n\n=Pyth\u014fcles=, an Athenian descended from Aratus. It is said, that on his\n account, and for his instruction, Plutarch wrote the life of Aratus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man put to death with Phocion.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote on Italy.\n\n=Pythod\u014drus=, an Athenian archon in the age of Themistocles.\n\n=Pythol\u0101us=, the brother of Theba, the wife of Alexander tyrant of\n Pher\u00e6. He assisted his sister in despatching her husband. _Plutarch._\n\n=Python=, a native of Byzantium, in the age of Philip of Macedonia. He\n was a great favourite of the monarch who sent him to the Thebes, when\n that city, at the instigation of Demosthenes, was going to take arms\n against Philip. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n the friends of Alexander, put to death by Ptolemy Lagus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who\n killed Cotys king of Thrace at the instigation of the Athenians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n celebrated serpent sprung from the mud and stagnated waters which\n remained on the surface of the earth after the deluge of Deucalion.\n Some, however, suppose that it was produced from the earth by Juno,\n and sent by the goddess to persecute Latona, who was then pregnant by\n Jupiter. Latona escaped his fury by means of her lover, who changed\n her into a quail during the remaining months of her pregnancy, and\n afterwards restored her to her original shape in the island of Delos,\n where she gave birth to Apollo and Diana. Apollo, as soon as he was\n born, attacked the monster and killed him with his arrows, and in\n commemoration of the victory which he had obtained, he instituted the\n celebrated Pythian games. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7;\n bk. 10, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus._\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 438,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 134.\n\n=Python\u012dce=, an Athenian prostitute greatly honoured by Harpalus,\n whom Alexander some time before had entrusted with the treasures of\n Babylon. He married her; and according to some, she died at the very\n moment that the nuptials were going to be celebrated. He raised her\n a splendid monument on the road which led from Athens to Eleusis,\n which cost him 30 talents. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 13, &c.\n\n=Pythonissa=, a name given to the priestess of Apollo\u2019s temple at\n Delphi. She is more generally called Pythia. _See:_ Pythia. The word\n _Pythonissa_ was commonly applied to women who attempted to explain\n futurity.\n\n=Pytna=, a part of mount Ida.\n\n=Pyttalus=, a celebrated athlete, son of Lampis of Elis, who obtained a\n prize at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 16.\n\n\n Q\n\n=Quaderna=, a town of Italy.\n\n=Quadi=, an ancient nation of Germany, near the country of the\n Marcomanni, on the borders of the Danube, in modern Moravia. They\n rendered themselves celebrated by their opposition to the Romans, by\n whom they were often defeated, though not totally subdued. _Tacitus_,\n _Germania_, chs. 42 & 43; _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 63.\n\n=Quadr\u0101tus=, a surname given to Mercury, because some of his statues\n were square. The number 4, according to Plutarch, was sacred to\n Mercury, because he was born on the 4th day of the month. _Plutarch_,\n _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Syria in the\n age of Nero.\n\n=Quadr\u012dfrons=, or =Quadr\u012dceps=, a surname of Janus, because he was\n represented with four heads. He had a temple on the Tarpeian rock,\n raised by Lucius Catulus.\n\n=Qu\u00e6st\u014dres=, two officers at Rome, first created A.U.C. 269. They\n received their name _a qu\u00e6rendo_, because they collected the revenues\n of the state, and had the total management of the public treasury.\n The questorship was the first office which could be had in the state.\n It was requisite that the candidates should be 24 or 25 years of age,\n or, according to some, 27. In the year 332, A.U.C., two more were\n added to the others, to attend the consuls, to take care of the\n pay of the armies abroad, and sell the plunder and booty which had\n been acquired by conquest. These were called _Peregrini_, whilst\n the others, whose employment was in the city, received the name of\n _Urbani_. When the Romans were masters of all Italy, four more were\n created, A.U.C. 439, to attend the proconsuls and propretors in\n their provinces, and to collect all the taxes and customs which\n each particular district owed to the republic. They were called\n _Provinciales_. Sylla the dictator created 20 questors, and Julius\n C\u00e6sar 40, to fill up the vacant seats in the senate; from whence it\n is evident that the questors ranked as senators in the senate. The\n questors were always appointed by the senate at Rome, and if any\n person was appointed to the questorship without their permission, he\n was only called _proquestor_. The qu\u00e6stores urbani were apparently of\n more consequence than the rest, the treasury was entrusted to their\n care, they kept an account of all the receipts and disbursements,\n and the Roman eagles or ensigns were always in their possession when\n the armies were not on an expedition. They required every general\n before he triumphed to tell them, upon his oath, that he had given\n a just account of the number of the slain on both sides, and that\n he had been saluted _imperator_ by the soldiers, a title which every\n commander generally received from his army after he had obtained\n a victory, and which was afterwards confirmed and approved by the\n senate. The city questors had also the care of the ambassadors; they\n lodged and received them, and some time after, when Augustus was\n declared emperor, they kept the decrees of the senate, which had been\n before entrusted with the ediles and the tribunes. This gave rise\n to two new offices of trust and honour, one of which was _qu\u00e6stor\n palatii_, and the other _qu\u00e6stor principis_, or _augusti_, sometimes\n called _candidatus principis_. The tent of the questor in the camp\n was called _qu\u00e6storium_. It stood near that of the general. _Varro_,\n _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 43.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_,\n bk. 43.\n\n=Quari=, a people of Gaul.\n\n=Quarius=, a river of B\u0153otia.\n\n=Quercens=, a Rutulian who fought against the Trojans. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 684.\n\n=Querquetul\u0101nus=, a name given to mount C\u0153lius at Rome, from the oaks\n which grew there. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 65.\n\n=Qui\u0113tis fanum=, a temple without the walls of the city of Rome. Quies\n was the goddess of rest. Her temple was situate near the Colline gate.\n _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 16.\n\n=Lucius Qui\u0113tus=, an officer under the emperor Trajan, who behaved with\n great valour in the expeditions which were undertaken by the army\n which he commanded. He was put to death by Adrian.\n\n=Quinctia prata.= _See:_ Quintia.\n\n=Quincti\u0101nus=, a man who conspired against Nero, for which he was put\n to death.\n\n=Quinctilia=, a comedian who refused to betray a conspiracy which had\n been formed against Caligula.\n\n=Quinctius Titus=, a Roman consul who gained some victories over the\n \u00c6qui and the Volsci, and obtained a triumph for subduing Pr\u00e6neste.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015C\u00e6so, a man accused before the Roman people, and vindicated by\n his father Cincinnatus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman celebrated for his frugality.\n _See:_ Cincinnatus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A master of horse.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman consul when\n Annibal invaded Italy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Flaminius, banished from\n the senate by Cato, for killing a Gaul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer killed by the\n Carthaginians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer under Dolabella.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another who defeated\n the Latins.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul who obtained a victory over the Volsci.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Hirpinus. _See:_ Hirpinus.\n\n=Quinda=, a town of Cilicia.\n\n=Quindecimv\u012dri=, an order of priests whom Tarquin the Proud appointed\n to take care of the Sibylline books. They were originally two, but\n afterwards the number was increased to 10, to whom Sylla added five\n more, whence their name. _See:_ Decemviri and Duumviri.\n\n=Quinquatria=, a festival in honour of Minerva at Rome, which continued\n during five days. The beginning of the celebration was the 18th of\n March. The first day sacrifices and oblations were presented, but,\n however, without the effusion of blood. On the second, third, and\n fourth days, shows of gladiators were exhibited, and on the fifth day\n there was a solemn procession through the streets of the city. On the\n days of the celebration, scholars obtained holidays, and it was usual\n for them to offer prayers to Minerva for learning and wisdom, which\n the goddess patronized; and on their return to school they presented\n their master with a gift which has received the name of _Minerval_.\n They were much the same as the Panathen\u00e6a of the Greeks. Plays were\n also acted, and disputations were held on subjects of literature.\n They received their name from the _five_ days which were devoted for\n the celebration.\n\n=Quinquenn\u0101les ludi=, games celebrated by the Chians in honour of Homer\n every fifth year. There were also some games among the Romans which\n bore this name. They are the same as the Actian games. _See:_ Actia.\n\n=Quintia Prata=, a place on the borders of the Tiber near Rome, which\n had been cultivated by the great Cincinnatus. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 26.\n\n=Quintili\u0101nus Marcus Fabius=, a celebrated rhetorician born in Spain.\n He opened a school of rhetoric at Rome, and was the first who\n obtained a salary from the state as being a public teacher. After\n he had remained 20 years in this laborious employment, and obtained\n the merited applause of the most illustrious Romans, not only as a\n preceptor, but as a pleader at the bar, Quintilian, by the permission\n of the emperor Domitian, retired to enjoy the fruits of his labours\n and industry. In his retirement he assiduously dedicated his time\n to the study of literature, and wrote a treatise on the causes\n of the corruption of eloquence. Some time after, at the pressing\n solicitations of his friends, he wrote his _institutiones oratoric\u00e6_,\n the most perfect and complete system of oratory extant. It is divided\n into 12 books, in which the author explains from observation, as well\n as from experience, what can constitute a good and perfect orator,\n and in this he not only mentions the pursuits and the employments\n of the rhetorician, but he also speaks of his education, and begins\n with the attention which ought to be shown him even in his cradle.\n He was appointed preceptor to the two young princes whom Domitian\n destined for his successors on the throne, but the pleasures which\n the rhetorician received from the favours and the attention of the\n emperor and from the success which his writings met in the world,\n were embittered by the loss of his wife, and of his two sons. It\n is said that Quintilian was poor in his retirement, and that his\n indigence was relieved by the liberality of his pupil Pliny the\n younger. He died A.D. 95. His Institutions were discovered in the\n 1415th year of the christian era, in an old tower of a monastery\n at St. Gal, by Poggio Bracciolini, a native of Florence. The best\n editions of Quintilian are those of Gesner, 4to, G\u00f6ttingen, 1738; of\n Leiden, 8vo, _cum notis variorum_, 1665; of Gibson, 4to, Oxford, 1693;\n and that of Rollin, republished in 8vo, London, 1792.\n\n=Quintilius Varus=, a Roman governor of Syria. _See:_ Varus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n friend of the emperor Alexander.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man put to death by the emperor\n Severus.\n\n=Quintilla=, a courtesan at Rome, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 75.\n\n=Quintillus Marcus Aurelius Claudius=, a brother of Claudius, who\n proclaimed himself emperor, and 17 days after destroyed himself by\n opening his veins in a bath, when he heard that Aurelian was marching\n against him, about the 270th year of the christian era.\n\n=Quintius Curtius Rufus=, a Latin historian, who flourished, as some\n suppose, in the reign of Vespasian or Trajan. He has rendered himself\n known by his history of the reign of Alexander the Great. This\n history was divided into 10 books, of which the two first, the end\n of the fifth, and the beginning of the sixth, are lost. This work is\n admired for the elegance, the purity, and the floridness of its style.\n It is, however, blamed for great anachronisms and glaring mistakes in\n geography as well as history. Freinshemius has written a supplement\n to Curtius, in which he seems to have made some very satisfactory\n amends for the loss of which the history had suffered, by a learned\n collection of facts and circumstances from all the different authors\n who have employed their pen in writing an account of Alexander, and\n of his Asiatic conquests. Some suppose that the historian is the same\n with that Curtius Rufus who lived in the age of Claudius, under whom\n he was made consul. This Rufus was born of an obscure family, and he\n attended a Roman questor in Africa, when he was met at Adrumentum by\n a woman above a human shape, as he was walking under the porticoes\n in the middle of the day. This extraordinary character addressed\n the indigent Roman, and told him that the day should come in which\n he should govern Africa with consular power. This strange prophecy\n animated Rufus; he repaired to Rome, where he gained the favours\n of the emperor, obtained consular honours, and at last retired as\n proconsul to Africa, where he died. The best editions of Curtius are\n those of Elzevir, 8vo, Amsterdam, 1673; of Snakenburg, 4to, Leiden,\n 1724; and of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1757. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11,\n ch. 23, &c.\n\n\u2666=Quintus=, or =Quinctius=, one of the names of Cincinnatus. _Persius_,\n bk. 1, li. 73.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pedius, a painter. _See:_ Pedius.\n\n \u2666 Out of alphabetical order in the text.\n\n=Quintus Veranius=, a governor of Cappadocia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cicero, the brother of\n Cicero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Catulus, a Roman consul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of C\u00e6sar.\n\n=Quirinalia=, festivals in honour of Romulus, surnamed Quirinus,\n celebrated on the 13th of the calends of March.\n\n=Quirin\u0101lis=, a hill at Rome, originally called _Agonius_, and\n afterwards _Collinus_. The name of Quirinalis is obtained from the\n inhabitants of Cures, who settled there under their king Tatius. It\n was also called _Cabalinus_, from two marble statues of a horse, one\n of which was the work of Phidias, and the other of Praxiteles. _Livy_,\n bk. 1, ch. 44.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, li. 375; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14,\n li. 843.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the gates of Rome near mount Quirinalis.\n\n=Quir\u012bnus=, a surname of Mars among the Romans. This name was also\n given to Romulus when he had been made a god by his superstitious\n subjects. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 475.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a surname of the\n god Janus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sulpitius, a Roman consul, born at Lanuvium. Though\n descended of an obscure family, he was raised to the greatest honours\n by Augustus. He was appointed governor of Syria, and was afterwards\n made preceptor to Caius the grandson of the emperor. He married\n \u00c6milia Lepida the granddaughter of Sylla and Pompey, but some time\n after he shamefully repudiated her. He died A.D. 22. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 3, &c.\n\n=Quir\u012btes=, a name given to the Roman citizens, because they admitted\n into their city the Sabines, who inhabited the town of Cures, and\n who on that account were called _Quirites_. After this union, the\n two nations were indiscriminately and promiscuously called by that\n name. It is, however, to be observed that the word was confined to\n Rome, and not used in the armies, as we find some of the generals\n applying it only to such of their soldiers as they dismissed or\n disgraced. Even some of the emperors appeased a sedition, by calling\n their rebellious soldiers by the degrading appellation of Quirites.\n _Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_, ch. 170.\u2015\u2015_Lampridius_, bk. 53.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 5, li. 558.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 14, li. 1.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua\n Latina_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2,\n li. 479.\n\n\n R\n\n=Rabirius Caius=, a Roman knight, who lent an immense sum of money\n to Ptolemy Auletes king of Egypt. The monarch afterwards not only\n refused to repay him, but even confined him, and endangered his life.\n Rabirius escaped from Egypt with difficulty, but at his return to\n Rome, he was accused by the senate of having lent money to an African\n prince, for unlawful purposes. He was ably defended by Cicero, and\n acquitted with difficulty. _Cicero_, _For Rabirius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Latin poet\n in the age of Augustus, who wrote, besides satires and epigrams,\n a poem on the victory which the emperor had gained over Antony at\n Actium. Seneca has compared him to Virgil for elegance and majesty,\n but Quintilian is not so favourable to his poetry.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An architect in\n the reign of Domitian, who built a celebrated palace for the emperor,\n of which the ruins are still seen at Rome.\n\n=Racillia=, the wife of Cincinnatus. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 26.\n\n=Racilius=, a tribune who complained in the senate of the faction of\n Clodius. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 12; _Letters to his\n brother Quintus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=R\u00e6saces=, an officer of Artaxerxes. He revolted from his master, and\n fled to Athens.\n\n=Ramises=, a king of Egypt. _See:_ Rhamses.\n\n=Ramnes=, or =Rhamnenses=, one of the three centuries instituted by\n Romulus. After the Roman people had been divided into three tribes,\n the monarch elected out of each 100 young men of the best and noblest\n families, with which he formed three companies of horse. One of them\n was called _Ramnes_, either from the tribe of which it was chosen, or\n from Romulus. Another was called _Tatian_, and the third _Luceres_.\n _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 304.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\n\n=Randa=, a village of Persia, where 3000 rebellious Persians were slain\n by Chiles. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 7.\n\n=Rapo=, a Rutulian chief, &c. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 748.\n\n=Rascip\u014flis=, a Macedonian sent to the assistance of Pompey. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Civil War_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\n\n=Ravenna=, a town of Italy on the Adriatic, which became celebrated\n under the Roman emperors for its capacious harbour, which could\n contain 250 ships, and for being for some time the seat of the\n western empire. It was difficult of access by land, as it stood on a\n small peninsula; and so ill supplied with water, that it was sold at\n a higher price than wine, according to Martial. The emperors kept one\n of their fleets there, and the other at Misenum, on the other side\n of Italy. It was founded by a colony of Thessalians, or, according\n to others, of Sabines. It is now fallen from its former grandeur, and\n is a wretched town situate at the distance of about four miles from\n the sea, and surrounded with swamps and marshes. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 49.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 93, li. 8, &c.\n\n=R\u0101v\u014fla=, a celebrated debauchee, &c. _Juvenal._\n\n=Rauraci=, a people of Gaul, whose chief town is now Augst on the Rhine.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 5.\n\n=Re\u0101te=, a pleasant town of Umbria, built, as some suppose, before the\n Trojan war, about 15 miles from Fanum Vacun\u00e6, near the lake Velinus.\n Cybele was the chief deity of the place. It was famous for its asses.\n _Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de\n Re Rustica_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 7; bk. 26, ch. 11; bk. 28,\n ch. 45.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, bk. 3, ch. 2; _de Natura\n Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n\n=Redic\u016dlus=, a deity whose name is derived from the word _redire_ (to\n return). The Romans raised a temple to this imaginary deity on the\n spot where Annibal had retired when he approached Rome, as if to\n besiege it. _Festus_, _Lexicon of Festus_.\n\n=Red\u014fnes=, a nation among the Armorici, now the people of _Rennes_ and\n _St. Maloes_, in Brittany. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 41.\n\n=Regill\u00e6=, or =Regillum=, a town in the country of the Sabines in Italy,\n about 20 miles from Rome, celebrated for a battle which was fought\n there, A.U.C. 258, between 24,000 Romans and 40,000 Etrurians, who\n were headed by the Tarquins. The Romans obtained the victory, and\n scarce 10,000 of the enemy escaped from the field of battle. Castor\n and Pollux, according to some accounts, were seen mounted on white\n horses, and fighting at the head of the Roman army. _Livy_, bk. 2,\n ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Caius\n Marcius Coriolanus_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Tiberias_, ch. 1.\n\n=Regilli\u0101nus Q. Nonius=, a Dacian who entered the Roman armies, and was\n raised to the greatest honours under Valerian. He was elected emperor\n by the populace, who were dissatisfied with Gallienus, and was soon\n after murdered by his soldiers, A.D. 262.\n\n=Regillus=, a small lake of Latium, whose waters fall into the Anio,\n at the east of Rome. The dictator Posthumius defeated the Latin army\n near it. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 19.\n\n=Reg\u012bnum=, a town of Germany, now supposed Ratisbon or Regensburg.\n\n=Regium Lepidum=, a town of Modena, now _Regio_, at the south of the Po.\n _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 12, _Letters to his Friends_,\n ltr. 5; bk. 13, ltr. 7.\n\n=Marcus Attilius Reg\u016dlus=, a consul during the first Punic war. He\n reduced Brundusium, and in his second consulship he took 64, and\n sunk 30 galleys of the Carthaginian fleet, on the coast of Sicily.\n Afterwards he landed in Africa, and so rapid was his success, that in\n a short time he defeated three generals, and made himself master of\n about 200 places of consequence on the coast. The Carthaginians sued\n for peace, but the conqueror refused to grant it, and soon after he\n was defeated in a battle by Xanthippus, and 30,000 of his men were\n left on the field of battle, and 15,000 taken prisoners. Regulus\n was in the number of the captives, and he was carried in triumph to\n Carthage. He was afterwards sent by the enemy to Rome, to propose an\n accommodation, and an exchange of prisoners; and if his commission\n was unsuccessful, he was bound by the most solemn oaths to return to\n Carthage without delay. When he came to Rome, Regulus dissuaded his\n countrymen from accepting the terms which the enemy proposed, and\n when his opinion had had due influence on the senate, he then retired\n to Carthage agreeable to his engagements. The Carthaginians were told\n that their offers of peace had been rejected at Rome by the means of\n Regulus, and therefore they prepared to punish him with the greatest\n severity. His eyebrows were cut, and he was exposed for some days to\n the excessive heat of the meridian sun, and afterwards confined in\n a barrel, whose sides were everywhere filled with large iron spikes,\n till he died in the greatest agonies. His sufferings were heard\n at Rome, and the senate permitted his widow to inflict whatever\n punishments she pleased on some of the most illustrious captives of\n Carthage, who were in their hands. She confined them also in presses\n filled with sharp iron points, and was so exquisite in her cruelty,\n that the senate at last interfered, and stopped the barbarity of\n her punishments. Regulus died about 251 years before Christ. _Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 6, li. 319.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3,\n ode 5.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Officiis_, bk. 1, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 9, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, ltr. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Memmius, a Roman\n made governor of Greece by Caligula. While Regulus was in this\n province, the emperor wished to bring the celebrated statue of\n Jupiter Olympius, by Phidias, to Rome; but this was supernaturally\n prevented, and according to ancient authors, the ship which was to\n convey it was destroyed by lightning, and the workmen who attempted\n to remove the statue were terrified away by sudden noises. _Dio\n Cassius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who condemned Sejanus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Roscius, a man who held\n the consulship but for one day, in the reign of Vitellius.\n\n=Remi=, a nation of Gaul, whose principal town, Duricortorium, is now\n Rheims, in the north of Champagne. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n=Remmia lex=, _de judiciis_, was enacted to punish all calumniators.\n The letter K was marked on their forehead. This law was abolished by\n Constantine the Great. _Cicero_, _For Quintus Roscius_.\n\n=R\u0115m\u016dlus=, a chief of Tibur, whose arms were seized by the Rutulians,\n and afterwards became part of the plunder which Euryalus obtained.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 360.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Turnus, trampled to\n death by his horse, which Orsilochus had wounded. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 11, li. 636, &c.\n\n=R\u0115m\u016dlus Sylvius=, a king of Alba, destroyed by lightning on account of\n his impiety. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, li. 50.\n\n=Remuria=, festivals established at Rome by Romulus, to appease the\n manes of his brother Remus. They were afterwards called _Lemuria_,\n and celebrated yearly.\n\n=Remus=, the brother of Romulus, was exposed, together with him, by the\n cruelty of his grandfather. In the contest which happened between the\n two brothers about building a city, Romulus obtained the preference,\n and Remus, for ridiculing the rising walls, was put to death by his\n brother\u2019s orders, or by Romulus himself. _See:_ Romulus. The Romans\n were afflicted with a plague after this murder, upon which the oracle\n was consulted, and the manes of Remus appeased by the institution\n of the Remuria. _Ovid._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the auxiliaries of Turnus against\n \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 330.\n\n=Res\u00e6na=, a town of Mesopotamia, famous for the defeat of Sapor by\n Gordian.\n\n=Resus=, a small river of Asia Minor, falling into the M\u00e6ander.\n\n=Retina=, a village near Misenum. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ltr. 16.\n\n=Reudigni=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40.\n\n=Rha=, a large river, now the _Volga_, of Russia. A medicinal root\n which grew on its bank was called _Rha barbarum_, _Rhubarb_.\n\n=Rhacia=, a promontory in the Mediterranean sea, projecting from the\n Pyrenean mountains.\n\n=Rhacius=, a Cretan prince, the first of that nation who entered Ionia\n with a colony. He seized Claros, of which he became the sovereign.\n He married Manto the daughter of Tiresias, who had been seized on his\n coasts. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\n\n=Rhac\u014dtis=, an ancient name of Alexandria the capital of Egypt.\n _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 21.\n\n=Rhadamanthus=, a son of Jupiter and Europa. He was born in Crete,\n which he abandoned about the 30th year of his age. He passed into\n some of the Cyclades, where he reigned with so much justice and\n impartiality, that the ancients have said he became one of the judges\n of hell, and that he was employed in the infernal regions in obliging\n the dead to confess their crimes, and in punishing them for their\n offences. Rhadamanthus reigned not only over some of the Cyclades,\n but over many of the Greek cities of Asia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8,\n ch. 53.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 435.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Plato._\u2015\u2015_Homer_. _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 564.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 6, li. 566.\n\n=Rhadamistus=, a son of Pharnasmanes king of Iberia. He married Zenobia,\n the daughter of his uncle Mithridates king of Armenia, and some\n time after put him to death. He was put to death by his father for\n his cruelties, about the year 52 of the christian era. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 37.\n\n=Rhadius=, a son of Neleus.\n\n=Rh\u00e6teum=, a city of Phrygia.\n\n=Rh\u00e6ti=, or =R\u00e6ti=, an ancient and warlike nation of Etruria. They were\n driven from their native country by the Gauls, and went to settle on\n the other side of the Alps. _See:_ Rh\u00e6tia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 20, ch. 5.\n\n=Rh\u00e6tia=, a country at the north of Italy, between the Alps and the\n Danube, which now forms the territories of the Grisons, of the Tyrol,\n and part of Italy. It was divided into two parts, _Rh\u00e6tia prima_ and\n _Rh\u00e6tia secunda_. The first extended from the sources of the Rhine\n to those of the Licus or Lek, a small river which falls into the\n Danube. The other, called also _Vindelicia_, extended from the Licus\n to another small river called \u0152nus, or Inn, towards the east. The\n principal towns of Rh\u00e6tia were called Curia, Tridentum, Belunum,\n Feltria. The Rh\u00e6tians rendered themselves formidable by the frequent\n invasions which they made upon the Roman empire, and were at last\n conquered by Drusus the brother of Tiberius, and others under the\n Roman emperors. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 96.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 20; bk. 14, ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4\n & 14.\n\n=Rhamnes=, a king and augur, who assisted Turnus against \u00c6neas. He was\n killed in the night by Nisus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 325.\n\n=Rhamnus=, a town of Attica, famous for a temple of Amphiaraus, and a\n statue of the goddess Nemesis, who was from thence called _Rhamnusia_.\n This statue was made by Phidias, out of a block of Parian marble,\n which the Persians intended as a pillar to be erected to commemorate\n their expected victory over Greece. _Pausanias_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 36.\n\n=Rhamnusia=, a name of Nemesis. _See:_ Rhamnus.\n\n=Rhampsin\u012btus=, an opulent king of Egypt, who succeeded Proteus.\n He built a large tower with stones at Memphis, where his riches\n were deposited, and of which he was robbed by the artifice of the\n architect, who had left a stone in the wall easily movable, so as to\n admit a plunderer. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 121, &c.\n\n=Rhamses=, or =Ramises=, a powerful king of Egypt, who, with an army\n of 700,000 men, conquered \u00c6thiopia, Libya, Persia, and other eastern\n nations. In his reign, according to Pliny, Troy was taken. Some\n authors consider him to be the same as Sesostris. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 2, ch. 60.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 8.\n\n=Rhanis=, one of Diana\u2019s attendant nymphs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 3.\n\n=Rharos=, or =Rharium=, a plain of Attica, where corn was first sown\n by Triptolemus. It received its name from the sower\u2019s father, who was\n called Rharos. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 14 & 38.\n\n=Rhascup\u014fris=, a king of Thrace, who invaded the possessions of Cotys,\n and was put to death by order of Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 2, ch. 64.\n\n=Rhea=, a daughter of C\u0153lus and Terra, who married Saturn, by whom she\n had Vesta, Ceres, Juno, Pluto, Neptune, &c. Her husband, however,\n devoured them all as soon as born, as he had succeeded to the throne\n with the solemn promise that he would raise no male children, or,\n according to others, because he had been informed by an oracle\n that one of his sons would dethrone him. To stop the cruelty of her\n husband, Rhea consulted her parents, and was advised to impose upon\n him, or perhaps to fly into Crete. Accordingly, when she brought\n forth, the child was immediately concealed, and Saturn devoured up\n a stone which his wife had given him as her own child. The fears\n of Saturn were soon proved to be well founded. A year after, the\n child, whose name was Jupiter, became so strong and powerful, that\n he drove his father from his throne. Rhea has been confounded by\n the mythologists with some of the other goddesses, and many have\n supposed that she was the same divinity that received adoration\n under the various names of Bona Dea, Cybele, Dindymena, Magna mater,\n Ceres, Vesta, Tit\u00e6a, and Terra, Tellus, and Ops. _See:_ Cybele,\n Ceres, Vesta, &c. Rhea, after the expulsion of her husband from his\n throne, followed him to Italy, where he established a kingdom. Her\n benevolence in this part of Europe was so great, that the golden\n age of Saturn is often called the age of Rhea. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\n \u2015\u2015_Orpheus_, _Hymns_.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Hymns_.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6schylus_, _Prometheus\n Bound_.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Bacch\u00e6_ & _Electra_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4,\n li. 197.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sylvia, the mother\n of Romulus and Remus. She is also called Ilia. _See:_ Ilia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n nymph of Italy, who is said to have borne a son called Aventinus to\n Hercules. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 659.\n\n=Rhebas=, or =Rhebus=, a river of Bithynia, flowing from mount Olympus\n into the Euxine sea. _Flaccus_, bk. 7, li. 698.\n\n=Rhed\u014fnes.= _See:_ Redones.\n\n=Rhegium=, now _Rheggio_, a town of Italy, in the country of the\n Brutii, opposite Messana in Sicily, where a colony of Messenians\n under Alcidamidas settled, B.C. 723. It was originally called\n _Rhegium_, and afterwards _Rhegium Julium_, to distinguish it from\n _Rhegium Lepidi_, a town of Cisalpine Gaul. Some suppose that it\n received its name from the Greek word \u1fe5\u03b7\u03b3\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9, _to break_, because\n it is situate on the straits of Charybdis, which were formed when\n the island of Sicily, as it were, was broken and separated from\n the continent of Italy. This town has always been subject to great\n earthquakes, by which it has often been destroyed. The neighbourhood\n is remarkable for its great fertility, and for its delightful views.\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 94.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _For Archias_, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, lis. 5 & 48.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 4,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\n\n=Rhegusci=, a people of the Alps.\n\n=Rhemi.= _See:_ Remi.\n\n=Rhene=, a small island of the \u00c6gean, about 200 yards from Delos, 18\n miles in circumference. The inhabitants of Delos always buried their\n dead there, and their women also retired there during their labour,\n as their own island was consecrated to Apollo, where Latona had\n brought forth, and where no dead bodies were to be inhumated. Strabo\n says that it was uninhabited, though it was once as populous and\n flourishing as the rest of the Cyclades. Polycrates conquered it,\n and consecrated it to Apollo, after he had tied it to Delos, by means\n of a long chain. Rhene was sometimes called the small Delos, and\n the island of Delos the great Delos. _Thucydides_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Rheni=, a people on the borders of the Rhine.\n\n=Rhenus=, one of the largest rivers of Europe, which divides Germany\n from Gaul. It rises in the Rh\u00e6tian Alps, and falls into the German\n ocean. Virgil has called it _bicornis_, because it divides itself\n into two streams. The river Rhine was a long time a barrier between\n the Romans and the Germans, and on that account its banks were\n covered with strong castles. Julius C\u00e6sar was the first Roman who\n crossed it to invade Germany. The waters of that river were held in\n great veneration, and were supposed by the ancient Germans to have\n some peculiar virtue, as they threw their children into it, either\n to try the fidelity of the mothers, or to brace and invigorate their\n limbs. If the child swam on the surface, the mother was acquitted\n of suspicion, but if it sunk to the bottom, its origin was deemed\n illegitimate. In modern geography the Rhine is known as dividing\n itself into four large branches; the Waal, Lech, Issel, and the\n Rhine. That branch which still retains the name of Rhine loses\n itself in the sands above modern Leyden, and is afterwards no longer\n known by its ancient appellation, since the year 860, A.D., when\n inundations of the sea destroyed the regularity of its mouth. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 258.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch.\n 3; bk. 5, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 727.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n small river of Italy, falling into the Po on the south, now _Rheno_.\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 600.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16; bk. 16,\n ch. 36.\n\n=Rheomitres=, a Persian who revolted from Artaxerxes, &c. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Persian officer killed at the battle of Issus. _Curtius_,\n bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n=Rhesus=, a king of Thrace, son of the Strymon and Terpsichore, or,\n according to others, of Eioneus by Euterpe. After many warlike\n exploits and conquests in Europe, he marched to the assistance of\n Priam king of Troy, against the Greeks. He was expected with great\n impatience, as an ancient oracle had declared that Troy should never\n be taken if the horses of Rhesus drank the waters of the Xanthus, and\n fed upon the grass of the Trojan plains. This oracle was well known\n to the Greeks, and therefore two of their best generals, Diomedes\n and Ulysses, were commissioned by the rest to intercept the Thracian\n prince. The Greeks entered his camp in the night, slew him, and\n carried away his horses to their camp. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 473.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 98.\n\n=Rhetog\u0115nes=, a prince of Spain, who surrendered to the Romans, and was\n treated with great humanity.\n\n=Rhet\u012dco=, a mountain of Rh\u00e6tia.\n\n=Rheunus=, a place in Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 23.\n\n=Rhex\u0113nor=, a son of Nausithous king of Ph\u00e6acia. _Homer_, _Odyssey_,\n bk. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Chalciope, the wife of \u00c6geus king of Athens.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A musician who accompanied Antony in Asia.\n\n=Rhexibius=, an athlete of Opus, who obtained a prize in the Olympic\n games, and had a statue in the grove of Jupiter. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,\n ch. 18.\n\n=Rhi\u0101nus=, a Greek poet of Thrace, originally a slave. He wrote an\n account of the war between Sparta and Messenia, which continued for\n 20 years, as also a history of the principal revolutions and events\n which had taken place in Thessaly. Of this poetical composition\n nothing but a few verses are extant. He flourished about 200 years\n before the christian era. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 6.\n\n=Rhidago=, a river of Hyrcania falling into the Caspian sea. _Curtius_,\n bk. 6, ch. 4.\n\n=Rhimot\u0103cles=, a king of Thrace, who revolted from Antony to\n Augustus. He boasted of his attachment to the emperor\u2019s person at an\n entertainment, upon which Augustus said, _proditionem amo, proditores\n vero odi_.\n\n=Rhinocol\u016bra=, a town on the borders of Palestine and Egypt. _Livy_,\n bk. 45, ch. 11.\n\n\u2666=Rhinthon=, a Greek poet of Tarentum, in the age of Alexander.\n _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 20.\n\n \u2666 Out of alphabetical order in the text.\n\n=Rhion=, a promontory of Achaia, opposite to Antirrhium in \u00c6tolia,\n at the mouth of the Corinthian gulf, called also the Dardanelles of\n Lepanto. The strait between Naupactum and Patr\u00e6 bore also the same\n name. The tomb of Hesiod was at the top of the promontory. _Livy_,\n bk. 27, ch. 30; bk. 38, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 7, ch. 22.\n\n=Rhipha=, or =Rhiphe=, a town of Arcadia. _Statius_, bk. 4, _Thebaid_,\n li. 286.\n\n=Rhiph\u00e6i=, large mountains at the north of Scythia, where, as\n some suppose, the Gorgons had fixed their residence. The name of\n _Rhiph\u00e6an_ was applied to any cold mountain in a northern country,\n and, indeed, these mountains seem to have existed only in the\n imagination of the poets, though some make the Tanais rise there.\n _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 272; bk. 3, li. 282; bk.\n 4, li. 418.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 240; bk. 4, li. 518.\n\n=Rhipheus=, one of the Centaurs. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan\n praised for his justice, &c. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 426.\n _See:_ Ripheus.\n\n=Rhium.= _See:_ Rhion.\n\n=Rhizonit\u00e6=, a people of Illyricum, whose chief town was called\n _Rhizinium_. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.\n\n=Rhoda=, now _Roses_, a seaport town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 8.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town on the Rhone, from which the river received its name. It\n was ruined in Pliny\u2019s age. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\n\n=Rhod\u0103nus=, a river of Gallia Narbonensis, arising in the Rh\u00e6tian Alps,\n and falling into the Mediterranean sea, near Marseilles. It is one\n of the largest and most rapid rivers of Europe, now known by the\n name of the _Rhone_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5; bk. 3, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 258.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 477.\n \u2015\u2015_Marcellinus_, bk. 15, &c.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 433;\n bk. 6, li. 475.\n\n=Rhode=, a daughter of Neptune. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Danaus.\n _Apollodorus._\n\n=Rhodia=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Danaus.\n _Apollodorus._\n\n=Rhodog\u0233ne=, a daughter of Phraates king of Parthia, who married\n Demetrius, when he was in banishment at her father\u2019s court.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Rh\u014fd\u014fpe=, or =Rhod\u014dpis=, a celebrated courtesan of Greece, who was\n fellow-servant with \u00c6sop, at the court of a king of Samos. She was\n carried to Egypt by Xanthus, and her liberty was at last bought by\n Charaxes of Mitylene, the brother of Sappho, who was enamoured of\n her, and who married her. She sold her favours at Naucratis, where\n she collected so much money, that, to render her name immortal, she\n consecrated a number of spits in the temple of Apollo at Delphi;\n or, according to others, erected one of the pyramids of Egypt. \u00c6lian\n says that, as Rhodope was one day bathing herself, an eagle carried\n away one of her sandals, and dropped it near Psammetichus king of\n Egypt, at Memphis. The monarch was struck with the beauty of the\n sandal, strict inquiry was made to find the owner, and Rhodope, when\n discovered, married Psammetichus. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 134, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13,\n ch. 33. Perizonius supposes there were two persons of that name.\n\n=Rh\u014fd\u014fpe=, a high mountain of Thrace, extending as far as the Euxine\n sea, all across the country, nearly in an eastern direction. Rhodope,\n according to the poets, was the wife of H\u00e6mus king of Thrace, who\n was changed into this mountain, because she preferred herself to Juno\n in beauty. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 87, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Eclogues_, poem 8; _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 351.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 73.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_,\n _Hercules Oetaeus_.\n\n=Rhodop\u0113ius=, is used in the same signification as Thracian, because\n Rhodope was a mountain of that country. _Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3,\n li. 321; _Heroides_, poem 2.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 461.\n\n=Rhodunia=, the top of mount \u0152ta. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 16.\n\n=Rhodus=, a celebrated island in the Carpathian sea, 120 miles in\n circumference, at the south of Caria, from which it is distant\n about 20 miles. Its principal cities were Rhodes, founded about 408\n years before the christian era, Lindus, Camisus, Jalysus. Rhodes\n was famous for the siege which it supported against Demetrius, and\n for a celebrated statue of Apollo. _See:_ Colossus. The Rhodians\n were originally governed by kings, and were independent, but this\n government was at last exchanged for a democracy and an aristocracy.\n They were naturally given up to commerce, and, during many ages, they\n were the most powerful nation by sea. Their authority was respected,\n and their laws were so universally approved, that every country made\n use of them to decide disputes concerning maritime affairs, and they\n were at last adopted by other commercial nations, and introduced into\n the Roman codes, from whence they have been extracted to form the\n basis of the maritime regulations of modern Europe. When Alexander\n made himself master of Asia, the Rhodians lost their independence,\n but they soon after asserted their natural privileges under his\n cruel successors, and continued to hold that influence among nations\n to which their maritime power and consequence entitled them. They\n assisted Pompey against C\u00e6sar, and were defeated by Cassius, and\n became dependent upon the Romans. The island of Rhodes has been known\n by the several names of _Ophiusa_, _Stadia_, _Telchinus_, _Corymbia_,\n _Trinacria_, _\u00c6threa_, _Asteria_, _Poessa_, _Atabyria_, _Oloessa_,\n _Marcia_, and _Pelagia_. It received the name of Rhodes, either on\n account of Rhode, a beautiful nymph who dwelt there, and who was one\n of the favourites of Apollo, or because _roses_ (\u1fe5\u03bf\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd) grew in great\n abundance all over the island. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2,\n chs. 62 & 87; bk. 5, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_,\n _Olympian_, poem 7.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 248.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On Pompey\u2019s\n Command_; _Brutus_, ltr. 13.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 27, ch. 30; bk. 31, ch. 2.\n\n=Rh\u0153bus=, a horse of Mezentius, whom his master addressed with the\n determination to conquer or to die, when he saw his son Lausus\n brought lifeless from the battle. This beautiful address is copied\n from Homer, where likewise Achilles addresses his horses. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 861.\n\n=Rh\u0153cus=, one of the Centaurs who attempted to offer violence to\n Atalanta. He was killed at the nuptials of Pirithous by Bacchus.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12, li. 301.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the giants killed by Bacchus, under the form of a\n lion, in the war which these sons of the earth waged against Jupiter\n and the gods. _Horace_, bk. 2, ode 19, li. 23.\n\n=Rh\u0153o=, a nymph beloved by Apollo. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Rh\u0153t\u0113um=, or =Rh\u0153tus=, a promontory of Troas, on the Hellespont, near\n which the body of Ajax was buried. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,\n li. 197; bk. 4, _Fasti_, li. 279.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 505;\n bk. 12, li. 456.\n\n=Rh\u0153tius=, a mountain of Corsica, now _Rosso_.\n\n=Rh\u0153tus=, a king of the Marrubii, who married a woman called Casperia,\n to whom Archemorus, his son by a former wife, offered violence.\n After this incestuous attempt, \u2666Archemorus fled to Turnus king of\n the Rutuli. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 388.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Rutulian killed\n by Euryalus in the night. _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 344.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An \u00c6thiopian\n killed by Perseus. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 38.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Archemorous\u2019 replaced with \u2018Archemorus\u2019\n\n=Rhosaces=, a Persian killed by Clitus as he was going to stab\n Alexander at the battle of the Granicus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 1.\n\n=Rhosus=, a town of Syria, on the gulf of Issus, celebrated for its\n earthen wares. _Cicero_, bk. 6, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 1.\n\n=Rhoxal\u0101ni=, a people at the north of the Palus M\u00e6otis. _Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 79.\n\n=Rhox\u0101na=, or =Rox\u0101na=, a mistress of Alexander, daughter of a Persian\n satrap. _See:_, Roxana.\n\n=Rhox\u0101ni=, a nation against whom Mithridates made war.\n\n=Rhut\u0113ni= and =Rhuth\u0113ni=, a people of Gaul.\n\n=Rhynd\u0103cus=, a large river of Mysia, in Asia Minor. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 32.\n\n=Rhynthon=, a dramatic writer of Syracuse, who flourished at Tarentum,\n where he wrote 38 plays. Authors are divided with respect to the\n merit of his compositions, and the abilities of the writer. _See:_\n Rhinthon.\n\n=Rhyp\u00e6=, a town of Achaia, at the west of Helice.\n\n=Rigodulum=, a village of Germany, now _Rigol_, near Cologne. _Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 71.\n\n=Riph\u00e6i.= _See:_ Rhiph\u00e6i.\n\n=Ripheus=, a Trojan who joined \u00c6neas the night that Troy was reduced\n to ashes, and was at last killed after making a great carnage of the\n Greeks. He is commended for his love of justice and equity. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, lis. 339 & 426.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Centaurs killed by\n Theseus at the nuptials of Pirithous. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,\n li. 352.\n\n=Rixam\u0103r\u00e6=, a people of Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.\n\n=Rob\u012bgo=, or =Rub\u012bgo=, a goddess at Rome, particularly worshipped\n by husbandmen, as she presided over corn. Her festivals, called\n _Robigalia_, were celebrated on the 25th of April, and incense was\n offered to her, as also the entrails of a sheep and of a dog. She was\n intreated to preserve the corn from blights. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4,\n li. 911.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 151.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua\n Latina_, bk. 5; _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n\n=Rodumna=, now _Roanne_, a town of the \u00c6dui, on the Loire.\n\n=Roma=, a city of Italy, the capital of the Roman empire, situate on\n the banks of the river Tiber, at the distance of about 16 miles from\n the sea. The name of its founder, and the manner of its foundation,\n are not precisely known. Romulus, however, is universally supposed\n to have laid the foundations of that celebrated city, on the 20th\n of April, according to Varro, in the year 3961 of the Julian period,\n 3251 years after the creation of the world, 753 before the birth of\n Christ, and 431 years after the Trojan war, and in the fourth year\n of the sixth Olympiad. In its original state, Rome was but a small\n castle on the summit of mount Palatine; and the founder, to give\n his followers the appearance of a nation or a barbarian horde, was\n obliged to erect a standard as a common asylum, for every criminal,\n debtor, or murderer, who fled from their native country to avoid the\n punishment which attended them. From such an assemblage a numerous\n body was soon collected, and before the death of the founder, the\n Romans had covered with their habitations the Palatine, Capitoline,\n Aventine, Esquiline hills, with mount C\u0153lius and Quirinalis. After\n many successful wars against the neighbouring states, the views of\n Romulus were directed to regulate a nation naturally fierce, warlike,\n and uncivilized. The people were divided into classes, the interests\n of the whole were linked in a common chain, and the labours of the\n subject, as well as those of his patron, tended to the same end,\n the aggrandizement of the state. Under the successors of Romulus,\n the power of Rome was increased, and the boundaries of her dominions\n extended; while one was employed in regulating the forms of worship,\n and inculcating in the minds of his subjects a reverence for the\n deity, the other was engaged in enforcing discipline among the army,\n and raising the consequence of the soldiers in the government of the\n state; and a third made the object of his administration consist in\n adorning his capital, in beautifying its edifices, and in fortifying\n it with towers and walls. During 244 years the Romans were governed\n by kings, but the tyranny, the oppression, and the violence of the\n last of these monarchs and of his family, became so atrocious, that a\n revolution was effected in the state, and the democratical government\n was established. The monarchical government existed under seven\n princes, who began to reign in the following order: Romulus, B.C. 753;\n and after one year\u2019s interregnum, Numa, 715; Tullus Hostilius, 672;\n Ancus Martius, 640; Tarquin Priscus, 616; Servius Tullius, 578; and\n Tarquin the Proud, 534, expelled 25 years after, B.C. 509; and this\n regal administration has been properly denominated the infancy of the\n Roman empire. After the expulsion of the Tarquins from the throne,\n the Romans became more sensible of their consequence: with their\n liberty they acquired a spirit of faction, and they became so jealous\n of their independence, that the first of their consuls who had been\n the most zealous and animated in the assertion of their freedom,\n was banished from the city because he bore the name, and was of the\n family, of the tyrants; and another, to stop their suspicions, was\n obliged to pull down his house, whose stateliness and magnificence\n above the rest seemed incompatible with the duties and the rank of a\n private citizen. They knew more effectually their power when they had\n fought with success against Porsenna the king of Etruria, and some of\n the neighbouring states, who supported the claim of the tyrant, and\n attempted to replace him on his throne by force of arms. A government\n which is entrusted into the hands of two of the most distinguished\n of its members, for the limited space of one year, cannot but give\n rise to great men, glorious exploits, and tremendous seditions. The\n general who is placed at the head of an army during a campaign, must\n be active and diligent, when he knows that his power is terminated\n with the year, and if he has a becoming ambition, he will distinguish\n his consulship by some uncommon act of valour, before he descends\n from the dignity of an absolute magistrate to the dependence of a\n fellow-citizen. Yet these attempts for the attainment of glory often\n failed of success; and though the Romans could once boast that every\n individual in their armies could discharge with fidelity and honour\n the superior offices of magistrate and consul, there are to be found\n in their annals many years marked by overthrows, or disgraced by the\n ill conduct, the oppression, and the wantonness of their generals.\n _See:_ Consul. To the fame which their conquests and daily successes\n had gained abroad, the Romans were not a little indebted for their\n gradual rise to superiority; and to this may be added the policy of\n the census, which every fifth year told them their actual strength,\n and how many citizens were able to bear arms. And indeed it was no\n small satisfaction to a people who were continually making war, to\n see that, in spite of all the losses which they might sustain in the\n field, the increase of the inhabitants of the city was prodigious,\n and almost incredible; and had Romulus lived after the battle of\n Actium, he would have been persuaded with difficulty that above\n 4,000,000 of inhabitants were contained within those walls, which in\n the most flourishing period of his reign could scarce muster an army\n of 3000 infantry and 300 horse. But when Rome had flourished under\n the consular government for about 120 years, and had beheld with\n pleasure the conquests of her citizens over the neighbouring states\n and cities, which, according to a Roman historian, she was ashamed to\n recollect in the summit of her power, an irruption of the barbarians\n of Gaul rendered her very existence precarious, \u2666and her name was\n nearly extinguished. The valour of an injured individual [_See:_\n Camillus] saved it from destruction, yet not before its buildings and\n temples were reduced to ashes. This celebrated event, which gave the\n appellation of another founder of Rome to Camillus, has been looked\n upon as a glorious era to the Romans. The huts and cottages which\n Romulus had erected, and all his successors repaired, were totally\n consumed, and when the city arose again from its ruins, the streets\n were enlarged, convenience as well as order was observed, taste and\n regularity were consulted, and the poverty, ignorance, and rusticity\n of the Romans seemed to be extinguished with their old habitations.\n But no sooner were they freed from the fears of their barbarian\n invaders, than they turned their arms against those states which\n refused to acknowledge their superiority, or yield their independence.\n Their wars with Pyrrhus and the Tarentines displayed their character\n in a different view; if they before had fought for freedom and\n independence, they now drew their sword for glory; and here we may\n see them conquered in the field, and yet refusing to grant that\n peace for which their conqueror himself had sued. The advantages\n they gained from their battles with Pyrrhus were many. The Roman name\n became known in Greece, Sicily, and Africa, and in losing or gaining\n a victory, the Romans were enabled to examine the man\u0153uvres, observe\n the discipline, and contemplate the order and the encampments of\n those soldiers whose friends and ancestors had accompanied Alexander\n the Great in the conquest of Asia. Italy became subjected to the\n Romans at the end of the war with the Tarentines, and that period of\n time has been called the second age, or the adolescence of the Roman\n empire. After this memorable era they tried their strength not only\n with distant nations, but also upon a new element; and in the long\n wars which they waged against Carthage, they acquired territory,\n and obtained the sovereignty of the sea; and though Annibal for\n 16 years kept them in continual alarms, hovered round their gates,\n and destroyed their armies almost before their walls, yet they\n were doomed to conquer [_See:_ Punicum bellum], and soon to add the\n kingdom of Macedonia [_See:_ Macedonicum bellum] and the provinces\n of Asia [_See:_ Mithridaticum bellum] to their empire. But while we\n consider the Romans as a nation subduing their neighbours by war,\n their manners, their counsels, and their pursuits at home are not to\n be forgotten. To be warriors was their profession; their assemblies\n in the Campus Martius were a meeting of armed men, and very properly\n denominated an army. Yet while their conquests were so extensive\n abroad, we find them torn by factions at home; and so far was the\n resentment of the poorer citizens carried, that we see the enemy at\n the gates of the city, while all are unwilling to take up arms and to\n unite in the defence of their common liberty. The senators and nobles\n were ambitious of power, and endeavoured to retain in their hands\n that influence which had been exercised with so much success, and\n such cruelty, by their monarchs. This was the continual occasion of\n tumults and sedition. The people were jealous of their liberty. The\n oppression of the nobles irritated them, and the stripes to which\n they were too often exposed without mercy, was often productive of\n revolutions. The plebeians, though originally the poorest and most\n contemptible citizens of an indigent nation, whose food in the first\n ages of the empire was only bread and salt, and whose drink was\n water, soon gained rights and privileges by their opposition. Though\n really slaves, they became powerful in the state; one concession\n from the patricians produced another, and when their independence\n was boldly asserted by their tribunes, they were admitted to share\n in the highest offices of the state, and the laws which forbade the\n intermarriage of plebeian and patrician families were repealed, and\n the meanest peasant could by valour and fortitude be raised to the\n dignity of dictator and consul. It was not till these privileges\n were obtained by the people from the senate, that Rome began to enjoy\n internal peace and tranquillity; her battles were then fought with\n more vigour, her soldiers were more animated, and her sovereignty was\n more universally established. But supreme power lodged in the hands\n of a factious and ambitious citizen, becomes too often dangerous.\n The greatest oppression and tyranny took place of subordination and\n obedience; and from those causes proceeded the unparalleled slaughter\n and effusion of blood under a Sylla and a Marius. It has been\n justly observed, that the first Romans conquered their enemies by\n valour, temperance, and fortitude; their moderation also and their\n justice were well known among their neighbours, and not only private\n possessions, but even mighty kingdoms and empires, were left in their\n power, to be distributed among a family or to be ensured in the hands\n of a successor. They were also chosen umpires to decide quarrels,\n but in this honourable office they consulted their own interest;\n they artfully supported the weaker side, that the more powerful might\n be reduced, and gradually become their prey. Under Julius C\u00e6sar and\n Pompey, the rage of civil war was carried to unprecedented excess: it\n was not merely to avenge a private injury, but it was a contest for\n the sovereignty; and though each of the adversaries wore the mask\n of pretended sincerity, and professed himself to be the supporter of\n the republic, no less than the abolition of freedom and the public\n liberty was the aim. What Julius began, his adopted son achieved:\n the ancient spirit of national independence was extinguished at Rome;\n and after the battle of Actium, the Romans seemed unable to govern\n themselves without the assistance of a chief, who, under the title\n of _imperator_, an appellation given to every commander by his army\n after some signal victory, reigned with as much power and as much\n sovereignty as another Tarquin. Under their emperors, the Romans\n lived a luxurious and indolent life; they had long forgot to appear\n in the field, and their wars were left to be waged by mercenary\n troops, who fought without spirit or animosity, and who were ever\n ready to yield to him who bought their allegiance and fidelity with\n the greatest sums of money. Their leaders themselves were not the\n most prudent or the most humane; the power which they had acquired\n by bribery was indeed precarious, and among a people where not\n only the highest offices of the state, but even the imperial purple\n itself, are exposed to sale, there cannot be expected much happiness\n or tranquillity in the palace of the emperor. The reigns of the\n successors of Augustus were distinguished by variety; one was\n the most abandoned and profligate of men, whom his own vices and\n extravagance hurried out of the world, while his successor, perhaps\n the most clement, just, and popular of princes, was sacrificed in\n the midst of his guards and attendants by the dagger of some offended\n favourite or disappointed eunuch. Few indeed were the emperors of\n Rome whose days were not shortened by poison, or the sword of an\n assassin. If one for some time had the imprudence to trust himself\n in the midst of a multitude, at last to perish by his own credulity,\n the other consulted his safety, but with no better success, in the\n innumerable chambers of his palace, and changed every day, to elude\n discovery, the place of his retirement. After they had been governed\n by a race of princes, remarkable for the variety of their characters,\n the Roman possessions were divided into two distinct empires, by the\n enterprising Constantine, A.D. 328. Constantinople became the seat\n of the eastern empire, and Rome remained in the possession of the\n western emperors, and continued to be the capital of their dominions.\n In the year 800 of the christian era, Rome with Italy was delivered\n by Charlemagne, the then emperor of the west, into the hands of the\n Pope, who still continues to hold the sovereignty, and to maintain\n his independence under the name of the Ecclesiastical States. The\n original poverty of the Romans has often been disguised by their\n poets and historians, who wished it to appear that a nation who were\n masters of the world, had had better beginning than to be a race\n of shepherds and robbers. Yet it was to this simplicity they were\n indebted for their successes. Their houses were originally destitute\n of every ornament, they were made with unequal boards, and covered\n with mud, and these served them rather as a shelter against the\n inclemency of the seasons than for relaxation and ease. Till the age\n of Pyrrhus, they despised riches, and many salutary laws were enacted\n to restrain luxury and to punish indolence. They observed great\n temperance in their meals; young men were not permitted to drink\n wine till they had attained their 30th year, and it was totally\n forbidden to women. Their national spirit was supported by policy;\n the triumphal procession of a conqueror along the streets amidst the\n applause of thousands, was well calculated to promote emulation, and\n the number of gladiators who were regularly introduced not only in\n public games and spectacles, but also at private meetings, served\n to cherish their fondness for war, whilst it steeled their hearts\n against the calls of compassion; and when they could gaze with\n pleasure upon wretches whom they forcibly obliged to murder one\n another, they were not inactive in the destruction of those whom they\n considered as inveterate foes or formidable rivals in the field. In\n their punishments, civil as well as military, the Romans were strict\n and rigorous; a deserter was severely whipped and sold as a slave,\n and the degradation from the rank of a soldier and dignity of a\n citizen was the most ignominious stigma which could be affixed upon a\n seditious mutineer. The transmarine victories of the Romans proved at\n last the ruin of their innocence and bravery. They grew fond of the\n luxury of the Asiatics; and, conquered by the vices and indolence of\n those nations whom they had subdued, they became as effeminate and as\n dissolute as their captives. Marcellus was the first who introduced\n a taste for the fine arts among his countrymen. The spoils and\n treasures that were obtained in the plunder of Syracuse and Corinth,\n rendered the Romans partial to elegant refinement and ornamental\n equipage. Though Cato had despised philosophy [_See:_ Carneades],\n and declared that war was the only profession of his countrymen, the\n Romans, by their intercourse with the Greeks, soon became fond of\n literature; and though they had once banished the sophists of Athens\n from their city, yet they beheld with rapture their settlement among\n them in the principal towns of Italy, after the conquest of Achaia.\n They soon after began to imitate their polished captives, and to\n cultivate poetry with success. From the valour of their heroes and\n conquerors, indeed, the sublimest subjects were offered to the genius\n of their poets; but of the little that remains to celebrate the early\n victories of Rome, nothing can be compared to the nobler effusions\n of the Augustan age. Virgil has done so much for the Latin name that\n the splendour and the triumphs of his country are forgotten for a\n while, when we are transported in the admiration of the majesty of\n his numbers, the elegant delicacy of his expressions, and the fire\n of his muse; and the applauses given to the lyric powers of Horace,\n the softness of Tibullus, the vivacity of Ovid, and to the \u2660superior\n compositions of other respectable poets, shall be unceasing so long\n as the name of Rome excites our reverence and our praises, and so\n long as genius, virtue, and abilities are honoured amongst mankind.\n Though they originally rejected with horror a law which proposed the\n building of a public theatre, and the exhibition of plays, like the\n Greeks, yet the Romans soon proved favourable to the compositions of\n their countrymen. Livius was the first dramatic writer of consequence\n at Rome, whose plays began to be exhibited A.U.C. 514. After him\n N\u00e6vius and Ennius wrote for the stage; and in a more polished period\n Plautus, Terence, C\u00e6cilius, and Afranius claimed the public attention\n and gained the most unbounded applause. Satire did not make its\n appearance at Rome till 100 years after the introduction of comedy,\n and so celebrated was Lucilius in this kind of writing, that he was\n called the inventor of it. In historical writing the progress of the\n Romans was slow and inconsiderable, and for many years they employed\n the pen of foreigners to compile their annals, till the superior\n abilities of a Livy were made known. In their worship and sacrifices\n the Romans were uncommonly superstitious; the will of the gods was\n consulted on every occasion, and no general marched to an expedition\n without the previous assurance from the augurs that the omens were\n propitious, and his success almost indubitable. Their sanctuaries\n were numerous; they raised altars not only to the gods, who, as\n they supposed, presided over their city, but also to the deities of\n conquered nations, as well as to the different passions and virtues.\n There were no less than 420 temples at Rome, crowded with statues;\n the priests were numerous, and each divinity had a particular college\n of sacerdotal servants. Their wars were declared in the most awful\n and solemn manner, and prayers were always offered in the temples for\n the prosperity of Rome, when a defeat had been sustained or a victory\n won. The power of fathers over their children was very extensive,\n and indeed unlimited; they could sell them or put them to death at\n pleasure, without the forms of a trial, or the interference of the\n civil magistrate. Many of their ancient families were celebrated for\n the great men whom they had produced, but the vigorous and interested\n part they took in the government of the republic exposed them often\n to danger; and some have observed that the Romans sunk into indolence\n and luxury when the Cornelii, the Fabii, the \u00c6mylii, the Marcelli,\n &c., who had so often supported their spirit and led them to victory,\n had been extinguished in the bloody wars of Marius and of the two\n triumvirates. When Rome was become powerful, she was distinguished\n from other cities by the flattery of her neighbours and citizens; a\n form of worship was established to her as a deity, and temples were\n raised in her honour, not only in the city but in the provinces. The\n goddess Roma was represented like Minerva, all armed and sitting on a\n rock, holding a pike in her hand, with her head covered with a helmet,\n and a trophy at her feet. _Livy_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cato_, _de Re Rustica_.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, _Georgics_, & _\u00c6neid_.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2,\n satire 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus._\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Annals_ & _Histories_.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Lucan._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Romulus_, _Numa_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 43.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 12, ltr. 8.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Evander.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan woman who came to Italy with\n \u00c6neas.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Italus and Luceria. It was after one of these\n females, according to some authors, that the capital of Italy was\n called Roma.\n\n \u2666 \u2018aud\u2019 replaced with \u2018and\u2019\n\n \u2660 \u2018superor\u2019 replaced with \u2018superior\u2019\n\n=Rom\u0101ni=, the inhabitants of Rome. _See:_ Roma.\n\n=Rom\u0101nus=, an officer under Theodosius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, poisoned by Nero.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Constans, &c.\n\n=Romilius Marcellus=, a Roman centurion in Galba\u2019s reign, &c. _Tacitus_,\n bk. 1, _Histories_.\n\n=Rom\u016dla=, a name given to the fig tree under which Romulus and Remus\n were found. _Ovid._, bk. 2, _Fasti_, li. 412.\n\n=Romulea=, a town of the Samnites. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 17.\n\n=R\u014dm\u016dl\u012dd\u00e6=, a patronymic given to the Roman people from Romulus their\n first king, and the founder of their city. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8,\n li. 638.\n\n=Rom\u016dlus=, a son of Mars and Ilia, grandson of Numitor king of Alba,\n was born at the same birth with Remus. These two children were thrown\n into the Tiber by order of Amulius, who usurped the crown of his\n brother Numitor; but they were preserved, and, according to Florus,\n the river stopped its course, and a she-wolf came and fed them with\n her milk, till they were found by Faustulus, one of the king\u2019s\n shepherds, who educated them as his own children. When they knew\n their real origin, the twins, called Romulus and Remus, put Amulius\n to death, and restored the crown to their grandfather Numitor. They\n afterwards undertook to build a city, and to determine which of the\n two brothers should have the management of it, they had recourse\n to omens and the flight of birds. Remus went to mount Aventine, and\n Romulus to mount Palatine. Remus saw first a flight of six vultures,\n and soon after, Romulus 12; and therefore, as his number was greater,\n he began to lay the foundations of the city, hoping that it would\n become a warlike and powerful nation, as the birds from which he had\n received the omen were fond of prey and slaughter. Romulus marked\n with a furrow the place where he wished to erect the walls; but their\n slenderness was ridiculed by Remus, who leaped over them with the\n greatest contempt. This irritated Romulus, and Remus was immediately\n put to death, either by the hand of his brother or one of the workmen.\n When the walls were built, the city was without inhabitants; but\n Romulus, by making an asylum of a sacred grove, soon collected a\n number of fugitives, foreigners, and criminals, whom he received as\n his lawful subjects. Yet, however numerous these might be, they were\n despised by the neighbouring inhabitants, and none were willing to\n form matrimonial connections with them. But Romulus obtained by force\n what was denied to his petitions. The Romans celebrated games in\n honour of the god Consus, and forcibly carried away all the females\n who had assembled there to be spectators of these unusual exhibitions.\n These violent measures offended the neighbouring nations; they made\n war against the ravishers with various success, till at last they\n entered Rome, which had been betrayed to them by one of the stolen\n virgins. A violent engagement was begun in the middle of the Roman\n forum; but the Sabines were conquered, or, according to Ovid, the\n two enemies laid down their arms when the women had rushed between\n the two armies, and by their tears and entreaties raised compassion\n in the bosoms of their parents and husbands. The Sabines left their\n original possessions and came to live in Rome, where Tatius their\n king shared the sovereign power with Romulus. The introduction of\n the Sabines into the city of Rome was attended with the most salutary\n consequences, and the Romans, by pursuing this plan, and admitting\n the conquered nations among their citizens, rendered themselves\n more powerful and more formidable. Afterwards Romulus divided the\n lands which he had obtained by conquest; one part was reserved for\n religious uses, to maintain the priests, to erect temples, and to\n consecrate altars; the other was appropriated for the expenses of the\n state; and the third part was equally distributed among his subjects,\n who were divided into three classes or tribes. The most aged and\n experienced, to the number of 100, were also chosen, whom the monarch\n might consult in matters of the highest importance, and from their\n age they were called _senators_, and from their authority _patres_.\n The whole body of the people were also distinguished by the name of\n patricians and plebeians, patron and client, who by mutual interest\n were induced to preserve the peace of the state, and to promote the\n public good. Some time after Romulus disappeared as he was giving\n instructions to the senators, and the eclipse of the sun, which\n happened at that time, was favourable to the rumour which asserted\n that the king had been taken up to heaven, 714 B.C., after a reign of\n 39 years. This was further confirmed by Julius Proculus, one of the\n senators, who solemnly declared, that as he returned from Alba, he\n had seen Romulus in a form above human, and that he had directed him\n to tell the Romans to pay him divine honours under the name of\n _Quirinus_, and to assure them that their city was doomed one day to\n become the capital of the world. This report was immediately credited,\n and the more so as the senators dreaded the resentment of the people,\n who suspected them of having offered him violence. A temple was\n raised to him, and a regular priest, called _Flamen Quirinalis_,\n was appointed to offer him sacrifices. Romulus was ranked by the\n Romans among the 12 great gods, and it is not to be wondered that\n he received such distinguished honours, when the Romans considered\n him as the founder of their city and empire, and the son of the god\n of war. He is generally represented like his father, so much that\n it is difficult to distinguish them. The fable of the two children\n of Rhea Sylvia being nourished by a she-wolf, arose from Lupa,\n Faustulus\u2019s wife, having brought them up. _See:_ Acca. _Dionysius\n of Halicarnassus_, bks. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 43, chs. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2; bk. 5, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 15,\n ch. 18, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, lis. 342, 605.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, lis. 616 & 845; _Fasti_, bk. 4, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 3.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 18, li. 272.\n\n=Rom\u016dlus Sylvius=, or =Alladius=, a king of Alba.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Momyllus\n Augustulus, the last of the emperors of the western empire of Rome.\n His country was conquered A.D. 476, by the Heruli, under Odoacer, who\n assumed the name of king of Italy.\n\n=Romus=, a son of \u00c6neas by Lavinia. Some suppose that he was the\n founder of Rome.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u00c6mathion sent by Diomedes to Italy, and\n also supposed by some to be the founder of Rome.\n\n=Roscia lex=, _de theatris_, by Lucius Roscius Otho the tribune, A.U.C.\n 685. It required that none should sit in the first 14 seats of the\n theatre, if they were not in possession of 400 sestertia, which was\n the fortune required to be a Roman knight.\n\n=Roscianum=, the port of Thurii, now _Rossano_.\n\n=Quintus Roscius=, a Roman actor, born at Lanuvium, so celebrated on\n the stage that every comedian of excellence and merit has received\n his name. His eyes were naturally distorted, and he always appeared\n on the stage with a mask, but the Romans obliged him to act his\n characters without, and they overlooked the deformities of his\n face, that they might the better hear his elegant pronunciation,\n and be delighted with the sweetness of his voice. He was accused on\n suspicion of dishonourable practices; but Cicero, who had been one of\n his pupils, undertook his defence, and cleared him of the malevolent\n aspersions of his enemies, in an elegant oration still extant.\n Roscius wrote a treatise, in which he compared with great success\n and much learning the profession of the orator with that of the\n comedian. He died about 60 years before Christ. _Horace_, bk. 2,\n ltr. 1.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian._\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _For Quintus Roscius the Actor_;\n _On Oratory_, bk. 3; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, &c.; _Tusculan\u00e6\n Disputationes_, bk. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Cicero_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sextus, a rich\n citizen of Ameria, murdered in the dictatorship of Sylla. His son,\n of the same name, was accused of the murder, and eloquently defended\n by Cicero, in an oration still extant, A.U.C. 673. _Cicero_, _For\n Quintus Roscius the Actor_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius, a lieutenant of C\u00e6sar\u2019s army\n in Gaul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Otho, a tribune, who made a law to discriminate the\n knights from the common people at public spectacles.\n\n=Rosi\u00e6 campus=, or =Rosia=, a beautiful plain in the country of the\n Sabines, near the lake Velinum. _Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 712.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters\n to Atticus_, ltr. 15.\n\n=Rosillanus ager=, a territory in Etruria.\n\n=Rosius=, a harbour of Cilicia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man made consul only for one day\n under Vitellius, &c. _Tacitus._\n\n=Rosulum=, a town of Etruria, now _Monte Rosi_.\n\n=Rotomagus=, a town of Gaul, now _Rouen_.\n\n=Rox\u0101na=, a Persian woman, taken prisoner by Alexander. The conqueror\n became enamoured of her and married her. She behaved with great\n cruelty after Alexander\u2019s death, and she was at last put to death\n by Cassander\u2019s order. She was daughter of Darius, or, according to\n others, of one of his satraps. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 4; bk. 10, ch. 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wife of Mithridates the Great, who\n poisoned herself.\n\n=Roxol\u0101ni=, a people of European Sarmatia, who proved very active and\n rebellious in the reign of the Roman emperors.\n\n=Rube\u00e6=, the _north cape_ at the north of Scandinavia.\n\n=Rubellius Blandus=, a man who married Julia the daughter of Drusus, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the descendants of Augustus, treacherously put to death by\n Nero, &c. _Tacitus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Plautus, an illustrious Roman who disgraced\n himself by his arrogance and ambitious views. _Juvenal_, satire 8,\n li. 39.\n\n=Rubi=, now _Ruvo_, a town of Apulia, from which the epithet _Rubeus_\n is derived, applied to bramble bushes which grew there. The\n inhabitants were called _Rubitini_. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 94.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 266.\n\n=Rub\u012dcon=, now _Rugone_, a small river of Italy, which it separates\n from Cisalpine Gaul. It rises in the Apennine mountains, and falls\n into the Adriatic sea. By crossing it, and thus transgressing the\n boundaries of his province, Julius C\u00e6sar declared war against the\n senate and Pompey, and began the civil wars. _Lucan_, bk. 1, lis. 185\n & 213.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 3, ch. 15.\n\n=Rubi\u0113nus Lappa=, a tragic poet in the age of Juvenal, conspicuous\n as much for his great genius as his poverty. _Juvenal_, satire 7,\n li. 72.\n\n=Rub\u012bgo=, a goddess. _See:_ Robigo.\n\n=Rubo=, the _Dwina_, a river which falls into the Baltic at Riga.\n\n=Rubra saxa=, a place of Etruria, near Veii, at the distance of above\n eight miles from Rome. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 64, li. 15.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 3, ch. 49.\n\n=Rubria lex=, was enacted after the taking of Carthage, to make an\n equal division of the lands in Africa.\n\n=Rubrius=, a Roman knight accused of treason under Tiberius, &c.\n _Tacitus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who fled to Parthia on suspicion that the Roman\n affairs were ruined.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Vitellius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An obscure Gaul\n in great favour with Domitian. _Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 145.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n officer in C\u00e6sar\u2019s army.\n\n=Rubrum mare= (_the Red sea_), is situate between Arabia, Egypt, and\n \u00c6thiopia, and is often called Erythr\u00e6um mare, and confounded with\n the Arabicus sinus, and the Indian sea. _Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 23 & 24.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 17; bk. 42, ch. 52; bk. 45, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 686.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 8, li. 853.\n\n=Rudi\u00e6=, a town of Calabria near Brundusium, built by a Greek colony,\n and famous for giving birth to the poet Ennius. _Cicero_, _For\n Archias_, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 396.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 4.\n\n=Ruff\u012bnus=, a general in Gaul in the reign of Vitellius, &c. _Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 94.\n\n=Ruffus Crisp\u012bnus=, an officer of the pretorian guards under Claudius.\n He was banished by Agrippina for his attachment to Britannicus\n and Octavius the sons of Messalina, and put himself to death. His\n wife Popp\u00e6a Sabina, by whom he had a son called Ruffinus Crispinus,\n afterwards married Nero. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 12, ch. 42; bk.\n 16, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A soldier presented with a civic crown for preserving\n the life of a citizen, &c.\n\n=Rufi\u0101na=, a town of Gaul, now _Rufash_, in Alsace.\n\n=Rufilius=, a Roman ridiculed by Horace, satire 2, li. 27, for his\n effeminacy.\n\n=Julius Rufinianus=, a rhetorician, &c.\n\n=Rufinus=, a general of Theodosius, &c.\n\n=Rufr\u00e6=, a town of Campania, of which the inhabitants were called\n _Rufreni_. _Cicero_, bk. 10, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 71.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 568.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7,\n li. 739.\n\n=Rufrium=, a town of Samnium, now _Ruvo_. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 25.\n\n=Rufus=, a Latin historian. _See:_ Quintius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Commodus,\n famous for his avarice and ambition.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the ancestors of Sylla,\n degraded from the rank of a senator because 10 pounds\u2019 weight of\n gold were found in his house.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Jud\u00e6a.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who\n conspired against Domitian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of Ephesus in the reign of\n Trajan. He wrote six books on simples, now lost.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Latin poet.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sempronius. _See:_ Pr\u00e6torius.\n\n=Rugia=, now _Rugen_, an island of the Baltic.\n\n=Rugii=, a nation of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 43.\n\n=Rupilius=, an officer surnamed _Rex_, for his authoritative manners.\n He was proscribed by Augustus and fled to Brutus. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, satire 7, li. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer whose treatises _de figuris\n sententiarum_, &c., were edited by Runken, 8vo, Leiden, 1786.\n\n=Ruscino=, a town of Gaul at the foot of the Pyrenees. _Livy_, bk. 21,\n ch. 24.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A seaport town of Africa. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 10.\n\n=Ruscius=, a town of Gaul.\n\n=Rusconia=, a town of Mauritania. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 24.\n\n=Rusell\u00e6=, an inland town of Etruria destroyed by the Romans. _Livy_,\n bk. 28, ch. 45.\n\n=Rusp\u012dna=, a town of Africa near Adrumetum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,\n li. 260.\u2015\u2015_Hirtius_, _African War_, li. 640.\n\n=Rust\u012dcus Lucius Junius Arulenus=, a man put to death by Domitian.\n He was the friend and preceptor of Pliny the younger, who praises\n his abilities, and he is likewise commended by Tacitus, bk. 16,\n _Histories_, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 1, ltr. 14.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_,\n _Domitian_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Marcus Aurelius.\n\n=Rusuccurum=, a town of Mauritania, believed to be modern Algiers.\n\n=Rut\u0113ni=, a people of Gaul, now _Ruvergne_, in Guienne. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_.\n\n=Rutila=, a deformed old woman, who lived near 100 years, &c. _Pliny_,\n bk. 7, ch. 48.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 294.\n\n=Publius Rutilius Rufus=, a Roman consul in the age of Sylla,\n celebrated for his virtues and writings. He refused to comply with\n the requests of his friends because they were unjust. When Sylla had\n banished him from Rome he retired to Smyrna, amidst the acclamations\n and praises of the people; and when some of his friends wished him\n to be recalled home by means of a civil war, he severely reprimanded\n them, and said, that he wished rather to see his country blush at\n his exile, than to plunge it into distress by his return. He was the\n first who taught the Roman soldiers the principles of fencing, and\n by thus mixing dexterity with valour, rendered their attacks more\n certain, and more irresistible. During his banishment he employed his\n time in study, and wrote a history of Rome in Greek, and an account\n of his own life in Latin, besides many other works. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 6, li. 563.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _de Beneficiis_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Brutus_; _On\n Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 53.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 3; bk. 6, ch.\n 4.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman proconsul, who is supposed\n to have encouraged Mithridates to murder all the Romans who were in\n his province.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lupus, a pretor, who fled away with three cohorts\n from Tarracina.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rhetorician. _Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n man who went against Jugurtha.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Claudius\n Numantianus, a poet of Gaul, in the reign of Honorius. According\n to some he wrote a poem on mount \u00c6tna. He wrote also an itinerary,\n published by Burman in the Poet\u00e6 Latini Minores, Leiden, 4to, 1731.\n\n=Rutilus=, a rich man reduced to beggary by his extravagance. _Juvenal_,\n satire 11, li. 2.\n\n=Rut\u016dba=, a river of Liguria, falling from the Apennines into the\n Mediterranean. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 422.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Latium, falling into\n the Tiber. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 422.\n\n=Rut\u016dbus=, a gladiator, &c. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 7, li. 96.\n\n=R\u016dt\u016dli=, a people of Latium, known as well as the Latins, by the\n name of _Aborigines_. When \u00c6neas came into Italy, Turnus was their\n king, and they supported him in the war which he waged against this\n foreign prince. The capital of their dominions was called Ardea.\n _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 883; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 455,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, 7, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=R\u016dt\u016dp\u00e6=, a seaport town on the southern coasts of Britain, abounding\n in excellent oysters, whence the epithet of Rutupinus. Some suppose\n that it is the modern town of _Dover_, but others _Richborough_ or\n _Sandwich_. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 67.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 4, li. 141.\n\n=Ryph\u00e6i montes.= _See:_ \u2666Rhiph\u00e6i.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Rhip\u00e6i\u2019 replaced with \u2018Rhiph\u00e6i\u2019\n\n\n S\n\n=Saba=, a town of Arabia, famous for frankincense, myrrh, and aromatic\n plants. The inhabitants were called _Sab\u00e6i_. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 57; _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 1, li. 420.\n\n=Sab\u0103chus=, or =Sabacon=, a king of \u00c6thiopia, who invaded Egypt and\n reigned there, after the expulsion of king Amasis. After a reign\n of 50 years he was terrified by a dream, and retired into his own\n kingdom. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 137, &c.\n\n=Sab\u00e6i=, a people of Arabia. _See:_ Saba.\n\n=Sab\u0101ta=, a town of Liguria with a safe and beautiful harbour,\n supposed to be the modern _Savona_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 461.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Assyria.\n\n=Sabatha=, a town of Arabia, now _Sanaa_.\n\n=Sabatra=, a town of Syria. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 256.\n\n=Sabatini=, a people of Samnium, living on the banks of the Sabatus, a\n river which falls into the Vulturnus. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 33.\n\n=Sabazius=, a surname of Bacchus, as also of Jupiter. _Cicero_, _de\n Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Arnobius_, bk. 4.\n\n=Sabbas=, a king of India.\n\n=Sabella=, the nurse of the poet Horace, bk. 1, satire 9, li. 29.\n\n=Sabelli=, a people of Italy, descended from the Sabines, or, according\n to some, from the Samnites. They inhabited that part of the country\n which lies between the Sabines and the Marsi. Hence the epithet of\n _Sabellicus_. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 6.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,\n li. 255.\n\n=Sabellus=, a Latin poet in the reign of Domitian and Nerva.\n\n=Julia Sab\u012bna=, a Roman matron, who married Adrian by means of Plotina\n the wife of Trajan. She is celebrated for her private as well as\n public virtues. Adrian treated her with the greatest asperity, though\n he had received from her the imperial purple; and the empress was so\n sensible of his unkindness, that she boasted in his presence that she\n had disdained to make him a father, lest his children should become\n more odious or more tyrannical than he himself was. The behaviour\n of Sabina at last so exasperated Adrian that he poisoned her, or,\n according to some, obliged her to destroy herself. The emperor at\n that time laboured under a mortal disease, and therefore he was the\n more encouraged to sacrifice Sabina to his resentment, that she might\n not survive him. Divine honours were paid to her memory. She died\n after she had been married 38 years to Adrian, A.D. 138.\n\n=Sab\u012bni=, an ancient people of Italy, reckoned among the Aborigines,\n or those inhabitants whose origin was not known. Some suppose that\n they were originally a Laced\u00e6monian colony, who settled in that\n part of the country. The possessions of the Sabines were situated in\n the neighbourhood of Rome, between the river Nar and the Anio, and\n bounded on the north by the Apennines and Umbria, south by Latium,\n east by the \u00c6qui, and Etruria on the west. The greatest part of the\n contiguous nations were descended from them, such as the Umbrians,\n the Campanians, the Sabelli, the Osci, Samnites, Hernici, \u00c6qui, Marsi,\n Brutii, &c. The Sabines are celebrated in ancient history as being\n the first who took up arms against the Romans, to avenge the rape of\n their females at a spectacle where they had been invited. After some\n engagements, the greatest part of the Sabines left their ancient\n possessions, and migrated to Rome, where they settled with their new\n allies. They were at last totally subdued, about the year of Rome\n 373, and ranked as Roman citizens. Their chief cities were Cures,\n Fiden\u00e6, Reate, Crustumerium, Corniculum, Nomentum, Collatia, &c. The\n character of the nation for chastity, for purity of morals, and for\n the knowledge of herbs and incantations, was very great. _Horace_,\n epode 17, li. 28.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Vatinius_, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk.\n 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, chs. 9 & 18.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 51.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 3,\n ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 424.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 14, lis. 775 & 797; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 101; \u2666_Amores_,\n bk. 3, poem 8, li. 61.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 197.\n\n \u2666 Book name omitted from text.\n\n=Sabini\u0101nus=, a general who revolted in Africa, in the reign of Gordian,\n and was defeated soon after, A.D. 240.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the eastern\n empire, &c.\n\n=Sab\u012bnus Aulus=, a Latin poet intimate with Ovid. He wrote some\n epistles and elegies, in the number of which were mentioned, an\n epistle from \u00c6neas to Dido, from Hippolytus to Ph\u00e6dra, and from Jason\n to \u2666Hypsipyle, from Demophoon to Phyllis, from Paris to \u0152nome, from\n Ulysses to Penelope; the three last of which, though said to be his\n composition, are spurious. _Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 2, poem 13, li. 27.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man from whom the Sabines received their name. He received\n divine honours after death, and was one of those deities whom \u00c6neas\n invoked when he entered Italy. He was supposed to be of Laced\u00e6monian\n origin. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 171.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of C\u00e6sar\u2019s\n army defeated by the Gauls.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Julius, an officer who proclaimed\n himself emperor in the beginning of Vespasian\u2019s reign. He was soon\n after defeated in a battle; and, to escape from the conqueror, he hid\n himself in a subterraneous cave, with two faithful domestics, where\n he continued unseen for nine successive years. His wife found out\n his retreat, and spent her time with him, till her frequent visits\n to the cave discovered the place of his concealment. He was dragged\n before Vespasian, and by his orders put to death, though his friends\n interested themselves in his cause, and his wife endeavoured to\n raise the emperor\u2019s pity, by showing him the twins whom she had\n brought forth in their subterraneous retreat.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cornelius, a man\n who conspired against Caligula, and afterwards destroyed himself.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Titius, a Roman senator, shamefully accused and condemned\n by Sejanus. His body, after execution, was dragged through the\n streets of Rome, and treated with the greatest indignities. His dog\n constantly followed the body, and when it was thrown into the Tiber,\n the faithful animal plunged in after it, and was drowned. _Pliny_,\n bk. 8, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Popp\u00e6us, a Roman consul, who presided above 24\n years over M\u0153sia, and obtained a triumph for his victories over the\n barbarians. He was a great favourite of Augustus and of Tiberius.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Flavius, a brother of Vespasian, killed by\n the populace. He was well known for his fidelity to Vitellius. He\n commanded in the Roman armies 35 years, and was governor of Rome for\n 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Domitian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who attempted to plunder the\n temple of the Jews.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of the emperor Alexander.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lawyer.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Hipsipyle\u2019 replaced with \u2018Hypsipyle\u2019 for consistency.\n\n=Sabis=, now _Sambre_, a river of Belgic Gaul, falling into the Maese\n at Namur. _C\u00e6sar_, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 18.\n\n=Sabota=, the same as Sabatha.\n\n=Sabrac\u00e6=, a powerful nation of India. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 8.\n\n=Sabr\u0103ta=, a maritime town of Africa, near the Syrtes. It was a Roman\n colony, about 70 miles from the modern Tripoli. _Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 3, li. 256.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.\n\n=Sabrina=, the _Severn_ in England.\n\n=Sab\u016dra=, a general of Juba king of Numidia, defeated and killed in a\n battle. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 722.\n\n=Sabur\u0101nus=, an officer of the pretorian guards. When he was appointed\n to this office by the emperor Trajan, the prince presented him with a\n sword, saying, \u201cUse this weapon in my service as long as my commands\n are just; but turn it against my own breast, whenever I become cruel\n or malevolent.\u201d\n\n=Sabus=, one of the ancient kings of the Sabines; the same as Sabinus.\n _See:_ Sabinus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Arabia.\n\n=Sac\u0103das=, a musician and poet of Argos, who obtained three several\n times the prize at the Pythian games. _Plutarch_, _de Musica_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 14.\n\n=Sac\u00e6=, a people of Scythia, who inhabited the country that lies at the\n east of Bactriana and Sogdiana, and towards the north of mount Imaus.\n The name of Sac\u00e6 was given in general to all the Scythians, by the\n Persians. They had no towns, according to some writers, but lived in\n tents. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 93; bk. 7,\n ch. 63.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Solinus_, ch. 62.\n\n=Sacer mons=, a mountain near Rome. _See:_ Mons sacer.\n\n=Sacer lucus=, a wood of Campania, on the Liris.\n\n=Sacer portus=, or =Sacri portus=, a place of Italy, near Pr\u00e6neste,\n famous for a battle that was fought there between Sylla and Marius,\n in which the former obtained the victory. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 26.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 134.\n\n=Sacr\u0101ni=, a people of Latium, who assisted Turnus against \u00c6neas.\n They were descended from the Pelasgians, or from a priest of Cybele.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 796.\n\n=Sacr\u0101tor=, one of the friends of Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n li. 747.\n\n=Sacra via=, a celebrated street of Rome, where a treaty of peace\n and alliance was made between Romulus and Tatis. It led from the\n amphitheatre to the capitol, by the temple of the goddess of peace,\n and the temple of C\u00e6sar. The triumphal processions passed through\n it to go to the capitol. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 2; bk. 1, satire 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _For Plancius_, ch. 7, _Letters\n to Atticus_, bk. 4, ltr. 4.\n\n=Sacr\u0101ta lex=, _militaris_, A.U.C. 411, by the dictator Valerius Corvus,\n as some suppose, enacted that the name of no soldier which had been\n entered in the muster roll should be struck out but by his consent,\n and that no person who had been a military tribune should execute the\n office of _ductor ordinum_.\n\n=Marcus Sacr\u0101t\u012dvir=, a friend of C\u00e6sar, killed at Dyrrachium. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_.\n\n=Sacri portus.= _See:_ Sacer portus.\n\n=Sacrum bellum=, a name given to the wars carried on concerning the\n temple of Delphi. The first began B.C. 448, and in it the Athenians\n and Laced\u00e6monians were auxiliaries on opposite sides. The second war\n began 357 B.C., and finished nine years after by Philip of Macedonia,\n who destroyed all the cities of the Phocians. _See:_ Phocis.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Promontorium, a promontory of Spain, now _Cape St. Vincent_,\n called by Strabo the most westerly part of the earth.\n\n=Sadales=, a son of Cotys king of Thrace, who assisted Pompey with a\n body of 500 horsemen. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Against Verres_, bk. 1.\n\n=Sadus=, a river of India.\n\n=Sady\u0101tes=, one of the Mermnad\u00e6, who reigned in Lydia 12 years after\n his father Gyges. He made war against the Milesians for six years.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 16, &c.\n\n=S\u00e6tabis=, a town of Spain near the Lucro, on a rising hill, famous for\n its fine linen. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 373.\n\n=Sagalassus=, a town of Pisidia on the borders of Phrygia, now\n _Sadjaklu_. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15.\n\n=Sag\u0103na=, a woman acquainted with magic and enchantments. _Horace_,\n epode 5, li. 25.\n\n=Sag\u0103ris=, a river of Asia, rising from mount Dindymus in Phrygia, and\n falling into the Euxine. _See:_ Sangaris. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4,\n poem 10, li. 47.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the companions of \u00c6neas, killed by Turnus.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 263; bk. 9, li. 575.\n\n=Claudius Sagitta=, an officer who encouraged Piso to rebel against the\n emperor Nero, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 49.\n\n=Sagra=, a small river of Italy in the country of the Brutii, where\n 130,000 Crotoniat\u00e6 were routed by 10,000 Locrians and Rhegians.\n _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\n\n=Saguntum=, or =Saguntus=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis at the\n west of the Iberus, about one mile from the sea-shore, now called\n _Morvedro_. It had been founded by a colony of Zacynthians, and by\n some of the Rutuli of Ardea. Saguntum is celebrated for the clay in\n its neighbourhood, with which cups, _pocula Saguntina_, were made,\n but more particularly it is famous as being the cause of the second\n Punic war, and for the attachment of its inhabitants to the interest\n of Rome. Hannibal took it after a siege of about eight months; and\n the inhabitants, not to fall into the enemy\u2019s hands, burnt themselves\n with their houses, and with all their effects. The conqueror\n afterwards rebuilt it, and placed a garrison there, with all the\n noblemen whom he detained as hostages from the several neighbouring\n nations of Spain. Some suppose that he called it _Spartagene_.\n _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 2, 7, 9.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 271.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 250.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\n\n=Sais=, now _Sa_, a town in the Delta of Egypt, situate between the\n Canopic and Sebennytican mouths of the Nile, and anciently the\n capital of Lower Egypt. There was there a celebrated temple dedicated\n to Minerva, with a room cut out of one stone, which had been conveyed\n by water from Elephantis by the labours of 2000 men in three years.\n The stone measured on the outside 21 cubits long, 14 broad, and eight\n high. Osiris was also buried near the town of Sais. The inhabitants\n were called _Sait\u00e6_. One of the mouths of the Nile, which is\n adjoining to the town, has received the name of _Saiticum_. _Strabo_,\n bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 17, &c.\n\n=Sala=, a town of Thrace, near the mouths of the Hebrus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n Mauritania.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Phrygia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Germany falling into the\n Elbe, near which are salt-pits. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 57.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another falling into the Rhine, now the _Issel_.\n\n=Sal\u0103con=, a poor man who pretended to be uncommonly rich, &c. _Cicero_,\n _De Divinatione_, bk. 7, ch. 24.\n\n\u2666=Salamantica=, a town of Spain, now _Salamanca_.\n\n \u2666 Placed in alphabetical order.\n\n=Salam\u012bnia=, a name given to a ship at Athens, which was employed by\n the republic in conveying the officers of state to their different\n administrations abroad, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name given to the island of Cyprus,\n on account of Salamis, one of its capital cities.\n\n=S\u0103l\u0103mis=, a daughter of the river Asopus by Methone. Neptune became\n enamoured of her, and carried her to an island of the \u00c6gean, which\n afterwards bore her name, and where she gave birth to a son called\n Cenchreus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=S\u0103l\u0103mis=, =Salamins=, or =Salam\u012bna=, now _Colouri_, an island in the\n Saronicus sinus, on the southern coast of Attica, opposite Eleusis,\n at the distance of about a league, with a town and harbour of the\n same name. It is about 50 miles in circumference. It was originally\n peopled by a colony of Ionians, and afterwards by some of the Greeks\n from the adjacent islands and countries. It is celebrated for a\n battle which was fought there between the fleet of the Greeks and\n that of the Persians, when Xerxes invaded Attica. The enemy\u2019s ships\n amounted to above 2000, and those of the Peloponnesians to about 380\n sail. In this engagement, which was fought on the 20th of October,\n B.C. 480, the Greeks lost 40 ships, and the Persians about 200,\n besides an immense number which were taken, with all the ammunition\n they contained. The island of Salamis was anciently called _Sciras_,\n _Cychria_, or _Cenchria_, and its bay the gulf of _Engia_. It is said\n that Xerxes attempted to join it to the continent. Teucer and Ajax,\n who went to the Trojan war, were natives of Salamis. _Strabo_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 56, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Themistocles_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 35, &c.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 109.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 283.\n\n=S\u0103l\u0103mis=, or =Sal\u0103m\u012bna=, a town at the east of the island of Cyprus.\n It was built by Teucer, who gave it the name of the island Salamis,\n from which he had been banished about 1270 years before the christian\n era; and from this circumstance the epithets of _ambigua_ and of\n _altera_ were applied to it, as the mother country was also called\n _vera_, for the sake of distinction. His descendants continued\n masters of the town for above 800 years. It was destroyed by\n an earthquake, and rebuilt in the fourth century, and called\n _Constantia_. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 94, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 7, li. 21.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 183.\n\n=S\u0103l\u0101pia=, or =S\u0103l\u0103pi\u00e6=, now _Salpe_, a town of Apulia, where Annibal\n retired after the battle of Cann\u00e6, and where he devoted himself to\n licentious pleasure, forgetful of his fame, and of the interests of\n his country. It was taken from the Carthaginian general by Marcellus.\n Some remains of this place may be traced near a lake called _Salapina\n Palus_, now used for making salt, which, from the situation near the\n sea, is easily conveyed by small boats to ships of superior burden.\n _Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 377.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 3, ch. 11.\n\n=Sal\u0103ra=, a town of Africa propria, taken by Scipio. _Livy_, bk. 29,\n ch. 34, &c.\n\n=Salaria=, a street and gate at Rome which led towards the country of\n the Sabines. It received the name of _Salaria_, because salt (_sal_)\n was generally conveyed to Rome that way. _Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 64.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A bridge called _Salarius_, was built four miles from Rome\n through the Salarian gate on the river _Anio_.\n\n=Salassi=, a people of Cisalpine Gaul who were in continual war with\n the Romans. They cut off 10,000 Romans under Appius Claudius, A.U.C.\n 610, and were soon after defeated, and at last totally subdued and\n sold as slaves by Augustus. Their country, now called _Val de Aousta_,\n after a colony settled there, and called _Augusta Pr\u00e6toria_, was\n situate in a valley between the Alps Grai\u00e6 and Pennin\u00e6, or Great and\n Little St. Bernard. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\n\n=Saleius=, a poet of great merit in the age of Domitian, yet pinched\n by poverty, though born of illustrious parents, and distinguished by\n purity of manners and integrity of mind. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 80.\n \u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\n\n=Sal\u0113nii=, a people of Spain. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Salent\u012bni=, a people of Italy, near Apulia, on the southern coast of\n Calabria. Their chief towns were Brundusium, Tarentum, and Hydruntum.\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 579.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 400.\n \u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Salernum=, now _Salerno_, a town of the Picentini, on the shores of\n the Tyrrhene sea, south of Campania, and famous for a medical school\n in the lower ages. _Pliny_, bk. 13, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 45.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 425.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 1, ltr. 15.\n\n=Salganeus=, or =Salganea=, a town of B\u0153otia, on the Euripus. _Livy_,\n bk. 35, ch. 37, &c.\n\n=Salia=, a town of Spain, where Prudentius was born. _Mela._\n\n=Salica=, a town of Spain.\n\n=Salii=, a college of priests at Rome, instituted in honour of Mars,\n and appointed by Numa to take care of the sacred shields called\n Ancylia, B.C. 709. _See:_ Ancyle. They were 12 in number, the three\n elders among them had the superintendence of all the rest; the first\n was called _pr\u00e6sul_, the second _vates_, and the third _magister_.\n Their number was afterwards doubled by Tullus Hostilius, after he\n had obtained a victory over the Fidenates, in consequence of a vow\n which he had made to Mars. The Salii were all of patrician families,\n and the office was very honourable. The 1st of March was the day\n on which the Salii observed their festivals in honour of Mars. They\n were generally dressed in a short scarlet tunic, of which only the\n edges were seen; they wore a large purple-coloured belt about the\n waist, which was fastened with brass buckles. They had on their heads\n round bonnets with two corners standing up, and they wore in their\n right hand a small rod, and in their left a small buckler. In the\n observation of their solemnity they first offered sacrifices, and\n afterwards went through the streets dancing in measured motions,\n sometimes all together, or at other times separately, while musical\n instruments were playing before them. They placed their body in\n different attitudes, and struck with their rods the shields which\n they held in their hands. They also sung hymns in honour of the\n gods, particularly of Mars, Juno, Venus, and Minerva, and they were\n accompanied in the chorus by a certain number of virgins, habited\n like themselves, and called _Sali\u00e6_. The Salii instituted by Numa\n were called _Palatini_, in contradistinction from the others, because\n they lived on mount Palatine, and offered their sacrifices there.\n Those that were added by Tullus were called _Collini_, _Agonales_, or\n _Quirinales_, from a mountain of the same name, where they had fixed\n their residence. Their name seems to have been derived _a saliendo_,\n or _saltando_, because during their festivals it was particularly\n requisite that they should leap and dance. Their feasts and\n entertainments were uncommonly rich and sumptuous, whence _dapes\n saliares_ is proverbially applied to such repasts as are most\n splendid and costly. It was usual among the Romans when they declared\n war, for the Salii to shake their shields with great violence, as if\n to call upon the god Mars to come to their assistance. _Livy_, bk. 1,\n ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 3, li. 387.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Florus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 285.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nation of\n Germany who invaded Gaul, and were conquered by the emperor Julian.\n _Ammianus Marcellinus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Salin\u0101tor=, a surname common to the family of the Livii and others.\n\n=Salius=, an Acarnanian at the games exhibited by \u00c6neas in Sicily, and\n killed in the wars with Turnus. It is said by some that he taught the\n Latins those ceremonies, accompanied with dancing, which afterwards\n bore his name in the appellation of the Salii. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 5, li. 298; bk. 10, li. 753.\n\n=Crispus Sallustius=, a Latin historian, born at Amiternum, in the\n country of the Sabines. He received his education at Rome, and made\n himself known as a public magistrate in the office of questor and\n consul. His licentiousness, and the depravity of his manners, however,\n did not escape the censure of the age, and Sallust was degraded from\n the dignity of a senator, B.C. 50. His amour with Fausta the daughter\n of Sylla was a strong proof of his debauchery; and Milo the husband,\n who discovered the adulterer in his house, revenged the violence\n offered to his bed, by beating him with stripes, and selling him\n his liberty at a high price. A continuation of extravagance could\n not long be supported by the income of Sallust, but he extricated\n himself from all difficulties by embracing the cause of C\u00e6sar. He was\n restored to the rank of senator, and made governor of Numidia. In the\n administration of his province, Sallust behaved with unusual tyranny;\n he enriched himself by plundering the Africans, and at his return to\n Rome he built himself a magnificent house, and bought gardens, which,\n from their delightful and pleasant situation, still preserve the\n name of the gardens of Sallust. He married Terentia the divorced wife\n of Cicero; and from this circumstance, according to some, arose an\n immortal hatred between the historian and the orator. Sallust died\n in the 51st year of his age, 35 years before the christian era. As\n a writer he is peculiarly distinguished. He had composed a history\n of Rome, but nothing remains of it except a few fragments, and his\n only compositions extant are his history of Catiline\u2019s conspiracy,\n and of the wars of Jugurtha king of Numidia. In these celebrated\n works the author is greatly commended for his elegance, the vigour\n and animation of his sentences; he everywhere displays a wonderful\n knowledge of the human heart, and paints with a masterly hand the\n causes that gave rise to the great events which he relates. No one\n was better acquainted with the vices that prevailed in the capital of\n Italy, and no one seems to have been more severe against the follies\n of the age, and the failings of which he himself was guilty in the\n eyes of the world. His descriptions are elegantly correct, and his\n harangues are nervous and animated, and well suiting the character\n and the different pursuits of the great men in whose mouths they are\n placed. The historian, however, is blamed for tedious and insipid\n exordiums, which often disgust the reader without improving him;\n his affectation of old and obsolete words and phrases is also\n censured, and particularly his unwarrantable partiality in some of\n his narrations. Though faithful in every other respect, he has not\n painted the character of Cicero with all the fidelity and accuracy\n which the reader claims from the historian; and in passing in\n silence over many actions which reflect the greatest honour on\n the first husband of Terentia, the rival of Cicero has disgraced\n himself, and rendered his compositions less authentic. There are\n two orations or epistles to C\u00e6sar, concerning the regulations of the\n state, attributed to him, as also an oration against Cicero, whose\n authenticity some of the moderns have disputed. The best editions of\n Sallust, are those of Haverkamp, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1742; and\n of Edinburgh, 12mo, 1755. _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_,\n _The Grammarians_ in _The C\u00e6sars_.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 14, ltr. 191.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n nephew of the historian, by whom he was adopted. He imitated the\n moderation of M\u00e6cenas, and remained satisfied with the dignity of a\n Roman knight, when he could have made himself powerful by the favours\n of Augustus and Tiberius. He was very effeminate and luxurious.\n Horace dedicated bk. 2, ode 2, to him. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 34.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Secundus Promotus, a native of Gaul, very\n intimate with the emperor Julian. He is remarkable for his integrity,\n and the soundness of his counsels. Julian made \u2666him prefect of Gaul.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There is also another Sallust, called _Secundus_, whom some\n have improperly confounded with Promotus. Secundus was also one of\n Julian\u2019s favourites, and was made by him prefect of the east. He\n conciliated the good graces of the Romans by the purity of his morals,\n his fondness for discipline, and his religious principles. After the\n death of the emperor Jovian, he was universally named by the officers\n of the Roman empire to succeed on the imperial throne; but he refused\n this great though dangerous honour, and pleaded infirmities of body\n and old age. The Romans wished upon this to invest his son with the\n imperial purple, but Secundus opposed it, and observed that he was\n too young to support the dignity.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A prefect of Rome in the reign\n of Valentinian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer in Britain.\n\n \u2666 removed duplicate \u2018him\u2019\n\n=Salm\u0103cis=, a fountain of Caria, near Halicarnassus, which rendered\n effeminate all those who drank of its waters. It was there that\n Hermaphroditus changed his sex, though he still retained the\n characteristics of his own. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 285;\n bk. 15, li. 319.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 271.\u2015\u2015_Festus_, _Lexicon of\n Festus_.\n\n=Salm\u014dne=, a town of Elis in Peloponnesus, with a fountain, from which\n the Enipeus takes its source, and falls into the Alpheus, about 40\n stadia from Olympia, which, on account of that, is called _Salmonis_.\n _Ovid_, bk. 3, _Amores_, poem 6, li. 43.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A promontory at the east\n of Crete. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Salmoneus=, a king of Elis, son of \u00c6olus and Enarette, who married\n Alcidice, by whom he had Tyro. He wished to be called a god, and\n to receive divine honours from his subjects; therefore to imitate\n the thunder, he used to drive his chariot over a brazen bridge,\n and darted burning torches on every side, as if to imitate the\n lightning. This impiety provoked Jupiter. Salmoneus was struck with\n a thunderbolt, and placed in the infernal regions near his brother\n Sisyphus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 235.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 60.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 6, li. 585.\n\n=Salm\u014dnis=, a name given to Olympia. _See:_ Salmone.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The patronymic\n of Tyro daughter of Salmoneus. _Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 6,\n li. 43.\n\n=Salmus= (untis), a town of Asia near the Red sea, where Alexander saw\n a theatrical representation. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Salmydessus=, a bay on the Euxine sea.\n\n=Salo=, now _Xalon_, a river in Spain, falling into the Iberus.\n _Martial_, bk. 10, ltr. 20.\n\n=Salodurum=, now _Soleure_, a town of the Helvetii.\n\n=Sal\u014dme=, a queen of Jud\u00e6a. This name was common to some of the\n princesses in the family of Herod, &c.\n\n=Salon=, a country of Bithynia.\n\n=S\u0103l\u014dna=, or =Sal\u014dne=, a town of Dalmatia, about 10 miles distant from\n the coast of the Adriatic, conquered by Pollio, who on that account\n called his son Saloninos, in honour of the victory. It was the native\n place of the emperor Diocletian, and he retired there to enjoy peace\n and tranquillity, after he had abdicated the imperial purple, and\n built a stately palace, the ruins of which were still seen in the\n 16th century. A small village of the same name preserves the traces\n of its fallen grandeur. Near is Spalatro. _Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 404.\n \u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Salon\u012bna=, a celebrated matron who married the emperor Gallienus, and\n distinguished herself by her private as well as public virtues. She\n was a patroness of all the fine arts, and to her clemency, mildness,\n and benevolence, Rome was indebted some time for her peace and\n prosperity. She accompanied her husband in some of his expeditions,\n and often called him away from the pursuits of pleasure to make war\n against the enemies of Rome. She was put to death by the hands of the\n conspirators, who also assassinated her husband and family, about the\n year 268 of the christian era.\n\n=Salon\u012bnus=, a son of Asinius Pollio. He received his name from the\n conquest of Salona by his father. Some suppose that he is the hero of\n Virgil\u2019s fourth eclogue, in which the return of the golden age is so\n warmly and beautifully anticipated.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius Licinius Cornelius, a\n son of Gallienus by Salonina, sent into Gaul, there to be taught the\n art of war. He remained there some time, till the usurper Posthumius\n arose, and proclaimed himself emperor. Saloninus was upon this\n delivered up to his enemy and put to death in the 10th year of his\n age.\n\n=Salonius=, a friend of Cato the censor. The daughter of Censorius\n married Salonius in his old age. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune and\n centurion of the Roman army, hated by the populace for his strictness.\n\n=Salpis=, a colony of Etruria, whose inhabitants are called\n _Salpinates_. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 31.\n\n=Salsum=, a river in Spain. _C\u00e6sar._\n\n=Salvian=, one of the fathers of the fifth century, of whose works the\n best edition is the 12mo, Paris, 1684.\n\n=Salvidi\u0113nus=, an officer of the army of Augustus. He was betrayed by\n Antony, and put to death.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Latin writer in the age of the emperor\n Probus.\n\n=Salvius=, a flute-player, saluted king by the rebellious slaves of\n Sicily in the age of Marius. He maintained for some time war against\n the Romans.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nephew of the emperor Otho.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Pompey.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man put to death by Domitian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A freedman of Atticus.\n _Cicero_, \u2666_Letters to Atticus_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of the sons of\n Hortensius. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.\n\n \u2666 \u2018ad Div. c. 11.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Letters to Atticus, bk. 10\u2019\n\n=Salus=, the goddess of health at Rome, worshipped by the Greeks under\n the name of Hygeia. _Livy_, bks. 9 & 10.\n\n=Salyes=, a people of Gaul on the Rhone. _Livy_, bk. 5, chs. 34 & 35;\n bk. 21, ch. 26.\n\n=Sam\u0103ra=, a river of Gaul, now called _the Somme_, which falls into the\n British channel near Abbeville.\n\n=Samaria=, a city and country of Palestine, famous in sacred history.\n The inhabitants, called _Samaritans_, were composed of heathens and\n rebellious Jews, and on having a temple built there after the form of\n that of Jerusalem, a lasting enmity arose between the people of Jud\u00e6a\n and of Samaria, so that no intercourse took place between the two\n countries, and the name of Samaritan became a word of reproach, and\n as it were a curse.\n\n=Samarobriva=, a town of Gaul, now _Amiens_, in Picardy.\n\n=Samb\u016blos=, a mountain near Mesopotamia, where Hercules was worshipped.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 13.\n\n=Sambus=, an Indian king defeated by Alexander. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of India.\n\n=Same=, or =Samos=, a small island in the Ionian \u2666sea near Ithaca,\n called also _Cephallenia_. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 271.\n\n \u2666 \u2018sear\u2019 replaced with \u2018sea\u2019\n\n=Samia=, a daughter of the river M\u00e6ander. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Juno, because she was worshipped at Samos.\n\n=Samn\u012bt\u00e6=, or =Amnit\u00e6=, a people of Gaul.\n\n=Samn\u012btes=, a people of Italy, who inhabited the country situate\n between Picenum, Campania, Apulia, and ancient Latium. They\n distinguished themselves by their implacable hatred against the\n Romans, in the first ages of that empire, till they were at last\n totally extirpated, B.C. 272, after a war of 71 years. Their chief\n town was called Samnium, or Samnis. _Livy_, bk. 7, &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 16, &c.; bk. 3, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Eutropius_, bk. 2.\n\n=Samnium=, a town and part of Italy inhabited by the Samnites. _See:_\n Samnites.\n\n=Samochonites=, a small lake of _Palestine_.\n\n=Samonium=, a promontory of Crete.\n\n=Samos=, an island in the \u00c6gean sea, on the coast of Asia Minor, from\n which it is divided by a narrow strait, with a capital of the same\n name, built B.C. 986. It is about 87 miles in circumference, and\n is famous for the birth of Pythagoras. It has been anciently called\n _Parthenia_, _Anthemusa_, _Stephane_, _Melamphyllus_, _Anthemus_,\n _Cyparissia_, and _Dryusa_. It was first in the possession of the\n Leleges, and afterwards of the Ionians. The people of Samos were at\n first governed by kings, and afterwards the form of their government\n became democratical and oligarchical. Samos was in its most\n flourishing situation under Polycrates, who had made himself absolute\n there. The Samians assisted the Greeks against the Persians, when\n Xerxes invaded Europe, and were reduced under the power of Athens,\n after a revolt, by Pericles, B.C. 441. They were afterwards subdued\n by Eumenes king of Pergamus, and were restored to their ancient\n liberty by Augustus. Under Vespasian, Samos became a Roman province.\n Juno was held in the greatest veneration there; her temple was\n uncommonly magnificent, and it was even said that the goddess had\n been born there under a willow tree, on the banks of the Imbrasus.\n _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, chs. 2 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Pericles_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1,\n li. 20.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The islands of Samothrace and Cephallenia\n were also known by the name of Samos.\n\n=Samos\u0103ta=, a town of Syria, near the Euphrates, below mount Taurus,\n where Lucian was born.\n\n=Samothr\u0101ce=, or =Samothr\u0101cia=, an island in the \u00c6gean sea, opposite\n the mouth of the Hebrus, on the coast of Thrace, from which it\n is distant about 32 miles. It was known by the ancient names of\n _Leucosia_, _Melitis_, _Electria_, _Leucania_, and _Dardani_. It was\n afterwards called Samos, and distinguished from the Samos which lies\n on the coast of Ionia by the epithet of _Thracian_, or by the name of\n Samothrace. It is about 38 miles in circumference, according to Pliny,\n or only 20 according to modern travellers. The origin of the first\n inhabitants of Samothrace is unknown. Some, however, suppose that\n they were Thracians, and that the place was afterwards peopled by the\n colonies of the Pelasgians, Samians, and Ph\u0153nicians. Samothrace is\n famous for a deluge which inundated the country, and reached the very\n top of the highest mountains. This inundation, which happened before\n the age of the Argonauts, was owing to the sudden overflow of the\n waters of the Euxine, which the ancients considered merely as a lake.\n The Samothracians were very religious; and as all mysteries were\n supposed to have taken their origin there, the island received the\n name of _sacred_, and was a safe and inviolable asylum to all\n fugitives and criminals. The island was originally governed by kings,\n but afterwards the government became democratical. It enjoyed all its\n rights and immunities under the Romans till the reign of Vespasian,\n who reduced it, with the rest of the islands in the \u00c6gean, into\n the form of a province. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 108, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 208.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 12.\n\n=Samus=, a son of Anc\u00e6us and Samia, grandson of Neptune. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 7, ch. 4.\n\n=Sana=, a town of mount Athos, near which Xerxes began to make a\n channel to convey the sea.\n\n=Sanaos=, a town of Phrygia. _Strabo._\n\n=Sanchoni\u0103thon=, a Ph\u0153nician historian, born at Berytus, or, according\n to others, at Tyre. He flourished a few years before the Trojan war,\n and wrote, in the language of his country, a history in nine books,\n in which he amply treated of the theology and antiquities of Ph\u0153nicia,\n and the neighbouring places. It was compiled from the various records\n found in the cities, and the annals which were usually kept in the\n temples of the gods among the ancients. This history was translated\n into Greek by Philo, a native of Byblus, who lived in the reign of\n the emperor Adrian. Some few fragments of this Greek translation are\n extant. Some, however, suppose them to be spurious, while others\n contend that they are true and authentic.\n\n=Sancus=, =Sangus=, or =Sanctus=, a deity of the Sabines introduced\n among the gods of Rome under the name of _Dius Fidius_. According\n to some, Sancus was father to Sabus, or Sabinus, the first king of\n the Sabines. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 421.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua\n Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 213.\n\n=Sandace=, a sister of Xerxes.\n\n=Sandaliotis=, a name given to Sardinia, from its resemblance to a\n sandal. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\n\n=Sandalium=, a small island of the \u00c6gean, near Lesbos.\u2015\u2015A port of\n Pisidia. _Strabo._\n\n=Sandanis=, a Lydian, who advised Cr\u0153sus not to make war against the\n Persians.\n\n=Sand\u0101nes=, a river of Thrace near Pallene.\n\n=Sandrocottus=, an Indian of a mean origin. His impertinence to\n Alexander was the beginning of his greatness; the conqueror ordered\n him to be seized, but Sandrocottus fled away, and at last dropped\n down overwhelmed with fatigue. As he slept on the ground, a lion\n came to him, and gently licked the sweat from his face. This uncommon\n tameness of the animal appeared supernatural to Sandrocottus, and\n raised his ambition. He aspired to the monarchy, and after the death\n of Alexander, he made himself master of a part of the country which\n was in the hands of Seleucus. _Justin_, bk. 15, ch. 4.\n\n=Sane=, or =Sana=, a town of Macedonia. _See:_ Sana.\n\n=Sang\u0103la=, a town of India destroyed by Alexander. _Arrian_,\n \u2666_Anabasis_, bk. 5.\n\n \u2666 Book name omitted in text.\n\n=Sang\u0103rius=, or =Sang\u0103ris=, a river of Phrygia, rising in mount\n Dindymus, and falling into the Euxine. The daughter of the Sangarius\n became pregnant of Altes only from gathering the boughs of an almond\n tree on the banks of the river. Hecuba, according to some, was\n daughter of this river. Some of the poets call it Sagaris. _Ovid_,\n _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10.\u2015\u2015_Claudian_, _Against Eutropius_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 17.\n\n=Sanguinius=, a man condemned for ill language, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 6, ch. 7.\n\n=Sannyrion=, a tragic poet of Athens. He composed many dramatical\n pieces, one of which was called Io, and another Danae. _Athen\u00e6us_,\n bk. 9.\n\n=Sant\u014fnes= and =Sant\u014fne=, now _Saintonge_, a people with a town of\n the same name in Gaul. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 422.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 3,\n ltr. 96.\n\n=Saon=, an historian. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who first\n discovered the oracle of Trophonius. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.\n\n=Sap\u00e6i=, or =Saph\u00e6i=, a people of Thrace, called also Sintii. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 389.\n\n=Sapirene=, an island of the Arabic gulf. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 29.\n\n=Sapis=, now _Savio_, a river of Gaul Cispadana, falling into the\n Adriatic. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 406.\n\n=Sapor=, a king of Persia, who succeeded his father Artaxerxes about\n the 238th year of the christian era. Naturally fierce and ambitious,\n Sapor wished to increase his paternal dominions by conquest; and as\n the indolence of the emperors of Rome seemed favourable to his views,\n he laid waste the provinces of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Cilicia; and\n he might have become master of all Asia, if Odenatus had not stopped\n his progress. If Gordian attempted to repel him, his efforts were\n weak, and Philip, who succeeded him on the imperial throne, bought\n the peace of Sapor with money. Valerian, who was afterwards invested\n with the purple, marched against the Persian monarch, but he was\n defeated and taken prisoner. Odenatus no sooner heard that the Roman\n emperor was a captive in the hands of Sapor, than he attempted to\n release him by force of arms. The forces of Persia were cut to pieces;\n the wives and the treasures of the monarch fell into the hands of\n the conqueror, and Odenatus penetrated, with little opposition, into\n the very heart of the kingdom. Sapor, soon after this defeat, was\n assassinated by his subjects, A.D. 273, after a reign of 32 years. He\n was succeeded by his son called Hormisdas. _Marcellinus_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n second of that name succeeded his father Hormisdas on the throne\n of Persia. He was as great as his ancestor of the same name; and by\n undertaking a war against the Romans, he attempted to enlarge his\n dominions, and to add the provinces on the west of the Euphrates\n to his empire. His victories alarmed the Roman emperors, and Julian\n would have perhaps seized him in the capital of his dominions, if he\n had not received a mortal wound. Jovian, who succeeded Julian, made\n peace with Sapor; but the monarch, always restless and indefatigable,\n renewed hostilities, invaded Armenia, and defeated the emperor Valens.\n Sapor died A.D. 380, after a reign of 70 years, in which he had\n often been the sport of fortune. He was succeeded by Artaxerxes, and\n Artaxerxes by Sapor III., a prince who died after a reign of five\n years, A.D. 389, in the age of Theodosius the Great. _Marcellinus_, &c.\n\n=Sappho=, or =Sapho=, celebrated for her beauty, her poetical talents,\n and her amorous disposition, was born in the island of Lesbos, about\n 600 years before Christ. Her father\u2019s name, according to Herodotus,\n was Scamandronymus, or, according to others, Symon, or Semus, or\n Etarchus, and her mother\u2019s name was Cleis. Her tender passions were\n so violent, that some have represented her attachments to three of\n her female companions, Telesiphe, Atthis, and Megara, as criminal,\n and, on that account, have given her the surname of _Tribas_. She\n conceived such a passion for Phaon, a youth of Mitylene, that upon\n his refusal to gratify her desires, she threw herself into the sea\n from mount Leucas. She had composed nine books in lyric verses,\n besides epigrams, elegies, &c. Of all these compositions, nothing\n now remains but two fragments, whose uncommon sweetness and elegance\n show how meritoriously the praises of the ancients have been bestowed\n upon a poetess, who for the sublimity of her genius was called the\n 10th Muse. Her compositions were all extant in the age of Horace.\n The Lesbians were so sensible of the merit of Sappho, that, after\n her death, they paid her divine honours, and raised her temples\n and altars, and stamped their money with her image. The poetess has\n been censured for writing with that licentiousness and freedom which\n so much disgraced her character as a woman. The Sapphic verse has\n been called after her name. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 15; _Tristia_,\n bk. 2, li. 365.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 13.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch.\n 135.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 5, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 3, li. 155.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia\n Historia_, bk. 12, chs. 18 & 29.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 22, ch. 8.\n\n=Saptine=, a daughter of Darius the last king of Persia, offered in\n marriage to Alexander.\n\n=Saracene=, part of Arabia Petr\u00e6a, the country of the Saracens who\n embraced the religion of Mahomet.\n\n=Saracori=, a people who go to war riding on asses. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia\n Historia_, bk. 12.\n\n=Sarang\u00e6=, a people near Caucasus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.\n\n=Saranges=, a river of India, falling into the Hydraotes, and thence\n into the Indus.\n\n=Sarap\u0101ni=, a people of Colchis. _Strabo._\n\n=Sarapus=, a surname of Pittacus, one of the seven wise men of Greece.\n\n=Sarasa=, a fortified place of Mesopotamia, on the Tigris. _Strabo._\n\n=Saraspades=, a son of Phraates king of Parthia, sent as a hostage to\n Augustus, &c. _Strabo._\n\n=Saravus=, now _Soar_, a river of Belgium, falling into the Moselle.\n\n=Sardanap\u0101lus=, the 40th and last king of Assyria, celebrated for his\n luxury and voluptuousness. The greatest part of his time was spent\n in the company of his eunuchs, and the monarch generally appeared\n in the midst of his concubines disguised in the habit of a female,\n and spinning wool for his amusement. This effeminacy irritated his\n officers; Belesis and Arsaces conspired against him, and collected\n a numerous force to dethrone him. Sardanapalus quitted his\n voluptuousness for a while, and appeared at the head of his armies.\n The rebels were defeated in three successive battles, but at last\n Sardanapalus was beaten and besieged in the city of Ninus for two\n years. When he despaired of success, he burned himself in his palace,\n with his eunuchs, concubines, and all his treasures, and the empire\n of Assyria was divided among the conspirators. This famous event\n happened B.C. 820, according to Eusebius; though Justin and others,\n with less probability, place it 80 years earlier. Sardanapalus was\n made a god after death. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 150.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 5,\n ch. 35.\n\n\u2666=Sardes.= _See:_ Sardis.\n\n \u2666 Placed in alphabetical order.\n\n=Sardi=, the inhabitants of Sardinia. _See:_ Sardinia.\n\n=Sard\u012dnia=, the greatest island in the Mediterranean after Sicily, is\n situate between Italy and Africa, at the south of Corsica. It was\n originally called _Sandaliotis_, or _Ichnusa_, from its resembling\n the human foot (\u1f30\u03c7\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2), and it received the name of Sardinia from\n Sardus, a son of Hercules, who settled there with a colony which\n he had brought with him from Libya. Other colonies, under Arist\u00e6us,\n Norax, and Iolas, also settled there. The Carthaginians were long\n masters of it, and were dispossessed by the Romans in the Punic wars,\n B.C. 231. Some call it, with Sicily, one of the granaries of Rome.\n The air was very unwholesome, though the soil was fertile, in corn,\n in wine, and oil. Neither wolves nor serpents are found in Sardinia,\n nor any poisonous herb, except one, which, when eaten, contracts the\n nerves, and is attended with a paroxysm of laughter, the forerunner\n of death; hence _risus Sardonicus, Sardous_. _Cicero_, _Letters to\n his Friends_, bk. 7, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Servius_, _on Virgil_, bk. 7, eclogue\n 41.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 85.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On Pompey\u2019s Command_; _Letters\n to his brother Quintus_, bk. 2, ltr. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 7, ch. 6.\n\n=Sardica=, a town of Thrace, at the north of mount H\u00e6mus.\n\n=Sardis=, or =Sardes=, now _Sart_, a town of Asia Minor, the capital\n of the kingdom of Lydia, situate at the foot of mount Tmolus, on\n the banks of the Pactolus. It is celebrated for the many sieges\n it sustained against the Cimmerians, Persians, Medes, Macedonians,\n Ionians, and Athenians, and for the battle in which, B.C. 262,\n Antiochus Soter was defeated by Eumenes king of Pergamus. It was\n destroyed by an earthquake in the reign of Tiberius, who ordered\n it to be rebuilt. It fell into the hands of Cyrus, B.C. 548, and\n was burnt by the Athenians, B.C. 504, which became the cause of\n the invasion of Attica by Darius. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, lis. 137, 152, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7, &c.\n\n=Sardones=, the people of Roussilon in France, at the foot of the\n Pyrenees. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\n\n=Sardus=, a son of Hercules, who led a colony to Sardinia and gave it\n his name.\n\n=Sarephta=, a town of Ph\u0153nicia between Tyre and Sidon, now _Sarfand_.\n\n=Sariaster=, a son of Tigranes king of Armenia, who conspired against\n his father, &c. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 11.\n\n=Sariphi=, mountains at the east of the Caspian.\n\n=Sarm\u0103t\u00e6=, or =Saurom\u0103t\u00e6=, the inhabitants of Sarmatia. _See:_ Sarmatia.\n\n=Sarm\u0103tia=, an extensive country at the north of Europe and Asia,\n divided into European and Asiatic. The European was bounded by the\n ocean on the north, Germany and the Vistula on the west, the Jazyg\u00e6\n on the south, and the Tanais on the east. The Asiatic was bounded\n by Hyrcania, the Tanais, and the Euxine sea. The former contains\n the modern kingdoms of _Russia_, _Poland_, _Lithuania_, and _Little\n Tartary_; and the latter, _Great Tartary_, _Circassia_, and the\n neighbouring country. The Sarmatians were a savage uncivilized nation,\n often confounded with the Scythians, naturally warlike, and famous\n for painting their bodies to appear more terrible in the field of\n battle. They were well known for their lewdness, and they passed\n among the Greeks and Latins by the name of barbarians. In the time\n of the emperors they became very powerful, and disturbed the peace\n of Rome by their frequent incursions; till at last, increased by\n the savage hordes of Scythia, under the barbarous names of Huns,\n Vandals, Goths, Alans, &c., they successfully invaded and ruined the\n empire in the third and fourth centuries of the christian era. They\n generally lived on the mountains without any habitation, except their\n _chariots_, whence they have been called _Hamaxobii_. They lived upon\n plunder, and fed upon milk mixed with the blood of horses. _Strabo_,\n bk. 7, &c.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Florus_,\n bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Tristia_, bk. 3, &c.\n\n=Sarmat\u012dcum mare=, a name given to the Euxine sea, because on the coast\n of Sarmatia. _Ovid_, bk. 4, _ex Ponto_, poem 10, li. 38.\n\n=Sarmentus=, a scurrilous person, mentioned by _Horace_, bk. 1,\n satire 5, li. 56.\n\n=Sarnius=, a river of Asia, near Hyrcania.\n\n=Sarnus=, a river of Picenum, dividing it from Campania, and falling\n into the Tuscan sea. _Statius_, bk. 1, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 2, li. 265.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 738.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\n\n=Saron=, a king of Tr\u0153zene, unusually fond of hunting. He was drowned\n in the sea, where he had swum for some miles in pursuit of a stag. He\n was made a sea god by Neptune, and divine honours were paid to him by\n the Tr\u0153zenians. It was customary for sailors to offer him sacrifices\n before they embarked. That part of the sea where he was drowned was\n called _Saronicus sinus_, on the coast of Achaia, near the isthmus\n of Corinth. Saron built a temple to Diana at Tr\u0153zene, and instituted\n festivals to her honour, called from himself Saronia, _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Saron\u012dcus sinus=, now _the gulf of Engia_, a bay of the \u00c6gean sea,\n lying at the south of Attica, and on the north of the Peloponnesus.\n The entrance into it is between the promontory of Sunium and that\n of Scyll\u00e6um. Some suppose that this part of the sea received its\n name from Saron, who was drowned there, or from a small river which\n discharged itself on the coast, or from a small harbour of the same\n name. The Saronic bay is about 62 miles in circumference, 23 miles\n in its broadest, and 25 in its longest part, according to modern\n calculation.\n\n=Sarp\u0113don=, a son of Jupiter by Europa the daughter of Agenor. He\n banished himself from Crete, after he had in vain attempted to make\n himself king in preference to his elder brother Minos, and he retired\n to Caria, where he built the town of Miletus. He went to the Trojan\n war to assist Priam against the Greeks, where he was attended by his\n friend and companion Glaucus. He was at last killed by Patroclus,\n after he had made a great slaughter of the enemy, and his body, by\n order of Jupiter, was conveyed to Lycia by Apollo, where his friends\n and relations paid him funeral honours, and raised a monument to\n perpetuate his valour. According to some mythologists, the brother\n of king Minos, and the prince who assisted Priam, were two different\n persons. This last was king of Lycia, and son of Jupiter by Laodamia\n the daughter of Bellerophon, and lived about 100 years after the age\n of the son of Europa. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 173.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Neptune, killed by Hercules for his barbarous treatment of\n strangers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A learned preceptor of Cato of Utica. _Plutarch_,\n _Cato_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Cilicia, famous for a temple sacred to Apollo\n and Diana.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a promontory of the same name in Cilicia, beyond\n which Antiochus was not permitted to sail by a treaty of peace which\n he had made with the Romans. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 38.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1,\n ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A promontory of Thrace.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Syrian general who flourished\n B.C. 143.\n\n=Sarra=, a town of Ph\u0153nicia, the same as _Tyre_. It receives its\n name from a small shell-fish of the same name which was found in\n the neighbourhood, and with whose blood garments were dyed. Hence\n came the epithet of _sarranus_, so often applied to Tyrian colours,\n as well as to the inhabitants of the colonies of the Tyrians,\n particularly Carthage. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 6, li. 662; bk. 13,\n li. 205.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 506.\u2015\u2015_Festus_, _Lexicon\n of Festus_.\n\n=Sarrastes=, a people of Campania on the Sarnus, who assisted Turnus\n against \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 738.\n\n=Sarron=, a king of the Celt\u00e6, so famous for his learning, that from\n him philosophers were called _Sarronid\u00e6_. _Diodorus_, bk. 6, ch. 9.\n\n=Sars=, a town of Spain, near cape Finisterre.\n\n=Sars\u012dna=, an ancient town of Umbria, where the poet Plautus was born.\n The inhabitants are called _Sarsinates_. _Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 59.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 462.\n\n=Sarus=, a river of Cappadocia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 41.\n\n=Sasanda=, a town of Caria. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Sason=, an island at the entrance of the Adriatic sea, lying between\n Brundusium and Aulon on the coast of Greece. It is barren and\n inhospitable. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 627; bk. 5,\n li. 650.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 7, li. 480.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river falling into\n the Adriatic.\n\n=Satarch\u00e6=, a people near the Palus M\u00e6otis. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 6, li. 144.\n\n=Sataspes=, a Persian hung on a cross by order of Xerxes, for offering\n violence to the daughter of Megabyzus. His father\u2019s name was Theaspes.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Satibarzanes=, a Persian made satrap of the Arians by Alexander, from\n whom he afterwards revolted. _Curtius_, bks. 6 & 7.\n\n=Sat\u012bc\u016dla= and =Saticulus=, a town near Capua. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7,\n li. 729.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 21; bk. 23, ch. 39.\n\n=S\u0101tis=, a town of Macedonia.\n\n=Satr\u00e6=, a people of Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 111.\n\n=Satrap\u0113ni=, a people of Media, under Tigranes. _Plutarch._\n\n=Satricum=, a town of Italy, taken by Camillus. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 8.\n\n=Satropaces=, an officer in the army of Darius, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 4,\n ch. 9.\n\n=Sat\u016dra=, a lake of Latium, forming part of the Pontine lakes. _Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 382.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 801.\n\n=Satureium=, or =Satureum=, a town of Calabria, near Tarentum, with\n famous pastures and horses, whence the epithet of _satureianus_ in\n _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 6.\n\n=Satureius=, one of Domitian\u2019s murderers.\n\n=Saturn\u0101lia=, festivals in honour of Saturn, celebrated the 16th or\n the 17th, or, according to others, the 18th of December. They were\n instituted long before the foundation of Rome, in commemoration of\n the freedom and equality which prevailed on earth in the golden reign\n of Saturn. Some, however, suppose that the Saturnalia were first\n observed at Rome in the reign of Tullus Hostilius, after a victory\n obtained over the Sabines; while others support that Janus first\n instituted them in gratitude to Saturn, from whom he had learnt\n agriculture. Others suppose that they were first celebrated in the\n year of Rome 257, after a victory obtained over the Latins by the\n dictator Posthumius. The Saturnalia were originally celebrated only\n for one day, but afterwards the solemnity continued for three, four,\n five, and at last for seven days. The celebration was remarkable for\n the liberty which universally prevailed. The slaves were permitted\n to ridicule their masters, and to speak with freedom upon every\n subject. It was usual for friends to make presents one to another;\n all animosity ceased, no criminals were executed, schools were shut,\n war was never declared, but all was mirth, riot, and debauchery.\n In the sacrifices the priests made their offerings with their heads\n uncovered, a custom which was never observed at other festivals.\n _Seneca_, ltr. 18.\u2015\u2015_Cato_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 57.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_,\n _Vespasian_, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 20.\n\n=Saturnia=, a name given to Italy, because Saturn had reigned there\n during the golden age. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 173.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n name given to Juno, as being the daughter of Saturn. _Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 173; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 80.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient\n town of Italy, supposed to be built by Saturn, on the Tarpeian rock.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 358.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A colony of Etruria. _Livy_,\n bk. 39, ch. 55.\n\n=Saturn\u012bnus Publius Sempronius=, a general of Valerian, proclaimed\n emperor in Egypt by his troops after he had rendered himself\n celebrated by his victories over the barbarians. His integrity, his\n complaisance and affability, had gained him the affection of the\n people, but his fondness for ancient discipline provoked his soldiers,\n who wantonly murdered him in the 43rd year of his age, A.D. 262.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sextius Julius, a Gaul, intimate with Aurelian. The emperor\n esteemed him greatly, not only for his virtues, but for his abilities\n as a general, and for the victories which he had obtained in\n different parts of the empire. He was saluted emperor at Alexandria,\n and compelled by the clamorous army to accept of the purple, which\n he rejected with disdain and horror. Probus, who was then emperor,\n marched his forces against him, and besieged him in Apamea, where\n he destroyed himself when unable to make head against his powerful\n adversary.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Appuleius, a tribune of the people who raised a\n sedition at Rome, intimidated the senate, and tyrannized for three\n years. Meeting at last with opposition, he seized the capitol, but\n being induced by the hopes of a reconciliation to trust himself\n amidst the people, he was suddenly torn to pieces. His sedition\n has received the name of _Appuleiana_ in the Roman annals. _Florus._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius, a seditious tribune, who supported the oppression of\n Marius. He was at last put to death on account of his tumultuous\n disposition. _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer in the court of Theodosius, murdered for obeying the\n emperor\u2019s orders, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pompeius, a writer in the reign of Trajan.\n He was greatly esteemed by Pliny, who speaks of him with great\n warmth and approbation, as an historian, a poet, and an orator.\n Pliny always consulted the opinion of Saturninus before he published\n his compositions.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sentius, a friend of Augustus and Tiberius. He\n succeeded Agrippa in the government of the provinces of Syria and\n Ph\u0153nicia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Vitellius, an officer among the friends of the emperor\n Otho.\n\n=Saturnius=, a name given to Jupiter, Pluto, and Neptune, as being the\n sons of Saturn.\n\n=Saturnus=, a son of C\u0153lus, or Uranus, by Terra, called also Titea,\n Thea, or Titheia. He was naturally artful, and by means of his mother,\n he revenged himself on his father, whose cruelty to his children had\n provoked the anger of Thea. The mother armed her son with a scythe,\n which was fabricated with the metals drawn from her bowels, and as\n C\u0153lus was going to unite himself to Thea, Saturn mutilated him, and\n for ever prevented him from increasing the number of his children,\n whom he treated with unkindness, and confined in the infernal regions.\n After this the sons of C\u0153lus were restored to liberty, and Saturn\n obtained his father\u2019s kingdom by the consent of his brother, provided\n he did not bring up any male children. Pursuant to this agreement,\n Saturn always devoured his sons as soon as born, because, as some\n observe, he dreaded from them a retaliation of his unkindness to his\n father, till his wife Rhea, unwilling to see her children perish,\n concealed from her husband the birth of Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto,\n and instead of the children she gave him large stones, which he\n immediately swallowed without perceiving the deceit. Titan was some\n time after informed that Saturn had concealed his male children,\n therefore he made war against him, dethroned and imprisoned him with\n Rhea; and Jupiter, who was secretly educated in Crete, was no sooner\n grown up, than he flew to deliver his father, and to replace him\n on the throne. Saturn, unmindful of his son\u2019s kindness, conspired\n against him, when he heard that he raised cabals against him, but\n Jupiter banished him from his throne, and the father fled for safety\n into Italy, where the country retained the name of _Latium_, as being\n the place of his _concealment_ (_lateo_). Janus, who was then king\n of Italy, received Saturn with marks of attention; he made him his\n partner on the throne; and the king of heaven employed himself in\n civilizing the barbarous manners of the people of Italy, and in\n teaching them agriculture and the useful and liberal arts. His reign\n there was so mild and popular, so beneficent and virtuous, that\n mankind have called it the _golden age_, to intimate the happiness\n and tranquillity which the earth then enjoyed. Saturn was father\n of Chiron the centaur by Philyra, whom he had changed into a mare,\n to avoid the importunities of Rhea. The worship of Saturn was not\n so solemn or so universal as that of Jupiter. It was usual to offer\n human victims on his altars, but this barbarous custom was abolished\n by Hercules, who substituted small images of clay. In the sacrifices\n of Saturn, the priest always performed the ceremony with his head\n uncovered, which was unusual at other solemnities. The god is\n generally represented as an old man, bent through age and infirmity.\n He holds a scythe in his right hand, with a serpent which bites its\n own tail, which is an emblem of time and of the revolution of the\n year. In his left hand he holds a child, which he raises up as if\n instantly to devour it. Tatius king of the Sabines first built a\n temple to Saturn on the Capitoline hill, a second was afterwards\n added by Tullus Hostilius, and a third by the first consuls. On his\n statues were generally hung fetters in commemoration of the chains\n he had worn when imprisoned by Jupiter. From this circumstance, all\n slaves that obtained their liberty generally dedicated their fetters\n him. During the celebration of the Saturnalia, the chains were taken\n from the statues to intimate the freedom and the independence which\n mankind enjoyed during the golden age. One of his temples at Rome\n was appropriated for the public treasury, and it was there also that\n the names of foreign ambassadors were enrolled. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 319.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, poem 3, li. 35.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 197; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,\n li. 123.\n\n=Sat\u016drum=, a town of Calabria, where stuffs of all kinds were dyed in\n different colours with great success. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2,\n li. 197; bk. 4, li. 335.\n\n=S\u0103ty\u0306ri=, demigods of the country, whose origin is unknown. They are\n represented like men, but with the feet and the legs of goats, short\n horns on the head, and the whole body covered with thick hair. They\n chiefly attended upon Bacchus, and rendered themselves known in\n his orgies by their riot and lasciviousness. The first fruits of\n everything were generally offered to them. The Romans promiscuously\n called them _Fauni_, _Panes_, and _Sylvani_. It is said that a\n Satyr was brought to Sylla as that general returned from Thessaly.\n The monster had been surprised asleep in a cave; but his voice was\n inarticulate when brought into the presence of the Roman general, and\n Sylla was so disgusted with it, that he ordered it to be instantly\n removed. The monster answered in every degree the description which\n the poets and painters have given of the Satyrs. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,\n ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Sulla_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, eclogue 5, li. 13.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Heroides_, poem 4, li. 171.\n\n=Saty\u0306rus=, a king of Bosphorus, who reigned 14 years, &c. His father\u2019s\n name was Spartacus. _Diodorus_, bk. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian who attempted\n to eject the garrison of Demetrius from the citadel, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek actor who instructed Demosthenes, and taught him how to\n have a good and strong delivery.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who assisted in murdering\n Timophanes, by order of his brother Timoleon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Rhodian sent\n by his countrymen to Rome, when Eumenes had accused some of the\n allies of intentions to favour the interest of Macedonia against the\n republic.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A peripatetic philosopher and historian, who flourished\n B.C. 148.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Heraclea, 346 B.C.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An architect who,\n together with Petus, is said to have planned and built the celebrated\n tomb which Artemisia erected to the memory of Mausolus, and which\n became one of the wonders of the world. The honour of erecting it is\n ascribed to others.\n\n=Savera=, a village of Lycaonia.\n\n=Saufeius Trogus=, one of Messalina\u2019s favourites, punished by Claudius,\n &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Appius, a Roman, who died\n on his return from the bath upon taking mead, &c. _Pliny_, bk. 7,\n ch. 53.\n\n=Savo=, or =Savona=, a town with a small river of the same name in\n Campania. _Statius_, \u2666_Sylv\u00e6_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n town of Liguria.\n\n \u2666 Book name omitted in text.\n\n=Sauromat\u00e6=, a people in the northern parts of Europe and Asia. They\n are called _Sarmat\u00e6_ by the Latins. _See:_ Sarmatia.\n\n=Saurus=, a famous robber of Elis, killed by Hercules. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 6, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 5.\n\n=Savus=, a river of Pannonia, rising in Noricum, at the north of\n Aquileia, and falling into the Danube, after flowing through Pannonia,\n in an eastern direction. _Claudian_, _De Consulatu Stilichonis_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small river of Numidia, falling into the Mediterranean.\n\n=Sax\u014fnes=, a people of Germany, near the Chersonesus Cimbrica.\n _Ptolemy_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Claudian_, bk. 1, _Against Eutropius_,\n li. 392.\n\n=Saziches=, an ancient legislator of Egypt.\n\n=Sc\u00e6a=, one of the gates of Troy, where the tomb of Laomedon was seen.\n The name is derived by some from \u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 (_sinster_), because it was\n through this avenue that the fatal horse was introduced. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 73.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Danaides.\n Her husband\u2019s name was Dayphron. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Sc\u00e6va=, a soldier in C\u00e6sar\u2019s army, who behaved with great courage at\n Dyrrachium. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 144.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Memor, a Latin poet in the\n reign of Titus and Domitian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who poisoned his own mother.\n _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1, li. 53.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Horace, to whom the\n poet addressed bk. 1, ltr. 17. He was a Roman knight.\n\n=Sc\u00e6v\u014fla.= _See:_ Mutius.\n\n=Scalabis=, now _St. Irene_, a town of ancient Spain.\n\n=Scaldis=, or =Scaldium=, a river of Belgium, now called the _Scheld_,\n and dividing the modern country of the Netherlands from Holland.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, li. 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pons, a town on the same\n river, now called _Cond\u00e9_. _C\u00e6sar._\n\n=Scamander=, or =Scamandros=, a celebrated river of Troas, rising at\n the east of mount Ida, and falling into the sea below Sig\u00e6um. It\n receives the Simois in its course, and towards its mouth it is very\n muddy, and flows through marshes. This river, according to Homer, was\n called Xanthus by the gods, and Scamander by men. The waters of the\n Scamander had the singular property of giving a beautiful colour to\n the hair or the wool of such animals as bathed in them; and from this\n circumstance the three goddesses, Minerva, Juno, and Venus, bathed\n there before they appeared before Paris, to obtain the golden apple.\n It was usual among all the virgins of Troas to bathe in the Scamander,\n when they were arrived to nubile years, and to offer to the god their\n virginity in these words, \u039b\u03b1\u03b2\u03b5 \u03bc\u03bf\u03c5, \u03a3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03b5, \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03b5\u03b8\u03b5\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd. The god\n of the Scamander had a regular priest, and sacrifices offered to him.\n Some suppose that the river received its name from Scamander the son\n of Corybas. _\u00c6lian_, _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 8, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bks. 1 & 13.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_\u00c6schines_, ltr. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Corybas and Demodice, who brought a colony from Crete into\n Phrygia, and settled at the foot of mount Ida, where he introduced\n the festivals of Cybele, and the dances of the Corybantes. He some\n time after lost the use of his senses and threw himself into the\n river Xanthus, which ever after bore his name. His son-in-law Teucer\n succeeded him in the government of the colony. He had two daughters,\n Thymo and Callirhoe. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Scamandria=, a town on the Scamander. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 30.\n\n=Scamandrius=, one of the generals of Priam, son of Strophius. He was\n killed by Menelaus. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 5, li. 49.\n\n=Scandaria=, a promontory in the island of Cos. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Scandinavia=, a name given by the ancients to that tract of territory\n which contains the modern kingdoms of Norway, Sweden, Denmark,\n Lapland, Finland, &c., supposed by them to be an island. _Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 13.\n\n=Scantia Sylva=, a wood of Campania, the property of the Roman people.\n _Cicero._\n\n=Scantilla=, the wife of Didius Julianus. It was by her advice that her\n husband bought the empire which was exposed to sale at the death of\n Pertinax.\n\n=Scantinia lex.= _See:_ Scatinia.\n\n=Scaptesyle=, a town of Thrace, near Abdera, abounding in silver and\n gold mines, belonging to Thucydides, who is supposed there to have\n written his history of the Peloponnesian war. _Lucretius_, bk. 6,\n li. 810.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Cimon_.\n\n=Scaptia=, a town of Latium. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 396.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 17.\n\n=Scaptius=, an intimate friend of Brutus. _Cicero_, _Letters to\n Atticus_, bk. 5, &c. His brother was a merchant of Cappadocia.\n\n=Scap\u016dla=, a native of Corduba, who defended that town against C\u00e6sar,\n after the battle of Munda. When he saw that all his efforts were\n useless against the Roman general, he destroyed himself. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Hispanic War_, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A usurper. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,\n bk. 12, ltr. 37.\n\n=Scandon=, a town on the confines of Dalmatia.\n\n=Scardii=, a ridge of mountains of Macedonia, which separates it from\n Illyricum. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 20.\n\n=Scarphia=, or =Scarphe=, a town near Thermopyl\u00e6, on the confines of\n Phthiotis. _Seneca_, _Troades_.\n\n=Scatinia lex=, _de pudiciti\u00e2_, by Caius Scatinius Aricinus the\n tribune, was enacted against those who kept catamites, and such as\n prostituted themselves to any vile or unnatural service. The penalty\n was originally a fine, but it was afterwards made a capital crime\n under Augustus. It is sometimes called _Scantinia_, from a certain\n _Scantinius_ upon whom it was first executed.\n\n=Scaurus Marcus \u00c6mylius=, a Roman consul who distinguished himself\n by his eloquence at the bar, and by his successes in Spain in the\n capacity of commander. He was sent against Jugurtha, and some time\n after accused of suffering himself to be bribed by the Numidian\n prince. Scaurus conquered the Ligurians, and in his censorship he\n built the Milvian bridge at Rome, and began to pave the road, which\n from him was called the \u00c6mylian. He was originally very poor. He\n wrote some books, and among these a history of his own life, all now\n lost.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015His son, of the same name, made himself known by the large\n theatre which he built during his edileship. This theatre, which\n could contain 30,000 spectators, was supported by 360 columns of\n marble, 38 feet in height, and adorned with 3000 brazen statues.\n This celebrated edifice, according to Pliny, proved more fatal to\n the manners and the simplicity of the Romans, than the proscriptions\n and wars of Sylla had done to the inhabitants of the city. Scaurus\n married Murcia. _Cicero_, _Brutus_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7; bk. 36, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman of consular\n dignity. When the Cimbri invaded Italy, the son of Scaurus behaved\n with great cowardice, upon which the father sternly ordered him never\n to appear again in the field of battle. The severity of this command\n rendered young Scaurus melancholy, and he plunged a sword into his\n own heart, to free himself from further ignominy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Aurelius, a\n Roman consul taken prisoner by the Gauls. He was put to a cruel death\n because he told the king of the enemy not to cross the Alps to invade\n Italy, which was universally deemed unconquerable.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus \u00c6milius,\n a man in the reign of Tiberius accused of adultery with Livia, and\n put to death. He was an eloquent orator, but very lascivious and\n debauched in his morals.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Mamercus, a man put to death by Tiberius.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Maximus, a man who conspired against Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Terentius, a Latin\n grammarian. He had been preceptor to the emperor Adrian. _Aulus\n Gellius_, bk. 11, ch. 15.\n\n=Sced\u0103sus=, a native of Leuctra in B\u0153otia. His two daughters, Meletia\n and Molpia, whom some called Theano and Hippo, were ravished by some\n Spartans, in the reign of Cleombrotus, and after this they killed\n themselves, unable to survive the loss of their honour. The father\n became so disconsolate, that when he was unable to obtain relief from\n his country, he killed himself on their tomb. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,\n ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Amatori\u00e6 narrationes_, ch. 3.\n\n=Sceler\u0101tus=, a plain of Rome near the Colline gate, where the vestal\n Minucia was buried alive, when convicted of adultery. _Livy_, bk. 8,\n ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the gates of Rome was called _Scelerata_, because\n the 300 Fabii, who were killed at the river Cremera, had passed\n through it when they went to attack the enemy. It was before named\n _Carmentalis_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was also a street at Rome formerly called\n _Cyprius_, which received the name of the _Sceleratus vicus_, because\n there Tullia ordered her postilion to drive her chariot over the body\n of her father, king Servius. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 48.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ibis_,\n li. 365.\n\n=Scena=, a town on the confines of Babylon. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n river of Ireland, now the _Shannon_. _Orosius_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\n\n=Scenit\u00e6=, Arabians who live in tents. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 11.\n\n=Scepsis=, a town of Troas, where the works of Theophrastus and\n Aristotle were long concealed underground, and damaged by the wet, &c.\n _Strabo_, bk. 10.\n\n=Schedia=, a small village of Egypt, with a dockyard between the\n western mouths of the Nile and Alexandria. _Strabo._\n\n=Schedius=, one of Helen\u2019s suitors. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, chs. 4 & 30.\n\n=Scheria=, an ancient name of Corcyra. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Sch\u0153neus=, a son of Athamas.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of Atalanta.\n\n=Sch\u0153nus=, or =Scheno=, a port of Peloponnesus, on the Saronicus sinus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A village near Thebes, with a river of the same name.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river\n of Arcadia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another near Athens.\n\n=Sciastes=, a surname of Apollo at Laced\u00e6mon, from the village\n Scias where he was particularly worshipped. _Lycophron_, li. 562.\n \u2015\u2015_Tzetzes_, on the same reference.\n\n=Sci\u0103this=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 14.\n\n=Sci\u0103thos=, an island in the \u00c6gean sea, opposite mount Pelion, on the\n coast of Thessaly. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Scidros=, a town of Magna Gr\u00e6cia.\n\n=Scillus=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Olympia, where Xenophon wrote\n his history.\n\n=Scil\u016brus=, a king of Scythia, who had 80 sons. _See:_ Scylurus.\n\n=Scinis=, a cruel robber who tied men to the boughs of trees, which\n he had forcibly brought together, and which he afterwards unloosed,\n so that their limbs were torn in an instant from their body. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 440.\n\n=Scinthi=, a people of Germany.\n\n=Sci\u014dne=, a town of Thrace, in the possession of the Athenians. It\n revolted and passed into the hands of the Laced\u00e6monians during the\n Peloponnesian war. It was built by a Grecian colony on their return\n from the Trojan war. _Thucydides_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n\n=Sc\u012bpi\u0103d\u00e6=, a name applied to the two Scipios, who obtained the surname\n of _Africanus_, from the conquest of Carthage. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 6, li. 843.\n\n=Scipio=, a celebrated family at Rome, who obtained the greatest\n honours in the republic. The name seems to be derived from _scipio_,\n which signifies a _stick_, because one of the family had conducted\n his blind father, and had been to him as a stick. The Scipios were a\n branch of the Cornelian family. The most illustrious were:\u2015\u2015Publius\n Cornelius, a man made master of horse by Camillus, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman\n dictator.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius Cornelius, a consul, A.U.C. 456, who defeated\n the Etrurians near Volaterra.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another consul, A.U.C. 495.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cn\u00e6us,\n surnamed Asina, was consul A.U.C. 494 and 500. He was conquered\n in his first consulship in a naval battle, and lost 17 ships. The\n following year he took Aleria, in Corsica, and defeated Hanno the\n Carthaginian general, in Sardinia. He also took 200 of the enemy\u2019s\n ships, and the city of Panormum in Sicily. He was father to Publius\n and Cneus Scipio. Publius, in the beginning of the second Punic war,\n was sent with an army to Spain to oppose Annibal; but when he heard\n that his enemy had passed over into Italy, he attempted by his quick\n marches and secret evolutions to stop his progress. He was conquered\n by Annibal near the Ticinus, where he nearly lost his life, had not\n his son, who was afterwards surnamed Africanus, courageously defended\n him. He again passed into Spain, where he obtained some memorable\n victories over the Carthaginians, and the inhabitants of the country.\n His brother Cneus shared the supreme command with him, but their\n great confidence proved their ruin. They separated their armies, and\n soon after Publius was furiously attacked by the two Asdrubals and\n Mago, who commanded the Carthaginian armies. The forces of Publius\n were too few to resist with success the three Carthaginian generals.\n The Romans were cut to pieces, and their commander was left on the\n field of battle. No sooner had the enemy obtained this victory than\n they immediately marched to meet Cneus Scipio, whom the revolt of\n 30,000 Celtiberians had weakened and alarmed. The general, who was\n already apprised of his brother\u2019s death, secured an eminence, where\n he was soon surrounded on all sides. After desperate acts of valour\n he was left among the slain, or, according to some, he fled into a\n tower, where he was burnt with some of his friends by the victorious\n enemy. _Livy_, bk. 21, &c.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch.\n 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Eutropius_, bk. 3, ch. 8, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius Cornelius, surnamed\n _Africanus_, was son of Publius Scipio, who was killed in Spain. He\n first distinguished himself at the battle of Ticinus, where he saved\n his father\u2019s life by deeds of unexampled valour and boldness. The\n battle of Cann\u00e6, which proved so fatal to the Roman arms, instead of\n disheartening Scipio, raised his expectations, and he no sooner heard\n that some of his desperate countrymen wished to abandon Italy, and\n to fly from the insolence of the conqueror, than with his sword in\n his hand, and by his firmness and example, he obliged them to swear\n eternal fidelity to Rome, and to put to immediate death the first\n man who attempted to retire from his country. In his 21st year,\n Scipio was made an edile, an honourable office which was never given\n but to such as had reached their 27th year. Some time after, the\n Romans were alarmed by the intelligence that the commanders of their\n forces in Spain, Publius and Cneus Scipio, had been slaughtered, and\n immediately young Scipio was appointed to avenge the death of his\n father and of his uncle, and to vindicate the military honour of the\n republic. It was soon known how able he was to be at the head of an\n army; the various nations of Spain were conquered, and in four years\n the Carthaginians were banished from that part of the continent.\n The whole province became tributary to Rome; New Carthage submitted\n in one day, and in a battle 54,000 of the enemy were left dead on\n the field. After these signal victories Scipio was recalled to Rome,\n which still trembled at the continual alarms of Annibal, who was at\n her gates. The conqueror of the Carthaginians in Spain was looked\n upon as a proper general to encounter Annibal in Italy; but Scipio\n opposed the measures which his countrymen wished to pursue, and he\n declared in the senate that if Annibal was to be conquered he must\n be conquered in Africa. These bold measures were immediately adopted,\n though opposed by the eloquence, age, and experience of the great\n Fabius, and Scipio was empowered to conduct the war on the coasts of\n Africa. With the dignity of consul he embarked for Carthage. Success\n attended his arms; his conquests were here as rapid as in Spain; the\n Carthaginian armies were routed, the camp of the crafty Asdrubal was\n set on fire during the night, and his troops totally defeated in a\n drawn battle. These repeated losses alarmed Carthage; Annibal, who\n was victorious at the gates of Rome, was instantly recalled to defend\n the walls of his country, and the two greatest generals of the age\n met each other in the field. Terms of accommodation were proposed;\n but in the parley which the two commanders had together, nothing\n satisfactory was offered, and while the one enlarged on the\n vicissitudes of human affairs, the other wished to dictate like a\n conqueror, and recommended the decision of the controversy to the\n sword. The celebrated battle was fought near Zama, and both generals\n displayed their military knowledge in drawing up their armies and in\n choosing their ground. Their courage and intrepidity were not less\n conspicuous in charging the enemy; a thousand acts of valour were\n performed on both sides, and though the Carthaginians fought in their\n own defence, and the Romans for fame and glory, yet the conqueror\n of Italy was vanquished. About 20,000 Carthaginians were slain,\n and the same number made prisoners of war, B.C. 202. Only 2000 of\n the Romans were killed. This battle was decisive; the Carthaginians\n sued for peace, which Scipio at last granted on the most severe and\n humiliating terms. The conqueror after this returned to Rome, where\n he was received with the most unbounded applause, honoured with a\n triumph, and dignified with the appellation of _Africanus_. Here\n he enjoyed for some time the tranquillity and the honours which his\n exploits merited, but in him also, as in other great men, fortune\n showed herself inconstant. Scipio offended the populace in wishing\n to distinguish the senators from the rest of the people at the public\n exhibitions; and when he canvassed for the consulship for two of his\n friends, he had the mortification to see his application slighted,\n and the honours which he claimed bestowed on a man of no character,\n and recommended by neither abilities nor meritorious actions. He\n retired from Rome no longer to be a spectator of the ingratitude of\n his countrymen, and in the capacity of lieutenant he accompanied his\n brother against Antiochus king of Syria. In this expedition his arms\n were attended with usual success, and the Asiatic monarch submitted\n to the conditions which the conquerors dictated. At his return to\n Rome, Africanus found the malevolence of his enemies still unabated.\n Cato, his inveterate rival, raised seditions against him, and the\n Petilli, two tribunes of the people, accused the conqueror of Annibal\n of extortion in the provinces of Asia, and of living in an indolent\n and luxurious manner. Scipio condescended to answer to the accusation\n of his calumniators; the first day was spent in hearing the different\n charges, but when he again appeared on the second day of his trial,\n the accused interrupted his judges, and exclaimed, \u201cTribunes and\n fellow-citizens, on this day, this very day, did I conquer Annibal\n and the Carthaginians: come, therefore, with me, Romans; let us go\n to the capitol, and there return our thanks to the immortal gods\n for the victories which have attended our arms.\u201d These words had\n the desired effect; the tribes and all the assembly followed Scipio,\n the court was deserted, and the tribunes were left alone in the seat\n of judgment. Yet when this memorable day was past and forgotten,\n Africanus was a third time summoned to appear; but he had fled before\n the impending storm, and retired to his country house at Liternum.\n The accusation was therefore stopped, and the accusers silenced,\n when one of the tribunes, formerly distinguished for his malevolence\n against Scipio, rose to defend him, and declared in the assembly,\n that it reflected the highest disgrace on the Roman people, that the\n conqueror of Annibal should become the sport of the populace, and\n be exposed to the malice and envy of disappointed ambition. Some\n time after Scipio died in the place of his retreat, about 184 years\n before Christ, in the 48th year of his age; and so great an aversion\n did he express, as he expired, for the depravity of the Romans, and\n the ingratitude of their senators, that he ordered his bones not to\n be conveyed to Rome. They were accordingly inhumated at Liternum,\n where his wife \u00c6milia the daughter of Paulus \u00c6milius, who fell at the\n battle of Cann\u00e6, raised a mausoleum on his tomb, and placed upon it\n his statue, with that of the poet Ennius, who had been the companion\n of his peace and of his retirement. If Scipio was robbed during\n his lifetime of the honours which belonged to him as the conqueror\n of Africa, he was not forgotten when dead. The Romans viewed his\n character with reverence; with raptures they read of his warlike\n actions, and Africanus was regarded in the following ages as a\n pattern of virtue, of innocence, courage, and liberality. As a\n general, the fame and the greatness of his conquests explain his\n character; and indeed we hear that Annibal declared himself inferior\n to no general that ever lived except Alexander the Great, and Pyrrhus\n king of Epirus; and when Scipio asked him what rank he would claim,\n if he had conquered him, the Carthaginian general answered, \u201cIf\n I had conquered you, Scipio, I would call myself greater than the\n conqueror of Darius and the ally of the Tarentines.\u201d As an instance\n of Scipio\u2019s continence, ancient authors have faithfully recorded\n that the conqueror of Spain refused to see a beautiful princess that\n had fallen into his hands after the taking of New Carthage, and that\n he not only restored her inviolate to her parents, but also added\n immense presents for the person to whom she was betrothed. It was\n to the artful complaisance of Africanus that the Romans owed their\n alliance with Masinissa king of Numidia, and also that with king\n Syphax. The friendship of Scipio and L\u00e6lius is well known. _Polybius_,\n bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Brutus_, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Eutropius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius Cornelius, surnamed _Asiaticus_, accompanied\n his brother Africanus in his expeditions in Spain and Africa. He was\n rewarded with the consulship, A.U.C. 564, for his services to the\n state, and he was empowered to attack Antiochus king of Syria, who\n had declared war against the Romans. Lucius was accompanied in this\n campaign by his brother Africanus; and by his own valour, and the\n advice of the conqueror of Annibal, he soon routed the enemy, and in\n a battle near the city of Sardes he killed 50,000 foot and 4000 horse.\n Peace was soon after settled by the submission of Antiochus, and the\n conqueror, at his return home, obtained a triumph, and the surname\n of Asiaticus. He did not, however, long enjoy his prosperity; Cato,\n after the death of Africanus, turned his fury against Asiaticus,\n and the two Petilli, his devoted favourites, presented a petition\n to the people, in which they prayed that an inquiry might be made\n to know what money had been received from Antiochus and his allies.\n The petition was instantly received, and Asiaticus, charged to have\n suffered himself to be corrupted by Antiochus, was summoned to appear\n before the tribunal of Terentius Culeo, who was on this occasion\n created pretor. The judge, who was an inveterate enemy to the family\n of the Scipios, soon found Asiaticus, with his two lieutenants and\n his questor, guilty of having received the first 6000 pounds weight\n of gold, and 480 pounds weight of silver, and the others nearly\n an equal sum, from the monarch against whom, in the name of the\n Roman people, they were enjoined to make war. Immediately they were\n condemned to pay large fines; but while the others gave security,\n Scipio declared that he had accounted to the public for all the money\n which he had brought from Asia, and therefore that he was innocent.\n For this obstinacy Scipio was dragged to prison, but his cousin\n Nasica pleaded his cause before the people, and the pretor instantly\n ordered the goods of the prisoner to be seized and confiscated. The\n sentence was executed, but the effects of Scipio were insufficient to\n pay the fine, and it was the greatest justification of his innocence,\n that whatever was found in his house had never been in the possession\n of Antiochus or his subjects. This, however, did not totally liberate\n him; he was reduced to poverty, and refused to accept the offer of\n his friends and of his clients. Some time after he was appointed\n to settle the disputes between Eumenes and Seleucus, and at his\n return the Romans, ashamed of their severity towards him, rewarded\n his merit with such uncommon liberality, that Asiaticus was enabled\n to celebrate games in honour of his victory over Antiochus, for\n 10 successive days, at his own expense. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 55, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Eutropius_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Nasica, was son of Cneus Scipio, and cousin\n to Scipio Africanus. He was refused the consulship, though supported\n by the interest and the fame of the conqueror of Annibal; but he\n afterwards obtained it, and in that honourable office conquered the\n Boii, and gained a triumph. He was also successful in an expedition\n which he undertook in Spain. When the statue of Cybele was brought\n to Rome from Phrygia, the Roman senate delegated one of their body,\n who was the most remarkable for the purity of his manners and the\n innocence of his life, to go and meet the goddess in the harbour\n of Ostia. Nasica was the object of their choice, and as such he was\n enjoined to bring the statue of the goddess to Rome with the greatest\n pomp and solemnity. Nasica also distinguished himself by the active\n part which he took in confuting the accusations laid against the\n two Scipios, Africanus and Asiaticus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was also another of\n the same name, who distinguished himself by his enmity against the\n Gracchi, to whom he was nearly related. _Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 1,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 14, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius\n \u00c6milianus, son of Paulus the conqueror of Perseus, was adopted by\n the son of Scipio Africanus. He received the same surname as his\n grandfather, and was called _Africanus the younger_, on account of\n his victories over Carthage. \u00c6milianus first appeared in the Roman\n armies under his father, and afterwards distinguished himself as\n a legionary tribune in the Spanish provinces, where he killed a\n Spaniard of gigantic stature, and he obtained a mural crown at the\n siege of Intercata. He passed into Africa to demand a reinforcement\n from king Masinissa the ally of Rome, and he was the spectator of a\n long and bloody battle which was fought between that monarch and the\n Carthaginians, and which soon produced the third Punic war. Some time\n after \u00c6milianus was made edile, and next appointed consul, though\n under the age required for that important office. The surname which\n he had received from his grandfather, he was doomed lawfully to\n claim as his own. He was empowered to finish the war with Carthage,\n and as he was permitted by the senate to choose his colleague, he\n took with him his friend L\u00e6lius, whose father of the same name had\n formerly enjoyed the confidence and shared the victories of the\n first Africanus. The siege of Carthage was already begun, but the\n operations of the Romans were not continued with vigour. Scipio\n had no sooner appeared before the walls of the enemy, than every\n communication with the land was cut off, and that they might not\n have the command of the sea, a stupendous mole was thrown across\n the harbour with immense labour and expense. This, which might have\n disheartened the most active enemy, rendered the Carthaginians more\n eager in the cause of freedom and independence; all the inhabitants,\n without distinction of rank, age, or sex, employed themselves without\n cessation to dig another harbour, and to build and equip another\n fleet. In a short time, in spite of the vigilance and activity of\n \u00c6milianus, the Romans were astonished to see another harbour formed,\n and 50 galleys suddenly issuing under sail, ready for the engagement.\n This unexpected fleet, by immediately attacking the Roman ships,\n might have gained the victory, but the delay of the Carthaginians\n proved fatal to their cause, and the enemy had sufficient time\n to prepare themselves. Scipio soon got the possession of a small\n eminence in the harbour, and, by the success of his subsequent\n operations, he broke open one of the gates of the city and entered\n the streets, where he made his way by fire and sword. The surrender\n of above 50,000 men was followed by the reduction of the citadel,\n and the total submission of Carthage, B.C. 147. The captive city\n was set on fire, and though Scipio was obliged to demolish its very\n walls to obey the orders of the Romans, yet he wept bitterly over\n the melancholy and tragical scene; and in bewailing the miseries\n of Carthage, he expressed his fears lest Rome, in her turn, in some\n future age, should exhibit such a dreadful conflagration. The return\n of \u00c6milianus to Rome was that of another conqueror of Annibal, and,\n like him, he was honoured with a magnificent triumph, and received\n the surname of _Africanus_. He was not long left in the enjoyment\n of his glory, before he was called to obtain fresh honours. He was\n chosen consul a second time, and appointed to finish the war which\n the Romans had hitherto carried on without success or vigorous\n exertions against Numantia. The fall of Numantia was more noble\n than that of the capital of Africa, and the conqueror of Carthage\n obtained the victory only when the enemies had been consumed by\n famine or by self-destruction, B.C. 133. From his conquests in Spain,\n \u00c6milianus was honoured with a second triumph, and with the surname\n of _Numantinus_. Yet his popularity was short, and, by telling\n the people that the murder of their favourite, his brother-in-law\n Gracchus, was lawful, since he was turbulent and inimical to the\n peace of the republic, Scipio incurred the displeasure of the\n tribunes, and was received with hisses. His authority for a moment\n quelled their sedition, when he reproached them for their own\n cowardice, and exclaimed, \u201cFactious wretches, do you think your\n clamours can intimidate me; me, whom the fury of your enemies never\n daunted? Is this the gratitude that you owe to my father Paulus who\n conquered Macedonia, and to me? Without my family you were slaves. Is\n this the respect you owe to your deliverers? Is this your affection?\u201d\n This firmness silenced the murmurs of the assembly, and some time\n after Scipio retired from the clamours of Rome to Caieta, where,\n with his friend L\u00e6lius, he passed the rest of his time in innocent\n pleasure and amusement, in diversions which had pleased them when\n children; and the two greatest men that ruled the state, were often\n seen on the sea-shore picking up light pebbles, and throwing them\n on the smooth surface of the waters. Though fond of retirement and\n literary ease, yet Scipio often interested himself in the affairs of\n the state. His enemies accused him of aspiring to the dictatorship,\n and the clamours were most loud against him, when he had opposed the\n Sempronian law, and declared himself the patron of the inhabitants\n of the provinces of Italy. This active part of Scipio was seen with\n pleasure by the friends of the republic, and not only the senate,\n but also the citizens, the Latins, and neighbouring states conducted\n their illustrious friend and patron to his house. It seemed also the\n universal wish that the troubles might be quieted by the election\n of Scipio to the dictatorship, and many presumed that that honour\n would be on the morrow conferred upon him. In this, however, the\n expectations of Rome were frustrated. Scipio was found dead in his\n bed, to the astonishment of the world; and those who inquired for the\n causes of this sudden death, perceived violent marks on his neck, and\n concluded that he had been strangled, B.C. 128. This assassination,\n as it was then generally believed, was committed by the triumvirs,\n Papirius Carbo, Caius Gracchus, and Fulvius Flaccus, who supported\n the Sempronian law, and by his wife Sempronia, who is charged with\n having introduced the murderers into his room. No inquiries were made\n after the authors of his death; Gracchus was the favourite of the\n mob, and the only atonement which the populace made for the death of\n Scipio was to attend his funeral, and to show their concern by their\n cries and loud lamentations. The second Africanus has often been\n compared to the first of that name; they seemed to be equally great\n and equally meritorious, and the Romans were unable to distinguish\n which of the two was entitled to a greater share of their regard and\n admiration. \u00c6milianus, like his grandfather, was fond of literature,\n and he saved from the flames of Carthage many valuable compositions,\n written by Ph\u0153nician and Punic authors. In the midst of his greatness\n he died poor, and his nephew Quintus Fabius Maximus, who inherited\n his estate, scarce found in his house 32 pounds weight of silver,\n and two and a half of gold. His liberality to his brother and to his\n sisters deserves the greatest commendations, and, indeed, no higher\n encomium can be passed upon his character, private as well as public,\n than the words of his rival Metellus, who told his sons, at the death\n of Scipio, to go and attend the funeral of the greatest man that\n ever lived or should live in Rome. _Livy_, bk. 44, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _de Senectute_, _Orator_, _Brutus_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Polybius._\u2015\u2015_Appian._\n \u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 12, &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of the first\n Africanus, taken captive by Antiochus king of Syria, and restored to\n his father without a ransom. He adopted as his son young \u00c6milianus\n the son of Paulus \u00c6milius, who was afterwards surnamed Africanus.\n Like his father Scipio, he distinguished himself by his fondness\n for literature, and his valour in the Roman armies.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Metellus,\n the father-in-law of Pompey, appointed commander in Macedonia. He\n was present at the battle of Pharsalia, and afterwards retired to\n Africa with Cato. He was defeated by C\u00e6sar at Thapsus. _Plutarch._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Salutio, a mean person in C\u00e6sar\u2019s army in Africa. The general\n appointed him his chief commander, either to ridicule him, or because\n there was an ancient oracle that declared that the Scipios would\n ever be victorious in Africa. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius Cornelius, a\n consul who opposed Sylla. He was at last deserted by his army, and\n proscribed.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The commander of a cohort in the reign of Vitellius.\n\n=Scira=, an annual solemnity observed at Athens in honour of Minerva,\n or, according to others, of Ceres and Proserpine. It received its\n name either from Sciras, a small town of Attica, or from a native of\n Eleusis, called Scirus.\n\n=Sciradium=, a promontory of Attica, on the Saronicus sinus.\n\n=Sciras=, a name of \u00c6gina. Minerva was also called Sciras. _Strabo_,\n bk. 9.\n\n=Sciressa=, a mountain of Arcadia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\n\n=Sciron=, a celebrated thief in Attica, who plundered the inhabitants\n of the country, and threw them down from the highest rocks into\n the sea, after he had obliged them to wait upon him and to wash his\n feet. Theseus attacked him, and treated him as he treated travellers.\n According to Ovid, the earth as well as the sea refused to receive\n the bones of Sciron, which remained for some time suspended in the\n air, till they were changed into large rocks called _Scironia Saxa_,\n situate between Megara and Corinth. There was a road near them which\n bore the name of Sciron, naturally small and narrow, but afterwards\n enlarged by the emperor Adrian. Some suppose that Ino threw herself\n into the sea, from one of these rocks. Sciron had married the\n daughter of Cychreus, a king of Salamis. He was brother-in-law to\n Telamon the son of \u00c6acus. _Ovid_, bk. 7, _Metamorphoses_, li. 444;\n _Heroides_, poem 2, li. 69.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 47.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 38.\n \u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 14, li. 12.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 44.\n \u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Qu\u00e6stiones naturales_, bk. 5, ch. 17.\n\n=Scirus=, a village of Arcadia, of which the inhabitants are called\n _Scirit\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A plain and river of Attica, near Megara. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 36.\n\n=Scissis=, a town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 60.\n\n=Scodra=, a town of Illyricum, where Gentius resided. _Livy_, bk. 43,\n ch. 20.\n\n=Scolus=, a mountain of B\u0153otia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Macedonia, near Olynthus.\n _Strabo._\n\n=Scombrus=, a mountain of Thrace, near Rhodope.\n\n=Scopas=, an architect and sculptor of Ephesus, for some time employed\n in making the mausoleum which Artemisia raised to her husband, and\n which was reckoned one of the seven wonders of the world. One of\n his statues of Venus was among the antiquities with which Rome was\n adorned. Scopas lived about 450 years before Christ. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 43, &c.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 8.\u2015\u2015_Vitruvius_, bk. 9,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8; bk. 36, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An \u00c6tolian who\n raised some forces to assist Ptolemy Epiphanes king of Egypt,\n against his enemies Antiochus and his allies. He afterwards conspired\n against the Egyptian monarch, and was put to death, B.C. 196.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n ambassador to the court of the emperor Domitian.\n\n=Scopium=, a town of Thessaly.\n\n=Scordisci= and =Scordisc\u00e6=, a people of Pannonia and Thrace, well\n known during the reign of the Roman emperors for their barbarity and\n uncivilized manners. They were fond of drinking human blood, and they\n generally sacrificed their captive enemies to their gods. _Livy_,\n bk. 41, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\n\n=Scoti=, the ancient inhabitants of Scotland, mentioned as different\n from the Picts. _Claudian_, _de Tertio Consulatu Honorii_, li. 54.\n\n=Scot\u012bnus=, a surname of Heraclitus. _Strabo_, bk. 15.\n\n=Scotussa=, a town of Thessaly at the north of Larissa and of the\n Peneus, destroyed by Alexander of Pher\u00e6. _Livy_, bk. 28, chs. 5 & 7;\n bk. 36, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 7 & 9.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Macedonia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n\n=Scribonia=, a daughter of Scribonius, who married Augustus after he\n had divorced Claudia. He had by her a daughter, the celebrated Julia.\n Scribonia was some time after repudiated, that Augustus might marry\n Livia. She had been married twice before she became the wife of the\n emperor. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 62.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman who married\n Crassus.\n\n=Scriboni\u0101nus=, a man in the age of Nero. Some of his friends wished\n him to be competitor for the imperial purple against Vespasian, which\n he declined. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 39.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There were\n also two brothers of that name, who did nothing without each other\u2019s\n consent. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 41.\n\n=Scribonius=, a man who made himself master of the kingdom of Bosphorus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician in the age of Augustus and Tiberius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who\n wrote annals, A.D. 22. The best edition of Scribonius is that of\n Patavium, 4to, 1655.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Pompey, &c.\n\n=Scultenna=, a river of Gaul Cispadana, falling into the Po, now called\n _Panaro_. _Livy_, bk. 41, chs. 12 & 18.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\n\n=Scylac\u0113um=, a town of the Brutii, built by Mnestheus at the head of\n an Athenian colony. As Virgil has applied the epithet _Navifragum_\n to Scylaceum, some suppose that either the poet was mistaken in his\n knowledge of the place, because there are no apparent dangers to\n navigation there, or that he confounds this place with a promontory\n of the same name on the Tuscan sea. Servius explains this passage by\n supposing that the houses of the place were originally built with the\n shipwrecked vessels of Ulysses\u2019 fleet\u2015\u2015a most puerile explanation!\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 553.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\n\n=Scylax=, a geographer and mathematician of Caria, in the age of Darius\n son of Hystaspes, about 550 years before Christ. He was commissioned\n by Darius to make discoveries in the east, and after a journey of\n 30 months he visited Egypt. Some suppose that he was the first who\n invented geographical tables. The latest edition of the _Periplus_ of\n Scylax, is that of Gronovius, 4to, Leiden, 1597. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 44.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Cappadocia.\n\n=Scylla=, a daughter of Nisus king of Megara, who became enamoured\n of Minos, as that monarch besieged her father\u2019s capital. To make\n him sensible of her passion, she informed him that she would deliver\n Megara into his hands if he promised to marry her. Minos consented,\n and as the prosperity of Megara depended on a golden hair, which was\n on the head of Nisus, Scylla cut it off as her father was asleep, and\n from that moment the sallies of the Megareans were unsuccessful, and\n the enemy easily became master of the place. Scylla was disappointed\n in her expectations, and Minos treated her with such contempt and\n ridicule, that she threw herself from a tower into the sea, or,\n according to other accounts, she was changed into a lark by the\n gods, and her father into a hawk. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 393.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 19, li. 21.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 198.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 405, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Typhon, or, as some say, of Phorcys, who was\n greatly loved by Glaucus, one of the deities of the sea. Scylla\n scorned the addresses of Glaucus, and the god, to render her\n more propitious, applied to Circe, whose knowledge of herbs and\n incantations was universally admired. Circe no sooner saw him than\n she became enamoured of him, and instead of giving him the required\n assistance, she attempted to make him forget Scylla, but in vain. To\n punish her rival, Circe poured the juice of some poisonous herbs into\n the waters of the fountain where Scylla bathed, and no sooner had the\n nymph touched the place than she found every part of her body below\n the waist changed into frightful monsters like dogs, which never\n ceased barking. The rest of her body assumed an equally hideous form.\n She found herself supported by 12 feet, and she had six different\n heads, each with three rows of teeth. This sudden metamorphosis so\n terrified her, that she threw herself into that part of the sea which\n separates the coast of Italy and Sicily, where she was changed into\n rocks, which continued to bear her name, and which were universally\n deemed by the ancients as very dangerous to sailors, as well as\n the whirlpool of Charybdis on the coast of Sicily. During a tempest\n the waves are described by modern navigators as roaring dreadfully\n when driven into the rough and uneven cavities of the rock. _Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 12, li. 85.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 66,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 199. Some authors,\n as _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 4, li. 39, and _Virgil_, eclogue 6,\n li. 74, with _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 500, have confounded the\n daughter of Typhon with the daughter of Nisus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 3, li. 424, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A ship in the fleet of \u00c6neas, commanded by\n Cloanthus, &c. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 122.\n\n=Scyll\u00e6um=, a promontory of Peloponnesus on the coast of Argolis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n promontory of the Brutii in Italy, supposed to be the same as\n Scylaceum, near which was the famous whirlpool Scylla, from which the\n name is derived.\n\n=Scyllias=, a celebrated swimmer who enriched himself by diving after\n the goods which had been shipwrecked in the Persian ships near Pelium.\n It is said that he could dive 80 stadia under the water. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 8, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 19.\n\n=Scyllis= and =Dip\u0153nus=, statuaries of Crete before the age of Cyrus\n king of Persia. They were said to be sons and pupils of D\u00e6dalus, and\n they established a school at Sicyon, where they taught the principles\n of their profession. _Pausanias._\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 4.\n\n=Scyllus= (untis), a town of Achaia, given to Xenophon by the\n Laced\u00e6monians. _Strabo._\n\n=Scyl\u016brus=, a monarch who left 80 sons. He called them to his bedside\n as he expired, and by enjoining them to break a bundle of sticks tied\n together, and afterwards separately, he convinced them that, when\n altogether firmly united, their power would be insuperable, but,\n if ever disunited, they would fail an easy prey to their enemies.\n _Plutarch_, _de Garrulitate_.\n\n=Scyppium=, a town in the neighbourhood of Colophon. _Pausanias_, bk. 7,\n ch. 3.\n\n=Scyras=, a river of Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25.\n\n=Scyrias=, a name applied to Deidamia as a native of Scyros. _Ovid_,\n _Ars Amatoria_, \u2666bk. 1, li. 682.\n\n \u2666 Book number omitted from text.\n\n=Scyros=, a rocky and barren island in the \u00c6gean, at the distance\n of about 28 miles north-east from Eub\u0153a, 60 miles in circumference.\n It was originally in the possession of the Pelasgians and Carians.\n Achilles retired there not to go to the Trojan war, and became father\n of Neoptolemus by Deidamia the daughter of king Lycomedes. Scyros was\n conquered by the Athenians under Cimon. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10,\n li. 508.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 464; bk. 13, li. 156.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Scyth\u00e6=, the inhabitants of Scythia. _See:_ Scythia.\n\n=Scythes=, or =Scytha=, a son of Jupiter by a daughter of Tellus.\n Half his body was that of a man, and the rest that of a serpent. He\n became king of a country which he called Scythia. _Diodorus_, bk. 2.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hercules and Echidna.\n\n=Scythia=, a large country situate in the most northern parts of\n Europe and Asia, from which circumstance it is generally denominated\n European and Asiatic. The most northern parts of Scythia were\n uninhabited on account of the extreme coldness of the climate. The\n more southern parts in Asia that were inhabited were distinguished\n by the name of Scythia _intra et extra Imaum_, &c. The boundaries of\n Scythia were unknown to the ancients, as no traveller had penetrated\n beyond the vast tracts of land which lay at the north, east, and west.\n Scythia comprehended the modern kingdoms of Tartary, Russia in Asia,\n Siberia, Muscovy, the Crimea, Poland, part of Hungary, Lithuania,\n the northern parts of Germany, Sweden, Norway, &c. The Scythians\n were divided into several nations or tribes; they had no cities, but\n continually changed their habitations. They inured themselves to bear\n labour and fatigue; they despised money, and lived upon milk, and\n covered themselves with the skins of their cattle. The virtues seemed\n to flourish among them, and that philosophy and moderation which\n other nations wished to acquire by study, seemed natural to them.\n Some authors, however, represent them as a savage and barbarous\n people, who fed upon human flesh, who drank the blood of their\n enemies, and used the skulls of travellers as vessels in their\n sacrifices to their gods. The Scythians made several irruptions\n upon the more southern provinces of Asia, especially B.C. 624, when\n they remained in possession of Asia Minor for 28 years, and we find\n them at different periods extending their conquests in Europe, and\n penetrating as far as Egypt. Their government was monarchical, and\n the deference which they paid to their sovereigns was \u2666unparalleled.\n When the king died, his body was carried through every province,\n where it was received in solemn procession, and afterwards buried.\n In the first centuries after Christ they invaded the Roman empire\n with the Sarmatians. _See:_ Sarmatia. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 4, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,\n li. 64; bk. 2, li. 224.\n\n \u2666 \u2018uuparalleled\u2019 replaced with \u2018unparalleled\u2019\n\n=Scyth\u012bnus=, a Greek poet of Teos in Ionia, who wrote iambics.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Heraclides_.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 11.\n\n=Scython=, a man changed into a woman. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,\n li. 280.\n\n=Scythop\u014flis=, a town of Syria, said to have been built by Bacchus.\n _Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 18.\n\n=Scythotauri=, a people of Chersonesus Taurica. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Sebasta=, a town of Jud\u00e6a.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Cilicia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name was\n common to several cities, as it was in honour of Augustus.\n\n=Sebast\u012ba=, a city of Armenia.\n\n=Sebenn\u0233tus=, a town of the Delta in Egypt. The branch of the Nile\n which flows near it has been called the _Sebennytic_. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 10.\n\n=Seb\u0113tus=, a small river of Campania, falling into the bay of Naples,\n whence the epithet _Sebethis_, given to one of the nymphs who\n frequented its borders, and became mother of \u0152balus by Telon.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 734.\n\n=Sebusi\u0101ni=, or =Segusiani=, a people of Celtic Gaul.\n\n=Sect\u0101nus=, an infamous debauchee in the age of Horace, bk. 1, satire 4,\n li. 112.\n\n=Secundus Julius=, a man who published some harangues and orations in\n the age of the emperor Titus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A favourite of Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n associates of Sejanus.\n\n=Sedit\u0101ni=, or =Sedent\u0101ni=, a people of Spain. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,\n li. 372.\n\n=Sed\u016bni=, an ancient nation of Belgic Gaul. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 3.\n\n=Sedusii=, a people of Germany near the Suevi. _C\u00e6sar._\n\n=Segesta=, a town of Sicily founded by \u00c6neas, or, according to some, by\n Crinisus. _See:_ \u00c6gesta.\n\n=Segestes=, a German, friendly to the Roman interest in the time of\n Germanicus. His daughter married Arminius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1,\n ch. 55.\n\n=Segetia=, a divinity at Rome, invoked by the husbandmen that the\n harvest might be plentiful. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Macrobius_, bk. 1, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 2.\n\n=Segni=, a people with a town of the same name in Belgic Gaul. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 6.\n\n=Segrobrica=, a town of Spain near Saguntum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\n\n=Seg\u014dnax=, a prince in the southern parts of Britain, who opposed C\u00e6sar,\n by order of Cassivelaunus, &c. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 22.\n\n=Segontia=, or =Seguntia=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Livy_,\n bk. 34, ch. 10.\n\n=Segonti\u0103ci=, a people of Belgic Gaul, who submitted to Julius C\u00e6sar.\n\n=Segovia=, a town of Spain, of great power in the age of the C\u00e6sars.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was also another of the same name in Lusitania. Both had\n been founded by the Celtiberi.\n\n=Seguntium=, a town of Britain, supposed to be _Carnarvon_ in Wales.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 21.\n\n=Segusi\u0101ni=, a people of Gaul on the Loire. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 1, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 18.\n\n=Segusio=, a town of Piedmont on the Durias. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.\n\n=\u00c6lius Sej\u0101nus=, a native of Vulsinum in Tuscany, who distinguished\n himself in the court of Tiberius. His father\u2019s name was Seuis Strabo,\n a Roman knight, commander of the pretorian guards. His mother was\n descended from the Junian family. Sejanus first gained the favours\n of Caius C\u00e6sar the grandson of Augustus, but afterwards he attached\n himself to the interest and the views of Tiberius, who then sat on\n the imperial throne. The emperor, who was naturally of a suspicious\n temper, was free and open with Sejanus, and while he distrusted\n others, he communicated his greatest secrets to this fawning\n favourite. Sejanus improved this confidence, and when he had found\n that he possessed the esteem of Tiberius, he next endeavoured to\n become the favourite of the soldiers and the darling of the senate.\n As commander of the pretorian guards he was the second man in Rome,\n and in that important office he made use of insinuations and every\n mean artifice to make himself beloved and revered. His affability and\n condescension gained him the hearts of the common soldiers, and by\n appointing his own favourites and adherents to places of trust and\n honour, all the officers and centurions of the army became devoted\n to his interest. The views of Sejanus in this were well known; yet\n to advance with more success, he attempted to gain the affection of\n the senators. In this he met with no opposition. A man who has the\n disposal of places of honour and dignity, and who has the command\n of the public money, cannot but be the favourite of those who are in\n need of his assistance. It is even said that Sejanus gained to his\n views all the wives of the senators, by a private and most secret\n promise of marriage to each of them, whenever he had made himself\n independent and sovereign of Rome. Yet however successful with\n the best and noblest families in the empire, Sejanus had to combat\n numbers in the house of the emperor; but these seeming obstacles were\n soon removed. All the children and grandchildren of Tiberius were\n sacrificed to the ambition of the favourite under various pretences;\n and Drusus the son of the emperor, by striking Sejanus, made his\n destruction sure and inevitable. Livia the wife of Drusus was gained\n by Sejanus, and though the mother of many children, she was prevailed\n upon to assist her adulterer in the murder of her husband, and she\n consented to marry him when Drusus was dead. No sooner was Drusus\n poisoned than Sejanus openly declared his wish to marry Livia. This\n was strongly opposed by Tiberius; and the emperor, by recommending\n Germanicus to the senators for his successor, rendered Sejanus bold\n and determined. He was more urgent in his demands; and when he could\n not gain the consent of the emperor, he persuaded him to retire to\n solitude from the noise of Rome and the troubles of the government.\n Tiberius, naturally fond of ease and luxury, yielded to his\n representations, and retired to Campania, leaving Sejanus at the head\n of the empire. This was highly gratifying to the favourite, and he\n was now without a master. Prudence and moderation might have made him\n what he wished to be; but Sejanus offended the whole empire when he\n declared that he was emperor of Rome, and Tiberius only the dependent\n prince of the island of Capre\u00e6, where he had retired. Tiberius was\n upon this fully convinced of the designs of Sejanus; and when he had\n been informed that his favourite had had the meanness and audacity\n to ridicule him by introducing him on the stage, the emperor ordered\n him to be accused before the senate. Sejanus was deserted by all his\n pretended friends, as soon as by fortune; and the man who aspired\n to the empire, and who called himself the favourite of the people,\n the darling of the pretorian guards, and the companion of Tiberius,\n was seized without resistance, and the same day strangled in prison,\n A.D. 31. His remains were exposed to the fury and insolence of the\n populace, and afterwards thrown into the Tiber. His children and\n all his relations were involved in his ruin, and Tiberius sacrificed\n to his resentment and suspicions all those who were even connected\n with Sejanus, or had shared his favours and enjoyed his confidence.\n _Tacitus_, bk. 3, _Annals_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 58.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_,\n _Tiberias_.\n\n=Cn\u00e6us Seius=, a Roman who had a famous horse of large size and\n uncommon beauty. He was put to death by Antony, and it was observed,\n that whoever obtained possession of his horse, which was supposed to\n be of the same race as the horses of Diomedes destroyed by Hercules,\n and which was called _Sejanus equus_, became unfortunate, and lost\n all his property, with every member of his family. Hence arose the\n proverb, _ille homo habet Sejanum equum_, applied to such as were\n oppressed with misfortunes. _Aulus Gellius_, bk. 3, ch. 9.\n\n=Seius Strabo=, the father of Sejanus, was a Roman knight, and\n commander of the pretorian guards.\n\n=Selasia.= _See:_ Sellasia.\n\n=Selemnus=, a river of Achaia. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23. _See:_\n Selimnus.\n\n=Sel\u0113ne=, the wife of Antiochus king of Syria, put to death by Tigranes\n king of Armenia. She was daughter of Physcon king of Egypt, and had\n first married her brother Lathurus, according to the custom of her\n country, and afterwards, by desire of her mother, her other brother\n Gryphus. At the death of Gryphus she had married Antiochus, surnamed\n Eusebes, the son of Antiochus Cyzicenus, by whom she had two sons.\n According to Appian, she first married the father, and after his\n death, his son Eusebes. _Appian_, _Syrian Wars_, &c.\n\n=Seleuc\u0113na=, or =Seleucis=, a country of Syria, in Asia. _See:_\n Seleucis.\n\n=Seleuc\u012ba=, a town of Syria, on the sea-shore, generally called\n _Pieria_, to distinguish it from others of the same name. There were\n no less than eight other cities which were called Seleucia, and which\n had all received their name from Seleucus Nicator. They were all\n situate in the kingdom of Syria, in Cilicia, and near the Euphrates.\n _Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1,\n ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 15.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also\n the residence of the Parthian kings. _Cicero_, bk. 8, _Letters to his\n Friends_, ltr. 14.\n\n=Seleuc\u012dd\u00e6=, a surname given to those monarchs who sat on the throne of\n Syria, which was founded by Seleucus the son of Antiochus, from whom\n the word is derived. The era of the Seleucid\u00e6 begins with the taking\n of Babylon by Seleucus, B.C. 312, and ends at the conquest of Syria\n by Pompey, B.C. 65. The order in which these monarchs reigned is\n shown in the account of Syria. _See:_ Syria.\n\n=Seleucis=, a division of Syria, which received its name from Seleucus,\n the founder of the Syrian empire after the death of Alexander the\n Great. It was also called _Tetrapolis_, from the four cities which it\n contained, called also sister cities; Seleucia called after Seleucus,\n Antioch called after his father, Laodicea after his mother, and\n Apamea after his wife. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Seleucus I.=, one of the captains of Alexander the Great, surnamed\n _Nicator_, or _Victorious_, was son of Antiochus. After the king\u2019s\n death, he received Babylon as his province; but his ambitious\n views, and his attempt to destroy Eumenes as he passed through his\n territories, rendered him so unpopular, that he fled for safety to\n the court of his friend Ptolemy king of Egypt. He was soon after\n enabled to recover Babylon, which Antigonus had seized in his absence,\n and he increased his dominions by the immediate conquest of Media,\n and some of the neighbouring provinces. When he had strengthened\n himself in his empire, Seleucus imitated the example of the rest\n of the generals of Alexander, and assumed the title of independent\n monarch. He afterwards made war against Antigonus, with the united\n forces of Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus; and after this monarch\n had been conquered and slain, his territories were divided among his\n victorious enemies. When Seleucus became master of Syria, he built a\n city there, which he called Antioch in honour of his father, and made\n it the capital of his dominions. He also made war against Demetrius\n and Lysimachus, though he had originally married Stratonice the\n daughter of the former, and had lived in the closest friendship with\n the latter. Seleucus was at last murdered by one of his servants\n called Ptolemy Ceraunus, a man on whom he bestowed the greatest\n favours, and whom he had distinguished by acts of the most unbounded\n confidence. According to Arrian, Seleucus was the greatest and most\n powerful of the princes who inherited the Macedonian empire after the\n death of Alexander. His benevolence has been commended; and it has\n been observed, that he conquered not to enslave nations, but to make\n them more happy. He founded no less than 34 cities in different parts\n of his empire, which he peopled with Greek colonies, whose national\n industry, learning, religion, and spirit, were communicated to\n the indolent and luxurious inhabitants of Asia. Seleucus was a\n great benefactor to the Greeks; he restored to the Athenians the\n library and statues which Xerxes had carried away from their city\n when he invaded Greece, and among them were those of Harmodius and\n Aristogiton. Seleucus was murdered 280 years before the christian era,\n in the 32nd year of his reign, and the 78th, or, according to others,\n the 73rd year of his age, as he was going to conquer Macedonia,\n where he intended to finish his days in peace and tranquillity in\n that province where he was born. He was succeeded by Antiochus Soter.\n _Justin_, bk. 13, ch. 4; bk. 15, ch. 4; bk. 16, ch. 3, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 51.\u2015\u2015_Josephus_, _Antiquities_, bk. 12.\n\n=Seleucus II.=, surnamed _Callinicus_, succeeded his father Antiochus\n Theus on the throne of Syria. He attempted to make war against\n Ptolemy king of Egypt, but his fleet was shipwrecked in a violent\n storm, and his armies soon after conquered by his enemy. He was at\n last taken prisoner by Arsaces, an officer who made himself powerful\n by the dissensions which reigned in the house of the Seleucid\u00e6,\n between the two brothers Seleucus and Antiochus; and after he had\n been a prisoner for some time in Parthia, he died of a fall from his\n horse, B.C. 226, after a reign of 20 years. Seleucus had received the\n surname of _Pogon_, from his long beard, and that of _Callinicus_,\n ironically to express his very unfortunate reign. He had married\n Laodice the sister of one of his generals, by whom he had two sons,\n Seleucus and Antiochus, and a daughter whom he gave in marriage to\n Mithridates king of Pontus. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 27.\n \u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Syrian Wars_.\n\n=Seleucus III.=, succeeded his father Seleucus II. on the throne of\n Syria, and received the surname of _Ceraunus_, by antiphrasis, as he\n was a very weak, timid, and irresolute monarch. He was murdered by\n two of his officers, after a reign of three years, B.C. 223, and his\n brother Antiochus, though only 15 years old, ascended the throne, and\n rendered himself so celebrated that he acquired the name of the Great.\n _Appian._\n\n=Seleucus IV.=, succeeded his father Antiochus the Great on the throne\n of Syria. He was surnamed _Philopater_, or, according to Josephus,\n _Soter_. His empire had been weakened by the Romans when he became\n monarch, and the yearly tribute of 1000 talents to those victorious\n enemies concurred in lessening his power and consequence among\n nations. Seleucus was poisoned after a reign of 12 years, B.C. 175.\n His son Demetrius had been sent to Rome, there to receive his\n education, and he became a prince of great abilities. _Strabo_,\n bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 32.\u2015\u2015_Appian._\n\n=Seleucus V.=, succeeded his father Demetrius Nicator on the throne of\n Syria, in the 20th year of his age. He was put to death in the first\n year of his reign by Cleopatra his mother, who had also sacrificed\n her husband to her ambition. He is not reckoned by many historians in\n the number of the Syrian monarchs.\n\n=Seleucus VI.=, one of the Seleucid\u00e6, son of Antiochus Gryphus, killed\n his uncle Antiochus Cyzicenus, who wished to obtain the crown of\n Syria. He was some time after banished from his kingdom by Antiochus\n Pius son of Cyzicenus, and fled to Cilicia, where he was burnt in a\n palace by the inhabitants, B.C. 93. _Appian._\u2015\u2015_Josephus._\n\n=Seleucus=, a prince of Syria, to whom the Egyptians offered the crown\n of which they had robbed Auletes. Seleucus accepted it, but he soon\n disgusted his subjects, and received the surname of _Cybiosactes_,\n or _Scullion_, for his meanness and avarice. He was at last murdered\n by Berenice, whom he had married.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A servant of Cleopatra the\n last queen of Egypt, who accused his mistress, before Octavianus, of\n having secreted part of her jewels and treasures.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mathematician\n intimate with Vespasian the Roman emperor.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A part of the Alps.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman consul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated singer. _Juvenal_, satire 10,\n li. 211.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of the Bosphorus, who died B.C. 429.\n\n=Selge=, a town of Pamphylia, made a colony by the Laced\u00e6monians.\n _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\n\n=Selimnus=, a shepherd of Achaia, who for some time enjoyed the\n favours of the nymph Argyra without interruption. Argyra was at last\n disgusted with her lover, and the shepherd died through melancholy,\n and was changed into a river of the same name. Argyra was also\n changed into a river of the same name. Argyra was also changed into\n a fountain, and was fond of mingling her waters with those of the\n Selimnus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.\n\n=Sel\u012bnuns=, or =Sel\u012bnus= (untis), a town on the southern parts of\n Sicily, founded A.U.C. 127, by a colony from Megara. It received\n its name from \u03c3\u03b5\u03bb\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd, _parsley_, which grew there in abundance. The\n marks of its ancient consequence are visible in the venerable ruins\n now found in its neighbourhood. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 705.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Elis in Peloponnesus,\n which watered the town of Scillus. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 6.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Achaia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Sicily.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river and town of\n Cilicia, where Trajan died. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Two small rivers near Diana\u2019s temple at Ephesus. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lake at the entrance of the Cayster. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Sellasia=, a town of Laconia, where Cleomenes was defeated by the\n Ach\u00e6ans, B.C. 222. Scarce 200 of a body of 5000 Laced\u00e6monians\n survived the battle. _Plutarch._\n\n=Sell\u0113is=, a river of Peloponnesus falling into the Ionian sea. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_.\n\n=Sellet\u00e6=, a people of Thrace near mount H\u00e6mus. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 40.\n\n=Selli=, an ancient nation of Epirus near Dodona. _Lucan_, bk. 3,\n li. 180.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=Selymbria=, a town of Thrace on the Propontis. _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 39.\n\n=S\u0115m\u0115le=, a daughter of Cadmus by Hermione the daughter of Mars and\n Venus. She was tenderly beloved by Jupiter; but Juno, who was always\n jealous of her husband\u2019s amours, and who hated the house of Cadmus\n because they were related to the goddess of beauty, determined to\n punish this successful rival. She borrowed the girdle of Ate, which\n contained every wickedness, deceit, and perfidy, and in the form of\n Beroe, Semele\u2019s nurse, she visited the house of Jupiter\u2019s mistress.\n Semele listened with attention to the artful admonitions of the false\n Beroe, and was at last persuaded to entreat her lover to come to her\n arms with the same majesty as he approached Juno. This rash request\n was heard with horror by Jupiter; but as he had sworn by the Styx\n to grant Semele whatever she required, he came to her bed attended\n by the clouds, the lightning, and thunderbolts. The mortal nature\n of Semele could not endure so much majesty, and she was instantly\n consumed with fire. The child, however, of which she was pregnant,\n was saved from the flames by Mercury, or, according to others, by\n Dirce, one of the nymphs of the Achelous, and Jupiter placed him in\n his thigh the rest of the time which he ought to have been in his\n mother\u2019s womb. This child was called Bacchus, or Dionysius. Semele\n immediately after death was honoured with immortality under the name\n of Thyone. Some, however, suppose that she remained in the infernal\n regions till Bacchus her son was permitted to bring her back. There\n were in the temple of Diana, at Tr\u0153zene, two altars raised to the\n infernal gods, one of which was over an aperture, through which, as\n Pausanias reports, Bacchus returned from hell with his mother. Semele\n was particularly worshipped at Brasi\u00e6 in Laconia, where, according to\n a certain tradition, she had been driven by the winds with her son,\n after Cadmus had exposed her on the sea on account of her incontinent\n amour with Jupiter. The mother of Bacchus, though she received\n divine honours, had no temples; she had a statue in a temple of\n Ceres, at Thebes, in B\u0153otia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24; bk. 9,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14, li. 323.\n \u2015\u2015_Orpheus_, _Hymns_.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Bacch\u00e6_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 3, li. 254; _Fasti_, bk. 3,\n li. 715.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bks. 3 & 4.\n\n=Semigerm\u0101ni=, a name given to the Helvetii, a people of Germany.\n _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 38.\n\n=Semiguntus=, a general of the Cherusci, taken prisoner by Germanicus,\n &c. _Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=S\u0115m\u012br\u0103mis=, a celebrated queen of Assyria, daughter of the goddess\n Derceto by a young Assyrian. She was exposed in a desert, but her\n life was preserved by doves for one whole year, till Simmas, one\n of the shepherds of Ninus, found her, and brought her up as his own\n child. Semiramis, when grown up, married Menones the governor of\n Nineveh, and accompanied him to the siege of Bactra, where, by her\n advice and prudent directions, she hastened the king\u2019s operations\n and took the city. These eminent services, but chiefly her uncommon\n beauty, endeared her to Ninus. The monarch asked her of her husband,\n and offered him instead, his daughter Sosana; but Menones, who\n tenderly loved Semiramis, refused, and when Ninus had added threats\n to entreaties, he hung himself. No sooner was Menones dead than\n Semiramis, who was of an aspiring soul, married Ninus, by whom she\n had a son called Ninyas. Ninus was so fond of Semiramis, that at\n her request he resigned the crown to her, and commanded her to be\n proclaimed queen and sole empress of Assyria. Of this, however,\n he had cause to repent; Semiramis put him to death, the better to\n establish herself on the throne, and when she had no enemies to fear\n at home, she began to repair the capital of her empire, and by her\n means Babylon became the most superb and magnificent city in the\n world. She visited every part of her dominions, and left everywhere\n immortal monuments of her greatness and benevolence. To render the\n roads passable and communication easy, she hollowed mountains and\n filled up valleys; and water was conveyed at a great expense, by\n large and convenient aqueducts, to barren deserts and unfruitful\n plains. She was not less distinguished as a warrior. Many of the\n neighbouring nations were conquered; and when Semiramis was once told,\n as she was dressing her hair, that Babylon had revolted, she left\n her toilette with precipitation, and though only half dressed, she\n refused to have the rest of her head adorned before the sedition was\n quelled and tranquillity re-established. Semiramis has been accused\n of licentiousness, and some authors have observed that she regularly\n called the strongest and stoutest men in her army to her arms, and\n afterwards put them to death, that they might not be living witnesses\n of her incontinence. Her passion for her son was also unnatural, and\n it was this criminal propensity which induced Ninyas to destroy his\n mother with his own hands. Some say that Semiramis was changed into\n a dove after death, and received immortal honours in Assyria. It is\n supposed that she lived about 1965 years before the christian era,\n and that she died in the 62nd year of her age, and the 25th of her\n reign. Many fabulous reports have been propagated about Semiramis,\n and some have declared that for some time she disguised herself\n and passed for her son Ninyas. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 184.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Justin_,\n bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3, poem 11, li. 21.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _de Alexandri magni fortuna aut virtute_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Amores_,\n bk. 1, poem 5, li. 11; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 58.\u2015\u2015_Marcellinus_,\n bk. 14, ch. 6.\n\n=Semn\u014fnes=, a people of Italy, on the borders of Umbria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Germany,\n on the Elbe and Oder.\n\n=Sem\u014dnes=, inferior deities of Rome, that were not in the number of\n the 12 great gods. Among these were Faunus, the Satyrs, Priapus,\n Vertumnus, Janus, Pan, Silenus, and all such illustrious heroes as\n had received divine honours after death. The word seems to be the\n same as _semi homines_, because they were inferior to the supreme\n gods and superior to men. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 213.\n\n=Semosanctus=, one of the gods of the Romans among the _Indigetes_, or\n such as were born and educated in their country.\n\n=Sempronia=, a Roman matron, mother of the two Gracchi, celebrated\n for her learning, and her private as well as public virtues.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also\n a sister of the Gracchi, who is accused of having assisted the\n triumvirs Carbo, Gracchus, and Flaccus to murder her husband Scipio\n Africanus the younger. The name of Sempronia was common to the female\n descendants of the family of the Sempronii, Gracchi, and Scipios.\n\n=Sempr\u014dnia lex=, _de magistratibus_, by Caius Sempronius Gracchus the\n tribune, A.U.C. 630, ordained that no person who had been legally\n deprived of a magistracy for misdemeanours should be capable of\n bearing an office again. This law was afterwards repealed by the\n author.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de civitate_, by the same, A.U.C. 630. It\n ordained that no capital judgment should be passed over a Roman\n citizen without the concurrence and authority of the senate. There\n were also some other regulations, included in this law.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n _de comitiis_, by the same, A.U.C. 635. It ordained that, in giving\n their votes, the centuries should be chosen by lot, and not give it\n according to the order of their classes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de comitiis_,\n by the same, the same year, which granted to the Latin allies of Rome\n the privilege of giving votes at elections, as if they were Roman\n citizens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de provinciis_, by the same, A.U.C. 630. It\n enacted that the senators should be permitted before the assembly of\n the consular _comitia_, to determine as they pleased the particular\n provinces which should be proposed to the consuls, to be divided\n by lot, and that the tribunes should be deprived of the power of\n interposing against a decree of the senate.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, called\n _agraria prima_, by Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus the tribune, A.U.C.\n 620. It confirmed the _lex agraria Licinia_, and enacted that all\n such as were in possession of more lands than that law allowed,\n should immediately resign them, to be divided among the poor citizens.\n Three commissioners were appointed to put this law into execution;\n and its consequences were so violent, as it was directly made against\n the nobles and senators, that it cost the author his life.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n called _agraria altera_, by the same. It required that all the ready\n money which was found in the treasury of Attalus king of Pergamus,\n who had left the Romans his heirs, should be divided among the poorer\n citizens of Rome, to supply them with all the various instruments\n requisite in husbandry, and that the lands of that monarch should be\n farmed by the Roman censors, and the money drawn from thence should\n be divided among the people.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _frumentaria_, by Caius\n Sempronius Gracchus. It required that a certain quantity of corn\n should be distributed among the people, so much to every individual,\n for which it was required that they should only pay the trifling sum\n of a _semissis_, and a _triens_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de usur\u00e2_, by Marcus\n Sempronius the tribune, A.U.C. 560. It ordained that, in lending\n money to the Latins and the allies of Rome, the Roman laws should be\n observed as well as among the citizens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de judicibus_,\n by the tribune Caius Sempronius, A.U.C. 630. It required that the\n right of judging, which had been assigned to the Senatorian order\n by Romulus, should be transferred from them to the Roman knights.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _militaris_, by the same, A.U.C. 630. It enacted that\n the soldiers should be clothed at the public expense, without any\n diminution of their usual pay. It also ordered that no person should\n be obliged to serve in the army before the age of 17.\n\n=Sempr\u014dnius Aulus Atratinus=, a senator who opposed the Agrarian law,\n which was proposed by the consul Cassius, soon after the election of\n the tribunes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius Atratinus, a consul A.U.C. 310. He was one\n of the first censors with his colleague in the consulship, Papirius.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, a consul summoned before an assembly of the people because\n he had fought with ill success against the Volsci.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Bl\u00e6sus, a\n consul who obtained a triumph for some victories gained in Sicily.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sophus, a consul against the \u00c6qui. He also fought against the\n Picentes, and during the engagement there was a dreadful earthquake.\n The soldiers were terrified, but Sophus encouraged them, and observed\n that the earth trembled only for fear of changing its old masters.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who proposed a law that no person should dedicate a temple\n or altar, without the previous approbation of the magistrates, A.U.C.\n 449. He repudiated his wife because she had gone to see a spectacle\n without his permission or knowledge.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Rufus, a senator, banished\n from the senate, because he had killed a crane to serve him as\n food.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Tuditanus, a man sent against Sardinia by the Romans.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n legionary tribune, who led away from Cann\u00e6 the remaining part of\n the soldiers who had not been killed by the Carthaginians. He was\n afterwards consul, and fought in the field against Annibal with\n great success. He was killed in Spain.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Tiberius Longus, a Roman\n consul defeated by the Carthaginians in an engagement which he had\n begun against the approbation of his colleague Cornelius Scipio. He\n afterwards obtained victories over Hanno and the Gauls.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Tiberius\n Gracchus, a consul who defeated the Carthaginians and the Campanians.\n He was afterwards betrayed by Fulvius, a Lucanian, into the hands\n of the Carthaginians, and was killed, after he had made a long and\n bloody resistance against the enemy. Annibal showed great honour to\n his remains; a funeral pile was raised at the head of the camp, and\n the enemy\u2019s cavalry walked round it in solemn procession.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Gracchus,\n a man who had debauched Julia. _See:_ Gracchus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A eunuch, made\n governor of Rome by Caracalla.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Densus, a centurion of a pretorian\n cohort who defended the person of Galba against his assassins. He was\n killed in the attempt.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of the Gracchi. _See:_ Gracchus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A censor, who was also sent as ambassador to the court of Egypt.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune of the people, &c. _Tacitus._\u2015\u2015_Florus._\u2015\u2015_Livy._\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _C\u00e6sar_.\u2015\u2015_Appian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An emperor. _See:_ Saturninus.\n\n=Semurium=, a place near Rome, where Apollo had a temple. _Cicero_,\n _Philippics_, bk. 6, ch. 6.\n\n=Sena=, or =Senogallia=, a town of Umbria in Italy, on the Adriatic,\n built by the Senones, after they had made an irruption into Italy,\n A.U.C. 396; and on that account called Gallica. There was also a\n small river in the neighbourhood which bore the name of _Sena_. It\n was near it that Asdrubal was defeated by Claudius Nero. _Cornelius\n Nepos_, _Cato._\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 27,\n ch. 46.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 18.\n\n=S\u0115n\u0101tus=, the chief council of the state among the Romans. The\n members of this body, called _senatores_ on account of their _age_,\n and _patres_ on account of their _authority_, were of the greatest\n consequence in the republic. The senate was first instituted by\n Romulus to govern the city, and to preside over the affairs of the\n state during his absence. This was continued by his successors; but\n Tarquin II. disdained to consult them, and by having his own council\n chosen from his favourites, and from men who were totally devoted to\n his interest, he diminished the authority and the consequence of the\n senators, and slighted the concurrence of the people. The senators\n whom Romulus created were 100, to whom he afterwards added the same\n number when the Sabines had migrated to Rome. Tarquin the ancient\n made the senate consist of 300, and this number remained fixed for\n a long time. After the expulsion of the last Tarquin, whose tyranny\n had thinned the patricians as well as the plebeians, 164 new senators\n were chosen to complete the 300; and as they were called _conscripts_,\n the senate ever afterwards consisted of members who were denominated\n _patres_ and _conscripti_. The number continued to fluctuate during\n the times of the republic, but gradually increased to 700, and\n afterwards to 900 under Julius C\u00e6sar, who filled the senate with men\n of every rank and order. Under Augustus, the senators amounted to\n 1000, but this number was reduced to 300, which being the cause of\n complaints, induced the emperor to limit the number to 600. The place\n of a senator was always bestowed upon merit; the monarchs had the\n privilege of choosing the members, and after the expulsion of the\n Tarquins, it was one of the rights of the consuls, till the election\n of the censors, who from their office seemed most capable of making\n choice of men whose character was irreproachable, whose morals were\n pure, and relations honourable. Sometimes the assembly of the people\n elected senators, but it was only upon some extraordinary occasions;\n there was also a dictator chosen to fill up the number of the senate\n after the battle of Cann\u00e6. Only particular families were admitted\n into the senate; and when the plebeians were permitted to share the\n honours of the state, it was then required that they should be born\n of free citizens. It was also required that the candidates should be\n knights before their admission into the senate. They were to be above\n the age of 25, and to have previously passed through the inferior\n offices of questor, tribune of the people, edile, pretor, and consul.\n Some, however, suppose that the senators whom Romulus chose were all\n old men; yet his successors neglected this, and often men who were\n below the age of 25 were admitted by courtesy into the senate. The\n dignity of a senator could not be supported without the possession of\n 80,000 sesterces, or about 7000_l._ English money; and therefore such\n as squandered away their money, and whose fortune was reduced below\n this sum, were generally struck out of the list of senators. This\n regulation was not made in the first ages of the republic, when the\n Romans boasted of their poverty. The senators were not permitted to\n be of any trade or profession. They were distinguished from the rest\n of the people by their dress; they wore the laticlave, half boots\n of a black colour, with a crescent or silver buckle in the form of\n a C; but this last honour was confined only to the descendants of\n those 100 senators who had been elected by Romulus, as the letter C\n seems to imply. They had the sole right of feasting publicly in the\n capitol in ceremonial habits; they sat in curule chairs, and at the\n representation of plays and public spectacles, they were honoured\n with particular seats. Whenever they travelled abroad, even on their\n own business, they were maintained at the public expense, and always\n found provisions for themselves and their attendants ready prepared\n on the road; a privilege that was generally termed _free legation_.\n On public festivals they wore the _pr\u00e6texta_, or long white robe,\n with purple borders. The right of convoking the senate belonged\n only to the monarchs; and after the expulsion of the Tarquins, to\n the consuls, the dictator, master of the horse, governor of Rome,\n and tribunes of the people; but no magistrate could exercise this\n privilege except in the absence of a superior officer, the tribunes\n excepted. The time of meeting was generally three times a month, on\n the calends, nones, and ides. Under Augustus they were not assembled\n on the nones. It was requisite that the place where they assembled\n should have been previously consecrated by the augur. This was\n generally in the temple of Concord, of Jupiter Capitolinus, Apollo,\n Castor and Pollux, &c., or in the Curi\u00e6 called Hostilia, Julia,\n Pompeia, &c. When audience was given to foreign ambassadors, the\n senators assembled without the walls of the city, either in the\n temples of Bellona or of Apollo; and the same ceremony as to their\n meeting was also observed when they transacted business with their\n generals, as the ambassadors of foreign nations, and the commanders\n of armies, while in commission, were not permitted to appear within\n the walls of the city. To render their decrees valid and authentic,\n a certain number of members was requisite, and such as were absent\n without some proper cause, were always fined. In the reign of\n Augustus, 400 senators were requisite to make a senate. Nothing\n was transacted before sunrise, or after sunset. In their office\n the senators were the guardians of religion; they disposed of the\n provinces as they pleased, they prorogued the assemblies of the\n people, they appointed thanksgivings, nominated their ambassadors,\n distributed the public money, and, in short, had the management of\n everything political or civil in the republic, except the creating\n of the magistrates, the enacting of laws, and the declarations of\n war or peace, which were confined to the assemblies of the people.\n Rank was always regarded in their meetings; the chief magistrates of\n the state, such as the consuls, the pretors, and censors, sat first;\n after these the inferior magistrates, such as the ediles and questors,\n and last of all, those that then exercised no office in the state.\n Their opinions were originally collected, each according to his age;\n but when the office of censor was instituted, the opinion of the\n _princeps senatus_, or the person whose name stood first on the\n censor\u2019s list, was first consulted, and afterwards those who were\n of consular dignity, each in their respective order. In the age of\n Cicero the consuls elect were first consulted; and in the age of\n C\u00e6sar, he was permitted to speak first till the end of the year,\n on whom the consul had originally conferred that honour. Under the\n emperors the same rules were observed, but the consuls were generally\n consulted before all others. When any public matter was introduced\n into the senate, which was always called _referre ad senatum_, any\n senator whose opinion was asked, was permitted to speak upon it as\n long as he pleased; and on that account it was often usual for the\n senators to protract their speeches till it was too late to determine.\n When the question was put, they passed to the side of that speaker\n whose opinion they approved, and a majority of votes was easily\n collected, without the trouble of counting the numbers. This mode\n of proceeding was called _pedibus in alicujus sententiam ire_; and\n therefore, on that account, the senators who had not the privilege\n of speaking, but only the right of giving a silent vote, such as bore\n some curule honours, and on that account were permitted to sit in the\n senate, but not to deliberate, were denominated _pedarii senatores_.\n After the majority had been known, the matter was determined, and\n a _senatus consultum_ was immediately written by the clerks of the\n house, at the feet of the chief magistrates, and it was signed by all\n the principal members of the house. When there was not a sufficient\n number of members to make a senate, the decision was called _senatus\n autoritas_; but it was of no consequence if it did not afterwards\n pass into a _senatus consultum_. The tribunes of the people, by the\n word _veto_, could stop the debates, and the decrees of the assembled\n senate, as also any one who was of equal authority with him who had\n proposed the matter. The _senatus consulta_ were left in the custody\n of the consuls, who could suppress or preserve them; but about the\n year of Rome 304, they were always deposited in the temple of Ceres,\n and afterwards in the treasury, by the ediles of the people. The\n degradation of the senators was made by the censor, by omitting their\n names when he called over the list of the senate. This was called\n _pr\u00e6terire_. A senator could be again introduced into the senate\n if he could repair his character or fortune, which had been the\n causes why the censor had lawfully called him unqualified, and had\n challenged his opposition. The meeting of the senate was often sudden,\n except the particular times already mentioned, upon any emergency.\n After the death of Julius C\u00e6sar, they were not permitted to meet on\n the ides of March, which were called _parricidium_, because on that\n day the dictator had been assassinated. The sons of senators, after\n they had put on the _toga virilis_, were permitted to come into\n the senate, but this was afterwards limited. _See:_ Papirius. The\n rank and authority of the senators, which were so conspicuous in the\n first ages of the republic, and which caused the minister of Pyrrhus\n to declare that the Roman senate was a venerable assembly of kings,\n dwindled into nothing under the emperors. Men of the lowest character\n were admitted into the senate; the emperors took pleasure in robbing\n this illustrious body of their privileges and authority, and the\n senators themselves, by their manners and servility, contributed\n as much as the tyranny of the sovereign to diminish their own\n consequence; and by applauding the follies of a Nero, and the\n cruelties of a Domitian, they convinced the world that they no\n longer possessed sufficient prudence or authority to be consulted on\n matters of weight and importance. In the election of successors to\n the imperial purple after Augustus, the approbation of the senate was\n consulted, but it was only a matter of courtesy, and the concurrence\n of a body of men was little regarded who were without power, and\n under the control of a mercenary army. The title of _Clarissimus_ was\n given to the senators under the emperors, and, indeed, this was the\n only distinction which they had in compensation for the loss of their\n independence. The senate was abolished by Justinian, 13 centuries\n after its first institution by Romulus.\n\n=Sen\u0115ca Marcus Ann\u00e6us=, a native of Corduba in Spain, who married\n Helvia, a woman of Spain, by whom he had three sons, Seneca the\n philosopher, Ann\u00e6us Novatus, and Ann\u00e6us Mela, the father of the\n poet Lucan. Seneca made himself known by some declamations, of which\n he made a collection from the most celebrated orators of the age;\n and from that circumstance, and for distinction, he obtained the\n appellation of _declamator_. He left Corduba, and went to Rome,\n where he became a Roman knight. His son Lucius Ann\u00e6us Seneca, who\n was born about six years before Christ, was early distinguished by\n his extraordinary talents. He was taught eloquence by his father,\n and received lessons in philosophy from the best and most celebrated\n stoics of the age. As one of the followers of the Pythagorean\n doctrines, Seneca observed the most reserved abstinence, and in his\n meals never ate the flesh of animals; but this he abandoned at the\n representation of his father, when Tiberius threatened to punish\n some Jews and Egyptians, who abstained from certain meats. In the\n character of a pleader, Seneca appeared with great advantage, but the\n fear of Caligula, who aspired to the name of an eloquent speaker, and\n who consequently was jealous of his fame, deterred him from pursuing\n his favourite study, and he sought a safer employment in canvassing\n for the honours and offices of the state. He was made questor, but\n the aspersions which were thrown upon him on account of a shameful\n amour with Julia Livilla, removed him from Rome, and the emperor\n banished him for some time into Corsica. During his banishment, the\n philosopher wrote some spirited epistles to his mother, remarkable\n for elegance of language and for sublimity; but he soon forgot his\n philosophy and disgraced himself by his flatteries to the emperor,\n and in wishing to be recalled, even at the expense of his innocence\n and character. The disgrace of Messalina at Rome, and the marriage\n of Agrippina with Claudius, proved favourable to Seneca; and after\n he had remained five years in Corsica, he was recalled by the empress\n to take care of the education of her son Nero, who was destined to\n succeed to the empire. In the honourable duty of preceptor, Seneca\n gained applause; and as long as Nero followed his advice, Rome\n enjoyed tranquillity, and believed herself safe and happy under\n the administration of the son of Agrippina. Some, however, are\n clamorous against the philosopher, and observe that Seneca initiated\n his pupil in those unnatural vices and abominable indulgences which\n disgraced him as a monarch and as a man. This may be the language of\n malevolence, or the insinuation of jealousy. In the corrupted age of\n Nero, the preceptor had to withstand the clamours of many wicked and\n profligate ministers; and if he had been the favourite of the emperor,\n and shared his pleasures, his debauchery and extravagance, Nero would\n not perhaps have been so anxious of destroying a man whose example,\n from vicious inclinations, he could not follow, and whose salutary\n precepts his licentious associates forbade him to obey. Seneca was\n too well acquainted with the natural disposition of Nero to think\n himself secure; he had been accused of having amassed the most ample\n riches, and of having built sumptuous houses, and adorned beautiful\n gardens, during the four years in which he had attended Nero as a\n preceptor, and therefore he desired his imperial pupil to accept of\n the riches, and the possessions which his attendance on his person\n had procured, and to permit him to retire to solitude and study.\n Nero refused with artful duplicity, and Seneca, to avoid further\n suspicions, kept himself at home for some time as if labouring\n under a disease. In the conspiracy of Piso, which happened some time\n after, and in which some of the most noble of the Roman senators\n were concerned, Seneca\u2019s name was mentioned by Natalis, and Nero,\n who was glad of an opportunity of sacrificing him to his secret\n jealousy, ordered him to destroy himself. Seneca very probably was\n not accessary to the conspiracy, and the only thing which could be\n produced against him as a crimination, was trivial and unsatisfactory.\n Piso, as Natalis declared, had complained that he never saw Seneca,\n and the philosopher had observed in answer, that it was not proper\n or conducive to their common interest to see one another often. He\n further pleaded indisposition, and said that his own life depended\n upon the safety of Piso\u2019s person. Seneca was at table with his wife\n Paulina and two of his friends, when the messenger from Nero arrived.\n He heard the words which commanded him to destroy himself, with\n philosophical firmness, and even with joy; and observed, that such a\n mandate might have long been expected from a man who had murdered his\n own mother, and assassinated all his friends. He wished to dispose\n of his possessions as he pleased, but this was refused; and when\n he heard this, he turned to his friends who were weeping at his\n melancholy fate, and told them, that since he could not leave them\n what he believed his own, he would leave them at least his own\n life for an example, an innocent conduct which they might imitate,\n and by which they might acquire immortal fame. Against their tears\n and wailings he exclaimed with firmness, and asked them whether\n they had not learnt better to withstand the attacks of fortune, and\n the violence of tyranny? As for his wife, he attempted to calm her\n emotions, and when she seemed resolved to die with him, he said he\n was glad to find his example followed with so much constancy. Their\n veins were opened at the same moment, but the life of Paulina was\n preserved, and Nero, who was partial to her ordered the blood to\n be stopped; and from that moment, according to some authors, the\n philosopher\u2019s wife seemed to rejoice that she could still enjoy the\n comforts of life. Seneca\u2019s veins bled but slowly, and it has been\n observed, that the sensible and animated conversation of his dying\n moments was collected by his friends, and that it has been preserved\n among his works. To hasten his death he drank a dose of poison, but\n it had no effect, and therefore he ordered himself to be carried into\n a hot bath, to accelerate the operation of the draught, and to make\n the blood flow more freely. This was attended with no better success;\n and as the soldiers were clamorous, he was carried into a stove, and\n suffocated by the steam, on the 12th of April, in the 65th year of\n the christian era, in his 53rd year. His body was burnt without pomp\n or funeral ceremony, according to his will, which he had made when\n he enjoyed the most unbounded favours of Nero. The compositions of\n Seneca are numerous, and chiefly on moral subjects. He is so much\n admired for his refined sentiments and virtuous precepts, for his\n morality, his constancy, and his innocence of manners, that St.\n Jerome has not hesitated to rank him among christian writers. His\n style is nervous, it abounds with ornament, and seems well suited to\n the taste of the age in which he lived. The desire of recommending\n himself and his writings to the world, obliged him too often to\n depreciate the merit of the ancients, and to sink into obscurity.\n His treatises are _de ir\u00e2_, _de consolatione_, _de Providenti\u00e2_,\n _de tranquillitate animi_, _de clementi\u00e2_, _de sapientis constanti\u00e2_,\n _de otio sapientis_, _de brevitate vit\u00e6_, _de beneficiis_, _de vit\u00e2\n beat\u00e2_, besides his _naturales qu\u00e6stiones_, _ludus in Claudium_,\n _moral letters_, &c. There are also some tragedies ascribed to\n _Seneca._ Quintilian supposes that the _Medea_ is his composition,\n and according to others, the _Troas_ and the _Hippolytus_ were also\n written by him, and the _Agamemnon_, _Hercules furens_, _Thyestes_\n & _Hercules in Oet\u00e2_ by his father, Seneca the declaimer. The\n best editions of Seneca are those of Antwerp, folio, 1615, and of\n Gronovius, 3 vols., Amsterdam, 1672; and those of his tragedies,\n are that of Schroder\u2019s, 4to, Delft, 1728, and the 8vo of Gronovius,\n Leiden, 1682. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius._\n \u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Nero_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian._\n\n=Claudius Senecio=, one of Nero\u2019s favourites, and the associate of his\n pleasures and debauchery.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Tullius, a man who conspired against\n Nero, and was put to death though he turned informer against the rest\n of the conspirators.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man put to death by Domitian, for writing\n an account of the life of Helvidius, one of the emperor\u2019s enemies.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Constantine\u2019s enemies.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who from a restless and\n aspiring disposition acquired the surname of _Grandio_. _Seneca_,\n _Suasori\u00e6_, ch. 1.\n\n=Senia=, a town of Liburnia, now Segna. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 21.\n\n=Senna=, or =Sena=, a river of Umbria. _See:_ Sena. _Lucan_, bk. 2,\n li. 407.\n\n=Sen\u014fnes=, an uncivilized nation of Gallia Transalpina, who left their\n native possessions, and under the conduct of Brennus, invaded Italy\n and pillaged Rome. They afterwards united with the Umbri, Latins,\n and Etrurians to make war against the Romans, till they were totally\n destroyed by Dolabella. The chief of their towns in that part of\n Italy where they settled near Umbria, and which from them was called\n Senogallia, were Fanum Fortun\u00e6, Sena, Pisaurum, and Ariminum. _See:_\n Cimbri. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 254.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35, &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A people of Germany near\n the Suevi.\n\n=Sentia lex=, _de senatu_, by Cn\u00e6us Sentius the consul, A.U.C. 734,\n enacted the choosing of proper persons to fill up the number of\n senators.\n\n=Sentinum=, a town of Umbria. _Livy_, bk. 10, chs. 27 & 30.\n\n=Sentius Cn\u00e6us=, a governor of Syria, under the emperors.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor\n of Macedonia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Septimius, one of the soldiers of Pompey, who\n assisted the Egyptians in murdering him.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman emperor. _See:_\n Severus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer in the reign of the emperor Alexander, of whose\n life he wrote an account in Latin, or, according to others, in Greek.\n\n=Sepias=, a cape of Magnesia in Thessaly, at the north of Eub\u0153a, now\n _St. George_.\n\n=Seplasia=, a place of Capua, where ointments were sold. _Cicero_,\n _Against Piso_, chs. 7 & 11.\n\n=Septem aqu\u00e6=, a portion of the lake near Reate. _Cicero_, bk. 4,\n _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Fratres, a mountain of Mauritania,\n now _Gebel-Mousa_. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Maria, the entrance of the\n seven mouths of the Po.\n\n=Septempeda=, a town of Picenum.\n\n=Septerion=, a festival observed once in nine years at Delphi, in\n honour of Apollo. It was a representation of the pursuit of Python by\n Apollo, and of the victory obtained by the god.\n\n=Titus Septimius=, a Roman knight distinguished by his poetical\n compositions both lyric and tragic. He was intimate with Augustus\n as well as Horace, who has addressed the sixth of his second book of\n Odes to him.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A centurion put to death, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 1, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Africa, who distinguished himself\n at Rome as a poet. He wrote, among other things, a hymn in praise\n of Janus. Only 11 of his verses are preserved. _Marcus Terentius\n [Varro]._\u2015\u2015_Petrus Crinitus_, _Lives_.\n\n=Lucius Septimuleius=, a friend of Caius Gracchus. He suffered himself\n to be bribed by Opimius, and had the meanness to carry his friend\u2019s\n head fixed to a pole through the streets of Rome.\n\n=Sepyra=, a town of Cilicia, taken by Cicero when he presided over that\n province. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 15, ch. 4.\n\n=Sequ\u0103na=, a river of Gaul, which separates the territories of the\n Belg\u00e6 and the Celt\u00e6, and is now called _la Seine_. _Strabo_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 425.\n\n=Sequ\u0103ni=, a people of Gaul near the territories of the \u00c6dui, between\n the Saone and mount Jura, famous for their wars against Rome, &c.\n _See:_ \u00c6dui. The country which they inhabited is now called _Franche\n Compt\u00e9_, or _Upper Burgundy_. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\n\n=Sequinius=, a native of Alba, who married one of his daughters to\n Curiatius of Alba, and the other to Horatius, a citizen of Rome. The\n two daughters were brought to bed on the same day, each of three male\n children.\n\n=Serapio=, a surname given to one of the Scipios, because he resembled\n a swine-herd of that name.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek poet who flourished in the age\n of Trajan. He was intimate with Plutarch.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Egyptian put to death\n by Achillas, when he came at the head of an embassy from Ptolemy, who\n was a prisoner in the hands of Julius C\u00e6sar.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter. _Pliny_,\n bk. 35, ch. 10.\n\n=Ser\u0101pis=, one of the Egyptian deities, supposed to be the same\n as Osiris. He had a magnificent temple at Memphis, another very\n rich at Alexandria, and a third at Canopus. The worship of Serapis\n was introduced at Rome, by the emperor Antoninus Pius, A.D. 146,\n and the mysteries celebrated on the 6th of May, but with so much\n licentiousness that the senate were soon after obliged to abolish\n them. Herodotus, who speaks in a very circumstantial manner of the\n deities, and of the religion of the Egyptians, makes no mention of\n the god Serapis. Apollodorus says it is the same as the bull Apis.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 18; bk. 2, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_,\n bk. 4, ch. 83.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 30.\n\n=Serb\u014dnis=, a lake between Egypt and Palestine.\n\n=Ser\u0113na=, a daughter of Theodosius, who married Stilicho. She was put\n to death, &c. _Claudian._\n\n=Sereni\u0101nus=, a favourite of Gallus the brother of Julian. He was put\n to death.\n\n=Ser\u0113nus Samonicus=, a physician in the age of the emperor Severus and\n Caracalla. There remains a poem of his composition on medicine, the\n last edition of which is that of 1706, in 8vo, Amsterdam.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Vibius,\n a governor of Spain, accused of cruelty in the government of his\n province, and put to death by order of Tiberius.\n\n=Seres=, a nation of Asia, according to Ptolemy, between the Ganges\n and the eastern ocean in the modern Thibet. They were naturally of\n a meek disposition. Silk, of which the fabrication was unknown to\n the ancients, who imagined that the materials were collected from\n the leaves of trees, was brought to Rome from their country, and on\n that account it received the name of _Sericum_, and thence a garment\n or dress of silk is called _serica vestis_. Heliogobalus the Roman\n emperor was the first who wore a silk dress, which at that time was\n sold for its weight in gold. It afterwards became very cheap, and\n consequently was the common dress among the Romans. Some suppose\n that the Seres are the same as the Chinese. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6, ch. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 29, li. 9.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 19; bk. 19,\n lis. 142 & 292.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Am._ 1, poem 14, li. 6.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 121.\n\n=Sergestus=, a sailor in the fleet of \u00c6neas, from whom the family of\n the Sergii at Rome were descended. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 121.\n\n=Sergia=, a Roman matron. She conspired with others to poison their\n husbands. The plot was discovered, and Sergia, with some of her\n accomplices, drank poison and died.\n\n=Sergius=, one of the names of Catiline.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A military tribune at the\n siege of Veii. The family of the Sergii was patrician, and branched\n out into the several families of the _Fidenates_, _Sili_, _Catilin\u00e6_,\n _Natt\u00e6_, _Ocell\u00e6_, and _Planci_.\n\n=Sergius= and =Sergi\u014dlus=, a deformed youth, greatly admired by the\n Roman ladies in Juvenal\u2019s age. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 105, _et seq._\n\n=Ser\u012bphus=, an island in the \u00c6gean sea, about 36 miles in circumference,\n according to Pliny only 12, very barren, and uncultivated. The\n Romans generally sent their criminals there in banishment, and it was\n there that Cassius Severus the orator was exiled, and there he died.\n According to \u00c6lian, the frogs of this island never croaked, but when\n they were removed from the island to another place, they were more\n noisy and clamorous than others; hence the proverb of _seriphia rana_,\n applied to a man who neither speaks nor sings. This, however, is\n found to be a mistake by modern travellers. It was on the coast of\n Seriphos that the chest was discovered in which Acrisius had exposed\n his daughter Danae and her son Perseus. _Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_,\n _De Natura Animalium_, bk. 3, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 21.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 242; bk. 7, li. 65.\n\n=Sermyla=, a town of Macedonia. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 122.\n\n=Seron=, a general of Antiochus Epiphanes.\n\n=Serr\u0101nus=, a surname given to Cincinnatus, because he was found\n _sowing_ his fields when told that he had been elected dictator.\n Some, however, suppose that Serranus was a different person from\n Cincinnatus. _Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 26.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 844.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the auxiliaries of\n Turnus, killed in the night by Nisus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 335.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of some merit in Domitian\u2019s reign. _Juvenal_,\n satire 7, li. 80.\n\n=Serrheum=, a fortified place of Thrace. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 16.\n\n=Quintus Sertorius=, a Roman general, son of Quintus and Rhea, born at\n Nursia. His first campaign was under the great Marius, against the\n Teutones and Cimbri. He visited the enemy\u2019s camp as a spy, and had\n the misfortune to lose one eye in the first battle he fought. When\n Marius and Cinna entered Rome and slaughtered all their enemies,\n Sertorius accompanied them, but he expressed his sorrow and concern\n at the melancholy death of so many of his countrymen. He afterwards\n fled for safety into Spain, when Sylla had proscribed him, and\n in this distant province he behaved himself with so much address\n and valour that he was looked upon as the prince of the country.\n The Lusitanians universally revered and loved him, and the Roman\n general did not show himself less attentive to their interest, by\n establishing public schools, and educating the children of the\n country in the polite arts, and the literature of Greece and Rome.\n He had established a senate, over which he presided with consular\n authority, and the Romans, who followed his standard, paid equal\n reverence to his person. They were experimentally convinced of\n his valour and \u2666magnanimity as a general, and the artful manner in\n which he imposed upon the credulity of his adherents in the garb\n of religion, did not diminish his reputation. He pretended to hold\n commerce with heaven by means of a white hind which he had tamed with\n great success, and which followed him everywhere, even in the field\n of battle. The success of Sertorius in Spain, and his popularity\n among the natives, alarmed the Romans. They sent some troops\n to oppose him, but with little success. Four armies were found\n insufficient to crush or even hurt Sertorius; and Pompey and Metellus,\n who never engaged an enemy without obtaining the victory, were driven\n with dishonour from the field. But the favourite of the Lusitanians\n was exposed to the dangers which usually attend greatness. Perpenna,\n one of his officers who was jealous of his fame and tired of a\n superior, conspired against him. At a banquet the conspirators began\n to open their intentions by speaking with freedom and licentiousness\n in the presence of Sertorius, whose age and character had hitherto\n claimed deference from others. Perpenna overturned a glass of wine,\n as a signal for the rest of the conspirators, and immediately\n Antonius, one of his officers, stabbed Sertorius, and the example\n was followed by all the rest, 73 years before Christ. Sertorius has\n been commended for his love of justice and moderation. The flattering\n description which he heard of the Fortunate Islands when he passed\n into the west of Africa, almost tempted him to bid adieu to the world,\n and perhaps he would have retired from the noise of war, and the\n clamours of envy, to end his days in the bosom of a peaceful and\n solitary island, had not the stronger calls of ambition and the love\n of fame prevailed over the intruding reflections of a moment. It has\n been observed that in his latter days \u2660Sertorius became indolent,\n and fond of luxury and wanton cruelty; yet we must confess that in\n affability, clemency, complaisance, generosity, and military valour,\n he not only surpassed his contemporaries, but the rest of the Romans.\n _Plutarch_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 30, &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk.\n 3, ch. 21, &c.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Civil Wars_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 2; bk. 7, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Eutropius._\u2015\u2015_Aulus Gellius_, bk. 15, ch. 22.\n\n \u2666 \u2018magnamimity\u2019 replaced with \u2018magnanimity\u2019\n\n \u2660 \u2018Sertorious\u2019 replaced with \u2018Sertorius\u2019\n\n=Serv\u00e6us=, a man accused by Tiberius of being privy to the conspiracy\n of Sejanus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 7.\n\n=Servi\u0101nus=, a consul in the reign of Adrian. He was a great favourite\n of the emperor Trajan.\n\n=Servilia=, a sister of Cato of Utica, greatly enamoured of Julius\n C\u00e6sar, though her brother was one of the most inveterate enemies of\n her lover. To convince C\u00e6sar of her affection, she sent him a letter\n filled with the most tender expressions of regard for his person. The\n letter was delivered to C\u00e6sar in the senate-house, while they were\n debating about punishing the associates of Catiline\u2019s conspiracy;\n and when Cato saw it, he exclaimed that it was a letter from the\n conspirators, and insisted immediately on its being made public.\n Upon this C\u00e6sar gave it to Cato, and the stern senator had no sooner\n read its contents, than he threw it back, with the words of \u201cTake it,\n drunkard.\u201d From the intimacy which existed between Servilia and C\u00e6sar,\n some have supposed that the dictator was the father of Marcus Brutus.\n _Plutarch_, _C\u00e6sar_.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another sister\n of Cato, who married Silanus. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Thrasea, put to death by order of Nero with her father.\n Her crime was the consulting of magicians only to know what would\n happen in her family.\n\n=Servilia lex=, _de pecuniis repetundis_, by Caius Servilius the pretor,\n A.U.C. 653. It punished severely such as were guilty of peculation\n and extortion in the provinces. Its particulars are not precisely\n known.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de judicibus_, by Quintus Servilius C\u00e6pio the\n consul, A.U.C. 648. It divided the right of judging between the\n senators and the equites, a privilege which, though originally\n belonging to the senators, had been taken from them and given to\n the equites.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de civitate_, by Caius Servilius, ordained\n that if a Latin accused a Roman senator, so that he was condemned,\n the accuser should be honoured with the name and the privileges of a\n Roman citizen.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _agraria_, by Publius Servilius Rullus the\n tribune, A.U.C. 690. It required the immediate sale of certain houses\n and lands which belonged to the people, for the purchase of others in\n a different part of Italy. It required that 10 commissioners should\n be appointed to see it carried into execution, but Cicero prevented\n its passing into a law by the three orations which he pronounced\n against it.\n\n=Servili\u0101nus=, a Roman consul defeated by Viriathus, in Spain, &c.\n\n=Servilius Quintus=, a Roman who in his dictatorship defeated the \u00c6qui.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius, a consul who supported the cause of the people against\n the nobles, and obtained a triumph in spite of the opposition of\n the senate, after defeating the Volsci. He afterwards changed his\n opinions, and very violently opposed the people because they had\n illiberally treated him.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A proconsul killed at the battle of Cann\u00e6\n by Annibal.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Ahala, a master of horse to the dictator Cincinnatus.\n When M\u00e6lius refused to appear before the dictator to answer the\n accusations which were brought against him on suspicion of his\n aspiring to tyranny, Ahala slew him in the midst of the people whose\n protection he claimed. Ahala was accused for this murder and banished,\n but his sentence was afterwards repealed. He was raised to the\n dictatorship.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus, a man who pleaded in favour of Paulus\n \u00c6milius, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An augur prosecuted by Lucullus for his inattention\n in his office. He was acquitted.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A pretor ordered by the senate\n to forbid Sylla to approach Rome. He was ridiculed and insulted by\n the conqueror\u2019s soldiers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man appointed to guard the sea-coast\n of Pontus by Pompey.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius, a proconsul of Asia during the\n age of Mithridates. He conquered Isauria, for which service he was\n surnamed _Isauricus_, and rewarded with a triumph.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman general\n who defeated an army of Etrurians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An informer in the court of\n Tiberius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A favourite of Augustus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Geminus, a Roman consul who\n opposed Annibal with success.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Nonianus, a Latin historian, who\n wrote a history of Rome, in the reign of Nero. There were more than\n one writer of this name, as Pliny speaks of a Servilius remarkable\n for his eloquence and learning; and Quintilian mentions another\n also illustrious for his genius and literary merit.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Casca, one\n of C\u00e6sar\u2019s murderers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The family of the Servilii was of patrician\n rank, and came to settle at Rome after the destruction of Alba,\n where they were promoted to the highest offices of the state. To the\n several branches of this family were attached the different surnames\n of _Ahala_, _Axilla_, _Priscas_, _C\u00e6pio_, _Structus_, _Geminus_,\n _Pulex_, _Vatia_, _Casca_, _Fidenas_, _Longus_, and _Tucca_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lacus,\n a lake near Rome. _Cicero_, _For Sextus Roscius of Ameria_, ch. 32.\n\n=Servius Tullius=, the sixth king of Rome, was son of Ocrisia, a slave\n of Corniculum, by Tullius, a man slain in the defence of his country\n against the Romans. Ocrisia was given by Tarquin to Tanaquil his\n wife, and she brought up her son in the king\u2019s family, and added the\n name of _Servius_ to that which he had inherited from his father,\n to denote his _slavery_. Young Servius was educated in the palace of\n the monarch with great care, and though originally a slave, he raised\n himself so much to consequence, that Tarquin gave him his daughter in\n marriage. His own private merit and virtues recommended him to notice\n not less than the royal favours, and Servius, become the favourite\n of the people and the darling of the soldiers, by his liberality and\n complaisance, was easily raised to the throne on the death of his\n father-in-law. Rome had no reason to repent of her choice. Servius\n endeared himself still more as a warrior and as a legislator.\n He defeated the Veientes and the Tuscans, and by a proper act of\n policy he established the census, which told him that Rome contained\n about 84,000 inhabitants. He increased the number of the tribes,\n he beautified and adorned the city, and enlarged its boundaries\n by taking within its walls the hills Quirinalis, Viminalis, and\n Esquilinus. He also divided the Roman people into tribes, and that\n he might not seem to neglect the worship of the gods, he built\n several temples to the goddess of fortune, to whom he deemed himself\n particularly indebted for obtaining the kingdom. He also built a\n temple to Diana on mount Aventine, and raised himself a palace on the\n hill Esquilinus. Servius married his two daughters to the grandsons\n of his father-in-law; the elder to Tarquin, and the younger to Aruns.\n This union, as might be supposed, tended to ensure the peace of his\n family; but if such were his expectations, he was unhappily deceived.\n The wife of Aruns, naturally fierce and impetuous, murdered her own\n husband to unite herself to Tarquin, who had likewise assassinated\n his wife. These bloody measures were no sooner pursued than Servius\n was murdered by his own son-in-law, and his daughter Tullia showed\n herself so inimical to filial gratitude and piety, that she ordered\n her chariot to be driven over the mangled body of her father, B.C.\n 534. His death was universally lamented, and the slaves annually\n celebrated a festival in his honour, in the temple of Diana on mount\n Aventine, the day that he was murdered. Tarquinia, his wife, buried\n his remains privately, and died the following day. _Livy_, bk. 1,\n ch. 41.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 1, ch. 53.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 601.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Galba,\n a seditious person who wished to refuse a triumph to Paulus\n \u00c6mylius after the conquest of Macedonia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Claudius, a grammarian.\n _Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Sylla, who\n applied for the consulship to no purpose.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cornelius, a consul\n in the first ages of the republic, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sulpitius, an orator\n in the age of Cicero and Hortensius. He was sent as ambassador to\n Marcus Antony, and died before his return. Cicero obtained a statue\n for him from the senate and the Roman people, which was raised\n in the Campus Martius. Besides orations he wrote verses, which\n were highly censured for their indelicacy. His works are lost.\n _Cicero_, _Brutus_, _Philippics_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ltr. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n despicable informer in the Augustan age. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 1,\n li. 47.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Honoratus Maurus, a learned grammarian in the age of\n young Theodosius. He wrote Latin commentaries upon Virgil, still\n extant.\n\n=Sesara=, a daughter of Celeus king of Eleusis, sister of Triptolemus.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 38.\n\n=Sesostris=, a celebrated king of Egypt some ages before the Trojan\n war. His father ordered all the children in his dominions who were\n born on the same day with him to be publicly educated, and to pass\n their youth in the company of his son. This succeeded in the highest\n degree, and Sesostris had the pleasure to find himself surrounded by\n a number of faithful ministers and active warriors, whose education\n and intimacy with their prince rendered them inseparably devoted to\n his interest. When Sesostris had succeeded on his father\u2019s throne,\n he became ambitious of military fame, and after he had divided his\n kingdom into 36 different districts, he marched at the head of a\n numerous army to make the conquest of the world. Libya, \u00c6thiopia,\n Arabia, with all the islands of the Red sea, were conquered, and\n the victorious monarch marched through Asia, and penetrated further\n into the east than the conqueror Darius. He also invaded Europe,\n and subdued the Thracians; and that the fame of his conquests might\n long survive him, he placed columns in the several provinces he had\n subdued; and many ages after, this pompous inscription was read in\n many parts of Asia: \u201cSesostris the king of kings has conquered this\n territory by his arms.\u201d At his return home the monarch employed his\n time in encouraging the fine arts, and in improving the revenues of\n his kingdom. He erected 100 temples to the gods for the victories\n which he had obtained, and mounds of earth were heaped up in several\n parts of Egypt, where cities were built for the reception of the\n inhabitants during the inundations of the Nile. Some canals were also\n dug near Memphis to facilitate navigation, and the communication of\n one province with another. In his old age Sesostris, grown infirm\n and blind, destroyed himself, after a reign of 44 years, according\n to some. His mildness towards the conquered has been admired, while\n some have upbraided him for his cruelty and insolence in causing his\n chariot to be drawn by some of the monarchs whom he had conquered.\n The age of Sesostris is so remote from every authentic record, that\n many have supported that the actions and conquests ascribed to this\n monarch are uncertain and totally fabulous. _Herodotus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 102, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 5, li. 419.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 10, li. 276.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 16.\n\n=Sessites=, now _Sessia_, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the\n Po. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\n\n=Sestias=, a name applied to Hero, as born at Sestos. _Statius_, bk. 6,\n _Thebaid_, li. 547.\n\n=Sestius=, a friend of Brutus, with whom he fought at the battle of\n Philippi. Augustus resigned the consulship in his favour, though he\n still continued to reverence the memory of Brutus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of\n Syria.\n\n=Sestos=, or =Sestus=, a town of Thrace on the shores of the Hellespont,\n exactly opposite Abydos on the Asiatic side. It is celebrated for\n the bridge which Xerxes built there across the Hellespont, as also\n for being the seat of the amours of Hero and Leander. _Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Mus\u00e6us_, _Hero & Leander_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 258.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 18, ltr. 2.\n\n=Sesuvii=, a people of Celtic Gaul. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\n\n=Set\u0103bis=, a town of Spain between New Carthage and Saguntum, famous\n for the manufacture of linen. There was also a small river of the\n same name in the neighbourhood. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 16, li. 474.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3;\n bk. 19, ch. 1.\n\n=Sethon=, a priest of Vulcan, who made himself king of Egypt after the\n death of Anysis. He was attacked by the Assyrians and delivered from\n this powerful enemy by an immense number of rats, which in one night\n gnawed their bow-strings and thongs, so that on the morrow their arms\n were found to be useless. From this wonderful circumstance Sethon\n had a statue which represented him with a rat in his hand, with the\n inscription of, \u201cWhoever fixes his eyes upon me, let him be pious.\u201d\n _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 141.\n\n=Setia=, a town of Latium above the Pontine marshes, celebrated for\n its wines, which Augustus is said to have preferred to all others.\n _Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 5, li. 34; satire 10,\n li. 27.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 112.\n\n=Sev\u0113ra Julia Aquilia=, a Roman lady, whom the emperor Heliogabalus\n married. She was soon after repudiated, though possessed of all the\n charms of the mind and body which could captivate the most virtuous.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Valeria, the wife of Valentinian, and the mother of Gratian, was\n well known for her avarice and ambition. The emperor, her husband,\n repudiated her and afterwards took her again. Her prudent advice at\n last ensured her son Gratian on the imperial throne.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of\n Philip the Roman emperor.\n\n=Severi\u0101nus=, a governor of Macedonia, father-in-law to the emperor\n Philip.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the Roman armies in the reign of Valentinian,\n defeated by the Germans.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of the emperor Severus.\n\n=Sev\u0113rus Lucius Septimius=, a Roman emperor born at Leptis in Africa,\n of a noble family. He gradually exercised all the offices of\n the state, and recommended himself to the notice of the world by\n an ambitious mind and a restless activity, that could, for the\n gratification of avarice, endure the most complicated hardships.\n After the murder of Pertinax, Severus resolved to remove Didius\n Julianus, who had bought the imperial purple when exposed to sale\n by the licentiousness of the pretorians, and therefore he proclaimed\n himself emperor on the borders of Illyricum, where he was stationed\n against the barbarians. To support himself in this bold measure, he\n took as his partner in the empire Albinus, who was at the head of\n the Roman forces in Britain, and immediately marched towards Rome, to\n crush \u2666Didius and all his partisans. He was received as he advanced\n through the country with universal acclamations, and Julianus himself\n was soon deserted by his favourites, and assassinated by his own\n soldiers. The reception of Severus at Rome was sufficient to gratify\n his pride; the streets were strewed with flowers, and the submissive\n senate were ever ready to grant whatever honours or titles the\n conqueror claimed. In professing that he had assumed the purple only\n to revenge the death of the virtuous Pertinax, Severus gained many\n adherents, and was enabled not only to disarm, but to banish the\n pretorians, whose insolence and avarice were become alarming not\n only to the citizens, but to the emperor. But while he was victorious\n at Rome, Severus did not forget that there was another competitor\n for the imperial purple. Pescennius Niger was in the east at the head\n of a powerful army, and with the name and ensigns of Augustus. Many\n obstinate battles were fought between the troops and officers of the\n imperial rivals, till on the plains of Issus, which had been above\n five centuries before covered with the blood of the Persian soldiers\n of Darius, Niger was totally ruined by the loss of 20,000 men. The\n head of Niger was cut off and sent to the conqueror, who punished\n in a most cruel manner all the partisans of his unfortunate rival.\n Severus afterwards pillaged Byzantium, which had shut her gates\n against him; and after he had conquered several nations in the\n east, he returned to Rome, resolved to destroy Albinus, with whom\n he had hitherto reluctantly shared the imperial power. He attempted\n to assassinate him by his emissaries; but when this had failed of\n success, Severus had recourse to arms, and the fate of the empire\n was again decided on the plains of Gaul. Albinus was defeated, and\n the conqueror was so elated with the recollection that he had now no\n longer a competitor for the purple, that he insulted the dead body of\n his rival, and ordered it to be thrown into the Rhone, after he had\n suffered it to putrefy before the door of his tent, and to be torn to\n pieces by his dogs. The family and the adherents of \u2660Albinus shared\n his fate; and the return of Severus to the capital exhibited the\n bloody triumphs of Marius and Sylla. The richest of the citizens\n were sacrificed, and their money became the property of the emperor.\n The wicked Commodus received divine honours, and his murderers were\n punished in the most wanton manner. Tired of the inactive life which\n he led in Rome, Severus marched into the east, with his two sons\n Caracalla and Geta, and with uncommon success made himself master\n of Seleucia, Babylon, and Ctesiphon; and advanced without opposition\n far into the Parthian territories. From Parthia the emperor marched\n towards the more southern provinces of Asia: after he had visited\n the tomb of Pompey the Great, he entered Alexandria; and after he\n had granted a senate to that celebrated city, he viewed with the\n most criticizing and inquisitive curiosity the several monuments\n and ruins which that ancient kingdom contains. The revolt of Britain\n recalled him from the east. After he had reduced it under his power,\n he built a wall across the northern part of the island, to defend\n it against the frequent invasions of the Caledonians. Hitherto\n successful against his enemies, Severus now found the peace of his\n family disturbed. Caracalla attempted to murder his father as he was\n concluding a treaty of peace with the Britons; and the emperor was so\n shocked at the undutifulness of his son, that on his return home he\n called him into his presence, and after he had upbraided him for his\n ingratitude and perfidy, he offered him a drawn sword, adding, \u201cIf\n you are so ambitious of reigning alone, now imbrue your hands in the\n blood of your father, and let not the eyes of the world be witnesses\n of your want of filial tenderness.\u201d If these words checked Caracalla,\n yet he did not show himself concerned, and Severus, worn out with\n infirmities which the gout and the uneasiness of his mind increased,\n soon after died, exclaiming he had been everything man could wish,\n but that he was then nothing. Some say that he wished to poison\n himself, but that when this was denied, he ate to great excess, and\n soon after expired at York on the 4th of February, in the 211th year\n of the christian era, in the 66th year of his age, after a reign\n of 17 years, eight months, and three days. Severus has been so much\n admired for his military talents, that some have called him the most\n warlike of the Roman emperors. As a monarch he was cruel, and it has\n been observed that he never did an act of humanity or forgave a fault.\n In his diet he was temperate, and he always showed himself an open\n enemy to pomp and splendour. He loved the appellation of a man of\n letters, and he even composed a history of his own reign, which\n some have praised for its correctness and veracity. However cruel\n Severus may appear in his punishments and in his revenge, many have\n endeavoured to exculpate him, and observed that there was need of\n severity in an empire whose morals were so corrupted, and where no\n less than 3000 persons were accused of adultery during the space of\n 17 years. Of him, as of Augustus, some were found to say, that it\n would have been better for the world if he had never been born, or\n had never died. _Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015_Herodian._\u2015\u2015_Aurelius Victor._, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Alexander Marcus Aurelius, a native of Ph\u0153nicia, adopted by\n Heliogabalus. His father\u2019s name was Genesius Marcianus, and his\n mother\u2019s Julia Mamm\u00e6a, and he received the surname of _Alexander_,\n because he was born in a temple sacred to Alexander the Great. He was\n carefully educated, and his mother, by paying particular attention to\n his morals, and the character of his preceptors, preserved him from\n those infirmities and that licentiousness which old age too often\n attributes to the depravity of youth. At the death of Heliogabalus,\n who had been jealous of his virtues, Alexander, though only in the\n 14th year of his age, was proclaimed emperor, and his nomination was\n approved by the universal shouts of the army, and the congratulations\n of the senate. He had not long been on the throne before the peace of\n the empire was disturbed by the incursions of the Persians. Alexander\n marched into the east without delay, and soon obtained a decisive\n victory over the barbarians. At his return to Rome he was honoured\n with a triumph, but the revolt of the Germans soon after called him\n away from the indolence of the capital. His expedition in Germany was\n attended with some success, but the virtues and the amiable qualities\n of Alexander were forgotten in the stern and sullen strictness of the\n disciplinarian. His soldiers, fond of repose, murmured against his\n severity; their clamours were fomented by the artifice of Maximinus,\n and Alexander was murdered in his tent, in the midst of his camp,\n after a reign of 13 years and nine days, on the 18th of March, A.D.\n 235. His mother Mamm\u00e6a shared his fate with all his friends; but\n this was no sooner known than the soldiers punished with immediate\n death all such as had been concerned in the murder except Maximinus.\n Alexander has been admired for his many virtues, and every historian,\n except Herodian, is bold to assert, that if he had lived, the Roman\n empire might soon have been freed from those tumults and abuses which\n continually disturbed her peace, and kept the lives of her emperors\n and senators in perpetual alarms. His severity in punishing offences\n was great, and such as had robbed the public, were they even the most\n intimate friends of the emperor, were indiscriminately sacrificed\n to the tranquillity of the state, which they had violated. The great\n offices of the state, which had before his reign been exposed to\n sale, and occupied by favourites, were now bestowed upon merit, and\n Alexander could boast that all his officers were men of trust and\n abilities. He was a patron of literature, and he dedicated the hours\n of relaxation to the study of the best Greek and Latin historians,\n orators, and poets; and in the public schools which his liberality\n and the desire of encouraging learning had founded, he often heard\n with pleasure and satisfaction the eloquent speeches and declamations\n of his subjects. The provinces were well supplied with provisions,\n and Rome was embellished with many stately buildings and magnificent\n porticoes. _Alexander Polyhistor_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Herodian._\u2015\u2015_Zosim._\n \u2015\u2015_Aurelius Victor._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Flavius Valerius, a native of Illyricum,\n nominated C\u00e6sar by Galerius. He was put to death by Maximianus, A.D.\n 307.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Julius, a governor of Britain under Adrian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of\n Valens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Libius, a man proclaimed emperor of the west, at Ravenna,\n after the death of Majorianus. He was soon after poisoned.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius\n Cornelius, a Latin poet in the age of Augustus, for some time\n employed in the judicial proceedings of the forum.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cassius,\n an orator banished into the island of Crete by Augustus, for his\n illiberal language. He was banished 17 years, and died in Seriphos.\n He is commended as an able orator, yet declaiming with more warmth\n than prudence. His writings were destroyed by order of the senate.\n _Suetonius_, _Octavian Augustus_.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sulpitius, an\n ecclesiastical historian, who died A.D. 420. The best of his works\n is his _Historia Sacra_, from the creation of the world to the\n consulship of Stilicho, of which the style is elegant, and superior\n to that of the age in which he lived. The best edition is in\n 2 vols., 4to, Patavii, 1741.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer under the emperor Julian.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Aquilius, a native of Spain, who wrote an account of his own life\n in the reign of the emperor Valens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Valentinian,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A prefect of Rome, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated architect employed in\n building Nero\u2019s golden palace at Rome after the burning of that city.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Italy, near the Fabaris. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7,\n li. 713.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Didus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Didius\u2019\n\n \u2660 \u2018Albinius\u2019 replaced with \u2018Albinus\u2019\n\n=Sevo=, a ridge of mountains between Norway and Sweden, now called\n _Fiell_, or _Dofre_. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 15.\n\n=Seuthes=, a man who dethroned his monarch, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of\n Perdiccas, one of Alexander\u2019s generals.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Thracian king, who\n encouraged his countrymen to revolt, &c. This name is common to\n several of the Thracian princes.\n\n=Sextia=, a woman celebrated for her virtue and her constancy, put to\n death by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 16, ch. 10.\n\n=Sextia Licinia lex=, _de Magistratibus_, by Caius Licinius and\n Lucius Sextius the tribunes, A.U.C. 386. It ordained that one of the\n consuls should be elected from among the plebeians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de\n religione_, by the same, A.U.C. 385. It enacted that a decemvirate\n should be chosen from the patricians and plebeians instead of the\n _decemviri sacris faciundis_.\n\n=Sexti\u00e6 Aqu\u00e6=, now _Aix_, a place of Cisalpine Gaul, where the Cimbri\n were defeated by Marius. It was built by Caius Sextius, and is famous\n for its cold and hot springs. _Livy_, bk. 61.\u2015\u2015_Velleius Paterculus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 15.\n\n=Sextilia=, the wife of Vitellius. She became mother of two children.\n _Suetonius_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in the same family. _Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 64.\n\n=Sextilius=, a governor of Africa, who ordered Marius, when he landed\n there, to depart immediately from his province. Marius heard this\n with some concern, and said to the messengers, \u201cGo and tell your\n master that you have seen the exiled Marius sitting on the ruins\n of Carthage.\u201d _Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman preceptor, who\n was seized and carried away by pirates, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the officers\n of Lucullus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015H\u00e6na, a poet. _See:_ \u2666H\u00e6na.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer sent to\n Germany, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\n\n \u2666 No matching reference\n\n=Sextius=, a lieutenant of C\u00e6sar in Gaul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A seditious tribune in\n the first ages of the republic.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius was remarkable for his\n friendship with Brutus; he gained the confidence of Augustus, and was\n consul. Horace, who was in the number of his friends, dedicated bk. 1,\n ode 4, to him.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The first plebeian consul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A dictator.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n the sons of Tarquin. _See:_ Tarquinius.\n\n=Sextus=, a pr\u00e6nomen given to the sixth son of a family.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Pompey the Great. _See:_ Pompeius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A stoic philosopher, born at\n Cheron\u00e6a in B\u0153otia. Some suppose that he was Plutarch\u2019s nephew. He\n was preceptor to Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of\n Syria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher in the age of Antoninus. He was one of the\n followers of the doctrines of Pyrrho. Some of his works are still\n extant. The best edition of the treatise of Sextus Pompeis Festus,\n _Lexicon of Festus_, is that of Amsterdam, 4to, 1669.\n\n=Sib\u00e6=, a people of India. _Strabo._\n\n=Sibaris.= _See:_ Sybaris.\n\n=Sib\u012bni=, a people near the Suevi.\n\n=Siburtius=, a satrap of Arachosia, in the age of Alexander, &c.\n\n=Sibyll\u00e6=, certain women inspired by heaven, who flourished in\n different parts of the world. Their number is unknown. Plato speaks\n of one, others of two, Pliny of three, \u00c6lian of four, and Varro of\n 10, an opinion which is universally adopted by the learned. These\n 10 Sibyls generally resided in the following places: Persia, Libya,\n Delphi, Cum\u00e6 in Italy, Erythr\u00e6a, Samos, Cum\u00e6 in \u00c6olia, Marpessa on\n the Hellespont, Ancyra in Phrygia, and Tiburtis. The most celebrated\n of the Sibyls is that of Cum\u00e6 in Italy, whom some have called by the\n different names of Amalth\u00e6a, Demophile, Herophile, Daphne, Manto,\n Phemonoe, and Deiphobe. It is said that Apollo became enamoured of\n her, and that, to make her sensible of his passion, he offered to\n give her whatever she should ask. The Sibyl demanded to live as many\n years as she had grains of sand in her hand, but unfortunately forgot\n to ask for the enjoyment of the health, vigour, and bloom, of which\n she was then in possession. The god granted her her request, but\n she refused to gratify the passion of her lover, though he offered\n her perpetual youth and beauty. Some time after she became old and\n decrepit, her form decayed, and melancholy paleness and haggard looks\n succeeded to bloom and cheerfulness. She had already lived about 700\n years when \u00c6neas came to Italy, and, as some have imagined, she had\n three centuries more to live before her years were as numerous as the\n grains of sand which she had in her hand. She gave \u00c6neas instructions\n how to find his father in the infernal regions, and even conducted\n him to the entrance of hell. It was usual for the Sibyl to write her\n prophecies on leaves which she placed at the entrance of her cave,\n and it required particular care in such as consulted her to take\n up those leaves before they were dispersed by the wind, as their\n meaning then became incomprehensible. According to the most authentic\n historians of the Roman republic, one of the Sibyls came to the\n palace of Tarquin II., with nine volumes, which she offered to\n sell for a very high price. The monarch disregarded her, and she\n immediately disappeared, and soon after returned, when she had burned\n three of the volumes. She asked the same price for the remaining six\n books; and when Tarquin refused to buy them, she burned three more,\n and still persisted in demanding the same sum of money for the three\n that were left. This extraordinary behaviour astonished Tarquin; he\n bought the books, and the Sibyl instantly vanished, and never after\n appeared to the world. These books were preserved with great care by\n the monarch, and called the _Sibylline verses_. A college of priests\n was appointed to have the care of them; and such reverence did the\n Romans entertain for these prophetic books, that they were consulted\n with the greatest solemnity, and only when the state seemed to be\n in danger. When the capitol was burnt in the troubles of Sylla,\n the Sibylline verses, which were deposited there, perished in the\n conflagration; and to repair the loss which the republic seemed to\n have sustained, commissioners were immediately sent to different\n parts of Greece, to collect whatever verses could be found of the\n inspired writings of the Sibyls. The fate of the Sibylline verses,\n which were collected after the conflagration of the capitol, is\n unknown. There are now eight books of Sibylline verses extant, but\n they are universally reckoned spurious. They speak so plainly of our\n Saviour, of his sufferings, and of his death, as even to surpass far\n the sublime prediction of Isaiah in description, and therefore from\n this very circumstance, it is evident that they were composed in the\n second century, by some of the followers of christianity, who wished\n to convince the heathens of their error, by assisting the cause of\n truth with the arms of pious artifice. The word _Sibyl_ seems to be\n derived from \u03c3\u03b9\u03bf\u03c5, \u00c6olice for \u0394\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2, _Jovis_, and \u03b2\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03b7, _consilium_.\n _Plato_, _Ph\u00e6dras_.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 35.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 12, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, lis. 109 & 140.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3,\n li. 445; bk. 6, li. 36.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 564.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 13,\n ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Sallust._\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against\n Catiline_, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 8, ch. 15,\n &c.\n\n=Sica=, a man who showed much attention to Cicero in his banishment.\n Some suppose that he is the same as the Vibius Siculus mentioned by\n _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 8, ltr. 12;\n _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 14, chs. 4, 15.\n\n=S\u012dcambri=, or =Sicambria=, a people of Germany, conquered by the\n Romans. They revolted against Augustus, who marched against them,\n but did not totally reduce them. Drusus conquered them, and they were\n carried away from their native country to inhabit some of the more\n westerly provinces of Gaul. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 54.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 4, ode 2, li. 36; ode 14, li. 51.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, bk. 2,\n _Annals_, ch. 26.\n\n=Sicambria=, the country of the Sicambri, formed the modern provinces\n of Guelderland. _Claudian_, _Against Eutropius_, bk. 1, li. 383.\n\n=S\u012dc\u0101ni=, a people of Spain, who left their native country and passed\n into Italy, and afterwards into Sicily, which they called _Sicania_.\n They inhabited the neighbourhood of mount \u00c6tna, where they built\n some cities and villages. Some reckoned them the next inhabitants\n of the island after the Cyclops. They were afterwards driven from\n their ancient possessions by the Siculi, and retired into the western\n parts of the island. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bks. 5 & 13.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10; _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 7, li. 795.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, epode 17, li. 32.\n\n=S\u012dc\u0101nia= and =S\u012bc\u0103nia=, an ancient name of Italy, which it received\n from the Sicani, or from Sicanus their king, or from Sicanus, a small\n river in Spain, in the territory where they lived, as some suppose.\n The name was more generally given to Sicily. _See:_ Sicani.\n\n=Sicca=, a town of Numidia at the west of Carthage. _Sallust_,\n _Jugurthine War_, ch. 56.\n\n=Sic\u0115lis= (S\u012bc\u0115l\u012ddes, plural), an epithet applied to the inhabitants\n of Sicily. The Muses are called _Sicelides_ by Virgil, because\n Theocritus was a native of Sicily, whom the Latin poet, as a writer\n of Bucolic poetry, professed to imitate. _Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 4.\n\n=Sich\u00e6us=, called also _Sicharbas_ and _Acerbas_, was a priest of the\n temple of Hercules in Ph\u0153nicia. His father\u2019s name was Plisthenes. He\n married Elisa the daughter of Belus, and sister to king Pygmalion,\n better known by the name of Dido. He was so extremely rich, that\n his brother-in-law murdered him to obtain his possessions. This\n murder Pygmalion concealed from his sister Dido; and he amused her by\n telling her that her husband had gone upon an affair of importance,\n and that he would soon return. This would have perhaps succeeded\n had not the shades of Sich\u00e6us appeared to Dido, and related to her\n the cruelty of Pygmalion, and advised her to fly from Tyre, after\n she had previously secured some treasures, which, as he mentioned,\n were concealed in an obscure and unknown place. According to Justin,\n Acerbas was the uncle of Dido. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 347, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 4.\n\n=Sic\u012dlia=, the largest and most celebrated island in the Mediterranean\n sea, at the bottom of Italy. It was anciently called _Sicania_,\n _Trinacria_, and _Triquetra_. It is of a triangular form, and has\n three celebrated promontories, one looking towards Africa, called\n Lilyb\u00e6um; Pachynum looking towards Greece; and Pelorum towards\n Italy. Sicily is about 600 miles in circumference, celebrated for\n its fertility, so much that it was called one of the granaries of\n Rome, and Pliny says that it rewards the husbandman an hundredfold.\n Its most famous cities were Syracuse, Messana, Leontini, Lilyb\u00e6um,\n Agrigentum, Gela, Drepanum, Eryx, &c. The highest and most famous\n mountain in the island is \u00c6tna, whose frequent eruptions are\n dangerous, and often fatal to the country and its inhabitants, from\n which circumstance the ancients supposed that the forges of Vulcan\n and the Cyclops were placed there. The poets feign that the Cyclops\n were the original inhabitants of this island, and that after them\n it came into the possession of the Sicani, a people of Spain, and\n at last of the Siculi, a nation of Italy. _See:_ Siculi. The plains\n of Enna are well known for their excellent honey; and, according to\n Diodorus, the hounds lost their scent in hunting on account of the\n many odoriferous plants that profusely perfumed the air. Ceres and\n Proserpine were the chief deities of the place, and it was there,\n according to poetical tradition, that the latter was carried away by\n Pluto. The Ph\u0153nicians and Greeks settled some colonies there, and at\n last the Carthaginians became masters of the whole island till they\n were dispossessed of it by the Romans in the Punic wars. Some authors\n suppose that Sicily was originally joined to the continent, and that\n it was separated from Italy by an earthquake, and that the straits\n of the Charybdis were formed. The inhabitants of Sicily were so\n fond of luxury, that _Sicul\u00e6 mens\u00e6_ became proverbial. The rights of\n citizens of Rome were extended to them by Marcus Antony. _Cicero_,\n bk. 14, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 12; _Against Verres_, bk. 2,\n ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 9, &c.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 4, ch. 1, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 414, &c.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14,\n li. 11, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The island of Naxos in the\n \u00c6gean, was called Little Sicily on account of its fruitfulness.\n\n=Lucius Sicinius Dent\u0101tus=, a tribune of Rome, celebrated for his\n valour and the honours he obtained in the field of battle, during the\n period of 40 years, in which he was engaged in the Roman armies. He\n was present in 121 battles: he obtained 14 civic crowns, three mural\n crowns, eight crowns of gold, 83 golden collars, 60 bracelets, 18\n lances, 23 horses with all their ornaments, and all as the reward of\n his uncommon services. He could show the scars of 45 wounds, which he\n had received all in his breast, particularly in opposing the Sabines\n when they took the capitol. The popularity of Sicinius became odious\n to Appius Claudius, who wished to make himself absolute at Rome, and\n therefore, to remove him from the capital, he sent him to the army,\n by which, soon after his arrival, he was attacked and murdered. Of\n 100 men who were ordered to fall upon him, Sicinius killed 15, and\n wounded 30; and, according to Dionysius, the surviving number had\n recourse to artifice to overpower him, by killing him with a shower\n of stones and darts thrown at a distance, about 405 years before\n the christian era. For his uncommon courage Sicinius has been called\n the Roman Achilles. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Vellutus, one of the first tribunes in Rome.\n He raised cabals against Coriolanus, and was one of his accusers.\n _Plutarch_, _Coriolanus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sabinus, a Roman general who defeated\n the Volsci.\n\n=Sic\u012bnus=, a man privately sent by Themistocles to deceive Xerxes, and\nto advise him to attack the combined forces of the Greeks. He had been\npreceptor to Themistocles. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island, &c.\n\n=Sic\u014frus=, now _Segre_, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis, rising in\n the Pyrenean mountains, and falling into the Iberus, a little above\n its mouth. It was near this city that Julius C\u00e6sar conquered Afranius\n and Petreius, the partisans of Pompey. _Lucan_, bk. 4, lis. 14, 130,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\n\n=Sic\u016dli=, a people of Italy, driven from their possessions by the\n Opici. They fled into Sicania, or Sicily, where they settled in the\n territories which the Sicani inhabited. They soon extended their\n borders, and after they had conquered their neighbours the Sicani,\n they gave their name to the island. This, as some suppose, happened\n about 300 years before Greek colonies settled in the island, or about\n 1059 years before the christian era. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius\n of Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015_Strabo._\n\n=Sic\u016dlum fretum=, the sea which separates Sicily from Italy, is 15\n miles long, but in some places so narrow, that the barking of dogs\n can be heard from shore to shore. This strait is supposed to have\n been formed by an earthquake, which separated the island from the\n continent. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 8.\n\n=Sicyon=, now _Basilico_, a town of Peloponnesus, the capital of\n Sicyonia. It is celebrated as being the most ancient kingdom\n of Greece, which began B.C. 2089, and ended B.C. 1088, under a\n succession of monarchs of whom little is known, except the names.\n \u00c6gialeus was the first king. Some time after, Agamemnon made himself\n master of the place, and afterwards it fell into the hands of\n the Heraclid\u00e6. It became very powerful in the time of the Ach\u00e6an\n league, which it joined B.C. 251, at the persuasion of Aratus. The\n inhabitants of Sicyon are mentioned by some authors as dissolute and\n fond of luxury, hence the _Sicyonian shoes_, which were once very\n celebrated, were deemed marks of effeminacy. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Lucretius_, bk. 1, li. 1118.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 16;\n bk. 33, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Demosthenes_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On\n Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 54.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 519.\n\n=Sicyonia=, a province of Peloponnesus, on the bay of Corinth, of which\n Sicyon was the capital. It is the most eminent kingdom of Greece, and\n in its flourishing situation, not only its dependent states, but also\n the whole Peloponnesus, were called Sicyonia. The territory is said\n to abound with corn, wine, and olives, and also with iron mines. It\n produced many celebrated men, particularly artists. _See:_ Sicyon.\n\n=Side=, the wife of Orion, thrown into hell by Juno, for boasting\n herself fairer than the goddess. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Belus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Danaus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Pamphylia.\n _Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 3, _Letters to his Friends_,\n ltr. 6.\n\n=Sid\u0113ro=, the stepmother of Tyro, killed by Pelias.\n\n=Sidic\u012bnum=, a town of Campania, called also _Teanum_. _See:_ Teanum.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 727.\n\n=Sidon=, an ancient city of Ph\u0153nicia, the capital of the country, with\n a famous harbour, now called _Said_. It is situate on the shores of\n the Mediterranean, at the distance of about 50 miles from Damascus\n and 24 from Tyre. The people of Sidon were well known for their\n industry, their skill in arithmetic, in astronomy, and commercial\n affairs, and in sea voyages. They, however, had the character of\n being very dishonest. Their women were peculiarly happy in working\n embroidery. The invention of glass, of linen, and of a beautiful\n purple dye, is attributed to them. The city of Sidon was taken by\n Ochus king of Persia, after the inhabitants had burnt themselves and\n the city, B.C. 351; but it was afterwards rebuilt by its inhabitants.\n _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 217; bk. 10, li. 141.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 11, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 411.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12.\n\n=Sidoniorum insul\u00e6=, islands in the Persian gulf. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Sid\u014dnis=, is the country of which Sidon was the capital, situate\n at the west of Syria, on the coast of the Mediterranean. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, fable 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Dido, as a native of the country,\n is often called Sidonis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 80.\n\n=Sidonius Caius Sollius Apollinaris=, a christian writer, born A.D.\n 430. He died in the 52nd year of his age. There are remaining of his\n compositions, some letters and different poems, consisting chiefly\n of panegyrics on the great men of his time, written in heroic verse,\n and occasionally in other metre, of which the best edition is that\n of Labb\u00e6us, Paris, 4to, 1652.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The epithet of _Sidonius_ is applied\n not only to the natives of Sidon, but it is used to express the\n excellence of anything, especially embroidery or dyed garments.\n Carthage is called _Sidonia urbs_, because built by Sidonians.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 682.\n\n=Siena Julia=, a town of Etruria. _Cicero_, _Brutus_, ch. 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Histories_, ch. 45.\n\n\u2666=Siga=, now _Ned-Roma_, a town of Numidia, famous as the residence of\n Syphax. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 11.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Sida\u2019 replaced with \u2018Siga\u2019\n\n=Sig\u00e6um=, or =Sig\u0113um=, now cape _Incihisari_, a town of Troas, on a\n promontory of the same name, where the Scamander falls into the sea,\n extending six miles along the shore. It was near Sig\u00e6um that the\n greatest part of the battles between the Greeks and Trojans were\n fought, as Homer mentions, and there Achilles was buried. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 312; bk. 7, li. 294.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 12, li. 71.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 962.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5, ch. 12.\n\n=Signia=, an ancient town of Latium, whose inhabitants were called\n _Signini_. The wine of Signia was used by the ancients for medicinal\n purposes. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 116.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Phrygia.\n _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 29.\n\n=Sigovessus=, a prince among the Celt\u00e6, in the reign of Tarquin.\n _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 34.\n\n=Sig\u0233ni=, =Sigun\u00e6=, or =Sigynn\u00e6=, a nation of European Scythia, beyond\n the Danube. _Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 9.\n\n=Sila=, or =Syla=, a large wood in the country of the Brutii near\n the Apennines, abounding in much pitch. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 713.\n\n=Sil\u0101na Julia=, a woman at the court of Nero, remarkable for her\n licentiousness and impurities. She married Caius Julius, by whom she\n was divorced.\n\n=Decimus Sil\u0101nus=, a son of Titus Manlius Torquatus, accused of\n extortion in the management of the province of Macedonia. The\n father himself desired to hear the complaints laid against his\n son, and after he had spent two days in examining the charges of\n the Macedonians, he pronounced on the third day his son guilty of\n extortion, and unworthy to be called a citizen of Rome. He also\n banished him from his presence, and so struck was the son at the\n severity of his father, that he hanged himself on the following\n night. _Livy_, bk. 54.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_.\n \u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius Junius, a consul under\n Tiberius, accused of extortion, and banished to the island of Cythere.\n _Tacitus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus, a lieutenant of C\u00e6sar\u2019s armies in Gaul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n father-in-law of Caligula. _Suetonius_, _ Caligula_, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n propretor in Spain, who routed the Carthaginian forces there, while\n Annibal was in Italy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Turpilius, a lieutenant of Metellus against\n Jugurtha. He was accused by Marius, though totally innocent, and\n condemned by the malice of his judges.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Torquatus, a man put to\n death by Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius, a man betrothed to Octavia the daughter\n of Claudius. Nero took Octavia away from him, and on the day of her\n nuptials, \u2666Silanus killed himself.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An augur in the army of the\n 10,000 Greeks, at their return from Cunaxa.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Salinus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Silanus\u2019\n\n=S\u012dl\u0103rus=, a river of Picenum, rising in the Apennine mountains,\n and falling into the Tyrrhene sea. Its waters, as it is reported,\n petrified all leaves that fell into it. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3, li. 146.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2,\n ch. 103.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 582.\n\n=Sil\u0113ni=, a people on the banks of the Indus. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.\n\n=Sil\u0113nus=, a demi-god, who became the nurse, the preceptor, and\n attendant of the god Bacchus. He was, as some suppose, son of Pan,\n or, according to others, of Mercury, or of Terra. Malea in Lesbos was\n the place of his birth. After death he received divine honours, and\n had a temple in Elis. Silenus is generally represented as a fat and\n jolly old man, riding on an ass, crowned with flowers, and always\n intoxicated. He was once found by some peasants in Phrygia, after he\n had lost his way, and could not follow Bacchus, and he was carried\n to king Midas, who received him with great attention. He detained\n him for 10 days, and afterwards restored him to Bacchus, for which he\n was rewarded with the power of turning into gold whatever he touched.\n Some authors assert that Silenus was a philosopher, who accompanied\n Bacchus in his Indian expedition, and assisted him by the soundness\n of his counsels. From this circumstance, therefore, he is often\n introduced speaking with all the gravity of a philosopher concerning\n the formation of the world, and the nature of things. The Fauns\n in general, and the Satyrs, are often called Sileni. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 3, ch. 25; bk. 6, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, bk. 23.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 191.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 3,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 48.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_,\n _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li.\n 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Carthaginian historian who wrote an account of the affairs\n of his country in the Greek language.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian who wrote an\n account of Sicily.\n\n=Silicense=, a river of Spain.\n\n=Silicis mons=, a town near Padua.\n\n=Silis=, a river of Venetia in Italy, falling into the Adriatic.\n _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\n\n=Catius Silius Ital\u012dcus=, a Latin poet, who was originally at the bar,\n where he for some time distinguished himself, till he retired from\n Rome more particularly to consecrate his time to study. He was consul\n the year that Nero was murdered. Pliny has observed, that when Trajan\n was invested with the imperial purple, Silius refused to come to Rome\n and congratulate him like the rest of his fellow-citizens, a neglect\n which was never resented by the emperor, or insolently mentioned by\n the poet. \u2666Silius was in possession of a house where Cicero had lived,\n and another in which was the tomb of Virgil, and it has been justly\n remarked, that he looked upon no temple with greater reverence than\n upon the sepulchre of the immortal poet, whose steps he followed,\n but whose fame he could not equal. The birthday of Virgil was yearly\n celebrated with unusual pomp and solemnity by Silius; and for his\n partiality, not only to the memory, but to the compositions of the\n Mantuan poet, he has been called the ape of Virgil. Silius starved\n himself when labouring under an imposthume which his physicians were\n unable to remove, in the beginning of Trajan\u2019s reign, about the 75th\n year of his age. There remains a poem of Italicus, on the second\n Punic war, divided into 17 books, greatly commended by Martial. The\n moderns have not been so favourable in their opinions concerning its\n merit. The poetry is weak and inelegant, yet the author deserves to\n be commended for his purity, the authenticity of his narrations, and\n his interesting descriptions. He has everywhere imitated Virgil, but\n with little success. \u2666Silius was a great collector of antiquities.\n His son was honoured with the consulship during his lifetime. The\n best editions of Italicus will be found to be Drakenborch\u2019s in 4to,\n Utrecht, 1717, and that of Cellarius, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1695. _Martial_,\n bk. 11, ltr. 49, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, a man of consular dignity, greatly\n beloved by Messalina for his comely appearance and elegant address.\n Messalina obliged him to divorce his wife, that she might enjoy his\n company without intermission. Silius was forced to comply, though\n with reluctance, and he was at last put to death for the adulteries\n which the empress obliged him to commit. _Tacitus._\u2015\u2015_Suetonius._\n \u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune in C\u00e6sar\u2019s legions in Gaul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n commander in Germany, put to death by Sejanus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bks. \u26603 & 4.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Silinus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Silius\u2019\n\n \u2660 \u20185\u2019 replaced with \u20183\u2019\n\n=Silphium=, a part of Libya.\n\n=Silpia=, a town of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 12.\n\n=Silv\u0101nus=, a rural deity, son of an Italian shepherd by a goat. From\n this circumstance he is generally represented as half a man and\n half a goat. According to Virgil, he was son of Picus, or, as others\n report, of Mars, or, according to Plutarch, of Valeria Tusculanaria,\n a young woman, who introduced herself into her father\u2019s bed, and\n became pregnant by him. The worship of Silvanus was established\n only in Italy, where, as some authors have imagined, he reigned in\n the age of Evander. This deity was sometimes represented holding\n a cypress in his hand, because he became enamoured of a beautiful\n youth called Cyparissus, who was changed into a tree of the\n same name. Silvanus presided over gardens and limits, and he is\n often confounded with the Fauns, Satyrs, and Silenus. _Plutarch_,\n _Parallela minora_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 10; _Germania_,\n bk. 1, li. 20; bk. 2, li. 493.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _de Natura Animalium_,\n bk. 6, ch. 42.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, epode 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who murdered his wife\n Apronia, by throwing her down from one of the windows of her\n chambers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of those who conspired against Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer\n of Constantius, who revolted and made himself emperor. He was\n assassinated by his soldiers.\n\n=Silvium=, a town of Apulia, now _Gorgolione_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Istria.\n\n=Silures=, the people of South Wales in Britain.\n\n=Simbrivius=, or =Simbruvius=, a lake of Latium, formed by the Anio.\n _Tacitus_, bk. 14, _Annals_, ch. 22.\n\n=Simena=, a town of Lycia near Chim\u00e6ra. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.\n\n=Sim\u0113thus=, or =Sym\u0113thus=, a town and river at the east of Sicily,\n which served as a boundary between the territories of the people of\n Catana and the Leontini. In its neighbourhood the gods Palici were\n born. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 584.\n\n=Sim\u012dl\u00e6=, a grove at Rome where the orgies of Bacchus were celebrated.\n _Livy_, bk. 39, ch. 12.\n\n=Similis=, one of the courtiers of Trajan, who removed from Rome into\n the country to enjoy peace and solitary retirement.\n\n=Simmias=, a philosopher of Thebes, who wrote dialogues.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n grammarian of Rhodes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Macedonian suspected of conspiracy against\n Alexander, on account of his intimacy with Philotas. _Curtius_, bk. 7,\n ch. 1.\n\n=Simo=, a comic character in Terence.\n\n=S\u012dmois= (entis), a river of Troas, which rises in mount Ida and falls\n into the Xanthus. It is celebrated by Homer and most of the ancients\n poets, as in its neighbourhood were fought many battles during\n the Trojan war. It is found to be but a small rivulet by modern\n travellers, and even some have disputed its existence. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 104; bk. 3, li. 302, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 31, li. 324.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 18.\n\n=Simosius=, a Trojan prince, son of Anthemion, killed by Ajax. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 4, li. 473.\n\n=Simon=, a currier of Athens, whom Socrates often visited on account\n of his great sagacity and genius. He collected all the information\n he could receive from the conversation of the philosopher, and\n afterwards published it with his own observations in 33 dialogues.\n He was the first of the disciples of Socrates who attempted to give\n an account of the opinions of his master concerning virtue, justice,\n poetry, music, honour, &c. These dialogues were extant in the age\n of the biographer Diogenes, who has preserved their title. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 2, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another who wrote on rhetoric. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 2, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sculptor. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 2,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of Simon was common among the Jews.\n\n=S\u012dm\u014dn\u012ddes=, a celebrated poet of Cos, who flourished 538 years B.C.\n His father\u2019s name was Leoprepis, or Theoprepis. He wrote elegies,\n epigrams, and dramatical pieces, esteemed for their elegance and\n sweetness, and composed also epic poems, one on Cambyses king of\n Persia, &c. Simonides was universally courted by the princes of\n Greece and Sicily, and according to one of the fables of Ph\u00e6drus,\n he was such a favourite of the gods, that his life was miraculously\n preserved in an entertainment when the roof of the house fell upon\n all those who were feasting. He obtained a poetical prize in the\n 80th year of his age, and he lived to his 90th year. The people\n of Syracuse, who had hospitably honoured him when alive, erected a\n magnificent monument to his memory. Simonides, according to some,\n added the four letters \u03b7, \u03c9, \u03be, \u03c8 to the alphabet of the Greeks.\n Some fragments of his poetry are extant. According to some, the\n grandson of the elegiac poet of Cos was also called Simonides. He\n flourished a few years before the Peloponnesian war, and was the\n author of some books of inventions, genealogies, &c. _Quintilian_,\n bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Ph\u00e6dras_, bk. 4, fables 21 & 24.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 2, ode 1, li. 38.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 5, ch. 102.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _On Oratory_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Aristotle._\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Isthmean_, poem 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Catullus_, bk. 1, poem 39.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_, _Macrobii_.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_,\n _Varia Historia_, bk. 8, ch. 2.\n\n=Simplicius=, a Greek commentator on Aristotle, whose works were all\n edited in the 16th century, and the latter part of the 15th, but\n without a Latin version.\n\n=Sim\u016dlus=, an ancient poet, who wrote some verses on the Tarpeian rock.\n _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\n\n=Simus=, a king of Arcadia after Phialus. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.\n\n=Simyra=, a town of Ph\u0153nicia. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12.\n\n=Sin\u00e6=, a people of India called by Ptolemy the most eastern nation of\n the world.\n\n=Sind\u00e6=, islands in the Indian ocean, supposed to be the _Nicobar_\n islands.\n\n=Sindi=, a people of European Scythia, on the Palus M\u00e6otis. _Flaccus_,\n bk. 6, li. 86.\n\n=Sing\u00e6i=, a people on the confines of Macedonia and Thrace.\n\n=Singara=, a city at the north of Mesopotamia, now _Sinjar_.\n\n=Singulis=, a river of Spain falling into the Guadalquiver.\n\n=Singus=, a town of Macedonia.\n\n=Sinis=, a famous robber. _See:_ Scinis.\n\n=Sinnaces=, a Parthian of an illustrious family, who conspired against\n his prince, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 31.\n\n=Sinn\u0103cha=, a town of Mesopotamia, where Crassus was put to death by\n Surena.\n\n=Sinoe=, a nymph of Arcadia, who brought up Pan.\n\n=Sinon=, a son of Sisyphus, who accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan\n war, and there distinguished himself by his cunning and fraud, and\n his intimacy with Ulysses. When the Greeks had fabricated the famous\n wooden horse, Sinon went to Troy with his hands bound behind his back,\n and by the most solemn protestations, assured Priam that the Greeks\n were gone from Asia, and that they had been ordered to sacrifice one\n of their soldiers, to render the wind favourable to their return,\n and that because the lot had fallen upon him, at the instigation\n of Ulysses, he had fled away from their camp, not to be cruelly\n immolated. These false assertions were immediately credited by the\n Trojans, and Sinon advised Priam to bring into his city the wooden\n horse which the Greeks had left behind them, and to consecrate it to\n Minerva. His advice was followed, and Sinon in the night, to complete\n his perfidy, opened the side of the horse, from which issued a number\n of armed Greeks, who surprised the Trojans, and pillaged their city.\n _Dares Phrygius._\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 8, li. 492; bk. 11, li.\n 521.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 79, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Quintus Smyrn\u00e6us_, bk. 12, &c.\n\n=Sin\u014dpe=, a daughter of the Asopus by Methron. She was beloved by\n Apollo, who carried her away to the border of the Euxine sea, in Asia\n Minor, where she gave birth to a son called Syrus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A seaport town of Asia Minor, in Pontus, now _Sinah_, founded or\n rebuilt by a colony of Milesians. It was long an independent state,\n till Pharnaces king of Pontus seized it. It was the capital of Pontus,\n under Mithridates, and was the birthplace of Diogenes the cynic\n philosopher. It received its name from Sinope, whom Apollo carried\n there. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, poem 3, li. 67.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 2 &\n 12.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The original name\n of Sinuessa.\n\n=Sinorix=, a governor of Gaul, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Sintice=, a district of Macedonia.\n\n=Sintii=, a nation of Thracians, who inhabited Lemnos, when Vulcan fell\n there from heaven. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 594.\n\n=Sinuessa=, a maritime town of Campania, originally called _Sinope_.\n It was celebrated for its hot baths and mineral waters, which\n cured people of insanity, and rendered women prolific. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 715.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 42; bk. 11,\n ltr. 8.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12.\n\n=Sion=, one of the hills on which Jerusalem was built.\n\n=Siphnos=, now _Sifano_, one of the Cyclades, situate at the west of\n Paros, 20 miles in circumference, according to Pliny, or, according\n to modern travellers, 40. Siphnos had many excellent harbours, and\n produced great plenty of delicious fruit. The inhabitants were so\n depraved, that their licentiousness became proverbial. They, however,\n behaved with spirit in the Persian wars, and refused to give earth\n and water to the emissaries of Xerxes in token of submission. There\n were some gold mines in Siphnos, of which Apollo demanded a tenth\n part. When the inhabitants refused to continue to offer part of their\n gold to the god of Delphi, the island was inundated, and the mines\n disappeared. The air was so wholesome that many of the natives lived\n to their 120th year. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 8,\n ch. 46.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\n\n=Sipontum=, =Sipus=, or =Sepus=, a maritime town in Apulia in Italy,\n founded by Diomedes after his return from the Trojan war. _Strabo_,\n bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 5, li. 377.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Sipy\u0306lum= and =Sipy\u0306lus=, a town of Lydia, with a mountain of the same\n name near the Meander, formerly called _Ceraunius_. The town was\n destroyed by an earthquake, with 12 others in the neighbourhood,\n in the reign of Tiberius. _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1,\n ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 24.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 9.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 47.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n Niobe\u2019s children, killed by Apollo. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,\n fable 6.\n\n=Sirbo=, a lake between Egypt and Palestine, now _Sebaket Bardoil_.\n _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.\n\n=S\u012br\u0113nes=, sea nymphs who charmed so much with their melodious voice,\n that all forgot their employments to listen with more attention, and\n at last died for want of food. They were daughters of the Achelous\n by the muse Calliope, or, according to others, by Melpomene or\n Terpsichore. They were three in number, called Parthenope, Ligeia,\n and Leucosia, or, according to others, M\u0153olpe, Aglaophonos, and\n Thelxiope, or Thelxione, and they usually lived in a small island\n near cape Pelorus in Sicily. Some authors suppose that they were\n monsters, who had the form of a woman above the waist, and the rest\n of the body like that of a bird; or rather that the whole body was\n covered with feathers, and had the shape of a bird, except the head,\n which was that of a beautiful female. This monstrous form they had\n received from Ceres, who wished to punish them, because they had not\n assisted her daughter when carried away by Pluto. But, according to\n Ovid, they were so disconsolate at the rape of Proserpine, that they\n prayed the gods to give them wings that they might seek her in the\n sea as well as by land. The Sirens were informed by the oracle, that\n as soon as any persons passed by them without suffering themselves\n to be charmed by their \u2666songs, they should perish; and their melody\n had prevailed in calling the attention of all passengers, till\n Ulysses, informed of the power of their voice by Circe, stopped the\n ears of his companions with wax, and ordered himself to be tied to\n the mast of his ship, and no attention to be paid to his commands,\n should he wish to stay and listen to their song. This was a salutary\n precaution. Ulysses made signs for his companions to stop, but they\n were disregarded, and the fatal coast was passed with safety. Upon\n this artifice of Ulysses, the Sirens were so disappointed, that they\n threw themselves into the sea and perished. Some authors say that the\n Sirens challenged the Muses to a trial of skill in singing, and that\n the latter proved victorious, and plucked the feathers from the wings\n of their adversaries, with which they made themselves crowns. The\n place where the Sirens destroyed themselves was afterwards called\n _Sirenis_, on the coast of Sicily. Virgil, however, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5,\n li. 864, places the _Sirenum Scoupli_ on the coast of Italy, near\n the island of Caprea. Some suppose that the Sirens were a number of\n lascivious women in Sicily, who prostituted themselves to strangers,\n and made them forget their pursuits while drowned in unlawful\n pleasures. The Sirens are often represented holding, one a lyre, a\n second a flute, and the third singing. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 12, li. 167.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Ammianus_,\n bk. 29, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 141.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 555; _De Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3,\n li. 311.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 33.\n\n \u2666 \u2018sons\u2019 replaced with \u2018songs\u2019\n\n=Siren\u016bs\u00e6=, three small rocky islands near the coast of Campania, where\n the Sirens were supposed to reside.\n\n=Siris=, a town of Magna Gr\u00e6cia, founded by a Grecian colony after the\n Trojan war, at the mouth of the river of the same name. There was\n a battle fought near it between Pyrrhus and the Romans. _Dionysius\n Periegetes_, li. 221.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The \u00c6thiopians gave that name to the Nile\n before its divided streams united into one current. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of P\u00e6onia in Thrace.\n\n=Sirius=, or =Canic\u016dla=, the dog-star, whose appearance, as the\n ancients supposed, always caused great heat on the earth. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 141.\n\n=Sirmio=, now _Sermione_, a peninsula in the lake Benacus, where\n Catullus had a villa. _Catullus_, poem 31.\n\n=Sirmium=, the capital of Pannonia, at the confluence of the Savus and\n Bacuntius, very celebrated during the reign of the Roman emperors.\n\n=Sisamnes=, a judge flayed alive for his partiality, by order of\n Cambyses. His skin was nailed on the benches of the other judges, to\n incite them to act with candour and impartiality. _Herodotus_, bk. 5,\n ch. 25.\n\n=Sisapho=, a Corinthian, who had murdered his brother, because he had\n put his children to death. _Ovid_, _Ibis_.\n\n=Sisapo=, a town of Spain, famous for its vermilion mines, whose\n situation is not well ascertained. _Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Philippics_, bk. 2, ch. 19.\n\n=Siscia=, a town of Pannonia, now _Sisseg_.\n\n=Sisenes=, a Persian deserter, who conspired against Alexander, &c.\n _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\n\n=Lucius Sisenna=, an ancient historian among the Romans, 91 B.C. He\n wrote an account of the republic, of which Cicero speaks with great\n warmth, and also translated from the Greek the Milesian fables of\n Aristides. Some fragments of his compositions are quoted by different\n authors. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 443.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Brutus_,\n ltrs. 64 & 67.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cornelius, a Roman,\n who, on being reprimanded in the senate for the ill conduct and\n depraved manners of his wife, accused publicly Augustus of unlawful\n commerce with her. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 54.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The family of the\n Cornelii and Apronii received the surname of Sisenna. They are\n accused of intemperate loquacity in the Augustan age, by _Horace_,\n bk. 1, satire 7, li. 8.\n\n=Sisigambis=, or =Sisygambis=, the mother of Darius the last king of\n Persia. She was taken prisoner by Alexander the Great at the battle\n of Issus, with the rest of the royal family. The conqueror treated\n her with uncommon tenderness and attention; he saluted her as his\n own mother, and what he had sternly denied to the petitions of his\n favourites and ministers, he often granted to the intercession of\n Sisygambis. The regard of the queen for Alexander was uncommon, and,\n indeed, she no sooner heard that he was dead, than she killed herself,\n unwilling to survive the loss of so generous an enemy; though she\n had seen, with less concern, the fall of her son\u2019s kingdom, the ruin\n of his subjects, and himself murdered by his servants. She had also\n lost, in one day, her husband and 80 of her brothers, whom Ochus\n had assassinated to make himself master of the kingdom of Persia.\n _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 9; bk. 10, ch. 5.\n\n=Sisimithr\u00e6=, a fortified place of Bactriana, 15 stadia high, 80 in\n circumference, and plain at the top. Alexander married Roxana there.\n _Strabo_, bk. 11.\n\n=Sisocostus=, one of the friends of Alexander, entrusted with the care\n of the rock Aornus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 11.\n\n=Sisy\u0306phus=, a brother of Athamas and Salmoneus, son of \u00c6olus and\n Enaretta, the most crafty prince of the heroic ages. He married\n Merope the daughter of Atlas, or, according to others, of Pandareus,\n by whom he had several children. He built Ephyre, called afterwards\n Corinth, and he debauched Tyro the daughter of Salmoneus, because\n he had been told by an oracle that his children by his brother\u2019s\n daughter would avenge the injuries which he had suffered from the\n malevolence of Salmoneus. Tyro, however, as Hyginus says, destroyed\n the two sons whom she had by her uncle. It is reported that Sisyphus,\n mistrusting Autolycus, who stole the neighbouring flocks, marked\n his bulls under the feet, and when they had been carried away by the\n dishonesty of his friend, he confounded and astonished the thief by\n selecting from his numerous flocks those bulls which, by the mark,\n he knew to be his own. The artifice of Sisyphus was so pleasing to\n Autolycus, who had now found one more cunning than himself, that he\n permitted him to enjoy the company of his daughter Anticlea, whom a\n few days after he gave in marriage to Laertes of Ithaca. After his\n death, Sisyphus was condemned in hell to roll to the top of a hill\n a large stone, which had no sooner reached the summit than it fell\n back into the plain with impetuosity, and rendered his punishment\n eternal. The causes of this rigorous sentence are variously reported.\n Some attribute it to his continual depredations in the neighbouring\n country, and his cruelty in laying heaps of stones on those whom he\n had plundered, and suffering them to expire in the most agonizing\n torments. Others, to the insult offered to Pluto, in chaining Death\n in his palace, and detaining her till Mars, at the request of the\n king of hell, went to deliver her from confinement. Others suppose\n that Jupiter inflicted this punishment because he told Asopus where\n his daughter \u00c6gina had been carried away by her ravisher. The more\n followed opinion, however, is, that Sisyphus, on his death-bed,\n entreated his wife to leave his body unburied, and when he came\n into Pluto\u2019s kingdom, he received the permission of returning upon\n earth to punish this seeming negligence of his wife, but, however,\n on promise of immediately returning. But he was no sooner out of the\n infernal regions, than he violated his engagements, and when he was\n at last brought back to hell by Mars, Pluto, to punish his want of\n fidelity and honour, condemned him to roll a huge stone to the top\n of a mountain. The institution of the Pythian games is attributed\n by some to Sisyphus. To be of the blood of Sisyphus was deemed\n disgraceful among the ancients. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 592.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 616.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4,\n li. 459; bk. 13, li. 32; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 175; _Ibis_, li. 191.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 60.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode\n 14, li. 20.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Marcus Antony,\n who was born deformed, and received the name of Sisyphus, because\n he was endowed with genius and an excellent understanding. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, satire 3, li. 47.\n\n=Sitalces=, one of Alexander\u2019s generals, imprisoned for his cruelty and\n avarice in the government of his province. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Thrace, B.C. 436.\n\n=Sithn\u012ddes=, certain nymphs of a fountain in Megara. _Pausanias_, bk. 1,\n ch. 40.\n\n=Sithon=, a king of Thrace.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island in the \u00c6gean.\n\n=Sith\u014fnia=, a country of Thrace between mount H\u00e6mus and the Danube.\n Sithonia is often applied to all Thrace, and thence the epithet\n _Sithonis_, so often used by the poets. It received its name from\n king Sithon. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 18, li. 9.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 6, li. 588; bk. 7, li. 466; bk. 13, li. 571.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 7,\n ch. 122.\n\n=Sitius=, a Roman who assisted C\u00e6sar in Africa with great success. He\n was rewarded with a province of Numidia. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_,\n ch. 21.\n\n=Sitones=, a nation of Germany, or modern Norway, according to some.\n _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 45.\n\n=Sittace=, a town of Assyria. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.\n\n=Smaragdus=, a town of Egypt on the Arabian gulf, where emeralds\n (_smaragdi_) were dug. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n\n=Smenus=, a river of Laconia rising in mount Taygetus, and falling into\n the sea near Hypsos. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 24.\n\n=Smerdis=, a son of Cyrus, put to death by order of his brother\n Cambyses. As his execution was not public, and as it was only known\n to one of the officers of the monarch, one of the Magi of Persia, who\n was himself called Smerdis, and who greatly resembled the deceased\n prince, declared himself king, at the death of Cambyses. This\n usurpation would not, perhaps, have been known, had not he taken too\n many precautions to conceal it. After he had reigned for six months\n with universal approbation, seven noblemen of Persia conspired to\n dethrone him, and when this had been executed with success, they\n chose one of their number to reign in the usurper\u2019s place, B.C. 521.\n This was Darius the son of Hystaspes. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 30.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n\n=Smilax=, a beautiful shepherdess who became enamoured of Crocus. She\n was changed into a flower, as also her lover. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 4, li. 283.\n\n=Smilis=, a statuary of \u00c6gina in the age of D\u00e6dalus. _Pausanias_, bk. 7.\n\n=Smindyrides=, a native of Sybaris, famous for his luxury. _\u00c6lian_,\n _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 24, & bk. 12, ch. 24.\n\n=Smintheus=, one of the surnames of Apollo in Phrygia, where the\n inhabitants raised him a temple, because he had destroyed a number\n of rats that infested the country. These rats were called \u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03b8\u03b1\u03b9, in\n the language of Phrygia, whence the surname. There is another story\n similar to this related by the Greek scholiast of _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 1, li. 39.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12,\n li. 585.\n\n=Smyrna=, a celebrated seaport town of Ionia in Asia Minor, built, as\n some suppose, by Tantalus, or, according to others, by the \u00c6olians.\n It has been subject to many revolutions, and been severally in\n the possession of the \u00c6olians, Ionians, Lydians, and Macedonians.\n Alexander, or according to Strabo, Lysimachus, rebuilt it 400 years\n after it had been destroyed by the Lydians. It was one of the richest\n and most powerful cities of Asia, and became one of the 12 cities\n of the Ionian confederacy. The inhabitants were given much to luxury\n and indolence, but they were universally esteemed for their valour\n and intrepidity when called to action. Marcus Aurelius repaired it\n after it had been destroyed by an earthquake, about the 180th year\n of the christian era. Smyrna still continues to be a very commercial\n town. The river Meles flows near its walls. The inhabitants of Smyrna\n believed that Homer was born among them, and to confirm this opinion\n they not only paid him divine honours, but showed a place which\n bore the poet\u2019s name, and also had a brass coin in circulation which\n was called _Homerium_. Some suppose that it was called Smyrna from\n an Amazon of the same name who took possession of it. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 16, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 12 & 14.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8,\n li. 565.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Thias, mother of Adonis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Amazon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of a\n poem which Cinna, a Latin poet, composed in nine years, and which was\n worthy of admiration, according to _Catullus_, poem 94.\n\n=Smyrn\u00e6us=, a Greek poet of the third century, called also Calaber.\n _See:_ Calaber.\n\n=Soana=, a river of Albania. _Ptolemy._\n\n=Soanda=, a town of Armenia.\n\n=Soanes=, a people of Colchis, near Caucasus, in whose territories\n the rivers abound with golden sands, which the inhabitants gather\n in wool skins, whence, perhaps, arose the fable of the golden fleece.\n _Strabo_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 33, ch. 3.\n\n=S\u014dcr\u0103tes=, the most celebrated philosopher of all antiquity, was\n a native of Athens. His father Sophroniscus was a statuary, and\n his mother Ph\u00e6narete was by profession a midwife. For some time he\n followed the occupation of his father, and some have mentioned the\n statues of the graces, admired for their simplicity and elegance,\n as the work of his own hands. He was called away from this meaner\n employment, of which, however, he never blushed, by Crito, who\n admired his genius and courted his friendship. Philosophy soon became\n the study of Socrates, and under Archelaus and Anaxagoras he laid the\n foundation of that exemplary virtue which succeeding ages have ever\n loved and venerated. He appeared like the rest of his countrymen in\n the field of battle; he fought with boldness and intrepidity, and to\n his courage two of his friends and disciples, Xenophon and Alcibiades,\n owed the preservation of their lives. But the character of Socrates\n appears more conspicuous and dignified as a philosopher and moralist\n than as a warrior. He was fond of labour, he inured himself to suffer\n hardships, and he acquired that serenity of mind and firmness of\n countenance, which the most alarming dangers could never destroy, or\n the most sudden calamities alter. If he was poor, it was from choice,\n and not the effects of vanity, or the wish of appearing singular. He\n bore injuries with patience, and the insults of malice or resentment\n he not only treated with contempt, but even received with a mind\n that expressed some concern, and felt compassion for the depravity\n of human nature. So singular and so venerable a character was admired\n by the most enlightened of the Athenians. Socrates was attended by\n a number of illustrious pupils, whom he instructed by his exemplary\n life, as well as by his doctrines. He had no particular place where\n to deliver his lectures, but as the good of his countrymen, and the\n reformation of their corrupted morals, and not the aggregation of\n riches, was the object of his study, he was present everywhere, and\n drew the attention of his auditors either in the groves of Academus,\n the Lyceum, or on the banks of the Ilyssus. He spoke with freedom\n on every subject, religious as well as civil; and had the courage to\n condemn the violence of his countrymen, and to withstand the torrent\n of resentment, by which the Athenian generals were capitally punished\n for not burying the dead at the battle of Arginus\u00e6. This independence\n of spirit, and that visible superiority of mind and genius over the\n rest of his countrymen, created many enemies to Socrates; but as his\n character was irreproachable, and his doctrines pure, and void of all\n obscurity, the voice of malevolence was silent. Yet Aristophanes soon\n undertook, at the instigation of Melitus, in his comedy of the Clouds,\n to ridicule the venerable character of Socrates on the stage; and\n when once the way was open to calumny and defamation, the fickle and\n licentious populace paid no reverence to the philosopher whom they\n had before regarded as a being of a superior order. When this had\n succeeded, Melitus stood forth to criminate him, together with Anytus\n and Lycon, and the philosopher was summoned before the tribunal of\n the 500. He was accused of corrupting the Athenian youth, of making\n innovations in the religion of the Greeks, and of ridiculing the many\n gods whom the Athenians worshipped; yet, false as this might appear,\n the accusers relied for the success of their cause upon the perjury\n of false witnesses, and the envy of the judges, whose ignorance\n would readily yield to misrepresentation, and be influenced and\n guided by eloquence and artifice. In this their expectations were not\n frustrated, and while the judges expected submission from Socrates,\n and that meanness of behaviour and servility of defence which\n distinguished criminals, the philosopher, perhaps, accelerated his\n own fall by the firmness of his mind, and his uncomplying integrity.\n Lysias, one of the most celebrated orators of the age, composed\n an oration in a laboured and pathetic style, which he offered to\n his friend to be pronounced as his defence in the presence of his\n judges. Socrates read it, but after he had praised the eloquence\n and the animation of the whole, he rejected it, as neither manly\n nor expressive of fortitude, and comparing it to Sicyonian shoes,\n which, though fitting, were proofs of effeminacy, he observed, that a\n philosopher ought to be conspicuous for magnanimity and for firmness\n of soul. In his apology he spoke with great animation, and confessed\n that while others boasted that they were acquainted with everything,\n he himself knew nothing. The whole discourse was full of simplicity\n and noble grandeur, the energetic language of offended innocence. He\n modestly said, that what he possessed was applied for the service of\n the Athenians; it was his wish to make his fellow-citizens happy, and\n it was a duty which he performed by the special command of the gods,\n \u201cwhose authority,\u201d said he, emphatically to his judges, \u201cI regard\n more than yours.\u201d Such language from a man who was accused of a\n capital crime, astonished and irritated the judges. Socrates was\n condemned, but only by a majority of three voices; and when he was\n demanded, according to the spirit of the Athenian laws, to pass\n sentence on himself, and to mention the death he preferred, the\n philosopher said, \u201cFor my attempts to teach the Athenian youth\n justice and moderation, and render the rest of my countrymen more\n happy, let me be maintained at the public expense the remaining\n years of my life in the Prytaneum, an honour, O Athenians, which\n I deserve more than the victors of the Olympic games. They make\n their countrymen more happy in appearance, but I have made you so\n in reality.\u201d This exasperated the judges in the highest degree, and\n he was condemned to drink hemlock. Upon this he addressed the court,\n and more particularly the judges who had decided in his favour, in\n a pathetic speech. He told them that to die was a pleasure, since\n he was going to hold converse with the greatest heroes of antiquity;\n he recommended to their paternal care his defenceless children,\n and as he returned to prison, he exclaimed: \u201cI go to die, you to\n live; but which is the best the Divinity alone can know.\u201d The solemn\n celebration of the Delian festivals [_See:_ Delia] prevented his\n execution for 30 days, and during that time he was confined in the\n prison and loaded with irons. His friends, and particularly his\n disciples, were his constant attendants; he discoursed with them upon\n different subjects with all his usual cheerfulness and serenity. He\n reproved them for their sorrow, and when one of them was uncommonly\n grieved because he was to suffer, though innocent, the philosopher\n replied, \u201cWould you then have me die guilty?\u201d With this composure he\n spent his last days. He continued to be a preceptor till the moment\n of his death, and instructed his pupils on questions of the greatest\n importance; he told them his opinions in support of the immortality\n of the soul, and reprobated with acrimony the prevalent custom of\n suicide. He disregarded the intercession of his friends, and when\n it was in his power to make his escape out of prison he refused it,\n and asked, with his usual pleasantry, where he could escape death.\n \u201cWhere,\u201d says he to Crito, who had bribed the gaoler, and made\n his escape certain, \u201cwhere shall I fly, to avoid this irrevocable\n doom passed on all mankind?\u201d When the hour to drink the poison\n was come, the executioner presented him the cup with tears in his\n eyes. Socrates received it with composure, and after he had made a\n libation to the gods, he drank it with an unaltered countenance, and\n a few moments after he expired. Such was the end of a man whom the\n uninfluenced answer of the oracle of Delphi had pronounced the wisest\n of mankind. Socrates died 400 years before Christ, in the 70th year\n of his age. He was no sooner buried than the Athenians repented of\n their cruelty; his accusers were universally despised and shunned.\n One suffered death, some were banished, and others, with their own\n hands, put an end to the life which their severity to the best of\n the Athenians had rendered insupportable. The actions, sayings, and\n opinions of Socrates have been faithfully recorded by two of the most\n celebrated of his pupils, Xenophon and Plato, and everything which\n relates to the life and circumstances of this great philosopher is\n now minutely known. To his poverty, his innocence, and his example,\n the Greeks were particularly indebted for their greatness and\n splendour; and the learning which was universally disseminated by his\n pupils, gave the whole nation a consciousness of their superiority\n over the rest of the world, not only in the polite arts, but in\n the more laborious exercises, which their writings celebrated. The\n philosophy of Socrates forms an interesting epoch in the history of\n the human mind. The son of Sophroniscus derided the more abstruse\n inquiries and metaphysical researches of his predecessors, and by\n first introducing moral philosophy, he induced mankind to consider\n themselves, their passions, their opinions, their duties, actions,\n and faculties. From this it was said that the founder of the Socratic\n school drew philosophy down from heaven upon the earth. In his\n attendance upon religious worship, Socrates was himself an example;\n he believed the divine origin of dreams and omens, and publicly\n declared that he was accompanied by a d\u00e6mon or invisible conductor\n [_See:_ D\u00e6mon], whose frequent interposition stopped him from the\n commission of evil, and the guilt of misconduct. This familiar spirit,\n however, according to some, was nothing more than a sound judgment\n assisted by prudence and long experience, which warned him at the\n approach of danger, and from a general speculation of mankind could\n foresee what success would attend an enterprise, or what calamities\n would follow an ill-managed administration. As a supporter of the\n immortality of the soul, he allowed the perfection of a supreme\n knowledge, from which he deduced the government of the universe. From\n the resources of experience as well as nature and observation, he\n perceived the indiscriminate dispensation of good and evil to mankind\n by the hand of Heaven, and he was convinced that none but the most\n inconsiderate would incur the displeasure of their Creator to avoid\n poverty or sickness, or gratify a sensual appetite, which must at the\n end harass their soul with remorse and the consciousness of guilt.\n From this natural view of things, he perceived the relation of one\n nation with another, and how much the tranquillity of civil society\n depended upon the proper discharge of these respective duties.\n The actions of men furnished materials also for his discourse; to\n instruct them was his aim, and to render them happy was the ultimate\n object of his daily lessons. From principles like these, which were\n enforced by the unparalleled example of an affectionate husband, a\n tender parent, a warlike soldier, and a patriotic citizen in Socrates,\n soon after the celebrated sects of the Platonists, the Peripatetics,\n the Academics, Cyrenaics, Stoics, &c., arose. Socrates never wrote\n for the public eye, yet many support that the tragedies of his\n pupil Euripides were partly composed by him. He was naturally of a\n licentious disposition, and a physiognomist observed, in looking in\n the face of the philosopher, that his heart was the most depraved,\n immodest, and corrupted that ever was in the human breast. This\n nearly cost the satirist his life, but Socrates upbraided his\n disciples, who wished to punish the physiognomist, and declared\n that his assertions were true, but that all his vicious propensities\n had been duly corrected and curbed by means of reason. Socrates\n made a poetical version of \u00c6sop\u2019s fables, while in prison. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015_Xenophon._\u2015\u2015_Pluto._\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 22.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _On the Opinions of the Philosophers_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 54; _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 41,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A leader of the Ach\u00e6ans,\n at the battle of Cunaxa. He was seized and put to death by order of\n Artaxerxes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Cilicia under Alexander the Great.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n painter.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Rhodian in the age of Augustus. He wrote an account of\n the civil wars.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A scholiast born A.D. 380, at Constantinople. He\n wrote an ecclesiastical history from the year 309, where Eusebius\n ended, down to 450, with great exactness and judgment, of which the\n best edition is that of Reading, folio, Cambridge. 1720.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island\n on the coast of Arabia.\n\n=S\u0153mias Julia=, mother of the emperor Heliogabalus, was made president\n of a senate of women, which she had elected to decide the quarrels\n and the affairs of the Roman matrons. She at last provoked the people\n by her debaucheries, extravagance, and cruelties, and was murdered\n with her son and family. She was a native of Apamea; her father\u2019s\n name was Julius Avitus, and her mother\u2019s Masa. Her sister Julia\n Mamm\u00e6a married the emperor Septimus Severus.\n\n=Sogdi\u0101na=, a country of Asia, bounded on the north by Scythia, east by\n the Sac\u00e6, south by Bactriana, and west by Margiana, and now known by\n the name of _Zagatay_, or _Usbec_. The people were called _Sogdiani_.\n The capital was called Marcanda. _Herodotus_, bk. 3, ch. 93.\n \u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 7, ch. 10.\n\n=Sogdi\u0101nus=, a son of Artaxerxes Longimanus, who murdered his elder\n brother, king Xerxes, to make himself master of the Persian throne.\n He was but seven months in possession of the crown. His brother Ochus,\n who reigned under the name of Darius Nothus, conspired against him,\n and suffocated him in a tower full of warm ashes.\n\n=Sol= (_the sun_), was an object of veneration among the ancients.\n It was particularly worshipped by the Persians, under the name of\n Mithras; and was the Baal or Bel of the Chaldeans, the Belphegor\n of the Moabites, the Moloch of the Canaanites, the Osiris of the\n Egyptians, and the Adonis of the Syrians. The Massaget\u00e6 sacrificed\n horses to the sun on account of their swiftness. According to some of\n the ancient poets, Sol and Apollo were two different persons. Apollo,\n however, and Ph\u0153bus and Sol, are universally supposed to be the same\n deity.\n\n=Solicinium=, a town of Germany, now _Sultz_, on the Neckar.\n\n=Sol\u012bnus Caius Julius=, a grammarian at the end of the first century,\n who wrote a book called _Polyhistor_, which is a collection\n of historical remarks and geographical annotations on the most\n celebrated places of every country. He has been called Pliny\u2019s ape,\n because he imitated that well-known naturalist. The last edition of\n the Polyhistor is that of Nuremberg, _ex editione Salamasii_. 1777.\n\n=Solis Fons=, a celebrated fountain in Libya. _See:_ Ammon.\n\n=Soloe=, or =Soli=, a town of Cyprus, built on the borders of the\n Clarius by an Athenian colony. It was originally called _\u00c6peia_,\n till Solon visited Cyprus, and advised Philocyprus, one of the\n princes of the island, to change the situation of his capital. His\n advice was followed; a new town was raised in a beautiful plain, and\n called after the name of the Athenian philosopher. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Solon_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Cilicia on the sea-coast, built\n by the Greeks and Rhodians. It was afterwards called _Pompeiopolis_,\n from Pompey, who settled a colony of pirates there. _Pliny_, bk. 5,\n ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._ Some suppose that the Greeks,\n who settled in either of these two towns, forgot the purity of their\n native language, and thence arose the term _Solecismus_, applied to\n an inelegant or improper expression.\n\n=Sol\u0153is=, or =Soloentia=, a promontory of Libya at the extremity\n of mount Atlas, now cape _Cantin_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Sicily, between\n Panormus and Himera, now _Solanto_. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_,\n bk. 3, ch. 43.\u2015\u2015_Thucydides_, bk. 6.\n\n=Solon=, one of the seven wise men of Greece, was born at Salamis, and\n educated at Athens. His father\u2019s name was Euphorion, or Exechestides,\n one of the descendants of king Codrus, and by his mother\u2019s side he\n reckoned among his relations the celebrated Pisistratus. After he\n had devoted part of his time to philosophical and political studies,\n Solon travelled over the greatest part of Greece, but at his return\n home he was distressed with the dissensions which were kindled among\n his countrymen. All fixed their eyes upon Solon as a deliverer, and\n he was unanimously elected archon and sovereign legislator. He might\n have become absolute, but he refused the dangerous office of king of\n Athens, and, in the capacity of lawgiver, he began to make a reform\n in every department. The complaints of the poorer citizens found\n redress, all debts were remitted, and no one was permitted to seize\n the person of his debtor if unable to make a restoration of his\n money. After he had made the most salutary regulations in the state,\n and bound the Athenians by a solemn oath that they would faithfully\n observe his laws for the space of 100 years, Solon resigned the\n office of legislator and removed himself from Athens. He visited\n Egypt, and in the court of Cr\u0153sus king of Lydia he convinced the\n monarch of the instability of fortune, and told him, when he wished\n to know whether he was not the happiest of mortals, that Tellus, an\n Athenian, who had always seen his country in a flourishing state,\n who had seen his children lead a virtuous life, and who had himself\n fallen in defence of his country, was more entitled to happiness than\n the possessor of riches and the master of empires. After 10 years\u2019\n absence Solon returned to Athens, but he had the mortification to\n find the greatest part of his regulations disregarded by the factious\n spirit of his countrymen, and the usurpation of Pisistratus. Not to\n be longer a spectator of the divisions that reigned in his country,\n he retired to Cyprus, where he died at the court of king Philocyprus,\n in the 80th year of his age, 558 years before the christian era.\n The salutary consequences of the laws of Solon can be discovered\n in the length of time they were in force in the republic of Athens.\n For above 400 years they flourished in full vigour, and Cicero, who\n was himself a witness of their benign influence, passes the highest\n encomiums upon the legislator, whose superior wisdom framed such a\n code of regulations. It was the intention of Solon to protect the\n poorer citizens, and by dividing the whole body of the Athenians into\n four classes, three of which were permitted to discharge the most\n important offices and magistracies of the state, and the last to\n give their opinion in the assemblies, but not have a share in the\n distinctions and honours of their superiors, the legislator gave the\n populace a privilege which, though at first small and inconsiderable,\n soon rendered them masters of the republic, and of all the affairs\n of government. He made a reformation in the Areopagus, he increased\n the authority of the members, and permitted them yearly to inquire\n how every citizen maintained himself, and to punish such as lived\n in idleness, and were not employed in some honourable and lucrative\n profession. He also regulated the Prytaneum, and fixed the number of\n its judges at 400. The sanguinary laws of Draco were all cancelled,\n except that against murder, and the punishment denounced against\n every offender was proportioned to his crime; but Solon made no\n law against parricide or sacrilege. The former of these crimes, he\n said, was too horrible to human nature for a man to be guilty of\n it, and the latter could never be committed, because the history\n of Athens had never furnished a single instance. Such as had died\n in the service of their country were buried with great pomp, and\n their family was maintained at the public expense; but such as\n had squandered away their estates, such as refused to bear arms in\n defence of their country, or paid no attention to the infirmities\n and distress of their parents, were branded with infamy. The laws\n of marriage were newly regulated; it became a union of affection and\n tenderness, and no longer a mercenary contract. To speak with ill\n language against the dead as well as the living, was made a crime,\n and the legislator wished that the character of his fellow-citizens\n should be freed from the aspersions of malevolence and envy. A person\n that had no children was permitted to dispose of his estates as he\n pleased, and the females were not allowed to be extravagant in their\n dress or expenses. To be guilty of adultery was a capital crime,\n and the friend and associate of lewdness and debauchery was never\n permitted to speak in public, for, as the philosopher observed, a man\n who has no shame, is not capable of being intrusted with the people.\n These celebrated laws were engraven on several tables, and that they\n might be better known and more familiar to the Athenians, they were\n written in verse. The indignation which Solon expressed on seeing the\n tragical representations of Thespis, is well known, and he sternly\n observed, that if falsehood and fiction were tolerated on the stage,\n they would soon find their way among the common occupations of men.\n According to Plutarch, Solon was reconciled to Pisistratus; but this\n seems to be false, as the legislator refused to live in a country\n where the privileges of his fellow-citizens were trampled upon by\n the usurpation of a tyrant. _See:_ Lycurgus. _Plutarch_, _Solon_.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015_Cicero._\n\n=Solona=, a town of Gaul Cispadana on the Utens.\n\n=Solonium=, a town of Latium on the borders of Etruria. _Plutarch_,\n _Caius Marius_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 1.\n\n=Solva=, a town of Noricum.\n\n=Solus= (untis), a maritime town of Sicily. _See:_ Sol\u0153is. _Strabo_,\n bk. 14.\n\n=Soly\u0306ma= and =Soly\u0306m\u00e6=, a town of Lycia. The inhabitants, called\n _Solymi_, were anciently called _Milyades_, and afterwards _Termili_\n and _Lycians_. Sarpedon settled among them. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, chs. 27 & 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n ancient name of Jerusalem. _See:_ Hierosolyma. _Juvenal_, satire 6,\n li. 543.\n\n=Somnus=, son of Erebus and Nox, was one of the infernal deities, and\n presided over sleep. His palace, according to some mythologists,\n is a dark cave where the sun never penetrates. At the entrance\n are a number of poppies and somniferous herbs. The god himself is\n represented as asleep on a bed of feathers with black curtains. The\n dreams stand by him, and Morpheus, as his principal minister, watches\n to prevent the noise from awaking him. The Laced\u00e6monians always\n placed the image of Somnus near that of death. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 893.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11.\n\n=Sonchis=, an Egyptian priest, in the age of Solon. It was he who told\n that celebrated philosopher a number of traditions, particularly\n about the Atlantic isles, which he represented as more extensive than\n the continent of Africa and Asia united. This island disappeared, it\n is said, in one day and one night. _Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_,\n &c.\n\n=Sonti\u0103tes=, a people in Gaul.\n\n=Sop\u0103ter=, a philosopher of Apamea, in the age of the emperor\n Constantine. He was one of the disciples of Iamblicus, and after his\n death he was at the head of the Platonic philosophers.\n\n=Sophax=, a son of Hercules and Tinga the widow of Ant\u00e6us, who founded\n the kingdom of Tingis, in Mauritania, and from whom were descended\n Diodorus, and Juba king of Mauritania. _Strabo_, bk. 3.\n\n=Soph\u0113ne=, a country of Armenia, on the borders of Mesopotamia. _Lucan_,\n bk. 2, li. 593.\n\n=S\u014fph\u014fcles=, a celebrated tragic poet of Athens, educated in the school\n of \u00c6schylus. He distinguished himself not only as a poet, but also as\n a statesman. He commanded the Athenian armies, and in several battles\n he shared the supreme command with Pericles, and exercised the office\n of archon with credit and honour. The first appearance of Sophocles\n as a poet reflects great honour on his abilities. The Athenians had\n taken the island of Scyros, and to celebrate that memorable event, a\n yearly contest for tragedy was instituted. Sophocles on this occasion\n obtained the prize over many competitors, in the number of whom\n was \u00c6schylus, his friend and his master. This success contributed\n to encourage the poet; he wrote for the stage with applause, and\n obtained the poetical prize 20 different times. Sophocles was the\n rival of Euripides for public praise; they divided the applause\n of the populace, and while the former surpassed in the sublime and\n majestic, the other was not inferior in the tender and pathetic. The\n Athenians were pleased with their contention, and as the theatre was\n at that time an object of importance and magnitude, and deemed an\n essential and most magnificent part of the religious worship, each\n had his admirers and adherents; but the two poets, captivated at\n last by popular applause, gave way to jealousy and rivalship. Of\n 120 tragedies which Sophocles composed, only seven are extant: Ajax,\n Electra, \u0152dipus the tyrant, Antigone, the Trachini\u00e6, Philoctetes, and\n \u0152dipus at Colonos. The ingratitude of the children of Sophocles is\n well known. They wished to become immediate masters of their father\u2019s\n possessions, and therefore, tired of his long life, they accused\n him before the Areopagus of insanity. The only defence the poet made\n was to read his tragedy of \u0152dipus at Colonos, which he had lately\n finished, and then he asked his judges, whether the author of such\n a performance could be taxed with insanity? The father upon this\n was acquitted, and the children returned home covered with shame\n and confusion. Sophocles died in the 91st year of his age, 406 years\n before Christ, through excess of joy, as some authors report, of\n having obtained a poetical prize at the Olympic games. Athen\u00e6us has\n accused Sophocles of licentiousness and debauchery, particularly when\n he commanded the armies of Athens. The best editions of Sophocles are\n those of Capperonier, 2 vols., 4to, Paris, 1780; of Glasgow, 2 vols.,\n 12mo, 1745; of Geneva, 4to, 1603; and that by Brunck, 4 vols., 8vo,\n 1786. _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 25.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Cimon_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 10; bk. 10,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7; bk. 9, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 7, ch. 53.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 10, &c.\n\n=Sophonisba=, a daughter of Asdrubal the Carthaginian, celebrated for\n her beauty. She married Syphax, a prince of Numidia, and when her\n husband was conquered by the Romans and Masinissa, she fell a captive\n into the hands of the enemy. Masinissa became enamoured of her, and\n married her. This behaviour displeased the Romans; and Scipio, who\n at that time had the command of the armies of the republic in Africa,\n rebuked the monarch severely, and desired him to part with Sophonisba.\n This was an arduous task for Masinissa, yet he dreaded the Romans.\n He entered Sophonisba\u2019s tent with tears in his eyes, and told her\n that, as he could not deliver her from captivity and the jealousy of\n the Romans, he recommended her, as the strongest pledge of his love\n and affection for her person, to die like the daughter of Asdrubal.\n Sophonisba obeyed, and drank, with unusual composure and serenity,\n the cup of poison which Masinissa sent to her, about 203 years before\n Christ. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 12, &c.\u2015\u2015_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin._\n\n=Sophron=, a comic poet of Syracuse, son of Agathocles and Damasyllis.\n His compositions were so universally esteemed, that Plato is said\n to have read them with rapture. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 10.\n\n=Sophroniscus=, the father of Socrates.\n\n=Sophronia=, a Roman lady whom Maxentius took by force from her\n husband\u2019s house, and married. Sophronia killed herself when she saw\n that her affections were abused by the tyrant.\n\n=Sophrosy\u0306ne=, a daughter of Dionysius by Dion\u2019s sister.\n\n=Sop\u014flis=, the father of Hermolaus. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n painter in Cicero\u2019s age. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 4,\n ltr. 16.\n\n=Sora=, a town of the Volsci, of which the inhabitants were called\n _Sorani_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 395.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _For\n Plancius_.\n\n=Soractes= and =Soracte=, a mountain of Etruria, near the Tiber, seen\n from Rome, at the distance of 26 miles. It was sacred to Apollo, who\n is from thence surnamed _Soractis_; and it is said that the priests\n of the god could walk over burning coals without hurting themselves.\n There was, as some report, a fountain on mount Soracte, whose waters\n boiled at sunrise, and instantly killed all such birds as drank\n of them. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 93; bk. 7, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 9.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 785.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Sor\u0101nus=, a man put to death by Nero. _See:_ Valerius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father\n of Atilia the first wife of Cato.\n\n=Sorex=, a favourite of Sylla, and the companion of his debaucheries.\n _Plutarch._\n\n=Sorge=, a daughter of \u0152neus king of Calydon, by \u00c6thea daughter\n of Thestius. She married Andremon, and was mother of Oxilus.\n _Apollodorus_, bks. 1 & 2.\n\n=Soritia=, a town of Spain.\n\n=Sosia Galla=, a woman at the court of Tiberius, banished, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 19.\n\n=Sosibius=, a grammarian of Laconia, B.C. 255. He was a great favourite\n of Ptolemy Philopator, and advised him to murder his brother, and\n the queen his wife, called Arsinoe. He lived to a great age, and was\n on that account called _Polychronos_. He was afterwards permitted\n to retire from the court, and spend the rest of his days in peace\n and tranquillity after he had disgraced the name of minister by the\n most abominable crimes, and the murder of many of the royal family.\n His son, of the same name, was preceptor to king Ptolemy Epiphanes.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The preceptor of Britannicus the son of Claudius. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 1.\n\n=Sos\u012dcles=, a Greek who behaved with great valour when Xerxes invaded\n Greece.\n\n=Sosicr\u0103tes=, a noble senator among the Ach\u00e6ans, put to death because\n he wished his countrymen to make peace with the Romans.\n\n=Sosig\u0115nes=, an Egyptian mathematician, who assisted Julius C\u00e6sar in\n regulating the Roman calendar. _Suetonius._\u2015\u2015_Diodorus._\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 18, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A commander of the fleet of Eumenes. _Poly\u00e6nus_,\n bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Demetrius Poliorcetes.\n\n=Sosii=, celebrated booksellers at Rome, in the age of Horace, bk. 1,\n ltr. 20, li. 2.\n\n=Sos\u012dlus=, a Laced\u00e6monian in the age of Annibal. He lived in great\n intimacy with the Carthaginian, taught him Greek, and wrote the\n history of his life. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.\n\n=Sosip\u0103ter=, a grammarian in the reign of Honorius. He published five\n books of observations on grammar.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Syracusan magistrate.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n general of Philip king of Macedonia.\n\n=Sosis=, a seditious Syracusan, who raised tumults against Dion.\n When accused before the people he saved himself by flight, and thus\n escaped a capital punishment.\n\n=Sosistr\u0103tus=, a tyrant of Syracuse, in the age of Agathocles. He\n invited Pyrrhus into Sicily, and afterwards revolted from him. He was\n at last removed by Hermocrates. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another tyrant.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 1.\n\n=Sospis=, a consul who followed the interest of Mark Antony.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n governor of Syria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman consular dignity, to whom Plutarch\n dedicated his Lives.\n\n=Sosp\u012dta=, a surname of Juno in Latium. Her most famous temple was at\n Lanuvium. She had also two at Rome, and her statue was covered with\n a goat-skin, with a buckler, &c. _Livy_, bks. 3, 6, 8, &c.\u2015\u2015_Festus_,\n _Lexicon of Festus_.\n\n=Sosth\u0115nes=, a general of Macedonia, who flourished B.C. 281. He\n defeated the Gauls under Brennus, and was killed in the battle.\n _Justin_, bk. 24, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Cnidos, who wrote a history\n of Iberia. _Plutarch._\n\n=Sostr\u0103tus=, a friend of Hermolaus, put to death for conspiring against\n Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian in the age of\n Augustus. He was Strabo\u2019s preceptor. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An architect of Cnidos, B.C. 284, who built the white tower of\n Pharos, in the bay of Alexandria. He inscribed his name upon it.\n _See:_ Pharos. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 30, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n priest of Venus at Paphos, among the favourites of Vespasian.\n _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A favourite of Hercules.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek historian, who wrote an account of Etruria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet,\n who wrote a poem on the expedition of Xerxes into Greece. _Juvenal_,\n satire 10, li. 178.\n\n=Sot\u0103des=, an athlete. A Greek poet of Thrace. He wrote verses against\n Philadelphus Ptolemy, for which he was thrown into the sea in a cage\n of lead. He was called _Cin\u00e6dus_, not only because he was addicted\n to the abominable crime which the surname indicates, but because he\n wrote a poem in commendation of it. Some suppose, that instead of\n the word _Socraticos_ in the 2nd satire, verse the 10th, of Juvenal,\n the word _Sotadicos_ should be inserted, as the poet Sotades, and\n not the philosopher Socrates, deserved the appellation of Cin\u00e6dus.\n Obscene verses were generally called _Sotadea carmina_ from him.\n They could be turned and read different ways without losing their\n measure or sense, such as the following, which can be read\n backwards:\n\n _Roma tibi subito motibus ibit amor.\n Si bene te tua laus taxat, sua laute tenebis.\n Sole medere pede, ede, perede melos._\n\n_Quintilian_, bk. 1, ch. 8; bk. 9, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ltr. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Ausonius_, ltr. 17, li. 29.\n\n=Soter=, a surname of the first Ptolemy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015It was also common to other\n monarchs.\n\n=Soteria=, days appointed for thanksgivings and the offerings of\n sacrifices for deliverance from danger. One of these was observed at\n Sicyone, to \u2666commemorate the deliverance of that city from the hands\n of the Macedonians, by Aratus.\n\n \u2666 \u2018commemmorate\u2019 replaced with \u2018commemorate\u2019\n\n=Soter\u012dcus=, a poet and historian in the age of Diocletian. He wrote\n a panegyric on that emperor, as also a life of Apollonius Thyan\u00e6us.\n His works, greatly esteemed, are now lost, except some few fragments\n preserved by the scholiast of Lycophron.\n\n=Sothis=, an Egyptian name of the constellation called Sirius, which\n received divine honours in that country.\n\n=Sotiates=, a people of Gaul, conquered by C\u00e6sar. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 3, chs. 20 & 21.\n\n=Sotion=, a grammarian and philosopher of Alexandria, preceptor to\n Seneca. _Seneca_, ltrs. 49 & 58.\n\n=Sotius=, a philosopher in the reign of Tiberius.\n\n=Sous=, a king of Sparta, who made himself known by his valour, &c.\n\n=Soz\u014fmen=, an ecclesiastical historian, who died 450 A.D. His history\n extends from the year 324 to 429, and is dedicated to Theodosius the\n younger, being written in a style of inelegance and mediocrity. The\n best edition is that of Reading, folio, Cambridge, 1720.\n\n=Spaco=, the name of Cyrus. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus._\n\n=Sparta=, a celebrated city of Peloponnesus, the capital of Laconia,\n situate on the Eurotas, at the distance of about 30 miles from its\n mouth. It received its name from Sparta the daughter of Eurotas, who\n married Laced\u00e6mon. It was also called Laced\u00e6mon. _See:_ Laced\u00e6mon.\n\n=Spart\u0103cus=, a king of Pontus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, king of Bosphorus, who\n died B.C. 433. His son and successor of the same name died B.C. 407.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, who died 284 B.C.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Thracian shepherd, celebrated for\n his abilities and the victories which he obtained over the Romans.\n Being one of the gladiators who were kept at Capua in the house of\n Lentulus, he escaped from the place of his confinement, with 30 of\n his companions, and took up arms against the Romans. He soon found\n himself with 10,000 men equally resolute with himself, and though\n at first obliged to hide himself in the woods and solitary retreats\n of Campania, he soon laid waste the country; and when his followers\n were increased by additional numbers, and better disciplined, and\n more completely armed, he attacked the Roman generals in the field\n of battle. Two consuls and other officers were defeated with much\n loss, and Spartacus, superior in counsel and abilities, appeared more\n terrible, though often deserted by his fickle attendants. Crassus\n was sent against him, but this celebrated general at first despaired\n of success. A bloody battle was fought, in which, at last, the\n gladiators were defeated. Spartacus \u2666behaved with great valour: when\n wounded in the leg, he fought on his knees, covering himself with his\n buckler in one hand, and using his sword with the other; and when at\n last he fell, he fell upon a heap of Romans, whom he had sacrificed\n to his fury, B.C. 71. In this battle no less than 40,000 of the\n rebels were slain, and the war totally finished. _Florus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 95.\u2015\u2015_Eutropius_, bk. 6, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Crassus_.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Appian._\n\n \u2666 \u2018bahaved\u2019 replaced with \u2018behaved\u2019\n\n=Spart\u00e6=, or =Sparti=, a name given to those men who sprang from the\n dragon\u2019s teeth which Cadmus sowed. They all destroyed one another,\n except five, who survived and assisted Cadmus in building Thebes.\n\n=Spart\u0101ni=, or =Sparti\u0101t\u00e6=, the inhabitants of Sparta. _See:_ Sparta,\n Laced\u00e6mon.\n\n=Sparti\u0101nus \u00c6lius=, a Latin historian who wrote the lives of all\n the Roman emperors, from Julius C\u00e6sar to Diocletian. He dedicated\n them to Diocletian, to whom, according to some, he was related. Of\n these compositions only the life of Adrian, Verus, Didius Julianus,\n Septimus Severus, Caracalla, and Geta, are extant, published among\n the Scriptores Histori\u00e6 August\u00e6. Spartianus is not esteemed as an\n historian or biographer.\n\n=Spechia=, an ancient name of the island of Cyprus.\n\n=Spendius=, a Campanian deserter who rebelled against the Romans and\n raised tumults, and made war against Amilcar the Carthaginian general.\n\n=Spendon=, a poet of Laced\u00e6mon.\n\n=Sperch\u012ba=, a town of Thessaly, on the banks of the Sperchius.\n _Ptolemy._\n\n=Sperch\u012bus=, a river of Thessaly, rising on mount \u0152ta, and falling\n into the sea in the bay of Malia, near Anticyra. The name is supposed\n to be derived from its rapidity (\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd, _festinare_). Peleus\n vowed to the god of this river the hair of his son Achilles, if ever\n he returned safe from the Trojan war. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 198.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 23, li. 144.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,\n li. 557; bk. 2, li. 250; bk. 7, li. 230.\n\n=Spermatoph\u0103gi=, a people who lived in the extremest parts of Egypt.\n They fed upon the fruits that fell from the trees.\n\n=Speusippus=, an Athenian philosopher, nephew, as also successor, of\n Plato. His father\u2019s name was Eurymedon, and his mother\u2019s Potone. He\n presided in Plato\u2019s school for eight years, and disgraced himself\n by his extravagance and debauchery. Plato attempted to check him,\n but to no purpose. He died of the lousy sickness, or killed himself,\n according to some accounts, B.C. 339. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.\n \u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\n\n=Sphacteri\u00e6=, three small islands opposite Pylos, on the coast of\n Messenia. They are also called _Sphagi\u00e6_.\n\n=Spherus=, an arm-bearer of Pelops son of Tantalus. He was buried in\n a small island near the isthmus of Corinth, which, from him, was\n called _Sphetia_. _Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek philosopher,\n disciple to Zeno of Cyprus, 243 B.C. He came to Sparta in the age of\n Agis and Cleomenes, and opened a school there. _Plutarch_, _Agis_.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus._\n\n=Sphinx=, a monster which had the head and breasts of a woman, the body\n of a dog, the tail of a serpent, the wings of a bird, the paws of a\n lion, and a human voice. It sprang from the union of Orthos with the\n Chim\u00e6ra, or of Typhon with Echidna. The Sphinx had been sent into\n the neighbourhood of Thebes by Juno, who wished to punish the family\n of Cadmus, which she persecuted with immortal hatred, and it laid\n this part of B\u0153otia under continual alarms by proposing enigmas, and\n devouring the inhabitants if unable to explain them. In the midst\n of their consternation the Thebans were told by the oracle, that\n the Sphinx would destroy herself as soon as one of the enigmas she\n proposed was explained. In this enigma she wished to know what animal\n walked on four legs in the morning, two at noon, and three in the\n evening. Upon this, Creon king of Thebes promised his crown and his\n sister Jocasta in marriage to him who could deliver his country from\n the monster by a successful explanation of the enigma. It was at\n last happily explained by \u0152dipus, who observed that man walked on\n his hands and feet when young, or in the morning of life, at the noon\n of life he walked erect, and in the evening of his days he supported\n his infirmities upon a stick. _See:_ \u0152dipus. The Sphinx no sooner\n heard this explanation than she dashed her head against a rock, and\n immediately expired. Some mythologists wish to unriddle the fabulous\n traditions about the Sphinx, by the supposition that one of the\n daughters of Cadmus, or Laius, infested the country of Thebes by\n her continual depredations, because she had been refused a part of\n her father\u2019s possessions. The lion\u2019s paw expressed, as they observe,\n her cruelty, the body of the dog her lasciviousness, her enigmas\n the snares she laid for strangers and travellers, and her wings\n the despatch she used in her expeditions. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, li. 326.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 68.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 378.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _\u0152dipus Tyrannus_.\n\n=Sphodrias=, a Spartan who, at the instigation of Cleombrotus,\n attempted to seize the Pir\u00e6us. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\n\n=Sphragidium=, a retired cave on mount Cith\u00e6ron in B\u0153otia. The nymphs\n of the place, called _Sphragitides_, were yearly honoured with a\n sacrifice by the Athenians, by order of the oracle of Delphi, because\n they had lost few men at the battle of Plat\u00e6a. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Aristeides_.\n\n=Spicillus=, a favourite of Nero. He refused to assassinate his master,\n for which he was put to death in a cruel manner.\n\n=Spina=, now _Primaso_, a town on the most southern mouth of the Po.\n _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\n\n=Spintharus=, a Corinthian architect, who built Apollo\u2019s temple at\n Delphi. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A freedman of Cicero. _Letters\n to Atticus_, bk. 13, ltr. 25.\n\n=Spinther=, a Roman consul. He was one of Pompey\u2019s friends, and\n accompanied him at the battle of Pharsalia, where he betrayed his\n meanness by being too confident of victory, and contending for\n the possession of C\u00e6sar\u2019s offices and gardens before the action.\n _Plutarch._\n\n=Spio=, one of the Nereides. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 26.\n\n=Spitam\u0115nes=, one of the officers of king Darius, who conspired against\n the murderer Bessus, and delivered him to Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 7,\n ch. 5.\n\n=Spithob\u0103tes=, a satrap of Ionia, son-in-law of Darius. He was killed\n at the battle of the Granicus. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Spithridates=, a Persian killed by Clitus as he was going to strike\n Alexander dead.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Persian satrap in the age of Lysander.\n\n=Spoletium=, now _Spoleto_, a town of Umbria, which bravely withstood\n Annibal while he was in Italy. The people were called _Spoletani_.\n Water is conveyed to the town from a neighbouring \u2666fountain by an\n aqueduct of such a great height, that in one place the top is raised\n above the foundation 230 yards. An inscription over the gates still\n commemorates the defeat of Annibal. _Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 20.\n\n \u2666 \u2018fountani\u2019 replaced with \u2018fountain\u2019\n\n=Sp\u014fr\u0103des=, a number of islands in the \u00c6gean sea. They received their\n name _\u00e0_ \u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03b9\u03c1\u03c9, _spargo_, because they are scattered in the sea at\n some distance from Delos, and in the neighbourhood of Crete. Those\n islands that are contiguous to Delos, and that encircle it, are\n called _Cyclades_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 2.\n\n=Spur\u012bna=, a mathematician and astrologer, who told Julius C\u00e6sar to\n beware of the ides of March. As he went to the senate-house on the\n morning of the ides, C\u00e6sar said to Spurina, \u201cThe ides are at last\n come.\u201d \u201cYes,\u201d replied Spurina, \u201cbut not yet past.\u201d C\u00e6sar was murdered\n a few moments after. _Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_, ch. 81.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bks. 1 & 8.\n\n=Spurius=, a pr\u00e6nomen common to many of the Romans.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of C\u00e6sar\u2019s\n murderers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Latius, a Roman who defended the bridge over the Tiber\n against Porsenna\u2019s army.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Otho, &c.\n\n=Lucius Staberius=, a friend of Pompey, set over Apollonia, which he\n was obliged to yield to C\u00e6sar, because the inhabitants favoured his\n cause. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An avaricious fellow, who wished it\n to be known that he was uncommonly rich. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3,\n li. 89.\n\n=Stabi\u00e6=, a maritime town of Campania on the bay of Puteoli, destroyed\n by Sylla, and converted into a villa, whither Pliny endeavoured to\n escape from the eruption of Vesuvius, in which he perished. _Pliny_,\n bk. 3, ch. 5; bk. 6, ch. 16.\n\n=Stab\u016dlum=, a place in the Pyrenees, where a communication was open\n from Gaul into Spain.\n\n=Stag\u012bra=, a town on the borders of Macedonia, near the bay into\n which the Strymon discharges itself, at the south of Amphipolis;\n founded 665 years before Christ. Aristotle was born there, from\n which circumstance he is called _Stagirites_. _Thucydides_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Solon_.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_,\n _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 46.\n\n=Staius=, an unprincipled wretch, in Nero\u2019s age, who murdered all his\n relations. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 19.\n\n=Stal\u0113nus=, a senator who sat as judge in the trial of Cluentius, &c.\n _Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_.\n\n=Staphy\u0306lus=, one of the Argonauts, son of Theseus, or, according to\n others, of Bacchus and Ariadne. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n\n=Stasander=, an officer of Alexander, who had Aria at the general\n division of the provinces. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 3.\n\n=Staseas=, a peripatetic philosopher, engaged to instruct young Marcus\n Piso in philosophy. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 1, ch. 22.\n\n=Stasicr\u0103tes=, a statuary and architect in the wars of Alexander, who\n offered to make a statue of mount Athos, which was rejected by the\n conqueror, &c.\n\n=Stasileus=, an Athenian killed at the battle of Marathon. He was one\n of the 10 pretors.\n\n=Statilli=, a people of Liguria, between the T\u00e6narus and the Apennines.\n _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 11, _Letters to his Friends_,\n ltr. 11.\n\n=Statilia=, a woman who lived to a great age, as mentioned by Seneca,\n ltr. 77.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another. _See:_ Messalina.\n\n=Statilius=, a young Roman celebrated for his courage and constancy.\n He was an inveterate enemy to C\u00e6sar, and when Cato murdered himself,\n he attempted to follow his example, but was prevented by his friends.\n The conspirators against C\u00e6sar wished him to be in their number, but\n the answer which he gave displeased Brutus. He was at last killed by\n the army of the triumvirs. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius, one of the friends\n of Catiline. He joined in his conspiracy, and was put to death.\n _Cicero_, _Against Catiline_, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A young general in the\n war which the Latins undertook against the Romans. He was killed,\n with 25,000 of his troops.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general who fought against Antony.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Taurus, a proconsul of Africa. He was accused of consulting\n magicians, upon which he put himself to death. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 12, ch. 59.\n\n=Stat\u012dn\u00e6=, islands on the coast of Campania, raised from the sea by an\n earthquake. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 88.\n\n=Stat\u012bra=, a daughter of Darius, who married Alexander. The conqueror\n had formerly refused her, but when she had fallen into his hands at\n Issus, the nuptials were celebrated with uncommon splendour. No less\n than 9000 persons attended, to each of whom Alexander gave a golden\n cup, to be offered to the gods. Statira had no children by Alexander.\n She was cruelly put to death by Roxana, after the conqueror\u2019s death.\n _Justin_, bk. 12, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sister of Darius the last king of\n Persia. She also became his wife, according to the manners of the\n Persians. She died after an abortion, in Alexander\u2019s camp, where\n she was detained as a prisoner. She was buried with great pomp by\n the conqueror. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A wife of Artaxerxes\n Memnon, poisoned by her mother-in-law queen Parysatis. _Plutarch_,\n _Artaxerxes_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sister of Mithridates the Great. _Plutarch._\n\n=Statius C\u00e6cilius=, a comic poet in the age of Ennius. He was a\n native of Gaul, and originally a slave. His latinity was bad, yet\n he acquired great reputation by his comedies. He died a little after\n Ennius. _Cicero_, _de Senectute_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Ann\u00e6us, a physician, the friend\n of the philosopher Seneca. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 64.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius Papinius, a poet born at Naples, in the reign of the\n emperor Domitian. His father\u2019s name was Statius of Epirus, and his\n mother\u2019s Agelina. Statius has made himself known by two epic poems,\n the _Thebais_ in 12 books, and the _Achilleis_ in two books, which\n remained unfinished on account of his premature death. There are,\n besides, other pieces composed on several subjects, which are extant,\n and well known under the name of _Sylv\u00e6_, divided into four books.\n The two epic poems of Statius are dedicated to Domitian, whom the\n poet ranks among the gods. They were universally admired in his age\n at Rome, but the taste of the times was corrupted, though some of\n the moderns have called them inferior to no Latin compositions except\n Virgil\u2019s. The style of Statius is bombastic and affected, and he\n often forgets the poet to become the declaimer and the historian.\n In his _Sylv\u00e6_, which were written generally extempore, are many\n beautiful expressions and strokes of genius. Statius, as some suppose,\n was poor, and he was obliged to maintain himself by writing for\n the stage. None of his dramatic pieces are extant. Martial has\n satirized him, and what Juvenal has written in his praise, some have\n interpreted as an illiberal reflection upon him. Statius died about\n the 100th year of the christian era. The best editions of his works\n are that of Barthius, 2 vols., 4to, Zwickau, 1664, and that of the\n Variorum, 8vo, Leiden, 1671; and of the Thebais, separate, that of\n Warrington, 2 vols., 12mo, 1778.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Domitius, a tribune in the age of\n Nero, deprived of his office when Piso\u2019s conspiracy was discovered.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the Samnites.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of the pretorian guards, who conspired against Nero.\n\n=Stator=, a surname of Jupiter, given him by Romulus, because he\n _stopped_ (_sto_) the flight of the Romans in a battle against the\n Sabines. The conqueror erected him a temple under that name. _Livy_,\n bk. 1, ch. 12.\n\n=Stellates=, a field remarkable for its fertility, in Campania.\n _Cicero_, _On the Agrarian Law_, bk. 1, ch. 70.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_,\n ch. 20.\n\n=Stellio=, a youth turned into an elf by Ceres, because he derided the\n goddess, who drank with avidity when tired and afflicted in her vain\n pursuit of her daughter Proserpine. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5,\n li. 445.\n\n=Stena=, a narrow passage on the mountains near Antigonia, in Chaonia.\n _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 5.\n\n=Stenob\u0153a.= _See:_ Sthenob\u0153a.\n\n=Stenocr\u0103tes=, an Athenian who conspired to murder the commander of the\n garrison which Demetrius had placed in the citadel, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_,\n bk. 5.\n\n=Stentor=, one of the Greeks who went to the Trojan war. His voice\n alone was louder than that of 50 men together. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 5, li. 784.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 13, li. 112.\n\n=Stentoris lacus=, a lake near Enos in Thrace. _Herodotus_, bk. 7,\n ch. 58.\n\n=Steph\u0103nus=, a musician of Media, upon whose body Alexander made an\n experiment in burning a certain sort of bitumen called naphtha.\n _Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek writer of\n Byzantium, known for his dictionary giving an account of the towns\n and places of the ancient world, of which the best edition is that\n of Gronovius, 2 vols., folio, Leiden, 1694.\n\n=Ster\u014fpe=, one of the Pleiades, daughters of Atlas. She married \u0152nomaus\n king of Pisa, by whom she had Hippodamia, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n Parthaon, supposed by some to be the mother of the Sirens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n daughter of Cepheus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Pleuron,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Acastus,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of\n Danaus,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Cebrion.\n\n=Ster\u014fpes=, one of the Cyclops. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 425.\n\n=Stersich\u014frus=, a lyric Greek poet of Himera, in Sicily. He was\n originally called _Tisias_, and obtained the name of Stersichorus\n from the alterations which he made in music and dancing. His\n compositions were written in the Doric dialect, and comprised in\n 26 books, all now lost, except a few fragments. Some say he lost his\n eyesight for writing invectives against Helen, and that he received\n it only upon making a recantation of what he had said. He was the\n first inventor of that fable of the horse and the stag, which Horace\n and some other poets have imitated, and this he wrote to prevent\n his countrymen from making an alliance with Phalaris. According to\n some, he was the first who wrote an epithalamium. He flourished 556\n B.C., and died at Cantana, in the 85th year of his age. _Isocrates_,\n _Helen_.\u2015\u2015_Aristotle_, _Rhetoric_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Lucian_,\n _Macrobii_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _in Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 35.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Musica_.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 3, ch. 19; bk. 10, ch. 26.\n\n=Stertinius=, a stoic philosopher, ridiculed by Horace, bk. 2, satire 3.\n He wrote in Latin verse 220 books on the philosophy of the stoics.\n\n=Stesag\u014fras=, a brother of Miltiades. _See:_ Miltiades.\n\n=Stesil\u0113a=, a beautiful woman of Athens, &c.\n\n=Stesil\u0113us=, a beautiful youth of Cos, loved by Themistocles and\n Aristides, and the cause of jealousy and dissension between these\n celebrated men. _Plutarch_, _Cimon_.\n\n=Stesimbr\u014ftus=, an historian very inconsistent in his narrations. He\n wrote an account of Cimon\u2019s exploits. _Plutarch_, _Cimom_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son\n of Epaminondas, put to death by his father, because he had fought the\n enemy without his orders, &c. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A musician of Thasos.\n\n=Sthenele=, a daughter of Acastus, wife of Men\u0153tius. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Danaus by Memphis. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Sthen\u0115lus=, a king of Mycen\u00e6, son of Perseus and Andromeda. He married\n Nicippe the daughter of Pelops, by whom he had two daughters, and a\n son called Eurystheus, who was born, by Juno\u2019s influence, two months\n before the natural time, that he might obtain a superiority over\n Hercules, as being older. Sthenelus made war against Amphitryon, who\n had killed Electryon and seized his kingdom. He fought with success,\n and took his enemy prisoner, whom he transmitted to Eurystheus.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 19, li. 91.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the sons of \u00c6gyptus by Tyria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Capaneus. He\n was one of the Epigoni, and of the suitors of Helen. He went to the\n Trojan war, and was one of those who were shut up in the wooden horse,\n according to Virgil. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bks. 2 & 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Androgeus the son of Minos. Hercules made\n him king of Thrace. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Argos,\n who succeeded his father Crotopus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Actor, who accompanied Hercules in his expedition against the\n Amazons. He was killed by one of these females.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Melas,\n killed by Tydeus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\n\n=Sthenis=, a statuary of Olynthus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator of Himera in Sicily,\n during the civil wars of Pompey. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.\n\n=Stheno=, one of the three Gorgons.\n\n=Sthenob\u0153a=, a daughter of Jobates king of Lycia, who married Pr\u0153tus\n king of Argos. She became enamoured of Bellerophon, who had taken\n refuge at her husband\u2019s court, after the murder of his brother, and\n when he refused to gratify her criminal passion, she accused him\n before Pr\u0153tus of attempts upon her virtue. According to some she\n killed herself after his departure. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 162.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 57.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Many mythologists call her Ant\u00e6a.\n\n=Stilbe=, or =Stilbia=, a daughter of Peneus by Creusa, who became\n mother of Centaurus and Lapithus by Apollo. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Stilbo=, a name given to the planet Mercury by the ancients, from its\n shining appearance. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 20.\n\n=St\u012dl\u012dcho=, a general of the emperor Theodosius the Great. He behaved\n with much courage, but under the emperor Honorius he showed himself\n turbulent and disaffected. As being of barbarian extraction, he\n wished to see the Roman provinces laid desolate by his countrymen,\n but in this he was disappointed. Honorius discovered his intrigues,\n and ordered him to be beheaded about the year of Christ 408. His\n family were involved in his ruin. Claudian has been loud in his\n praises, and Zosimus, _Historia Nova_, bk. 5, denies the truth of\n the charges laid against him.\n\n=Stilpo=, a celebrated philosopher of Megara, who flourished 336\n years before Christ, and was greatly esteemed by Ptolemy Soter.\n He was naturally addicted to riot and debauchery, but he reformed\n his manners when he opened a school at Megara. He was universally\n respected, his school was frequented, and Demetrius, when he\n plundered Megara, ordered the house of the philosopher to be left\n safe and unmolested. It is said that he intoxicated himself when\n ready to die, to alleviate the terrors of death. He was one of the\n chiefs of the Stoics. _Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _de Constantia_.\n\n=St\u012dm\u012dcon=, a shepherd\u2019s name in Virgil\u2019s fifth eclogue.\n\n=Stiph\u012dlus=, one of the Lapith\u00e6, killed in the house of Pirithous.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 12.\n\n=Stob\u00e6us=, a Greek writer who flourished A.D. 405. His work is valuable\n for the precious relics of ancient literature which he has preserved.\n The best edition is that of Geneva, folio, 1609.\n\n=Stobi=, a town of P\u0153onia, in Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 19; bk. 40,\n ch. 21.\n\n=St\u0153ch\u0103des=, five small islands in the Mediterranean, on the coast of\n Gaul, now the _Hieres_, near Marseilles. They were called Ligustides\n by some, but Pliny speaks of them as only three in number. _Stephanus\n Byzantius._\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 515.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\n\n=St\u0153ni=, a people living among the Alps. _Livy_, bk. 62.\n\n=Sto\u012dci=, a celebrated sect of philosophers founded by Zeno of\n Citium. They received the name from the _portico_ (\u03c3\u03c4\u03c5\u03b1), where\n the philosopher delivered his lectures. They preferred virtue to\n everything else, and whatever was opposite to it, they looked upon\n as the greatest of evils. They required, as well as the disciples of\n Epicurus, an absolute command over the passions, and they supported\n that man alone, in the present state of his existence, could attain\n perfection and felicity. They encouraged suicide, and believed that\n the doctrine of future punishments and rewards was unnecessary to\n excite or intimidate their followers. _See:_ Zeno.\n\n=Strabo=, a name among the Romans, given to those whose eyes were\n naturally deformed or distorted. Pompey\u2019s father was distinguished\n by that name.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Amasia, on the borders of Cappadocia,\n who flourished in the age of Augustus and Tiberius. He first studied\n under Xenarchus the peripatetic, and afterwards warmly embraced the\n tenets of the Stoics. Of all his compositions nothing remains but\n his geography, divided into 17 books, a work justly celebrated for\n its elegance, its purity, the erudition and universal knowledge of\n the author. It contains an account, in Greek, of the most celebrated\n places of the world, the origin, the manners, religion, prejudices,\n and government of nations; the foundation of cities, and the accurate\n history of each separate province. Strabo travelled over great part\n of the world in quest of information, and to examine with the most\n critical inquiry, not only the situation of the places, but also the\n manners of the inhabitants, whose history he meant to write. In the\n two first books the author wishes to show the necessity of geography;\n in the 3rd he gives a description of Spain; in the 4th of Gaul and\n the British isles. The 5th and 6th contain an account of Italy and\n the neighbouring islands; the 7th, which is mutilated at the end,\n gives a full description of Germany, and the country of the Get\u00e6,\n Illyricum, Taurica, Chersonesus, and Epirus. The affairs of Greece\n and the adjacent islands are separately treated in the 8th, 9th, and\n 10th; and in the four next Asia, within mount Taurus; and in the 15th\n and 16th, Asia without Taurus, India, Persia, Syria, and Arabia; the\n last book gives an account of Egypt, \u00c6thiopia, Carthage, and other\n places of Africa. Among the books of Strabo which have been lost,\n were historical commentaries. This celebrated geographer died A.D.\n 25. The best editions of his geography are those of Casaubon, folio,\n Paris, 1620; and of Amsterdam, 2 vols., folio, 1707.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Sicilian,\n so clear-sighted, that he could distinguish objects at the distance\n of 130 miles, with the same ease as if they had been near.\n\n=Stratarchas=, the grandfather of the geographer Strabo. His father\u2019s\n name was Dorylaus. _Strabo_, bk. 10.\n\n=Strato=, or =Straton=, a king of the island Aradus, received into\n alliance by Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Sidon,\n dependent upon Darius. Alexander deposed him, because he refused to\n surrender. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of Lampsacus,\n disciple and successor in the school of Theophrastus, about 289 years\n before the christian era. He applied himself with uncommon industry\n to the study of nature, and was surnamed _Physicus_; and after the\n most mature investigations, he supported that nature was inanimate,\n and that there was no god but nature. He was appointed preceptor\n to Ptolemy Philadelphus, who not only revered his abilities and\n learning, but also rewarded his labours with unbounded liberality.\n He wrote different treatises, all now lost. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 4, ch. 38, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n physician.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A peripatetic philosopher.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Epirus, very\n intimate with Brutus the murderer of C\u00e6sar. He killed his friend\n at his own request.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rich Orchomenian who destroyed himself,\n because he could not obtain in marriage a young woman of Haliartus.\n _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek historian who wrote the life of some of the\n Macedonian kings.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An athlete of Achaia, twice crowned at the\n Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 23.\n\n=Strat\u014fcles=, an Athenian general at the battle of Cheron\u00e6, &c.,\n _Poly\u00e6nus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A stage-player in Domitian\u2019s reign. _Juvenal_,\n satire 3, li. 99.\n\n=Straton.= _See:_ Strato.\n\n=Strat\u014fn\u012bce=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Pleuron. _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Ariarathes king of\n Cappadocia, who married Eumenes king of Pergamus, and became mother\n of Attalus. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes,\n who married Seleucus king of Syria. Antiochus, her husband\u2019s son\n by a former wife, became enamoured of her, and married her with his\n father\u2019s consent, when the physicians had told him that if he did not\n comply, his son\u2019s health would be impaired. _Plutarch_, _Demetrius_.\n \u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A concubine of Mithridates\n king of Pontus. _Plutarch_, _Pompey_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Antigonus,\n mother of Demetrius Poliorcetes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Caria, made a\n Macedonian colony. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 33, chs. 18 & 33.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, in Mesopotamia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A third, near mount Taurus.\n\n=Straton\u012bcus=, an opulent person in the reign of Philip, and of his son\n Alexander, whose riches became proverbial. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A musician\n of Athens in the age of Demosthenes. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 6, ch. 6; bk. 8,\n ch. 12.\n\n=Stratonis turris=, a city of Judea, afterwards called C\u00e6sarea by Herod\n in honour of Augustus.\n\n=Stratos=, a city of \u00c6olia. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Acarnania.\n\n=Strenua=, a goddess at Rome, who gave vigour and energy to the weak\n and indolent. _Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, chs. 11 & 16.\n\n=Strongy\u0306le=, now _Strombolo_, one of the islands called \u00c6olides in the\n Tyrrhene sea, near the coast of Sicily. It has a volcano, 10 miles\n in circumference, which throws up flame continually, and of which\n the crater is on the side of the mountain. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 11.\n\n=Stroph\u0103des=, two islands in the Ionian sea, on the western coasts of\n the Peloponnesus. They were anciently called _Plot\u00e6_, and received\n the name of Strophades from \u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b5\u03c6\u03c9, _verto_, because Zethes and\n Calais, the sons of Boreas, returned from thence by order of Jupiter,\n after they had driven the Harpies there from the tables of Phineus.\n The fleet of \u00c6neas stopped near the Strophades. The largest of these\n two islands is not above five miles in circumference. _Hyginus_,\n fable 19.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13,\n li. 709.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 210.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Strophius=, a son of Crisus king of Phocis. He married a sister of\n Agamemnon, called Anaxibia, or Astyochia, or, according to others,\n Cyndragora, by whom he had Pylades, celebrated for his friendship\n with Orestes. After the murder of Agamemnon by Clytemnestra and\n \u00c6gisthus, the king of Phocis educated at his own house, with the\n greatest care, his nephew, whom Electra had secretly removed from the\n dagger of his mother and her adulterer. Orestes was enabled, by means\n of Strophius, to revenge the death of his father. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 1, 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Pylades by Electra the\n sister of Orestes.\n\n=Struthoph\u0103gi=, a people of \u00c6thiopia, who fed on sparrows, as their\n name signifies.\n\n=Struthus=, a general of Artaxerxes against the Laced\u00e6monians, B.C. 393.\n\n=Stryma=, a town of Thrace, founded by a Thasian colony. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 7, ch. 109.\n\n=Strymno=, a daughter of the Scamander, who married Laomedon.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\n\n=Strymon=, a river which separates Thrace from Macedonia, and falls\n into a part of the \u00c6gean sea, which has been called _Strymonicus\n sinus_. A number of cranes, as the poets say, resorted on its banks\n in the summer time. Its eels were excellent. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 120;\n bk. 4, li. 508; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 265.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 2, li. 251.\n\n=Stubera=, a town of Macedonia, between the Axius and Erigon. _Livy_,\n bk. 31, ch. 39.\n\n=Stura=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, falling into the Po.\n\n=Sturni=, a town of Calabria.\n\n=Stymph\u0101lia=, or =Stymph\u0101lis=, a part of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 45,\n ch. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Diana.\n\n=Stymph\u0101lus=, a king of Arcadia, son of Elatus and Laodice. He made\n war against Pelops, and was killed in a truce. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town, river, lake, and\n fountain of Arcadia, which receives its name from king Stymphalus.\n The neighbourhood of the lake Stymphalus was infested with a number\n of voracious birds, like cranes or storks, which fed upon human flesh,\n and which were called _Stymphalides_. They were at last destroyed by\n Hercules, with the assistance of Minerva. Some have confounded them\n with the Harpies, while others pretend that they never existed but in\n the imagination of the poets. Pausanias, however, supports that there\n were carnivorous birds like the Stymphalides, in Arabia. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 4, li. 298.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lofty\n mountain of Peloponnesus in Arcadia.\n\n=Stygne=, a daughter of Danaus. _Statius_, _Sylv\u00e6_, bk. 4, poem 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus._\n\n=Styra=, a town of Eub\u0153a.\n\n=St\u0233rus=, a king of Albania, to whom \u00c6etes promised his daughter\n Medea in marriage, to obtain his assistance against the Argonauts.\n _Flaccus_, bk. 3, li. 497; bk. 8, li. 358.\n\n=Styx=, a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She married Pallas, by whom\n she had three daughters, Victory, Strength, and Valour. _Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, lis. 363 & 384.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n celebrated river of hell, round which it flows nine times. According\n to some writers, the Styx was a small river of Nonacris in Arcadia,\n whose waters were so cold and venomous, that they proved fatal to\n such as tasted them. Among others, Alexander the Great is mentioned\n as a victim to their fatal poison, in consequence of drinking\n them. They even consumed iron, and broke all vessels. The wonderful\n properties of this water suggested the idea that it was a river of\n hell, especially when it disappeared in the earth a little below\n its fountain head. The gods held the waters of the Styx in such\n veneration, that they always swore by them; an oath which was\n inviolable. If any of the gods had perjured themselves, Jupiter\n obliged them to drink the waters of the Styx, which lulled them for\n one whole year into a senseless stupidity; for the nine following\n years they were deprived of the ambrosia and the nectar of the gods,\n and after the expiration of the years of their punishment, they were\n restored to the assembly of the deities, and to all their original\n privileges. It is said that this veneration was shown to the Styx,\n because it received its name from the nymph Styx, who, with her three\n daughters, assisted Jupiter in his war against the Titans. _Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, lis. 384, 775.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 10, li. 513.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 74.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, lis. 323,\n 439, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 3, li. 29, &c.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 378, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8,\n chs. 17 & 18.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 10.\n\n=Suada=, the goddess of persuasion, called Pitho by the Greeks. She\n had a form of worship established to her honour first by Theseus.\n She had a statue in the temple of Venus Praxis at Megara. _Cicero_,\n _Brutus_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 22 & 43; bk. 9, ch. 35.\n\n=Suana=, a town of Etruria.\n\n=Suardones=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40.\n\n=Suasa=, a town of Umbria.\n\n=Subatrii=, a people of Germany, over whom Drusus triumphed. _Strabo_,\n bk. 7.\n\n=Subi=, a small river of Catalonia.\n\n=Sublicius=, the first bridge erected at Rome over the Tiber. _See:_\n Pons.\n\n=Submontorium=, a town of Vindelicia, now _Augsburg_.\n\n=Subota=, small islands at the east of Athos. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 28.\n\n=Subur=, a river of Mauritania.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Spain.\n\n=Suburra=, a street in Rome where all the licentious, dissolute, and\n lascivious Romans and courtesans resorted. It was situate between\n mount Viminalis and Quirinalis, and was remarkable as having been the\n residence of the obscurer years of Julius C\u00e6sar. _Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_.\n \u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 8,\n ltr. 66.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 5.\n\n=Sucro=, now _Xucar_, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis, celebrated\n for a battle fought there between Sertorius and Pompey, in which\n the former obtained the victory. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Rutulian killed by\n \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 505.\n\n=Sudertum=, a town of Etruria. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 23.\n\n=Suessa=, a town of Campania, called also _Aurunca_, to distinguish\n it from Suessa Pometia, the capital of the Volsci. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bks. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 775.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Philippics_, bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 4, ch. 2.\n\n=Suessitani=, a people of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 34.\n\n=Suess\u014fnes=, a powerful nation of Belgic Gaul, reduced by Julius C\u00e6sar.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2.\n\n=Suessula=, a town of Campania. _Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 37; bk. 23, ch. 14.\n\n\u2666=Suetonius Caius Paulinus=, the first Roman general who crossed\n mount Atlas with an army, of which expedition he wrote an account.\n He presided over Britain as governor for about 20 years, and was\n afterwards made consul. He forsook the interest of Otho, and attached\n himself to Vitellius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius Tranquillus, a Latin historian,\n son of a Roman knight of the same name. He was favoured by Adrian,\n and became his secretary, but he was afterwards banished from the\n court for want of attention and respect to the empress Sabina. In\n his retirement Suetonius enjoyed the friendship and correspondence\n of Pliny the younger, and dedicated his time to study. He wrote a\n history of the Roman kings, divided into three books; a catalogue of\n all the illustrious men of Rome, a book on the games and spectacles\n of the Greeks, &c., which are all now lost. The only one of his\n compositions extant, is the lives of the 12 first C\u00e6sars, and some\n fragments of his catalogue of celebrated grammarians. Suetonius,\n in his Lives, is praised for his impartiality and correctness. His\n expressions, however, are often too indelicate, and it has been\n justly observed, that while he exposed the deformities of the C\u00e6sars,\n he wrote with all the licentiousness and extravagance with which\n they lived. The best editions of Suetonius are that of Pitiscus, 4to,\n 2 vols., Leiden, 1714; that of Oudendorp, 2 vols., 8vo, Leiden, 1751;\n and that of Ernesti, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1775. _Pliny_, bk. 1, ltr. 11;\n bk. 5, ltr. 11, &c.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Setonius\u2019 replaced with \u2018Suetonius\u2019\n\n=Suetri=, a people of Gaul near the Alps.\n\n\u2666=Suevi=, a people of Germany, between the Elbe and the Vistula, who\n made frequent incursions upon the territories of Rome under the\n emperors. _Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 51.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Suovi\u2019 replaced with \u2018Suevi\u2019\n\n=Suevius=, a Latin poet in the age of Ennius.\n\n=Suffetala=, an inland town of Mauritania.\n\n=Suff\u0113nus=, a Latin poet in the age of Catullus. He was but of moderate\n abilities, but puffed up with a high idea of his own excellence, and\n therefore deservedly exposed to the ridicule of his contemporaries.\n _Catullus_, poem 22.\n\n=Suffetius=, or =Suftius=. _See:_ Metius.\n\n=Suidas=, a Greek writer who flourished A.D. 1100. The best edition of\n his excellent Lexicon is that of Kuster, 3 vols., folio, Cambridge.\n 1705.\n\n=Publius Suilius=, an informer in the court of Claudius, banished\n under Nero, by means of Seneca, and sent to the Baleares. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 42, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015C\u00e6sorinus, a guilty favourite of\n Messalina. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 36.\n\n=Suiones=, a nation of Germany, supposed the modern _Swedes_. _Tacitus_,\n _Germania_, ch. 44.\n\n=Sulchi=, a town at the south of Sardinia. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Claudian_, _Gildonic War_, li. 518.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\n\n=Sulcius=, an informer whom Horace describes as hoarse with the\n number of defamations which he daily gave. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4,\n li. 65.\n\n=Sulga=, now _Sorgue_, a small river of Gaul, falling into the Rhone.\n _Strabo_, bk. 4.\n\n=Sulla.= _See:_ Sylla.\n\n=Sulmo=, now _Sulmona_, an ancient town of the Peligni, at the distance\n of about 90 miles from Rome, founded by Solymus, one of the followers\n of \u00c6neas. Ovid was born there. _Ovid_, _passim_.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 8, li. 511.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Latin chief killed in the\n night by Nisus, as he was going with his companions to destroy\n Euryalus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 412.\n\n=Sulpitia=, a daughter of Paterculus, who married Fulvius Flaccus.\n She was so famous for her chastity, that she consecrated a temple\n to \u2666Venus Verticordia, a goddess who was implored to turn the hearts\n of the Roman women to virtue. _Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poetess\n in the age of Domitian, against whom she wrote a poem, because he\n had banished the philosophers from Rome. This composition is still\n extant. She had also written a poem on conjugal affection, commended\n by Martial, ltr. 35, now lost.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Servius Sulpitius,\n mentioned in the fourth book of elegies, falsely attributed to\n Tibullus.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Venis\u2019 replaced with \u2018Venus\u2019\n\n=Sulpitia lex=, _militaris_, by Caius Sulpicius the tribune, A.U.C. 665,\n invested Marius with the full power of the war against Mithridates,\n of which Sylla was to be deprived.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de senatu_, by\n Servius Sulpicius the tribune, A.U.C. 665. It required that no\n senator should owe more than 2000 drachm\u00e6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de civitate_,\n by Publius Sulpitius the tribune, A.U.C. 665. It ordered that the\n new citizens who composed the eight tribes lately created, should\n be divided among the 35 old tribes, as a greater honour.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n called also Sempronia, _de religione_, by Publius Sulpicius Saverrio\n and Publius Sempronius Sophus, consuls, A.U.C. 449. It forbade any\n person to consecrate a temple or altar without the permission of the\n senate and the majority of the tribunes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, to empower the\n Romans to make war against Philip of Macedonia.\n\n=Sulpitius=, or =Sulpicius=, an illustrious family at Rome, of whom\n the most celebrated are:\u2015\u2015Peticus, a man chosen dictator against the\n Gauls. His troops mutinied when he first took the field, but soon\n after he engaged the enemy and totally defeated them. _Livy_, bk. 7.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Saverrio, a consul who gained a victory over the \u00c6qui. _Livy_,\n bk. 9, ch. 45.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius Paterculus, a consul sent against the\n Carthaginians. He conquered Sardinia and Corsica, and obtained a\n complete victory over the enemy\u2019s fleet. He was honoured with a\n triumph at his return to Rome. _Livy_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Spurius, one of\n the three commissioners whom the Romans sent to collect the best laws\n which could be found in the different cities and republics of Greece.\n _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the first consuls who received\n intelligence that a conspiracy was formed in Rome to restore the\n Tarquins to power, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A priest who died of the plague in the\n first ages of the republic at Rome.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius Galba, a Roman consul\n who signalized himself greatly during the war which his countrymen\n waged against the Ach\u00e6ans and the Macedonians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Severus, a writer.\n _See:_ Severus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius, one of the associates of Marius, well\n known for his intrigues and cruelty. He made some laws in favour of\n the allies of Rome, and he kept about 3000 young men in continual\n pay, whom he called his anti-senatorial band, and with these he had\n often the impertinence to attack the consul in the popular assemblies.\n He became at last so seditious, that he was proscribed by Sylla\u2019s\n adherents, and immediately murdered. His head was fixed on a pole\n in the rostrum, where he had often made many seditious speeches\n in the capacity of tribune. _Livy_, bk. 77.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman consul who\n fought against Pyrrhus and defeated him.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius Longus, a Roman\n consul, who defeated the Samnites and killed 30,000 of their men.\n He obtained a triumph for this celebrated victory. He was afterwards\n made dictator to conduct a war against the Etrurians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Rufus, a\n lieutenant of C\u00e6sar in Gaul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Messalina\u2019s favourites, put\n to death by Claudius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius Quirinus, a consul in the age of\n Augustus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Camerinus, a proconsul of Africa, under Nero, accused\n of cruelty, &c. _Tacitus_, bk. 13, _Annals_, ch. 52.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Gallus, a\n celebrated astrologer in the age of Paulus. He accompanied the consul\n in his expedition against Perseus, and told the Roman army that the\n night before the day on which they were to give the enemy battle\n there would be an eclipse of the moon. This explanation encouraged\n the soldiers, which, on the contrary, would have intimidated them,\n if not previously acquainted with the causes of it. Sulpitius was\n universally respected, and he was honoured a few years after with\n the consulship. _Livy_, bk. 44, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 12.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Apollinaris, a grammarian in the age of the emperor Marcus\n Aurelius. He left some letters and a few grammatical observations\n now lost. _Cicero._\u2015\u2015_Livy._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Polybius._\u2015\u2015_Florus._\n \u2015\u2015_Eutropius._\n\n=Summ\u0101nus=, a surname of Pluto, as prince of the dead, _summus manium_.\n He had a temple at Rome, erected during the wars with Pyrrhus, and\n the Romans believed that the thunderbolts of Jupiter were in his\n power during the night. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 6, li. 731.\n\n=Sunici=, a people of Germany on the shores of the Rhine. _Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 66.\n\n=Sunides=, a soothsayer in the army of Eumenes. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Sunium=, a promontory of Attica, about 45 miles distant from the\n Pir\u00e6us. There was there a small harbour, as also a town. Minerva\n had there a beautiful temple, whence she was called _Sunias_. There\n are still extant some ruins of this temple. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to\n Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 3; bk. 13, ltr. 10.\n\n=Suovetaurilia=, a sacrifice among the Romans, which consisted of the\n immolation of a sow (_sus_), a sheep (_ovis_), and a bull (_taurus_),\n whence the name. It was generally observed every fifth year.\n\n=Sup\u0115rum mare=, a name of the Adriatic sea, because it was situate\n above Italy. The name of _Mare Inferum_ was applied for the opposite\n reasons to the sea below Italy. _Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_, &c.\n\n=Sura \u00c6mylius=, a Latin writer, &c. _Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius Licinius, a favourite of Trajan, honoured with the\n consulship.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer in the age of the emperor Gallienus. He wrote\n a history of the reign of the emperor.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city on the Euphrates.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Iberia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Germany, whose waters fall into\n the Moselle. _Ausonius_, _Mosella_.\n\n=Sur\u0113na=, a powerful officer in the armies of Orodes king of Parthia.\n His family had the privilege of crowning the kings of Parthia. He\n was appointed to conduct the war against the Romans, and to protect\n the kingdom of Parthia against Crassus, who wished to conquer it. He\n defeated the Roman triumvir, and after he had drawn him perfidiously\n to a conference, he ordered his head to be cut off. He afterwards\n returned to Parthia, mimicking the triumphs of the Romans. Orodes\n ordered him to be put to death, B.C. 52. Surena has been admired for\n his valour, his sagacity as a general, and his prudence and firmness\n in the execution of his plans; but his perfidy, his effeminate\n manners, and his lasciviousness have been deservedly censured.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Crassus_.\n\n=Surium=, a town at the south of Colchis.\n\n=Surrentum=, a town of Campania, on the bay of Naples, famous for\n the wine which was made in the neighbourhood. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 17, li. 52.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 710.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 110.\n\n=Surus=, one of the \u00c6dui, who made war against C\u00e6sar. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic\n War_, bk. 8, ch. 45.\n\n=Susa= (orum), now _Suster_, a celebrated city of Asia, the chief town\n of Susiana, and the capital of the Persian empire, built by Tithonus\n the father of Memnon. Cyrus took it. The walls of Susa were above\n 120 stadia in circumference. The treasures of the kings of Persia\n were generally kept there, and the royal palace was built with white\n marble, and its pillars were covered with gold and precious stones.\n It was usual with the kings of Persia to spend the summer at Ecbatana,\n and the winter at Susa, because the climate was more warm than at\n any other royal residence. It has been called _Memnonia_, or the\n palace of Memnon, because that prince reigned there. _Pliny_, bk. 6,\n ch. 26, &c.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 49.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 15.\u2015\u2015_Xenophon_,\n _Cyrop\u00e6dia_.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 13.\u2015\u2015_Claudian._\n\n=Sus\u0103na=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,\n li. 384.\n\n=Susarion=, a Greek poet of Megara, who is supposed, with Dolon, to be\n the inventor of comedy, and to have first introduced it at Athens on\n a movable stage, B.C. 562.\n\n=Susi\u0101na=, or =Susis=, a country of Asia, of which the capital was\n called Susa, situate at the east of Assyria. Lilies grow in great\n abundance in Susiana, and it is from that plant that the province\n received its name, according to some, as _Susan_ is the name of a\n _lily_ in Hebrew.\n\n=Susid\u00e6 pyl\u00e6=, narrow passes over mountains, from Susiana into Persia.\n _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\n\n=Suthul=, a town of Numidia, where the king\u2019s treasures were kept.\n _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 37.\n\n=Sutrium=, a town of Etruria, about 24 miles north-west of Rome. Some\n suppose that the phrase _Ire Sutrium_, to act with despatch, arises\n from the celerity with which Camillus recovered the place, but Festus\n explains it differently. _Plautus_, _Casina_, act 3, scen 1, li. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 9, ch. 32.\n\n=Syagrus=, an ancient poet, the first who wrote on the Trojan war. He\n is called _Segaris_, by Diogenes La\u00ebrtius, who adds that he lived\n in Homer\u2019s age, of whom he was the rival. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_,\n bk. 14, ch. 21.\n\n=Syb\u0103ris=, a river of Lucania in Italy, whose waters were said to\n render men more strong and robust. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3,\n ch. 11; bk. 31, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was a town of the same name on its\n banks on the bay of Tarentum, which had been founded by a colony of\n Ach\u00e6ans. Sybaris became very powerful, and in its most flourishing\n situation it had the command of four neighbouring nations, of\n 25 towns, and could send an army of 300,000 men into the field.\n The walls of the city were said to extend six miles and a half in\n circumference, and the suburbs covered the banks of the Crathis for\n the space of seven miles. It made a long and vigorous resistance\n against the neighbouring town of Crotona, till it was at last\n totally reduced by the disciples of Pythagoras, B.C. 501. Sybaris\n was destroyed no less than five times, and always repaired. In a\n more recent age the inhabitants became so effeminate, that the word\n _Sybarise_ became proverbial to intimate a man devoted to pleasure.\n There was a small town built in the neighbourhood about 444 years\n before the christian era, and called Thurium, from a small fountain\n called Thuria, where it was built. _Diodorus_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 12,\n ltr. 96.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 10, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of \u00c6neas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12,\n li. 363.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A youth enamoured of Lydia, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 8,\n li. 2.\n\n=Sybar\u012bta=, an inhabitant of Sybaris. _See:_ Sybaris.\n\n=Sybota=, a harbour of Epirus. _Cicero_, bk. 5, _Letters to Atticus_,\n ltr. 9.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=Syb\u014ftas=, a king of the Messenians in the age of Lycurgus the Spartan\n legislator. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 4.\n\n=Sycinnus=, a slave of Themistocles, sent by his master to engage\n Xerxes to fight against the fleet of the Peloponnesians.\n\n=Sycurium=, a town of Thessaly at the foot of Ossa. _Livy_, bk. 42,\n ch. 54.\n\n=Syedra=, a town of Cilicia.\n\n=Sy\u0113ne=, now _Assuan_, a town of Thebais, on the extremities of Egypt.\n Juvenal the poet was banished there on pretence of commanding a\n pretorian cohort stationed in the neighbourhood. It was famous for\n its quarries of marble. _Strabo_, bks. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 1, poem 5, li. 79;\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 74.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 587; bk. 8,\n li. 851; bk. 10, li. 234.\n\n=Syenesius=, a Cilician who, with Labinetus of Babylon, concluded a\n peace between Alyattes king of Lydia, and Cyaxares king of Media,\n while both armies were terrified by a sudden eclipse of the sun, B.C.\n 585. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 74.\n\n=Syennesis=, a satrap of Cilicia, when Cyrus made war against his\n brother Artaxerxes. He wished to favour both the brothers by sending\n one of his sons into the army of Cyrus and another to Artaxerxes.\n\n=Syl\u0113a=, a daughter of Corinthus.\n\n=Syleum=, a town of Pamphylia.\n\n=Syleus=, a king of Aulis.\n\n=Sylla Lucius Cornelius=, a celebrated Roman of a noble family. The\n poverty of his early years was relieved by the liberality of the\n courtesan Nicopolis, who left him heir to a large fortune; and with\n the addition of the immense wealth of his mother-in-law, he soon\n appeared one of the most opulent of the Romans. He first entered\n the army under the great Marius, whom he accompanied in Numidia in\n the capacity of questor. He rendered himself conspicuous in military\n affairs; and Bocchus, one of the princes of Numidia, delivered\n Jugurtha into his hands for the Roman consul. The rising fame of\n Sylla gave umbrage to Marius, who was always jealous of an equal,\n as well as of a superior; but the ill language which he might use,\n rather inflamed than extinguished the ambition of Sylla. He left the\n conqueror of Jugurtha, and carried arms under Catullus. Some time\n after he obtained the pretorship, and was appointed by the Roman\n senate to place Ariobarzanes on the throne of Cappadocia, against\n the views and interest of Mithridates king of Pontus. This he easily\n effected: one battle left him victorious; and before he quitted the\n plains of Asia, the Roman pretor had the satisfaction to receive\n in his camp the ambassadors of the king of Parthia, who wished\n to make a treaty of alliance with the Romans. Sylla received them\n with haughtiness, and behaved with such arrogance, that one of them\n exclaimed, \u201cSurely this man is master of the world, or doomed to be\n such!\u201d At his return to Rome, he was commissioned to finish the war\n with the Marsi, and when this was successfully ended, he was rewarded\n with the consulship, in the 50th year of his age. In this capacity\n he wished to have the administration of the Mithridatic war; but he\n found an obstinate adversary in Marius, and he attained the summit of\n his wishes only when he had entered Rome sword in hand. After he had\n slaughtered all his enemies, set a price upon the head of Marius, and\n put to death the tribune Sulpitius, who had continually opposed his\n views, he marched towards Asia, and disregarded the flames of discord\n which he left behind him unextinguished. Mithridates was already\n master of the greatest part of Greece; and Sylla, when he reached\n the coast of Peloponnesus, was delayed by the siege of Athens, and\n of the Pir\u00e6us. His operations were carried on with vigour, and when\n he found his money fail, he made no scruple to take the riches of the\n temples of the gods to bribe his soldiers, and render them devoted\n to his service. His boldness succeeded. The Pir\u00e6us surrendered;\n and the conqueror, as if struck with reverence at the beautiful\n porticoes where the philosophic followers of Socrates and Plato had\n often disputed, spared the city of Athens, which he had devoted to\n destruction, and forgave the living for the sake of the dead. Two\n celebrated battles at Cheron\u00e6a and Orchomenos, rendered him master\n of Greece. He crossed the Hellespont, and attacked Mithridates in\n the very heart of his kingdom. The artful monarch, who well knew\n the valour and perseverance of his adversary, made proposals of\n peace; and Sylla, whose interest at home was then decreasing, did\n not hesitate to put an end to a war which had rendered him master\n of so much territory, and which enabled him to return to Rome like\n a conqueror, and to dispute with his rival the sovereignty of the\n republic with a victorious army. Mur\u00e6na was left at the head of the\n Roman forces in Asia, and Sylla hastened to Italy. In the plains of\n Campania, he was met by a few of his adherents, whom the success of\n his rivals had banished from the capital, and he was soon informed,\n that if he wished to contend with Marius, he must encounter 15\n generals, followed by 25 well-disciplined legions. In these critical\n circumstances he had recourse to artifice, and while he proposed\n terms of accommodation to his adversaries, he secretly strengthened\n himself, and saw, with pleasure, his armies daily increase by the\n revolt of soldiers whom his bribes or promises had corrupted. Pompey,\n who afterwards merited the surname of Great, embraced his cause, and\n marched to the camp with three legions. Soon after he appeared in the\n field with advantage; the confidence of Marius decayed with his power,\n and Sylla entered Rome like a tyrant and a conqueror. The streets\n were daily filled with dead bodies, and 7000 citizens, to whom the\n conqueror had promised pardon, were suddenly massacred in the circus.\n The senate, at that time assembled in the temple of Bellona, heard\n the shrieks of their dying countrymen; and when they inquired into\n the cause of it, Sylla coolly replied, \u201cThey are only a few rebels\n whom I have ordered to be chastised.\u201d If this had been the last and\n most dismal scene, Rome might have been called happy; but it was only\n the beginning of her misfortunes. Each succeeding day exhibited a\n great number of slaughtered bodies, and when one of the senators had\n the boldness to ask the tyrant when he meant to stop his cruelties,\n Sylla, with an air of unconcern, answered, that he had not yet\n determined, but that he would take it into his consideration. The\n slaughter was continued; a list of such as were proscribed was daily\n stuck in the public streets, and the slave was rewarded to bring his\n master\u2019s head, and the son was not ashamed to imbrue his hands in the\n blood of his father for money. No less than 4700 of the most powerful\n and opulent were slain, and Sylla wished the Romans to forget his\n cruelties in aspiring to the title of perpetual dictator. In this\n capacity he made new laws, abrogated such as were inimical to his\n views, and changed every regulation where his ambition was obstructed.\n After he had finished whatever the most absolute sovereign may do\n from his own will and authority, Sylla abdicated the dictatorial\n power, and retired to a solitary retreat at Puteoli, where he spent\n the rest of his days, if not in literary ease and tranquillity, yet\n far from the noise of arms, in the midst of riot and debauchery. The\n companions of his retirement were the most base and licentious of the\n populace, and Sylla took pleasure still to wallow in voluptuousness,\n though on the verge of life, and covered with infirmities. His\n intemperance hastened his end, his blood was corrupted, and an\n imposthume was bred in his bowels. He at last died in the greatest\n torments of the lousy disease, about 78 years before Christ, in the\n 60th year of his age; and it has been observed, that, like Marius,\n on his death-bed, he wished to drown the stings of conscience and\n remorse by continual intoxication. His funeral was very magnificent;\n his body was attended by the senate and the vestal virgins, and\n hymns were sung to celebrate his exploits and to honour his memory.\n A monument was erected in the field of Mars, on which appeared an\n inscription written by himself, in which he said, that the good\n services he had received from his friends, and the injuries of his\n enemies, had been returned with unexampled usury. The character of\n Sylla is that of an ambitious, dissimulating, credulous, tyrannical,\n debauched, and resolute commander. He was revengeful in the highest\n degree, and the surname of _Felix_, or _the Fortunate_, which he\n assumed, showed that he was more indebted to fortune than to valour\n for the great fame which he had acquired. But in the midst of all\n this, who cannot admire the moderation and philosophy of a man,\n who when absolute master of a republic, which he had procured by\n his cruelty and avarice, silently abdicates the sovereign power,\n challenges a critical examination of his administration, and retires\n to live securely in the midst of thousands whom he has injured and\n offended? The Romans were pleased and astonished at his abdication;\n and when the insolence of a young man had been vented against\n the dictator, he calmly answered, \u201cThis usage may perhaps deter\n another to resign his power to follow my example, if ever he\n becomes absolute.\u201d Sylla has been commended for the patronage\n which he gave to the arts and sciences. He brought from Asia the\n extensive library of Apellicon the Peripatetic philosopher, in\n which were the works of Aristotle and Theophrastus, and he himself\n composed 22 books of memoirs concerning himself. _Cicero_, _Against\n Verres_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Atticus_.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 17, &c.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 75, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 20.\n \u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 5, &c.; bk. 4, ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 12, &c.\u2015\u2015_Polybius_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bks. 37 & 38.\n \u2015\u2015_Eutropius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nephew of\n the dictator, who conspired against his country because he had been\n deprived of his consulship for bribery.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another relation, who\n also joined in the same conspiracy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man put to death by Nero\n at Marseilles, where he had been banished.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Cato,\n defeated and killed by one of C\u00e6sar\u2019s lieutenants.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A senator\n banished from the senate for his prodigality by Tiberius.\n\n=Syllis=, a nymph, mother of Zeuxippus by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 6.\n\n=Syloes=, a promontory of Africa.\n\n=Syl\u014fson=, a man who gave a splendid garment to Darius son of Hystaspes,\n when a private man. Darius, when raised to the throne of Persia,\n remembered the gift of Syloson with gratitude. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Sylv\u0101nus=, a god of the woods. _See:_ Silvanus.\n\n=Sylvia=, or =Ilia=, the mother of Romulus. _See:_ Rhea.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Tyrrhenus, whose favourite stag was wounded by Ascanius. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 503.\n\n=Sylvius=, a son of \u00c6neas by Lavinia, from whom afterwards all the\n kings of Alba were called _Sylvii_. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 763.\n\n=Syma=, or =Syme=, a town of Asia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nymph, mother of Chthonius by\n Neptune. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Symb\u014flum=, a place of Macedonia, near Philippi, on the confines of\n Thrace.\n\n=Symm\u0103chus=, an officer in the army of Agesilaus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated\n orator in the age of Theodosius the Great. His father was prefect of\n Rome. He wrote against the christians, and 10 books of his letters\n are extant, which have been refuted by Ambrose and Prudentius. The\n best editions of Symmachus are that of Geneva, 8vo, 1598, and that\n of Paris, 4to, 1604.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer in the second century. He translated\n the Bible into Greek, of which few fragments remain.\n\n=Sympleg\u0103des=, or =Cyane\u00e6=, two islands or rocks at the entrance of the\n Euxine sea. _See:_ Cyane\u00e6.\n\n=Symus=, a mountain of Armenia, from which the Araxes flows.\n\n=Syncellus=, one of the Byzantine historians, whose works were edited\n in folio, Paris, 1652.\n\n=Synesius=, a bishop of Cyrene in the age of Theodosius the younger,\n as conspicuous for his learning as his piety. He wrote 155 epistles,\n besides other treatises, in Greek, in a style pure and elegant,\n and bordering much upon the poetic. The last edition is in 8vo,\n Paris, 1605; inferior, however, to the _editio princeps_ by Dionysius\n Pectavius, folio, Paris, 1613. The best edition of Synesius _de\n febribus_ is that of Bernard, Amsterdam, 1749.\n\n=Synnalaxis=, a nymph of Ionia, who had a temple at Heraclea in Elis.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 22.\n\n=Synnas= (adis), or =Synnada= (plural), a town of Phrygia, famous\n for its marble quarries. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Claudian_, _Against\n Eutropius_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 77.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 1,\n _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 5, li. 41.\n\n=Synnis=, a famous robber of Attica. _See:_ Scinis.\n\n=Syn\u014dpe=, a town on the borders of the Euxine. _See:_ Sinope.\n\n=Syph\u00e6um=, a town of the Brutii in Italy. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 19.\n\n=Syphax=, a king of the Mas\u00e6sylii in Libya, who married Sophonisba the\n daughter of Asdrubal, and forsook the alliance of the Romans to join\n himself to the interest of his father-in-law, and of Carthage. He\n was conquered in a battle by Masinissa the ally of Rome, and given to\n Scipio the Roman general. The conqueror carried him to Rome, where he\n adorned his triumph. Syphax died in prison 201 years before Christ,\n and his possessions were given to Masinissa. According to some, the\n descendants of Syphax reigned for some time over a part of Numidia,\n and continued to make opposition to the Romans. _Livy_, bk. 24, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Scipio_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Polybius._\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 16, lis. 171 & 188.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6,\n li. 769.\n\n=Syraces=, one of the Sac\u00e6, who mutilated himself, and, by pretending\n to be a deserter, brought Darius, who made war against his country,\n into many difficulties. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 7.\n\n=Syracosia=, festivals at Syracuse celebrated during 10 days, in which\n women were busily employed in offering sacrifices.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another yearly\n observed near the lake of Syracuse, where, as they supposed, Pluto\n had disappeared with Proserpine.\n\n=Syrac\u016bs\u00e6=, a celebrated city of Sicily, founded about 732 years\n before the christian era by Archias, a Corinthian, and one of the\n Heraclid\u00e6. In its flourishing state it extended 22\u00bd English miles in\n circumference, and was divided into four districts, Ortygia, Acradina,\n Tycha, and Neapolis, to which some add a fifth division, Epipol\u00e6, a\n district little inhabited. These were of themselves separate cities,\n and were fortified with three citadels, and three-folded walls.\n Syracuse had two capacious harbours separated from one another by\n the island of Ortygia. The greatest harbour was about 5000 paces\n in circumference, and its entrance 500 paces wide. The people of\n Syracuse were very opulent and powerful, and though subject to\n tyrants, they were masters of vast possessions and dependent states.\n The city of Syracuse was well built, its houses were stately and\n magnificent; and it has been said, that it produced the best and most\n excellent of men when they were virtuous, but the most wicked and\n depraved when addicted to vicious pursuits. The women of Syracuse\n were not permitted to adorn themselves with gold, or wear costly\n garments, except such as prostituted themselves. Syracuse gave birth\n to Theocritis and Archimedes. It was under different governments;\n and after being freed from the tyranny of Thrasybulus, B.C. 446, it\n enjoyed security for 61 years, till the usurpation of the Dionysii,\n who were expelled by Timoleon, B.C. 343. In the age of the elder\n Dionysius, an army of 100,000 foot and 10,000 horse, and 400 ships,\n were kept in constant pay. It fell into the hands of the Romans,\n under the consul Marcellus, after a siege of three years, B.C. 212.\n _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, chs. 52 & 53.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 1\n & 8.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos._\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 23, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Marcellus_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 278.\n\n=Syria=, a large country of Asia, whose boundaries are not accurately\n ascertained by the ancients. Syria, generally speaking, was bounded\n on the east by the Euphrates, north by mount Taurus, west by the\n Mediterranean, and south by Arabia. It was divided into several\n districts and provinces, among which were Ph\u0153nicia, Seleucis, Jud\u00e6a\n or Palestine, Mesopotamia, Babylon, and Assyria. It was also called\n _Assyria_; and the words Syria and Assyria, though distinguished and\n defined by some authors, were often used indifferently. Syria was\n subjected to the monarchs of Persia; but after the death of Alexander\n the Great, Seleucus, surnamed Nicator, who had received this province\n as his lot in the division of the Macedonian dominions, raised it\n into an empire, known in history by the name of the kingdom of Syria\n or Babylon, B.C. 312. Seleucus died after a reign of 32 years, and\n his successors, surnamed the _Seleucid\u00e6_, ascended the throne in the\n following order: Antiochus, surnamed Soter, 280 B.C.; Antiochus Theos,\n 261; Seleucus Callinicus, 246; Seleucus Ceraunus, 226; Antiochus\n the Great, 223; Seleucus Philopator, 187; Antiochus Epiphanes, 175;\n Antiochus Eupator, 164; Demetrius Soter, 162; Alexander Balas, 150;\n Demetrius Nicator, 146; Antiochus VI., 144; Diodotus Tryphon, 147;\n Antiochus Sidetes, 139; Demetrius Nicator restored, 130; Alexander\n Zebina, 127, who was dethroned by Antiochus Grypus, 123; Antiochus\n Cyzicenus, 112, who takes part of Syria, which he calls C\u0153lesyria;\n Philip and Demetrius Eucerus, 93, and in C\u0153lesyria, Antiochus Pius;\n Aretas was king of C\u0153lesyria, 85; Tigranes, king of Armenia, 83; and\n Antiochus Asiaticus, 69, who was dethroned by Pompey, B.C. 65; in\n consequence of which Syria became a Roman province. _Herodotus_, bks.\n 2, 3 & 7.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, _Argonautica_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 12 &\n 16.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Ptolemy_,\n bk. 5, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius Periegetes._\n\n=Syri\u0103cum mare=, that part of the Mediterranean sea which is on the\n coast of Ph\u0153nicia and Syria.\n\n=Syrinx=, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter of the river Ladon. Pan became\n enamoured of her, and attempted to offer her violence; but Syrinx\n escaped, and at her own request was changed by the gods into a reed\n called Syrinx by the Greeks. The god made himself a pipe with the\n reeds, into which his favourite nymph had been changed. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 691.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 63.\n\n=Syroph\u0153nix=, the name of an inhabitant of the maritime coast of Syria.\n _Juvenal_, satire 8.\n\n=Syros=, one of the Cyclades in the \u00c6gean sea, at the east of Delos,\n about 20 miles in circumference, very fruitful in wine and corn of\n all sorts. The inhabitants lived to a great old age, because the air\n was wholesome. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 504.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Caria. _Pausanias_, bk. 3,\n ch. 26.\n\n=Syrtes=, two large sand-banks in the Mediterranean on the coast of\n Africa, one of which was near Leptis, and the other near Carthage.\n As they often changed places, and were sometimes very high or very\n low under the water, they were deemed most dangerous in navigation,\n and proved fatal to whatever ships touched upon them. From this\n circumstance, therefore, the word has been used to denote any\n part of the sea of which the navigation was attended with danger,\n either from whirlpools or hidden rocks. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7; bk. 2,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 41.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 303.\n \u2015\u2015_Sallust_, _ Jugurthine War_.\n\n=Syrus=, an island. _See:_ Syros.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Apollo by Sinope the\n daughter of the Asopus, who gave his name to Syria. _Plutarch_,\n _Lucullus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer. _See:_ Publius.\n\n=Sysigambis=, the mother of Darius. _See:_ Sisygambis.\n\n=Sysimethres=, a Persian satrap, who had two children by his mother,\n an incestuous commerce tolerated by the laws of Persia. He opposed\n Alexander with 2000 men, but soon surrendered. He was greatly\n honoured by the conqueror. _Curtius_, bk. 8, ch. 4.\n\n=Sysinas=, the elder son of Datames, who revolted from his father to\n Artaxerxes.\n\n=Sythas=, a river of Peloponnesus, flowing through Sicyonia into the\n bay of Corinth. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n\n T\n\n=Taautes=, a Ph\u0153nician deity, the same as the Saturn of the Latins, and\n probably the Thoth, or Thaut, the Mercury of the Egyptians. _Cicero_,\n _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Varro._\n\n=Tab\u00e6=, a town of Pisidia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 13.\n\n=Tabellari\u00e6 leges=, laws made by suffrages delivered upon tables\n (_tabell\u00e6_), and not _viv\u00e2 voce_. There were four of these laws, the\n _Gabinia lex_, A.U.C. 614, by Gabinius; the _Cassia_, by Cassius,\n A.U.C. 616; the _Papiria_, by Carbo, A.U.C. 622; and the _C\u00e6lia_,\n by C\u00e6lius, A.U.C. 646. _Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\n\n=Tabern\u00e6 nov\u00e6=, a street in Rome where shops were built. _Livy_, bk. 3,\n ch. 48.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Rhenan\u00e6, a town of Germany on the confluence of the\n Felbach and the Rhine, now _Rhin-Zabern_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Rigu\u00e6, now _Bern-Castel_,\n on the Moselle.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Triboccorum, a town of Alsace in France, now\n _Saverne_.\n\n=Tabor=, a mountain of Palestine.\n\n=Tabr\u0103ca=, a maritime town of Africa, near Hippo, made a Roman colony.\n The neighbouring forests abounded with monkeys. _Juvenal_, satire 10,\n li. 194.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 256.\n\n=Tabuda=, a river of Germany, now the _Scheldt_. _Ptolemy._\n\n=Taburnus=, a mountain of Campania, which abounded with olives.\n _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 38; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 715.\n\n=Tacape=, a town of Africa.\n\n=Tacatua=, a maritime town of Numidia.\n\n=Tacfar\u012bnas=, a Numidian who commanded an army against the Romans in\n the reign of Tiberius. He had formerly served in the Roman legions,\n but in the character of an enemy, he displayed the most inveterate\n hatred against his benefactor. After he had severally defeated the\n officers of Tiberius, he was at last routed and killed in the field\n of battle, fighting with uncommon fury, by Dolabella. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 2, &c.\n\n=Tachampso=, an island in the Nile, near Thebais. The Egyptians\n held one half of this island, and the rest was in the hands of the\n \u00c6thiopians. _Herodotus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Tachos=, or =Tachus=, a king of Egypt, in the reign of Artaxerxes\n Ochus, against whom he sustained a long war. He was assisted by the\n Greeks, but his confidence in Agesilaus king of Laced\u00e6mon proved\n fatal to him. Chabrias the Athenian had been entrusted with the fleet\n of the Egyptian monarch, and Agesilaus was left with the command of\n the mercenary army. The Laced\u00e6monian disregarded his engagements,\n and by joining with Nectanebus, who had revolted from Tachus, he\n ruined the affairs of the monarch, and obliged him to save his life\n by flight. Some observe that Agesilaus acted with that duplicity to\n avenge himself upon Tachus, who had insolently ridiculed his short\n and deformed stature. The expectations of Tachus had been raised by\n the fame of Agesilaus; but when he saw the lame monarch, he repeated\n on the occasion the fable of the mountain which brought forth a mouse,\n upon which Agesilaus replied with asperity, though he called him a\n mouse, yet he soon should find him to be a lion. _Cornelius Nepos_,\n _Agesilaus._\n\n=Tacina=, a river of the Brutii.\n\n=Tac\u012dta=, a goddess who presided over silence. Numa, as some say, paid\n particular veneration to this divinity.\n\n=Tac\u012dtus \u2666Publius Cornelius=, a celebrated Latin historian, born in the\n reign of Nero. His father was a Roman knight, who had been appointed\n governor of Belgic Gaul. The native genius and the rising talents of\n Tacitus were beheld with rapture by the emperor Vespasian, and as he\n wished to protect and patronize merit, he raised the young historian\n to places of trust and honour. The succeeding emperors were not less\n partial to Tacitus, and Domitian seemed to forget his cruelties, when\n virtue and innocence claimed his patronage. Tacitus was honoured with\n the consulship, and he gave proofs of his eloquence at the bar by\n supporting the cause of the injured Africans against the proconsul\n Marius Priscus, and in causing him to be condemned for his avarice\n and extortion. The friendly intercourse of Pliny and Tacitus has\n often been admired, and many have observed, that the familiarity\n of these two great men arose from similar principles, and a perfect\n conformity of manners and opinions. Yet Tacitus was as much the\n friend of a republican government, as Pliny was an admirer of the\n imperial power, and of the short-lived virtues of his patron Trajan.\n Pliny gained the heart of his adherents by affability, and all the\n elegant graces which became the courtier and the favourite, while\n Tacitus conciliated the esteem of the world by his virtuous conduct,\n which prudence and love of honour ever guided. The friendship of\n Tacitus and of Pliny almost became proverbial, and one was scarce\n mentioned without the other, as the following instance may indicate.\n At the exhibition of the spectacles in the circus, Tacitus held a\n long conversation on different subjects with a Roman knight, with\n whom he was unacquainted; and when the knight asked him whether he\n was a native of Italy, the historian told him that he was not unknown\n to him, and that for their distant acquaintance he was indebted to\n literature. \u201cThen you are,\u201d replied the knight, \u201ceither Tacitus or\n Pliny.\u201d The time of Tacitus was not employed in trivial pursuits; the\n orator might have been forgotten if the historian had not flourished.\n Tacitus wrote a treatise on the manners of the Germans, a composition\n admired for the fidelity and exactness with which it is executed,\n though some have declared that the historian delineated manners and\n customs with which he was not acquainted, and which never existed.\n His life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola, whose daughter he had married,\n is celebrated for its purity, elegance, and the many excellent\n instructions and important truths which it relates. His history of\n the Roman emperors is imperfect; of the 28 years of which it treated,\n that is from the 69th to the 96th year of the christian era, nothing\n remains but the year 69, and part of the 70th. His annals were the\n most extensive and complete of his works. The history of the reign\n of Tiberius, Caius, Claudius, and Nero, was treated with accuracy and\n attention, yet we are to lament the loss of the history of the reign\n of Caius, and the beginning of that of Claudius. Tacitus had reserved\n for his old age the history of the reign of Nerva and Trajan, and\n he also proposed to give to the world an account of the interesting\n administration of Augustus; but these important subjects never\n employed the pen of the historian, and as some of the ancients\n observe, the only compositions of Tacitus were contained in 30 books,\n of which we have now left only 16 of his annals, and five of his\n history. The style of Tacitus has always been admired for peculiar\n beauties: the thoughts are great; there is a sublimity, force, weight,\n and energy; everything is treated with precision and dignity. Yet\n many have called him obscure, because he was fond of expressing his\n ideas in few words. This was the fruit of experience and judgment;\n the history appears copious and diffuse, while the annals, which were\n written in his old age, are less flowing as to style, more concise,\n and more heavily laboured. His Latin is remarkable for being pure and\n classical; and though a writer in the decline of the Roman empire,\n he has not used obsolete words, antiquated phrases, or barbarous\n expressions, but with him everything is sanctioned by the authority\n of the writers of the Augustan age. In his biographical sketches\n he displays an uncommon knowledge of human nature; he paints every\n scene with a masterly hand, and gives each object its proper size\n and becoming colours. Affairs of importance are treated with dignity,\n the secret causes of events and revolutions are investigated from\n their primeval source, and the historian everywhere shows his reader\n that he was a friend of public liberty and national independence, a\n lover of truth, and of the general good and welfare of mankind, and\n an inveterate enemy to oppression and to a tyrannical government. The\n history of the reign of Tiberius is his masterpiece: the deep policy,\n the dissimulation and various intrigues of this celebrated prince,\n are painted with all the fidelity of the historian; and Tacitus\n boasted in saying, that he neither would flatter the follies, or\n maliciously or partially represent the extravagance, of the several\n characters he delineated. Candour and impartiality were his standard,\n and his claim to these essential qualifications of an historian have\n never been disputed. It is said that the emperor Tacitus, who boasted\n in being one of the descendants of the historian, ordered the works\n of his ancestor to be placed in all public libraries, and directed\n that 10 copies, well ascertained for accuracy and exactness, should\n be yearly written, that so great and so valuable a work might not\n be lost. Some ecclesiastical writers have exclaimed against Tacitus\n for the partial manner in which he speaks of the Jews and christians;\n but it should be remembered that he spoke the language of the Romans,\n and that the \u2660peculiarities of the christians could not but draw upon\n them the odium and the ridicule of the pagans, and the imputation of\n superstition. Among the many excellent editions of Tacitus, these may\n pass for the best: that of Rome, folio, 1515; that in 8vo, 2 vols.,\n Leiden, 1673; that in usum Delphim, 4 vols., 4to, Paris, 1682; that\n of Lipscomb, 2 vols., 8vo, 1714; of Gronovius, 2 vols., 4to, 1721;\n that of Brotier, 7 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1776; that of Ernesti, 2 vols.,\n 8vo, Lipscomb, 1777; and Barbou\u2019s, 3 vols., 12mo, Paris, 1760.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus Claudius, a Roman chosen emperor by the senate, after the\n death of Aurelian. He would have refused this important and dangerous\n office, but the pressing solicitations of the senate prevailed,\n and in the 70th year of his age he complied with the wishes of his\n countrymen, and accepted the purple. The time of his administration\n was very popular, the good of the people was his care, and as\n a pattern of moderation, economy, temperance, regularity, and\n impartiality, Tacitus found no equal. He abolished the several\n brothels which under the preceding reigns had filled Rome with\n licentiousness and obscenity; and by ordering all the public baths to\n be shut at sunset, he prevented the commission of many irregularities,\n which the darkness of the night had hitherto sanctioned. The senators\n under Tacitus seemed to have recovered their ancient dignity and\n long-lost privileges. They were not only the counsellers of the\n emperor, but they even seemed to be his masters; and when Florianus,\n the brother-in-law of Tacitus, was refused the consulship, the\n emperor said, that the senate, no doubt, could fix upon a more\n deserving object. As a warrior, Tacitus is inferior to few of the\n Romans; and during a short reign of about six months, he not only\n repelled the barbarians who had invaded the territories of Rome in\n Asia, but he prepared to make war against the Persians and Scythians.\n He died in Cilicia as he was on his expedition, of a violent\n distemper, or, according to some, he was destroyed by the secret\n dagger of an assassin, on the 13th of April, in the 276th year\n of the christian era. Tacitus has been commended for his love of\n learning; and it has been observed, that he never passed a day\n without consecrating some part of his time to reading or writing. He\n has been accused of superstition, and authors have recorded that he\n never studied on the second day of each month, a day which he deemed\n inauspicious and unlucky. _Tacitus_, _Agricola_.\u2015\u2015_Zosimus._\n\n \u2666 \u2018C.\u2019 replaced with \u2018Publius\u2019\n\n \u2660 \u2018peculiarites\u2019 replaced with \u2018peculiarities\u2019\n\n=Tader=, a river of Spain, near New Carthage.\n\n=T\u00e6dai=, a prostitute at Rome, &c., _Juvenal_, Satire 2, li. 49.\n\n=T\u00e6n\u0103rus=, now _Matapan_, a promontory of Laconia, the most southern\n point of Europe, where Neptune had a temple. There was there a large\n and deep cavern, whence issued a black and unwholesome vapour, from\n which circumstance the poets have imagined that it was one of the\n entrances of hell, through which Hercules dragged Cerberus from\n the infernal regions. This fabulous tradition arises, according\n to Pausanias, from the continual resort of a large serpent near\n the cavern of T\u00e6narus, whose bite was mortal. The serpent, as the\n geographer observes, was at last killed by Hercules, and carried\n to Eurystheus. The town of T\u00e6narus was at the distance of about 40\n stadia from the promontory, and was famous for marble of a beautiful\n green colour. The town, as well as the promontory, received its name\n from T\u00e6narus, a son of Neptune. There were some festivals celebrated\n there, called _T\u00e6naria_, in honour of Neptune, surnamed _T\u00e6narius_.\n _Homer_, _Hymn to Apollo_, li. 413.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 648.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 247;\n bk. 10, lis. 13 & 83.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=T\u00e6nias=, a part of the lake M\u0153otis. _Strabo._\n\n=Tagaste=, a town of Numidia. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 4.\n\n=Tages=, a son of Genius, grandson of Jupiter, was the first who taught\n the 12 nations of the Etrurians the science of augury and divination.\n It is said that he was found by a Tuscan ploughman in the form\n of a clod, and that he assumed a human shape to instruct this\n nation, which became so celebrated for their knowledge of omens\n and incantations. _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_ bk. 2, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 558.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 673.\n\n=Tagonius=, a river of Hispania Tarraconensis.\n\n=Tagus=, a river of Spain, which falls into the Atlantic after it has\n crossed Lusitania or Portugal, and now bears the name of _Tajo_.\n The sands of the Tagus, according to the poets, were covered with\n gold. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 251.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 234.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 7, li. 755.\n \u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 4, ltr. 55, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Latin chief killed by Nisus.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 418.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan killed by Turnus.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 513.\n\n=Talasius=. _See:_ \u2666Thalassius.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Thalasius\u2019 replaced with \u2018Thalassius\u2019\n\n=Talaus=, a son of Bias and Pero, father of Adrastus by Lysimache. He\n was one of the Argonauts. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.\n\n=Talayra=, the sister of Ph\u0153be. She is also called _Hilaira_. _See:_\n Ph\u0153be.\n\n=Tal\u0115tum=, a temple sacred to the sun on mount Taygetus in Laconia.\n Horses were generally offered there for sacrifice. _Pausanias._\n\n=Talthybius=, a herald in the Grecian camp during the Trojan war, the\n particular minister and friend of Agamemnon. He brought away Briseis\n from the tent of Achilles by order of his master. Talthybius died at\n \u00c6gium in Achaia. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 320, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 7, ch. 23.\n\n=Talus=, a youth, son of the sister of D\u00e6dalus, who invented the saw,\n compasses, and other mechanical instruments. His uncle became jealous\n of his growing fame, and murdered him privately; or, according to\n others, he threw him down from the citadel of Athens. Talus was\n changed into a partridge by the gods. He is also called _Calus_,\n _Acalus_, _Perdix_, and _Taliris_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of \u0152nopion. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Cres, the\n founder of the Cretan nation. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 53.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend\n of \u00c6neas, killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 513.\n\n=Tamaris=, a river of Spain.\n\n=Tam\u0103rus=, a mountain of Epirus, called also _Tmarus_ and _Tomarus_.\n _Strabo._\n\n=Tamasea=, a beautiful plain of Cyprus, sacred to the goddess of beauty.\n It was in this place that Venus gathered the golden apples with which\n Hippomanes was enabled to overtake Atalanta. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 10, li. 644.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Tamesis=, a river of Britain, now the Thames. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 5, ch. 11.\n\n=Tamos=, a native of Memphis, made governor of Ionia, by young Cyrus.\n After the death of Cyrus, Tamos fled into Egypt, where he was\n murdered on account of his immense treasures. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A promontory of India in the Ganges.\n\n=Tampius=, a Roman historian.\n\n=Tamyras=, a river of Ph\u0153nicia, between Tyre and Sidon.\n\n=Tamyris=, a queen. _See:_ Thomyris.\n\n=Tan\u0103gra=, a town of B\u0153otia, near the Euripus, between the Asopus and\n Thermodon, famous for fighting-cocks. It was founded by P\u0153mandros,\n a son of Ch\u00e6resilaus the son of Jasius, who married Tanagra the\n daughter of \u00c6olus, or, according to some, of the Asopus. Corinna was\n a native of Tanagra. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, chs. 20\n & 23.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13, li. 25.\n\n=Tan\u0103grus=, or =Tan\u0101ger=, now _Negro_, a river of Lucania in Italy,\n remarkable for its cascades, and the beautiful meanders of its\n streams, through a fine picturesque country. _Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 3, li. 151.\n\n=Tanais=, a eunuch, freedman to M\u00e6cenas. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 1,\n li. 105.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Scythia, now the _Don_, which divides Europe\n from Asia, and falls into the Palus M\u00e6otis after a rapid course, and\n after it has received the additional streams of many small rivulets.\n A town at its mouth bore the same name. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 11 & 16.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bks. 3, 8, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A deity among the Persians and Armenians, who\n patronized slaves; supposed to be the same as Venus. The daughters\n of the noblest of the Persians and Armenians prostituted themselves\n in honour of this deity, and were received with greater regard and\n affection by their suitors. Artaxerxes the son of Darius was the\n first who raised statues to Tanais in the different provinces of\n his empire, and taught his subjects to pay her divine honours.\n _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 11.\n\n=Tan\u0103quil=, called also _Caia C\u00e6cilia_, was the wife of Tarquin the\n fifth king of Rome. She was a native of Tarquinia, where she married\n Lucumon, better known by the name of _Tarquin_, which he assumed\n after he had come to Rome at the representation of his wife, whose\n knowledge of augury promised him something uncommon. Her expectations\n were not frustrated; her husband was raised to the throne, and\n she shared with him the honours of royalty. After the murder of\n Tarquin, Tanaquil raised her son-in-law Servius Tullius to the throne,\n and ensured him the succession. She distinguished herself by her\n liberality; and the Romans in succeeding ages had such a veneration\n for her character, that the embroidery she had made, her girdle, as\n also the robe of her son-in-law, which she had worked with her own\n hands, were preserved with the greatest sanctity. Juvenal bestows\n the appellation of _Tanaquil_ on all such women as were imperious,\n and had the command of their husbands. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 34, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3, ch. 59.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1,\n chs. 5 & 8.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 818.\n\n=Tanas=, a river of Numidia. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 90.\n\n=Tanetum=, a town of Italy, now _Tonedo_, in the duchy of Modena.\n\n=Tanfan\u00e6 lucus=, a sacred grove in Germany, in the country of the Marsi,\n between the Ems and Lippe. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 51.\n\n=Tanis=, a city of Egypt, on one of the eastern mouths of the Nile.\n\n=Tant\u0103l\u012ddes=, a patronymic applied to the descendants of Tantalus, such\n as Niobe, Hermione, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Agamemnon and Menelaus, as grandsons of\n Tantalus, are called _Tantalid\u00e6 fratres_. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 8,\n lis. 45 & 122.\n\n=Tant\u0103lus=, a king of Lydia, son of Jupiter by a nymph called Pluto.\n He was father of Niobe, Pelops, &c., by Dione, one of the Atlantides,\n called by some Euryanassa. Tantalus is represented by the poets as\n punished in hell with an insatiable thirst, and placed up to the chin\n in the midst of a pool of water, which, however, flows away as soon\n as he attempts to taste it. There hangs also above his head a bough\n richly loaded with delicious fruit, which, as soon as he attempts\n to seize, is carried away from his reach by a sudden blast of wind.\n According to some mythologists, his punishment is to sit under a\n huge stone hung at some distance over his head, and as it seems\n every moment ready to fall, he is kept under continual alarms and\n never-ceasing fears. The causes of this eternal punishment are\n variously explained. Some declare that it was inflicted upon him\n because he stole a favourite dog, which Jupiter had entrusted to his\n care to keep his temple in Crete. Others say that he stole away the\n nectar and ambrosia from the tables of the gods, when he was admitted\n into the assemblies of heaven, and that he gave it to mortals on\n earth. Others support that this proceeds from his cruelty and impiety\n in killing his son Pelops, and in serving his limbs as food before\n the gods, whose divinity and power he wished to try, when they\n had stopped at his house as they passed over Phrygia. There were\n also others who impute it to his lasciviousness in carrying away\n Ganymedes to gratify the most unnatural of passions. _Pindar_,\n _Olympian_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 581.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 5; bk. 4, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_,\n _Iphigeneia_.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 1, li. 66.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 1, satire 1, li. 68.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Thyestes, the first husband of\n Clytemnestra. _Pausanias_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Niobe\u2019s children. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, fable 6.\n\n=Tanusius Germinus=, a Latin historian intimate with Cicero. _Seneca_,\n ltr. 93.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_, ch. 9.\n\n=Taphi\u00e6=, islands in the Ionian sea between Achaia and Leucadia. They\n were also called _Teleboides_. They received these names from Taphius\n and Telebous, the sons of Neptune who reigned there. The Taphians\n made war against Electryon king of Mycen\u00e6, and killed all his sons;\n upon which the monarch promised his kingdom and his daughter in\n marriage to whoever could avenge the death of his children upon the\n Taphians. Amphitryon did it with success, and obtained the promised\n reward. The Taphians were expert sailors, but too fond of plunder and\n piratical excursions. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, lis. 181 & 419; bk.\n 15, li. 426.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Taphius=, a son of Neptune by Hippothoe the daughter of Nestor. He\n was king of the Taphi\u00e6, to which he gave his name. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Taphius=, or =Taphiassus=, a mountain of Locris on the confines of\n \u00c6tolia.\n\n=Taphiusa=, a place near Leucas, where a stone is found called\n _Taphiusius_. _Pliny_, bk. 36, ch. 21.\n\n=Taphr\u00e6=, a town on the isthmus of the Taurica Chersonesus, now\n _Precop_. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Taphros=, the strait between Corsica and Sardinia, now _Bonifacio_.\n\n=Taprob\u0103ne=, an island in the Indian ocean, now called _Ceylon_. Its\n inhabitants were very rich, and lived to a great age. Their country\n was visited by two summers and two winters. Hercules was their chief\n deity, and as the sovereignty was elective, and only from among\n unmarried men, the monarch was immediately deposed if he became a\n father. _Ptolemy_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_,\n bk. 8, poem 5, li. 80.\n\n=Tapsus=, a maritime town of Africa. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n small and lowly situated peninsula on the eastern coast of Sicily.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 619.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Cyzicus, killed by\n Pollux. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 191.\n\n=Tapyri=, a people near Hyrcania. _Dionysius Periegetes._\n\n=Tar\u0103nis=, a name of Jupiter among the Gauls, to whom human sacrifices\n were offered. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 446.\n\n=Taras=, a son of Neptune, who built Tarentum, as some suppose.\n\n=Tarasco=, a town of Gaul, now _Tarascon_ in Provence.\n\n=Taraxippus=, a deity worshipped at Elis. His statue was placed near\n the race-ground, and his protection was implored that no harm might\n happen to the horses during the games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 20, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Tarbelli=, a people of Gaul at the foot of the Pyrenees, which from\n thence are sometimes called _Tarbell\u00e6_. _Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 7,\n li. 13.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 4, li. 121.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3,\n ch. 27.\n\n=Tarchetius=, an impious king of Alba. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\n\n=Tarchon=, an Etrurian chief, who assisted \u00c6neas against the Rutuli.\n Some suppose that he founded Mantua. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8,\n li. 693.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A prince of Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 219.\n\n=Tarchondim\u014ftus=, a prince of Cilicia. _Lucan_, bk. 11, li. 219.\n\n=Tarentum=, =Tarentus=, or =Taras=, a town of Calabria, situate on\n a bay of the same name, near the mouth of the river Galesus. It\n was founded, or rather repaired, by a Laced\u00e6monian colony, about\n 707 years before Christ, under the conduct of Phalanthus. Long\n independent, it maintained its superiority over 13 tributary cities;\n and could once arm 100,000 foot and 3000 horse. The people of\n Tarentum were very indolent, and as they were easily supplied with\n all necessaries as well as luxuries from Greece, they gave themselves\n up to voluptuousness, so that _the delights of Tarentum_ became\n proverbial. The war which they supported against the Romans, with the\n assistance of Pyrrhus king of Epirus, and which has been called the\n _Tarentine war_, is greatly celebrated in history. This war, which\n had been undertaken B.C. 281, by the Romans, to avenge the insults\n the Tarentines had offered to their ships when near their harbour,\n was terminated after 10 years; 300,000 prisoners were taken, and\n Tarentum became subject to Rome. The government was democratical;\n there were, however, some monarchs who reigned there. It was for some\n time the residence of Pythagoras, who inspired the citizens with the\n love of virtue, and rendered them superior to their neighbours in\n the cabinet as well as in the field of battle. The large, beautiful,\n and capacious harbour of Tarentum is greatly commended by ancient\n historians. Tarentum, now called _Tarento_, is inhabited by about\n 18,000 souls, who still maintain the character of their forefathers\n in idleness and effeminacy, and live chiefly by fishing. _Florus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Pyrrhus_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 6; bk. 15, ch. 10; bk. 34, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 12, ch. 13, &c.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 45.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 5,\n ch. 20.\n\n=Tarich\u00e6um=, a fortified town of Jud\u00e6a. _Cicero_, _Letters to his\n Friends_, bk. 12, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Several towns on the coast of Egypt bore\n this name from their _pickling_ fish. _Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 15, &c.\n\n=Tarn\u00e6=, a town mentioned by Homer, _Iliad_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fountain of\n Lydia, near Tmolus. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Aquitania.\n\n=Tarpa Spurius M\u00e6tius=, a critic at Rome in the age of Augustus. He\n was appointed with four others in the temple of Apollo, to examine\n the merit of every poetical composition, which was to be deposited\n in the temple of the Muses. In this office he acted with great\n impartiality, though many taxed him with want of candour. All the\n pieces that were represented on the Roman stage had previously\n received his approbation. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 38.\n\n=Tarpeia=, the daughter of Tarpeius the governor of the citadel of Rome,\n promised to open the gates of the city to the Sabines, provided they\n gave her their gold bracelets, or, as she expressed it, what they\n carried on their left hands. Tatius the king of the Sabines consented,\n and as he entered the gates, to punish her perfidy, he threw not only\n his bracelet but his shield upon Tarpeia. His followers imitated his\n example, and Tarpeia was crushed under the weight of the bracelets\n and shields of the Sabine army. She was buried in the capitol, which\n from her has been called the Tarpeian rock, and there afterwards\n many of the Roman malefactors were thrown down a deep precipice.\n _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 261.\u2015\u2015_Amores_,\n bk. 1, poem 10, li. 50.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 4,\n poem 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A vestal virgin in the reign of Numa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n warlike female attendants of Camilla in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 665.\n\n=Tarpeia lex=, was enacted A.U.C. 269, by Spurius Tarpeius, to empower\n all the magistrates of the republic to lay fines on offenders. This\n power belonged before only to the consuls. This fine was not to\n exceed two sheep and 30 oxen.\n\n=Spurius Tarpeius=, the governor of the citadel of Rome, under Romulus.\n His descendants were called _Montani_ and _Capitolini_.\n\n=Tarpeius mons=, a hill at Rome about 80 feet in perpendicular height,\n from whence the Romans threw down their condemned criminals. It\n received its name from _Tarpeia_, who was buried there, and is the\n same as the _Capitoline_ hill. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 7,\n li. 758.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, lis. 347 & 652.\n\n=Tarquinii=, now _Turchina_, a town of Etruria, built by Tarchon,\n who assisted \u00c6neas against Turnus. Tarquinius Priscus was born or\n educated there, and he made it a Roman colony when he ascended the\n throne. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 95.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 2,\n ch. 34; bk. 27, ch. 4.\n\n=Tarquinia=, a daughter of Tarquinius Priscus, who married Servius\n Tullius. When her husband was murdered by Tarquinius Superbus, she\n privately conveyed away his body by night, and buried it. This preyed\n upon her mind, and the night following she died. Some have attributed\n her death to excess of grief, or to suicide, while others, perhaps\n more justly, have suspected Tullia the wife of young Tarquin of the\n murder.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A vestal virgin, who, as some suppose, gave the Roman\n people a large piece of land, which was afterwards called the Campus\n Martius.\n\n=Tarquinius Priscus=, the fifth king of Rome, was son of Demaratus,\n a native of Greece. His first name was Lucumon, but this he changed\n when, by the advice of his wife Tanaquil, he had come to Rome. He\n called himself Lucius, and assumed the surname of Tarquinius, because\n born in the town of Tarquinii, in Etruria. At Rome he distinguished\n himself so much by his liberality and engaging manners, that Ancus\n Martius, the reigning monarch, nominated him, at his death, the\n guardian of his children. This was insufficient to gratify the\n ambition of Tarquin; the princes were young, and an artful oration\n delivered to the people immediately transferred the crown of the\n deceased monarch on the head of Lucumon. The people had every reason\n to be satisfied with their choice. Tarquin reigned with moderation\n and popularity. He increased the number of the senate, and made\n himself friends by electing 100 new senators from the plebeians,\n whom he distinguished by the appellation of _Patres minorum gentium_,\n from those of the patrician body, who were called _Patres majorum\n gentium_. The glory of the Roman arms, which was supported with so\n much dignity by the former monarch, was not neglected in this reign,\n and Tarquin showed that he possessed vigour and military prudence in\n the victories which he obtained over the united forces of the Latins\n and Sabines, and in the conquest of the 12 nations of Etruria. He\n repaired, in the time of peace, the walls of the capital; the public\n places were adorned with elegant buildings and useful ornaments, and\n many centuries after, such as were spectators of the stately mansions\n and golden palaces of Nero, viewed with more admiration and greater\n pleasure the more simple, though not less magnificent, edifices of\n Tarquin. He laid the foundations of the capitol, and to the industry\n and the public spirit of this monarch, the Romans were indebted for\n their aqueducts and subterraneous sewers, which supplied the city\n with fresh and wholesome water, and removed all the filth and ordure,\n which in a great capital too often breed pestilence and diseases.\n Tarquin was the first who introduced among the Romans the custom to\n canvass for offices of trust and honour; he distinguished the monarch,\n the senators, and other inferior magistrates with particular robes\n and ornaments, with ivory chairs at spectacles, and the hatchets\n carried before the public magistrates were by his order surrounded\n with bundles of sticks, to strike more terror, and to be viewed with\n greater reverence. Tarquin was assassinated by the two sons of his\n predecessor, in the 80th year of his age, 38 of which he had sat on\n the throne, 578 years before Christ. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 59.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 4; bk. 3, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 817.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The second Tarquin, surnamed _Superbus_,\n from his pride and insolence, was grandson of Tarquinius Priscus. He\n ascended the throne of Rome after his father-in-law Servius Tullius,\n and was the seventh and last king of Rome. He married Tullia the\n daughter of Tullius, and it was at her instigation that he murdered\n his father-in-law, and seized the kingdom. The crown which he had\n obtained with violence, he endeavoured to keep by a continuation\n of tyranny. Unlike his royal predecessors, he paid no regard to the\n decisions of the senate, or the approbation of the public assemblies,\n and by wishing to disregard both, he incurred the jealousy of the one\n and the odium of the other. The public treasury was soon exhausted\n by the continual extravagance of Tarquin, and to silence the murmurs\n of his subjects, he resolved to call their attention to war. He was\n successful in his military operations, and the neighbouring cities\n submitted; but while the siege of Ardea was continued, the wantonness\n of the son of Tarquin at Rome for ever stopped the progress of his\n arms; and the Romans, whom a series of barbarity and oppression had\n hitherto provoked, no sooner saw the virtuous Lucretia stab herself,\n not to survive the loss of her honour [_See:_ Lucretia], than the\n whole city and camp arose with indignation against the monarch.\n The gates of Rome were shut against him, and Tarquin was for ever\n banished from his throne, in the year of Rome 244. Unable to find\n support from even one of his subjects, Tarquin retired among the\n Etrurians, who attempted in vain to replace him on his throne. The\n republican government was established at Rome, and all Italy refused\n any longer to support the cause of an exiled monarch against a nation,\n who heard the name of Tarquin, of king, and tyrant, mentioned with\n equal horror and indignation. Tarquin died in the 90th year of his\n age, about 14 years after his expulsion from Rome. He had reigned\n about 25 years. Though Tarquin appeared so odious among the Romans,\n his reign was not without its share of glory. His conquests were\n numerous; to beautify the buildings and porticoes at Rome was his\n wish, and with great magnificence and care he finished the capitol,\n which his predecessor of the same name had begun. He also bought\n the Sibylline books which the Romans consulted with such religious\n solemnity. _See:_ Sibyll\u00e6. _Cicero_, _For Rabirius on a Charge\n of Treason_ & _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 3, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 1, ch. 46, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3, ch. 48, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, chs. 7 & 8.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 8, ch. 41.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\n \u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li.\n 687.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 817.\u2015\u2015_Eutropius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Collatinus,\n one of the relations of Tarquin the Proud, who married Lucretia.\n _See:_ Collatinus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sextius, the eldest of the sons of Tarquin the\n Proud, rendered himself known by a variety of adventures. When his\n father besieged Gabii, young Tarquin publicly declared that he was\n at variance with the monarch, and the report was the more easily\n believed when he came before Gabii with his body all mangled and\n bloody with stripes. This was an agreement between the father and\n the son, and Tarquin had no sooner declared that this proceeded\n from the tyranny and oppression of his father, than the people of\n Gabii entrusted him with the command of their armies, fully convinced\n that Rome could never have a more inveterate enemy. When he had thus\n succeeded, he despatched a private messenger to his father, but the\n monarch gave no answer to be returned to his son. Sextius inquired\n more particularly about his father, and when he heard from the\n messenger that when the message was delivered, Tarquin cut off with a\n stick the tallest poppies in his garden, the son followed the example\n by putting to death the most noble and powerful citizens of Gabii.\n The two soon fell into the hands of the Romans. The violence which\n some time after Tarquinius offered to Lucretia, was the cause of\n his father\u2019s exile, and the total expulsion of his family from Rome.\n _See:_ Lucretia. Sextius was at last killed, bravely fighting in a\n battle during the war which the Latins sustained against Rome in the\n attempt of re-establishing the Tarquins on their throne. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_.\u2015\u2015_Livy._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman senator who was accessary to Catiline\u2019s\n conspiracy.\n\n=Tarquitius Crescens=, a centurion under C\u00e6sennius P\u00e6tus. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Priscus, an officer in Africa, who\n accused the proconsul, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 59;\n bk. 14, ch. 46.\n\n=Tarqu\u012dtus=, a son of Faunus and Dryope, who assisted Turnus against\n \u00c6neas. He was killed by \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 550.\n\n=Tarrac\u012bna=, a town of the Volsci in Latium, between Rome and Neapolis.\n It was also called Anxur, because the infant Jupiter was worshipped\n there under that name, which signifies beardless. _Livy_, bk. 4,\n ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Festus_, _Lexicon\n of Festus_.\n\n=Tarr\u0103co=, now _Tarragona_, a city of Spain, situate on the shores\n of the Mediterranean, founded by the two Scipios, who planted a\n Roman colony there. The province of which it was the capital was\n called _Tarraconensis_, and was famous for its wines. Hispania\n _Tarraconensis_, which was also called by the Romans Hispania\n _Citerior_, was bounded on the east by the Mediterranean, the ocean\n on the west, the Pyrenean mountains and the sea of the Cantabri on\n the north, and Lusitania and B\u00e6tica on the south. _Martial_, bk. 10,\n ltr. 104; bk. 13, ltr. 118.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 3, li. 369; bk. 15, li. 177.\n\n=Tarrutius.= _See:_ Acca Laurentia.\n\n=Tarsa=, a Thracian, who rebelled under Tiberius, &c. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 50.\n\n=Tarsius=, a river of Troas. _Strabo._\n\n=Tarsus=, now _Tarasso_, a town of Cilicia, on the Cydnus, founded\n by Triptolemus and a colony of Argives, or, as others say, by\n Sardanapalus, or by Perseus. Tarsus was celebrated for the great\n men it produced. It was once the rival of Alexandria and Athens in\n literature and the study of the polite arts. The people of Tarsus\n wished to ingratiate themselves into the favour of Julius C\u00e6sar by\n giving the name of _Juliopolis_ to their city, but it was soon lost.\n _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 225.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\n\n=Tart\u0103rus=, (plural, a, orum), one of the regions of hell, where,\n according to the ancients, the most impious and guilty among mankind\n were punished. It was surrounded by a brazen wall, and its entrance\n was continually hidden from the sight by a cloud of darkness, which\n is represented three times more gloomy than the obscurest night.\n According to Hesiod it was a separate prison, at a greater distance\n from the earth than the earth is from the heavens. Virgil says that\n it was surrounded by three impenetrable walls, and by the impetuous\n and burning streams of the river Phlegethon. The entrance was by\n a large and lofty tower, whose gates were supported by columns\n of adamant, which neither gods nor men could open. In Tartarus,\n according to Virgil, were punished such as had been disobedient to\n their parents, traitors, adulterers, faithless ministers, and such as\n had undertaken unjust and cruel wars, or had betrayed their friends\n for the sake of money. It was also the place where Ixion, Tityus, the\n Danaides, Tantalus, Sisyphus, &c., were punished, according to Ovid.\n _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 720.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 591.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, fable 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small river of Italy, near\n Verona. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3, ch. 9.\n\n=Tartessus=, a town in Spain near the columns of Hercules, on the\n Mediterranean. Some suppose that it was afterwards called _Carteia_,\n and it was better known by the name of _Gades_, when Hercules had set\n up his columns on the extremity of Spain and Africa. There is also a\n town called Tartessus, in a small island formed by the river of the\n same name, near Gades in Iberia. Tartessus has been called the most\n distant town in the extremities of Spain, by the Romans, as also the\n place where the poets imagined the sun unharnessed his tired horses.\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, lis. 399 & 411; bk. 10, li. 538.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 14, li. 416.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 3.\n\n=Taruana=, a town of Gaul, now _Terrouen_ in Artois.\n\n=Lucius Taruntius Spurina=, a mathematician who flourished 61 years B.C.\n _Cicero_, _de Divinatione_, bk. 2, ch. 47.\n\n=Tarus=, a river of Gaul, falling into the Po.\n\n=Tarusates=, a people of Gaul, now _Turcan_. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 3, chs. 23 & 27.\n\n=Taruscum=, a town of Gaul.\n\n=Tarvisium=, a town of Italy, now _Treviso_, in the Venetian states.\n\n=Tasgretius Corn\u016btus=, a prince of Gaul, assassinated in the age of\n C\u00e6sar. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 25.\n\n=Tatian=, one of the Greek fathers, A.D. 172. The best edition of his\n works is that of Worth, 8vo, Oxford, 1700.\n\n=Tatienses=, a name given to one of the tribes of the Roman people by\n Romulus, in honour of Tatius king of the Sabines. The Tatienses, who\n were partly the ancient subjects of the king of the Sabines, lived on\n mounts Capitolinus and Quirinalis.\n\n=T\u0101tius Titus=, king of Cures among the Sabines, made war against\n the Romans after the rape of the Sabines. The gates of the city\n were betrayed into his hands by Tarpeia, and the army of the Sabines\n advanced as far as the Roman forum, where a bloody battle was fought.\n The cries of the Sabine virgins at last stopped the fury of the\n combatants, and an agreement was made between the two nations. Tatius\n consented to leave his ancient possessions, and with his subjects of\n Cures, to come and live in Rome, which, as stipulated, was permitted\n still to bear the name of its founder, whilst the inhabitants adopted\n the name of Quirites in compliment to the new citizens. After he\n had for six years shared the royal authority with Romulus, in the\n greatest union, he was murdered at Lanuvium, B.C. 742, for an act of\n cruelty to the ambassadors of the Laurentes. This was done by order\n of his royal colleague, according to some authors. _Livy_, bk. 1,\n ch. 10, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _For Cornelius Balbus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 804.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n\n=Tatta=, a large lake of Phrygia, on the confines of Pisidia.\n\n=Tavola=, a river of Corsica.\n\n=Taua=, a town of the Delta in Egypt.\n\n=Taulantii=, a people of Illyricum on the Adriatic. _Livy_, bk. 45,\n ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 16.\n\n=Taunus=, a mountain in Germany, now _Heyrich_ or _Hoche_, opposite\n Mentz. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, _Annals_, ch. 56.\n\n=Taurania=, a town of Italy in the country of the Brutii.\n\n=Taurantes=, a people of Armenia, between Artaxata and Tigranocerta.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 24.\n\n=Tauri=, a people of European Sarmatia, who inhabited Taurica\n Chersonesus, and sacrificed all strangers to Diana. The statue of\n this goddess, which they believed to have fallen down from heaven,\n was carried away to Sparta by Iphigenia and Orestes. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 99, &c.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 3, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Iphigeneia_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 1,\n poem 2, li. 80.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 260.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_,\n satire 15, li. 116.\n\n=Taur\u012dca Cherson\u0113sus=, a large peninsula of Europe at the south-west of\n the Palus M\u00e6otis, now called the _Crimea_. It is joined by an isthmus\n to Scythia, and is bounded by the Cimmerian Bosphorus, the Euxine sea,\n and the Palus M\u0153otis. The inhabitants, called _Tauri_, were a savage\n and uncivilized nation. _Strabo_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n _See:_ Tauri.\n\n=Taur\u012dca=, a surname of Diana, because she was worshipped by the\n inhabitants of Taurica Chersonesus.\n\n=Taur\u012bni=, the inhabitants of Taurinum, a town of Cisalpine Gaul,\n now called _Turin_, in Piedmont. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 646.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.\n\n=Taurisci=, a people of Mysia. _Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Noricum, among\n the Alps. _Strabo_, bk. 4.\n\n=Tauriscus=, a sculptor. _See:_ Apollonius.\n\n=Taurium=, a town of the Peloponnesus. _Polybius._\n\n=Taurominium=, a town of Sicily, between Messana and Catana, built by\n the Zancleans, Sicilians, and Hybleans, in the age of Dionysius the\n tyrant of Syracuse. The hills in the neighbourhood were famous for\n the fine grapes which they produced, and they surpassed almost the\n whole world for the extent and beauty of their prospects. There is\n a small river near it called _Taurominius_. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Taurus=, the largest mountain of Asia, as to extent. One of its\n extremities is in Caria, and it extends not only as far as the most\n eastern extremities of Asia, but it also branches in several parts,\n and runs far into the north. Mount Taurus was known by several names,\n particularly in different countries. In Cilicia, where it reaches\n as far as the Euphrates, it was called Taurus. It was known by the\n names of _Amanus_, from the bay of Issus as far as the Euphrates; of\n _Antitaurus_ from the western boundaries of Cilicia up to Armenia;\n of _Montes Matieni_ in the country of the Leucosyrians; of _Mons\n Moschicus_ at the south of the river Phasis; of _Amaranta_ at the\n north of the Phasis; of _Caucasus_ between the Hyrcanian and Euxine\n seas; of _Hyrcanii Montes_, near Hyrcania; of _Imaus_ in the more\n eastern parts of Asia. The word Taurus was more properly confined to\n the mountains which separate Phrygia and Pamphylia from Cilicia. The\n several passes which were opened in the mountains were called _Pyl\u00e6_,\n and hence frequent mention is made in ancient authors of the Armenian\n Pyl\u00e6, Cilician Pyl\u00e6, &c. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 15; bk. 3, chs. 7\n & 8.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain in Germany. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 41.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Sicily.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Titus Statilius, a consul\n distinguished by his intimacy with Augustus, as well as by a theatre\n which he built, and the triumph which he obtained after a prosperous\n campaign in Africa. He was made prefect of Italy by his imperial\n friend.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A proconsul of Africa, accused by Agripina, who wished\n him to be condemned, that she might become mistress of his gardens.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 59.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Minos king\n of Crete. He had an amour with Pasiphae, whence arose the fable of\n the Minotaur, from the son, who was born some time after. _See:_\n Minotaurus. Taurus was vanquished by Theseus, in the games which\n Minos exhibited in Crete. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\n\n=Tax\u012dla= (plural), a large country in India, between the Indus and the\n Hydaspes. _Strabo_, bk. 15.\n\n=Tax\u012dlus=, or =Taxiles=, a king of Taxila in the age of Alexander,\n called also _Omphis_. He submitted to the conqueror, who rewarded him\n with great liberality. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\n \u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 5, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 8,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Mithridates, who assisted Archelaus against\n the Romans in Greece. He was afterwards conquered by Mur\u00e6na the\n lieutenant of Sylla.\n\n=Taximaquilus=, a king in the southern parts of Britain when C\u00e6sar\n invaded it. _C\u00e6sar_, bk. 5, _Gallic War_, ch. 22.\n\n=Tayg\u0113te=, or =Tayg\u0113ta=, a daughter of Atlas and Pleione, mother of\n Laced\u00e6mon by Jupiter. She became one of the Pleiades after death.\n _Hyginus_, fables 155 & 192.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, in _Laconia_, chs. 1 & 18.\n\n=Tayg\u0113tus=, or =Tayg\u0113ta= (orum), a mountain of Laconia, in Peloponnesus,\n at the west of the river Eurotas. It hung over the city of Laced\u00e6mon,\n and it is said that once a part of it fell down by an earthquake, and\n destroyed the suburbs. It was on this mountain that the Laced\u00e6monian\n women celebrated the orgies of Bacchus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 5,\n li. 52.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 488.\n\n=Te\u0101num=, a town of Campania, on the Appian road, at the east of the\n Liris, called _Sidicinum_, to be distinguished from another town of\n the same name at the west of Apulia, at a small distance from the\n coast of the Adriatic. The rights of citizenship were extended to\n it under Augustus. _Cicero_, _For Aulus Cluentius_, chs. 9 & 69.\n _Philostratus_, bk. 12, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 31, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 27.\n\n=Tearus=, a river of Thrace, rising in the same rock from 38 different\n sources, some of which are hot, and others cold. Darius raised a\n column there when he marched against the Scythians, as if to denote\n the sweetness and salubrity of the waters of that river. _Herodotus_,\n bks. 4, 5, 90, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\n\n=Te\u0101tea=, =Teate=, or =Tegeate=, a town of Latium. _Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 8, li. 522; bk. 17, li. 457.\n\n=Teches=, a mountain of Pontus, from which the 10,000 Greeks had first\n a view of the sea. _Xenophon_, _Anabasis_, bk. 4.\n\n=Techmessa=, the daughter of a Phrygian prince, called by some Teuthras,\n and by others Teleutas. When her father was killed in war by Ajax son\n of Telamon, the young princess became the property of the conqueror,\n and by him she had a son called Eurysaces. Sophocles, in one of his\n tragedies, represents Techmessa as moving her husband to pity by her\n tears and entreaties, when he wished to stab himself. _Horace_, bk. 2,\n ode 1, li. 6.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis._\u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _Ajax_.\n\n=Tecmon=, a town of Epirus. _Livy_, bk. 45, ch. 26.\n\n=Tecnatis=, a king of Egypt.\n\n=Tect\u0103mus=, a son of Dorus, grandson of Hellen the son of Deucalion,\n went to Crete with the \u00c6tolians and Pelasgians, and reigned there. He\n had a son called Asterius by the daughter of Cretheus.\n\n=Tectos\u0103ges=, or =Tectos\u0103g\u00e6=, a people of Gallia Narbonensis, whose\n capital was the modern Toulouse. They received the name of Tectosag\u00e6\n _quod sagis tegerentur_. Some of them passed into Germany, where they\n settled near the Hercynian forest, and another colony passed into\n Asia, where they conquered Phrygia, Paphlagonia, and Cappadocia. The\n Tectosag\u00e6 were among those Gauls who pillaged Rome under Brennus,\n and who attempted some time after to plunder the temple of Apollo\n at Delphi. At their return home from Greece they were visited by\n a pestilence, and ordered, to stop it, to throw into the river all\n the riches and plunder which they had obtained in their distant\n excursions. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 32.\n\n=Tecum=, a river of Gaul falling from the Pyrenees into the\n Mediterranean.\n\n=Tedanius=, a river of Liburnia. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 21.\n\n=T\u0115g\u0113a=, or =Teg\u00e6a=, now _Moklai_, a town of Arcadia in the\n Peloponnesus, founded by Tegeates, a son of Lycaon, or, according\n to others, by Aleus. The gigantic bones of Orestes were found buried\n there and removed to Sparta. Apollo and Pan were worshipped there,\n and there also Ceres, Proserpine, and Venus had each a temple. The\n inhabitants were called _Tegeates_; and the epithet _Teg\u00e6a_ is given\n to Atalanta, as a native of the place. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,\n fable 7; _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 531.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li. 293.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 45, &c.\n\n=Tegula Publius Licinius=, a comic poet who flourished B.C. 198.\n\n=Tegyra=, a town of B\u0153otia where Apollo _Tegyr\u0153us_ was worshipped.\n There was a battle fought there between the Thebans and the\n Peloponnesians.\n\n=Teios.= _See:_ Teos.\n\n=Teium=, a town of Paphlagonia on the Euxine sea.\n\n=Tela=, a town of Spain.\n\n=T\u0115l\u0103mon=, a king of the island of Salamis, son of \u00c6acus and Endeis. He\n was brother to Peleus, and father to Teucer and to Ajax, who on that\n account is often called _Telamonius heros_. He fled from Megara, his\n native country, after he had accidentally murdered his brother Phocus\n in playing with the quoit, and he sailed to the island of Salamis,\n where he soon after married Glauce, the daughter of Cychreus the\n king of the place. At the death of his father-in-law, who had no\n male issue, Telamon became king of Salamis. He accompanied Jason\n in his expedition to Colchis, and was arm-bearer to Hercules, when\n that hero took Laomedon prisoner, and destroyed Troy. Telamon was\n rewarded by Hercules for his services with the hand of Hesione, whom\n the conqueror had obtained among the spoils of Troy, and with her he\n returned to Greece. He also married Perib\u0153a, whom some call Erib\u0153a.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 151.\u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _Ajax_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Isthmean_, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bks. 1, 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, _Corinthia_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 97, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A seaport town of Etruria. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Telamoni\u0103des=, a patronymic given to the descendants of Telamon.\n\n=Telch\u012bnes=, a people of Rhodes, said to have been originally from\n Crete. They were the inventors of many useful arts, and, according\n to Diodorus, passed for the sons of the sea. They were the first who\n raised statues to the gods. They had the power of changing themselves\n into whatever shape they pleased, and, according to Ovid, they could\n poison and fascinate all objects with their eyes, and cause rain\n and hail to fall at pleasure. The Telchinians insulted Venus, for\n which the goddess inspired them with a sudden fury, so that they\n committed the grossest crimes, and offered violence even to their own\n mothers. Jupiter destroyed them all by a deluge. _Diodorus._\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 365, &c.\n\n=Telch\u012bnia=, a surname of Minerva at Teumessa in B\u0153otia, where she\n had a temple. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a surname of\n Juno in Rhodes, where she had a statue at Ialysus raised by the\n Telchinians, who settled there.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also an ancient name of Crete,\n as the place from whence the Telchines of Rhodes were descended.\n _Statius_, bk. 6, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 6, li. 47.\n\n=Telch\u012bnius=, a surname of Apollo among the Rhodians. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Telchis=, a son of Europs the son of \u00c6gialeus. He was one of the first\n kings of the Peloponnesus.\n\n=Telea=, a surname of Juno in B\u0153otia.\n\n=Telebo\u00e6=, or =Teleboes=, a people of \u00c6tolia, called also _Taphians_;\n some of whom left their native country, and settled in the island of\n Capre\u00e6. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 715. _See:_ Taphi\u00e6.\n\n=Teleboas=, a son of Ixion and the cloud. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Teleboides=, islands opposite Leucadia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Tel\u0115cles=, or =Tel\u0115clus=, a Laced\u00e6monian king of the family of the\n Agid\u00e6, who reigned 40 years, B.C. 813. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 205.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher, disciple of Lacidas,\n B.C. 214.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Milesian.\n\n=Telecl\u012bdes=, an Athenian comic poet in the age of Pericles, one of\n whose plays, called the Amphictyon, is mentioned by ancient authors.\n _Plutarch_, _Nicias_.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us._\n\n=T\u0113l\u0115g\u014fnus=, a son of Ulysses and Circe, born in the island of \u00c6\u00e6a,\n where he was educated. When arrived to the years of manhood, he went\n to Ithaca to make himself known to his father, but he was shipwrecked\n on the coast, and, being destitute of provisions, he plundered some\n of the inhabitants of the island. Ulysses and Telemachus came to\n defend the property of their subjects against this unknown invader; a\n quarrel arose, and Telegonus killed his father without knowing who he\n was. He afterwards returned to his native country, and, according to\n Hyginus, he carried thither his father\u2019s body, where it was buried.\n Telemachus and Penelope also accompanied him in his return, and soon\n after the nuptials of Telegonus and Penelope were celebrated by order\n of Minerva. Penelope had by Telegonus a son called Italus, who gave\n his name to Italy. Telegonus founded Tusculum and Tibur or Pr\u00e6neste,\n in Italy, and, according to some, he left one daughter called Mamilia,\n from whom the patrician family of the Mamilii at Rome were descended.\n _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 29, li. 8.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bks. 3 & 4.\n _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 12.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Proteus, killed by Hercules.\n _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Egypt, who married Io after she had been\n restored to her original form by Jupiter. _Apollodorus._\n\n=T\u0113l\u0115m\u0103chus=, a son of Ulysses and Penelope. He was still in the cradle\n when his father went with the rest of the Greeks to the Trojan war.\n At the end of this celebrated war, Telemachus, anxious to see his\n father, went to seek him, and as the place of his residence, and the\n cause of his long absence, were then unknown, he visited the court\n of Menelaus and Nestor to obtain information. He afterwards returned\n to Ithaca, where the suitors of his mother Penelope had conspired to\n murder him; but he avoided their snares, and by means of Minerva, he\n discovered his father, who had arrived in the island two days before\n him, and was then in the house of Eum\u00e6us. With this faithful servant\n and Ulysses, Telemachus concerted how to deliver his mother from the\n importunities of her suitors, and it was effected with success. After\n the death of his father, Telemachus went to the island of \u00c6\u00e6a, where\n he married Circe, or, according to others, Cassiphone the daughter\n of Circe, by whom he had a son called Latinus. He some time after had\n the misfortune to kill his mother-in-law Circe, and fled to Italy,\n where he founded Clusium. Telemachus was accompanied in his visit\n to Nestor and Menelaus by the goddess of wisdom, under the form of\n Mentor. It is said that, when a child, Telemachus fell into the sea,\n and that a dolphin brought him safe to shore, after he had remained\n some time under water. From this circumstance Ulysses had the\n figure of a dolphin engraved on the seal which he wore on his ring.\n _Hyginus_, fables 95 & 125.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 1, li. 98.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 7, li. 41.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 2, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Lycophron_, _Alexandra_.\n\n=Tel\u0115mus=, a Cyclops who was acquainted with futurity. He foretold\n to Polyphemus all the evils which he some time after suffered from\n Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13, li. 771.\n\n=Telephassa=, the mother of Cadmus, Ph\u0153nix, and Cilix by Agenor. She\n died in Thrace, as she was seeking her daughter Europa, whom Jupiter\n had carried away. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 4.\n\n=T\u0115l\u0115phus=, a king of Mysia, son of Hercules and Auge the daughter of\n Aleus. He was exposed as soon as born on mount Parthenius, but his\n life was preserved by a goat, and by some shepherds. According to\n Apollodorus, he was exposed, not on a mountain, but in the temple\n of Minerva, at Tegea, or, according to a tradition mentioned by\n Pausanias, he was left to the mercy of the waves with his mother,\n by the cruelty of Aleus, and carried by the winds to the mouth of\n the Caycus, where he was found by Teuthras the king of the country,\n who married, or rather adopted as his daughter, Auge, and educated\n her son. Some, however, suppose that Auge fled to Teuthras to avoid\n the anger of her father, on account of her amour with Hercules.\n Yet others declare that Aleus gave her to Nauplius to be \u2666severely\n punished for her incontinence, and that Nauplius, unwilling to injure\n her, sent her to Teuthras king of Bithynia, by whom she was adopted.\n Telephus, according to the more received opinions, was ignorant of\n his origin, and he was ordered by the oracle, if he wished to know\n his parents, to go to Mysia. Obedient to this injunction, he came\n to Mysia, where Teuthras offered him his crown, and his adopted\n daughter Auge in marriage, if he would deliver his country from the\n hostilities of Idas the son of Aphareus. Telephus readily complied,\n and at the head of the Mysians, he soon routed the enemy, and\n received the promised reward. As he was going to unite himself to\n Auge, the sudden appearance of an enormous serpent separated the\n two lovers; Auge implored the assistance of Hercules, and was soon\n informed by the god that Telephus was her own son. When this was\n known, the nuptials were not celebrated, and Telephus some time after\n married one of the daughters of king Priam. As one of the sons of the\n Trojan monarch, Telephus prepared to assist Priam against the Greeks,\n and with heroic valour he attacked them when they had landed on his\n coast. The carnage was great, and Telephus was victorious, had not\n Bacchus, who protected the Greeks, suddenly raised a vine from the\n earth, which entangled the feet of the monarch, and laid him flat\n on the ground. Achilles immediately rushed upon him, and wounded\n him so severely, that he was carried away from the battle. The wound\n was mortal, but Telephus was informed by the oracle, that he alone\n who had inflicted it could totally cure it. Upon this, applications\n were made to Achilles, but in vain; the hero observed that he was\n no physician, till Ulysses, who knew that Troy could not be taken\n without the assistance of one of the sons of Hercules, and who wished\n to make Telephus the friend of the Greeks, persuaded Achilles to obey\n the directions of the oracle. Achilles consented, and as the weapon\n which had given the wound could alone cure it, the hero scraped the\n rust from the point of his spear, and, by applying it to the sore,\n gave it immediate relief. It is said that Telephus showed himself so\n grateful to the Greeks, that he accompanied them to the Trojan war,\n and fought with them against his father-in-law. _Hyginus_, fable 101.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 48.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 42.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, poem 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_, _Heroicus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Horace, remarkable for his beauty and the\n elegance of his person. He was the favourite of Lydia the mistress\n of Horace, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 12; bk. 4, ode 11, li. 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n slave who conspired against Augustus. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius Verus, wrote a book on the rhetoric of Homer, as also a\n comparison of that poet with Plato, and other treatises, all lost.\n\n \u2666 \u2018sevevely\u2019 replaced with \u2018severely\u2019\n\n=Telesia=, a town of Campania, taken by Annibal. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 13;\n bk. 24, ch. 20.\n\n=Teles\u012dcles=, a Parian, father to the poet Archilochus by a slave\n called Enippo. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 10, ch. 13.\n\n=Telesilla=, a lyric poetess of Argos, who bravely defended her country\n against the Laced\u00e6monians, and obliged them to raise the siege. A\n statue was raised to her honour in the temple of Venus. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 2, ch. 20.\n\n=Telesinicus=, a Corinthian auxiliary at Syracuse, &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_,\n bk. 5.\n\n=Teles\u012bnus=, a general of the Samnites, who joined the interest of\n Marius, and fought against the generals of Sylla. He marched towards\n Rome and defeated Sylla with great loss. He was afterwards routed in\n a bloody battle, and left in the number of the slain, after he had\n given repeated proofs of valour and courage. _Plutarch_, _Sulla_,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poet of considerable merit in Domitian\u2019s reign. _Juvenal_,\n satire 7, li. 25.\n\n=Telesippus=, a poor man of Pher\u00e6, father to the tyrant Dinias.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Telestag\u014fras=, a man of Naxos, whose daughters were ravished by\n some of the nobles of the island, in consequence of which they were\n expelled by the direction of Lygdamis, &c. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 8.\n\n=Telestas=, a son of Priam. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An athlete\n of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Corinth, who\n died 779 B.C.\n\n=Telestes=, a dithyrambic poet, who flourished B.C. 402.\n\n=Telesto=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\n\n=Telethes=, a mountain in Eub\u0153a.\n\n=Teleth\u016bsa=, the wife of Lygdus or Lyctus, a native of Crete. She\n became mother of a daughter, who was afterwards changed into a boy.\n _See:_ Iphis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 9, li. 681.\n\n=Teleurias=, a prince of Macedonia, &c. _Xenophon._\n\n=Teleutias=, the brother of Agesilaus, who was killed by the Olynthians,\n &c.\n\n=Teleute=, a surname of Venus among the Egyptians. _Plutarch_, _de\n Iside et Osiride_.\n\n=Tellen\u00e6=, a town of Latium, now destroyed. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 33.\n\n=Telles=, a king of Achaia, son of Tisamenes. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 6.\n\n=Tellias=, a famous soothsayer of Elis, in the age of Xerxes. He was\n greatly honoured in Phocis, where he had settled, and the inhabitants\n raised him a statue in the temple of Apollo, at Delphi. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 27.\n\n=Tellis=, a Greek lyric poet, the father of Brasidas.\n\n=Tellus=, a divinity, the same as the earth, the most ancient of all\n the gods after Chaos. She was mother by C\u0153lus of Oceanus, Hyperion,\n Ceus, Rhea, Japetus, Themis, Saturn, Ph\u0153be, Tethys, &c. Tellus is\n the same as the divinity who is honoured under the several names of\n Cybele, Rhea, Vesta, Ceres, Tithea, Bona Dea, Proserpine, &c. She\n was generally represented in the character of Tellus, as a woman with\n many breasts, distended with milk, to express the fecundity of the\n earth. She also appeared crowned with turrets, holding a sceptre in\n one hand and a key in the other; while at her feet was lying a tame\n lion without chains, as if to intimate that every part of the earth\n can be made fruitful by means of cultivation. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_,\n li. 130.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 137.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poor man, whom Solon called happier than Cr\u0153sus the rich\n and ambitious king of Lydia. Tellus had the happiness to see a strong\n and healthy family of children, and at last to fall in the defence of\n his country. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Italian who is said to\n have had commerce with his mares, and to have had a daughter called\n Hippone, who became the goddess of horses.\n\n=Telmessus=, or =Telmissus=, a town of Caria, whose inhabitants were\n skilled in augury and the interpretation of dreams. _Cicero_, _de\n Divinatione_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 16.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Lycia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A third in Pisidia.\n\n=Telo Martius=, a town at the south of Gaul, now _Toulon_.\n\n=Telon=, a skilful pilot of Massilia, killed during the siege of that\n city by C\u00e6sar. _Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 592.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of the Telebo\u00e6, who\n married Sebethis, by whom he had \u0152balus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7,\n li. 734.\n\n=Telos=, a small island near Rhodes.\n\n=Telph\u016bsa=, a nymph of Arcadia, daughter of the Ladon who gave\n her name to a town and fountain of that place. The waters of the\n fountain Telphusa were so cold, that Tiresias died by drinking them.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Lycophron_, li. 1040.\n\n=Telxi\u014fpe=, one of the muses according to _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_,\n bk. 3, ch. 21.\n\n=Telys=, a tyrant of Sybaris.\n\n=Temathea=, a mountain of Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 34.\n\n=Tem\u0113nium=, a place in Messene, where Temenus was buried.\n\n=Tem\u0115n\u012btes=, a surname of Apollo, which he received at Temenos, a small\n place near Syracuse, where he was worshipped. _Cicero_, _Against\n Verres_.\n\n=Tem\u0115nos=, a place of Syracuse, where Apollo, called Temenites, had\n a statue. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 53.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_,\n _Tiberius_, ch. 74.\n\n=Tem\u0115nus=, the son of Aristomachus, was the first of the Heraclid\u00e6, who\n returned to Peloponnesus with his brother Ctesiphontes, and in the\n reign of Tisamenes king of Argos. Temenus made himself master of the\n throne of Argos, from which he expelled the reigning sovereign. After\n death he was succeeded by his son-in-law Deiphon, who had married his\n daughter Hyrnetho, and this succession was in preference to his own\n son. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 18 & 19.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Pelasgus, who was entrusted with the care of Juno\u2019s\n infancy. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 22.\n\n=Temerinda=, the name of the Paulus M\u00e6otis among the natives.\n\n=Tem\u0115sa=, a town of Cyprus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Calabria in Italy, famous\n for its mines of copper, which were exhausted in the age of Strabo.\n _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 5, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 34, ch. 35.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 184.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5,\n li. 441; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 207.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\n\n=Temnes=, a king of Sidon.\n\n=Temnos=, a town of \u00c6olia, at the mouth of the Hermus. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 49.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Flaccus_, ch. 18.\n\n=Tempe= (plural), a valley in Thessaly, between mount Olympus at the\n north and Ossa at the south, through which the river Peneus flows\n into the \u00c6gean. The poets have described it as the most delightful\n spot on the earth, with continually cool shades and verdant walks,\n which the warbling of birds rendered more pleasant and romantic, and\n which the gods often honoured with their presence. Tempe extended\n about five miles in length, but varied in the dimensions of its\n breadth so as to be in some places scarce one acre and a half wide.\n All valleys that are pleasant, either for their situation or the\n mildness of their climate, are called _Tempe_ by the poets. _Strabo_,\n bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius\n Periegetes_, li. 219.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Musica_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 469.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 569.\n\n=Tenchtheri=, a nation of Germany, who frequently changed the place of\n their habitation. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 56; _Histories_,\n bk. 4, ch. 21.\n\n=Tendera=, a town of Caria. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 18.\n\n=Tenea=, a part of Corinth. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Ten\u0115dia securis.= _See:_ Tenes.\n\n=T\u0115n\u0115dos=, a small and fertile island of the \u00c6gean sea, opposite Troy,\n at the distance of about 12 miles from Sig\u00e6um, and 56 miles north\n from Lesbos. It was anciently called _Leucophrys_, till Tenes the son\n of Cycnus settled there and built a town, which he called Tenedos,\n from which the whole island received its name. It became famous\n during the Trojan war, as it was there that the Greeks concealed\n themselves, the more effectually to make the Trojans believe that\n they were returned home without finishing the siege. _Homer_,\n _Odyssey_, bk. 3, li. 59.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 21.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,\n li. 540; bk. 12, li. 109.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Ten\u0115rus=, son of Apollo and Melia, received from his father the\n knowledge of futurity. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 10.\n\n=Tenes=, a son of \u2666Cycnus and Proclea. He was exposed on the sea, on\n the coast of Troas, by his father, who credulously believed his wife\n Philonome, who had fallen in love with Cycnus, and accused him of\n attempts upon her virtue, when he refused to gratify her passion.\n Tenes arrived in Leucophrys, which he called Tenedos, and of which he\n became the sovereign. Some time after \u2666Cycnus discovered the guilt of\n his wife Philonome, and as he wished to be reconciled to his son whom\n he had so grossly injured, he went to Tenedos. But when he had tied\n his ship to the shore, Tenes cut off the cable with a hatchet, and\n suffered his father\u2019s ship to be tossed about in the sea. From this\n circumstance the _hatchet of Tenes_ is become proverbial to intimate\n a resentment that cannot be pacified. Some, however, suppose that the\n proverb arose from the severity of a law made by a king of Tenedos\n against adultery, by which the guilty were both put to death by a\n hatchet. The hatchet of Tenes was carefully preserved at Tenedos, and\n afterwards deposited by Periclytus son of Eutymachus, in the temple\n of Delphi, where it was still seen in the age of Pausanias. Tenes,\n as some suppose, was killed by Achilles, as he defended his country\n against the Greeks, and he received divine honours after death.\n His statue at Tenedos was carried away by Verres. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of 4000 mercenary Greeks\n sent by the Egyptians to assist the Ph\u0153nicians. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Cyncus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Cycnus\u2019\n\n=T\u0115n\u0115sis=, a part of \u00c6thiopia. _Strabo._\n\n=Tennes=, a king of Sidon, who, when his country was besieged by the\n Persians, burnt himself and the city together, B.C. 351.\n\n=Tennum=, a town of \u00c6olia.\n\n=Tenos=, a small island in the \u00c6gean, near Andros, called _Ophiussa_,\n and also _Hydrussa_, from the number of its fountains. It was very\n mountainous, but it produced excellent wines, universally esteemed\n by the ancients. Tenos was about 15 miles in extent. The capital was\n also called Tenos.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 10.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 469.\n\n=Tenty\u0306ra= (plural) and =Tentyris=, a small town of Egypt, on the\n Nile, whose inhabitants were at enmity with the crocodiles, and made\n war against those who paid them adoration. _Seneca_, _Qu\u00e6stiones\n Naturales_, bk. 4, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 15.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 8.\n\n=Tenty\u0306ra= (_melius_ Tempyra), a place of Thrace, opposite Samothrace.\n _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 21.\n\n=Teos=, or =Teios=, now _Sigagik_, a maritime town on the coast of\n Ionia in Asia Minor, opposite Samos. It was one of the 12 cities\n of the Ionian confederacy, and gave birth to Anacreon and Hecat\u00e6us,\n who is by some deemed a native of Miletus. According to Pliny, Teos\n was an island. Augustus repaired Teos, whence he is often called the\n founder of it on ancient medals. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1,\n ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 8,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 18.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 31.\n\n=Ter\u0113don=, a town on the Arabian gulf. _Dionysius Periegeta_, li. 982.\n\n=Terentia=, the wife of Cicero. She became mother of Marcus Cicero, and\n of a daughter called Tulliola. Cicero repudiated her because she had\n been faithless to his bed, when he was banished in Asia. Terentia\n married Sallust, Cicero\u2019s enemy, and afterwards Messala Corvinus.\n She lived to her 103rd, or, according to Pliny, to her 117th year.\n _Plutarch_, _Cicero_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 11, ltr. 16, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Scipio\n Africanus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Mec\u00e6nas, with whom it was said that\n Augustus carried on an intrigue.\n\n=Terentia lex=, called also Cassia, _frumentaria_, by Marcus Terentius\n Varro Lucullus and Caius Cassius, A.U.C. 680. It ordered that the\n same price should be given for all corn bought in the provinces, to\n hinder the exactions of the questors.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by Terentius the\n tribune, A.U.C. 291, to elect five persons to define the power of the\n consuls, lest they should abuse the public confidence, by violence or\n rapine.\n\n=Terenti\u0101nus=, a Roman to whom Longinus dedicated his treatise on\n the sublime.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Maurus, a writer who flourished A.D. 240. The last\n edition of his treatise _de literis, syllabis, et metris Horatii_,\n is by Mycillus, Frankfurt, 8vo, 1584. _Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 70.\n\n=Terentius Publius=, a native of Carthage in Africa, celebrated for the\n comedies which he wrote. He was sold as a slave to Terentius Lucanus,\n a Roman senator, who educated him with great care, and manumitted\n him for the brilliancy of his genius. He bore the name of his master\n and benefactor, and was called _Terentius_. He applied himself to\n the study of Greek comedy with uncommon assiduity, and merited the\n friendship and patronage of the learned and powerful. Scipio the\n elder Africanus, and his friend L\u00e6lius, have been suspected, on\n account of their intimacy, of assisting the poet in the composition\n of his comedies; and the fine language, the pure expressions, and\n delicate sentiments with which the plays of Terence abound, seem,\n perhaps, to favour the supposition. Terence was in the 25th year\n of his age when his first play appeared on the Roman stage. All his\n compositions were received with great applause, but when the words\n\n _Homo sum, humani nil a me alienum puto_,\n\n were repeated, the plaudits were reiterated, and the audience, though\n composed of foreigners, conquered nations, allies, and citizens of\n Rome, were unanimous in applauding the poet, who spoke with such\n elegance and simplicity the language of nature, and supported the\n native independence of man. The talents of Terence were employed\n rather in translation than in the effusions of originality. It is\n said that he translated 108 of the comedies of the poet Menander,\n six of which only are extant, his Andria, Eunuch, Heautontimorumenos,\n Adelphi, Phormio, and Hecyra. Terence is admired for the purity of\n his language, and the artless elegance and simplicity of his diction,\n and for a continual delicacy of sentiment. There is more originality\n in Plautus, more vivacity in the intrigues, and more surprise in\n the catastrophes of his plays; but Terence will ever be admired\n for his taste, his expressions, and his faithful pictures of nature\n and manners, and the becoming dignity of his several characters.\n Quintilian, who candidly acknowledges the deficiencies of the Roman\n comedy, declares that Terence was the most elegant and refined of all\n the comedians whose writings appeared on the stage. The time and the\n manner of his death are unknown. He left Rome in the 35th year of his\n age, and never after appeared there. Some suppose that he was drowned\n in a storm as he returned from Greece, about 159 years before Christ,\n though others imagine he died in Arcadia or Leucadia, and that his\n death was accelerated by the loss of his property, and particularly\n of his plays which perished in a shipwreck. The best editions of\n Terence are those of Westerhovius, 2 vols., 4to, Amsterdam, 1726;\n of Edinburgh, 12mo, 1758; of Cambridge, 4to, 1723; Hawkey\u2019s, 12mo,\n Dublin, 1745; and that of Zeunius, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1774. _Cicero_,\n _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 7, ltr. 3.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ltr. 1, li. 59.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Culeo, a Roman senator, taken by the Carthaginians, and redeemed\n by Africanus. When Africanus triumphed, Culeo followed his chariot\n with a _pileus_ on his head. He was some time after appointed judge\n between his deliverer and the people of Asia, and had the meanness to\n condemn him and his brother Asiaticus, though both innocent. _Livy_,\n bk. 30, ch. 45.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune who wished the number of the citizens\n of Rome to be increased.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Evocatus, a man who, as it was supposed,\n murdered Galba. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 41.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lentinus, a\n Roman knight condemned for perjury.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Varro, a writer. _See:_ Varro.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul with \u00c6milius Paulus at the battle of Cann\u00e6. He was\n the son of a butcher, and had followed for some time the profession\n of his father. He placed himself totally in the power of Hannibal,\n by making an improper disposition of his army. After he had been\n defeated, and his colleague slain, he retired to Canusium, with the\n remains of his slaughtered countrymen, and sent word to the Roman\n senate of his defeat. He received the thanks of this venerable\n body, because he had engaged the enemy, however improperly, and\n not despaired of the affairs of the republic. He was offered the\n dictatorship, which he declined. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 22, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ambassador sent to Philip king of Macedonia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Massaliora,\n an edile of the people, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus, a friend of Sejanus, accused\n before the senate for his intimacy with that discarded favourite. He\n made a noble defence, and was acquitted. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6.\n\n=Terentus=, a place in the Campus Martius near the capitol, where the\n infernal deities had an altar. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1, li. 504.\n\n=T\u0113reus=, a king of Thrace, son of Mars and Bistonis. He married Progne\n the daughter of Pandion king of Athens, whom he had assisted in a war\n against Megara. He offered violence to his sister-in-law Philomela,\n whom he conducted to Thrace by desire of Progne. _See:_ Philomela and\n Progne.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of \u00c6neas, killed by Camilla. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 11, li. 675.\n\n=Tergeste= and =Tergestum=, now _Trieste_, a town of Italy on the\n Adriatic sea, made a Roman colony. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Dionysius Periegetes_, li. 380.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 110.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\n\n=Terias=, a river of Sicily near Catana.\n\n=Teribazus=, a nobleman of Persia, sent with a fleet against Evagoras\n king of Cyprus. He was accused of treason, and removed from office,\n &c. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 7.\n\n=Teridae=, a concubine of Menelaus.\n\n=Teridates=, a favourite eunuch at the court of Artaxerxes. At his\n death the monarch was in tears for three days, and was consoled\n at last only by the arts and the persuasion of Aspasia, one of his\n favourites. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 1.\n\n=Terigum=, a town of Macedonia.\n\n=Terina=, a town of the Brutii.\n\n=Terioli=, now _Tirol_, a fortified town at the north of Italy, in the\n country of the Grisons.\n\n=Termentia=, or =Termes=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis.\n\n=Termera=, a town of Caria.\n\n=Term\u0115rus=, a robber of Peloponnesus, who killed people by crushing\n their head against his own. He was slain by Hercules in the same\n manner. _Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\n\n=Termesus=, a river of Arcadia.\n\n=Termil\u00e6=, a name given to the Lycians.\n\n=Terminalia=, annual festivals at Rome, observed in honour of the god\n Terminus, in the month of February. It was then usual for peasants to\n assemble near the principal landmarks which separated their fields,\n \u2666and after they had crowned them with garlands and flowers, to make\n libations of milk and wine, and to sacrifice a lamb or a young pig.\n They were originally established by Numa, and though at first it\n was forbidden to shed the blood of victims, yet in process of time\n landmarks were plentifully sprinkled with it. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2,\n li. 641.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 12, ch. 10.\n\n \u2666 \u2018aad\u2019 replaced with \u2018and\u2019\n\n=Termin\u0101lis=, a surname of Jupiter, because he presided over the\n boundaries and lands of individuals, before the worship of the god\n Terminus was introduced. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.\n\n=Term\u012dnus=, a divinity at Rome who was supposed to preside over bounds\n and limits, and to punish all unlawful usurpation of land. His\n worship was first introduced at Rome by Numa, who persuaded his\n subjects that the limits of their lands and estates were under the\n immediate inspection of heaven. His temple was on the Tarpeian rock,\n and he was represented with a human head without feet or arms, to\n intimate that he never moved, wherever he was placed. The people of\n the country assembled once a year with their families, and crowned\n with garlands and flowers the stones which \u2666separated their different\n possessions, and offered victims to the god who presided over their\n boundaries. It is said that when Tarquin the Proud wished to build a\n temple on the Tarpeian rock to Jupiter, the god Terminus refused to\n give way, though the other gods resigned their seats with\n cheerfulness; whence Ovid has said,\n\n _Restitit, et mango cum Jove templa tenet_.\n\n _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 641.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Numa_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9.\n\n \u2666 \u2018separted\u2019 replaced with \u2018separated\u2019\n\n=Termissus=, or =Termessus=, a town of Pisidia.\n\n=Terpander=, a lyric poet and musician of Lesbos, 675 B.C. It is said\n that he appeased a tumult at Sparta by the melody and sweetness of\n his notes. He added three strings to the lyre, which before his time\n had only four. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 50.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _de Musica_.\n\n=Terps\u012dch\u014fre=, one of the muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne.\n She presided over dancing, of which she was reckoned the inventress,\n as her name intimates, and with which she delighted her sisters. She\n is represented like a young virgin crowned with laurel, and holding\n in her hand a musical instrument. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 35.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Eustathius_, _ad Iliadem_, bk. 10.\n\n=Terpsicr\u0103te=, a daughter of Thespius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Terra=, one of the most ancient deities in mythology, wife of Uranus,\n and mother of Oceanus, the Titans, Cyclops, Giants, Thea, Rhea,\n Themis, Ph\u0153be, \u2666Tethys, and Mnemosyne. By the Air she had Grief,\n Mourning, Oblivion, Vengeance, &c. According to Hyginus, she is the\n same as Tellus. _See:_ Tellus.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Thetys\u2019 replaced with \u2018Tethys\u2019\n\n=Terrac\u012bna.= _See:_ Tarricina.\n\n=Terrasidius=, a Roman knight in C\u00e6sar\u2019s army in Gaul. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic\n War_, bk. 3, chs. 7 & 8.\n\n=Terror=, an emotion of the mind which the ancients have made a deity,\n and one of the attendants of the god Mars, and of Bellona.\n\n=Tertia=, a sister of Clodius the tribune, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Paulus\n the conqueror of Perseus. _Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 46.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Isidorus. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3,\n ch. 34.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sister of Brutus, who married Cassius. She was also\n called _Tertulla_ and _Junia_. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 76.\n \u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_, ch. 50.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to Brutus_,\n ltrs. 5 & 6; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 15, ltr. 11; bk. 16, ltr. 20.\n\n=Tertius Julianus=, a lieutenant in C\u00e6sar\u2019s legions.\n\n=Tertulli\u0101nus Quintus Septimius Florens=, a celebrated christian writer\n of Carthage, who flourished A.D. 196. He was originally a pagan, but\n afterwards embraced christianity, of which he became an able advocate\n by his writings, which showed that he was possessed of a lively\n imagination, impetuous eloquence, elevated style, and strength of\n reasoning. The most famous and esteemed of his numerous works, are\n his _Apology for the Christians_, and his _Prescriptions_. The best\n edition of Tertullian is that of Semlerus, 4 vols., 8vo, Halle, 1770;\n and of his Apology, that of Havercamp, 8vo, Leiden, 1718.\n\n=Tethys=, the greatest of the sea deities, was wife of Oceanus,\n and daughter of Uranus and Terra. She was mother of the chiefest\n rivers of the universe, such as the Nile, the Alpheus, the M\u00e6ander,\n Simois, Peneus, Evenus, Scamander, &c., and about 3000 daughters\n called Oceanides. Tethys is confounded by some mythologists with\n her granddaughter Thetis the wife of Peleus, and the mother of\n Achilles. The word _Tethys_ is poetically used to express the sea.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 31.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 509; bk. 9, li. 498; _Fasti_,\n bk. 2, li. 191.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 336.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 14, li. 302.\n\n=Tetis=, a river of Gaul flowing from the Pyrenees. _Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 5.\n\n=Tetrap\u014flis=, a name given to the city of Antioch the capital of Syria,\n because it was divided into four separate districts, each of which\n resembled a city. Some apply the word to _Seleucis_, which contained\n the four large cities of Antioch near Daphne, Laodicea, Apamea, and\n Seleucia in Pieria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of four towns at the north of Attica.\n _Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=T\u0115tr\u012dca=, a mountain of the Sabines near the river Fabaris. It was\n very rugged and difficult of access, whence the epithet _Tetricus_\n was applied to persons of a morose and melancholy disposition.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 713.\n\n=Tetr\u012dcus=, a Roman senator, saluted emperor in the reign of Aurelian.\n He was led in triumph by his successful adversary, who afterwards\n heaped the most unbounded honours upon him and his son of the same\n name.\n\n=Teucer=, a king of Phrygia, son of the Scamander by Ida. According\n to some authors he was the first who introduced among his subjects\n the worship of Cybele, and the dances of the Corybantes. The country\n where he reigned was from him called _Teucria_, and his subjects\n _Teucri_. His daughter Batea married Dardanus, a Samothracian prince,\n who succeeded him in the government of Teucria. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 108.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Telamon\n king of Salamis, by Hesione the daughter of Laomedon. He was one of\n Helen\u2019s suitors, and accordingly accompanied the Greeks to the Trojan\n war, where he signalized himself by his valour and intrepidity. It is\n said that his father refused to receive him into his kingdom, because\n he had left the death of his brother Ajax unrevenged. This severity\n of the father did not dishearten the son; he left Salamis, and\n retired to Cyprus, where, with the assistance of Belus king of Sidon,\n he built a town, which he called Salamis, after his native country.\n He attempted, to no purpose, to recover the island of Salamis after\n his father\u2019s death. He built a temple to Jupiter in Cyprus, on which\n a man was annually sacrificed till the reign of the Antonines. Some\n suppose that Teucer did not return to Cyprus, but that, according\n to a less received opinion, he went to settle in Spain, where new\n Carthage was afterwards built, and thence into Galatia. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 281.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 623.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 29.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 44, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n the servants of Phalaris of Agrigentum.\n\n=Teucri=, a name given to the Trojans, from Teucer their king. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, lis. 42 & 239.\n\n=Teucria=, a name given to Troy, from Teucer one of its kings. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 26.\n\n=Teucteri=, a people of Germany, at the east of the Rhine. _Tacitus_,\n _Germania_, ch. 22.\n\n=Teumessus=, a mountain of B\u0153otia with a village of the same name,\n where Hercules, when young, killed an enormous lion. _Statius_,\n _Thebaid_, bk. 1, li. 331.\n\n=Teuta=, a queen of Illyricum, B.C. 231, who ordered some Roman\n ambassadors to be put to death. This unprecedented murder was the\n cause of a war, which ended in her disgrace. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 6.\n\n=Teutamias=, or =Teutamis=, a king of Larissa. He instituted games in\n honour of his father, where Perseus killed his grandfather Acrisius\n with a quoit.\n\n=Teutamus=, a king of Assyria, the same as Tithonus the father of\n Memnon. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Teutas=, or =Teutates=, a name of Mercury among the Gauls. The\n people offered human victims to this deity. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 445.\n \u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\n\n=Teuthrania=, a part of Mysia where the Caycus rises.\n\n=Teuthras=, a king of Mysia on the borders of the Caycus. He adopted\n as his daughter, or, according to others, married, Auge the daughter\n of Aleus, when she fled away into Asia from her father, who wished to\n punish her for her amours with Hercules. Some time after his kingdom\n was invaded by Idas the son of Aphareus, and to remove this enemy, he\n promised Auge and his crown to any one who could restore tranquillity\n to his subjects. This was executed by Telephus, who afterwards\n proved to be the son of Auge, who was promised in marriage to him\n by right of his successful expedition. The 50 daughters of Teuthras,\n who became mothers by Hercules, are called _Teuthrantia turba_.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 19; _Heroides_, poem 9, li. 51.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 100.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river\u2019s name.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the companions of \u00c6neas in\n Italy. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 402.\n\n=Teutoburgiensis saltus=, a forest of Germany, between the Ems and\n Lippa, where Varus and his legions were cut to pieces. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 60.\n\n=Teutomatus=, a prince of Gaul, among the allies of Rome.\n\n=Teut\u014fni= and =Teut\u014fnes=, a people of Germany, who with the Cimbri made\n incursions upon Gaul, and cut to pieces two Roman armies. They were\n at last defeated by the consul Marius, and an infinite number made\n prisoners. _See:_ Cimbri. _Cicero_, _On Pompey\u2019s Command_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Caius Marius_.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 14,\n ltr. 26.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 14.\n\n=Thabenna=, an inland town of Africa, _African War_, ch. 77.\n\n=Thabusium=, a fortified place of Phrygia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 14.\n\n=Thais=, a famous courtesan of Athens, who accompanied Alexander in his\n Asiatic conquests, and gained such an ascendancy over him, that she\n made him burn the royal palace of Persepolis. After Alexander\u2019s death,\n she married Ptolemy king of Egypt. Menander celebrated her charms\n both mental and personal, which were of a superior nature, and on\n this account she is called _Menandrea_ by _Propertius_, bk. 2, poem 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 604; _Remedia Amoris_, li. 384.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 93.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_,\n bk. 13, ch. 13.\n\n=Thala=, a town of Africa. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 21.\n\n=Thal\u0103me=, a town of Messenia, famous for a temple and oracle of\n Pasiphae. _Plutarch_, _Agis_.\n\n=Thalassius=, a beautiful young Roman in the reign of Romulus. At the\n rape of the Sabines, one of these virgins appeared remarkable for\n beauty and elegance, and her ravisher, afraid of many competitors,\n exclaimed, as he carried her away, that it was for Thalassius. The\n name of Thalassius was no sooner mentioned, than all were eager to\n preserve so beautiful a prize for him. Their union was attended with\n so much happiness, that it was ever after usual at Rome to make use\n of the word _Thalassius_ at nuptials, and to wish those that were\n married the felicity of Thalassius. He is supposed by some to be\n the same as _Hymen_, as he was made a deity. _Plutarch_, _Romulus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 92.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n\n=Thales=, one of the seven wise men of Greece, born at Miletus in Ionia.\n He was descended from Cadmus: his father\u2019s name was Examius, and his\n mother\u2019s Cleobula. Like the rest of the ancients, he travelled in\n quest of knowledge, and for some time resided in Crete, Ph\u0153nicia,\n and Egypt. Under the priests of Memphis he was taught geometry,\n astronomy, and philosophy, and enabled to measure with exactness\n the vast height and extent of a pyramid merely by its shadow. His\n discoveries in astronomy were great and ingenious; and he was the\n first who calculated with accuracy a solar eclipse. He discovered\n the solstices and equinoxes, he divided the heavens into five zones,\n and recommended the division of the year into 365 days, which was\n universally adopted by the Egyptian philosophy. Like Homer, he\n looked upon water as the principle of everything. He was the founder\n of the Ionic sect, which distinguished itself for its deep and\n abstruse speculations under the successors and pupils of the Milesian\n philosopher, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, and Archelaus the\n master of Socrates. Thales was never married; and when his mother\n pressed him to choose a wife, he said he was too young. The same\n exhortations were afterwards repeated, but the philosopher eluded\n them by observing that he was then too old to enter the matrimonial\n state. He died in the 96th year of his age, about 548 years before\n the christian era. His compositions on philosophical subjects are\n lost. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Plato._\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_,\n bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lyric poet of Crete,\n intimate with Lycurgus. He prepared by his rhapsodies the minds of\n the Spartans to receive the rigorous institutions of his friend, and\n inculcated a reverence for the peace of civil society.\n\n=Thalestria=, or =Thalestris=, a queen of the Amazons, who, accompanied\n by 300 women, came 35 days\u2019 journey to meet Alexander in his Asiatic\n conquests, to raise children by a man whose fame was so great, and\n courage so uncommon. _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Thaletes=, a Greek poet of Crete, 900 B.C.\n\n=Th\u0103l\u012ba=, one of the Muses, who presided over festivals, and over\n pastoral and comic poetry. She is represented leaning on a column,\n holding a mask in her right hand, by which she is distinguished from\n her sisters, as also by a shepherd\u2019s crook. Her dress appears shorter,\n and not so ornamented as that of the other Muses. _Horace_, bk. 4,\n ode 6, li. 25.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 9, ltr. 75.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Convivium\n Septem Sapientium_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 6, li. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One\n of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5,\n li. 826.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An island in the Tyrrhene sea.\n\n=Thallo=, one of the Hor\u00e6 or Seasons, who presided over the spring.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 35.\n\n=Thalpius=, a son of Eurytus, one of Helen\u2019s suitors. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 10.\n\n=Thalyssia=, Greek festivals celebrated by the people of the country\n in honour of Ceres, to whom the first fruits were regularly offered.\n _Scholia_ on _Theocritus_, poem 3.\n\n=Tham\u012dras=, a Cilician who first introduced the art of augury in Cyprus,\n where it was religiously preserved in his family for many years.\n _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Thamuda=, a part of Arabia Felix.\n\n=Thamyras=, or =Thamyris=, a celebrated musician of Thrace. His\n father\u2019s name was Philammon, and his mother\u2019s Argiope. He became\n enamoured of the Muses, and challenged them to a trial of skill. His\n challenge was accepted, and it was mutually agreed that the conqueror\n should be totally at the disposal of his victorious adversary. He\n was conquered, and the Muses deprived him of his eyesight and his\n melodious voice, and broke his lyre. His poetical compositions are\n lost. Some accused him of having first introduced into the world the\n unnatural vice of which Sotades is accused. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2,\n li. 594; bk. 5, li. 599.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 7, li. 62; _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 3, li. 399.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 33.\n\n=Thamyris=, one of the petty princes of the Dac\u00e6, in the age of Darius,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A queen of the Massaget\u00e6. _See:_ Thomyris.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan killed\n by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 341.\n\n=Thaps\u0103cus=, a city on the Euphrates.\n\n=Thapsus=, a town of Africa Propria, where Scipio and Juba were\n defeated by C\u00e6sar. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 261.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 29,\n ch. 30; bk. 33, ch. 48.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town at the north of Syracuse in Sicily.\n\n=Thargelia=, festivals in Greece, in honour of Apollo and Diana.\n They lasted two days, and the youngest of both sexes carried olive\n branches, on which were suspended cakes and fruits. _Athen\u00e6us_,\n bk. 12.\n\n=Thari\u0103des=, one of the generals of Antiochus, &c.\n\n=Tharops=, the father of \u0152ager, to whom Bacchus gave the kingdom of\n Thrace, after the death of Lycurgus. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Thasius=, or =Thrasius=, a famous soothsayer of Cyprus, who told\n Busiris king of Egypt, that to stop a dreadful plague which afflicted\n his country, he must offer a foreigner to Jupiter. Upon this the\n tyrant ordered him to be seized and sacrificed to the god, as he was\n not a native of Egypt. _Ovid_, _de Ars Amatoria_, bk. 1, li. 549.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Hercules, who was worshipped at Thasos.\n\n=Thasos=, or =Thasus=, a small island in the \u00c6gean, on the coast of\n Thrace, opposite the mouth of the Nestus, anciently known by the\n name of _\u00c6ria_, _Odonis_, _\u00c6thria_, _Acte_, _Ogygia_, _Chryse_, and\n _Ceresis_. It received that of Thasos from Thasus the son of Agenor,\n who settled there when he despaired of finding his sister Europa. It\n was about 40 miles in circumference, and so uncommonly fruitful, that\n the fertility of Thasos became proverbial. Its wine was universally\n esteemed, and its marble quarries were also in great repute, as well\n as its mines of gold and silver. The capital of the island was also\n called Thasos. _Livy_, bk. 33, chs. 30 & 55.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 44.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_,\n _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 91.\n \u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Cimon_, ch. 2.\n\n=Thasus=, a son of Neptune, who went with Cadmus to seek Europa. He\n built the town of Thasus in Thrace. Some make him brother of Cadmus.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Thaumaci=, a town of Thessaly on the Maliac gulf. _Livy_, bk. 32,\n ch. 4.\n\n=Thaumantias= and =Thaumantis=, a name given to Iris the messenger\n of Juno, because she was the daughter of Thaumas the son of Oceanus\n and Terra by one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 5.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 479;\n bk. 14, li. 845.\n\n=Thaumas=, a son of Neptune and Terra, who married Electra, one of the\n Oceanides, by whom he had Iris and the \u2666Harpies, &c. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 2.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Harpyies\u2019 replaced with \u2018Harpies\u2019\n\n=Thaumasius=, a mountain of Arcadia, on whose top, according to some\n accounts, Jupiter was born.\n\n=Thea=, a daughter of Uranus and Terra. She married her brother\n Hyperion, by whom she had the sun, the moon, Aurora, &c. She is also\n called Thia, Tit\u00e6a, Rhea, Tethys, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Sporades.\n\n=Theag\u0115nes=, a man who made himself master of Megara, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An athlete\n of Thaos, famous for his strength. His father\u2019s name was Timosthenes,\n a friend of Hercules. He was crowned above 1000 times at the public\n games of the Greeks, and became a god after death. _Pausanias_, bk. 6,\n chs. 6 & 11.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Theban officer, who distinguished\n himself at the battle of Cheron\u00e6a. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer who\n published commentaries on Homer\u2019s works.\n\n=Theages=, a Greek philosopher, disciple of Socrates. _Plato._\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_,\n _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, &c.\n\n=Theangela=, a town of Caria.\n\n=The\u0101no=, the wife of Metapontus son of Sisyphus, presented some twins\n to her husband, when he wished to repudiate her for her barrenness.\n The children were educated with the greatest care, and some time\n afterwards Theano herself became the mother of twins. When they were\n grown up she encouraged them to murder the supposititious children,\n who were to succeed to their father\u2019s throne in preference to them.\n They were both killed in the attempt, and the father, displeased\n with the conduct of Theano, repudiated her to marry the mother of the\n children whom he had long considered as his own. _Hyginus_, fable 186.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Cisseus, sister to Hecuba, who married Antenor, and\n was supposed to have betrayed the Palladium to the Greeks, as she was\n priestess of Minerva. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 298.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 10, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 5, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n Danaides. Her husband\u2019s name was Phantes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of the philosopher Pythagoras, daughter of Pythanax of\n Crete, or, according to others, of Brontinus of Crotona. _Diogenes\n La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 8, ch. 42.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The daughter of Pythagoras.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A poetess\n of Locris.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A priestess of Athens, daughter of Menon, who refused\n to pronounce a curse upon Alcibiades when he was accused of having\n mutilated all the statues of Mercury. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of\n Pausanias. She was the first, as it is reported, who brought a stone\n to the entrance of Minerva\u2019s temple, to shut up her son when she\n heard of his crimes and perfidy to his country. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 8.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Scedasus, to whom some of the Laced\u00e6monians offered\n violence at Leuctra.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan matron, who became mother of Mimas\n by Amycus, the same night that Paris was born. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 10, li. 703.\n\n=The\u0101num=, a town of Italy. _See:_ Teanum.\n\n=Thearidas=, a brother of Dionysius the elder. He was made admiral of\n his fleet. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\n\n=Thearius=, a surname of Apollo at Tr\u0153zene. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 51.\n\n=Theatetes=, a Greek epigrammatist.\n\n=Theba=, or =Thebe=, a town of Cilicia. _See:_ Theb\u00e6.\n\n=Theb\u00e6= (arum), a celebrated city, the capital of B\u0153otia, situate on\n the banks of the river Ismenus. The manner of its foundation is not\n precisely known. Cadmus is supposed to have first begun to found it\n by building the citadel Cadmea. It was afterwards finished by Amphion\n and Zethus; but, according to Varro, it owed its origin to Ogyges.\n The government of Thebes was monarchical, and many of the sovereigns\n are celebrated for their misfortunes, such as Laius, \u0152dipus,\n Polynices, Eteocles, &c. The war which Thebes supported against the\n Argives, is famous as well as that of the Epigoni. The Thebans were\n looked upon as an indolent and sluggish nation, and the words of\n _Theban pig_, became proverbial to express a man remarkable for\n stupidity and inattention. This, however, was not literally true;\n under Epaminondas, the Thebans, though before dependent, became\n masters of Greece, and everything was done according to their will\n and pleasure. When Alexander invaded Greece, he ordered Thebes to\n be totally demolished, because it had revolted against him, except\n the house where the poet Pindar had been born and educated. In this\n dreadful period 6000 of its inhabitants were slain, and 30,000 sold\n for slaves. Thebes was afterwards repaired by Cassander the son of\n Antipater, but it never rose to its original consequence, and Strabo,\n in his age, mentions it merely as an inconsiderable village. The\n monarchical government was abolished there at the death of Xanthus,\n about 1190 years before Christ, and Thebes became a republic. It\n received its name from Thebe the daughter of Asopus, to whom the\n founder Amphion was nearly related. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6; bk. 9,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Pelopidas_, _Pelopidas_,\n & _Alexander_.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Pelopidas_, _Epaminondas_, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 394.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n town at the south of Troas, built by Hercules, and also called\n _Placia_ and _Hypoplacia_. It fell into the hands of the Cilicians,\n who occupied it during the Trojan war. _Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An ancient celebrated\n city of Thebais in Egypt, called also _Hecatompylos_, on account\n of its 100 gates, and _Diospolis_, as being sacred to Jupiter. In\n the time of its splendour, it extended above 23 miles, and upon any\n emergency could send into the field, by each of its 100 gates, 20,000\n fighting men and 200 chariots. Thebes was ruined by Cambyses king of\n Persia, and few traces of it were seen in the age of Juvenal. _Pliny_,\n bk. 5, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire bk. 15, li. 16.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bks. 2 & 3.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 9, li. 381.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Africa, built by Bacchus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Thessaly.\n _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Phthiotis.\n\n=Thebais=, a country in the southern parts of Egypt, of which Thebes\n was the capital.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There have been some poems which have borne the\n name of Thebais, but of these the only one extant is the Thebais\n of Statius. It gives an account of the war of the Thebans against\n the Argives, in consequence of the dissension of Eteocles with his\n brother Polynices. The poet was 12 years in composing it.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river\n of Lydia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name given to a native of Thebes.\n\n=Thebe=, a daughter of the Asopus, who married Zethus. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Alexander\n tyrant of Pher\u00e6. She was persuaded by Pelopidas to murder her husband.\n\n=Theia=, a goddess. _See:_ Thea.\n\n=Theias=, a son of Belus, who had an incestuous intercourse with his\n daughter Smyrna.\n\n=Thelephassa=, the second wife of Agenor, called also _Telaphassa_.\n\n=Thelp\u016bsa=, a nymph of Arcadia. _See:_ \u2666Telphusa.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Telpusa\u2019 replaced with \u2018Telphusa\u2019\n\n=Thelxion=, a son of Apis, who conspired against his father, who was\n king of Peloponnesus. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Thelxiope=, one of the Muses, according to some writers. _Cicero_,\n _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_.\n\n=Themeneus=, a son of Aristomachus, better known by the name of Temenus.\n\n=Themesion=, a tyrant of Eretria. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\n\n=Themillas=, a Trojan, &c. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 376.\n\n=Themis=, a daughter of C\u0153lus and Terra, who married Jupiter against\n her own inclination. She became mother of Dice, Irene, Eunomia, the\n Parc\u00e6 and Hor\u00e6; and was the first to whom the inhabitants of the\n earth raised temples. Her oracle was famous in Attica in the age of\n Deucalion, who consulted it with great solemnity, and was instructed\n how to repair the loss of mankind. She was generally attended by the\n seasons. Among the moderns she is represented as holding a sword in\n one hand, and a pair of scales in the other. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 1, li. 321.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Ilus, who married Capys, and became\n mother of Anchises. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\n\n=Themiscy\u0306ra=, a town of Cappadocia, at the mouth of the Thermodon,\n belonging to the Amazons. The territories round it bore the same name.\n\n=Them\u012dson=, a famous physician of Laodicea, disciple to Asclepiades.\n He was founder of a sect called Methodists, because he wished to\n introduce methods to facilitate the learning and the practice of\n physic. He flourished in the Augustan age. _Pliny_, bk. 29, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the generals and ministers of\n Antiochus the Great. He was born at Cyprus. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_,\n bk. 2, ch. 41.\n\n=Themista=, or =Themistis=, a goddess, the same as Themis.\n\n=Themist\u012dus=, a celebrated philosopher of Paphlagonia in the age of\n Constantius, greatly esteemed by the Roman emperors, and called\n _Euphrades_, the fine speaker, from his eloquent and commanding\n delivery. He was made a Roman senator, and always distinguished for\n his \u2666liberality and munificence. His school was greatly frequented.\n He wrote, when young, some commentaries on Aristotle, fragments of\n which are still extant, and 33 of his orations. He professed himself\n to be an enemy to flattery, and though he often deviates from this\n general rule in his addresses to the emperors, yet he strongly\n recommends humanity, wisdom, and clemency. The best edition of\n Themistius is that of Harduin, folio, Paris, 1684.\n\n \u2666 \u2018liberalty\u2019 replaced with \u2018liberality\u2019\n\n=Themisto=, a daughter of Hypseus, was the third wife of Athamas king\n of Thebes, by whom she had four sons, called Ptous, Leucon, Sch\u0153neus,\n and Erythroes. She endeavoured to kill the children of Ino, her\n husband\u2019s second wife, but she killed her own, by means of Ino, who\n lived in her house in the disguise of a servant-maid, and to whom she\n entrusted her bloody intentions, upon which she destroyed herself.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman\n mentioned by Poly\u00e6nus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother of the poet Homer, according to\n a tradition mentioned by Pausanias, bk. 10, ch. 24.\n\n=Themist\u014fcles=, a celebrated general born at Athens. His father\u2019s name\n was Neocles, and his mother\u2019s Euterpe, or Abrotonum, a native of\n Halicarnassus, or of Thrace, or Acarnaia. The beginning of his youth\n was marked by vices so flagrant, and an inclination so incorrigible,\n that his father disinherited him. This, which might have disheartened\n others, roused the ambition of Themistocles, and the protection\n which he was denied at home, he sought in courting the favours of the\n populace, and in sharing the \u2666administration of public affairs. When\n Xerxes invaded Greece, Themistocles was at the head of the Athenian\n republic, and in this capacity the fleet was entrusted to his care.\n When the Laced\u00e6monians under Leonidas were opposing the Persians at\n Thermopyl\u00e6, the naval operations of Themistocles, and of the combined\n fleet of the Peloponnesians, were directed to destroy the armament\n of Xerxes, and to ruin his maritime power. The obstinate wish of the\n generals to command the Grecian fleet might have proved fatal to the\n interest of the allies, had not Themistocles freely relinquished his\n pretensions, and by nominating his rival Eurybiades master of the\n expedition, shown the world that his ambition could stoop when his\n country demanded his assistance. The Persian fleet was distressed at\n Artemisium by a violent storm, and the feeble attack of the Greeks;\n but a decisive battle had never been fought if Themistocles had not\n used threats and entreaties, and even called religion to his aid,\n and the favourable answers of the oracle, to second his measures.\n The Greeks, actuated by different views, were unwilling to make head\n by sea against an enemy whom they saw victorious by land, plundering\n their cities and destroying all by fire and sword; but before they\n were dispersed, Themistocles sent intelligence of their intentions\n to the Persian monarch. Xerxes, by immediately blocking them with his\n fleet, in the bay of Salamis, prevented their escape, and while he\n wished to crush them all at one blow, he obliged them to fight for\n their safety, as well as for the honour of their country. This battle,\n which was fought near the island of Salamis, B.C. 480, was decisive;\n the Greeks obtained the victory, and Themistocles the honour of\n having destroyed the formidable navy of Xerxes. Further to ensure\n the peace of his country, Themistocles informed the Asiatic monarch\n that the Greeks had conspired to cut the bridge which he had built\n across the Hellespont, and to prevent his retreat into Asia. This met\n with equal success; Xerxes hastened away from Greece, and while he\n believed the words of Themistocles, that his return would be disputed,\n he left his forces without a general, and his fleets an easy conquest\n to the victorious Greeks. These signal services to his country\n endeared Themistocles to the Athenians, and he was universally called\n the most warlike and most courageous of all the Greeks who fought\n against the Persians. He was received with the most distinguished\n honours, and by his prudent administration, Athens was soon fortified\n with strong walls, her Pireus was rebuilt, and her harbours were\n filled with a numerous and powerful navy, which rendered her the\n mistress of Greece. Yet in the midst of that glory, the conqueror of\n Xerxes incurred the displeasure of his countrymen, which had proved\n so fatal to many of his illustrious predecessors. He was banished\n from the city, and after he had sought in vain a safe retreat among\n the republics of Greece, and the barbarians of Thrace, he threw\n himself into the arms of a monarch, whose fleets he had defeated,\n and whose father he had ruined. Artaxerxes, the successor of Xerxes,\n received the illustrious Athenian with kindness; and though he\n had formerly set a price upon his head, yet he made him one of his\n greatest favourites, and bestowed three rich cities upon him, to\n provide him with bread, wine, and meat. Such kindness from a monarch,\n from whom he, perhaps, expected the most hostile treatment, did\n not alter the sentiments of Themistocles. He still remembered that\n Athens gave him birth, and according to some writers, the wish of not\n injuring his country, and therefore his inability of carrying on war\n against Greece, at the request of Artaxerxes, obliged him to destroy\n himself by drinking bull\u2019s blood. The manner of his death, however,\n is uncertain, and while some affirm that he poisoned himself, others\n declare that he fell a prey to a violent distemper in the city of\n Magnesia, where he had fixed his residence, while in the dominions of\n the Persian monarch. His bones were conveyed to Attica and honoured\n with a magnificent tomb by the Athenians, who began to repent too\n late of their cruelty to the saviour of his country. Themistocles\n died in the 65th year of his age, about 449 years before the\n christian era. He has been admired as a man naturally courageous,\n of a disposition fond of activity, ambitious of glory and enterprise.\n Blessed with a provident and discerning mind, he seemed to rise\n superior to misfortunes, and in the midst of adversity, possessed\n of resources which could enable him to regain his splendour, and\n even to command fortune. _Plutarch_ & _Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1; bk. 8, ch. 52.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia\n Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 12; bk. 9, ch. 18; bk. 13, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer,\n some of whose letters are extant.\n\n \u2666 \u2018adminstration\u2019 replaced with \u2018administration\u2019\n\n=Themistog\u0115nes=, an historian of Syracuse, in the age of Artaxerxes\n Memnon. He wrote on the wars of Cyrus the younger, a subject ably\n treated afterwards by Xenophon.\n\n=The\u014fcles=, an opulent citizen of Corinth, who liberally divided his\n riches among the poor. Thrasonides, a man equally rich with himself,\n followed the example. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Greek statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 19.\n\n=The\u014fclus=, a Messenian poet and soothsayer, who died B.C. 671.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 15, &c.\n\n=Theoclym\u0115nus=, a soothsayer of Argolis, descended from Melampus. His\n father\u2019s name was Thestor. He foretold the speedy return of Ulysses\n to Penelope and Telemachus. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 15, li. 225, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 128.\n\n=The\u014fcr\u012dtus=, a Greek poet who flourished at Syracuse, in Sicily, 282\n B.C. His father\u2019s name was Praxagoras or Simichus, and his mother\u2019s\n Philina. He lived in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus, whose praises\n he sung, and whose favours he enjoyed. Theocritus distinguished\n himself by his poetical compositions, of which 30 idyllia and some\n epigrams are extant, written in the Doric dialect, and admired for\n their beauty, elegance, and simplicity. Virgil, in his eclogues, has\n imitated and often copied him. Theocritus has been blamed for the\n many indelicate and obscene expressions which he uses; and while\n he introduces shepherds and peasants with all the rusticity and\n ignorance of nature, he often disguises their character by making\n them speak on high and exalted subjects. It is said he wrote some\n invectives against Hiero king of Syracuse, who ordered him to be\n strangled. He also wrote a ludicrous poem called _Syrinx_, and placed\n his verses in such order that they represented the pipe of the god\n Pan. The best editions of Theocritus, are Warton\u2019s, 2 vols., 4to,\n Oxford, 1770; that of Heinsius, 8vo, Oxford, 1699; that of Valkenaer,\n 8vo, Leiden, 1781; and that of Reiske, 2 vols., 4to, Lipscomb, 1790.\n _Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek\n historian of Chios, who wrote an account of Libya. _Plutarch._\n\n\u2666=Theod\u0103mas=, or =Thiodamas=, a king of Mysia, in Asia Minor. He was\n killed by Hercules, because he refused to treat him and his son with\n hospitality. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 438.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 271.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Thod\u0103mas\u2019 replaced with \u2018Theod\u0103mas\u2019\n\n=Theodectes=, a Greek orator and poet of Phaselis in Pamphylia, son of\n Aristander, and disciple of Isocrates. He wrote 50 tragedies, besides\n other works now lost. He had such a happy memory that he could repeat\n with ease whatever verses were spoken in his presence. When Alexander\n passed through Phaselis, he crowned with garlands the statue which\n had been erected to the memory of the deceased poet. _Cicero_,\n _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 24; _Orator_, ch. 51, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Quintilian._\n\n=Theodonis=, a town of Germany, now _Thionville_, on the Moselle.\n\n=Theod\u014dra=, a daughter-in-law of the emperor Maximian, who married\n Constantius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Constantine.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A woman who, from being\n a prostitute, became empress to Justinian, and distinguished herself\n by her intrigues and enterprises.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of Theodora is common\n to the empresses of the east in a later period.\n\n=Theodoretus=, one of the Greek fathers who flourished A.D. 425, whose\n works have been edited, 5 vols., folio, Paris, 1642, and 5 vols.,\n Hal\u00e6, 1769 to 1774.\n\n=Theodoritus=, a Greek ecclesiastical historian, whose works have been\n best edited by Reading, folio, Cambridge. 1720.\n\n=Theod\u014drus=, a Syracusan of great authority among his countrymen, who\n severely inveighed against the tyranny of Dionysius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher,\n disciple to Aristippus. He denied the existence of a God. He was\n banished from Cyrene, and fled to Athens, where the friendship of\n Demetrius Phalereus saved him from the accusations which were carried\n to the Areopagus against him. Some suppose that he was at last\n condemned to death for his impiety, and that he drank poison.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n preceptor to one of the sons of Antony, whom he betrayed to Augustus.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul in the reign of Honorius. Claudian wrote a poem upon\n him, in which he praises him with great liberality.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A secretary of\n Valens. He conspired against the emperor and was beheaded.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man\n who compiled a history of Rome. Of this, nothing but his history of\n the reigns of Constantine and Constantius is extant.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic actor.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A player on the flute in the age of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who\n contemptuously rejected the favours of Lamia the mistress of the\n monarch.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek poet of Colophon, whose compositions are lost.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist of Byzantium, called _Logodaidalos_ by Plato.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Greek poet in the age of Cleopatra. He wrote a book of metamorphoses,\n which Ovid imitated, as some suppose.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An artist of Samos about 700\n years B.C. He was the first who found out the art of melting iron,\n with which he made statues.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A priest, father of Isocrates.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Greek writer, called also _Prodromus_. The time in which he lived\n is unknown. There is a romance of his composition extant, called the\n amours of Rhodanthe and Dosicles, the only edition of which was by\n Gaulminus, 8vo, Paris, 1625.\n\n=Theodosia=, now _Caffa_, a town in the Cimmerian Bosphorus. _Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Theodosiop\u014flis=, a town of Armenia, built by Theodosius, &c.\n\n=Theodosius Flavius=, a Roman emperor surnamed _Magnus_, from the\n greatness of his exploits. He was invested with the imperial purple\n by Gratian, and appointed over Thrace and the eastern provinces,\n which had been in the possession of Valentinian. The first years of\n his reign were marked by different conquests over the barbarians.\n The Goths were defeated in Thrace, and 4000 of their chariots, with\n an immense number of prisoners of both sexes, were the reward of the\n victory. This glorious campaign intimidated the inveterate enemies\n of Rome; they sued for peace, and treaties of alliance were made with\n distant nations, who wished to gain the favours and the friendship\n of a prince whose military virtues were so conspicuous. Some\n conspiracies were formed against the emperor, but Theodosius totally\n disregarded them; and while he punished his competitors for the\n imperial purple, he thought himself sufficiently secure in the love\n and the affection of his subjects. His reception at Rome was that of\n a conqueror; he triumphed over the barbarians, and restored peace in\n every part of the empire. He died of a dropsy at Milan, in the 60th\n year of his age, after a reign of 16 years, the 17th of January,\n A.D. 395. His body was conveyed to Constantinople, and buried by his\n son Arcadius, in the tomb of Constantine. Theodosius was the last\n of the emperors who was the sole master of the whole Roman empire.\n He left three children, Arcadius and Honorius, who succeeded him,\n and Pulcheria. Theodosius has been commended by ancient writers,\n as a prince blessed with every virtue, and debased by no vicious\n propensity. Though master of the world, he was a stranger to that\n pride and arrogance which too often disgrace the monarch; he was\n affable in his behaviour, benevolent and compassionate, and it was\n his wish to treat his subjects as himself was treated when a private\n man and a \u2666dependent. Men of merit were promoted to places of trust\n and honour, and the emperor was fond of patronizing the cause of\n virtue and learning. His zeal as a follower of christianity has been\n applauded by all the ecclesiastical writers, and it was the wish of\n Theodosius to support the revealed religion, as much by his example,\n meekness, and christian charity, as by his edicts and ecclesiastical\n institutions. His want of clemency, however, in one instance, was too\n openly betrayed, and when the people of Thessalonica had unmeaningly,\n perhaps, killed one of his officers, the emperor ordered his soldiers\n to put all the inhabitants to the sword, and no less than 6000\n persons, without distinction of rank, age, or sex, were cruelly\n butchered in that town in the space of three hours. This violence\n irritated the ecclesiastics, and Theodosius was compelled by St.\n Ambrose to do open penance in the church, and publicly to make\n atonement for an act of barbarity which had excluded him from\n the bosom of the church, and the communion of the faithful. In\n his private character Theodosius was an example of soberness and\n temperance; his palace displayed becoming grandeur, but still\n with moderation. He never indulged in luxury, or countenanced\n superfluities. He was fond of bodily exercise, and never gave himself\n up to pleasure and enervating enjoyments. The laws and regulations\n which he introduced in the Roman empire, were of the most salutary\n nature. _Socrates of Constantinople_, bk. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Zosimus_, bk. 4,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Ambrose._\u2015\u2015_Augustine._\u2015\u2015_Claudian_, &c.\n\n \u2666 \u2018dependant\u2019 replaced with \u2018dependent\u2019\n\n=Theodosius II.=, succeeded his father Arcadius as emperor of the\n western Roman empire, though only in the eighth year of his age.\n He was governed by his sister Pulcheria, and by his ministers and\n eunuchs, in whose hands was the disposal of the offices of state,\n and all places of trust and honour. He married Eudoxia, the daughter\n of a philosopher called Leontius, a woman remarkable for her virtues\n and piety. The territories of Theodosius were invaded by the Persians,\n but the emperor soon appeared at the head of a numerous force,\n and the two hostile armies met on the frontiers of the empire. The\n consternation was universal on both sides; without even a battle,\n the Persians fled, and no less than 100,000 were lost in the waters\n of the Euphrates. Theodosius raised the siege of Nisibis, where his\n operations failed of success, and he averted the fury of the Huns\n and Vandals by bribes and promises. He died on the 29th of July,\n in the 49th year of his age, A.D. 450, leaving only one daughter,\n Licinia Eudoxia, whom he married to the emperor Valentinian III. The\n carelessness and inattention of Theodosius to public affairs are well\n known. He signed all the papers that were brought to him without even\n opening them or reading them, till his sister apprised him of his\n negligence, and rendered him more careful and diligent, by making him\n sign a paper, in which he delivered into her hand, Eudoxia his wife\n as a slave and menial servant. The laws and regulations which were\n promulgated under him, and selected from the most useful and salutary\n institutions of his imperial predecessors, have been called the\n _Theodosian code_. Theodosius was a warm advocate for the christian\n religion, but he has been blamed for his partial attachment to those\n who opposed the orthodox faith. _Sozomen._\u2015\u2015_Socrates_, &c.\n\n=Theodosius=, a lover of Antonina the wife of Belisarius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n mathematician of Tripoli, who flourished 75 B.C. His treatise, called\n Sph\u00e6rica, is best edited by Hunt, 8vo, Oxford, 1707.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman\n general, father of Theodosius the Great; he died A.D. 376.\n\n=Theod\u014fta=, a beautiful courtesan of Elis, whose company was frequented\n by Socrates. _Xenophon_, _on Socrates_.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_,\n bk. 13, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman empress, &c.\n\n=Theodotian=, an interpreter, in the reign of Commodus.\n\n=Theod\u014ftus=, an admiral of the Rhodians, sent by his countrymen to make\n a treaty with the Romans.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Chios, who, as preceptor and\n counsellor of Ptolemy, advised the feeble monarch to murder Pompey.\n He carried the head of the unfortunate Roman to C\u00e6sar, but the\n resentment of the conqueror was such that the mean assassin fled, and\n after a wandering and miserable life in the cities of Asia, he was\n at last put to death by Brutus. _Plutarch_, _Brutus_ & _Pompey_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Syracusan, accused of a conspiracy against Hieronymus the tyrant of\n Syracuse.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Bactriana in the age of Antiochus, who\n revolted and made himself king, B.C. 250.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of the emperor\n Julian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Ph\u0153nician historian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the generals of Alexander.\n\n=Theogn\u0113tes=, a Greek tragic poet. _Athen\u00e6us._\n\n=Theognis=, a Greek poet of Megara, who flourished about 549 years\n before Christ. He wrote several poems, of which only few sentences\n are now extant, quoted by Plato and other Greek historians and\n philosophers, and intended as precepts for the conduct of human\n life. The morals of the poet have been censured as neither decorous\n nor chaste. The best edition of Theognis is that of Blackwall, 12mo,\n London, 1706.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was also a tragic poet of the same name, whose\n compositions were so lifeless and inanimated, that they procured him\n the name of _Chion_, or _snow_.\n\n=Theomnestus=, a rival of Nicias in the administration of public\n affairs at Athens. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary of Sardinia.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian philosopher, among the\n followers of Plato\u2019s doctrines. He had Brutus, C\u00e6sar\u2019s murderer,\n among his pupils.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter. _Pliny_, bk. 35.\n\n=Theon=, a philosopher, who used frequently to walk in his sleep.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An astronomer of Smyrna, in the reign of\n Adrian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A painter of Samos. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3,\n ch. 44.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another philosopher. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An infamous\n reviler. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 19.\n\n=Theonoe=, a daughter of Thestor, sister to Calchas. She was carried\naway by sea pirates, and sold to Icarus king of Caria, &c. _Hyginus_,\nfable 190.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Proteus and a Nereid, who became enamoured\nof Canobus, the pilot of a Trojan vessel, &c.\n\n=Theope=, one of the daughters of Leos.\n\n=Theoph\u0103ne=, a daughter of Bisaltus, whom Neptune changed into a sheep,\n to remove her from her numerous suitors, and conveyed to the island\n Crumissa. The god afterwards assumed the shape of a ram, and under\n this transformation he had by the nymph a ram with a golden fleece,\n which carried Phryxus to Colchis. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6,\n li. 177.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 188.\n\n=Theoph\u0103nes=, a Greek historian, born at Mitylene. He was very intimate\n with Pompey, and from his friendship with the Roman general, his\n countrymen derived many advantages. After the battle of Pharsalia,\n he advised Pompey to retire to the court of Egypt. _Cicero_, _For\n Archias_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Cicero_ & _Pompey_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015His\n son Marcus Pompeius Theophanes was made governor of Asia, and enjoyed\n the intimacy of Tiberius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The only edition of Theophanes the\n Byzantine historian, is that of Paris, folio, 1649.\n\n=Theophania=, festivals celebrated at Delphi in honour of Apollo.\n\n=Theoph\u012dlus=, a comic poet of Athens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Syria in the age\n of Julian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Piso.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician, whose treatise _de\n Urinis_ is best edited by Guidotius, Leiden, 1728, and another by\n Morell, 8vo, Paris, 1556.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Greek fathers, whose work\n _ad Autolycum_ is best edited in 12mo, by Wolf, Hamburg, 1724.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n name of Theophilus is common among the primitive christians.\n\n=Theophrastus=, a native of Eresus in Lesbos, son of a fuller. He\n studied under Plato, and afterwards under Aristotle, whose friendship\n he gained, and whose warmest commendations he deserved. His original\n name was _Tyrtamus_, but this the philosopher made him exchange\n for that of _Euphrastus_, to intimate his excellence in speaking,\n and afterwards for that of _Theophrastus_, which he deemed still\n more expressive of his eloquence, the brilliancy of his genius, and\n the elegance of his language. After the death of Socrates, when the\n malevolence of the Athenians drove all the philosopher\u2019s friends\n from the city, Theophrastus succeeded Aristotle in the Lyceum, and\n rendered himself so conspicuous, that in a short time the number of\n his auditors was increased to 2000. Not only his countrymen courted\n his applause, but kings and princes were desirous of his friendship:\n and Cassander and Ptolemy, two of the most powerful of the successors\n of Alexander, regarded him with more than usual partiality.\n Theophrastus composed many books, and Diogenes has enumerated the\n titles of above 200 treatises, which he wrote with great elegance\n and copiousness. About 20 of these are extant, among which are his\n history of stones, his treatise on plants, on the winds, on the signs\n of fair weather, &c., and his Characters, an excellent moral treatise,\n which was begun in the 99th year of his age. He died, loaded with\n years and infirmities, in the 107th year of his age, B.C. 288,\n lamenting the shortness of life, and complaining of the partiality\n of nature in granting longevity to the crow and to the stag, but\n not to man. To his care we are indebted for the works of Aristotle,\n which the dying philosopher entrusted to him. The best edition\n of Theophrastus, is that of Heinsius, folio, Leiden, 1613; and of\n his Characters, that of Needham, 8vo, Cambridge. 1712, and that of\n Fischer, 8vo, Coburg, 1763. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_,\n bk. 3, ch. 28; _Brutus_, ch. 31; _Orator_, ch. 19, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_,\n bk. 2, ch. 8; bk. 34, ch. 20; bk. 8, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Adversus Colotem_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer entrusted with\n the care of the citadel of Corinth by Antigonus. _Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=Theopol\u0115mus=, a man who, with his brother Hiero, plundered Apollo\u2019s\n temple at Delphi, and fled away for fear of being punished. _Cicero_,\n _Against Verres_, bk. 5.\n\n=Theop\u014flis=, a name given to Antioch, because the christians first\n received their name there.\n\n=Theopompus=, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclid\u00e6, who\n succeeded his father Nicander, and distinguished himself by the many\n new regulations which he introduced. He created the Ephori, and died,\n after a long and peaceful reign, B.C. 723. While he sat on the throne,\n the Spartans made war against Messenia. _Plutarch_, _Lycurgus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous Greek historian of Chios,\n disciple of Isocrates, who flourished B.C. 354. All his compositions\n are lost, except a few fragments quoted by ancient writers. He is\n compared to Thucydides and Herodotus as an historian, yet he is\n severely censured for his satirical remarks and illiberal reflections.\n He obtained a prize in which his master was a competitor, and he was\n liberally rewarded for composing the best funeral oration in honour\n of Mausolus. His father\u2019s name was Damasistratus. _Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lysis_.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, bk.\n 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n Athenian, who attempted to deliver his countrymen from the tyranny of\n Demetrius. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A comic poet in the age of Menander.\n He wrote 24 plays, all lost.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Demaratus, who obtained\n several crowns at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator and historian of Cnidus, very intimate with Julius\n C\u00e6sar. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Spartan general, killed at the battle\n of Tegyra.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of Cheron\u00e6a, in the reign of the emperor\n Philip.\n\n=Theophylactus Simocatta=, a Byzantine historian, whose works were\n edited folio, Paris, 1647.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Greek fathers who flourished\n A.D. 1070. His works were edited at Venice, 4 vols., 1754 to 1763.\n\n=Theorius=, a surname of Apollo at Tr\u0153zene, where he had a very ancient\n temple. It signifies clear-sighted.\n\n=Theot\u012bmus=, a wrestler of Elis, in the age of Alexander. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 6, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek who wrote a history of Italy.\n\n=Theox\u0115na=, a noble lady of Thessaly, who threw herself into the sea,\n when unable to escape from the soldiers of king Philip, who pursued\n her. _Livy_, bk. 40, ch. 4.\n\n=Theoxenia=, a festival celebrated in honour of all the gods in every\n city of Greece, but especially at Athens. Games were then observed,\n and the conqueror who obtained the prize received a large sum of\n money, or, according to others, a vest beautifully ornamented. The\n Dioscuri established a festival of the same name, in honour of the\n gods who had visited them at one of their entertainments.\n\n=Theoxenius=, a surname of Apollo.\n\n=Thera=, a daughter of Amphion and Niobe. _Hyginus_, fable 69.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One\n of the Sporades in the \u00c6gean sea, anciently called _Callista_,\n now _Santorin_. It was first inhabited by the Ph\u0153nicians, who were\n left there under Membliares by Cadmus, when he went in quest of his\n sister Europa. It was called Thera by Theras the son of Autesion, who\n settled there with a colony from Laced\u00e6mon. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Caria.\n\n=Therambus=, a town near Pallene. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 123.\n\n=Theram\u0115nes=, an Athenian philosopher and general in the age of\n Alcibiades. His father\u2019s name was Agnon. He was one of the 30 tyrants\n of Athens, but he had no share in the cruelties and oppression which\n disgraced their administration. He was accused by Critias, one of\n his colleagues, because he opposed their views, and he was condemned\n to drink hemlock, though defended by his own innocence, and the\n friendly intercession of the philosopher Socrates. He drank the\n poison with great composure, and poured some of it on the ground,\n with the sarcastical exclamation of, \u201cThis is to the health of\n Critias.\u201d This happened about 404 years before the christian era.\n Theramenes, on account of the fickleness of his disposition, has been\n called _Cothurnus_, a part of the dress used both by men and women.\n _Cicero_, _On Oratory_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos._\n\n=Therapne=, or =Terapne=, a town of Laconia, at the west of the Eurotas,\n where Apollo had a temple called Ph\u0153beum. It was but a very short\n distance from Laced\u00e6mon, and, indeed, some authors have confounded\n it with the capital of Laconia. It received its name from Therapne,\n a daughter of Lelex. Castor and Pollux were born there, and on that\n account they were sometimes called _Therapn\u00e6i fratres_. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 3, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 5, li. 223.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 6, li. 303; bk. 8, li. 414; bk. 13, li. 43.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 2, ch.\n 16.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2, ch. 49.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 7,\n _Thebaid_, li. 793.\n\n=Theras=, a son of Autesion of Laced\u00e6mon, who conducted a colony to\n Callista, to which he gave the name of _Thera_. He received divine\n honours after death. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, chs. 1 & 15.\n\n=Therim\u0103chus=, a son of Hercules by Megara. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n chs. 4 & 7.\n\n=Therippidas=, a Laced\u00e6monian, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 15.\n\n=Theritas=, a surname of Mars in Laconia.\n\n=Therma=, a town of Africa. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Macedonia,\n afterwards called _Thessalonica_, in honour of the wife of Cassander,\n and now _Salonichi_. The bay in the neighbourhood of Therma is called\n _Therm\u00e6us_, or _Thermaicus sinus_, and advances far into the country,\n so much, that Pliny has named it _Macedonicus sinus_, by way of\n eminence, to intimate its extent. _Strabo._\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 5, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus._\n\n=Therm\u00e6= (baths), a town of Sicily, where were the baths of Selinus,\n now _Sciacca_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, near Panormus, now _Thermini_. _Silius\n Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 23.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 2, ch. 35.\n\n=Therm\u014ddon=, now _Termeh_, a famous river of Cappadocia, in the ancient\n country of the Amazons, falling into the Euxine sea near Themiscyra.\n There was also a small river of the same name in B\u0153otia, near Tanagra,\n which was afterwards called _H\u00e6mon_. _Strabo_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bk. 9, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 1;\n bk. 9, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Demosthenes_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11,\n li. 659.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 249, &c.\n\n=Thermopy\u0306l\u00e6=, a small pass leading from Thessaly into Locris and Phocis.\n It has a large ridge of mountains on the west, and the sea on the\n east, with deep and dangerous marshes, being in the narrowest part\n only 25 feet in breadth. Thermopyl\u00e6 receives its name from the _hot\n baths_ which are in the neighbourhood. It is celebrated for a battle\n which was fought there B.C. 480, on the 7th of August, between Xerxes\n and the Greeks, in which 300 Spartans resisted for three successive\n days repeatedly the attacks of the most brave and courageous of\n the Persian army, which, according to some historians, amounted to\n 5,000,000. There was also another battle fought there between the\n Romans and Antiochus king of Syria. _Herodotus_, bk. 7, ch. 176,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Marcus Cato_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 15.\n\n=Thermum=, a town of \u00c6tolia on the Evenus. _Polybius_, bk. 5.\n\n=Thermus=, a man accused in the reign of Tiberius, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man put to\n death by Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of \u00c6tolia, the capital of the country.\n\n=Therod\u0103mas=, a king of Scythia, who, as some report, fed lions with\n human blood, that they might be more cruel. _Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 383.\n\n=Theron=, a tyrant of Agrigentum, who died 472 B.C. He was a native of\n B\u0153otia, and son of \u00c6nesidamus, and he married Damarete the daughter\n of Gelon of Sicily. _Herodotus_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Olympian_, ch. 2.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs. _Ovid._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Rutulian who attempted to\n kill \u00c6neas. He perished in the attempt. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n li. 312.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A priest in the temple of Hercules at Saguntum, &c.\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 2, li. 149.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Theban descended from the\n Spart\u00e6. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 2, li. 572.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Phylas,\n beloved by Apollo. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 40.\n\n=Therpander=, a celebrated poet and musician of Lesbos. _See:_\n Terpander.\n\n=Thersander=, a son of Polynices and Argia. He accompanied the Greeks\n to the Trojan war, but he was killed in Mysia by Telephus, before\n the confederate army reached the enemy\u2019s country. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 2, li. 261.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Sisyphus\n king of Corinth.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A musician of Ionia.\n\n=Thers\u012dl\u014fchus=, a leader of the P\u00e6onians in the Trojan war, killed by\n Achilles. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 483.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of \u00c6neas,\n killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 363.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An athlete\n at Corcyra, crowned at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 13.\n\n=Thersippus=, a son of Agrius, who drove \u0152neus from the throne of\n Calydon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who carried a letter from Alexander to Darius.\n _Curtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian author, who died 954 B.C.\n\n=Thers\u012btes=, an officer, the most deformed and illiberal of the Greeks\n during the Trojan war. He was fond of ridiculing his fellow-soldiers,\n particularly Agamemnon, Achilles, and Ulysses. Achilles killed him\n with one blow of his fist, because he laughed at his mourning the\n death of Penthesilea. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 17, li. 15.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 212, &c.\n\n=Theseid\u00e6=, a patronymic given to the Athenians from Theseus, one of\n their kings. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 383.\n\n=Theseis=, a poem written by Codrus, containing an account of the life\n and actions of Theseus, and now lost. _Juvenal_, satire 1, li. 2.\n\n=Theseus=, a king of Athens, and son of \u00c6geus by \u00c6thra the daughter of\n Pittheus, was one of the most celebrated of the heroes of antiquity.\n He was educated at Tr\u0153zene in the house of Pittheus, and as he was\n not publicly acknowledged to be the son of the king of Athens, he\n passed for the son of Neptune. When he came to years of maturity,\n he was sent by his mother to his father, and a sword was given him,\n by which he might make himself known to \u00c6geus in a private manner.\n _See:_ \u00c6geus. His journey to Athens was not across the sea, as it was\n usual with travellers, but Theseus determined to signalize himself\n in going by land, and encountering difficulties. The road which led\n from Tr\u0153zene to Athens was infested with robbers and wild beasts,\n and almost impassable; but these obstacles were easily removed by\n the courageous son of \u00c6geus. He destroyed Corynetes, Synnis, Sciron,\n Cercyon, Procrustes, and the celebrated Ph\u00e6a. At Athens, however,\n his reception was not cordial; Medea lived there with \u00c6geus, and as\n she knew that her influence would fall to the ground, if Theseus was\n received in his father\u2019s house, she attempted to destroy him before\n his arrival was made public. \u00c6geus was himself to give the cup of\n poison to this unknown stranger at a feast, but the sight of his\n sword on the side of Theseus reminded him of his amours with \u00c6thra.\n He knew him to be his son, and the people of Athens were glad to find\n that this illustrious stranger, who had cleared Attica from robbers\n and pirates, was the son of their monarch. The Pallantides, who\n expected to succeed their uncle \u00c6geus on the throne, as he apparently\n had no children, attempted to assassinate Theseus; but they fell a\n prey to their own barbarity, and were all put to death by the young\n prince. The bull of Marathon next engaged the attention of Theseus.\n The labour seemed arduous, but he caught the animal alive, and after\n he had led it through the streets of Athens, he sacrificed it to\n Minerva, or the god of Delphi. After this Theseus went to Crete among\n the seven chosen youths whom the Athenians yearly sent to be devoured\n by the Minotaur. The wish to deliver his country from so dreadful a\n tribute, engaged him to undertake this expedition. He was successful\n by means of Ariadne the daughter of Minos, who was enamoured of him,\n and after he had escaped from the labyrinth with a clue of thread,\n and killed the Minotaur [_See:_ Minotaurus], he sailed from Crete\n with the six boys and seven maidens, whom his victory had equally\n redeemed from death. In the island of Naxos, where he was driven by\n the winds, he had the meanness to abandon Ariadne, to whom he was\n indebted for his safety. The rejoicings which his return might have\n occasioned at Athens were interrupted by the death of \u00c6geus, who\n threw himself into the sea when he saw his son\u2019s ship return with\n black sails, which was the signal of ill success. _See:_ \u00c6geus. His\n ascension on his father\u2019s throne was universally applauded, B.C.\n 1235. The Athenians were governed with mildness, and Theseus made\n new regulations, and enacted new laws. The number of the inhabitants\n of Athens was increased by the liberality of the monarch, religious\n worship was attended with more than usual solemnity, a court was\n instituted which had the care of all civil affairs, and Theseus made\n the government democratical, while he reserved for himself only the\n command of the armies. The fame which he had gained by his victories\n and policy, made his alliance courted; but Pirithous king of the\n Lapith\u00e6, alone wished to gain his friendship, by meeting him in\n the field of battle. He invaded the territories of Attica, and when\n Theseus had marched out to meet him, the two enemies, struck at the\n sight of each other, rushed between their two armies, to embrace one\n another in the most cordial and affectionate manner, and from that\n time began the most sincere and admired friendship, which has become\n proverbial. Theseus was present at the nuptials of his friend, and\n was the most eager and courageous of the Lapith\u00e6, in the defence of\n Hippodamia and her female attendants, against the brutal attempts\n of the Centaurs. When Pirithous had lost Hippodamia, he agreed with\n Theseus, whose wife Ph\u00e6dra was also dead, to carry away some of\n the daughters of the gods. Their first attempt was upon Helen the\n daughter of Leda, and after they had obtained this beautiful prize,\n they cast lots, and she became the property of Theseus. The Athenian\n monarch entrusted her to the care of his mother \u00c6thra, at Aphidn\u00e6,\n till she was of nubile years, but the resentment of Castor and Pollux\n soon obliged him to restore her safe into their hands. Helen, before\n she reached Sparta, became mother of a daughter by Theseus, but this\n tradition, confirmed by some ancient mythologists, is confuted by\n others, who affirm that she was but nine years old when carried\n away by the two royal friends, and Ovid introduces her in one of\n his epistles, saying, _Excepto redii passa timore nihil_. Some time\n after Theseus assisted his friend in procuring a wife, and they both\n descended into the infernal regions to carry away Proserpine. Pluto,\n apprised of their intentions, stopped them. Pirithous was placed on\n his father\u2019s wheel, and Theseus was tied to a huge stone on which\n he had sat to rest himself. Virgil represents him in this eternal\n state of punishment repeating to the shades in Tartarus the words\n of _Discite justitiam moniti, et non temnere divos_. Apollodorus,\n however, and others declare that he was not long detained in hell;\n when Hercules came to steal the dog Cerberus, he tore him away from\n the stone, but with such violence, that his skin was left behind.\n The same assistance was given to Pirithous, and the two friends\n returned upon the earth by the favour of Hercules and the consent\n of the infernal deities, not, however, without suffering the most\n excruciating torments. During the captivity of Theseus in the\n kingdom of Pluto, Mnestheus, one of the descendants of Erechtheus,\n ingratiated himself into the favours of the people of Athens, and\n obtained the crown in preference to the children of the absent\n monarch. At his return Theseus attempted to eject the usurper, but\n to no purpose. The Athenians had forgotten his many services, and\n he retired with great mortification to the court of Lycomedes king\n of the island of Scyros. After paying him much attention, Lycomedes,\n either jealous of his fame, or bribed by the presence of Mnestheus,\n carried him to a high rock, on pretence of showing him the extent\n of his dominions, and threw him down a deep precipice. Some suppose\n that Theseus inadvertently fell down this precipice, and that he\n was crushed to death without receiving any violence from Lycomedes.\n The children of Theseus, after the death of Mnestheus, recovered\n the Athenian throne, and that the memory of their father might\n not be without the honours due to a hero, they brought his remains\n from Scyros, and gave them a magnificent burial. They also raised\n him statues and a temple, and festivals and games were publicly\n instituted to commemorate the actions of a hero who had rendered\n such services to the people of Athens. These festivals were still\n celebrated with original solemnity in the age of Pausanias and\n Plutarch, about 1200 years after the death of Theseus. The historians\n disagree from the poets in their accounts about this hero, and\n they all suppose that, instead of attempting to carry away the wife\n of Pluto, the two friends wished to seduce a daughter of Aidoneus\n king of the Molossi. This daughter, as they say, bore the name\n of Proserpine, and the dog which kept the gates of the palace was\n called Cerberus, and hence, perhaps, arises the fiction of the poets.\n Pirithous was torn to pieces by the dog, but Theseus was confined\n in prison, from whence he made his escape some time after by the\n assistance of Hercules. Some authors place Theseus and his friend in\n the number of the Argonauts, but they were both detained, either in\n the infernal regions, or in the country of the Molossi, in the time\n of Jason\u2019s expedition to Colchis. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 14 & 79.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 2, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 7, li. 433; _Ibis_, li. 412; _Fasti_,\n bk. 3, lis. 473 & 491; _Heroides._\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 4.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 2, li. 612.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 21, li. 293.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_,\n _Shield of Heracles_.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 5, li. 432\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 3.\n \u2015\u2015_Lactantius_, on _Thebaid_ of _Statius_.\u2015\u2015_Philostratus_,\n _Imagines_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Flaccus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 617.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Hippolytus_.\u2015\u2015_Statius_,\n _Achilles_, bk. 1.\n\n=Thes\u012bd\u00e6=, a name given to the people of Athens, because they were\n governed by Theseus.\n\n=Thes\u012ddes=, a patronymic applied to the children of Theseus, especially\n Hippolytus. _Ovid_, _Heroides_, poem 4, li. 65.\n\n=Thesmoph\u014fra=, a surname of Ceres, as lawgiver, in whose honour\n festivals were instituted called _Thesmophoria_. The Thesmophoria\n were instituted by Triptolemus, or, according to some, by Orpheus,\n or the daughters of Danaus. The greatest part of the Grecian\n cities, especially Athens, observed them with great solemnity. The\n worshippers were free-born women, whose husbands were obliged to\n defray the expenses of the festival. They were assisted by a priest\n called \u03c3\u03c4\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2, because he carried a crown on his head. There\n were also certain virgins who officiated, and were maintained at the\n public expense. The freeborn women were dressed in white robes, to\n intimate their spotless innocence; they were charged to observe the\n strictest chastity during three or five days before the celebration,\n and during the four days of the solemnity; and on that account it was\n usual for them to strew their bed with _agnus castus_, _fleabane_,\n and all such herbs as were supposed to have the power of expelling\n all venereal propensities. They were also charged not to eat\n pomegranates, or to wear garlands on their heads, as the whole was\n to be observed with the greatest signs of seriousness and gravity,\n without any display of wantonness or levity. It was, however, usual\n to jest at one another, as the goddess Ceres had been made to smile\n by a merry expression when she was sad and melancholy for the recent\n loss of her daughter Proserpine. Three days were required for the\n preparation, and upon the 11th of the month called Pyanepsion, the\n women went to Eleusis, carrying books on their heads, in which the\n laws which the goddess had invented were contained. On the 14th\n of the same month the festival began, on the 16th day a fast was\n observed, and the women sat on the ground in token of humiliation. It\n was usual during the festival to offer prayers to Ceres, Proserpine,\n Pluto, and Calligenia, whom some suppose to be the nurse or favourite\n maid of the goddess of corn, or perhaps one of her surnames. There\n were some sacrifices of a mysterious nature, and all persons whose\n offence was small were released from confinement. Such as were\n initiated at the festivals of Eleusis assisted at the Thesmophoria.\n The place of high priest was hereditary in the family of Eumolpus.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 10, li. 431; _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 619.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 58.\n \u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _\u0152dipus at Colonus_.\u2015\u2015_Clement of Alexandria_.\n\n=Thesmoth\u0115t\u00e6=, a name given to the last six Archons among the Athenians,\n because they took particular care to enforce the laws, and to see\n justice impartially administered. They were at that time nine in\n number.\n\n=Thespia=, now _Neocorio_, a town of B\u0153otia, at the foot of mount\n Helicon, which received its name from Thespia the daughter of Asopus,\n or from Thespius. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 26.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n\n=Thespi\u0103d\u00e6=, the sons of Thespiades. _See:_ Thespius.\n\n=Thespi\u0103des=, a name given to the 50 daughters of Thespius. _See:_\n Thespius. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Hercules \u0152taeus_, li. 369.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a surname of the nine muses, because they were held in\n great veneration in Thespia. _Flaccus_, bk. 2, li. 368.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 310.\n\n=Thespis=, a Greek poet of Attica, supposed by some to be the inventor\n of tragedy, 536 years before Christ. His representations were very\n rustic and imperfect. He went from town to town upon a cart, on which\n was erected a temporary stage, where two actors, whose faces were\n daubed with the lees of wine, entertained the audience with choral\n songs, &c. Solon was a great enemy to his dramatic representations.\n _Horace_, _Art of Poetry_, li. 276.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Thespius=, a king of Thespia, in B\u0153otia, son of Erechtheus, according\n to some authors. He was desirous that his 50 daughters should have\n children by Hercules, and therefore when that hero was at his court\n he permitted him to enjoy their company. This, which, according to\n some, was effected in one night, passes for the 13th and most arduous\n of the labours of Hercules, as the two following lines from the\n _arcana arcanissima_ indicate:\n\n _Tertius hinc decimus labor est durissimus, un\u00e2\n Quinquaginta simul stupravit nocte puellas._\n\n All the daughters of Thespius brought male children into the world,\n and some of them twins, particularly Procris the eldest, and the\n youngest. Some suppose that one of the Thespiades refused to admit\n Hercules to her arms, for which the hero condemned her to pass all\n her life in continual celibacy, and to become the priestess of a\n temple he had at Thespia. The children of the Thespiades, called\n _Thespiad\u00e6_, went to Sardinia, where they made a settlement with\n Iolaus, the friend of their father. Thespius is often confounded by\n ancient authors with Thestius, though the latter lived in a different\n place, and, as king of Pleuron, sent his sons to the hunting of the\n Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9,\n chs. 26 & 27.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\n\n=Thespr\u014dtia=, a country of Epirus, at the west of Ambracia, bounded on\n the south by the sea. It is watered by the rivers Acheron and Cocytus,\n which the poets, after Homer, have called the streams of hell. The\n oracle of Dodona was in Thesprotia. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 14,\n li. 315.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 3, li. 179.\n\n=Thespr\u014dtus=, a son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 8.\n\n=Thess\u0103lia=, a country of Greece, whose boundaries have been different\n at different periods. Properly speaking, Thessaly was bounded on the\n south by the northern parts of Greece, or Gr\u00e6cia propria; east, by\n the \u00c6gean; north, by Macedonia and Mygdonia; and west, by Illyricum\n and Epirus. It was generally divided into four separate provinces,\n Thessaliotis, Pelasgiotis, Isti\u00e6otis, and Phthiotis, to which some\n add Magnesia. It has been severally called _\u00c6monia_, _Pelasgicum_,\n _Argos_, _Hellas_, _Argeia_, _Dryopis_, _Pelasgia_, _Pyrrh\u00e6a_,\n _\u00c6mathia_, &c. The name of Thessaly is derived from Thessalus, one of\n its monarchs. Thessaly is famous for a deluge which happened there in\n the age of Deucalion. Its mountains and cities are also celebrated,\n such as Olympus, Pelion, Ossa, Larissa, &c. The Argonauts were partly\n natives of Thessaly. The inhabitants of the country passed for a\n treacherous nation, so that false money was called Thessalian coin,\n and a perfidious action, Thessalian deceit. Thessaly was governed by\n kings, till it became subject to the Macedonian monarchs. The cavalry\n was universally esteemed, and the people were superstitious, and\n addicted to the study of magic and incantations. Thessaly is now\n called _Janna_. _Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 438, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius Periegetes_,\n li. 219.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 36; bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 7, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\n\n=Thess\u0103lion=, a servant of Mentor of Sidon, in the age of Artaxerxes\n Ochus, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Thessaliotis=, a part of Thessaly at the south of the river Peneus.\n\n=Thessalon\u012bca=, an ancient town of Macedonia, first called _Therma_,\n and Thessalonica, after Thessalonica the wife of Cassander. According\n to ancient writers it was once very powerful, and it still continues\n to be a place of note. _Strabo_, bk. 7.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Piso_, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 29, ch. 17; bk. 40,\n ch. 4; bk. 44, chs. 10 & 45.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n Philip king of Macedonia, sister to Alexander the Great. She married\n Cassander, by whom she had a son called Antipater, who put her to\n death. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 7.\n\n=Thess\u0103lus=, a son of \u00c6mon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hercules and Calliope daughter\n of Euryphilus. Thessaly received its name from one of these.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician\n who invited Alexander to a feast at Babylon to give him poison.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n physician of Lydia in the age of Nero. He gained the favours of\n the great and opulent at Rome, by the meanness and servility of\n his behaviour. He treated all physicians with contempt, and thought\n himself superior to all his predecessors.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Cimon, who\n accused Alcibiades because he imitated the mysteries of Ceres.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Pisicratus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A player in the age of Alexander.\n\n=Thest\u0103lus=, a son of Hercules and Epicaste. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 7.\n\n=Theste=, a sister of Dionysius the elder, tyrant of Syracuse. She\n married Philoxenus, and was greatly esteemed by the Sicilians.\n\n=Thestia=, a town of \u00c6tolia, between the Evenus and Achelous.\n _Polybius_, bk. 5.\n\n=Thesti\u0103d\u00e6= and =Thesti\u0103des=. _See:_ Thespiad\u00e6 and Thespiades.\n\n=Thesti\u0103d\u00e6=, the sons of Thestius, Toxeus, and Plexippus. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 286.\n\n=Thestias=, a patronymic of Alth\u00e6a, daughter of Thestius. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8.\n\n=Thestis=, a fountain in the country of Cyrene.\n\n=Thestius=, a king of Pleuron, and son of Parthaon, was father to\n Toxeus, Plexippus, and Alth\u00e6a.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Thespia. _See:_ Thespius.\n The sons of Thestius, called _Thestiad\u00e6_, were killed by Meleager at\n the chase of the Calydonian boar. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\n\n=Thestor=, a son of Idmon and Laothoe, father to Calchas. From him\n Calchas is often called _Thestorides_. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk.\n 12, li. 19.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 1, _Achilleis_, li. 497.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius_,\n bk. 1, li. 239.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 69.\n\n=Thesty\u0306lis=, a country-woman mentioned in Theocritus and Virgil.\n\n=Thetis=, one of the sea deities, daughter of Nereus and Doris, often\n confounded with Tethys her grandmother. She was courted by Neptune\n and Jupiter; but when the gods were informed that the son she would\n bring forth must become greater than his father, their addresses\n were stopped, and Peleus the son of \u0152acus was permitted to solicit\n her hand. Thetis refused him, but the lover had the artifice to\n catch her when asleep, and, by binding her strongly, he prevented\n her from escaping from his grasp, in assuming different forms. When\n Thetis found that she could not elude the vigilance of her lover she\n consented to marry him, though much against her inclination. Their\n nuptials were celebrated on mount Pelion with great pomp; all the\n deities attended except the goddess of discord, who punished the\n negligence of Peleus, by throwing into the midst of the assembly a\n golden apple, to be given to the fairest of all the goddesses. _See:_\n Discordia. Thetis became mother of several children by Peleus, but\n all these she destroyed by fire in attempting to see whether they\n were immortal. Achilles must have shared the same fate, if Peleus had\n not snatched him from her hand as she was going to repeat the cruel\n operation. She afterwards rendered him invulnerable by plunging him\n in the waters of the Styx, except that part of the heel by which\n she held him. As Thetis well knew the fate of her son, she attempted\n to remove him from the Trojan war by concealing him in the court of\n Lycomedes. This was useless. He went with the rest of the Greeks.\n The mother, still anxious for his preservation, prevailed upon Vulcan\n to make him a suit of armour; but when it was done, she refused the\n god the favours which she had promised him. When Achilles was killed\n by Paris, Thetis issued out of the sea with the Nereides to mourn\n his death, and after she had collected his ashes in a golden urn,\n she raised a monument to his memory, and instituted festivals in his\n honour. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 244, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n chs. 2 & 9; bk. 3, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 54.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 1, &c.; _Odyssey_, bk. 24, li. 55.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 18,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable 7; bk. 12, fable 1, &c.\n\n=Theutis=, or =Teuthis=, a prince of a town of the same name in Arcadia,\n who went to the Trojan war. He quarrelled with Agamemnon at Aulis,\n and when Minerva, under the form of Melas son of Ops, attempted to\n pacify him, he struck the goddess and returned home. Some say that\n the goddess afterwards appeared to him and showed him the wound\n which he had given her in the thigh, and that he died soon after.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 28.\n\n=Thia=, the mother of the sun, moon, and Aurora by Hyperion. _See:_\n Thea. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 371.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Sporades, that\n rose out of the sea in the age of Pliny. _Pliny_, bk. 27, ch. 12.\n\n=Thias=, a king of Assyria.\n\n=Thimbron=, a Laced\u00e6monian, chosen general to conduct a war against\n Persia. He was recalled, and afterwards reappointed. He died B.C. 391.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Harpalus.\n\n=Thiodamas=, the father of Hylas. _See:_ \u2666Theodamas.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Theodamus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Theodamas\u2019\n\n=Thirmidia=, a town of Numidia, where Hiempsal was slain. _Sallust_,\n _Jugurthine War_, ch. 2.\n\n=Thisbe=, a beautiful woman of Babylon. _See:_ Pyramus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n B\u0153otia, between two mountains. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.\n\n=Thisias=, a Sicilian writer.\n\n=Thiosa=, one of the three nymphs who fed Jupiter in Arcadia. She built\n a town which bore her name in Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 38.\n\n=Thistie=, a town of B\u0153otia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.\n\n=Thoantium=, a place on the sea coast at Rhodes.\n\n=Thoas=, a king of Taurica Chersonesus, in the age of Orestes and\n Pylades. He would have immolated these two celebrated strangers on\n Diana\u2019s altars, according to the barbarous customs of the country,\n had they not been delivered by Iphigenia. _See:_ Iphigenia. According\n to some, Thoas was the son of Borysthenes. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 3,\n poem 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Lemnos, son of Bacchus and Ariadne the daughter\n of Minos, and husband to Myrine. He had been made king of Lemnos by\n Rhadamanthus. He was still alive when the Lemnian women conspired\n to kill all the males in the island, but his life was spared by\n his only daughter \u2666Hypsipyle, in whose favour he had resigned the\n crown. \u2666Hypsipyle obliged her father to depart secretly from Lemnos,\n to escape from the fury of the women, and he arrived safe in a\n neighbouring island, which some call Chios, though many suppose\n that Thoas was assassinated by the enraged females before he had\n left Lemnos. Some mythologists confound the king of Lemnos with that\n of Chersonesus, and suppose that they were one and the same man.\n According to their opinion, Thoas was very young when he retired\n from Lemnos, and after that he went to Taurica Chersonesus, where\n he settled. _Flaccus_, bk. 8, li. 208.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 74, 120.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 384; _Heroides_, poem 6, li. 114.\u2015\u2015_Statius_,\n _Thebaid_, bk. 6, lis. 262 & 486.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius of Rhodes_, bk. 1, lis.\n 209 & 615.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9; bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_,\n _Iphigeneia_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Andremon and Gorge the daughter of \u0152neus.\n He went to the Trojan war with 15, or rather 40 ships. _Homer_,\n _Iliad_, bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 97.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A famous huntsman. _Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Icarius.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Jason and \u2666Hypsipyle queen\n of Lemnos. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 6, li. 342.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Ornytion,\n grandson of Sisyphus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Assyria, father of Adonis and\n Myrrha, according to _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who made\n himself master of Miletus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of \u00c6tolia, who strongly\n opposed the views of the Romans, and favoured the interest of\n Antiochus, B.C. 193.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the friends of \u00c6neas in Italy, killed\n by Halesus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 415.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Hipsipyle\u2019 replaced with \u2018Hypsipyle\u2019 for consistency\n\n=Thoe=, one of the Nereides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 245.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n the horses of Admetus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the Amazons, &c. _Valerius Flaccus_,\n bk. 6, li. 376.\n\n=Tholus=, a town of Africa.\n\n=Thom\u0233ris=, called also Tamyris, Tameris, Thamyris, and Tomeris,\n was queen of the Massaget\u00e6. After her husband\u2019s death, she marched\n against Cyrus, who wished to invade her territories, cut his army to\n pieces, and killed him on the spot. The barbarous queen ordered the\n head of the fallen monarch to be cut off and thrown into a vessel\n full of human blood, with the insulting words of _satia te sanguine\n quem sitisti_. Her son had been conquered by Cyrus before she marched\n herself at the head of her armies. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 205.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 4, poem 1, li. 143.\n\n=Thon=, an Egyptian physician, &c.\n\n=Thonis=, a courtesan of Egypt.\n\n=Thoon=, a Trojan chief killed by Ulysses. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 13, li. 259.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the giants who made war against Jupiter.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\n\n=Thoosa=, a sea nymph, daughter of Phorcys, and mother of Polyphemus by\n Neptune. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 236.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1,\n li. 71.\n\n=Tho\u014dtes=, one of the Grecian heralds.\n\n=Thoranius=, a general of Metellus, killed by Sertorius. _Plutarch._\n\n=Thorax=, a mountain near Magnesia in Ionia, where the grammarian\n Daphitas was suspended on a cross for his abusive language against\n kings and absolute princes, whence the proverb _cave a Thorace_.\n _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Laced\u00e6monian officer who served under Lysander,\n and was put to death by the Ephori. _Plutarch_, _Lysander_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man\n of Larissa, who paid much attention to the dead body of Antigonus, &c.\n _Plutarch_, _Lysander_, &c.\n\n=Thoria lex=, _agraria_, by Spurius Thorius the tribune. It ordained\n that no person should pay any rent for the land which he possessed.\n It also made some regulations about grazing and pastures. _Cicero_,\n _Brutus_.\n\n=Thornax=, a mountain of Argolis. It received its name from Thornax,\n a nymph who became mother of Buphagus by Japetus. The mountain was\n afterwards called _Coccygia_, because Jupiter changed himself there\n into a cuckoo. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 27.\n\n=Thorsus=, a river of Sardinia. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 17.\n\n=Thoth=, an Egyptian deity, the same as Mercury.\n\n=Thous=, a Trojan chief, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Act\u00e6on\u2019s dogs.\n\n=Thr\u0101ce=, a daughter of Titan.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name of Thrace. _See:_ Thracia.\n\n=Thr\u0101ces=, the inhabitants of Thrace. _See:_ Thracia.\n\n=Thr\u0101cia=, a large country of Europe, at the south of Scythia, bounded\n by mount H\u00e6mus. It had the \u00c6gean sea on the south, on the west\n Macedonia and the river Strymon, and on the east the Euxine sea, the\n Propontis, and the Hellespont. Its northern boundaries extended as\n far as the Ister, according to Pliny and others. The Thracians were\n looked upon as a cruel and barbarous nation; they were naturally\n brave and warlike, addicted to drinking and venereal pleasures, and\n they sacrificed without the smallest humanity their enemies on the\n altars of their gods. Their government was originally monarchical,\n and divided among a number of independent princes. Thrace is barren\n as to its soil. It received its name from Thrax the son of Mars, the\n chief deity of the country. The first inhabitants lived upon plunder,\n and on the milk and flesh of sheep. It forms now the province of\n _Romania_. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 99; bk. 5, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 29, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,\n li. 92; bk. 13, li. 565, &c.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Alcibiades_, ch. 11.\n\n=Thracid\u00e6=, an illustrious family at Delphi, destroyed by Philomelus\n because they opposed his views. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Thracis=, a town of Phocis. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 3.\n\n=Thr\u0103seas=, or =Thrasius=, a soothsayer. _See:_ Thrasius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015P\u00e6tus,\n a stoic philosopher of Patavium, in the age of Nero, famous for his\n independence and generous sentiments. He died A.D. 66. _Juvenal_,\n satire 5, li. 36.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 1, ltr. 19.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 15, ch. 16.\n\n=Thrasideus=, succeeded his father Theron as tyrant of Agrigentum.\n He was conquered by Hiero, and soon after put to death. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 11.\n\n=Thrasimenus.= _See:_ Thrasymenus.\n\n=Thrasius=, a general of a mercenary band in Sicily, who raised a\n sedition against Timoleon. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A spendthrift at\n Rome, &c. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 2, li. 99.\n\n=Thraso=, a painter. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A favourite of Hieronymus,\n who espoused the interest of the Romans. He was put to death by the\n tyrant.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The character of a captain in Terence.\n\n=Thrasyb\u016blus=, a famous general of Athens, who began the expulsion\n of the 30 tyrants of his country, though he was only assisted by 30\n of his friends. His efforts were attended with success, B.C. 401,\n and the only reward he received for this patriotic action was a\n crown made with two twigs of an olive branch; a proof of his own\n disinterestedness and of the virtues of his countrymen. The Athenians\n employed a man whose abilities and humanity were so \u2666conspicuous,\n and Thrasybulus was sent with a powerful fleet to recover their\n lost power in the \u00c6gean, and on the coast of Asia. After he had\n gained many advantages, this great man was killed in his camp by the\n inhabitants of Aspendus, whom his soldiers had plundered without his\n knowledge, B.C. 391. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Lives._\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero._\u2015\u2015_Philostratus._\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n tyrant of Miletus, B.C. 634.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A soothsayer descended from Apollo.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Gelon, banished from Syracuse,\n of which he was the tyrant, B.C. 466.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian in the army of\n the Persians, who supported the siege of Halicarnassus.\n\n \u2666 \u2018conspicious\u2019 replaced with \u2018conspicuous\u2019\n\n=Thrasyd\u00e6us=, a king of Thessaly, &c.\n\n=Thrasyllus=, a man of Attica, so disordered in his mind that he\n believed all the ships which entered the Pir\u00e6us to be his own. He\n was cured by means of his brother, whom he liberally reproached\n for depriving him of that happy illusion of mind. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia\n Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the Athenians in the age\n of Alcibiades, with whom he obtained a victory over the Persians.\n _Thucydides_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek Pythagorean philosopher and\n mathematician, who enjoyed the favours and the friendship of Augustus\n and Tiberius. _Suetonius_, _Tiberius_.\n\n=Thrasy\u0306m\u0103chus=, a native of Carthage, who became the pupil of Isocrates\n and of Plato. Though he was a public teacher at Athens, he starved\n for want of bread, and at last hanged himself. _Juvenal_, satire 7,\n li. 204.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who abolished democracy at Cum\u00e6. _Aristotle_,\n _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 5.\n\n=Thrasym\u0113des=, a son of Nestor king of Pylos, by Anaxibia the daughter\n of Bias. He was one of the Grecian chiefs during the Trojan war.\n _Hyginus_, fable 27.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Philomelus, who carried away a daughter of Pisistratus, whom he\n married. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Thr\u0103sy\u0306m\u0113nus=, a lake of Italy near Perusium, celebrated for a battle\n fought there between Annibal and the Romans, under Flaminius, B.C.\n 217. No less than 15,000 Romans were left dead on the field of battle,\n and 10,000 taken prisoners, or, according to Livy, 6000, or Polybius,\n 15,000. The loss of Annibal was about 1500 men. About 10,000 Romans\n made their escape, all covered with wounds. This lake is now called\n the lake of _Perugia_. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6,\n li. 765.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\n\n=Threicius=, of Thrace. Orpheus is called, by way of eminence,\n _Threicius Sacerdos_. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 645.\n\n=Threissa=, an epithet applied to Harpalyce, a native of Thrace.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 310.\n\n=Threpsippas=, a son of Hercules and Panope. _Apollodorus._\n\n=Thriambus=, one of the surnames of Bacchus.\n\n=Thronium=, a town of Phocis, where the Boagrius falls into the sea,\n in the Sinus Malicus. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another of Thesprotia.\n\n=Thryon=, a town of Messenia, near the Alpheus. _Strabo_, bk. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2.\n\n=Thryus=, a town of Peloponnesus, near Elis.\n\n=Th\u016bcy\u0306d\u012ddes=, a celebrated Greek historian, born at Athens. His\n father\u2019s name was Olorus, and among his ancestors he reckoned the\n great Miltiades. His youth was distinguished by an eager desire\n to excel in the vigorous exercises and gymnastic amusements which\n called the attention of his contemporaries, and when he had reached\n the years of manhood, he appeared in the Athenian armies. During\n the Peloponnesian war he was commissioned by his countrymen to\n relieve Amphipolis; but the quick march of Brasidas the Laced\u00e6monian\n general defeated his operations, and Thucydides, unsuccessful in his\n expedition, was banished from Athens. This happened in the eighth\n year of this celebrated war, and in the place of his banishment\n the general began to write an impartial history of the important\n events which had happened during his administration, and which\n still continued to agitate the several states of Greece. This famous\n history is continued only to the 21st year of the war, and the\n remaining part of the time, till the demolition of the walls\n of Athens, was described by the pen of Theopompus and Xenophon.\n Thucydides wrote in the Attic dialect, as possessed of more vigour,\n purity, elegance, and energy. He spared neither time nor money to\n procure authentic materials; and the Athenians, as well as their\n enemies, furnished him with many valuable communications, which\n contributed to throw great light on the different transactions of the\n war. His history has been divided into eight books, the last of which\n is imperfect, and supposed to have been written by his daughter.\n The character of this interesting history is well known, and the\n noble emulation of the writer will ever be admired, who shed tears\n when he heard Hercules repeat his history of the Persian wars at the\n public festivals of Greece. The historian of Halicarnassus has been\n compared with the son of Olorus, but each has his peculiar excellence.\n Sweetness of style, grace, and elegance of expression, may be called\n the characteristics of the former, while Thucydides stands unequalled\n for the fire of his descriptions, the conciseness, and, at the\n same time, the strong and energetic matter of his narratives. His\n relations are authentic, as he himself was interested in the events\n he mentions; his impartiality is indubitable, as he nowhere betrays\n the least resentment against his countrymen, and the factious\n partisans of Cleon, who had banished him from Athens. Many have\n blamed the historian for the injudicious distribution of his subjects;\n and while, for the sake of accuracy, the whole is divided into\n summers and winters, the thread of history is interrupted, the\n scene continually shifted; and the reader, unable to pursue events\n to the end, is transported from Persia to Peloponnesus, or from the\n walls of Syracuse to the coast of Corcyra. The animated harangues\n of Thucydides have been universally admired; he found a model in\n Herodotus, but he greatly surpassed the original; and succeeding\n historians have adopted, with success, a peculiar mode of writing\n which introduces a general addressing himself to the passions and\n the feelings of his armies. The history of Thucydides was so admired,\n that Demosthenes, to perfect himself as an orator, transcribed it\n eight different times, and read it with such attention, that he\n could almost repeat it by heart. Thucydides died at Athens, where\n he had been recalled from his exile, in his 80th year, 391 years\n before Christ. The best editions of Thucydides are those of Duker,\n folio, Amsterdam, 1731; of Glasgow, 12mo, 8 vols., 1759; of Hudson,\n folio, Oxford, 1796, and the 8vo of Zweibr\u00fccken, 1788. _Cicero_,\n _On Oratory_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_,\n _Thucydides_.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 50.\n \u2015\u2015_Quintilian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Milesias, in the age of Pericles. He\n was banished for his opposition to the measures of Pericles, &c.\n\n=Thuisto=, one of the deities of the Germans. _Tacitus._\n\n=Th\u016ble=, an island in the most northern parts of the German ocean,\n to which, on account of its great distance from the continent,\n the ancients gave the epithet of _ultima_. Its situation was never\n accurately ascertained, hence its present name is unknown by modern\n historians. Some suppose that it is the island now called Iceland or\n part of Greenland, whilst others imagine it to be the Shetland isles.\n _Statius_, bk. 3, _Sylv\u00e6_, poem 5, li. 20.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Agricola_, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 75;\n bk. 4, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 30.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_,\n satire 15, li. 112.\n\n=Thuri\u00e6=, =Thurii=, or =Thurium=, a town of Lucania in Italy, built\n by a colony of Athenians, near the ruins of Sybaris, B.C. 444. In the\n number of this Athenian colony were Lysias and Herodotus. _Strabo_,\n bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 12, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n Messenia. _Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\n\n=Thur\u012bnus=, a name given to Augustus when he was young, either because\n some of his progenitors were natives of Thurium, or because they had\n distinguished themselves there. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_, ch. 7.\n\n=Thuscia=, a country of Italy, the same as Etruria. _See:_ Etruria.\n\n=Thya=, a daughter of the Cephisus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A place near Delphi.\n\n=Thy\u0103des= (singular, Thyas), a name of the Bacchanals. They received\n it from _Thyas_ daughter of _Castalius_, and mother of Delphus by\n Apollo. She was the first woman who was priestess of the god Bacchus.\n _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 302.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 4.\n\n=Thy\u0103mis=, a river of Epirus falling into the Ionian sea. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 2.\n\n=Thyana=, a town of Cappadocia. _Strabo._\n\n=Thyatira=, a town of Lydia, now _Akisar_. _Livy_, bk. 37, chs. 8 & 44.\n\n=Thybarni=, a people near Sardes. _Diodorus_, bk. 17.\n\n=Thyesta=, a sister of Dionysius the tyrant of Syracuse.\n\n=Thyestes=, a son of Pelops and Hippodamia, and grandson of Tantalus,\n debauched \u00c6rope the wife of his brother Atreus, because he refused\n to take him as his colleague on the throne of Argos. This was no\n sooner known, than Atreus divorced \u00c6rope, and banished Thyestes\n from his kingdom; but soon after, the more effectually to punish his\n infidelity, he expressed a wish to be reconciled to him, and recalled\n him to Argos. Thyestes was received by his brother at an elegant\n entertainment, but he was soon informed that he had been feeding\n upon the flesh of one of his own children. This Atreus took care\n to communicate to him by showing him the remains of his son\u2019s body.\n This action appeared so barbarous, that, according to the ancient\n mythologists, the sun changed his usual course, not to be a spectator\n of so bloody a scene. Thyestes escaped from his brother, and fled to\n Epirus. Some time after he met his daughter Pelopea in a grove sacred\n to Minerva, and he offered her violence without knowing who she was.\n This incest, however, according to some, was intentionally committed\n by the father, as he had been told by an oracle, that the injuries he\n had received from Atreus would be avenged by a son born from himself\n and Pelopea. The daughter, pregnant by her father, was seen by her\n uncle Atreus and married, and some time after she brought into the\n world a son, whom she exposed in the woods. The life of the child\n was preserved by goats; he was called \u00c6gysthus, and presented to his\n mother, and educated in the family of Atreus. When grown to years\n of maturity, the mother gave her son \u00c6gysthus a sword, which she\n had taken from her unknown ravisher in the grove of Minerva, with\n hopes of discovering who he was. Meantime Atreus, intent to punish\n his brother, sent Agamemnon and Menelaus to pursue him, and when\n at last they found him, he was dragged to Argos, and thrown into a\n close prison. \u00c6gysthus was sent to murder Thyestes, but the father\n recollected the sword, which was raised to stab him, and a few\n questions convinced him that his assassin was his own son. Pelopea\n was present at this discovery, and when she found that she had\n committed incest with her father, she asked \u00c6gysthus to examine\n the sword, and immediately plunged it into her own breast. \u00c6gysthus\n rushed from the prison to Atreus, with the bloody weapon, and\n murdered him near an altar, as he wished to offer thanks to the gods\n on the supposed death of Thyestes. At the death of Atreus, Thyestes\n was placed on his brother\u2019s throne by \u00c6gysthus, from which he was\n soon after driven by Agamemnon and Menelaus. He retired from Argos,\n and was banished into the island of Cythera by Agamemnon, where he\n died. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _Ajax_.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_,\n fable 86, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 359.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 544;\n bk. 7, li. 451.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _Thyestes_.\n\n=Thymbra=, a small town of Lydia near Sardes, celebrated for a battle\n which was fought there between Cyrus and Cr\u0153sus, in which the latter\n was defeated. The troops of Cyrus amounted to 196,000 men, besides\n chariots, and those of Cr\u0153sus were twice as numerous.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A plain\n in Troas, through which a small river, called Thymbrius, falls in\n its course to the Scamander. Apollo had there a temple, and from\n thence he is called _Thymbr\u00e6us_. Achilles was killed there by Paris,\n according to some. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 4, _Sylv\u00e6_,\n poem 7, li. 22.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 2, ch. 52; bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Thymbr\u00e6us=, a surname of Apollo. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4, li. 323;\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 85. _See:_ Thymbra.\n\n=Thymbris=, a concubine of Jupiter, said to be mother of Pan.\n _Apollodorus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A fountain and river of Sicily. _Theocritus_,\n poem 1, li. 100.\n\n=Thymbron.= _See:_ Thimbron.\n\n=Thym\u0115le=, a celebrated female dancer, favoured by Domitian. _Juvenal_,\n satire 1, li. 36.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, bk. 6, li. 36.\n\n=Thymiathis=, a river of Epirus. _Strabo_, bk. 7.\n\n=Thymoch\u0103res=, an Athenian defeated in a battle by the Laced\u00e6monians.\n\n=Thym\u0153tes=, a king of Athens, son of Oxinthas, the last of the\n descendants of Theseus, who reigned at Athens. He was deposed because\n he refused to accept a challenge sent by Xanthus king of B\u0153otia, and\n was succeeded by a Messenian, B.C. 1128, who repaired the honour of\n Athens by fighting the B\u0153otian king. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Trojan prince, whose wife and son were put to death by order of Priam.\n It was to revenge the king\u2019s cruelty that he persuaded his countrymen\n to bring the wooden horse within their city. He was son of Laomedon,\n according to some. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 32.\u2015\u2015_Dictys\n Cretensis_, bk. 4, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Hicetaon, who accompanied \u00c6neas\n into Italy, and was killed by Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n li. 123; bk. 12, li. 364.\n\n=Thyni=, or =Bythyni=, a people of Bithynia, hence the word _Thyna merx_\n applied to their commodities. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 7, li. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 11.\n\n=Thyod\u0103mas.= _See:_ \u2666Theodamas.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Theodamus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Theodamas\u2019\n\n=Thy\u014dne=, a name given to Semele after she had been presented with\n immortality by her son Bacchus. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Thy\u014dneus=, a surname of Bacchus from his mother Semele, who was called\n _Thyone_. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17,\n li. 23.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, bk. 4, _Metamorphoses_, li. 13.\n\n=Thyotes=, a priest of the Cabiri, in Samothrace. _Flaccus_, bk. 2,\n li. 438.\n\n=Thyre=, a town of the Messenians, famous for a battle fought there\n between the Argives and the Laced\u00e6monians. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 82.\n \u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 4, li. 48.\n\n=Thyrea=, an island on the coast of Peloponnesus, near Hermione.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 76.\n\n=Thyreum=, a town of Acarnania, whose inhabitants are called\n _Thyrienses_. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 11; bk. 38, ch. 9.\n\n=Thyreus=, a son of Lycaon king of Arcadia. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 3.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of \u0152neus king of Calydon. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\n\n=Thyr\u012ddes=, three small islands at the point of T\u00e6narus. _Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 12.\n\n=Thyrsag\u0115t\u00e6=, a people of Sarmatia, who live upon hunting. _Pliny_,\n bk. 4, ch. 12.\n\n=Thyrsus=, a river of Sardinia, now _Oristagni_.\n\n=Thysos=, a town near mount Athos.\n\n=Thyus=, a satrap of Paphlagonia, who revolted from Artaxerxes, and was\n seized by Datames. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_.\n\n=Tiasa=, a daughter of the Eurotas, who gave her name to a river in\n Laconia. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\n\n=Tibar\u0113ni=, a people of Cappadocia, on the borders of the Thermodon.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A people of Pontus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 20.\n\n=Tiberias=, a town of Galilee, built by Herod, near a lake of the same\n name, and called after Tiberius. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Josephus_,\n _Antiquities_, bk. 18, ch. 3.\n\n=Tiber\u012bnus=, son of Capetus, and king of Alba, was drowned in the river\n Albula, which on that account assumed the name of _Tiberis_, of which\n he became the protecting god. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de\n Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4,\n ch. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 389; bk. 4, li. 47.\n\n=Tib\u0115ris=, =Tyberis=, =Tiber=, or =Tibris=, a river of Italy on whose\n banks the city of Rome was built. It was originally called _Albula_,\n from the whiteness of its waters, and afterwards Tiberis, when\n Tiberinus king of Alba had been drowned there. It was also named\n _Tyrrhenus_, because it watered Etruria, and _Lydius_, because the\n inhabitants of the neighbourhood were supposed to be of Lydian origin.\n The Tiber rises in the Apennines, and falls into the Tyrrhene sea, 16\n miles below Rome, after dividing Latium from Etruria. _Ovid_, _Fasti_,\n bk. 4, lis. 47, 329, &c.; bk. 5, li. 641; _Ibis_, li. 514.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 1, li. 381, &c.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 30.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 2, li. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\n\n=Tib\u0113rius Claudius Drusus Nero=, a Roman emperor after the death\n of Augustus, was descended from the family of the Claudii. In his\n early years he commanded popularity by entertaining the populace\n with magnificent shows and fights of gladiators, and he gained some\n applause in the funeral oration which he pronounced over his father,\n though only nine years old. His first appearance in the Roman armies\n was under Augustus, in the war against the Cantabri; and afterwards,\n in the capacity of general, he obtained victories in different parts\n of the empire, and was rewarded with a triumph. Yet, in the midst\n of his glory, Tiberius fell under the displeasure of Augustus, and\n retired to Rhodes, where he continued for seven years as an exile,\n till, by the influence of his mother Livia with the emperor, he\n was recalled. His return to Rome was the more glorious; he had the\n command of the Roman armies in Illyricum, Pannonia, and Dalmatia,\n and seemed to divide the sovereign power with Augustus. At the death\n of this celebrated emperor, Tiberius, who had been adopted, assumed\n the reins of government; and while with dissimulation and affected\n modesty he wished to decline the dangerous office, he found time to\n try the fidelity of his friends, and to make the greatest part of\n the Romans believe that he was invested with the purple, not from\n his own choice, but by the recommendation of Augustus, and the urgent\n entreaties of the Roman senate. The beginning of his reign seemed to\n promise tranquillity to the world. Tiberius was a watchful guardian\n of the public peace; he was the friend of justice, and never assumed\n the sounding titles which must disgust a free nation, but he was\n satisfied to say of himself that he was the master of his slaves,\n the general of his soldiers, and the father of the citizens of Rome.\n That seeming moderation, however, which was but the fruit of the\n deepest policy, soon disappeared, and Tiberius was viewed in his real\n character. His ingratitude to his mother Livia, to whose intrigues\n he was indebted for the purple, his cruelty to his wife Julia, and\n his tyrannical oppression and murder of many noble senators, rendered\n him odious to the people, and suspected even by his most intimate\n favourites. The armies mutinied in Pannonia and Germany, but the\n tumults were silenced by the prudence of the generals and the\n fidelity of the officers, and the factious demagogues were abandoned\n to their condign punishment. This acted as a check upon Tiberius in\n Rome; he knew from thence, as his successors experienced, that his\n power was precarious, and his very existence in perpetual danger.\n He continued as he had begun, to pay the greatest deference to the\n senate; all libels against him he disregarded, and he observed that,\n in a free city, the thoughts and the tongue of every man should be\n free. The taxes were gradually lessened, and luxury restrained by\n the salutary regulations, as well as by the prevailing example and\n frugality of the emperor. While Rome exhibited a scene of peace\n and public tranquillity, the barbarians were severally defeated on\n the borders of the empire, and Tiberius gained new honours, by the\n activity and valour of Germanicus and his other faithful lieutenants.\n Yet the triumphs of Germanicus were beheld with jealousy. Tiberius\n dreaded his power, he was envious of his popularity, and the death of\n that celebrated general in Antioch was, as some suppose, accelerated\n by poison, and the secret resentment of the emperor. Not only his\n relations and friends, but the great and opulent, were sacrificed\n to his ambition, cruelty, and avarice; and there was scarce in Rome\n one single family that did not reproach Tiberius for the loss of a\n brother, a father, or a husband. He at last retired to the island of\n Capre\u00e6, on the coast of Campania, where he buried himself in unlawful\n pleasures. The care of the empire was entrusted to favourites, among\n whom Sejanus for a while shone with uncommon splendour. In this\n solitary retreat the emperor proposed rewards to such as invented\n new pleasures, or could produce fresh luxuries. He forgot his age,\n as well as his dignity, and disgraced himself by the most unnatural\n vices and enormous indulgencies, which can draw a blush even upon the\n countenance of the most debauched and abandoned. While the emperor\n was lost to himself and the world, the provinces were harassed on\n every side by the barbarians, and Tiberius found himself insulted\n by those enemies whom hitherto he had seen fall prostrate at his\n feet with every mark of submissive adulation. At last, grown weak\n and helpless through infirmities, he thought of his approaching\n dissolution; and as he well knew that Rome could not exist without\n a head, he nominated, as his successor, Caius Caligula. Many might\n inquire, why a youth naturally so vicious and abandoned as Caius was\n chosen to be the master of an extensive empire; but Tiberius wished\n his own cruelties to be forgotten in the barbarities which might be\n displayed in the reign of his successor, whose natural propensities\n he had well defined, in saying of Caligula that he bred a serpent for\n the Roman people, and a Phaeton for the rest of the empire. Tiberius\n died at Misenum the 16th of March, A.D. 37, in the 78th year of his\n age, after a reign of 22 years, six months, and 26 days. Caligula was\n accused of having hastened his end by suffocating him. The joy was\n universal when his death was known; and the people of Rome, in the\n midst of sorrow, had a moment to rejoice, heedless of the calamities\n which awaited them in the succeeding reigns. The body of Tiberius was\n conveyed to Rome, and burnt with great solemnity. A funeral oration\n was pronounced by Caligula, who seemed to forget his benefactor while\n he expatiated on the praises of Augustus, Germanicus, and his own.\n The character of Tiberius has been examined with particular attention\n by historians, and his reign is the subject of the most perfect\n and elegant of all the compositions of Tacitus. When a private man,\n Tiberius was universally esteemed; when he had no superior, he was\n proud, arrogant, jealous, and revengeful. If he found his military\n operations conducted by a warlike general, he affected moderation and\n virtue; but when he got rid of the powerful influence of a favourite,\n he was tyrannical and dissolute. If, as some observe, he had lived\n in the times of the Roman republic, he might have been as conspicuous\n as his great ancestors; but the sovereign power lodged in his hands,\n rendered him vicious and oppressive. Yet, though he encouraged\n informers and favoured flattery, he blushed at the mean servilities\n of the senate, and derided the adulation of his courtiers, who\n approached him, he said, as if they approached a savage elephant.\n He was a patron of learning; he was an eloquent and ready speaker,\n and dedicated some part of his time to study. He wrote a lyric\n poem, entitled, \u201cA Complaint on the death of Lucius C\u00e6sar,\u201d as also\n some Greek pieces in imitation of some of his favourite authors. He\n avoided all improper expressions, and all foreign words he totally\n wished to banish from the Latin tongue. As instances of his humanity,\n it has been recorded that he was uncommonly liberal to the people of\n Asia Minor, whose cities had been destroyed by a violent earthquake,\n A.D. 17. One of his officers wished him to increase the taxes. \u201cNo,\u201d\n said Tiberius; \u201ca good shepherd must shear, not flay, his sheep.\u201d The\n senators wished to call the month of November, in which he was born,\n by his name, in imitation of Julius C\u00e6sar and Augustus, in the months\n of July and August; but this he refused, saying, \u201cWhat will you do,\n conscript fathers, if you have thirteen C\u00e6sars?\u201d Like the rest of\n the emperors, he received divine honours after death, and even during\n his life. It has been wittily observed by Seneca, that he never was\n intoxicated but once all his life, for he continued in a perpetual\n state of intoxication from the time he gave himself to drinking till\n the last moment of his life. _Suetonius_, _Lives_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Julius C\u00e6sar,\n whom he accompanied in the war of Alexandria. Tiberius forgot the\n favours he had received from his friend; and when he was assassinated,\n he wished all his murderers to be publicly rewarded.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the\n Gracchi. _See:_ Gracchus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sempronius, a son of Drusus and Livia\n the sister of Germanicus, put to death by Caligula.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Brutus, put to death by his father, because he had conspired with\n other young noblemen to restore Tarquin to his throne.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Thracian\n made emperor of Rome in the latter ages of the empire.\n\n=Tib\u0113sis=, a river of Scythia, flowing from mount H\u00e6mus into the Ister.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 49.\n\n=Tibiscus=, now _Teisse_, a river of Dacia, with a town of the same\n name, now _Temeswar_. It falls into the Danube.\n\n=Tibris=. _See:_ Tiberis.\n\n=Tib\u016dla=, a town of Sardinia, now _Lango Sardo_.\n\n=Tibullus Aulus Albius=, a Roman knight celebrated for his poetical\n compositions. He followed Messala Corvinus into the island of Corcyra,\n but he was soon dissatisfied with the toils of war, and retired\n to Rome, where he gave himself up to literary ease, and to all the\n effeminate indolence of an Italian climate. His first composition\n was to celebrate the virtues of his friend Messala; but his more\n favourite study was writing love verses, in praise of his mistresses\n Delia and Plautia, of Nemesis and Ne\u00e6ra, and in these elegant\n effusions he showed himself the most correct of the Roman poets. As\n he had espoused the cause of Brutus, he lost his possessions when the\n soldiers of the triumvirate were rewarded with lands; but he might\n have recovered them if he had condescended, like Virgil, to make\n his court to Augustus. Four books of elegies are the only remaining\n pieces of his composition. They are uncommonly elegant and beautiful,\n and possessed with so much grace and purity of sentiment, that the\n writer is deservedly ranked as the prince of elegiac poets. Tibullus\n was intimate with the literary men of his age, and for some time\n he had a poetical contest with Horace, in gaining the favours of an\n admired courtesan. Ovid has written a beautiful elegy on the death of\n his friend. The poems of Tibullus are generally published with those\n of Propertius and Catullus, of which the best editions are that of\n Vulpius, Patavii, 1737, 1749, 1755; that of Barbou, 12mo, Paris, 1755;\n and that by Heyne, 8vo, Lipscomb, 1776. _Ovid_, bk. 3, _Amores_, poem\n 9; _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 487.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 4; bk. 1, ode 33,\n li. 1.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\n\n=Tibur=, an ancient town of the Sabines, about 20 miles north of\n Rome, built, as some say, by Tiburtus the son of Amphiaraus. It was\n watered by the Anio, and Hercules was the chief deity of the place,\n from which circumstance it has been called _Herculei muri_. In the\n neighbourhood, the Romans, on account of the salubrity of the air,\n had their several villas where they retired; and there also Horace\n had his favourite country seat, though some place it nine miles\n higher. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 2, _Orations_, ch. 65.\n \u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Caligula_, ch. 21.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 630.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 61, &c.\n\n=Lucius Tiburtius=, a centurion in C\u00e6sar\u2019s army, wounded by Pompey\u2019s\n soldiers.\n\n=Tiburtus=, the founder of Tibur, often called _Tiburtia m\u00e6nia_. He was\n one of the sons of Amphiaraus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 670.\n\n=Tichis=, now _Tech_, a river of Spain, falling into the Mediterranean.\n\n=Tichius=, a name given to the top of mount \u0152ta. _Livy_, bk. 36, ch. 16.\n\n=Tic\u012dda=, a Roman poet a few years before the age of Cicero, who wrote\n epigrams, and praised his mistress Metella under the fictitious name\n of Petilla. _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 2, li. 433.\n\n=Tic\u012bnus=, now _Tesino_, a river near _Ticinum_, a small town of Italy,\n where the Romans were defeated by Annibal. The town of Ticinum was\n also called _Pavia_. The Ticinus falls into the Po. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 81.\n\n=Tidius=, a man who joined Pompey, &c.\n\n=Tiessa=, a river of Laconia, falling into the Eurotas. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 3, ch. 18.\n\n=Tif\u0101ta=, a mountain of Campania, near Capua. _Statius_, _Sylv\u00e6_, bk. 4.\n\n=Tifernum=, a name common to three towns of Italy. One of them, for\n distinction\u2019s sake, is called _Metaurense_, near the Metaurus,\n in Umbria; the other, _Tiberinum_, on the Tiber; and the third,\n _Samniticum_, in the country of the Sabines. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 14.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, Sect. 4, ltr. 1.\n\n=Tifernus=, a mountain and river in the country of the Samnites.\n _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 30.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 3,\n ch. 4.\n\n=Tigasis=, a son of Hercules.\n\n=Tigell\u012bnus=, a Roman celebrated for his intrigues and perfidy\n in the court of Nero. He was appointed judge at the trial of the\n conspirators who had leagued against Nero, for which he was liberally\n rewarded with triumphal honours. He afterwards betrayed the emperor,\n and was ordered to destroy himself, 68 A.D. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,\n bk. 1, ch. 72.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 1.\n\n=Tigellius=, a native of Sardinia, who became the favourite of Julius\n C\u00e6sar, of Cleopatra and Augustus, by his mimicry and facetiousness.\n He was celebrated for the melody of his voice, yet he was of a mean\n and ungenerous disposition, and of unpleasing manners, as _Horace_,\n bk. 1, satire 2, li. 3 _et seq._ insinuates.\n\n=Tigr\u0101nes=, a king of Armenia, who made himself master of Assyria and\n Cappadocia. He married Cleopatra the daughter of Mithridates, and by\n the advice of his father-in-law, he declared war against the Romans.\n He despised these distant enemies, and even ordered the head of the\n messenger to be cut off who first told him that the Roman general\n was boldly advancing towards his capital. His pride, however, was\n soon abated, and though he ordered the Roman consul Lucullus to be\n brought alive into his presence, he fled with precipitation from his\n capital, and was soon after defeated near mount Taurus. This totally\n disheartened him; he refused to receive Mithridates into his palace,\n and even set a price upon his head. His mean submission to Pompey,\n the successor of Lucullus in Asia, and a bribe of 60,000 talents,\n insured him on his throne, and he received a garrison in his capital,\n and continued at peace with the Romans. His second son of the same\n name revolted against him, and attempted to dethrone him with the\n assistance of the king of Parthia, whose daughter he had married.\n This did not succeed, and the son had recourse to the Romans, by whom\n he was put in possession of Sophene, while the father remained quiet\n on the throne of Armenia. The son was afterwards sent in chains to\n Rome, for his insolence to Pompey. _Cicero_, _On Pompey\u2019s Command_.\n \u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, chs. 33 &\n 37.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 40, chs. 1 & 2.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Lucullus_, _Pompey_,\n &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Armenia in the reign of Tiberius. He was put to\n death. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the royal\n family of the Cappadocians, chosen by Tiberius to ascend the throne\n of Armenia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the Medes.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man appointed king of\n Armenia by Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A prince of\n Armenia in the age of Theodosius.\n\n=Tigranocerta=, now _Sered_, the capital of Armenia, was built by\n Tigranes, during the Mithridatic war, on a hill between the springs\n of the Tigris and mount Taurus. Lucullus, during the Mithridatic war,\n took it with difficulty, and found in it immense riches, and no less\n than 8000 talents in ready money. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 9.\n\n=Tigres=, a river of Peloponnesus, called also _Harpys_, from a person\n of the same name drowned in it. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n\n=Tigris=, now _Basilensa_, a river of Asia, rising on mount Niphates\n in Armenia, and falling into the Persian gulf. It is the eastern\n boundary of Mesopotamia. The Tigris now falls into the Euphrates,\n though in the age of Pliny the two separate channels of these rivers\n could be easily traced. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 42,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, li. 256.\n\n=Tigur\u012bni=, a warlike people among the Helvetii, now forming the modern\n cantons of _Switz_, _Zurich_, _Schaffhausen_, and _St. Gall_. Their\n capital was Tigurnum. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\n\n=Tilat\u00e6i=, a people of Thrace. _Thucydides_, bk. 2.\n\n=Tilavemptus=, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic at the west\n of Aquileia.\n\n=Tilfossius=, a mountain of B\u0153otia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a fountain at the tomb of\n Tiresias. _Pausanias_, _B\u0153otia_, ch. 33.\n\n=Tilium=, a town of Sardinia, now _Argentera_.\n\n=Tillius Cimber.= _See:_ Tullius.\n\n=Tilox=, a north-west cape of Corsica.\n\n=Tilphussus=, a mountain of B\u0153otia.\n\n=Timachus=, a river of M\u0153sia falling into the Danube. The neighbouring\n people were called Timachi. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 26.\n\n=Tim\u00e6=, the wife of Agis king of Sparta, was debauched by Alcibiades,\n by whom she had a son. This child was rejected in the succession\n to the throne, though Agis, on his death-bed, declared him to be\n legitimate. _Plutarch_, _Agesilaus_.\n\n=Tim\u00e6us=, a friend of Alexander, who came to his assistance when he\n was alone surrounded by the Oxydrac\u00e6. He was killed in the encounter.\n _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Sicily, who flourished\n about 262 B.C., and died in the 96th year of his age. His father\u2019s\n name was Andromachus. He was banished from Sicily by Agathocles.\n His general history of Sicily, and that of the wars of Pyrrhus,\n were in general esteem, and his authority was great, except when he\n treated of Agathocles. All his compositions are lost. _Plutarch_,\n _Nicias_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _On Oratory_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius\n Nepos._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A writer who published some treatises concerning ancient\n philosophers. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Empedocles_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Pythagorean\n philosopher, born at Locris. He followed the doctrines of the founder\n of the metempsychosis, but in some parts of his system of the world\n he differed from him. He wrote a treatise on the nature and the soul\n of the world, in the Doric dialect, still extant. _Plato_, _Tim\u00e6us_.\n \u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian in the age of Alcibiades. _Plutarch._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A sophist, who wrote a book called _Lexicon vocum Platonicarum_.\n\n=Timag\u0115nes=, a Greek historian of Alexandria, 54 B.C., brought to\n Rome by Gabinius, and sold as a slave to the son of Sylla. His\n great abilities procured him his liberty, and gained the favours\n of the great, and of Augustus. The emperor discarded him for his\n impertinence; and Timagenes, to revenge himself on his patron,\n burnt the interesting history which he had composed of his reign.\n _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 19, li. 15.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An\n historian and rhetorician of Miletus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who wrote an account\n of the life of Alexander. _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general,\n killed at Cheron\u00e6a.\n\n=Timag\u014fras=, an Athenian, capitally punished for paying homage to\n Darius, according to the Persian manner of kneeling on the ground,\n when he was sent to Persia as ambassador. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Suidas._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another. _See:_ Meles.\n\n=Timandra=, a daughter of Leda, sister to Helen. She married Echemus of\n Arcadi. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mistress of Alcibiades.\n\n=Timandr\u012ddes=, a Spartan celebrated for his virtues. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia\n Historia_, bk. 14, ch. 32.\n\n=Timanthes=, a painter of Sicyon, in the reign of Philip the father of\n Alexander the Great. In his celebrated painting of Iphigenia going\n to be immolated, he represented all the attendants overwhelmed with\n grief; but his superior genius, by covering the face of Agamemnon,\n left to the conception of the imagination the deep sorrows of the\n father. He obtained a prize, for which the celebrated Parrhasius was\n a competitor. This was in painting an Ajax with all the fury which\n his disappointments could occasion, when deprived of the arms of\n Achilles. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An athlete of Cleone,\n who burnt himself when he perceived that his strength began to fail.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 8.\n\n=Timarchus=, a philosopher of Alexandria, intimate with Lamprocles\n the disciple of Socrates. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rhetorician, who\n hung himself when accused of licentiousness by \u00c6schines.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Cretan,\n accused before Nero of oppression. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15,\n ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer in \u00c6tolia, who burnt his ships to prevent\n the flight of his companions, and to ensure himself the victory.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Salamis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Miletus,\n in the age of Antiochus, &c.\n\n=Timareta=, a priestess of the oracle of Dodona. _Herodotus_, bk. 2,\n ch. 94.\n\n=Timasion=, one of the leaders of the 10,000 Greeks, &c.\n\n=Timasitheus=, a prince of Lipara, who obliged a number of pirates\n to spare some Romans who were going to make an offering of the\n spoils of Veii to the god of Delphi. The Roman senate rewarded him\n very liberally, and 137 years after, when the Carthaginians were\n dispossessed of Lipara, the same generosity was nobly extended to\n his descendants in the island. _Diodorus_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Camillus_.\n\n=T\u012dm\u0101vus=, a broad river of Italy rising from a mountain, and, after\n running a short space, falling by seven mouths, or, according to\n some, by one, into the Adriatic sea. There are, at the mouth of the\n Timavus, small islands with hot springs of water. _Mela_, bk. 2,\n ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Eclogues_, poem 8, li. 6; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, lis. 44\n & 248.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103.\n\n=Timesius=, a native of Clazomen\u00e6, who began to build Abdera. He\n was prevented by the Thracians, but honoured as a hero at Abdera.\n _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 168.\n\n=Timoch\u0103ris=, an astronomer of Alexandria, 294 B.C. _See:_ Aristillus.\n\n=Timocl\u0113a=, a Theban lady, sister to Theogenes, who was killed at\n Cheron\u00e6a. One of Alexander\u2019s soldiers offered her violence, after\n which she led her ravisher to a well, and while he believed that\n immense treasures were concealed there, Timoclea threw him into it.\n Alexander commended her virtue, and forbade his soldiers to hurt the\n Theban females. _Plutarch_, _Alexander_.\n\n=Tim\u014fcles=, two Greek poets of Athens, who wrote some theatrical pieces,\n the one six, and the other 11, some verses of which are extant.\n _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A statuary of Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 10,\n ch. 34.\n\n=Timocr\u0103tes=, a Greek philosopher of uncommon austerity.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Syracusan\n who married Arete when Dion had been banished into Greece by\n Dionysius. He commanded the forces of the tyrant.\n\n=Timocreon=, a comic poet of Rhodes, who obtained poetical, as well as\n gymnastic, prizes at Olympia. He lived about 476 years before Christ,\n distinguished for his voracity, and for his resentment against\n Simonides and Themistocles. The following epitaph was written on his\n grave:\n\n _Multa bibens, et multa vorans, mala denique dicens\n Multis, hic jaceo Timocreon Rhodius._\n\n=Timod\u0113mus=, the father of Timoleon.\n\n=Timol\u0101us=, a Spartan, intimate with Philop\u0153men, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of the\n celebrated Zenobia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Alexander, put to death by the\n Thebans.\n\n=Timoleon=, a celebrated Corinthian, son of Timodemus and Demariste.\n He was such an enemy to tyranny, that he did not hesitate to\n murder his own brother Timophanes, when he attempted, against his\n representations, to make himself absolute in Corinth. This was viewed\n with pleasure by the friends of liberty; but the mother of Timoleon\n conceived the most inveterate aversion for her son, and for ever\n banished him from her sight. This proved painful to Timoleon; a\n settled melancholy dwelt upon his mind, and he refused to accept\n of any offices in the state. When the Syracusans, oppressed with\n the tyranny of Dionysius the younger, and of the Carthaginians,\n had solicited the assistance of the Corinthians, all looked upon\n Timoleon as a proper deliverer, but all applications would have been\n disregarded, if one of the magistrates had not awakened in him the\n sense of natural liberty. \u201cTimoleon,\u201d says he, \u201cif you accept of the\n command of this expedition, we will believe that you have killed a\n tyrant; but if not, we cannot but call you your brother\u2019s murderer.\u201d\n This had due effect, and Timoleon sailed for Syracuse in 10 ships,\n accompanied by about 1000 men. The Carthaginians attempted to\n oppose him, but Timoleon eluded their vigilance. Icetas, who had the\n possession of the city, was defeated, and Dionysius, who despaired\n of success, gave himself up into the hands of the Corinthian general.\n This success gained Timoleon adherents in Sicily; many cities which\n hitherto had looked upon him as an impostor, claimed his protection;\n and when he was at last master of Syracuse by the total overthrow of\n Icetas and of the Carthaginians, he razed the citadel which had been\n the seat of tyranny, and erected on the spot a common hall. Syracuse\n was almost destitute of inhabitants, and at the solicitation of\n Timoleon, a Corinthian colony was sent to Sicily; the lands were\n equally divided among the citizens, and the houses were sold for\n 1000 talents, which were appropriated to the use of the state, and\n deposited in the treasury. When Syracuse was thus delivered from\n tyranny, the conqueror extended his benevolence to the other states\n of Sicily, and all the petty tyrants were reduced and banished from\n the island. A code of salutary laws was framed for the Syracusans;\n and the armies of Carthage, which had attempted again to raise\n commotions in Sicily, were defeated, and peace was at last\n re-established. The gratitude of the Sicilians was shown everywhere\n to their deliverer. Timoleon was received with repeated applause\n in the public assemblies, and though a private man, unconnected\n with the government, he continued to enjoy his former influence\n at Syracuse: his advice was consulted on matters of importance,\n and his authority respected. He ridiculed the accusations\n of malevolence, and when some informers had charged him with\n oppression, he rebuked the Syracusans who were going to put\n the accusers to immediate death. A remarkable instance of his\n providential escape from the dagger of an assassin, has been\n recorded by one of his biographers. As he was going to offer a\n sacrifice to the gods after a victory, two assassins, sent by the\n enemies, approached his person in disguise. The arm of one of the\n assassins was already lifted up, when he was suddenly stabbed by\n an unknown person, who made his escape from the camp. The other\n assassin, struck at the fall of his companion, fell before Timoleon,\n and confessed, in the presence of the army, the conspiracy that\n had been formed against his life. The unknown assassin was in\n the mean time pursued, and when he was found, he declared that he\n had committed no crime in avenging the death of a beloved father,\n whom the man he had stabbed had murdered in the town of Leontini.\n Inquiries were made, and his confessions were found to be true.\n Timoleon died at Syracuse, about 337 years before the christian era.\n His body received an honourable burial, in a public place called\n from him _Timoleonteum_; but the tears of a grateful nation were\n more convincing proofs of the public regret, than the institution\n of festivals and games yearly to be observed on the day of his\n death. _Cornelius Nepos_ & _Plutarch_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Tim\u014dlus.= _See:_ Tmolus.\n\n=Timom\u0103chus=, a painter of Byzantium, in the age of Sylla and Marius.\n His painting of Medea murdering her children, and his Ajax, were\n purchased for 80 talents by Julius C\u00e6sar, and deposited in the temple\n of Venus at Rome. _Pliny_, bk. 35, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Athens,\n sent to assist the Thebans. _Xenophon._\n\n=Timon=, a native of Athens, called _Misanthrope_, for his\n unconquerable aversion to mankind and to all society. He was fond of\n Apemantus, another Athenian whose character was similar to his own,\n and he said that he had some partiality for Alcibiades, because he\n was one day to be his country\u2019s ruin. Once he went into the public\n assembly, and told his countrymen that he had a fig tree on which\n many had ended their life with a halter, and that as he was going\n to cut it down to raise a building on the spot, he advised all such\n as were inclined to destroy themselves, to hasten and go and hang\n themselves in his garden. _Plutarch_, _Alcibiades_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n _Timon_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek poet, son of\n Timarchus, in the age of Ptolemy Philadelphus. He wrote several\n dramatic pieces, all now lost, and died in the 90th year of his age.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bks. 6 & 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An athlete of Elis.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 12.\n\n=Timoph\u0103nes=, a Corinthian, brother to Timoleon. He attempted to make\n himself tyrant of his country, by means of the mercenary soldiers\n with whom he had fought against the Argives and Cleomenes. Timoleon\n wished to convince him of the impropriety of his measures, and when\n he found him unmoved, he caused him to be assassinated. _Plutarch_ &\n _Cornelius Nepos_, _Timoleon_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man of Mitylene, celebrated for\n his riches, &c.\n\n=Timotheus=, a poet and musician of Miletus, son of Thersander or\n Philopolis. He was received with hisses the first time he exhibited\n as musician in the assembly of the people; and further applications\n would have totally been abandoned, had not Euripides discovered his\n abilities, and encouraged him to follow a profession in which he\n afterwards gained so much applause. He received the immense sum of\n 1000 pieces of gold from the Ephesians, because he had composed a\n poem in honour of Diana. He died about the 90th year of his age, two\n years before the birth of Alexander the Great. There was also another\n musician of B\u0153tia in the age of Alexander, often confounded with the\n musician of Miletus. He was a great favourite of the conqueror of\n Darius. _Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3,\n ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _de Musica_, _de Fortuna_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian\n general, son of Conon. He signalized himself by his valour and\n magnanimity, and showed that he was not inferior to his great\n father in military prudence. He seized Corcyra, and obtained several\n victories over the Thebans, but his ill success in one of his\n expeditions disgusted the Athenians, and Timotheus, like the rest of\n his noble predecessors, was fined a large sum of money. He retired\n to Chalcis, where he died. He was so disinterested, that he never\n appropriated any of the plunder to his own use, but after one of his\n expeditions, he filled the treasury of Athens with 1200 talents. Some\n of the ancients, to imitate his continual successes, have represented\n him sleeping by the side of Fortune, while the goddess drove cities\n into his net. He was intimate with Plato, at whose table he learned\n temperance and moderation. _Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 10, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 1, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Sulla_, &c.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_,\n bk. 2, chs. 10 & 18; bk. 3, ch. 16.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek\n statuary. _Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tyrant of Heraclea, who\n murdered his father. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of the Sap\u00e6i.\n\n=Timox\u0115nus=, a governor of Sicyon, who betrayed his trust, &c.\n _Poly\u00e6nus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the Ach\u00e6ans.\n\n=Tingis=, now _Tangiers_, a maritime town of Africa in Mauritania,\n built by the giant Ant\u00e6us. Sertorius took it, and as the tomb of the\n founder was near the place, he caused it to be opened, and found in\n it a skeleton six cubits long. This increased the veneration of the\n people for their founder. _Plutarch_, _Sertorius_.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 258.\n\n=Tinia=, a river of Umbria, now _Topino_, falling into the Clitumnus.\n _Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 454.\n\n=Tipha=, a town of B\u0153tia, where Hercules had a temple. _Ovid_, ltr. 6,\n li. 48.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.\n\n=Tiphys=, the pilot of the ship of the Argonauts, was son of Hagnius,\n or, according to some, of Phorbas. He died before the Argonauts\n reached Colchis, at the court of Lycus in the Propontis, and Erginus\n was chosen in his place. _Orphica._\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollonius._\u2015\u2015_Valerius Flaccus._\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 32.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 14 & 18.\n\n=Tiphysa=, a daughter of Thestius. _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=T\u012br\u0115sias=, a celebrated prophet of Thebes, son of Everus and Chariclo.\n He lived to a great age, which some authors have called as long as\n seven generations of men, others six, and others nine, during the\n time that Polydorus, Labdacus, Laius, \u0152dipus, and his sons sat on the\n throne of Thebes. It is said that in his youth he found two serpents\n in the act of copulation on mount Cyllene, and that when he had\n struck them with a stick to separate them, he found himself suddenly\n changed into a girl. Seven years after he found again some serpents\n together in the same manner, and he recovered his original sex,\n by striking them a second time with his wand. When he was a woman,\n Tiresias had married, and it was from those reasons, according to\n some of the ancients, that Jupiter and Juno referred to his decision,\n a dispute in which the deities wished to know which of the sexes\n received greater pleasure from the connubial state. Tiresias, who\n could speak from actual experience, decided in favour of Jupiter,\n and declared, that the pleasure which the female received was 10\n times greater than that of the male. Juno, who supported a different\n opinion, and gave the superiority to the male sex, punished Tiresias\n by depriving him of his eyesight. But this dreadful loss was in some\n measure repaired by the humanity of Jupiter, who bestowed upon him\n the gift of prophecy, and permitted him to live seven times more\n than the rest of men. These causes of the blindness of Tiresias,\n which are supported by the authority of Ovid, Hyginus, and others,\n are contradicted by Apollodorus, Callimachus, Propertius, &c., who\n declare that this was inflicted upon him as a punishment, because he\n had seen Minerva bathing in the fountain Hippocrene, on mount Helicon.\n Chariclo, who accompanied Minerva, complained of the severity with\n which her son was treated; but the goddess, who well knew that this\n was the irrevocable punishment inflicted by Saturn on such mortals\n as fix their eyes upon a goddess without her consent, alleviated the\n misfortunes of Tiresias, by making him acquainted with futurity, and\n giving him a staff which could conduct his steps with as much safety\n as if he had the use of his eye-sight. During his lifetime, Tiresias\n was an infallible oracle to all Greece. The generals, during the\n Theban war, consulted him, and found his predictions verified. He\n drew his prophecies sometimes from the flight or the language of\n birds, in which he was assisted by his daughter Manto, and sometimes\n he drew the manes from the infernal regions to know futurity, with\n mystical ceremonies. He at last died, after drinking the waters of a\n cold fountain, which froze his blood. He was buried with great pomp\n by the Thebans on mount Tilphusses, and honoured as a god. His oracle\n at Orchomenos was in universal esteem. Homer represents Ulysses\n as going to the infernal regions to consult Tiresias concerning\n his return to Ithaca. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Theocritus_,\n _Idylls_, poem 24, li. 70.\u2015\u2015_Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 2, li. 96.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 75.\u2015\u2015_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.\n \u2015\u2015_Sophocles_, _\u0152dipus Tyrannus_.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Nemean_, poem 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Convivium Septem Sapientium_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 33.\n\n=Tirib\u0101ses=, an officer of Artaxerxes killed by the guards for\n conspiring against the king\u2019s life, B.C. 394. _Plutarch_,\n _Artaxerxes_.\n\n=Tirida=, a town of Thrace where Diomedes lived. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 11.\n\n=Tirid\u0101tes=, a king of Parthia, after the expulsion of Phraates by his\n subjects. He was soon after deposed, and fled to Augustus in Spain.\n _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 26.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man made king of Parthia by Tiberius,\n after the death of Phraates, in opposition to Artabanus. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A keeper of the royal treasures at Persepolis,\n who offered to surrender to Alexander the Great. _Curtius_, bk. 5,\n ch. 5, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Armenia, in the reign of Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of\n Phraates, &c.\n\n=Tiris=, a general of the Thracians, who opposed Antiochus. _Poly\u00e6nus_,\n bk. 4.\n\n=Tiro Tullius=, a freedman of Cicero, greatly esteemed by his master\n for his learning and good qualities. It is said that he invented\n shorthand writing among the Romans. He wrote the life of Cicero and\n other treatises now lost. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, &c.\n\n=Tirynthia=, a name given to Alcmena, because she lived at Tirynthus.\n _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6.\n\n=Tirynthus=, a town of Argolis in the Peloponnesus, founded by Tyrinx\n son of Argus. Hercules generally resided there, whence he is called\n _Tirynthius heros_. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, chs. 16 & 25.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4,\n ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, chs. 15 & 49.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 662.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 217.\n\n=Tis\u00e6um=, a mountain of Thessaly. _Polybius._\n\n=Tisag\u014fras=, a brother of Miltiades, called also Stesagoras. _Cornelius\n Nepos_, _Miltiades_.\n\n=Tisam\u0115nes=, or =Tisam\u0115nus=, a son of Orestes and Hermione the daughter\n of Menelaus, who succeeded on the throne of Argos and Laced\u00e6mon.\n The Heraclid\u00e6 entered his kingdom in the third year of his reign,\n and he was obliged to retire with his family into Achaia. He was\n some time after killed in a battle against the Ionians, near Helice.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 1; bk. 7, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Thebes, son of Thersander and grandson of Polynices.\n The Furies, who continually persecuted the house of \u0152dipus, permitted\n him to live in tranquillity, but they tormented his son and successor\n Autesion, and obliged him to retire to Doris. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch.\n 5; bk. 9, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Elis, crowned twice at the Olympic\n games. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\n\n=Tisandrus=, one of the Greeks concealed with Ulysses in the wooden\n horse. Some suppose him to be the same as Thersander the son of\n Polynices. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 261.\n\n=Tisarchus=, a friend of Agathocles, by whom he was murdered, &c.\n _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Tisdra=, a town of Africa. _C\u00e6sar_, _African War_, ch. 76.\n\n=Tisiarus=, a town of Africa.\n\n=Tisias=, an ancient philosopher of Sicily, considered by some as the\n inventor of rhetoric, &c. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2, ch. 2;\n _Orations_, bk. 1, ch. 18.\n\n=T\u012bs\u012dph\u014fne=, one of the Furies, daughter of Nox and Acheron, who was\n the minister of divine vengeance upon mankind, and visited them with\n plagues and diseases, and punished the wicked in Tartarus. She was\n represented with a whip in her hand, serpents hung from her head,\n and were wreathed round her arms instead of bracelets. By Juno\u2019s\n direction she attempted to prevent the landing of Io in Egypt, but\n the god of the Nile repelled her, and obliged her to retire to hell.\n _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 1, li. 59.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 3,\n li. 552; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 555.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 8, li. 34.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Alcm\u00e6on and Manto.\n\n=Tisiph\u014fnus=, a man who conspired against Alexander tyrant of Pher\u00e6,\n and seized the sovereign power, &c. _Diodorus_, bk. 16.\n\n=Tissa=, now _Randazzo_, a town of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14,\n li. 268.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 38.\n\n=Tissam\u0115nus.= _See:_ Tisamenus.\n\n=Tissaphernes=, an officer of Darius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A satrap of Persia, commander\n of the forces of Artaxerxes, at the battle of Cunaxa, against Cyrus.\n It was by his valour and intrepidity that the king\u2019s forces gained\n the victory, and for this he obtained the daughter of Artaxerxes\n in marriage, and all the provinces of which Cyrus was governor. His\n popularity did not long continue, and the king ordered him to be put\n to death when he had been conquered by Agesilaus, 395 B.C. _Cornelius\n Nepos._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer in the army of Cyrus, killed by Artaxerxes at\n the battle of Cunaxa. _Plutarch._\n\n=Tit\u00e6a=, the mother of the Titans. She is supposed to be the same as\n Thea, Rhea, Terra, &c.\n\n=Titan=, or =Tit\u0101nus=, a son of C\u0153lus and Terra, brother to Saturn and\n Hyperion. He was the eldest of the children of C\u0153lus; but he gave his\n brother Saturn the kingdom of the world, provided he raised no male\n children. When the birth of Jupiter was concealed, Titan made war\n against Saturn, and with the assistance of his brothers the Titans,\n he imprisoned him till he was replaced on the throne by his son\n Jupiter. This tradition is recorded by Lactantius, a christian writer,\n who took it from the dramatic compositions of Ennius, now lost. None\n of the ancient mythologists, such as Apollodorus, Hesiod, Hyginus,\n &c., have made mention of Titan. Titan is a name applied to Saturn by\n Orpheus and Lucian, to the sun by Virgil and Ovid, and to Prometheus\n by Juvenal. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 10.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_,\n satire 14, li. 35.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_Orpheus_, hymn 13.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 119.\n\n=Tit\u0101na=, a town of Sicyonia in Peloponnesus. Titanus reigned there.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man skilled in astronomy. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 11.\n\n=Tit\u0101nes=, a name given to the sons of C\u0153lus and Terra. They were\n 45 in number, according to the Egyptians. Apollodorus mentions 13,\n Hyginus six, and Hesiod 20, among whom are the Titanides. The most\n known of the Titans are Saturn, Hyperion, Oceanus, Japetus, Cottus,\n and Briareus, to whom Horace adds Typh\u0153us, Mimas, Porphyrion, Rh\u0153tus,\n and Enceladus, who are by other mythologists reckoned among the\n giants. They were all of a gigantic stature, and with proportionable\n strength. They were treated with great cruelty by C\u0153lus, and\n confined in the bowels of the earth, till their mother pitied their\n misfortunes, and armed them against their father. Saturn, with a\n scythe, cut off the genitals of his father, as he was going to unite\n himself to Terra, and threw them into the sea, and from the froth\n sprang a new deity, called Venus; as also Alecto, Tisiphone, and\n Meg\u00e6ra, according to Apollodorus. When Saturn succeeded his father,\n he married Rhea; but he devoured all his male children, as he had\n been informed by an oracle that he should be dethroned by them as\n a punishment for his cruelty to his father. The wars of the Titans\n against the gods are very celebrated in mythology. They are often\n confounded with that of the giants; but it is to be observed, that\n the war of the Titans was against Saturn, and that of the giants\n against Jupiter. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 135, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Aeschylus_, _Prometheus Bound_.\u2015\u2015_Callimachus_, _Hymn\n to Delos_, li. 17.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, preface to fables.\n\n=Tit\u0101nia=, a patronymic applied to Pyrrha, as granddaughter of Titan,\n and likewise to Diana. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 395;\n bk. 2, &c.\n\n=Titan\u012bdes=, the daughters of C\u0153lus and Terra; reduced in number to\n six, according to Orpheus. The most celebrated were Tethys, Themis,\n Dione, Thea, Mnemosyne, Ops, Cybele, Vesta, Ph\u0153be, and Rhea. _Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, li. 145, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n\n=Tit\u0101nus=, a river in Peloponnesus, with a town and mountain of the\n same name.\n\n=Titaresus=, a river of Thessaly, called also Eurotas, flowing into\n the Teneus, but without mingling its thick and turbid waters with\n the transparent stream. From the unwholesomeness of its water,\n it was considered as deriving its source from the Styx. _Lucan_,\n bk. 6, li. 376.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 751.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 18.\n\n=Tit\u0113nus=, a river of Colchis, falling into the Euxine sea.\n _Apollonius_, bk. 4.\n\n=Tithenidia=, a festival of Sparta, in which _nurses_, \u03c4\u03b8\u03b7\u03bd\u03b1\u03b9, conveyed\n male infants entrusted to their charge to the temple of Diana, where\n they sacrificed young pigs. During the time of the solemnity, they\n generally danced and exposed themselves in ridiculous postures; there\n were also some entertainments given near the temple, where tents\n were erected. Each had a separate portion allotted him, together\n with a small loaf, a piece of new cheese, part of the entrails of the\n victims, and figs, beans, and green vetches, instead of sweetmeats.\n\n=Tith\u014dnus=, a son of Laomedon king of Troy, by Strymo the daughter\n of the Scamander. He was so beautiful that Aurora became enamoured\n of him, and carried him away. He had by her Memnon and \u00c6mathion.\n He begged of Aurora to be immortal, and the goddess granted it; but\n as he had forgotten to ask the vigour, youth, and beauty which he\n then enjoyed, he soon grew old, infirm, and \u2666decrepit; and as life\n became insupportable to him, he prayed Aurora to remove him from the\n world. As he could not die, the goddess changed him into a cicada,\n or grasshopper. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 1, li. 447; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 585; bk. 8, li. 384.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_,\n _Theogony_, li. 984.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1,\n li. 461; \u2660bk. 3, li. 403.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 28; bk. 2, ode 16.\n\n \u2666 \u2018discrepit\u2019 replaced with \u2018decrepit\u2019\n\n \u2660 \u2018Book 9\u2019 replaced with \u2018Book 3\u2019\n\n=Tithorea=, one of the tops of Parnassus. _Herodotus_, bk. 8, ch. 32.\n\n=Tithraustes=, a Persian satrap, B.C. 395, ordered to murder\n Tissaphernes by Artaxerxes. He succeeded to the offices which the\n slaughtered favourite enjoyed. He was defeated by the Athenians under\n Cimon.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer in the Persian court, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name was common\n to some of the superior officers of state in the court of Artaxerxes.\n _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Datames_ & _Conon_.\n\n=Titia=, a deity among the Milesians.\n\n=Titia lex=, _de magistratibus_, by Publius Titius the tribune, A.U.C.\n 710. It ordained that a triumvirate of magistrates should be invested\n with consular power to preside over the republic for five years. The\n persons chosen were Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de\n provinciis_, which required that the provincial questors, like the\n consuls and pretors, should receive their provinces by lot.\n\n=Titi\u0101na Flavia=, the wife of the emperor Pertinax, disgraced herself\n by her debaucheries and incontinence. After the murder of her husband\n she was reduced to poverty, and spent the rest of her life in an\n obscure retreat.\n\n=Titi\u0101nus Atilius=, a noble Roman put to death, A.D. 156, by the senate\n for aspiring to the purple. He was the only one proscribed during the\n reign of Antoninus Pius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of Otho.\n\n=Titii=, priests of Apollo at Rome, who observed the flight of doves,\n and drew omens from it. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 45.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 602.\n\n=Titinius=, a tribune of the people in the first ages of the republic.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Cassius, who killed himself.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the slaves who\n revolted at Capua. He betrayed his trust to the Roman generals.\n\n=Titius Proculus=, a Roman knight, appointed to watch Messalina.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune of the people who\n enacted the Titian law.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator of a very dissolute character.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Pompey\u2019s murderers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Antony\u2019s officers.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man\n who foretold a victory to Sylla.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Septimus, a poet in the Augustan\n age, who distinguished himself by his lyric and tragic compositions,\n now lost. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 3, li. 9.\n\n=Titormus=, a shepherd of \u00c6tolia, called another _Hercules_, on account\n of his prodigious strength. He was stronger than his contemporary,\n Milo of Crotona, as he could lift on his shoulders a stone which the\n Crotonian moved with difficulty. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12,\n ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 6, ch. 127.\n\n=Titurius=, a friend of Julia Silana, who informed against Agrippina,\n &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lieutenant of C\u00e6sar in Gaul,\n killed by Ambiorix.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 29, &c.\n\n=Titus Vespasianus=, son of Vespasian and Flavia Domitilla, became\n known by his valour in the Roman armies, particularly at the siege\n of Jerusalem. In the 79th year of the christian era, he was invested\n with the imperial purple, and the Roman people had every reason to\n expect in him the barbarities of a Tiberius and the debaucheries of\n a Nero. While in the house of Vespasian, Titus had been distinguished\n for his extravagance and incontinence; his attendants were the most\n abandoned and dissolute; and it seemed that he wished to be superior\n to the rest of the world in the gratification of every impure desire,\n and in every unnatural vice. From such a private character, which\n still might be curbed by the authority and example of a father,\n what could be expected but tyranny and \u2666oppression? Yet Titus became\n a model of virtue, and in an age and office in which others wish\n to gratify all their appetites, the emperor abandoned his usual\n profligacy, he forgot his debaucheries, and Berenice, whom he had\n loved with uncommon ardour, even to render himself despised by the\n Roman people, was dismissed from his presence. When raised to the\n throne, he thought himself bound to be the father of his people, the\n guardian of virtue, and the patron of liberty; and Titus is, perhaps,\n the only monarch who, when invested with uncontrollable power,\n bade adieu to those vices, those luxuries and indulgencies, which\n as a private man he never ceased to gratify. He was moderate in his\n entertainments, and though he often refused the donations which were\n due to sovereignty, no emperor was ever more generous and magnificent\n than Titus. All informers were banished from his presence, and even\n severely punished. A reform was made in the judicial proceedings, and\n trials were no longer permitted to be postponed for years. The public\n edifices were repaired, and baths were erected for the convenience\n of the people. Spectacles were exhibited, and the Roman populace were\n gratified with the sight of a naval combat in the ancient naumachia,\n and the sudden appearance of 5000 wild beasts brought into the circus\n for their amusement. To do good to his subjects was the ambition of\n Titus, and it was at the recollection that he had done no service, or\n granted no favour, one day, that he exclaimed in the memorable words\n of \u201cMy friends, I have lost a day!\u201d A continual wish to be benevolent\n and kind, made him popular; and it will not be wondered, that he who\n could say that he had rather die himself, than be the cause of the\n destruction of one of his subjects, was called the love and delight\n of mankind. Two of the senators conspired against his life, but\n the emperor disregarded their attempts; he made them his friends by\n kindness, and, like another Nerva, presented them with a sword to\n destroy him. During his reign, Rome was three days on fire, the towns\n of Campania were destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, and the empire\n was visited by a pestilence which carried away an infinite number\n of inhabitants. In this time of public calamity, the emperor\u2019s\n benevolence and philanthropy were conspicuous. Titus comforted the\n afflicted as a father, he alleviated their distresses by his liberal\n bounties, and as if they were but one family, he exerted himself\n for the good and preservation of the whole. The Romans, however, had\n not long to enjoy the favours of this magnificent prince. Titus was\n taken ill, and as he retired into the country of the Sabines to his\n father\u2019s house, his indisposition was increased by a burning fever.\n He lifted his eyes to heaven, and with modest submission complained\n of the severity of fate which removed him from the world when young,\n where he had been employed in making a grateful people happy. He died\n the 13th of September, A.D. 81, in the 41st year of his age, after\n a reign of two years, two months, and 20 days. The news of his death\n was received with lamentations; Rome was filled with tears, and all\n looked upon themselves as deprived of the most benevolent of fathers.\n After him Domitian ascended the throne, not without incurring the\n suspicion of having hastened his brother\u2019s end, by ordering him to\n be placed, during his agony, in a tub full of snow, where he expired.\n Domitian has also been accused of raising commotions, and of making\n attempts to dethrone his brother; but Titus disregarded them, and\n forgave the offender. Some authors have reflected with severity upon\n the cruelties which Titus exercised against the Jews; but though\n certainly a disgrace to the benevolent features of his character,\n we must consider him as an instrument in the hands of Providence,\n exerted for the punishment of a wicked and infatuated people.\n _Josephus_, _Jewish War_, bk. 7, ch. 16, &c.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius._\u2015\u2015_Dio\n Cassius_, &c.\n\n \u2666 \u2018oppresssion\u2019 replaced with \u2018oppression\u2019\n\n=Titus Tatius=, a king of the Sabines. _See:_ Tatius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Livius, a\n celebrated historian. _See:_ Livius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Junius Brutus,\n put to death by order of his father, for conspiring to restore the\n Tarquins.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Coriolanus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Crotona, engaged\n in Catiline\u2019s conspiracy.\n\n=T\u012bty\u0306rus=, a shepherd introduced in Virgil\u2019s eclogues, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A large\n mountain of Crete.\n\n=Tityus=, a celebrated giant, son of Terra; or, according to others,\n of Jupiter, by Elara the daughter of Orchomenos. He was of such a\n prodigious size, that his mother died in travail after Jupiter had\n drawn her from the bowels of the earth, where she had been concealed\n during her pregnancy to avoid the anger of Juno. Tityus attempted to\n offer violence to Latona, but the goddess delivered herself from his\n importunities, by calling to her assistance her children, who killed\n the giant with their arrows. He was placed in hell, where a serpent\n continually devoured his liver; or, according to others, where\n vultures perpetually fed upon his entrails, which grew again as soon\n as devoured. It is said that Tityus covered nine acres when stretched\n on the ground. He had a small chapel with an altar in the island\n of Eub\u0153a. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Pythian_, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 7, li. 325; bk. 11, li. 575.\u2015\u2015_Apollonius\n of Rhodes_, bk. 1, li. 182, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 525.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 77.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 55.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 4, li. 457.\u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 1, poem 3, li. 75.\n\n=Tium=, or =Tion=, a maritime town of Paphlagonia, built by the\n Milesians. _Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\n\n=Tl\u0113p\u014flemus=, a son of Hercules and Astyochia, born at Argos. He left\n his native country after the accidental murder of Licymnius, and\n retired to Rhodes, by order of the oracle, where he was chosen king,\n as being one of the sons of Hercules. He went to the Trojan war with\n nine ships, and was killed by Sarpedon. There were some festivals\n established at Rhodes in his honour, called _Tlepolemia_, in which\n men and boys contended. The victors were rewarded with poplar crowns.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 97.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Alexander\u2019s generals, who obtained\n Carmania at the general division of the Macedonian empire. _Diodorus_,\n bk. 18.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Egyptian general, who flourished B.C. 207.\n\n=Tmarus=, a Rutulian in the wars of \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9,\n li. 685.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Thesprotia, called _Tomarus_ by _Pliny_.\n\n=Tmolus=, a king of Lydia, who married Omphale, and was son of Sipylus\n and Chthonia. He offered violence to a young nymph called Arriphe,\n at the foot of Diana\u2019s altar, for which impiety he was afterwards\n killed by a bull. The mountain on which he was buried bore his name.\n _Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11, fable\n 4.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 191.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Asia Minor, destroyed by\n an earthquake.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain of Lydia, now _Bouzdag_, on which the\n river Pactolus rises. The air was so wholesome near Tmolus, that the\n inhabitants generally lived to their 150th year. The neighbouring\n country was very fertile, and produced many vines, saffron, and\n odoriferous flowers. _Strabo_, bk. 13, &c.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 84, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 7, li. 210.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 1, li. 56; bk. 2, li. 98.\n\n=Tog\u0101ta=, an epithet applied to a certain part of Gaul where the\n inhabitants were distinguished by the peculiarity of their dress.\n _See:_ Gallia.\n\n=Togonius Gallus=, a senator of ignoble birth, devoted to the interest\n of Tiberius, whom he flattered, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 2.\n\n=Tolbiacum=, a town of Gallia Belgica, south of Juliers.\n\n=Tolenus=, a river of Latium, now _Salto_, falling into the Velinus.\n _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 9, li. 561.\n\n=Toletum=, now _Toledo_, a town of Spain on the Tagus.\n\n=Tolistoboii=, a people of Galatia in Asia, descended from the Boii of\n Gaul. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 58, chs. 15 & 16.\n\n=Tollent\u012bnum=, a town of Picenum. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\n\n=Tolm\u012ddes=, an Athenian officer, defeated and killed in a battle in\n B\u0153otia, 477 B.C. _Poly\u00e6nus_, bk. 7.\n\n=Tol\u014dsa=, now _Toulouse_, the capital of Languedoc, a town of Gallia\n Narbonensis, which became a Roman colony under Augustus, and was\n afterwards celebrated for the cultivation of the sciences. Minerva\n had there a rich temple, which C\u00e6pio the consul plundered, and as\n he was never after fortunate, the words _aurum Tolosanum_ became\n proverbial. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 20.\n\n=Tolumnus=, an augur in the army of Turnus against \u00c6neas. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 429.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Veii, killed by Cornelius\n Cossus after he had ordered the ambassadors of Rome to be\n assassinated. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 19.\n\n=Tolus=, a man whose head was found in digging for the foundation of\n the capitol, in the reign of Tarquin, whence the Romans concluded\n that their city should become the head or mistress of the world.\n\n=Tom\u00e6um=, a mountain of Peloponnesus. _Thucydides._\n\n=Tom\u0103rus=, or =Tmarus=. _See:_ Tmarus.\n\n=Tomisa=, a country between Cappadocia and Taurus. _Strabo._\n\n=Tomos=, or =Tomi=, a town situate on the western shore of the Euxine\n sea, about 36 miles from the mouth of the Danube. The word is derived\n from \u03c4\u03b5\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9, _seco_, because Medea, as it is said, _cut to pieces_\n the body of her brother Absyrtus there. It is celebrated as being the\n place where Ovid was banished by Augustus. Tomos was the capital of\n Lower M\u0153sia, founded by a Milesian colony, B.C. 633.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _ex\n Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 14, li. 59; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 9, li. 33, &c.\n\n=Tomyris.= _See:_ Thomyris.\n\n=Tonea=, a solemnity observed at Samos. It was usual to carry Juno\u2019s\n statue to the sea-shore, and to offer cakes before it, and afterwards\n to replace it again in the temple. This was in commemoration of the\n theft of the Tyrrhenians, who attempted to carry away the statue of\n the goddess, but were detained in the harbour by an invisible force.\n\n=Tongillius=, an avaricious lawyer, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 130.\n\n=Top\u0101zos=, an island in the Arabian gulf, anciently called _Ophiodes_\n from the quantity of serpents that were there. The valuable stone\n called topaz is found there. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 20.\n\n=Topiris=, or =Torpus=, a town of Thrace.\n\n=Tor\u012dni=, a people of Scythia. _Valerius Flaccus_, bk. 6.\n\n=Tor\u014dne=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 45.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Epirus.\n\n=Torqu\u0101ta=, one of the vestal virgins, daughter of Caius Silanus. She\n was a vestal for 64 years. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 69.\n\n=Torqu\u0101tus=, a surname of Titus Manlius. _See:_ Manlius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Silanus,\n an officer put to death by Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Oricum, in the\n interest of Pompey. He surrendered to Julius C\u00e6sar, and was killed in\n Africa. _Hirtius_, _Africican War_, ch. 96.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer in Sylla\u2019s\n army.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman sent ambassador to the court of Ptolemy Philometor\n of Egypt.\n\n=Tortor=, a surname of Apollo. He had a statue at Rome under that name.\n\n=Torus=, a mountain of Sicily, near Agrigentum.\n\n=Toryne=, a small town near Actium. The word in the language of the\n country signifies a _ladle_, which gave Cleopatra occasion to make a\n pun when it fell into the hands of Augustus. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\n\n=Toxandri=, a people of Gallia Belgica. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 7.\n\n=Toxaridia=, a festival at Athens, in honour of Toxaris, a Scythian\n hero who died there.\n\n=Toxeus=, a son of \u0152neus, killed by his father. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1,\n ch. 8.\n\n=Toxicr\u0103te=, a daughter of Thespius.\n\n=Quintus Trabea=, a comic poet at Rome, in the age of Regulus. Some\n fragments of his poetry remain. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_,\n bk. 4, ch. 31; _de Finibus Bonorum et Malorum_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Trach\u0103lus Marcus Galerius=, a consul in the reign of Nero, celebrated\n for his eloquence as an orator, and for a majestic and commanding\n aspect. _Quintilian._\u2015\u2015_Tacitus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the friends and ministers\n of Otho.\n\n=Trachas=, a town of Latium. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15, li. 717.\n\n=Tr\u0101ch\u012bnia=, a small country of Phthiotis, on the bay of Malea,\n near mount \u0152ta. The capital was called Trachis, or Trachina,\n where Hercules went after he had killed Eunomus. _Strabo_, bk. 9.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 11,\n li. 269.\n\n=Trachon\u012btis=, a part of Jud\u00e6a, on the other side of the Jordan.\n _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 14.\n\n=Tragurium=, a town of Dalmatia on the sea.\n\n=Tragus=, a river of Arcadia, falling into the Alpheus. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 8, ch. 33.\n\n=Trajanop\u014flis=, a town of Thrace.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name given to Selinus of Cilicia,\n where Trajan died.\n\n=Traj\u0101nus Marcus Ulpius Crin\u012btus=, a Roman emperor, born at Italica in\n Spain. His great virtues, and his private as well as public character,\n and his services to the empire, both as an officer, a governor, and a\n consul, recommended him to the notice of Nerva, who solemnly adopted\n him as his son; invested him during his lifetime with the imperial\n purple, and gave him the name of C\u00e6sar and of Germanicus. A little\n time after Nerva died, and the election of Trajan to the vacant\n throne was confirmed by the unanimous rejoicings of the people,\n and the free concurrence of the armies on the confines of Germany\n and the banks of the Danube. The noble and independent behaviour of\n Trajan evinced the propriety and goodness of Nerva\u2019s choice, and the\n attachment of the legions; and the new emperor seemed calculated to\n ensure peace and domestic tranquillity to the extensive empire of\n Rome. All the actions of Trajan showed a good and benevolent prince,\n whose virtues truly merited the encomiums which the pen of an elegant\n and courteous panegyrist has paid. The barbarians continued quiet,\n and the hostilities which they generally displayed at the election of\n a new emperor whose military abilities they distrusted, were now few.\n Trajan, however, could not behold with satisfaction and unconcern the\n insolence of the Dacians, who claimed from the Roman people a tribute\n which the cowardice of Domitian had offered. The sudden appearance\n of the emperor on the frontiers awed the barbarians to peace; but\n Decebalus, their warlike monarch, soon began hostilities by violating\n the treaty. The emperor entered the enemy\u2019s country, by throwing a\n bridge across the rapid stream of the Danube, and a battle was fought\n in which the slaughter was so great, that in the Roman camp linen\n was wanted to dress the wounds of the soldiers. Trajan obtained the\n victory, and Decebalus, despairing of success, destroyed himself,\n and Dacia became a province of Rome. That the ardour of the Roman\n soldiers in defeating their enemies might not cool, an expedition was\n undertaken into the east, and Parthia threatened with immediate war.\n Trajan passed through the submissive kingdom of Armenia, and, by his\n well-directed operations, made himself master of the provinces of\n Assyria and Mesopotamia. He extended his conquests in the east, he\n obtained victories over unknown nations; and when on the extremities\n of India, he lamented that he possessed not the vigour and youth of\n an Alexander, that he might add unexplored provinces and kingdoms\n to the Roman empire. These successes in different parts of the\n world gained applause, and the senators were profuse in the honours\n they decreed to the conqueror. This, however, was but the blaze of\n transient glory. Trajan had no sooner signified his intentions of\n returning to Italy, than the conquered barbarians appeared again\n in arms, and the Roman empire did not acquire one single acre of\n territory from the conquests of her sovereign in the east. The return\n of the emperor towards Rome was hastened by indisposition; he stopped\n in Cilicia, and in the town of Selinus, which afterwards was called\n Trajanopolis, he was seized with a flux, and a few days after expired,\n in the beginning of August, A.D. 117, after a reign of 19 years, six\n months, and 15 days, in the 64th year of his age. He was succeeded\n on the throne by Adrian, whom the empress Plotina introduced to the\n Roman armies, as the adopted son of her husband. The ashes of Trajan\n were carried to Rome, and deposited under the stately column which\n he had erected a few years before. Under this emperor the Romans\n enjoyed tranquillity, and for a moment supposed that their prosperity\n was complete under a good and virtuous sovereign. Trajan was fond\n of popularity, and he merited it. The sounding titles of Optimus,\n and the father of his country, were not unworthily bestowed upon\n a prince who was equal to the greatest generals of antiquity, and\n who, to indicate his affability, and his wish to listen to the\n just complaints of his subjects, distinguished his palace by the\n inscription of _the public palace_. Like other emperors, he did\n not receive with an air of unconcern the homage of his friends, but\n rose from his seat and went cordially to salute them. He refused\n the statues which the flattery of favourites wished to erect to him,\n and he ridiculed the follies of an enlightened nation, that could\n pay adoration to cold, inanimate pieces of marble. His public entry\n into Rome gained him the hearts of the people; he appeared on foot,\n and showed himself an enemy to parade and an ostentatious equipage.\n When in his camp, he exposed himself to the fatigues of war,\n like the meanest soldier, and crossed the most barren deserts and\n extensive plains on foot, and in his dress and food displayed all\n the simplicity which once gained the approbation of the Romans in\n their countryman Fabricius. All the oldest soldiers he knew by their\n own name; he conversed with them with great familiarity, and never\n retired to his tent before he had visited the camp, and by a personal\n attendance convinced himself of the vigilance and the security of his\n army. As a friend he was not less distinguished than as a general.\n He had a select number of intimates, whom he visited with freedom\n and openness, and at whose tables he partook many a moderate repast\n without form or ceremony. His confidence, however, in the good\n intentions of others, was, perhaps, carried to excess. His favourite\n Sura had once been accused of attempts upon his life, but Trajan\n disregarded the informer, and as he was that same day invited to\n the house of the supposed conspirator, he went thither early. To try\n further the sincerity of Sura, he ordered himself to be shaved by his\n barber, to have a medicinal application made to his eyes by the hand\n of his surgeon, and to bathe together with him. The public works of\n Trajan are also celebrated; he opened free and easy communications\n between the cities of his provinces, he planted many colonies, and\n furnished Rome with all the corn and provisions which could prevent\n a famine in the time of calamity. It was by his directions that the\n architect Apollodorus built that celebrated column which is still\n to be seen at Rome, under the name of Trajan\u2019s column. The area on\n which it stands was made by the labours of men, and the height of\n the pillar proves that a large hill, 144 feet high, was removed at a\n great expense, A.D. 114, to commemorate the victories of the reigning\n prince. His persecutions of the christians were stopped by the\n interference of the humane Pliny, but he was unusually severe upon\n the Jews, who had barbarously murdered 200,000 of his subjects, and\n even fed upon the flesh of the dead. His vices have been obscurely\n seen through a reign of continued splendour and popularity, yet he\n is accused of incontinence and many unnatural indulgencies. He was\n too much addicted to drinking, and his wish to be styled lord has\n been censured by those who admired the dissimulated moderation and\n the modest claims of an Augustus. _Pliny_, _Panegyrics_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dio\n Cassius._\u2015\u2015_Eutropius._\u2015\u2015_Ammianus._\u2015\u2015_Spartian._\u2015\u2015_Josephus_,\n _Jewish Wars_.\u2015\u2015_Aurelius Victor._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of the emperor, who\n likewise bore the name of Trajan, was honoured with the consulship\n and a triumph, and the rank of a patrician by the emperor Vespasian.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the emperor Valens.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of the emperor Decius.\n\n=Trajectus Rheni=, now _Utrecht_, the capital of one of the provinces\n of Holland.\n\n=Tralles=, a town of _Lydia_, now _Sultanhisar_. _Juvenal_, satire 3,\n li. 70.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 37, ch. 45.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A people of Illyricum.\n\n=Transtiber\u012bna=, a part of the city of Rome, on one side of the\n Tiber. Mount Vatican was in that part of the city. _Martial_, bk. 1,\n ltr. 109.\n\n=Trap\u0113zus=, a city of Pontus, built by the people of Sinope, now called\n _Trebizond_. It had a celebrated harbour on the Euxine sea, and\n became famous under the emperors of the eastern empire, of which it\n was for some time the magnificent capital. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,\n bk. 3, ch. 47.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Arcadia near the\n Alpheus. It received its name from a son of Lycaon. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 8.\n\n=Trasimenus.= _See:_ Thrasymenus.\n\n=Trasullus=, a man who taught Tiberius astrology at Rhodes, &c.\n\n=Traulus Mont\u0101nus=, a Roman knight, one of Messalina\u2019s favourites, put\n to death by Claudius. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 36.\n\n=Treba=, a town of the \u00c6qui. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\n\n=Caius Treb\u0101tius Testas=, a man banished by Julius C\u00e6sar for following\n the interest of Pompey, and recalled by the eloquence of Cicero.\n He was afterwards reconciled to C\u00e6sar. Trebatius was not less\n distinguished for his learning than for his integrity, his military\n experience, and knowledge of law. He wrote nine books on religious\n ceremonies, and treatises on civil law; and the verses that he\n composed proved him a poet of no inferior consequence. _Horace_,\n bk. 2, satire 1, li. 4.\n\n=Trebelli\u0101nus Caius Annius=, a pirate who proclaimed himself emperor\n of Rome, A.D. 264. He was defeated and slain in Isauria, by the\n lieutenants of Gallienus.\n\n=Trebelli\u0113nus Rufus=, a pretor appointed governor of the children\n of king Cotys, by Tiberius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune who opposed the Gabinian\n law.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who numbered the inhabitants of Gaul. He was made\n governor of Britain. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 39.\n\n=Trebellius Pollio=, a Latin historian, who wrote an account of the\n lives of the emperors. The beginning of this history is lost; part\n of the reign of Valerian, and the life of the two Gallieni, with the\n 30 tyrants, are the only fragments remaining. He flourished A.D. 305.\n\n=Tr\u0115bia=, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, rising in the Apennines, and\n falling into the Po, at the west of Placentia. It is celebrated for\n the victory which Annibal obtained there over the forces of Lucius\n Sempronius the Roman consul. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 486.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 46.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 21, chs. 54 & 56.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n Latium. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 39.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Campania. _Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 14.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Umbria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\n\n=Trebius=, an officer in C\u00e6sar\u2019s army in Gaul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A parasite in\n Domitian\u2019s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 4.\n\n=Tr\u0115b\u014dnia lex=, _de provinciis_, by Lucius Trebonius the tribune, A.U.C.\n 698. It gave C\u00e6sar the chief command in Gaul for five years longer\n than was enacted by the Vatinian law, and in this manner prevented\n the senators from recalling or superseding him.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by the\n same, on the same year, conferred the command of the provinces of\n Syria and Spain on Cassius and Pompey for five years. _Dio Cassius_,\n bk. 39.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by Lucius Trebonius the tribune, A.U.C. 305,\n which confirmed the election of the tribunes in the hands of the\n Roman people. _Livy_, bks. 3 & 5.\n\n=Tr\u0115b\u014dnius=, a soldier remarkable for his continence, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, one\n of C\u00e6sar\u2019s friends, made through his interest pretor and consul. He\n was afterwards one of his benefactor\u2019s murderers. He was killed by\n Dolabella at Smyrna. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _Philippics_, bk. 11, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bks. 56 & 69.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 119.\u2015\u2015_Dio Cassius_, bk. 47.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 4, li. 14.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Garucianus, a governor of Africa, who put to death the proconsul\n Clodius Macer, by Galba\u2019s orders. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1,\n ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune who proposed a law at Rome, and imprisoned Cato,\n because he opposed it.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the adherents of Marius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man\n caught in adultery, and severely punished in the age of Horace.\n\n=Treb\u016dla=, a town of the Sabines, celebrated for cheese. The\n inhabitants were called Trebulani. _Cicero_, _On the Agrarian\n Law_, bk. 2, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 23.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 12.\n \u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 72.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, in Campania. _Livy_, bk. 23,\n ch. 39.\n\n=Trerus=, a river of Latium, falling into the Liris.\n\n=Tres Tabern\u00e6=, a place on the Appian road, where travellers took\n refreshment. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 1, ltr. 13; bk. 2,\n ltrs. 10 & 11.\n\n=Trev\u0115ri=, a town and people of Belgium, now called _Triers_. _Mela_,\n bk. 3, ch. 2.\n\n=Triaria=, a woman well known for her cruelty. She was the wife of\n Lucius Vitellius. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bks. 1 & 3.\n\n=Caius Triarius=, an orator commended by Cicero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Pompey.\n He had for some time the care of the war in Asia against Mithridates,\n whom he defeated, and by whom he was afterwards beaten. He was killed\n in the civil wars of Pompey and C\u00e6sar. _C\u00e6sar_, _Civil War_, bk. 3,\n ch. 5.\n\n=Triballi=, a people of Thrace, or, according to some, of Lower M\u0153sia.\n They were conquered by Philip the father of Alexander; and some ages\n after, they maintained a long war against the Roman emperors. _Pliny._\n\n=Triboci=, a people of Alsace in Gaul. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 28.\n\n=Tribulium=, a town of Dalmatia.\n\n=Trib\u016bni Plebis=, magistrates at Rome, created in the year \u2666A.U.C. 261,\n when the people after a quarrel with the senators had retired to Mons\n Sacer. The two first were Caius Licinius and Lucius Albinius, but\n their number was soon after raised to five, and 37 years after to 10,\n which remained fixed. Their office was annual, and as the first had\n been created on the 4th of the ides of December, that day was ever\n after chosen for the election. Their power, though at first small,\n and granted by the patricians to appease the momentary seditions\n of the populace, soon became formidable, and the senators repented\n too late of having consented to elect magistrates, who not only\n preserved the rights of the people, but could summon assemblies,\n propose laws, stop the consultations of the senate, and even\n abolish their decrees by the word _Veto_. Their approbation was\n also necessary to confirm the _senatus consulta_, and this was done\n by affixing the letter T under it. If any irregularity happened\n in the state, their power was almost absolute; they criticized the\n conduct of all the public magistrates, and even dragged a consul\n to prison, if the measures he pursued were hostile to the peace\n of Rome. The dictator alone was their superior, but when that\n magistrate was elected, the office of tribune was not, like that\n of all other inferior magistrates, abolished while he continued at\n the head of the state. The people paid them so much deference, that\n their person was held sacred, and thence they were always called\n _Sacrosancti_. To strike them was a capital crime, and to interrupt\n them while they spoke in the assemblies, called for the immediate\n interference of power. The marks by which they were distinguished\n from other magistrates were not very conspicuous. They wore no\n particular dress, only a beadle called _viator_ marched before them.\n They never sat in the senate, though, some time after, their office\n entitled them to the rank of senators. Yet, great as their power\n might appear, they received a heavy wound from their number, and as\n their consultations and resolutions were of no effect if they were\n not all unanimous, the senate often took advantage of their avarice,\n and by gaining one of them by bribes, they, as it were, suspended\n the authority of the rest. The office of tribune of the people,\n though at first deemed mean and servile, was afterwards one of\n the first steps that led to more honourable employments, and as\n no patrician was permitted to canvass for the tribuneship, we find\n many that descended among the plebeians to exercise that important\n office. From the power with which they were at last invested by the\n activity, the intrigues, and continual applications of those who\n were in office, they became almost absolute in the state, and it\n has been properly observed, that they caused far greater troubles\n than those which they were at first created to silence. Sylla,\n when raised to the dictatorship, gave a fatal blow to the authority\n of the tribunes, and by one of his decrees, they were no longer\n permitted to harangue and inflame the people; they could make\n no laws; no appeal lay to their tribunal; and such as had been\n tribunes were not permitted to solicit for the other offices of\n the state. This disgrace, however, was but momentary; at the death\n of the tyrant the tribunes recovered their privileges by means of\n Cotta and Pompey the Great. The office of tribune remained in full\n force till the age of Augustus, who, to make himself more absolute,\n and his person sacred, conferred the power and office upon himself,\n whence he was called _tribuniti\u00e2 potestate donatus_. His successors\n on the throne imitated his example, and as the emperor was the\n real and official tribune, such as were appointed to the office\n were merely nominal without power or privilege. Under Constantine\n the tribuneship was totally abolished. The tribunes were never\n permitted to sleep out of the city, except at the _Feri\u00e6 Latin\u00e6_,\n when they went with other magistrates to offer sacrifices upon\n a mountain near Alba. Their houses were always open, and they\n received every complaint, and were ever ready to redress the wrongs\n of their constituents. Their authority was not extended beyond the\n walls of the city.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There were also other officers who bore the\n name of tribunes, such as the _tribuni militum_ or _militares_,\n who commanded a division of the legions. They were empowered to\n decide all quarrels that might arise in the army; they took care of\n the camp, and gave the watchword. There were only three at first,\n chosen by Romulus, but the number was at last increased to six in\n every legion. After the expulsion of the Tarquins, they were chosen\n by the consuls; but afterwards the right of electing them was\n divided between the people and the consuls. They were generally\n of senatorian and equestrian families, and the former were called\n _laticlavii_, and the latter _angusticlavii_, from their peculiar\n dress. Those that were chosen by the consuls were called _Rutuli_,\n because the right of the consuls to elect them was confirmed by\n Rutulus, and those elected by the people were called _Comitiati_,\n because chosen in the Comitia. They wore a golden ring, and were\n in office no longer than six months. When the consuls were elected,\n it was usual to choose 14 tribunes from the knights, who had served\n five years in the army, and who were called _juniores_, and 10 from\n the people who had been in 10 campaigns, who were called _seniores_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There were also some officers called _tribuni militum consulari\n potestate_, elected instead of consuls, A.U.C. 310. They were only\n three originally, but the number was afterwards increased to six\n or more, according to the will and pleasure of the people and the\n emergencies of the state. Part of them were plebeians, and the rest\n of patrician families. When they had subsisted for about 70 years,\n not without some interruption, the office was totally abolished,\n as the plebeians were admitted to share the consulship, and\n the consuls continued at the head of the state till the end of\n the commonwealth.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The _tribuni cohortium pr\u00e6torianarum_ were\n entrusted with the person of the emperor, which they guarded and\n protected.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The _tribuni \u00e6rarii_ were officers chosen from among\n the people, who kept the money which was to be applied to defray\n the expenses of the army. The richest persons were always chosen,\n as much money was requisite for the pay of the soldiers. They\n were greatly distinguished in the state, and they shared with the\n senators and Roman knights the privileges of judging. They were\n abolished by Julius C\u00e6sar, but Augustus re-established them, and\n created 200 more, to decide causes of smaller importance.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n _tribuni celerum_ had the command of the guard which Romulus\n chose for the safety of his person. They were 100 in number,\n distinguished for their probity, their opulence, and their nobility.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The _tribuni voluptatum_ were commissioned to take care\n of the amusements which were prepared for the people, and that\n nothing might be wanting in the exhibitions. This office was also\n honourable.\n\n \u2666 \u2018U.C.\u2019 replaced with \u2018A.U.C.\u2019\n\n=Tricala=, a fortified place at the south of Sicily, between Selinus\n and Agrigentum. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 271.\n\n=Tricasses=, a people of Champagne in Gaul.\n\n=Tricast\u012bni=, a people of Gallia Narbonensis. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,\n li. 466.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 31.\n\n=Tricc\u00e6=, a town of Thessaly, where \u00c6sculapius had a temple. The\n inhabitants went to the Trojan war. _Livy_, bk. 32, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Homer_,\n _Iliad_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 8.\n\n=Trichonium=, a town of \u00c6tolia.\n\n=Tricipitinus.= _See:_ Lucretius.\n\n=Triclaria=, a yearly festival celebrated by the inhabitants of three\n cities in Ionia, to appease the anger of Diana _Triclaria_, whose\n temple had been defiled by the adulterous commerce of Menalippus\n and Cometho. It was usual to sacrifice a boy and a girl, but this\n barbarous custom was abolished by Eurypilus. The three cities were\n Aroe, Messatis, and Anthea, whose united labours had erected the\n temple of the goddess. _Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 19.\n\n=Tricorii=, a people of Gaul, now _Dauphin\u00e9_. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 31.\n\n=Tricorythus=, a town of Attica.\n\n=Tricr\u0113na=, a place of Arcadia, where, according to some, Mercury was\n born. _Pausanias_, bk. 8, ch. 16.\n\n=Tridentum=, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, now called _Trent_, and famous\n in history for the ecclesiastical council which sat there 18 years to\n regulate the affairs of the church, A.D. 1545.\n\n=Trieter\u012bca=, festivals in honour of Bacchus celebrated every three\n years. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 302.\n\n=Trip\u0101num=, a place of Latium near Sinuessa. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 11.\n\n=Tripol\u012bnus=, a mountain of Campania famous for wine. _Martial_, bk. 13,\n ltr. 104.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 14, ch. 7.\n\n=Trigem\u012dna=, one of the Roman gates, so called because the three\n Horatii went through it against the Curiatii. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 16;\n bk. 35, ch. 41; bk. 40, ch. 51.\n\n=Trin\u0103cria=, or =Trin\u0103cris=, one of the ancient names of Sicily from\n its triangular form. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 384, &c.\n\n=Trinium=, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic.\n\n=Trinobantes=, a people of Britain in modern Essex and Middlesex.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 5,\n ch. 20.\n\n=Trioc\u0103la=, or =Triocla=, a town in the southern parts of Sicily.\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 271.\n\n=Tri\u014fpas=, or =Triops=, a son of Neptune by Canace the daughter of\n \u00c6olus. He was father of Iphimedia and of Erisichthon, who is called\n on that account _Triopeius_, and his daughter _Triopeia_. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 754.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n son of Phorbas, father to Agenor, Jasus, and Messene. _Homer_, _Hymn\n 3 to Apollo_, li. 211.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Piranthus.\n\n=Triph\u0233lia=, one of the ancient names of Elis. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 8.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mountain where Jupiter had a temple in the island Panchaia,\n whence he is called _Triphylius_.\n\n=Triopium=, a town of Caria.\n\n=Trip\u014flis=, an ancient town of Ph\u0153nicia, built by the liberal\n contribution of Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus, whence the name.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town\n of Pontus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A district of Arcadia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Laconia. _Livy_, bk. 35,\n ch. 27.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Thessaly, _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 53.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Lydia or\n Caria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A district of Africa between the Syrtes.\n\n\u2666=Tr\u012bpt\u014fl\u0115mus=, a son of Oceanus and Terra, or, according to some, of\n Trochilus, a priest of Argos. According to the more received opinion\n he was son of Celeus king of Attica by Ner\u00e6a, whom some have called\n Metanira, Cothonea, Hyona, Melani, or Polymnia. He was born at\n Eleusis in Attica, and was cured in his youth of a severe illness by\n the care of Ceres, who had been invited into the house of Celeus, by\n the monarch\u2019s children, as she travelled over the country in quest\n of her daughter. To repay the kindness of Celeus, the goddess took\n particular notice of his son. She fed him with her own milk, and\n placed him on burning coals during the night, to destroy whatever\n particles of mortality he had received from his parents. The mother\n was astonished at the uncommon growth of her son, and she had the\n curiosity to watch Ceres. She disturbed the goddess by a sudden cry,\n when Triptolemus was laid on the burning ashes, and as Ceres was\n therefore unable to make him immortal, she taught him agriculture,\n and rendered him serviceable to mankind, by instructing him how to\n sow corn, and make bread. She also gave him her chariot, which was\n drawn by two dragons, and in this celestial vehicle he travelled all\n over the earth, and distributed corn to all the inhabitants of the\n world. In Scythia the favourite of Ceres nearly lost his life; but\n Lyncus the king of the country, who had conspired to murder him, was\n changed into a lynx. At his return to Eleusis, Triptolemus restored\n Ceres her chariot, and established the Eleusinian festivals and\n mysteries in honour of the deity. He reigned for some time, and\n after death received divine honours. Some suppose that he accompanied\n Bacchus in his Indian expedition. _Diodorus._\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 147.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 14; bk. 8, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Callimachus_, _Hymn to Demeter_,\n li. 22.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 646; _Fasti_, bk. 4,\n li. 501; _Tristia_, bk. 3, poem 8, li. 1.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Tr\u012bpp\u014fl\u0115mus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Tr\u012bpt\u014fl\u0115mus\u2019\n\n=Triqu\u0115tra=, a name given to Sicily by the Latins, for its triangular\n form. _Lucretius_, bk. 1, li. 78.\n\n=Trismegistus=, a famous Egyptian. _See:_ Mercurius.\n\n=Tritia=, a daughter of the river Triton, mother of Menalippus by Mars.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town in Achaia, built by her son, bore her name. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 7, ch. 22.\n\n=Tritogenia=, a surname of Pallas. _Hesiod._\u2015\u2015_Festus_, _Lexicon of\n Festus_.\n\n=Triton=, a sea deity, son of Neptune by Amphitrite, or, according\n to some, by Celeno, or Salacia. He was very powerful among the sea\n deities, and could calm the ocean and abate storms at pleasure. He\n is generally represented as blowing a shell. His body above the waist\n is like that of a man, and below a dolphin. Some represent him with\n the fore feet of a horse. Many of the sea deities are called Tritons,\n but the name is generally applied to those only who are half men\n and half fishes. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_,\n li. 930.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1, li. 333.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de\n Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 28.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 148;\n bk. 6, li. 173.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of Africa\n falling into the lake Tritonis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the names of the Nile.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n small river of B\u0153otia, or Thessaly.\n\n=Trit\u014dnis=, a lake and river of Africa, near which Minerva had a temple,\n whence she is surnamed _Tritonis_, or _Tritonia_. _Herodotus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 178.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2,\n li. 171.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Athens is also called _Tritonis_,\n because dedicated to Minerva.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5.\n\n=Tritonon=, a town of Doris. _Livy_, bk. 28, ch. 7.\n\n=Triventum=, a town of the Samnites.\n\n=Trivia=, a surname given to Diana, because she presided over all\n places where three roads met. At the new moon the Athenians offered\n her sacrifices, and a sumptuous entertainment, which was generally\n distributed among the poor. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 13; bk. 7,\n li. 774.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 2, li. 416; _Fasti_, bk. 1,\n li. 389.\n\n=Trivi\u00e6 antrum=, a place in the valley of Aricia, where the nymph\n Egeria resided. _Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 47.\n\n=Trivi\u00e6 lucus=, a place of Campania, in the bay of Cum\u00e6. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 13.\n\n=Triv\u012bcum=, a town in the country of the Hirpini in Italy. _Horace_,\n bk. 1, satire 5, li. 79.\n\n=Triumv\u012dri=, _reipublic\u00e6 constituend\u00e6_, were three magistrates\n appointed equally to govern the Roman state with absolute power.\n These officers gave a fatal blow to the expiring independence of\n the Roman people, and became celebrated for their different pursuits,\n their ambition, and their various fortunes. The first triumvirate,\n B.C. 60, was in the hands of Julius C\u00e6sar, Pompey, and Crassus, who\n at the expiration of their office kindled a civil war. The second\n and last triumvirate, B.C. 43, was under Augustus, Marcus Antony,\n and Lepidus, and through them the Romans totally lost their liberty.\n Augustus disagreed with his colleagues, and after he had defeated\n them, he made himself absolute in Rome. The triumvirate was in full\n force at Rome for the space of about 12 years.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There were also\n officers who were called _triumviri capitales_, created A.U.C. 464.\n They took cognizance of murders and robberies, and everything in\n which slaves were concerned. Criminals under sentence of death were\n entrusted to their care, and they had them executed according to the\n commands of the pretors.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The _triumviri nocturni_ watched over the\n safety of Rome in the night-time, and in case of fire were ever ready\n to give orders, and to take the most effectual measures to extinguish\n it.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The _triumviri agrarii_ had the care of colonies that were\n sent to settle in different parts of the empire. They made a fair\n division of the lands among the citizens, and exercised over the new\n colony all the power which was placed in the hands of the consuls at\n Rome.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The _triumviri monetales_ were masters of the mint, and had\n the care of the coin, hence their office was generally intimated by\n the following letters often seen on ancient coins and medals: \u2666IIIVIR.\n A. A. A. F. F. i.e., _Triumviri auro, argento, \u00e6re flando, feriendo_.\n Some suppose that they were created only in the age of Cicero, as\n those who were employed before them were called _Denariorum flandorum\n curatores_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The _triumviri valetudinis_ were chosen when Rome\n was visited by a plague or some pestiferous distemper, and they\n took particular care of the temples of health and virtue.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n _triumviri senatus legendi_ were appointed to name those that were\n most worthy to be made senators from among the plebeians. They\n were first chosen in the age of Augustus, as before this privilege\n belonged to the kings, and afterwards devolved upon the consuls and\n the censors, A.U.C. 310.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The _triumviri mensarii_ were chosen in\n the second Punic war, to take care of the coin and prices of exchange.\n\n \u2666 \u2018HIVIR\u2019 replaced with \u2018IIIVIR\u2019\n\n=Triumvirorum insula=, a place on the Rhine which falls into the Po,\n where the triumvirs Antony, Lepidus, and Augustus met to divide\n the Roman empire after the battle of Mutina. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 46,\n ch. 55.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Civil Wars_, ch. 4.\n\n=Tro\u0103des=, the inhabitants of Troas.\n\n=Troas=, a country of Phrygia, in Asia Minor, of which Troy was the\n capital. When Troas is taken for the whole kingdom of Priam, it\n may be said to contain Mysia and Phrygia Minor; but if only applied\n to that part of the country where Troy was situate, its extent\n is confined within very narrow limits. Troas was anciently called\n _Dardania_. _See:_ Troja.\n\n=Trochois=, a lake in the island of Delos, near which Apollo and Diana\n were born.\n\n=Trocmi=, a people of Galatia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 16.\n\n=Tr\u0153z\u0113ne= a town of Argolis, in Peloponnesus, near the Saronicus Sinus,\n which received its name from Tr\u0153zen the son of Pelops, who reigned\n there for some time. It is often called _Theseis_, because Theseus\n was born there; and _Posidonia_, because _Neptune_ was worshipped\n there. _Statius_, _Thebaid_, bk. 4, li. 81.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2,\n ch. 50.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Theseus_.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,\n li. 556; bk. 15, li. 296.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another town at the south of the\n Peloponnesus.\n\n=Trogili\u00e6=, three small islands near Samos.\n\n=Trogilium=, a part of mount Mycale, projecting into the sea. _Strabo_,\n bk. 14.\n\n=Trogilus=, a harbour of Sicily. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, lis. 2, 59.\n\n=Troglody\u0306t\u00e6=, a people of \u00c6thiopia, who dwelt in caves (\u03c4\u03c1\u03c9\u03b3\u03bb\u03b7 _specus_,\n \u03b4\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9 _subeo_). They were all shepherds, and had their wives in common.\n _Strabo_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, chs. 4 & 8.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 1, ch. 8;\n bk. 37, ch. 10.\n\n=Trogus Pompeius=, a Latin historian, B.C. 41, born in Gaul. His\n father was one of the friends and adherents of Julius C\u00e6sar, and\n his ancestors had obtained privileges and honours from the most\n illustrious of the Romans. Trogus wrote a universal history of all\n the most important events that had happened from the beginning of the\n world to the age of Augustus, divided into 44 books. This history,\n which was greatly admired for its purity and elegance, was epitomized\n by Justin, and is still extant. Some suppose that the epitome is the\n cause that the original of Trogus is lost. _Justin_, bk. 47, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 6.\n\n=Troja=, a city, the capital of Troas, or, according to others, a\n country of which Ilium was the capital. It was built on a small\n eminence near mount Ida, and the promontory of Sig\u00e6um, at the\n distance of about four miles from the sea-shore. Dardanus the\n first king of the country built it, and called it _Dardania_, and\n from Troas, one of his successors, it was called _Troja_, and from\n Ilus, _Ilion_. Neptune is also said to have built, or more properly\n repaired, its walls, in the age of king Laomedon. This city has been\n celebrated by the poems of Homer and Virgil, and of all the wars\n which have been carried on among the ancients, that of Troy is the\n most famous. The Trojan war was undertaken by the Greeks, to recover\n Helen, whom Paris the son of Priam king of Troy had carried away\n from the house of Menelaus. All Greece united to avenge the cause of\n Menelaus, and every prince furnished a certain number of ships and\n soldiers. According to Euripides, Virgil, and Lycophron, the armament\n of the Greeks amounted to 1000 ships. Homer mentions them as being\n 1186, and Thucydides supposes that they were 1200 in number. The\n number of men which these ships carried is unknown; yet, as the\n largest contained about 120 men each, and the smallest 50, it may\n be supposed that no less than 100,000 men were engaged in this\n celebrated expedition. Agamemnon was chosen general of all these\n forces; but the princes and kings of Greece were admitted among his\n counsellors, and by them all the operations of the war were directed.\n The most celebrated of the Grecian princes that distinguished\n themselves in this war, were Achilles, Ajax, Menelaus, Ulysses,\n Diomedes, Protesilaus, Patroclus, Agamemnon, Nestor, Neoptolemus,\n &c. The Grecian army was opposed by a more numerous force. The king\n of Troy received assistance from the neighbouring princes in Asia\n Minor, and reckoned among his most active generals, Rhesus king of\n Thrace, and Memnon, who entered the field with 20,000 Assyrians and\n \u00c6thiopians. Many of the adjacent cities were reduced and plundered\n before the Greeks approached their walls; but when the siege\n was begun, the enemies on both sides gave proofs of valour and\n intrepidity. The army of the Greeks, however, was visited by a plague,\n and the operations were not less retarded by the quarrel of Agamemnon\n and Achilles. The loss was great on both sides; the most valiant of\n the Trojans, and particularly of the sons of Priam, were slain in\n the field; and, indeed, so great was the slaughter, that the rivers\n of the country are represented as filled with dead bodies and suits\n of armour. After the siege had been carried on for 10 years, some\n of the Trojans, among whom were \u00c6neas and Antenor, betrayed the city\n into the hands of the enemy, and Troy was reduced to ashes. The poets,\n however, support that the Greeks made themselves masters of the place\n by artifice. They secretly filled a large wooden horse with armed men,\n and led away their army from the plains, as if to return home. The\n Trojans brought the wooden horse into their city, and in the night,\n the Greeks that were confined within the sides of the animal rushed\n out and opened the gates to their companions, who had returned from\n the place of their concealment. The greatest part of the inhabitants\n were put to the sword, and the others carried away by the conquerors.\n This happened, according to the Arundelian marbles, about 1184 years\n before the christian era, in the 3530th year of the Julian period, on\n the night between the 11th and 12th of June, 408 years before the\n first olympiad. Some time after, a new city was raised, about 30\n stadia from the ruins of the old Troy; but though it bore the ancient\n name, and received ample donations from Alexander the Great, when he\n visited it in his Asiatic expedition, yet it continued to be small,\n and in the age of Strabo it was nearly in ruins. It is said that\n Julius C\u00e6sar, who wished to pass for one of the descendants of \u00c6neas,\n and consequently to be related to the Trojans, intended to make it\n the capital of the Roman empire, and to transport there the senate\n and the Roman people. The same apprehensions were entertained in the\n reign of Augustus, and according to some, an ode of Horace, _Justum\n et tenacem propositi virum_, was written purposely to dissuade the\n emperor from putting into execution so wild a project. _See:_ Paris,\n \u00c6neas, Antenor, Agamemnon, Ilium, Laomedon, Menelaus, &c. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_.\u2015\u2015_Homer._\u2015\u2015_Ovid._\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, &c.\n\n=Troj\u0101ni= and =Trojug\u0115n\u00e6=, the inhabitants of Troy.\n\n=Troj\u0101ni ludi=, games instituted by \u00c6neas, or his son Ascanius, to\n commemorate the death of Anchises, and celebrated in the circus\n at Rome. Boys of the best families, dressed in a neat manner, and\n accoutred with suitable arms and weapons, were permitted to enter the\n list. Sylla exhibited them in his dictatorship, and under Augustus\n they were observed with unusual pomp and solemnity. A mock fight on\n horseback, or sometimes on foot, was exhibited. The leader of the\n party was called _princeps juventutis_, and was generally the son\n of a senator, or the heir apparent to the empire. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 5, li. 602.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _C\u00e6sar_ & _Augustus_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Sulla_.\n\n=Tro\u012dlus=, a son of Priam and Hecuba, killed by Achilles during the\n Trojan war. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, ode 9,\n li. 16.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 474.\n\n=Troment\u012bna=, one of the Roman tribes. _Livy_, bk. 6, ch. 5.\n\n=Trop\u00e6a=, a town of the Brutii.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A stone monument on the Pyrenees,\n erected by Pompey.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Drusi, a town of Germany where Drusus died, and\n Tiberius was saluted emperor by the army.\n\n=Trophonius=, a celebrated architect, son of Erginus king of Orchomenos\n in B\u0153otia. He built Apollo\u2019s temple at Delphi, with the assistance\n of his brother Agamedes, and when he demanded of the god a reward for\n his trouble, he was told by the priestess to wait eight days, and to\n live during that time with all cheerfulness and pleasure. When the\n days were passed, Trophonius and his brother were found dead in their\n bed. According to Pausanias, however, he was swallowed up alive in\n the earth; and when afterwards the country was visited by a great\n drought, the B\u0153otians were directed to apply to Trophonius for relief,\n and to seek him at Lebadea, where he gave oracles in a cave. They\n discovered this cave by means of a swarm of bees, and Trophonius\n told them how to ease their misfortunes. From that time Trophonius\n was honoured as a god; he passed for the son of Apollo, a chapel\n and a statue were erected to him, and sacrifices were offered to\n his divinity when consulted to give oracles. The cave of Trophonius\n became one of the most celebrated oracles of Greece. Many ceremonies\n were required, and the suppliant was obliged to make particular\n sacrifices, to anoint his body with oil, and to bathe in the waters\n of certain rivers. He was to be clothed in a linen robe, and, with a\n cake of honey in his hand, he was directed to descend into the cave\n by a narrow entrance, from whence he returned backwards after he had\n received an answer. He was always pale and dejected at his return,\n and thence it became proverbial to say of a melancholy man, that he\n had consulted the oracle of Trophonius. There were annually exhibited\n games in honour of Trophonius at Lebadea. _Pausanias_, bk. 9, ch. 37,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 47.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch. 45.\n\n=Tros=, a son of Ericthonius king of Troy, who married Callirhoe\n the daughter of the Scamander, by whom he had Ilus, Assaracus, and\n Ganymedes. He made war against Tantalus king of Phrygia, whom he\n accused of having stolen away the youngest of his sons. The capital\n of Phrygia was called Troja from him, and the country itself Troas.\n _Virgil_, bk. 3, _Georgics_, li. 36.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 20,\n li. 219.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\n\n=Tross\u016dlum=, a town of Etruria, which gave the name of _Trossuli_\n to the Roman knights who had taken it without the assistance of\n foot soldiers. _Pliny_, bk. 32, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Seneca_, ltrs. 86 & 87.\n \u2015\u2015_Persius_, bk. 1, li. 82.\n\n=Trotilum=, a town of Sicily. _Thucydides_, bk. 6.\n\n=Truentum=, or =Truentinum=, a river of Picenum, falling into the\n Adriatic. There is also a town of the same name in the neighbourhood.\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 434.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3,\n ch. 13.\n\n=Trypherus=, a celebrated cook, &c. _Juvenal_, bk. 11.\n\n=Tryphiodorus=, a Greek poet and grammarian of Egypt in the sixth\n century, who wrote a poem in 24 books on the destruction of Troy,\n from which he excluded the \u03b1 in the first book, the \u03b2 in the second,\n and the \u03b3 in the third, &c.\n\n=Tryphon=, a tyrant of Apamea in Syria, put to death by Antiochus.\n _Justin_, bk. 36, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of one of the Ptolemies.\n _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 14, li. 31.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian of\n Alexander in the age of Augustus.\n\n=Tubantes=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, bk. 1, ch. 51.\n\n=Tub\u0115ro Quintus \u00c6lius=, a Roman consul, son-in-law of Paulus the\n conqueror of Perseus. He is celebrated for his poverty, in which he\n seemed to glory as well as the rest of his family. Sixteen of the\n Tuberos, with their wives and children, lived in a small house, and\n maintained themselves with the produce of a little field, which they\n cultivated with their own hand. The first piece of silver plate that\n entered the house of Tubero was a small cup which his father-in-law\n presented to him after he had conquered the king of Macedonia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n learned man.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Africa.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman general who marched\n against the Germans under the emperors. He was accused of treason,\n and acquitted.\n\n=Tuburbo=, two towns of Africa, called Major and Minor.\n\n=Tucca Plautius=, a friend of Horace and Virgil. He was, with Varus and\n Plotius, ordered by Augustus, as some report, to revise the \u00c6neid of\n Virgil, which remained uncorrected on account of the premature death\n of the poet. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 40; satire 10, li. 84.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Mauritania.\n\n=Tuccia=, an immodest woman in Juvenal\u2019s age. _Juvenal_, satire 6,\n li. 64.\n\n=Tucia=, a river near Rome. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 13, li. 5.\n\n=Tuder=, or =Tudertia=, an ancient town of Umbria. The inhabitants were\n called _Tudertes_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 4, li. 222.\n\n=Tudri=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 42.\n\n=Tugia=, now _Toia_, a town of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Tug\u012bni=, or =Tug\u0113ni=, a people of Germany.\n\n=Tuisto=, a deity of the Germans, son of Terra, and the founder of the\n nation. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, bk. 2.\n\n=Tulcis=, a river of Spain, falling into the Mediterranean, now\n _Francoli_.\n\n=Tulingi=, a people of Germany between the Rhine and the Danube.\n _C\u00e6sar_, bk. 1, ch. 5, _Gallic War_.\n\n=Tulla=, one of Camilla\u2019s attendants in the Rutulian war. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 656.\n\n=Tullia=, a daughter of Servius Tullius king of Rome. She married\n Tarquin the Proud, after she had murdered her first husband Arunx,\n and consented to see Tullius assassinated, that Tarquin might be\n raised to the throne. It is said that she ordered her chariot to\n be driven over the body of her aged father, which had been thrown\n all mangled and bloody into one of the streets of Rome. She was\n afterwards banished from Rome with her husband. _Ovid_, _Ibis_,\n li. 363.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another daughter of Servius Tullius, who married Tarquin\n the Proud. She was murdered by her own husband, that \u2666he might marry\n her ambitious sister of the same name.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Cicero.\n _See:_ Tulliola.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A debauched woman. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 306.\n\n \u2666 \u2018she\u2019 replaced with \u2018he\u2019\n\n=Tullia lex=, _de senatu_, by Marcus Tullius Cicero, A.U.C. 689,\n enacted that those who had a _libera legatio_ granted them by the\n senate, should hold it no more than one year. Such senators as had\n a _libera legatio_ travelled through the provinces of the empire\n without any expense, as if they were employed in the affairs of\n the state.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de ambitu_, by the same, the same year. It\n forbade any person, two years before he canvassed for an office,\n to exhibit a show of gladiators, unless that case had devolved upon\n him by will. Senators guilty of the crime of _ambitu_ were punished\n with the _aqu\u00e6 et ignis interdictio_ for 10 years, and the penalty\n inflicted on the commons was more severe than that of the Calpurnian\n law.\n\n=Tulli\u0101num=, a subterraneous prison in Rome, built by Servius Tullius,\n and added to the other called _Robur_, where criminals were confined.\n _Sallust_, _Conspiracy of Catiline_.\n\n=Tulli\u014fla=, or =Tullia=, a daughter of Cicero by Terentia. She married\n Caius Piso, and afterwards Furius Crassipes, and lastly Publius\n Cornelius Dolabella. With this last husband she had every reason to\n be dissatisfied. Dolabella was turbulent, and consequently the cause\n of much grief to Tullia and her father. Tullia died in child-bed,\n about 44 years before Christ. Cicero was so inconsolable on this\n occasion, that some have accused him of an unnatural partiality\n for his daughter. According to a ridiculous story which some of\n the moderns report, in the age of Pope Paul III., a monument was\n discovered on the Appian road with the superscription of _Tulliol\u00e6\n fili\u00e6 me\u00e6_. The body of a woman was found in it, which was reduced\n to ashes as soon as touched; there was also a lamp burning, which was\n extinguished as soon as the air gained admission there, and which was\n supposed to have been lighted above 1500 years. _Cicero._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Cicero_.\n\n=Tullius Cimber=, the son of a freedman, rose to great honours, and\n followed the interest of Pompey. He was reconciled to Julius C\u00e6sar,\n whom he murdered with Brutus. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cicero, a celebrated\n orator. _See:_ Cicero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The son of the orator Cicero. _See:_\n Cicero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Servius, a king of Rome. _See:_ Servius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Senecio, a\n man accused of conspiracy against Nero with Piso.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Otho.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the kings of Rome. _See:_ Servius.\n\n=Tullus Hostilius=, the third king of Rome after the death of Numa. He\n was of a warlike and active disposition, and signalized himself by\n his expedition against the people of Alba, whom he conquered, and\n whose city he destroyed after the famous battle of the Horatii and\n Curiatii. He afterwards carried his arms against the Latins and the\n neighbouring states with success, and enforced reverence for majesty\n among his subjects. He died with all his family, about 640 years\n before the christian era, after a reign of 32 years. The manner of\n his death is not precisely known. Some suppose that he was killed\n by lightning, while he was performing some magical ceremonies in his\n own house; or, according to the more probable accounts of others, he\n was murdered by Ancus Martius, who set fire to the palace, to make it\n be believed that the impiety of Tullus had been punished by heaven.\n _Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 3,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 814.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 22.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul, A.U.C. 686. _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 8,\n li. 12.\n\n=Tun\u0113ta=, or =Tunis=, a town of Africa, near which Regulus was defeated\n and taken by Xanthippus. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 9.\n\n=Tungri=, a name given to some of the Germans, supposed to live on\n the banks of the Maese, whose chief city, called Atuatuca, is now\n _Tongeren_. The river of the country is now the _Spaw_. _Tacitus_,\n _Germania_, bk. 2.\n\n=Caius Turanius=, a Latin tragic poet in the age of Augustus. _Ovid_,\n _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 16, li. 29.\n\n=Turba=, a town of Gaul.\n\n=Turbo=, a gladiator, mentioned _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 310.\n He was of small stature, but uncommonly courageous.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of\n Pannonia, under the emperors.\n\n=Turdet\u0103ni=, or =Turduti=, a people of Spain, inhabiting both sides of\n the B\u00e6tis. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 6; bk. 28, ch. 39; bk. 34, ch. 17.\n\n=Turesis=, a Thracian who revolted from Tiberius.\n\n=Turias=, a river of Spain falling into the Mediterranean near Valentia,\n now the \u2666_Guadalquiver_.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Guadalavier\u2019 replaced with \u2018Guadalquiver\u2019\n\n=Turicum=, a town of Gaul, now _Zurich_, in Switzerland.\n\n=Turiosa=, a town of Spain.\n\n=Turius=, a corrupt judge in the Augustan age. _Horace_, bk. 2,\n satire 1, li. 49.\n\n=Turnus=, a king of the Rutuli, son of Daunus and Venilia. He made\n war against \u00c6neas, and attempted to drive him away from Italy, that\n he might not marry the daughter of Latinus, who had been previously\n engaged to him. His efforts were attended with no success, though\n supported with great courage and a numerous army. He was conquered,\n and at last killed in a single combat by \u00c6neas. He is represented\n as a man of uncommon strength. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 56, &c.\n \u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 49.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 879;\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 451.\n\n=Tur\u014fnes=, a people of Gaul, whose capital, C\u00e6sarodunum, is the modern\n _Tours_.\n\n=Turpio.= _See:_ Ambivius.\n\n=Turrus=, a river of Italy falling into the Adriatic.\n\n=Turullius=, one of C\u00e6sar\u2019s murderers.\n\n=Turuntus=, a river of Sarmatia, supposed to be the Dwina, or Duna.\n\n=Tuscania= and =Tuscia=, a large country at the west of Rome, the same\n as Etruria. _See:_ Etruria.\n\n=Tusci=, the inhabitants of Etruria.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The villa of Pliny the younger\n near the sources of the Tiber. _Pliny_, ltrs. 5 & 6.\n\n=Tuscul\u0101num=, a country house of Cicero, near Tusculum, where,\n among other books, the orator composed his Qu\u00e6stiones, concerning\n the contempt of death, &c., in five books. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6\n Disputationes_, bk. 1, ch. 4; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 15, ltr. 2;\n _Letters to his Friends_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Tusc\u016dlum=, a town of Latium on the declivity of a hill, about 12 miles\n from Rome, founded by Telegonus the son of Ulysses and Circe. It is\n now called _Frescati_, and is famous for the magnificent villas in\n its neighbourhood. _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 23, li. 8, &c.\n\n=Tuscus=, belonging to Etruria. The Tiber is called _Tuscus Amnis_,\n from its situation. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 199.\n\n=Tuscus vicus=, a small village near Rome. It received this name from\n the Etrurians of Porsenna\u2019s army that settled there. _Livy_, bk. 2,\n ch. 14.\n\n=Tuscum mare=, a part of the Mediterranean on the coast of Etruria.\n _See:_ Tyrrhenum.\n\n=Tuta=, a queen of Illyricum, &c. _See:_ Teuta.\n\n=Tutia=, a vestal virgin accused of incontinence. She proved herself to\n be innocent by carrying water from the Tiber to the temple of Vesta\n in a sieve, after a solemn invocation to the goddess. _Livy_, bk. 20.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A small river six miles from Rome, where Annibal pitched his camp,\n when he retreated from the city. _Livy_, bk. 26, ch. 11.\n\n=Tuticum=, a town of the Hirpini.\n\n=Ty\u0103na=, a town at the foot of mount Taurus in Cappadocia, where\n Apollonius was born, whence he is called _Tyaneus_. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8, li. 719.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 12.\n\n=Tyan\u012btis=, a province of Asia Minor, near Cappadocia.\n\n=Tybris.= _See:_ Tiberis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Trojan who fought in Italy with \u00c6neas\n against Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 124.\n\n=Tybur=, a town of Latium on the Anio. _See:_ Tibur.\n\n=Tyche=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 360.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A part\n of the town of Syracuse. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 4, ch. 53.\n\n=Tychius=, a celebrated artist of Hyle in B\u0153otia, who made Hector\u2019s\n shield, which was covered with the hides of seven oxen. _Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 823.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 7,\n li. 220.\n\n=Tyde=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,\n li. 367.\n\n=Tydeus=, a son of \u0152neus king of Calydon and Perib\u0153a. He fled from his\n country after the accidental murder of one of his friends, and found\n a safe asylum in the court of Adrastus king of Argos, whose daughter\n Deiphyle he married. When Adrastus wished to replace his son-in-law\n Polynices on the throne of Thebes, Tydeus undertook to go and declare\n war against Eteocles, who usurped the crown. The reception he met\n provoked his resentment; he challenged Eteocles and his officers\n to single combat, and defeated them. On his return to Argos he slew\n 50 of the Thebans who had conspired against his life, and lay in an\n ambush to surprise him; and only one of the number was permitted to\n return to Thebes, to bear the tidings of the fate of his companions.\n He was one of the seven chiefs of the army of Adrastus, and during\n the Theban war he behaved with great courage. Many of the enemies\n expired under his blows, till he was at last wounded by Menalippus.\n Though the blow was fatal, Tydeus had the strength to dart at his\n enemy, and to bring him to the ground, before he was carried away\n from the fight by his companions. At his own request, the dead body\n of Menalippus was brought to him, and after he had ordered the head\n to be cut off, he began to tear out the brains with his teeth. The\n savage barbarity of Tydeus displeased Minerva, who was coming to\n bring him relief and to make him immortal, and the goddess left him\n to his fate, and suffered him to die. He was buried at Argos, where\n his monument was still to be seen in the age of Pausanias. He was\n father to Diomedes. Some suppose that the cause of his flight to\n Argos was the murder of the son of Melus, or, according to others, of\n Alcathous his father\u2019s brother, or perhaps his own brother Olenius.\n _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 4, lis. 365, 387.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 8;\n bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Aeschylus_, _Seven Against Thebes_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk.\n 9, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Suppliants_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 479.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ibis_, li. 350, &c.\n\n=Tyd\u012bdes=, a patronymic of Diomedes, as son of Tydeus. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 101.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ode 15, li. 28.\n\n=Tylos=, a town of Peloponnesus near T\u00e6narus, now _Bahrain_.\n\n=Tymber=, a son of Daunus, who assisted Turnus. His head was cut off in\n an engagement by Pallas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 391, &c.\n\n=Tym\u014dlus=, a mountain. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 6, li. 15. _See:_\n Tmolus.\n\n=Tympania=, an inland town of Elis.\n\n=Tynph\u00e6i=, a people between Epirus and Thessaly.\n\n=Tynd\u0103r\u012dd\u00e6=, a patronymic of the children of Tyndarus, as Castor,\n Pollux, and Helen, &c. _Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A people of\n Colchis.\n\n=Tynd\u0103ris=, a patronymic of Helen daughter of Tyndarus. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 569.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Sicily near Pelorus, founded\n by a Messenian colony. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 91.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 209.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Horace gave this name to one\n of his mistresses, as best expressive of all female accomplishments,\n bk. 1, ode 17, li. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A name given to Cassandra. _Ovid_, _Ars\n Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 408.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Colchis on the Phasis.\n _Pliny._\n\n=Tynd\u0103rus=, son of \u0152balus and Gorgophone, or, according to some,\n of Perieres. He was king of Laced\u00e6mon, and married the celebrated\n Leda, who bore him Timandra, Philonoe, &c., and also became mother\n of Pollux and Helen by Jupiter. _See:_ Leda, Castor, Pollux,\n Clytemnestra, &c.\n\n=Tynn\u012dchus=, a general of Heraclea. _Poly\u00e6nus._\n\n=Typh\u0153us=, or =Typhon=, a famous giant, son of Tartarus and Terra,\n who had 100 heads like those of a serpent or a dragon. Flames of\n devouring fire were darted from his mouth and from his eyes, and he\n uttered horrid yells, like the dissonant shrieks of different animals.\n He was no sooner born, than, to avenge the death of his brothers the\n giants, he made war against heaven, and so frightened the gods that\n they fled away and assumed different shapes. Jupiter became a ram,\n Mercury an ibis, \u2666Apollo a crow, Juno a cow, Bacchus a goat, Diana a\n cat, Venus a fish, &c. The father of the gods at last resumed courage,\n and put Typh\u0153us to flight with his thunderbolts, and crushed him\n under mount \u00c6tna, in the island of Sicily, or, according to some,\n under the island Inarime. Typh\u0153us became father of Geryon, Cerberus,\n and Orthos by his union with Echidna. _Hyginus_, fables 152 & 196.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 5, li. 325.\u2015\u2015_Aeschylus_, _Seven\n Against Thebes_.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 820.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Hymns_.\n \u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 2, ch. 156.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 716.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Appollo\u2019 replaced with \u2018Apollo\u2019\n\n=Typhon=, a giant whom Juno produced by striking the earth. Some of the\n poets make him the same as the famous Typh\u0153us. _See:_ Typh\u0153us.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n brother of Osiris, who married Nepthys. He laid snares for his\n brother during his expedition, and murdered him at his return. The\n death of Osiris was avenged by his son Orus, and Typhon was put to\n death. _See:_ Osiris. He was reckoned among the Egyptians to be the\n cause of every evil, and on that account generally represented as a\n wolf and a crocodile. _Plutarch_, _de Iside et Osiride_.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_,\n bk. 1.\n\n=Tyrannion=, a grammarian of Pontus, intimate with Cicero. His original\n name was Theophrastus, and he received that of Tyrannion, from his\n austerity to his pupils. He was taken by Lucullus, and restored to\n his liberty by Mur\u00e6na. He opened a school in the house of his friend\n Cicero, and enjoyed his friendship. He was extremely fond of books,\n and collected a library of about 30,000 volumes. To his care and\n industry the world is indebted for the preservation of Aristotle\u2019s\n works.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was also one of his disciples called Diocles, who\n bore his name. He was a native of Ph\u0153nicia, and was made prisoner in\n the war of Augustus and Antony. He was bought by Dymes, one of the\n emperors favourites, and afterwards by Terentia, who gave him his\n liberty. He wrote 68 different volumes, in one of which he proved\n that the Latin tongue was derived from the Greek; and another in\n which Homer\u2019s poems were corrected, &c.\n\n=Tyrannus=, a son of Pterelaus.\n\n=Tyras=, or =Tyra=, a river of European Sarmatia, falling into the\n Euxine sea, between the Danube and the Borysthenes, and now called\n the _Niester_. _Ovid_, _ex Ponto_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 50.\n\n=Tyres=, one of the companions of \u00c6neas in his wars against Turnus. He\n was brother to Teuthras. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 403.\n\n=Tyridates=, a rich man in the age of Alexander, &c. _Curtius._\n\n=Tyrii=, or =Tyrus=, a town of Magna Gr\u00e6cia.\n\n=Tyriotes=, a eunuch of Darius, who fled from Alexander\u2019s camp, to\n inform his master of the queen\u2019s death. _Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n\n=Tyro=, a beautiful nymph, daughter of Salmoneus king of Elis and\n Alcidice. She was treated with great severity by her mother-in-law\n Sidero, and at last removed from her father\u2019s house by her uncle\n Cretheus. She became enamoured of the Enipeus; and as she often\n walked on the banks of the river, Neptune assumed the shape of her\n favourite lover, and gained her affections. She had two sons, Pelias\n and Neleus, by Neptune, whom she exposed, to conceal her incontinence\n from the world. The children were preserved by shepherds, and when\n they had arrived at years of maturity, they avenged their mother\u2019s\n injuries by assassinating the cruel Sidero. Some time after her\n amour with Neptune, Tyro married her uncle Cretheus, by whom she had\n Amythaon, Pheres, and \u00c6son. Tyro is often called _Salmonis_ from her\n father. _Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 11, li. 234.\u2015\u2015_Pindar_, _Pythian_, ch.\n 4.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_,\n bk. 1, poem 13, li. 20; bk. 2, poem 30, li. 51; bk. 3, poem 19,\n li. 13.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 6, li. 43.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia\n Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 42.\n\n=Tyros=, an island of Arabia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A city of Ph\u0153nicia. _See:_ Tyrus.\n\n=Tyrrheid\u00e6=, a patronymic given to the sons of Tyrrheus, who kept the\n flocks of Latinus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 484.\n\n=Tyrrh\u0113ni=, the inhabitants of Etruria. _See:_ Etruria.\n\n=Tyrrh\u0113num mare=, that part of the Mediterranean which lies on the\n coast of Etruria. It is also called _Inferum_, as being at the bottom\n or south of Italy.\n\n=Tyrrh\u0113nus=, a son of Atys king of Lydia, who came to Italy, where part\n of the country was called after him. _Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 55.\u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of\n \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 612.\n\n=Tyrrheus=, a shepherd of king Latinus, whose stag being killed by the\n companions of Ascanius, was the first cause of war between \u00c6neas and\n the inhabitants of Latium. Hence the word _Tyrrheides_. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 485.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Egyptian general, B.C. 91.\n\n=Tyrsis=, a place in the Balearides, supposed to be the palace of\n Saturn.\n\n=Tyrt\u00e6us=, a Greek elegiac poet, born in Attica, son of Archimbrotus.\n In the second Messenian war, the Laced\u00e6monians were directed by the\n oracle to apply to the Athenians for a general, if they wished to\n finish their expedition with success, and they were contemptuously\n presented with Tyrt\u00e6us. The poet, though ridiculed for his many\n deformities, and his ignorance of military affairs, animated the\n Laced\u00e6monians with martial songs, just as they wished to raise the\n siege of Ithome, and inspired them with so much courage, that they\n defeated the Messenians. For his services, he was made a citizen of\n Laced\u00e6mon, and treated with great attention. Of the compositions of\n Tyrt\u00e6us nothing is extant but the fragments of four or five elegies.\n He flourished about 684 B.C. _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, _Art of Poetry_,\n li. 402.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 12, ch. 50.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 4, ch. 6, &c.\n\n=Tyrus=, or =Tyros=, a very ancient city of Ph\u0153nicia, built by the\n Sidonians, on a small island at the south of Sidon, about 200 stadia\n from the shore, and now called _Sur_. There were, properly speaking,\n two places of that name, the old Tyros, called _Pal\u00e6tyros_, on the\n sea-shore, and the other in the island. It was about 19 miles in\n circumference, including Pal\u00e6tyros, but, without it, about four miles.\n Tyre was destroyed by the princes of Assyria, and afterwards rebuilt.\n It maintained its independence till the age of Alexander, who took\n it with much difficulty, and only after he had joined the island to\n the continent by a mole, after a siege of seven months, on the 20th\n of August, B.C. 332. The Tyrians were naturally industrious; their\n city was the emporium of commerce, and they were deemed the inventors\n of scarlet and purple colours. They founded many cities in different\n parts of the world, such as Carthage, Gades, Leptis, Utica, &c.,\n which on that account are often distinguished by the epithet _Tyria_.\n The buildings of Tyre were very splendid and magnificent; the walls\n were 150 feet high, with a proportionate breadth. Hercules was the\n chief deity of the place. It had two large and capacious harbours,\n and a powerful fleet, and was built, according to some writers, about\n 2760 years before the christian era. _Strabo_, bk. 16.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 44.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 4, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, lis. 6, 339, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 1,\n &c. _Metamorphoses_, bks. 5 & 10.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nymph,\n mother of Venus, according to some.\n\n=Tysias=, a man celebrated by Cicero. _See:_ Tisias.\n\n\n U & V\n\n=Vacatione= (_lex de_), was enacted concerning the exemption from\n military service, and contained this very remarkable clause, _nisi\n bellum Gallicum exoriatur_, in which case the priests themselves were\n not exempted from service. This can intimate how apprehensive the\n Romans were of the Gauls, by whom their city had once been taken.\n\n=Vacca=, a town of Numidia. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river of\n Spain.\n\n=Vacc\u00e6i=, a people at the north of Spain. _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 5; bk. 35,\n ch. 7; bk. 46, ch. 47.\n\n=Vaccus=, a general, &c. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 19.\n\n=Vac\u016bna=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over repose and leisure, as\n the word indicates (_vacare_). Her festivals were observed in the\n month of December. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 307.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1,\n ltr. 10, li. 49.\n\n=Vadim\u014dnis lacus=, now _Bassano_, a lake of Etruria, whose waters were\n sulphureous. The Etrurians were defeated there by the Romans, and the\n Gauls by Dolabella. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 39.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 8, ltr. 20.\n\n=Vaga=, a town of Africa. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 259.\n\n=Vagedr\u016bsa=, a river of Sicily between the towns of Camarina and Gela.\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 14, li. 229.\n\n=Vagellius=, an obscene lawyer of Mutina. _Juvenal_, satire 16, li. 23.\n\n=Vag\u0113ni=, or =Vagienni=, a people of Liguria, at the sources of the Po,\n whose capital was called _Augusta Vagiennorum_. _Silius Italicus_,\n bk. 8, li. 606.\n\n=Vah\u0101lis=, a river of modern Holland, now called the _Waal_. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\n\n=Vala Caius Numonius=, a friend of Horace, to whom the poet addressed\n bk. 1, ltr. 15.\n\n=Valens Flavius=, a son of Gratian, born in Pannonia. His brother\n Valentinian took him as his colleague on the throne, and appointed\n him over the eastern parts of the Roman empire. The bold measures and\n the threats of the rebel Procopius frightened the new emperor; and\n if his friends had not interfered, he would have willingly resigned\n all his pretensions to the empire which his brother had entrusted to\n his care. By perseverance, however, Valens was enabled to destroy his\n rival, and to distinguish himself in his wars against the northern\n barbarians. But his lenity to these savage intruders proved fatal\n to the Roman power; and by permitting some of the Goths to settle in\n the provinces of Thrace, and to have free access to every part of the\n country, Valens encouraged them to make depredations on his subjects,\n and to disturb their tranquillity. His eyes were opened too late;\n he attempted to repel them, but he failed in the attempt. A bloody\n battle was fought, in which the barbarians obtained some advantage,\n and Valens was hurried away by the obscurity of the night, and\n the affection of the soldiers for his person, into a lonely house,\n which the Goths set on fire. Valens, unable to make his escape, was\n burnt alive in the 50th year of his age, after a reign of 13 years,\n A.D. 378. He has been blamed for his superstition and cruelty, in\n putting to death all such of his subjects whose name began by _Theod_,\n because he had been informed by his favourite astrologers that his\n crown would devolve upon the head of an officer whose name began\n with these letters. Valens did not possess any of the great qualities\n which distinguish a good and powerful monarch. He was illiterate, and\n of a disposition naturally indolent and inactive. Yet though timorous\n in the highest degree, he was warlike; and though fond of ease, he\n was acquainted with the character of his officers, and preferred none\n but such as possessed merit. He was a great friend to discipline,\n a pattern of chastity and temperance, and he showed himself always\n ready to listen to the just complaints of his subjects, though he\n gave an attentive ear to flattery and malevolent informations.\n _Ammianus_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Valerius, a proconsul of Achaia, who proclaimed\n himself emperor of Rome, when Marcian, who had been invested with\n the purple in the east, attempted to assassinate him. He reigned only\n six months, and was murdered by his soldiers, A.D. 261.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Fabius, a\n friend of Vitellius, whom he saluted emperor, in opposition to Otho.\n He was greatly honoured by Vitellius, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of the emperor\n Honorius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of the second Mercury mentioned by _Cicero_,\n _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22, but considered as more properly\n belonging to Jupiter.\n\n=Valentia=, one of the ancient names of Rome.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Spain, a\n little below Saguntum, founded by Julius Brutus, and for some time\n known by the name of Julia Collonia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Italy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another,\n in Sardinia.\n\n=Valentini\u0101nus I.=, a son of Gratian, raised to the imperial throne\n by his merit and valour. He kept the western part of the empire for\n himself, and appointed over the east his brother Valens. He gave\n the most convincing proof of his military valour in the victories\n which he obtained over the barbarians in the provinces of Gaul, the\n deserts of Africa, and on the banks of the Rhine and the Danube.\n The insolence of the Quadi he punished with great severity; and\n when these desperate and indigent barbarians had deprecated the\n conqueror\u2019s mercy, Valentinian treated them with contempt, and\n upbraided them with every mark of resentment. While he spoke with\n such warmth, he broke a blood-vessel, and fell lifeless on the ground.\n He was conveyed into his palace by his attendants, and soon after\n died, after suffering the greatest agonies, from violent fits and\n contortions of his limbs, on the 17th of November, A.D. 375. He was\n then in the 55th year of his age, and had reigned 12 years. He has\n been represented by some as cruel and covetous in the highest degree.\n He was naturally of an irascible disposition, and he gratified his\n pride in expressing a contempt for those who were his equals in\n military abilities, or who shone for gracefulness or elegance of\n address. _Ammianus._\n\n=Valentinianus II.=, second son of Valentinian I., was proclaimed\n emperor about six days after his father\u2019s death, though only five\n years old. He succeeded his brother, Gratian, A.D. 383, but his youth\n seemed to favour dissension, and the attempts and the usurpations\n of rebels. He was robbed of his throne by Maximus, four years after\n the death of Gratian; and in this helpless situation he had recourse\n to Theodosius, who was then emperor of the east. He was successful\n in his applications; Maximus was conquered by Theodosius, and\n Valentinian entered Rome in triumph, accompanied by his benefactor.\n He was some time after strangled by one of his officers, a native of\n Gaul, called Arbogastes, in whom he had placed too much confidence,\n and from whom he expected more deference than the ambition of a\n barbarian could pay. Valentinian reigned nine years. This happened\n the 15th of May, A.D. 392, at Vienne, one of the modern towns of\n France. He has been commended for his many virtues, and the applause\n which the populace bestowed upon him was bestowed upon real merit.\n He abolished the greatest part of the taxes; and because his subjects\n complained that he was too fond of the amusements of the circus, he\n ordered all such festivals to be abolished, and all the wild beasts\n that were kept for the entertainment of the people to be slain. He\n was remarkable for his benevolence and clemency, not only to his\n friends, but even to such as had conspired against his life; and\n he used to say that tyrants alone are suspicious. He was fond of\n imitating the virtues and exemplary life of his friend and patron\n Theodosius, and if he had lived longer, the Romans might have enjoyed\n peace and security.\n\n=Valentinianus III.=, was son of Constantius and Placidia the\n daughter of Theodosius the Great, and therefore, as related to the\n imperial family, he was saluted emperor in his youth, and publicly\n acknowledged as such at Rome, the 3rd of October, A.D. 423, about\n the sixth year of his age. He was at first governed by his mother,\n and the intrigues of his generals and courtiers; and when he came to\n years of discretion, he disgraced himself by violence, oppression,\n and incontinence. He was murdered in the midst of Rome, A.D. 454, in\n the 36th year of his age, and 31st of his reign, by Petronius Maximus,\n to whose wife he had offered violence. The vices of Valentinian III.\n were conspicuous; every passion he wished to gratify at the expense\n of his honour, his health, and character; and as he lived without\n one single act of benevolence or kindness, he died lamented by none,\n though pitied for his imprudence and vicious propensities. He was the\n last of the family of Theodosius.\n\n=Valentinianus=, a son of the emperor Gratian, who died when very young.\n\n=Valeria=, a sister of Publicola, who advised the Roman matrons to go\n and deprecate the resentment of Coriolanus. _Plutarch_, _Coriolanus_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Publicola, given as a hostage to Porsenna by the\n Romans. She fled from the enemy\u2019s country with Cl\u0153lia, and swam\n across the Tiber. _Plutarch_, _de Mulierum Virtutibus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter\n of Messala, sister to Hortensius, who married Sylla.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife\n of the emperor Valentinian.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of the emperor Galerius, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A road in Sicily, which led from Messana to Lilyb\u00e6um.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town\n of Spain. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\n\n=Valeria lex=, _de provocatione_, by Publius Valerius Poplicola the\n sole consul, A.U.C. 245. It permitted the appeal from a magistrate to\n the people, and forbade the magistrate to punish a citizen for making\n the appeal. It further made it a capital crime for a citizen to\n aspire to the sovereignty of Rome, or to exercise any office without\n the choice and approbation of the people. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 4.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de debitoribus_, by Valerius Flaccus. It required that\n all creditors should discharge their debtors, on receiving a fourth\n part of the whole sum.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, by Marcus Valerius Corvinus, A.U.C.\n 453, which confirmed the first Valerian law, enacted by Poplicola.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, called also _Horatia_, by Lucius Valerius and Marcus\n Horatius the consuls, A.U.C. 305. It revived the first Valerian law,\n which, under the triumvirate, had lost its force.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de\n magistratibus_, by Publius Valerius Poplicola sole consul, A.U.C. 245.\n It created two questors to take care of the public treasure, which\n was for the future to be kept in the temple of Saturn. _Plutarch_,\n _Publicola_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 2.\n\n=Valeri\u0101nus Publius Licinius=, a Roman, proclaimed emperor by the\n armies in Rh\u00e6tia, A.D. 254. The virtues which shone in him when\n a private man, were lost when he ascended the throne. Formerly\n distinguished for his temperance, moderation, and many virtues,\n which fixed the uninfluenced choice of all Rome upon him, Valerian,\n invested with the purple, displayed inability and meanness. He was\n cowardly in his operations, and though acquainted with war, and the\n patron of science, he seldom acted with prudence, or favoured men of\n true genius and merit. He took his son Gallienus as his colleague in\n the empire, and showed the malevolence of his heart by persecuting\n the christians whom he had for a while tolerated. He also made\n war against the Goths and Scythians; but in an expedition which he\n undertook against Sapor king of Persia, his arms were attended with\n ill success. He was conquered in Mesopotamia, and when he wished to\n have a private conference with Sapor, the conqueror seized his person,\n and carried him in triumph to his capital, where he exposed him, and\n in all the cities of his empire, to the ridicule and insolence of his\n subjects. When the Persian monarch mounted on horseback, Valerian\n served as a footstool, and the many other insults which he suffered\n excited indignation even among the courtiers of Sapor. The monarch at\n last ordered him to be flayed alive, and salt to be thrown over his\n mangled body, so that he died in the greatest torments. His skin was\n tanned, and painted in red; and that the ignominy of the Roman empire\n might be lasting, it was nailed in one of the temples of Persia.\n Valerian died in the 71st year of his age, A.D. 260, after a reign\n of seven years.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grandson of Valerian the emperor. He was put to\n death when his father, the emperor Gallienus, was killed.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of\n the generals of the usurper Niger.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A worthy senator, put to death\n by Heliogabalus.\n\n=Valerius Publius=, a celebrated Roman surnamed _Poplicola_, from\n his popularity. He was very active in assisting Brutus to expel\n the Tarquins, and he was the first that took an oath to support the\n liberty and independence of his country. Though he had been refused\n the consulship, and had retired with great dissatisfaction from the\n direction of affairs, yet he regarded the public opinion; and when\n the jealousy of the Romans inveighed against the towering appearance\n of his house, he acknowledged the reproof, and in making it lower,\n he showed his wish to be on a level with his fellow-citizens, and not\n to erect what might be considered as a citadel for the oppression of\n his country. He was afterwards honoured with the consulship, on the\n expulsion of Collatinus, and he triumphed over the Etrurians, after\n he had gained the victory in the battle in which Brutus and the sons\n of Tarquin had fallen. Valerius died after he had been four times\n consul, and enjoyed the popularity, and received the thanks and the\n gratitude, which people redeemed from slavery and oppression usually\n pay to their patrons and deliverers. He was so poor, that his body\n was buried at the public expense. The Roman matrons mourned his death\n a whole year. _Plutarch_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1, ch. 9.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 3, ch. 8, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Corvinus, a tribune of the soldiers under\n Camillus. When the Roman army were challenged by one of the Senones,\n remarkable for his strength and stature, Valerius undertook to\n engage him, and obtained an easy victory, by means of a crow that\n assisted him, and attacked the face of the Gaul, whence his surname\n of _Corvinus_. Valerius triumphed over the Etrurians, and the\n neighbouring states that made war against Rome, and was six times\n honoured with the consulship. He died in the 100th year of his age,\n admired and regretted for many public and private virtues. _Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 7, ch. 27, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Caius Marius_.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Against Catiline_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Antias, an\n excellent Roman historian often quoted, and particularly by Livy.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus Corvinus Messala, a Roman, made consul with Augustus. He\n distinguished himself by his learning as well as military virtues.\n He lost his memory about two years before his death, and according to\n some, he was even ignorant of his own name. _Suetonius_, _Augustus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Brutus_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Soranus, a Latin poet in the age of Julius\n C\u00e6sar, put to death for betraying a secret. He acknowledged no god,\n but the soul of the universe.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Maximus, a brother of Poplicola.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Latin historian who carried arms under the sons of Pompey. He\n dedicated his time to study, and wrote an account of all the most\n celebrated sayings and actions of the Romans, and other illustrious\n persons, which is still extant, and divided into nine books. It\n is dedicated to Tiberius. Some have supposed that he lived after\n the age of Tiberius, from the want of purity and elegance which so\n conspicuously appear in his writings, unworthy of the correctness of\n the golden age of the Roman literature. The best editions of Valerius\n are those of Torrenius, 4to, Leiden, 1726, and of Vorstius, 8vo,\n Berlin, 1672.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcus, a brother of Poplicola, who defeated the\n army of the Sabines in two battles. He was honoured with a triumph,\n and the Romans, to show the sense of his great merit, built him a\n house on mount Palatine, at the public expense.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Potitus, a general\n who stirred up the people and army against the decemvirs, and Appius\n Claudius in particular. He was chosen consul, and conquered the\n Volsci and \u00c6qui.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Flaccus, a Roman, intimate with Cato the censor,\n whose friendship he honourably shared. He was consul with him, and\n cut off an army of 10,000 of the Insubres and Boii in Gaul, in one\n battle. He was also chosen censor, and prince of the senate, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Latin poet who flourished under Vespasian. He wrote a poem in eight\n books on the Argonautic expedition, but it remained unfinished on\n account of his premature death. The Argonauts were there left on\n the sea in their return home. Some critics have been lavish in their\n praises upon Flaccus, and have called him the second poet of Rome,\n after Virgil. His poetry, however, is deemed by some frigid and\n languishing, and his style uncouth and inelegant. The best editions\n of Flaccus are those of Burman, Leiden, 1724, and 12mo, Utrecht, 1702.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Asiaticus, a celebrated Roman, accused of having murdered one\n of the relations of the emperor Claudius. He was condemned by the\n intrigues of Messalina, though innocent, and he opened his veins,\n and bled to death. _Tacitus_, _Annals_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Vitellius.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Fabianus, a youth condemned under Nero, for counterfeiting the\n will of one of his friends, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 42.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015L\u00e6vinus, a consul who fought against Pyrrhus during the Tarentine\n war. _See:_ L\u00e6vinus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Pr\u00e6conius, a lieutenant of C\u00e6sar\u2019s army in\n Gaul, slain in a skirmish.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Paulinus, a friend of Vespasian, &c.\n\n=Valerus=, a friend of Turnus against \u00c6neas. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10,\n li. 752.\n\n=Valgius Rufus=, a Roman poet in the Augustan age, celebrated for\n his writings. He was very intimate with Horace. _Tibullus_, \u2666bk. 1,\n li. 180.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10, li. 82.\n\n \u2666 removed extraneous \u20183\u2019\n\n=Vandalii=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 3.\n\n=Vangi\u014fnes=, a people of Germany. Their capital, Borbetomagus, is now\n called _Worms_. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 431.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 1, ch. 51.\n\n=Vannia=, a town of Italy, north of the Po, now called _Civita_.\n\n=Vannius=, a king of the Suevi, banished under Claudius, &c. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 29.\n\n=Vapineum=, a town of Gaul.\n\n=Varanes=, a name common to some of the Persian monarchs, in the age of\n the Roman emperors.\n\n=Vard\u00e6i=, a people of Dalmatia. _Cicero_, _Letters to his Friends_,\n bk. 5, ltr. 9.\n\n=Varia=, a town of Latium.\n\n=Varia lex=, _de majestate_, by the tribune \u2666Quintus Varius, A.U.C. 662.\n It ordained that all such as had assisted the confederates in their\n war against Rome, should be publicly tried.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another, _de civiate_,\n by Quintus Varius Hybrida. It punished all such as were suspected of\n having assisted or supported the people of Italy in their petition to\n become free citizens of Rome. _Cicero_, _For Milo_, ch. 36; _Brutus_,\n chs. 56, 88, &c.\n\n \u2666 \u2018L. Varrus\u2019 replaced with \u2018Quintus Varius\u2019\n\n=Var\u012bni=, a people of Germany. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 40.\n\n=Varisti=, a people of Germany.\n\n=Lucius Varius=, or =Varus=, a tragic poet intimate with Horace\n and Virgil. He was one of those whom Augustus appointed to revise\n Virgil\u2019s \u00c6neid. Some fragments of his poetry are still extant.\n Besides tragedies, he wrote a panegyric on the emperor. Quintilian\n says, bk. 10, that his Thyestes was equal to any composition of the\n Greek poets. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 40.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who raised\n his reputation by the power of his oratory. _Cicero_, _On Oratory_,\n bk. 1, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the friends of Antony, surnamed _Cotylon_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man in the reign of Otho, punished for his adulteries, &c.\n\n=Varro Marcus Terentius=, a Roman consul defeated at Cann\u00e6, by Annibal.\n _See:_ Terentius. A Latin writer, celebrated for his great learning.\n He wrote no less than 500 different volumes, which are all now\n lost, except a treatise _de Re Rustic\u00e2_, and another _de Lingu\u00e2\n Latin\u00e2_, in five books, written in his 80th year, and dedicated to\n the orator Cicero. He was Pompey\u2019s lieutenant in his piratical wars,\n and obtained a naval crown. In the civil wars he was taken by C\u00e6sar\n and proscribed, but he escaped. He has been greatly commended by\n Cicero for his erudition, and St. Augustin says that it cannot but be\n wondered how Varro, who read such a number of books, could find time\n to compose so many volumes; and how he who composed so many volumes,\n could be at leisure to peruse such a variety of books, and gain\n so much literary information. He died B.C. 28, in the 88th year of\n his age. The best edition of Varro is that of Dordrac, 8vo, 1619.\n _Cicero_, _Academica_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Atacinus, a native of\n Gaul, in the age of Julius C\u00e6sar. He translated into Latin verse\n the Argonautica of Apollonius Rhodius, with great correctness and\n elegance. He also wrote a poem entitled _de Bello Sequanico_, besides\n epigrams and elegies. Some fragments of his poetry are still extant.\n He failed in his attempt to write satire. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 10,\n li. 46.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 1, li. 15.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10,\n ch. 1.\n\n=Varr\u014dnis villa=, now _Vicovaro_, was situate on the Anio, in the\n country of the Sabines. _Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 2, ltr. 41.\n\n=Varus Quintilius=, a Roman proconsul, descended from an illustrious\n family. He was appointed governor of Syria, and afterwards made\n commander of the armies in Germany. He was surprised by the enemy,\n under Arminius, a crafty and dissimulating chief, and his army\n was cut to pieces. When he saw that everything was lost, he killed\n himself, A.D. 10, and his example was followed by some of his\n officers. His head was afterwards sent to Augustus at Rome, by one\n of the barbarian chiefs, as also his body; and so great was the\n influence of this defeat upon the emperor, that he continued for\n whole months to show all the marks of dejection, and of deep sorrow,\n often exclaiming, \u201cO Varus, restore me my legions!\u201d The bodies of\n the slain were left in the field of battle, where they were found six\n years after by Germanicus, and buried with great pomp. Varus has been\n taxed with indolence and cowardice, and some have intimated, that\n if he had not trusted too much to the insinuations of the barbarian\n chiefs, he might have not only escaped ruin, but awed the Germans to\n their duty. His avarice was also conspicuous; he went poor to Syria,\n whence he returned loaded with riches. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 24.\n \u2015\u2015_Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 117.\u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _Eclogues_, poem 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Varus, who married a daughter of\n Germanicus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father and\n grandfather of Varus, who was killed in Germany, slew themselves with\n their own swords, the one after the battle of Philippi, and the other\n in the plains of Pharsalia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Quintilius, a friend of Horace, and\n other great men in the Augustan age. He was a good judge of poetry,\n and a great critic, as Horace, _Art of Poetry_, li. 438, seems to\n insinuate. The poet has addressed the 18th ode of his first book to\n him, and in the 24th he mourns pathetically his death. Some suppose\n this Varus to be the person killed in Germany, while others believe\n him to be a man who devoted his time more to the muses than to war.\n _See:_ Varius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius, an epicurean philosopher, intimate with\n Julius C\u00e6sar. Some suppose that it was to him that Virgil inscribed\n his sixth eclogue. He is commended by _Quintilian_, bk. 6, chs. 3, 78.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Alfrenus, a Roman, who, though originally a shoemaker, became\n consul, and distinguished himself by his abilities as an orator. He\n was buried at the public expense, an honour granted to few, and only\n to persons of merit. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Accius, one of\n the friends of Cato in Africa, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river which falls into the\n Mediterranean, to the west of Nice, after separating Liguria from\n Gallia Narbonensis. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 404.\n\n=Vasates=, a people of Gaul.\n\n=Vasc\u014fnes=, a people of Spain, on the Pyrenees. They were so reduced\n by a famine by Metellus, that they fed on human flesh. _Pliny_, bk. 3,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Ausonius_, bk. 2, li. 100.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 93.\n\n=Vasio=, a town of Gaul in modern Provence. _Cicero_, _Letters to his\n Friends_, bk. 10, ltr. 34.\n\n=Vatic\u0101nus=, a hill at Rome, near the Tiber and the Janiculum, which\n produced wine of no great esteem. It was disregarded by the Romans on\n account of the unwholesomeness of the air, and the continual stench\n of the filth that was there, and of stagnated waters. Heliogabalus\n was the first who cleared it of all disagreeable nuisances. It is now\n admired for ancient monuments and pillars, for a celebrated public\n library, and for the palace of the pope. _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 20.\n\n=V\u0103ti\u0113nus=, now _Saterno_, a river rising in the Alps and falling into\n the Po. _Martial_, bk. 3, ltr. 67.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 16.\n\n=V\u0101tinia lex=, _de provinciis_, by the tribune Publius Vatinius, A.U.C.\n 694. It appointed C\u00e6sar governor of Gallia Cisalpina and Illyricum,\n for five years, without a decree of the senate, or the usual custom\n of casting lots. Some persons were also appointed to attend him as\n lieutenants without the interference of the senate. His army was to\n be paid out of the public treasury, and he was empowered to plant a\n Roman colony in the town of Novocomum in Gaul.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another by Publius\n Vatinius the tribune, A.U.C. 694, _de repetundis_, for the better\n management of the trial of those who were accused of extortion.\n\n=Vatinius=, an intimate friend of Cicero, once distinguished for his\n enmity to the orator. He hated the people of Rome for their great\n vices and corruption, whence excessive hatred became proverbial\n in the words _Vatinianum odium_. _Catullus_, bk. 14, li. 3.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n shoemaker, ridiculed for his deformities, and the oddity of his\n character. He was one of Nero\u2019s favourites, and he surpassed the\n rest of the courtiers in flattery, and in the commission of every\n impious deed. Large cups, of no value, are called _Vatiniana_ from\n him, because he used one which was both ill-shaped and uncouth.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 34.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal._\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 14,\n ltr. 96.\n\n=Ubii=, a people of Germany near the Rhine, transported across the\n river by Agrippa, who gave them the name of Agrippinenses, from\n his daughter Agrippina, who had been born in the country. Their\n chief town, Ubiorum oppidum, is now _Cologne_. _Tacitus_, _Germania_,\n ch. 28; _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 27.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_,\n bk. 4, ch. 30.\n\n=Uc\u0103l\u0115gon=, a Trojan chief, remarkable for his great age, and praised\n for the soundness of his counsels and his good intentions, though\n accused by some of betraying his country to the enemy. His house was\n first set on fire by the Greeks. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 312.\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 3, li. 148.\n\n=Ucetia=, a town of Gaul.\n\n=Ucubis=, now _Lucubi_, a town of Spain. _Hirtius._\n\n=Udina=, or =Ved\u012dnum=, now _Udino_, a town of Italy.\n\n=Vectis=, the isle of _Wight_, south of Britain. _Suetonius_, _Claudius_,\n ch. 5.\n\n=Vectius=, a rhetorician, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 7, li. 150.\n\n=Vectones.= _See:_ Vettones.\n\n=Vedius Pollio=, a friend of Augustus, very cruel to his servants, &c.\n _See:_ Pollio.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Aquila, an officer at the battle of Bebriacum, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 44.\n\n=Vegetius=, a Latin writer, who flourished B.C. 386. The best edition\n of his treatise _de Re Militari_, together with Modestus, is that of\n Paris, 4to, 1607.\n\n=Vegia=, an island on the coast of Dalmatia.\n\n=Veia=, a sorceress, in the age of Horace, epode 5, li. 29.\n\n=Veianus=, a gladiator, in the age of Horace, bk. 1, ltr. 1, li. 4.\n\n=Veientes=, the inhabitants of Veii. They were carried to Rome, where\n the tribe they composed was called _Veientina_. _See:_ Veii.\n\n=Veiento Fabricius=, a Roman, as arrogant as he was satirical. Nero\n banished him for his libellous writings. _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 185.\n\n=Veii=, a powerful city of Etruria, at the distance of about 12 miles\n from Rome. It sustained many long wars against the Romans, and was at\n last taken and destroyed by Camillus, after a siege of 10 years. At\n the time of its destruction, Veii was larger and far more magnificent\n than the city of Rome. Its situation was so eligible, that the Romans,\n after the burning of the city by the Gauls, were long inclined to\n migrate there, and totally abandon their native home; and this would\n have been carried into execution, if not opposed by the authority and\n eloquence of Camillus. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 2, li. 195.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _De Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 44.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 143.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 21, &c.\n\n=Vej\u014fvis=, or =Vejup\u012dter=, a deity of ill omen at Rome. He had a temple\n on the Capitoline hill built by Romulus. Some suppose that he was\n the same as Jupiter _the infant_, or _in the cradle_, because he\n was represented without thunder, or a sceptre, and had only by his\n side the goat Amalth\u00e6a, and the Cretan nymph who fed him when young.\n _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 430.\n\n=Velabrum=, a marshy piece of ground on the side of the Tiber, between\n the Aventine, Palatine, and Capitoline hills, which Augustus drained,\n and where he built houses. The place was frequented as a market,\n where oil, cheese, and other commodities were exposed to sale.\n _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 3, li. 229.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 401.\n \u2015\u2015_Tibullus_, bk. 2, poem 5, li. 33.\u2015\u2015_Plautus_, bk. 3, _Captivi_,\n ch. 1, li. 29.\n\n=Velanius=, one of C\u00e6sar\u2019s officers in Gaul, &c.\n\n=Velauni=, a people of Gaul.\n\n=Velia=, a maritime town of Lucania, founded by a colony of Phoceans,\n about 600 years after the coming of \u00c6neas into Italy. The port in its\n neighbourhood was called _Velinus portus_. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 10, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 6, li. 366.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An eminence near the Roman forum, where\n Poplicola built himself a house. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n bk. 7, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 15.\n\n=Velica=, or =Vellica=, a town of the Cantabri.\n\n=Vel\u012bna=, a part of the city of Rome, adjoining mount Palatine. It\n was also one of the Roman tribes. _Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 6, li. 52.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 4, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 15.\n\n=Vel\u012bnus=, a lake in the country of the Sabines, formed by the stagnant\n waters of the Velinus, between some hills near Reate. The river\n Velinus rises in the Apennines, and after it has formed the lake, it\n falls into the Nar, near Spoletium. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 517.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _De Divinatione_, bk. 1, ch. 36.\n\n=Veliocassi=, a people of Gaul.\n\n=Veliterna=, or =Velitr\u00e6=, an ancient town of Latium on the Appian road,\n 20 miles at the east of Rome. The inhabitants were called _Veliterni_.\n It became a Roman colony. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 12, &c.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_\n _Augustus_.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 378, &c.\n\n=Vellari=, a people of Gaul.\n\n=Vellaunod\u016bnum=, a town of the Senones, now _Beaune_. _C\u00e6sar_, \u2666_Gallic\n War_, bk. 7, ch. 11.\n\n \u2666 Book name omitted from text.\n\n=Velleda=, a woman famous among the Germans, in the age of Vespasian,\n and worshipped as a deity. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 8.\n\n=Velleius Paterculus=, a Roman historian, descended from an equestrian\n family of Campania. He was at first a military tribune in the Roman\n armies, and for nine years served under Tiberius in the various\n expeditions which he undertook in Gaul and Germany. Velleius wrote an\n epitome of the history of Greece, and of Rome, and of other nations\n of the most remote antiquity, but of this authentic composition there\n remain only fragments of the history of Greece and Rome from the\n conquest of Perseus, by Paulus, to the 17th year of the reign of\n Tiberius, in two books. It is a judicious account of celebrated men\n and illustrious cities; the historian is happy in his descriptions,\n and accurate in his dates; his pictures are true, and his narrations\n lively and interesting. The whole is candid and impartial, but only\n till the reign of the C\u00e6sars, when the writer began to be influenced\n by the presence of the emperor, or the power of his favourites.\n Paterculus is deservedly censured for his invectives against\n Cicero and Pompey, and his encomiums on the cruel Tiberius, and the\n unfortunate Sejanus. Some suppose that he was involved in the ruin\n of this disappointed courtier, whom he had extolled as a pattern of\n virtue and morality. The best editions of Paterculus are those of\n Ruhnkenius, 8vo, 2 vols., Leiden, 1779; of Barbou, Paris, 12mo, 1777;\n and of Burman, 8vo, Leiden, 1719.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, the grandfather of the\n historian of that name, was one of the friends of Livia. He killed\n himself when old and unable to accompany Livia in her flight.\n\n=Velocasses=, the people of _Vexin_, in Normandy. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Ven\u0101frum=, a town of Campania near Arpinum, abounding in olive trees.\n It became a Roman colony. It had been founded by Diomedes. _Horace_,\n bk. 2, ode 6, li. 16.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 98.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_,\n satire 5, li. 86.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Venedi=, a people of Germany, near the mouth of the Vistula, or gulf\n of Dantzic. _Tacitus_, _Germania_, ch. 46.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 13.\n\n=Veneli=, a people of Gallia Celtica.\n\n=Ven\u0115ti=, a people of Italy in Cisalpine Gaul, near the mouth of the Po.\n They were descended from a nation of Paphlagonia, who settled there\n under Antenor some time after the Trojan war. The Venetians, who have\n been long a powerful and commercial nation, were originally very poor,\n whence a writer in the age of the Roman emperors said, they had no\n other fence against the waves of the sea but hurdles, no food but\n fish, no wealth besides their fishing-boats, and no merchandise but\n salt. _Strabo_, bk. 4, &c.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1,\n ch. 2; bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_,\n bk. 4, li. 134.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 605.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A nation of\n Gaul, at the south of Armorica, on the western coast, powerful by sea.\n Their chief city is now called _Vannes_. _C\u00e6sar_, bk. 3, _Gallic War_,\n ch. 8.\n\n=Ven\u0115tia=, a part of Gaul, on the mouths of the Po. _See:_ Veneti.\n\n=Venetus Paulus=, a centurion who conspired against Nero with Piso,\n &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 50.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A lake through which the\n Rhine passes, now _Bodensee_ or _Constance_. _Mela_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\n\n=V\u0115n\u012blia=, a nymph, sister to Amata, and mother of Turnus by Daunus.\n Amphitrite the sea goddess is also called Venilia. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 10, li. 76.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 334.\u2015\u2015_Varro_,\n _de Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n\n=Vennones=, a people of the Rh\u00e6etian Alps.\n\n=Venonius=, an historian mentioned by _Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_,\n bk. 12, ltr. 3, &c.\n\n=Venta Belgarum=, a town of Britain, now _Winchester_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Silurum, a\n town of Britain, now _Caerwent_, in Monmouthshire.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Icenorum, now\n _Norwich_.\n\n=Venti.= The ancients, and especially the Athenians, paid particular\n attention to the winds, and offered them sacrifices as to deities,\n intent upon the destruction of mankind, by continually causing storms,\n tempests, and earthquakes. The winds were represented in different\n attitudes and forms. The four principal winds were _Eurus_, the\n south-east, who is represented as a young man flying with great\n impetuosity, and often appearing in a playsome and wanton humour.\n _Auster_, the south wind, appeared generally as an old man with\n grey hair, a gloomy countenance, a head covered with clouds, a sable\n vesture, and dusky wings. He is the dispenser of rain, and of all\n heavy showers. _Zephyrus_ is represented as the mildest of all the\n winds. He is young and gentle, and his lap is filled with vernal\n flowers. He married Flora the goddess, with whom he enjoyed the most\n perfect felicity. _Boreas_, or the north wind, appears always rough\n and shivering. He is the father of rain, snow, hail, and tempests,\n and is always represented as surrounded with impenetrable clouds.\n Those of inferior note were _Solanus_, whose name is seldom mentioned.\n He appeared as a young man holding fruit in his lap, such as peaches,\n oranges, &c. _Africus_, or south-west, is represented with black\n wings, and a melancholy countenance. _Corus_, or north-west, drives\n clouds of snow before him, and _Aquilo_, the north-east, is equally\n dreadful in appearance. The winds, according to some mythologists,\n were confined in a large cave, of which \u00c6olus had the management;\n and without this necessary precaution, they would have overturned\n the earth, and reduced everything to its original chaos. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 57, &c.\n\n=Vent\u012ddius Bassus=, a native of Picenum, born of an obscure family.\n When Asculum was taken, he was carried before the triumphant chariot\n of Pompeius Strabo, hanging on his mother\u2019s breast. A bold, aspiring\n soul, aided by the patronage of the family of C\u00e6sar, raised him from\n the mean occupation of a chairman and muleteer to dignity in the\n state. He displayed valour in the Roman armies, and gradually arose\n to the offices of tribune, pretor, high priest, and consul. He made\n war against the Parthians, and conquered them in three great battles,\n B.C. 39. He was the first Roman ever honoured with a triumph over\n Parthia. He died greatly lamented by all the Roman people, and was\n buried at the public expense. _Plutarch_, _Antonius_.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_,\n satire 7, li. 199.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cumanus, governor of Palestine, &c. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 54.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Two brothers in the age of Pompey, who\n favoured Carbo\u2019s interest, &c. _Plutarch._\n\n=Ven\u016dleius=, a writer in the age of the emperor Alexander.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend\n of Verres. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_, bk. 3, ch. 42.\n\n=Ven\u016dlus=, one of the Latin elders sent into Magna Gr\u00e6cia to demand the\n assistance of Diomedes, &c. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8, li. 9.\n\n=V\u0115nus=, one of the most celebrated deities of the ancients. She was\n the goddess of beauty, the mother of love, the queen of laughter,\n the mistress of the graces and of pleasures, and the patroness\n of courtesans. Some mythologists speak of more than one Venus.\n Plato mentions two, Venus Urania the daughter of Uranus, and Venus\n Popularia the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. Cicero speaks of four, a\n daughter of C\u0153lus and Light, one sprung from the froth of the sea, a\n third, daughter of Jupiter and the Nereid Dione, and a fourth born at\n Tyre, and the same as the Astarte of the Syrians. Of these, however,\n the Venus sprung from the froth of the sea, after the mutilated\n part of the body of Uranus had been thrown there by Saturn, is the\n most known, and of her in particular ancient mythologists, as well\n as painters, make mention. She arose from the sea near the island\n of Cyprus, or, according to Hesiod, of Cythera, whither she was\n wafted by the zephyrs, and received on the sea-shore by the seasons,\n daughters of Jupiter and Themis. She was soon after carried to\n heaven, where all the gods admired her beauty, and all the goddesses\n became jealous of her personal charms. Jupiter attempted to gain her\n affections and even wished to offer her violence, but Venus refused,\n and the god, to punish her obstinacy, gave her in marriage to his\n ugly and deformed son Vulcan. This marriage did not prevent the\n goddess of Love from gratifying her favourite passions, and she\n defiled her husband\u2019s bed by her amours with the gods. Her intrigue\n with Mars is the most celebrated. She was caught in her lover\u2019s arms,\n and exposed to the ridicule and laughter of all the gods. _See:_\n Alectryon. Venus became mother of Hermione, Cupid, and Anteros by\n Mars; by Mercury she had Hermaphroditus; by Bacchus, Priapus; and\n by Neptune, Eryx. Her great partiality for Adonis made her abandon\n the seats of Olympus [_See:_ Adonis], and her regard for Anchises\n obliged her often to visit the woods and solitary retreats of mount\n Ida. _See:_ Anchises, \u00c6neas. The power of Venus over the heart was\n supported and assisted by a celebrated girdle, called _zone_ by\n the Greeks, and _cestus_ by the Latins. This mysterious girdle gave\n beauty, grace, and elegance, when worn even by the most deformed; and\n it excited love and rekindled extinguished flames. Juno herself was\n indebted to this powerful ornament to gain the favours of Jupiter,\n and Venus, though herself possessed of every charm, no sooner put\n on her cestus, than Vulcan, unable to resist the influence of love,\n forgot all the intrigues and infidelities of his wife, and fabricated\n arms even for her illegitimate children. The contest of Venus for\n the golden apple of Discord is well known. She gained the prize over\n Pallas and Juno [_See:_ Paris, Discordia], and rewarded her impartial\n judge with the hand of the fairest woman in the world. The worship of\n Venus was universally established; statues and temples were erected\n to her in every kingdom, and the ancients were fond of paying homage\n to a divinity who presided over generation, and by whose influence\n alone mankind existed. In her sacrifices and in the festivals\n celebrated in her honour, too much licentiousness prevailed, and\n public prostitution was often part of the ceremony. Victims were\n seldom offered to her, or her altars stained with blood, though we\n find Aspasia making repeated sacrifices. No pigs, however, or male\n animals were deemed acceptable. The rose, the myrtle, and the apple,\n were sacred to Venus; and among birds, the dove, the swan, and the\n sparrow, were her favourites; and among fishes, those called the\n aphya and the lycostomus. The goddess of beauty was represented among\n the ancients in different forms. At Elis she appeared seated on a\n goat, with one foot resting on a tortoise. At Sparta and Cythera,\n she was represented armed like Minerva, and sometimes wearing chains\n on her feet. In the temple of Jupiter Olympius, she was represented\n by Phidias, as rising from the sea, received by love, and crowned by\n the goddess of persuasion. At Cnidos her statue, made by Praxiteles,\n represented her naked, with one hand hiding what modesty keeps\n concealed. Her statue at Elephantis was the same, with only a naked\n Cupid by her side. In Sicyon she held a poppy in one hand, and in the\n other an apple, while on her head she had a crown, which terminated\n in a point, to intimate the pole. She is generally represented with\n her son Cupid, on a chariot drawn by doves, or at other times by\n swans and sparrows. The surnames of the goddess are numerous, and\n only show how well established her worship was all over the earth.\n She was called _Cypria_, because particularly worshipped in the\n island of Cyprus, and in that character she was often represented\n with a beard, and the male parts of generation, with a sceptre in\n her hand, and the body and dress of a female, whence she is called\n _duplex Amathusia_ by Catullus. She received the name of _Paphia_,\n because worshipped at Paphos, where she had a temple with an altar,\n on which rain never fell, though exposed in the open air. Some\n of the ancients called her _Apostrophia_ or _Epistrophia_, as\n also Venus _Urania_, and Venus _Pandemos_. The first of these she\n received as presiding over wantonness and incestuous enjoyments;\n the second because she patronized pure love, and chaste and moderate\n gratifications; and the third because she favoured the propensities\n of the vulgar, and was fond of sensual pleasures. The Cnidians raised\n her temples under the name of Venus _Acr\u00e6a_, of _Doris_, and of\n _Euploea_. In her temple under the name of Euploea, at Cnidos, was\n the most celebrated of her statues, being the most perfect piece of\n Praxiteles. It was made with white marble, and appeared so engaging,\n and so much like life, that, according to some historians, a youth\n of the place introduced himself in the night into her temple, and\n attempted to gratify his passions on the lifeless image. Venus was\n also surnamed _Cyther\u00e6a_, because she was the chief deity of Cythera;\n _Exopolis_, because her statue was without the city of Athens;\n _Phallommeda_, from her affection for the phallus; _Philommedis_,\n because the queen of laughter; _Telessigama_, because she presided\n over marriage; _Caliada_, _Colotis_, or _Colias_, because worshipped\n on a promontory of the same name in Attica; _Area_, because armed\n like Mars; _Verticordia_, because she could turn the hearts of women\n to cultivate chastity; _Apaturia_, because she deceived; _Calva_,\n because she was represented bald; _Ericyna_, because worshipped at\n Eryx; _Etaira_, because the patroness of courtesans; _Acidalia_,\n because of a fountain of Orchomenos: _Basilea_, because the queen of\n love; _Myrtea_, because the myrtle was sacred to her; _Libertina_,\n from her inclinations to gratify lust; _Mechanitis_, in allusion\n to the many artifices practised in love, &c., &c. As goddess of\n the sea, because born in the bosom of the waters, Venus was called\n _Pontia_, _Marina_, _Limnesia_, _Epipontia_, _Pelagia_, _Saligenia_,\n _Pontogenia_, _Aligena_, _Thalassia_, &c., and as rising from the sea,\n the name of _Anadyomene_ is applied to her, and rendered immortal by\n the celebrated painting of Apelles, which represented her as issuing\n from the bosom of the waves, and wringing her tresses on her shoulder.\n _See:_ Anadyomene. _Cicero_ _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 27;\n bk. 3, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Orpheus_, Hymn 54.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\u2015\u2015_Sappho._\n \u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Hymn to Aphrodite_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 5, li.\n 800, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Heroides_, poems 15, 16, 19, &c.; _Metamorphoses_,\n bk. 4, fable 5, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bks. 1 & 5.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fables 94,\n 271.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 1; bk. 4, ch. 30; bk. 5, ch. 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 6, ltr. 13.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Helen_, _Iphigeneia\n in Taurus_.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Amatorius_.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_,\n bk. 12, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Athen\u00e6us_, bk. 12, &c.\u2015\u2015_Catullus._\u2015\u2015_Lactantius_,\n _de Falsa Religione_.\u2015\u2015_Quintus Calaber [Smyrn\u00e6us]_, bk. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_Lucian_, _Dialogi_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 36.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 26; bk. 4, ode 11, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A planet called\n by the Greeks Phosphorus, and by the Latins Lucifer, when it rises\n before the sun, but when it follows it, Hesperus or Vesper. _Cicero_,\n _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 20; _Somnium Scipionis_.\n\n=Venus Pyren\u00e6a=, a town of Spain near the borders of Gaul.\n\n=Ven\u016dsia=, or =Ven\u016dsium=, a town of Apulia, where Horace was born. Part\n of the Roman army fled thither after the defeat at Cann\u00e6. The town,\n though in ruins, contains still many pieces of antiquity, especially\n a marble bust preserved in the great square, and said falsely to be\n an original representation of Horace. Venusia was on the confines of\n Lucania, whence the poet said _Lucanus an Apulus anceps_, and it was\n founded by Diomedes, who called it Venusia or Aphrodisia, after Venus,\n whose divinity he wished to appease. _Strabo_, bks. 5 & 6.\u2015\u2015_Horace_,\n bk. 2, satire 1, li. 35.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 22, ch. 54.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3,\n ch. 11.\n\n=Veragri=, a people between the Alps and the Allobroges. _Livy_, bk. 21,\n ch. 38.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Verania=, the wife of Piso Licinianus, whom Galba adopted.\n\n=Veranius=, a governor of Britain under Nero. He succeeded Didius\n Gallus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14.\n\n=Verb\u0101nus lacus=, now _Majora_, a lake of Italy, from which the Ticinus\n flows. It is in the modern duchy of Milan, and extends 50 miles in\n length from south to north, and five or six in breadth. _Strabo_,\n bk. 4.\n\n=Verbigenus=, a village in the country of the Celt\u00e6.\n\n=Verbinum=, a town in the north of Gaul.\n\n=Vercell\u00e6=, a town on the borders of Insubria, where Marius defeated\n the Cimbri. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to his\n Friends_, bk. 11, ltr. 19.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 598.\n\n=Vercinget\u014frix=, a chief of the Gauls, in the time of C\u00e6sar. He was\n conquered and led in triumph, &c. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\n\n=Veresis=, a small river of Latium falling into the Anio.\n\n=Vergasillaunus=, one of the generals and friends of Vercingetorix.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_.\n\n=Verg\u00e6=, a town of the Brutii. _Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 19.\n\n=Vergellus=, a small river near Cann\u00e6, falling into the Aufidus, over\n which Annibal made a bridge with the slaughtered bodies of the Romans.\n _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 9, ch. 11.\n\n=Vergilia=, the wife of Coriolanus, &c.\n\n=Vergilia=, a town of Spain, supposed to be Murcia.\n\n=Vergili\u00e6=, seven stars, called also _Pleiades_. When they set, the\n ancients began to sow their corn. They received their name from the\n spring, _quia vere oriantur_. _Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 8, li. 18.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 44.\n\n=Verginius=, one of the officers of the Roman troops in Germany, who\n refused the absolute power which his soldiers offered to him.\n _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rhetorician in the age of\n Nero, banished on account of his great fame. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk.\n 15, ch. 71.\n\n=Vergium=, a town of Spain.\n\n=Vergobretus=, one of the chiefs of the \u00c6dui, in the age of C\u00e6sar, &c.\n _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 16.\n\n=Ver\u012dtas= (_truth_), was not only personified by the ancients, but\n also made a deity, and called the daughter of Saturn and the mother\n of Virtue. She was represented like a young virgin, dressed in white\n apparel, with all the marks of youthful diffidence and modesty.\n Democritus used to say that she hid herself at the bottom of a well,\n to intimate the difficulty with which she is found.\n\n=Verodoctius=, one of the Helvetii. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\n\n=Veromandui=, a people of Gaul, the modern Vermandois. The capital is\n now St. Quintin. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 2.\n\n=V\u0113r\u014dna=, a town of Venetia, on the Athesis, in Italy, founded, as\n some suppose, by Brennus the leader of the Gauls. Cornelius Nepos,\n Catullus, and Pliny the elder were born there. It was adorned with a\n circus and an amphitheatre by the Roman emperors, which still exist,\n and it still preserves its ancient name. _Pliny_, bk. 9, ch. 22.\n \u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Amores_, bk. 3, poem 15, li. 7.\n\n=Ver\u014dnes=, a people of Hispania Tarraconensis. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,\n li. 578.\n\n=Verrec\u012bnum=, a town in the country of the Volsci. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 1,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 5.\n\n=Caius Verres=, a Roman who governed the province of Sicily as pretor.\n The oppression and rapine of which he was guilty, while in office, so\n offended the Sicilians, that they brought an accusation against him\n before the Roman senate. Cicero undertook the cause of the Sicilians,\n and pronounced those celebrated orations which are still extant.\n Verres was defended by Hortensius, but as he despaired of the success\n of his defence, he left Rome without waiting for his sentence, and\n lived in great affluence in one of the provinces. He was at last\n killed by the soldiers of Antony the triumvir, about 26 years after\n his voluntary exile from the capital. _Cicero_, _Against Verres_.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Lactantius_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\n\n=Verritus=, a general of the Frisii in the age of Nero, &c. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 13, ch. 54.\n\n=Verrius Flaccus=, a freedman and grammarian famous for his powers\n in instructing. He was appointed over the grandchildren of Augustus,\n and also distinguished himself by his writings. _Aulus Gellius_,\n bk. 4, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius_, _Lives of the Grammarians_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Latin\n critic, B.C. 4, whose works have been edited with Dacier\u2019s and\n Clerk\u2019s notes, 4to, Amsterdam, 1699.\n\n=Verr\u016bgo=, a town in the country of the Volsci. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 1.\n\n=Vertico=, one of the Nervii who deserted to C\u00e6sar\u2019s army, &c. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 6, ch. 45.\n\n=Verticordia=, one of the surnames of Venus, the same as the\n _Apostrophia_ of the Greeks, because her assistance was implored to\n turn the hearts of the Roman matrons, and teach them to follow virtue\n and modesty. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8.\n\n=Vertiscus=, one of the Rhemi, who commanded a troop of horse in\n C\u00e6sar\u2019s army. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 12.\n\n=Vertumnus=, a deity among the Romans, who presided over the spring and\n over orchards. He endeavoured to gain the affections of the goddess\n Pomona; and to effect this, he assumed the shape and dress of a\n fisherman, of a soldier, a peasant, a reaper, &c., but all to no\n purpose, till, under the form of an old woman, he prevailed upon\n his mistress and married her. He is generally represented as a young\n man crowned with flowers, covered up to the waist, and holding in\n his right hand fruit, and a crown of plenty in his left. _Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 642, &c.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 2,\n li. 2.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 2, satire 7, li. 14.\n\n=Verul\u00e6=, a town of the Hernici. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 42.\n\n=Verul\u0101nus=, a lieutenant under Corbulo, who drove away Tiridates from\n Media, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 14, ch. 26.\n\n=Verus Lucius Ceionius Commodus=, a Roman emperor, son of \u00c6lius and\n Domitia Lucilla. He was adopted in the 7th year of his age by Marcus\n Aurelius, at the request of Adrian, and he married Lucilia the\n daughter of his adopted father, who also took him as his colleague on\n the throne. He was sent by Marcus Aurelius to oppose the barbarians\n in the east. His arms were attended with success, and he obtained\n a victory over the Parthians. He was honoured with a triumph at his\n return home, and soon after he marched with his imperial colleague\n against the Marcomanni in Germany. He died in this expedition of\n an apoplexy, in the 39th year of his age, after a reign of eight\n years and some months. His body was brought back to Rome, and buried\n by Marcus Aurelius with great pomp and solemnity. Verus has been\n greatly censured for his debaucheries, which appeared more enormous\n and disgusting, when compared with the temperance, meekness, and\n popularity of Aurelius. The example of his father did not influence\n him, and he often retired from the frugal and moderate repast of\n Aurelius, to the profuse banquets of his own palace, where the night\n was spent in riot and debauchery, with the meanest of the populace,\n with stage-dancers, buffoons, and lascivious courtesans. At one\n entertainment alone, where there were no more than 12 guests, the\n emperor spent no less than six millions of sesterces, or about\n 32,200_l._ sterling. But it is to be observed, that whatever was most\n scarce and costly was there; the guests never drank twice out of the\n same cup; and whatever vessels they had touched, they received as a\n present from the emperor when they left the palace. In his Parthian\n expedition, Verus did not check his vicious propensities; for four\n years he left the care of the war to his officers, while he retired\n to the voluptuous retreats of Daphne, and the luxurious banquets\n of Antioch. His fondness for a horse has been faithfully recorded.\n The animal had a statue of gold, he was fed with almonds and raisins\n by the hand of the emperor, he was clad in purple, and kept in the\n most splendid of the halls of the palace, and when dead, the emperor,\n to express his sorrow, raised him a magnificent monument on mount\n Vatican. Some have suspected Marcus Aurelius of despatching Verus\n to rid the world of his debaucheries and guilty actions, but this\n seems to be the report of malevolence.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius Ann\u00e6us, a son of the\n emperor Aurelius, who died in Palestine.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The father of the emperor\n Verus. He was adopted by the emperor Adrian, but like his son he\n disgraced himself by his debaucheries and extravagance. He died\n before Adrian.\n\n=Vesbius=, or =Vesubius.= _See:_ Vesuvius.\n\n=Vescia=, a town of Campania. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 11.\n\n=Vescianum=, a country house of Cicero in Campania, between Capua and\n Nola. _Cicero_ bk. 15, _Letters to Atticus_, ltr. 2.\n\n=Flaccus Vescularius=, a Roman knight intimate with Tiberius, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_.\n\n\u2666=Vesontio=, a town of Gaul, now _Besancon_. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n \u2660bk. 1, ch. 38.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Vesentio\u2019 replaced with \u2018Vesontio\u2019\n\n \u2660 Book reference omitted in text.\n\n=Vesentium=, a town of Tuscany.\n\n=Veseris=, a place or river near mount Vesuvius. _Livy_, bk. 8, ch. 8.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _De Officiis_, bk. 3, ch. 31.\n\n=Ves\u0113vius= and =Ves\u0113vus.= _See:_ Vesuvius.\n\n=Vesidia=, a town of Tuscany.\n\n=Vesonna=, a town of Gaul, now _Perigueux_.\n\n=Vespaci\u00e6=, a small village of Umbria, near Nursia. _Suetonius_,\n _Vespasian_, ch. 1.\n\n=Vespasi\u0101nus Titus Flavius=, a Roman emperor, descended from an obscure\n family at Reate. He was honoured with the consulship, not so much by\n the influence of the imperial courtiers, as by his own private merit,\n and his public services. He accompanied Nero into Greece, but he\n offended the prince by falling asleep while he repeated one of his\n poetical compositions. This momentary resentment of the emperor did\n not prevent Vespasian from being sent to carry on a war against the\n Jews. His operations were crowned with success; many of the cities\n of Palestine surrendered, and Vespasian began the siege of Jerusalem.\n This was, however, achieved by the hands of his son Titus, and the\n death of Vitellus and the affection of his soldiers hastened his\n rise, and he was proclaimed emperor at Alexandria. The choice of\n the army was approved by every province of the empire; but Vespasian\n did not betray any signs of pride at so sudden and so unexpected\n an exaltation, and though once employed in the mean office of a\n horse-doctor, he behaved, when invested with the imperial purple,\n with all the dignity and greatness which became a successor of\n Augustus. In the beginning of his reign Vespasian attempted to reform\n the manners of the Romans, and he took away an appointment which\n he had a few days before granted to a young nobleman who approached\n him to return him thanks, all smelling of perfumes and covered\n with ointment, adding, \u201cI had rather you had smelt of garlic.\u201d He\n repaired the public buildings, embellished the city, and made the\n great roads more spacious and convenient. After he had reigned with\n great popularity for 10 years, Vespasian died with a pain in his\n bowels, A.D. 79, in the 70th year of his age. He was the first Roman\n emperor that died a natural death, and he was also the first who was\n succeeded by his own son on the throne. Vespasian has been admired\n for his great virtues. He was clement, he gave no ear to flattery,\n and for a long time refused the title of father of his country, which\n was often bestowed upon the most worthless and tyrannical of the\n emperors. He despised informers, and rather than punish conspirators,\n he rewarded them with great liberality. When the king of Parthia\n addressed him with the subscription of \u201cArsaces king of kings to\n Flavius Vespasianus,\u201d the emperor was no way dissatisfied with the\n pride and insolence of the monarch, and answered him again in his\n own words, \u201cFlavius Vespasianus to Arsaces king of kings.\u201d To men\n of learning and merit, Vespasian was very liberal: 100,000 sesterces\n were annually paid from the public treasury to the different\n professors that were appointed to encourage and promote the arts and\n sciences. Yet in spite of this apparent generosity, some authors have\n taxed Vespasian with avarice. According to their accounts, he loaded\n the provinces with new taxes, he bought commodities, that he might\n sell them to a greater advantage, and even laid an impost upon urine,\n which gave occasion to Titus to ridicule the meanness of his father.\n Vespasian, regardless of his son\u2019s observation, was satisfied to show\n him the money that was raised from so productive a tax, asking him\n at the same time whether it smelt offensive. His ministers were the\n most avaricious of his subjects, and the emperor used very properly\n to remark that he treated them as sponges, by wetting them when dry,\n and squeezing them when they were wet. He has been accused of selling\n criminals their lives, and of condemning the most opulent to make\n himself master of their possessions. If, however, he was guilty of\n these meaner practices, they were all under the name of one of his\n concubines, who wished to enrich herself by the avarice and credulity\n of the emperor. _Suetonius_, _Lives_.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4.\n\n=Vesper=, or =Vesp\u0115rus=, a name applied to the planet Venus when it was\n the evening star. _Virgil._\n\n=Vessa=, a town of Sicily.\n\n=Vesta=, a goddess, daughter of Rhea and Saturn, sister to Ceres and\n Juno. She is often confounded by the mythologists with Rhea, Ceres,\n Cybele, Proserpine, Hecate, and Tellus. When considered as the\n mother of the gods, she is the mother of Rhea and Saturn; and when\n considered as the patroness of the vestal virgins and the goddess\n of fire, she is called the daughter of Saturn and Rhea. Under this\n last name she was worshipped by the Romans. \u00c6neas was the first\n who introduced her mysteries into Italy, and Numa built her a\n temple where no males were permitted to go. The palladium of Troy\n was supposed to be preserved within her sanctuary, and a fire was\n continually kept lighted by a certain number of virgins, who had\n dedicated themselves to the service of the goddess. _See:_ Vestales.\n If the fire of Vesta was ever extinguished, it was supposed to\n threaten the republic with some sudden calamity. The virgin by whose\n negligence it had been extinguished, was severely punished, and it\n was kindled again by the rays of the sun. The temple of Vesta was of\n a round form, and the goddess was represented in a long, flowing robe,\n with a veil on her head, holding in one hand a lamp, or a two-eared\n vessel, and in the other a javelin, or sometimes a palladium. On some\n medals she appears holding a drum in one hand, and a small figure\n of victory in the other. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 454.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_,\n _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 2, li. 296.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6;\n _Tristia_, bk. 3.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Numa_.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 5, ch. 14.\n\n=Vest\u0101les=, priestesses among the Romans, consecrated to the service of\n Vesta, as their name indicates. This office was very ancient, as the\n mother of Romulus was one of the vestals. \u00c6neas is supposed to have\n first chosen the vestals. Numa first appointed four, to which number\n Tarquin added two. They were always chosen by the monarchs, but after\n the expulsion of the Tarquins, the high priest was entrusted with\n the care of them. As they were to be virgins, they were chosen young,\n from the age of six to ten; and if there was not a sufficient number\n that presented themselves as candidates for the office, 20 virgins\n were selected, and they upon whom the lot fell were obliged to\n become priestesses. Plebeians as well as patricians were permitted\n to propose themselves, but it was required that they should be born\n of a good family, and be without blemish or deformity, in every\n part of their body. For 30 years they were to remain in the greatest\n continence; the 10 first years were spent in learning the duties of\n the order; the 10 following were employed in discharging them with\n fidelity and sanctity, and the 10 last in instructing such as had\n entered the noviciate. When the 30 years were elapsed, they were\n permitted to marry, or if they still preferred celibacy, they waited\n upon the rest of the vestals. As soon as a vestal was initiated,\n her head was shaved, to intimate the liberty of her person, as\n she was then free from the shackles of parental authority, and she\n was permitted to dispose of her possessions as she pleased. The\n employment of the vestals was to take care that the sacred fire of\n Vesta was not extinguished, for if it ever happened, it was deemed\n the prognostic of great calamities to the state; the offender was\n punished for her negligence, and severely scourged by the high priest.\n In such a case all was consternation at Rome, and the fire was\n again kindled by glasses with the rays of the sun. Another equally\n particular charge of the vestals was to keep a sacred pledge, on\n which depended the very existence of Rome, which, according to some,\n was the palladium of Troy, or some of the mysteries of the gods\n of Samothrace. The privileges of the vestals were great; they had\n the most honourable seats at public games and festivals; a lictor\n with the fasces always preceded them when they walked in public;\n they were carried in chariots when they pleased; and they had the\n power of pardoning criminals when led to execution, if they declared\n that their meeting was accidental. Their declarations in trials\n were received without the formality of an oath; they were chosen\n as arbiters in causes of moment and in the execution of wills, and\n so great was the deference paid them by the magistrates, as well as\n by the people, that the consuls themselves made way for them, and\n bowed their fasces when they passed before them. To insult them was\n a capital crime, and whoever attempted to violate their chastity, was\n beaten to death with scourges. If any of them died while in office,\n their body was buried within the walls of the city, an honour granted\n to few. Such of the vestals as proved incontinent were punished\n in the most rigorous manner. Numa ordered them to be stoned, but\n Tarquin the elder dug a large hole under the earth, where a bed\n was placed with a little bread, wine, water, and oil, and a lighted\n lamp, and the guilty vestal was stripped of the habit of her order,\n and compelled to descend into the subterraneous cavity, which was\n immediately shut, and she was left to die through hunger. Few of\n the vestals were guilty of incontinence, and for the space of 1000\n years, during which the order continued established from the reign\n of Numa, only 18 were punished for the violation of their vow. The\n vestals were abolished by Theodosius the Great, and the fire of\n Vesta extinguished. The dress of the vestals was peculiar; they\n wore a white vest with purple borders, a white linen surplice called\n _linteum supernum_, above which was a great purple mantle which\n flowed to the ground, and which was tucked up when they offered\n sacrifices. They had a close covering on their head, called _infula_,\n from which hung ribands, or _vitta_. Their manner of living was\n sumptuous, as they were maintained at the public expense, and though\n originally satisfied with the simple diet of the Romans, their tables\n soon after displayed the luxuries and the superfluities of the great\n and opulent. _Livy_, 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Numa_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Valerius\n Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 30.\n \u2015\u2015_Florus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 11.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, bk. 4,\n ch. 10.\n\n=Vest\u0101lia=, festival in honour of Vesta, observed at Rome on the 9th\n of June. Banquets were then prepared before the houses, and meat\n was sent to the vestals to be offered to the gods; millstones were\n decked with garlands, and the asses that turned them were led round\n the city covered with garlands. The ladies walked in the procession\n bare-footed to the temple of the goddess, and an altar was erected\n to Jupiter surnamed Pistor. _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 6, li. 305.\n\n=Vestalium Mater=, a title given by the senate to Livia the mother\n of Tiberius, with the permission to sit among the vestal virgins at\n plays. _Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Annals_, ch. 16.\n\n=Vestia Oppia=, a common prostitute of Capua.\n\n=Vesticius Spurina=, an officer sent by Otho to the borders of the Po,\n &c. _Tacitus._\n\n=Vestilius Sextus=, a pretorian disgraced by Tiberius, because he was\n esteemed by Drusus. He killed himself. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4,\n ch. 16.\n\n=Vestilla=, a matron of a patrician family, who declared publicly\n before the magistrates that she was a common prostitute. She was\n banished to the island of Seriphos for her immodesty.\n\n=Vest\u012bni=, a people of Italy near the Sabines, famous for the making of\n cheese. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 13, ltr. 31.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_,\n bk. 5.\n\n=Lucius Vest\u012bnus=, a Roman knight appointed by Vespasian to repair the\n capitol, &c. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 53.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 8,\n ch. 29.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul put to death by Nero in the time of Piso\u2019s\n conspiracy.\n\n=Vesvius.= _See:_ Vesuvius.\n\n=Ves\u016dlus=, now _Viso_, a large mountain of Liguria, near the Alps,\n where the Po takes its rise. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 10, li. 708.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 19.\n\n=Ves\u016dvius=, a mountain of Campania, about six miles at the east of\n Naples, celebrated for its volcano, and now called _Mount Soma_.\n The ancients, particularly the writers of the Augustan age, spoke of\n Vesuvius as a place covered with orchards and vineyards, of which the\n middle was dry and barren. The first eruption of this volcano was in\n the 79th year of the christian era under Titus. It was accompanied\n by an earthquake, which overturned several cities of Campania,\n particularly Pompeii and Herculaneum, and the burning ashes which it\n threw up were carried not only over the neighbouring country, but as\n far as the shores of Egypt, Libya, and Syria. This eruption proved\n fatal to Pliny the naturalist. From that time the eruptions have\n been frequent. Vesuvius continually throws up a smoke, and sometimes\n ashes and flames. The perpendicular height of this mountain is 3780\n feet. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 46.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Re Rustica_, bk. 1, ch. 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 23, ch. 39.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_,\n bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, ltr. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 12, li. 152, &c.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_,\n bk. 2, li. 224.\u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 4, ltrs. 43 & 44.\n\n=Vetera castra=, a Roman encampment in Germany, which became a town,\n now _Sanlen_, near Cleves. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 4, ch. 18;\n _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 45.\n\n=Vettius Spurius=, a Roman senator who was made interrex at the death\n of Romulus, till the election of another king. He nominated Numa, and\n resigned his office. _Plutarch_, _Numa_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who accused C\u00e6sar\n of being concerned in Catiline\u2019s conspiracy.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cato, one of the\n officers of the allies in the Marsian war. He defeated the Romans,\n and was at last betrayed and murdered.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman knight who became\n enamoured of a young female at Capua, and raised a tumult among\n the slaves who proclaimed him king. He was betrayed by one of his\n adherents, upon which he laid violent hands upon himself.\n\n=Vettona=, a town of Umbria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\n\n=Vett\u014dnes=, =Vetones=, or =Vectones=, an ancient nation of Spain.\n _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 378.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 25, ch. 8.\n\n=Vetul\u014dnia=, one of the chief cities of Etruria, whose hot waters\n were famous. The Romans were said to derive the badges of their\n magisterial offices from thence. _Pliny_, bk. 2, ch. 103; bk. 3,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 484.\n\n=Vet\u016bria=, one of the Roman tribes, divided into two branches of the\n Junii and Senii. It received its name from the _Veturian_ family,\n which was originally called _Vetusian_. _Livy_, bk. 36.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The mother\n of Coriolanus. She was solicited by all the Roman matrons to go\n to her son with her daughter-in-law, and entreat him not to make\n war against his country. She went and prevailed over Coriolanus,\n and for her services to the state, the Roman senate offered to\n reward her as she pleased. She only asked to raise a temple to the\n goddess of female fortune, which was done on the very spot where\n she had pacified her son. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus_, bk. 7, &c.\n\n=Veturius=, a Roman artist who made shields for Numa. _See:_ Mamurius.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, a Roman consul, accused before the people, and fined\n because he had acted with imprudence while in office.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman who\n conspired against Galba. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n consul appointed one of the decemvirs.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another consul defeated by\n the Samnites, and obliged to pass under the yoke with great ignominy.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune of the people, &c.\n\n=Lucius Vetus=, a Roman who proposed to open a communication between\n the Mediterranean and the German ocean by means of a canal. He was\n put to death by order of Nero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man accused of adultery, &c.\n\n=Ufens=, a river of Italy near Tarracina. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7,\n li. 892.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another river of Picenum. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n prince who assisted Turnus against \u00c6neas. The Trojan monarch made\n a vow to sacrifice his four sons to appease the manes of his friend\n Pallas, in the same manner as Achilles is represented killing some\n Trojan youths on the tomb of Patroclus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7,\n li. 745; bk. 10, li. 518. He was afterwards killed by Gyas. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 12, li. 460.\n\n=Ufentina=, a Roman tribe first created A.U.C. 435, with the tribe\n _Falerina_, in consequence of the great increase of population at\n Rome. _Livy_, bk. 9, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Festus._\n\n=Via \u00c6mylia=, a celebrated road, made by the consul Marcus \u00c6mylius\n Lepidus, A.U.C. 567. It led with the Flaminian road to Aquileia.\n There was also another of the same name in Etruria, which led from\n Pis\u00e6 to Dertona.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Appia, was made by the censor Appius, and led\n from Rome to Capua, and from Capua to Brundusium, to the distance\n of 350 miles, which the Romans call a five days\u2019 journey. It passed\n successively through the towns and stages of Aricia, Forum Appii,\n Tarracina, Fundi, Minturn\u00e6, Sinuessa, Capua, Caudium, Beneventum,\n Equotuticum, Herdonia, Canusium, Barium, Egnatia, to Brundusium.\n It was called, by way of eminence, _regina viarum_, made so strong,\n and the stones so well cemented together, that it remained entire\n for many hundred years. Some parts of it are still to be seen in the\n neighbourhood of Naples. Appius carried it only 130 miles, as far\n as Capua, A.U.C. 442, and it was finished as far as Brundusium by\n Augustus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015There was also another road called Minucia or Numicia,\n which led to Brundusium, but by what places is now uncertain.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Flaminia, was made by the censor Flaminius, A.U.C. 533. It led\n from the Campus Martius to the modern town of Rimini, on the Adriatic,\n through the country of the Osci and Etrurians, at the distance\n of about 360 miles.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lata, one of the ancient streets of Rome.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Valeria, led from Rome to the country of the Marsi, through\n the territories of the Sabines. There were, besides, many streets\n and roads of inferior note, such as the Aurelia, Cassia, Campania,\n Ardentina, Labicana, Domitiana, Ostiensis, Pr\u00e6nestina, &c., all of\n which were made and constantly kept in repair at the public expense.\n\n=Viadrus=, the classical name of the Oder, which rises in Moravia, and\n falls by three mouths into the Baltic. _Ptolemy._\n\n=Vibidia=, one of the vestal virgins in the favour of Messalina, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 11, ch. 32.\n\n=Vibidius=, a friend of M\u00e6cenas. _Horace_, bk. 2, satire 8, li. 22.\n\n=Vibius=, a Roman who refused to pay any attention to Cicero when\n banished, though he had received from him the most unbounded favours.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Siculus. _See:_ Sica.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A proconsul of Spain, banished for\n ill conduct.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman knight accused of extortion in Africa, and\n banished.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who poisoned himself at Capua.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Sequester, a\n Latin writer, whose treatise _de Fluminibus_, &c., is best edited by\n Oberlin, 8vo, Strasbourg, 1778.\n\n=Vibo=, a town of Lucania, anciently called _Hipponium_ and _Hippo_.\n _Cicero_. _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Spain,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of the Brutii.\n\n=Vibul\u0113nus Agrippa=, a Roman knight accused of treason. He attempted\n to poison himself, and was strangled in prison, though almost dead.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 6, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mutinous soldier in the army\n of Germanicus, &c.\n\n=Vibullius Rufus=, a friend of Pompey, taken by C\u00e6sar, &c. _Plutarch._\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A pretor in Nero\u2019s reign.\n\n=Vica Pota=, a goddess at Rome, who presided over victory (\u00e0 _vincere_\n et _potiri_). _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 7.\n\n=Vicellius=, a friend of Galba, who brought him news of Nero\u2019s death.\n\n=Vicentia=, or =Vicetia=, a town of Cisalpine Gaul, at the north-west\n of the Adriatic. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 3.\n\n=Victor Sextus Aurelius=, a writer in the age of Constantius. He gave\n the world a concise history of the Roman emperors, from the age of\n Augustus to his own time, or A.D. 360. He also wrote an abridgment of\n the Roman history before the age of Julius C\u00e6sar, which is now extant,\n and ascribed by different authors to Cornelius Nepos, to Tacitus,\n Suetonius, Pliny, &c. Victor was greatly esteemed by the emperors,\n and honoured with the consulship. The best editions of Victor are\n that of Pitiscus, 8vo, Utrecht, 1696; and that of Artnzenius, 4to,\n Amsterdam, 1733.\n\n=Vict\u014dria=, one of the deities of the Romans, called by the Greeks\n _Nice_, supposed to be the daughter of the giant Pallas, or of Titan\n and Styx. The goddess of victory was sister to Strength and Valour,\n and was one of the attendants of Jupiter. She was greatly honoured\n by the Greeks, particularly at Athens. Sylla raised her a temple at\n Rome, and instituted festivals in her honour. She was represented\n with wings, crowned with laurel, and holding the branch of a palm\n tree in her hand. A golden statue of this goddess, weighing 320\n pounds, was presented to the Romans by Hiero king of Syracuse,\n and deposited in the temple of Jupiter, on the Capitoline hill.\n _Livy_, bk. 22.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_.\u2015\u2015_Hesiod_, _Theogony_.\n \u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, preface to fables.\u2015\u2015_Suetonius._\n\n=Victori\u00e6 mons=, a place of Spain at the mouth of the Iberus. _Livy_,\n bk. 24, ch. 41.\n\n=Vict\u014drius=, a man of Aquitain, who, A.D. 463, invented the paschal\n cycle of 532 years.\n\n=Victor\u012bna=, a celebrated matron who placed herself at the head of the\n Roman armies, and made war against the emperor Gallienus. Her son\n Victorinus, and her grandson of the same name, were declared emperors,\n but when they were assassinated, Victorina invested with the imperial\n purple one of her favourites called Tetricus. She was some time after\n poisoned, A.D. 269, and according to some by Tetricus himself.\n\n=Victor\u012bnus=, a christian writer, who composed a worthless epic poem\n on the death of the seven children mentioned in the Maccabees, and\n distinguished himself more by the active part he took in his writings\n against the Arians.\n\n=Victumvi\u00e6=, a small town of Insubria near Placentia. _Livy_, bk. 21,\n ch. 45.\n\n=Vicus longus=, a street at Rome, where an altar was raised to the\n goddess Pudicitia, or the modesty of the plebeians. _Livy_, bk. 10,\n ch. 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Cyprius, a place on the Esquiline hill, where the Sabines\n dwelt.\n\n=Viducasses=, a people of Normandy. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 18.\n\n=Vienna=, a town of Gallia Narbonensis on the Rhone, below Lyons.\n _Strabo_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 9.\n\n=Villia lex=, _annalis_ or _annaria_, by Lucius Villius the tribune,\n A.U.C. 574, defined the proper age required for exercising the office\n of a magistrate, 25 years for the questorship, 27 or 28 for the\n edileship or tribuneship, for the office of pretor 30, and for that\n of consul 43. _Livy_, bk. 11, ch. 44.\n\n=Villius=, a tribune of the people, author of the Villian law, and\n thence called _Annalis_, a surname borne by his family. _Livy_,\n bk. 11, ch. 44.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius, a Roman ambassador sent to Antiochus. He\n held a conference with Annibal, who was at that monarch\u2019s court.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n man who disgraced himself by his criminal amours with the daughter of\n Sylla. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 2, li. 64.\n\n=Vimin\u0101lis=, one of the seven hills on which Rome was built, so called\n from the number of osiers (_vimines_) which grew there. Servius\n Tullius first made it part of the city. Jupiter had a temple there,\n whence he was called Viminalis. _Livy_, bk. 1, ch. 44.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de\n Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 8.\n\n=Vinalia=, festivals at Rome in honour of Jupiter and Venus.\n\n\u2666=Vincentius=, one of the christian fathers, A.D. 434, whose works are\n best edited by Baluzius, Paris, 1669.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Vicentius\u2019 replaced with \u2018Vincentius\u2019\n\n=Vincius=, a Roman knight, condemned under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_,\n bk. 14, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer in Germany.\n\n=Vindalius=, a writer in the reign of Constantius, who wrote 10 books\n on agriculture.\n\n=Vindel\u012dci=, an ancient people of Germany, between the heads of the\n Rhine and the Danube. Their country, which was called _Vindelicia_,\n forms now part of Swabia and Bavaria, and their chief town, _Augusta\n Vindelicorum_, is now \u2666Augsburg. _Horace_, bk. 4, ode 4, li. 18.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Ausburg\u2019 replaced with \u2018Augsburg\u2019\n\n=Vindemi\u0101tor=, a constellation that rose about the nones of March.\n _Ovid_, _Fasti_, bk. 3, li. 407.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 13.\n\n=Vindex Julius=, a governor of Gaul, who revolted against Nero, and\n determined to deliver the Roman empire from his tyranny. He was\n followed by a numerous army, but at last defeated by one of the\n emperor\u2019s generals. When he perceived that all was lost he laid\n violent hands upon himself, 68 A.D. _Seutonius_, _Galba_.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 51.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 9, ltr. 19.\n\n=Vindicius=, a slave who discovered the conspiracy which some of the\n most noble of the Roman citizens had formed to restore Tarquin to\n his throne. He was amply rewarded and made a citizen of Rome. _Livy_,\n bk. 2, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Publicola_.\n\n=Vindili=, a nation of Germany. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 14.\n\n=Vindonissa=, now _Wendish_, a town of the Helvetii on the Aar, in the\n territory of Berne. _Tacitus_, bk. 4, _Histories_, chs. 61 & 70.\n\n=Vinicius=, a Roman consul poisoned by Messalina, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who\n conspired against Nero, &c.\n\n=Vinidius=, a miser mentioned by Horace, bk. 1, satire 1, li. 95. Some\n manuscripts read Numidius and Umidius.\n\n=Titus Vinius=, a commander in the pretorian guards, intimate with\n Galba, of whom he became the first minister. He was honoured with\n the consulship, and some time after murdered. _Tacitus_, _Histories_,\n bk. 1, chs. 11, 42 & 48.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man who revolted from Nero.\n\n=Vinnius Asella=, a servant of Horace, to whom ltr. 13 is addressed, as\n injunctions how to deliver to Augustus some poems from his master.\n\n=Vipsania=, a daughter of Marcus Agrippa, mother of Drusus. She was\n the only one of Agrippa\u2019s daughters who died a natural death. She\n was married to Tiberius when a private man, and when she had been\n repudiated, she married Asinius Gallus. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 1,\n ch. 12; bk. 3, ch. 19.\n\n=Virbius= (qui inter _viros bis_ fuit), a name given to Hippolytus,\n after he had been brought back to life by \u00c6sculapius, at the instance\n of Diana, who pitied his unfortunate end. Virgil makes him son of\n Hippolytus. _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 762.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 15,\n li. 544.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 251.\n\n=Publius Virg\u012dlius Marco=, called _the prince of the Latin poets_, was\n born at Andes, a village near Mantua, about 70 years before Christ,\n on the 15th of October. His first years were spent at Cremona, where\n his taste was formed, and his rising talents first exercised. The\n distribution of the lands of Cremona to the soldiers of Augustus,\n after the battle of Philippi, nearly proved fatal to the poet, and\n when he attempted to dispute the possession of his fields with a\n soldier, Virgil was obliged to save his life from the resentment\n of the lawless veteran, by swimming across a river. This was the\n beginning of his greatness; he with his father repaired to Rome,\n where he soon formed an acquaintance with Mec\u00e6nas, and recommended\n himself to the favours of Augustus. The emperor restored his lands\n to the poet, whose modest muse knew so well how to pay the tribute of\n gratitude, and his first _bucolic_ was written to thank the patron,\n as well as to tell the world that his favours were not unworthily\n bestowed. The 10 bucolics were written in about three years. The poet\n showed his countrymen that he could write with graceful simplicity,\n with elegance, delicacy of sentiments, and with purity of language.\n Some time after, Virgil undertook the _Georgics_, a poem the most\n perfect and finished of all Latin compositions. The _\u00c6neid_ was\n begun, as some suppose, at the particular request of Augustus, and\n the poet, while he attempted to prove that the Julian family was\n lineally descended from the founder of Lavinium, visibly described in\n the pious and benevolent character of his hero the amiable qualities\n of his imperial patron. The great merit of this poem is well known,\n and it will ever remain undecided which of the two poets, either\n Homer or Virgil, is more entitled to our praise, our applause, and\n our admiration. The writer of the Iliad stood as a pattern to the\n favourite of Augustus. The voyage of \u00c6neas is copied from the Odyssey;\n and for his battles, Virgil found a model in the wars of Troy, and\n the animated descriptions of the Iliad. The poet died before he had\n revised this immortal work, which had already engaged his time for\n 11 successive years. He had attempted to attend his patron in the\n east, but he was detained at Naples on account of his ill health.\n He, however, went to Athens, where he met Augustus in his return, but\n he soon after fell sick at Megara, and though indisposed, he ordered\n himself to be removed to Italy. He landed at Brundusium, where a few\n days after he expired, the 22nd of September, in the 51st year of his\n age, B.C. 19. He left the greatest part of his immense possessions\n to his friends, particularly to Mec\u00e6nas, Tucca, and Augustus, and\n he ordered, as his last will, his unfinished poem to be burnt. These\n last injunctions were disobeyed; and according to the words of an\n ancient poet, Augustus saved his favourite Troy from a second and\n more dismal conflagration. The poem was delivered by the emperor\n to three of his literary friends. They were ordered to revise and\n to expunge whatever they deemed improper; but they were strictly\n enjoined not to make any additions, and hence, as some suppose, the\n causes that so many lines of the \u00c6neid are unfinished, particularly\n in the last books. The body of the poet, according to his own\n directions, was conveyed to Naples, and interred with much solemnity\n in a monument, erected on the road that leads from Naples to Puteoli.\n The following modest distich was engraved on the tomb, written by the\n poet some few moments before he expired:\n\n _Mantua me genuit; Calabri rapuere; tenet nunc\n Parthenope: cecini pascua, rura, duces._\n\n The Romans were not insensible of the merit of their poet. Virgil\n received much applause in the capital, and when he entered the\n theatre, he was astonished and delighted to see the crowded audience\n rise up to him as to an emperor, and welcome his approach by\n reiterated plaudits. He was naturally modest, and of a timorous\n disposition. When people crowded to gaze upon him, or pointed at him\n with the finger with rapture, the poet blushed, and stole away from\n them, and often hid himself in shops to be removed from the curiosity\n and the admiration of the public. The most liberal and gratifying\n marks of approbation he received were from the emperor and from\n Octavia. He attempted in his \u00c6neid to paint the virtues, and to\n lament the premature death of the son of Octavia, and he was desired\n by the emperor to repeat the lines in the presence of the afflicted\n mother. He had no sooner begun _O nate_, &c., than Octavia burst\n into tears; he continued, but he had artfully suppressed the name of\n her son, and when he repeated in the 16th line the well-known words,\n _Tu Marcellus eris_, the princess swooned away, and the poet withdrew,\n but not without being liberally rewarded. Octavia presented him 10\n sesterces for every one of his verses in praise of her son, the whole\n of which was equivalent to 2000_l._ English money. As an instance\n of his modesty, the following circumstance has been recorded. Virgil\n wrote this distich, in which he compared his patron to Jupiter,\n\n _Nocte pluit tot\u00e2, redeunt spectacula mane,\n Divisum imperium cum Jove C\u00e6sar habet,_\n\n and placed it in the night on the gates of the palace of Augustus.\n Inquiries were made for the author by order of Augustus, and when\n Virgil had the diffidence not to declare himself, Bathyllus, a\n contemptible poet of the age, claimed the verses as his own, and was\n liberally rewarded. This displeased Virgil; he again wrote the verses\n near the palace and under them\n\n _Hos ego versiculos feci, tulit alter honores_;\n\n with the beginning of another line in these words,\n\n _Sic vos non vobis_,\n\n four times repeated. Augustus wished the lines to be finished.\n Bathyllus seemed unable, and Virgil at last, by completing the stanza\n in the following order\u2015\u2015\n\n _Sic vos non vobis nidificatis aves;\n Sic vos non vobis vellera fertis oves;\n Sic vos non vobis mellificatis apes;\n Sic vos non vobis fertis aratra boves;_\n\n proved himself to be the author of the distich, and the poetical\n usurper became the sport and ridicule of Rome. In the works of\n Virgil we can find a more perfect and satisfactory account of the\n religious ceremonies and customs of the Romans, than in all the other\n Latin poets, Ovid excepted. Everything he mentions is founded upon\n historical truth, and though he borrowed much from his predecessors,\n and even whole lines from Ennius, yet he has had the happiness to\n make it all his own. He was uncommonly severe in revising his own\n poetry, and he used often to compare himself to a bear that licks\n her cubs into shape. In his connections, Virgil was remarkable;\n his friends enjoyed his unbounded confidence, and his library and\n possessions seemed to be the property of the public. Like other great\n men, he was not without his enemies and detractors in his lifetime,\n but from their aspersions he received additional lustre. Among the\n very numerous and excellent editions of Virgil, these few may be\n collected as the best: that of Masvicius, 2 vols., 4to, Leovardi\u00e6,\n 1717; of Baskerville, 4to, Birmingham, 1757; of the Variorum, in 8vo,\n Leiden, 1661; of Heyne, 4 vols., 8vo, Lipscomb, 1767; of Edinburgh,\n 2 vols., 12mo, 1755; and of Glasgow, 12mo, 1758. _Paterculus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 36.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, satire 5, li. 40.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_,\n bk. 2, poem 34, li. 61.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 4, poem 10, li. 51.\n \u2015\u2015_Martial_, bk. 8, ltr. 56.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 11, li. 178.\n \u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ltr. 21.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, a\n pretor of Sicily, who, when Cicero was banished, refused to receive\n the exiled orator, though his friend, for fear of the resentment of\n Clodius. _Cicero_, _Letters to his brother Quintus_.\n\n=Virg\u012dnia=, a daughter of the centurion Lucius Virginius. Appius\n Claudius the decemvir became enamoured of her, and attempted to\n remove her from the place where she resided. She was claimed by one\n of his favourites as the daughter of a slave, and Appius, in the\n capacity and with the authority of judge, had pronounced the sentence,\n and delivered her into the hands of his friend, when Virginius,\n informed of his violent proceedings, arrived from the camp. The\n father demanded to see his daughter, and when this request was\n granted, he snatched a knife and plunged it into Virginia\u2019s breast,\n exclaiming, \u201cThis is all, my dearest daughter, I can give thee, to\n preserve thy chastity from the lust and violence of a tyrant.\u201d No\n sooner was the blow given, than Virginius ran to the camp with the\n bloody knife in his hand. The soldiers were astonished and incensed,\n not against the murderer, but the tyrant that was the cause of\n Virginia\u2019s death, and they immediately marched to Rome. Appius\n was seized, but he destroyed himself in prison, and prevented the\n execution of the law. Spurius Oppius, another of the decemvirs who\n had not opposed the tyrant\u2019s views, killed himself also, and Marcus\n Claudius the favourite of Appius was put to death, and the decemviral\n power abolished, about 449 years before Christ. _Livy_, bk. 3, ch. 44,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 294.\n\n=Virginius=, the father of Virginia, made tribune of the people. _See:_\n Virginia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune of the people who accused Quinctius C\u00e6so the\n son of Cincinnatus. He increased the number of the tribunes to 10,\n and distinguished himself by his seditions against the patricians.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another tribune in the age of Camillus, fined for his opposition\n to a law which proposed going to Veii.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An augur who died of the\n plague.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, a pretor of Sicily, who opposed the entrance of\n Cicero into his province, though under many obligations to the orator.\n Some read Virgilius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A tribune who encouraged Cinna to criminate\n Sylla.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the generals of Nero in Germany. He made war against\n Vindex and conquered him. He was treated with great coldness by Galba,\n whose interest he had supported with so much success. He refused all\n dangerous stations, and though twice offered the imperial purple,\n he rejected it with disdain. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Roman orator and\n rhetorician.\n\n=Viri\u0101thus=, a mean shepherd of Lusitania, who gradually rose to power,\n and by first heading a gang of robbers, saw himself at last followed\n by a numerous army. He made war against the Romans with uncommon\n success, and for 14 years enjoyed the envied title of protector of\n public liberty in the provinces of Spain. Many generals were defeated,\n and Pompey himself was ashamed to find himself beaten. C\u00e6pio was at\n last sent against him. But his despair of conquering him by force\n of arms, obliged him to have recourse to artifice, and he had the\n meanness to bribe the servants of Viriathus to murder their master,\n B.C. 40. _Florus_, bk. 2, ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 6, ch. 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bks. 52 & 54.\n\n=Viridom\u0103rus=, a young man of great power among the \u00c6dui. C\u00e6sar greatly\n honoured him, but he fought at last against the Romans. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 7, ch. 39, &c.\n\n=Viripl\u0101ca=, a goddess among the Romans who presided over the peace of\n families, whence her name (_virum placare_). If any quarrel happened\n between a man and his wife, they generally repaired to the temple of\n the goddess, which was erected on the Palatine mount, and came back\n reconciled. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 2, ch. 1.\n\n=Virro=, a fictitious name introduced in Juvenal\u2019s fifth satire.\n\n=Virtus.= All virtues were made deities among the Romans. Marcellus\n erected two temples, one to Virtue, and the other to Honour. They\n were built in such a manner, that to see the temple of Honour it was\n necessary to pass through that of Virtue; a happy allegory among a\n nation free and independent. The principal Virtues were distinguished,\n each by their attire. Prudence was known by her rule, and her\n pointing to a globe at her feet; Temperance had a bridle; Justice had\n an equal balance, and Fortitude leant against her sword; Honesty was\n clad in a transparent vest; Modesty appeared veiled; Clemency wore an\n olive branch, and Devotion threw incense upon an altar; Tranquillity\n was seen to lean on a column; Health was known by her serpent,\n Liberty by her cap, and Gaiety by her myrtle. _Cicero_, _de Natura\n Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Plautus_, _Amphitruo_, _Prologue_.\u2015\u2015_Livy_,\n bk. 29, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Augustine_,\n _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 20.\n\n=Visargis=, a river of Germany, now called the _Weser_, and falling\n into the German ocean. Varus and his legions were cut to pieces there\n by the Germans. _Velleius Paterculus_, bk. 2, ch. 105.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 1, ch. 70; bk. 2, ch. 9.\n\n=Viscell\u00e6=, now _Weltz_, a town of Noricum, between the Ens and Mure.\n\n=Spurius Cassius Viscellinus=, _Cicero_, _De Amicitia_, ch. 11.\n\n=Visellia lex=, was made by Visellius Varro the consul, A.U.C. 776, to\n restrain the introduction of improper persons into the offices of the\n state.\n\n=Lucius Visellius Varro=, a lieutenant in Germany under Tiberius.\n _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 3, ch. 41; bk. 4, ch. 17.\n\n=Visellus=, a man whose father-in-law the commentators of Horace\n believe to have been afflicted with a hernia, on their observations\n on this verse (bk. 1, satire 1, li. 105), _Est inter Tanaim quiddam,\n socerumque Viselli_.\n\n=Vist\u016dla=, a river falling into the Baltic, the eastern boundary of\n ancient Germany.\n\n=Vitellia=, a Roman colony on the borders of the \u00c6qui. _Livy_, bk. 5,\n ch. 29.\n\n=Vitellius Aulus=, a Roman raised by his vices to the throne. He was\n descended from one of the most illustrious families of Rome, and as\n such he gained an easy admission to the palace of the emperors. The\n greatest part of his youth was spent at Capre\u00e6, where his willingness\n and compliance to gratify the most vicious propensities of Tiberius\n raised his father to the dignity of consul and governor of Syria.\n The applause he gained in this school of debauchery was too great\n and flattering to induce Vitellius to alter his conduct, and no\n longer to be one of the votaries of vice. Caligula was pleased\n with his skill in driving a chariot. Claudius loved him because\n he was a great gamester, and he recommended himself to the favours\n of Nero by wishing him to sing publicly in the crowded theatre.\n With such an insinuating disposition, it is not to be wondered\n that Vitellius became so great. He did not fall with his patrons,\n like the other favourites, but the death of an emperor seemed to\n raise him to greater honours, and to procure him fresh applause.\n He passed through all the offices of the state, and gained over the\n soldiery by donations and liberal promises. He was at the head of the\n \u2666Roman legions in Germany when Otho was proclaimed emperor, and the\n exaltation of his rival was no sooner heard in the camp, than he was\n likewise invested with the purple by his soldiers. He accepted with\n pleasure the dangerous office, and instantly marched against Otho.\n Three battles were fought, and in all Vitellius was conquered. A\n fourth, however, in the plains between Mantua and Cremona, left him\n master of the field and of the Roman empire. He feasted his eyes in\n viewing the bodies of the slain and the ground covered with blood,\n and regardless of the insalubrity of the air, proceeding from so many\n carcases, he told his attendants that the smell of a dead enemy was\n always sweet. His first care was not like that of a true conqueror,\n to alleviate the distresses of the conquered, or patronize the\n friends of the dead, but it was to insult their misfortunes, and\n to intoxicate himself with the companions of his debauchery in the\n field of battle. Each successive day exhibited a scene of greater\n extravagance. Vitellius feasted four or five times a day, and such\n was his excess that he often made himself vomit to begin his repast\n afresh, and to gratify his palate with more luxury. His food was of\n the most rare and exquisite nature; the deserts of Libya, the shores\n of Spain, and the waters of the Carpathian sea, were diligently\n searched to supply the table of the emperor. The most celebrated of\n his feasts was that with which he was treated by his brother Lucius.\n The table, among other meats, was covered with 2000 different dishes\n of fish, and 7000 of fowls, and so expensive was he in everything,\n that above seven millions sterling were spent in maintaining his\n table in the space of four months; and Josephus has properly observed,\n that if Vitellius had reigned long, the great opulence of all\n the Roman empire would have been found insufficient to defray the\n expenses of his banquets. This extravagance, which delighted the\n favourites, soon raised the indignation of the people. Vespasian was\n proclaimed emperor by the army, and his minister Primus was sent to\n destroy the imperial glutton. Vitellius concealed himself under the\n bed of the porter of his palace, but this obscure retreat betrayed\n him; he was dragged naked through the streets, his hands were tied\n behind his back, and a drawn sword was placed under his chin to\n make him lift his head. After suffering the greatest insults from\n the populace, he was at last carried to the place of execution, and\n put to death with repeated blows. His head was cut off and fixed\n to a pole, and his mutilated body dragged with a hook and thrown\n into the Tiber, A.D. 69, after a reign of one year, except 12 days.\n _Suetonius._\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015_Eutropius._\u2015\u2015_Dio\n Cassius._\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Lucius, the father of the emperor, obtained\n great honours by his flattery to the emperors. He was made governor\n of Syria, and in this distant province he obliged the Parthians\n to sue for peace. His adulation to Messalina is well known, and he\n obtained as a particular favour the honourable office of pulling off\n the shoes of the empress, &c. _Suetonius_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A brother of the\n emperor, who enjoyed his favours by encouraging his gluttony, &c.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Publius, an uncle of the emperor of that name. He was accused\n under Nero of attempts to bribe the people with money from the\n treasury against the emperor. He killed himself before his trial.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the flatterers of Tiberius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of the\n pretorians under Otho.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of the emperor Vitellius, put to\n death by one of his father\u2019s friends.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Some of the family of the\n Vitellii conspired with the Aquilii and other illustrious Romans to\n restore Tarquin to his throne. Their conspiracy was discovered by the\n consuls, and they were severely punished. _Plutarch_, &c.\n\n \u2666 \u2018Romans\u2019 replaced with \u2018Roman\u2019\n\n=Viterbum=, a town of Tuscany, where Fanum Volumn\u00e6 stood. It is not\n mentioned by classical writers. _Livy_, bk. 4, chs. 23 & 61; bk. 5,\n ch. 17.\n\n=Vitia=, a mother put to death by Tiberius for weeping at the death of\n her son, &c. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 7, ch. 10.\n\n=V\u012btr\u012dcus=, a surname of Mars. _Ovid._\n\n=Marcus Vitruvius Pollio=, a celebrated architect in the age of\n Augustus, born at Formi\u00e6. He is known only by his writings, and\n nothing is recorded in history of his life or private character. He\n wrote a treatise on his profession, which he dedicated to Augustus,\n and it is the only book on architecture now extant written by the\n ancients. In this work he plainly shows that he was master of his\n profession, and that he possessed both genius and abilities. The best\n edition of Vitruvius is that of De Laet, Amsterdam, 1649.\n\n=Vit\u016dla=, a deity among the Romans who presided over festivals and\n rejoicings. _Macrobius_, bk. 3, ch. 2.\n\n=Vitularia via=, a road in the country of Arpinum. _Cicero_, _Letters\n to his brother Quintus_, bk. 3, ltr. 1.\n\n=Ulpia Traj\u0101na=, a Roman colony planted in Sarmatia by Trajan.\n\n=Ulpi\u0101nus Domitius=, a lawyer in the reign of Alexander Severus,\n of whom he became the secretary and principal minister. He raised a\n persecution against the christians, and was at last murdered by the\n pretorian guards, of which he had the command, A.D. 226. There are\n some fragments of his compositions on civil law still extant. The\n Greek commentaries of Ulpian on Demosthenes were printed in folio,\n 1527, _with Aldus Manutius_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Marcellus, an officer in the age of\n Commodus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Julianus, a man sent to oppose Heliogabalus, &c.\n\n=Ul\u016dbr\u00e6=, a small town of Latium on the river Astura, where Augustus\n was educated. _Juvenal_, satire 10, li. 102.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1,\n ltr. 11.\n\n=Ulysses=, a king of the islands of Ithaca and Dulichium, son of\n Anticlea and Laertes, or, according to some, of Sisyphus. _See:_\n Sisyphus and Anticlea. He became, like the other princes of Greece,\n one of the suitors of Helen, but as he despaired of success in his\n applications, on account of the great numbers of his competitors, he\n solicited the hand of Penelope the daughter of Icarius. Tyndarus the\n father of Helen favoured the addresses of Ulysses, as by him he was\n directed to choose one of his daughter\u2019s suitors without offending\n the others, and to bind them all by a solemn oath, that they would\n unite together in protecting Helen if any violence was ever offered\n to her person. Ulysses had no sooner obtained the hand of Penelope,\n than he returned to Ithaca, where his father resigned him the crown,\n and retired to peace and rural solitude. The rape of Helen, however,\n by Paris, did not long permit him to remain in his kingdom, and as\n he was bound to defend her against every intruder, he was summoned\n to the war with the other princes of Greece. Pretending to be insane,\n not to leave his beloved Penelope, he yoked a horse and a bull\n together, and ploughed the sea-shore, where he sowed salt instead\n of corn. This dissimulation was soon discovered, and Palamedes,\n by placing before the plough of Ulysses his infant son Telemachus,\n convinced the world that the father was not mad who had the\n providence to turn away the plough from the furrow, not to hurt\n his child. Ulysses was therefore obliged to go to the war, but he\n did not forget him who had discovered his pretended insanity. _See:_\n Palamedes. During the Trojan war, the king of Ithaca was courted\n for his superior prudence and sagacity. By his means Achilles was\n discovered among the daughters of Lycomedes king of Scyros [_See:_\n Achilles], and Philoctetes was induced to abandon Lemnos, and to\n fight the Trojans with the arrows of Hercules. _See:_ Philoctetes.\n He was not less distinguished for his activity and valour. With\n the assistance of Diomedes he murdered Rhesus, and slaughtered the\n sleeping Thracians in the midst of their camp, [_See:_ Rhesus and\n Dolon], and he introduced himself into the city of Priam, and carried\n away the Palladium of the Trojans. _See:_ Palladium. For these\n eminent services he was universally applauded by the Greeks, and\n he was rewarded with the arms of Achilles, which Ajax had disputed\n with him. After the Trojan war Ulysses embarked on board his ships\n to return to Greece, but he was exposed to a number of misfortunes\n before he reached his native country. He was thrown by the winds\n upon the coasts of Africa, and visited the country of the Lotophagi,\n and of the Cyclops in Sicily. Polyphemus, who was the king of the\n Cyclops, seized Ulysses with his companions, five of whom he devoured\n [_See:_ Polyphemus], but the prince of Ithaca intoxicated him and\n put out his eye, and at last escaped from the dangerous cave where\n he was confined, by tying himself under the belly of the sheep of\n the Cyclops when led to pasture. In \u00c6olia he met with a friendly\n reception, and \u00c6olus gave him, confined in bags, all the wind\n which could obstruct his return to Ithaca, but the curiosity of\n his companions to know what the bags contained proved nearly fatal.\n The winds rushed with impetuosity, and all the fleet was destroyed,\n except the ship which carried Ulysses. From thence he was thrown\n upon the coasts of the L\u00e6strygones, and of the island \u00c6ea, where\n the magician Circe changed all his companions into pigs for their\n voluptuousness. He escaped their fate by means of an herb which he\n had received from Mercury, and after he had obliged the magician by\n force of arms to restore his companions to \u2666their original shape, he\n yielded to her charms, and made her mother of Telegonus. He visited\n the infernal regions and consulted Tiresias how to regain his country\n in safety; and after he had received every necessary information,\n he returned on earth. He passed along the coasts of the Sirens\n unhurt, by the directions of Circe [_See:_ Sirenes], and escaped\n the whirlpools and shoals of Scylla, and Charybdis. On the coast of\n Sicily his companions stole and killed some oxen that were sacred to\n Apollo, for which the god destroyed the ships, and all were drowned\n except Ulysses, who saved himself on a plank, and swam to the island\n of Calypso, in Ogygia. There, for seven years, he forgot Ithaca,\n in the arms of the goddess, by whom he had two children. The gods\n at last interfered, and Calypso, by order of Mercury, suffered him\n to depart, after she had furnished him with a ship, and everything\n requisite for the voyage. He had almost reached the island of Corcyra,\n when Neptune, still mindful that his son Polyphemus had been robbed\n of his sight by the perfidy of Ulysses, raised a storm and sunk his\n ship. Ulysses swam with difficulty to the island of the Ph\u00e6acians,\n where the kindness of Nausicaa, and the humanity of her father king\n Alcinous, entertained him for a while. He related the series of\n his misfortunes to the monarch, and at last, by his benevolence,\n he was conducted in a ship to Ithaca. The Ph\u00e6acians laid him on the\n sea-shore as he was asleep, and Ulysses found himself safely restored\n to his country after a long absence of 20 years. He was well informed\n that his palace was besieged by a number of suitors, who continually\n disturbed the peace of Penelope, and therefore he assumed the habit\n of a beggar, by the advice of Minerva, and made himself known to his\n son, and his faithful shepherd Eum\u00e6us. With them he took measures to\n re-establish himself on his throne; he went to the palace, and was\n personally convinced of the virtues and of the fidelity of Penelope.\n Before his arrival was publicly known, all the importuning suitors\n were put to death, and Ulysses restored to the peace and bosom of\n his family. _See:_ Laertes, Penelope, Telemachus, Eum\u00e6us. He lived\n about 16 years after his return, and was at last killed by his son\n Telegonus, who had landed in Ithaca, with the hopes of making himself\n known to his father. This unfortunate event had been foretold to\n him by Tiresias, who assured him that he should die by the violence\n of something that was to issue from the bosom of the sea. _See:_\n Telegonus. According to some authors, Ulysses went to consult the\n oracle of Apollo after his return to Ithaca, and he had the meanness\n to seduce Erippe the daughter of a king of Epirus, who had treated\n him with great kindness. Erippe had a son by him whom she called\n Euryalus. When come to years of puberty, Euryalus was sent to Ithaca\n by his mother, but Penelope no sooner knew who he was than she\n resolved to destroy him. Therefore, when Ulysses returned, he put to\n immediate death his unknown son on the crimination of Penelope his\n wife, who accused him of attempts upon her virtue. The adventures\n of Ulysses in his return to Ithaca from the Trojan war are the\n subject of Homer\u2019s Odyssey. _Homer_, _Iliad_ & _Odyssey_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bks. 2, 3, &c.\u2015\u2015_Dictys Cretensis_, bk. 1, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Metamorphoses_, bk. 13; _Heroides_, poem 1.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 201,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, chs. 17 & 22;\n bk. 3, ch. 12; bk. 7, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 13,\n ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 3, ode 29, li. 8.\u2015\u2015_Parthenius_, _Narrationes\n Amatori\u00e6_, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch._\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 35.\u2015\u2015_Tzetzes_, _ad\n Lycurgus_.\n\n \u2666 \u2018his\u2019 replaced with \u2018their\u2019\n\n=Ulysseum=, a promontory of Sicily, west of Pachinus.\n\n=Umber=, a lake of Umbria near the Tiber. _Propertius_, bk. 4, poem 1,\n li. 124.\n\n=Umbra Pompeia=, a portico of Pompey at Rome. _Martial_, bk. 5, ltr. 10.\n\n=Umbria=, a country of Italy, separated from Etruria by the Tiber,\n bounded on the north by the Adriatic sea, east by Picenum and the\n country of the Sabines, and south by the river Nar. Some derive the\n word Umbria _ab imbribus_, the frequent showers that were supposed\n to fall there, or from the shadow (_umbra_) of the Apennines which\n hung over it. Umbria had many cities of note. The Umbrians opposed\n the Romans in the infancy of their empire, but afterwards they\n became their allies, about the year \u2666A.U.C. 434. _Catullus_, bk. 40,\n li. 11.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus._\n\n \u2666 \u2018U.C.\u2019 replaced with \u2018A.U.C.\u2019\n\n=Umbrigius=, a soothsayer, who foretold approaching calamities to Galba.\n _Juvenal_, satire 3, li. 21.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1, ch. 27.\n\n=Umbro=, a navigable river of Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n general who assisted Turnus against \u00c6neas, and was killed during\n the war. He could assuage the fury of serpents by his songs, and\n counteract the poisonous effects of their bite. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_,\n bk. 7, li. 752; bk. 10, li. 544.\n\n=Unca=, a surname of Minerva among the Ph\u0153nicians and Thebans.\n\n=Unch\u00e6=, a town of Mesopotamia.\n\n=Undecemv\u012dri=, magistrates at Athens, to whom such as were publicly\n condemned were delivered to be executed. _Cornelius Nepos_, _Phocion_.\n\n=Unelli=, a people of Cotantin in Gaul, conquered by C\u00e6sar. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 2, ch. 34.\n\n=Unig\u0115na=, a surname of Minerva, as sprung of Jupiter alone.\n\n=Unxia=, a surname of Juno, derived from _ungere_, to anoint, because\n it was usual among the Romans for the bride to anoint the threshold\n of her husband, and from this necessary ceremony wives were called\n _Unxores_, and afterwards _Uxores_, from Unxia, who presided over\n them. _Arnobius_, bk. 3.\n\n=Vocetius=, part of mount Jura in Gaul. _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 1,\n ch. 68.\n\n=V\u014fc\u014dnia lex=, _de testamentis_, by Quintus Voconius Saxa the tribune,\n A.U.C. 584, enacted that no woman should be left heiress to an estate,\n and that no rich person should leave by his will more than the fourth\n part of his fortune to a woman. This step was taken to prevent the\n decay of the noblest and most illustrious of the families of Rome.\n This law was abrogated by Augustus.\n\n=Voconii forum=, a town of Gaul, between Antibes and Marseilles.\n _Cicero_, bk. 10, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 17.\n\n=V\u014fc\u014dnius Victor=, a Latin poet, &c. _Martial_, bk. 7, ltr. 28.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Saxa,\n a tribune who made a law.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer of Lucullus in Asia.\n\n=Vocontia=, now _Vasio_. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 167.\n\n=V\u014fg\u0113sus=, now _Vauge_, a mountain of Belgic Gaul, which separates the\n Sequani from the Lingones. _Lucan_, bk. 1, li. 397.\u2015\u2015_C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic\n War_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n\n=Vol\u00e6=, a city of the \u00c6qui. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 49.\n\n=Volaginius=, a soldier who assassinated one of his officers, &c.\n _Tacitus_, _Histories_, bk. 2, ch. 75.\n\n=Volana=, a town of the Samnites.\n\n=Volandum=, a fortified place of Armenia.\n\n=Volaterra=, an ancient town of Etruria, famous for hot baths. Perseus\n the satirist was born there. _Livy_, bk. 10, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, bk. 15, _Letters to his Friends_, ltr. 4.\n\n=Volc\u00e6=, or =Volg\u00e6=, a people of Gaul between the Garonne and the Rhone.\n _Livy_, bk. 21, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 5.\n\n=Volci=, an inland town of Lucania, now _Lauria_. _Livy_, bk. 27,\n ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Etruria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\n\n=Volog\u0115ses=, a name common to many of the kings of Parthia, who made\n war against the Roman emperors. _Tacitus_, bk. 12, _Annals_, ch. 14.\n\n=Volscens=, a Latin chief who discovered Nisus and Euryalus as they\n returned from the Rutulian camp loaded with spoils. He killed\n Euryalus, and was himself immediately stabbed by Nisus. _Virgil_,\n _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, lis. 370 & 442.\n\n=Volsci=, or =Volci=, a people of Latium, whose territories are bounded\n on the south by the Tyrrhene sea, north by the country of the Hernici\n and Marsi, west by the Latins and Rutulians, and east by Campania.\n Their chief cities were Antium, Circeii, Anxur, Corioli, Fregell\u00e6,\n Arpinum, &c. Ancus king of Rome made war against them, and in the\n time of the republic they became formidable enemies, till they were\n at last conquered with the rest of the Latins. _Livy_, bks. 3 & 4.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 2, li. 168; _\u00c6neid_, bk. 9, li. 505;\n bk. 11, li. 546, &c.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 2, chs. 4 & 5.\n\n=Volsinium=, a town of Etruria in Italy, destroyed, according to Pliny,\n bk. 2, ch. 53, by fire from heaven. The inhabitants numbered their\n years by fixing nails in the temple of Nortia, a Tuscan goddess.\n _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 31; bk. 7, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Juvenal_, satire 15, li. 191.\n \u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4.\n\n=Voltinia=, one of the Roman tribes.\n\n=Volubilis=, a town of Africa, supposed Fez, the capital of Morocco.\n _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\n\n=Volumn\u00e6 Fanum=, a temple in Etruria, sacred to the goddess Volumna,\n who presided over the will and over complaisance, where the states of\n the country used to assemble. Viterbo now stands on the spot. _Livy_,\n bk. 4, ch. 23; bk. 5, ch. 17; bk. 6, ch. 2.\n\n=Volumnia=, the wife of Coriolanus. _Livy_, bk. 2, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The\n freedwoman of Volumnius Eutrapelus. _Cicero_, _Philippics_, bk. 2,\n ch. 24.\n\n=Volumnus= and =Volumna=, two deities who presided over the will.\n They were chiefly invoked at marriages to preserve concord between\n the husband and wife. They were particularly worshipped by the\n Etrurians. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 61.\n\n=T. Volumnius=, a Roman famous for his friendship towards Marcus\n Lucullus, whom Marcus Antony had put to death. His great lamentations\n were the cause that he was dragged to the triumvir, of whom he\n demanded to be conducted to the body of his friend, and there to\n be put to death. His request was easily granted. _Livy_, bk. 124,\n ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A mimic whom Brutus put to death.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Etrurian who wrote\n tragedies in his own native language.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A consul who defeated the\n Samnites and the Etrurians, &c. _Livy_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A friend of Marcus\n Brutus. He was preserved when that great republican killed himself,\n and he wrote an account of his death and of his actions, from which\n Plutarch selected some remarks.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A prefect of Syria, B.C. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n Roman knight put to death by Catiline.\n\n=Voluptas= and =Volupia=, the goddess of sensual pleasures, worshipped\n at Rome, where she had a temple. She was represented as a young\n and beautiful woman, well dressed, and elegantly adorned, seated\n on a throne, and having virtue under her feet. _Cicero_, _de Natura\n Deorum_, bk. 2, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Macrobius_, bk. 1, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Augustine_,\n _City of God_, bk. 4, ch. 8.\n\n=Caius Volus\u0113nus=, a military tribune in C\u00e6sar\u2019s army, &c. _C\u00e6sar_,\n _Gallic War_, bk. 3.\n\n=Volusi\u0101nus=, a Roman taken as colleague on the imperial throne, by his\n father Gallus. He was killed by his soldiers.\n\n=V\u014fl\u016dsius=, a poet of Patavia, who wrote, like Ennius, the annals\n of Rome in verse. _Seneca_, ltr. 93.\u2015\u2015_Catullus_, bk. 96, li. 7.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Saturninus, a governor of Rome, who died in the 93rd year of his\n age, beloved and respected, under Nero. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 13.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Caius, a soldier at the siege of Cremona, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Nero\u2019s\n officers. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 15, ch. 51.\n\n=Volusus=, a friend of Turnus. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 11, li. 463.\n\n=Volux=, a son of Bocchus, whom the Romans defeated. Sylla suspected\n his fidelity, &c. _Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_, ch. 105.\n\n=Vomanus=, a river of Picenum in Italy. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 13.\n \u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 8, li. 438.\n\n=Von\u014dnes=, a king of Parthia expelled by his subjects, and afterwards\n placed on the throne of Armenia. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12,\n ch. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another king of Armenia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man made king of Parthia by\n Augustus.\n\n=Vopiscus=, a native of Syracuse, 303, A.D. who wrote the life of\n Aurelian, Tacitus, Florianus, Probus, Firmus, Carus, &c. He is one\n of the six authors who are called _Histori\u00e6 August\u00e6 scriptores_, but\n he excels all others in the elegance of his style, and the manner\n in which he relates the various actions of the emperors. He is not,\n however, without his faults, and we look in vain for the purity or\n perspicuity of the writers of the Augustan age.\n\n=V\u014fr\u0101nus=, a freedman of Quintus Luctatius Catulus, famous for his\n robberies as well as his cunning, &c. _Horace_, bk. 1, satire 8,\n li. 39.\n\n=Voti\u0113nus Montanus=, a man of learning, banished to one of the Baleares\n for his malevolent reflections upon Tiberius. Ovid has celebrated him\n as an excellent poet. _Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 4, ch. 42.\n\n=Upis=, the father of one of the Dianas, mentioned by the ancients,\n from which circumstance Diana herself is called _Upis_. _Cicero_,\n _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Callimachus_, _Artemis_.\n\n=Ur\u0103nia=, one of the Muses, daughter of Jupiter and Mnemosyne, who\n presided over astronomy. She is generally called mother of Linus\n by Apollo, and of the god Hymen\u00e6us by Bacchus. She was represented\n as a young virgin dressed in an azure-coloured robe, crowned\n with stars, and holding a globe in her hands, and having many\n mathematical instruments placed round. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 77.\n \u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 161.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of\n Venus, the same as _Celestial_. She was supposed, in that character,\n to preside over beauty and generation, and was called daughter of\n Uranus or C\u0153lus by the Light. Her temples in Asia, Africa, Greece,\n and Italy were numerous. _Plato_, _Convivium Septem Sapientium_.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1,\n ch. 14, &c.; bk. 7, ch. 26, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Cyprus.\n\n=Ur\u0103nii=, or =Urii=, a people of Gaul.\n\n=Uranop\u014flis=, a town at the top of Athos.\n\n=Ur\u0103nus=, or =Ouranus=, a deity, the same as C\u0153lus, the most ancient\n of all the gods. He married Tithea or the Earth, by whom he had Ceus,\n Creus, Hyperion, Mnemosyne, Cottus, Ph\u0153be, Briareus, Thetis, Saturn,\n Gyges, called from their mother Titans. His children conspired\n against him, because he confined them in the bosom of the earth, and\n his son Saturn mutilated him, and drove him from his throne.\n\n=Urba=, now _Orbe_, a town of the Helvetii, on a river of the same name.\n\n=Urbicua=, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis.\n\n=Urbicus=, an actor at Rome, in Domitian\u2019s reign. _Juvenal_, satire 6.\n\n=Urbinum=, now _Urbino_, a town of Umbria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 14.\n\n=Urgo=, now _Gorgona_, an island in the bay of Pisa, 25 miles west of\n Leghorn, famous for anchovies. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\n\n=Uria=, a town of Calabria, built by a Cretan colony, and called also\n Hyria. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Apulia.\n\n=Urites=, a people of Italy. _Livy_, bk. 42, ch. 48.\n\n=Ursentum=, a town of the Brutii, now _Orso_. _Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 11.\n\n=Ursidius=, an adulterer. _Juvenal_, satire 6, li. 38.\n\n=Uscana=, a town of Macedonia. _Livy_, bk. 43, ch. 18.\n\n=Usceta=, a town of Africa Propria. _Aulus Hirtius_, _African War_,\n ch. 89.\n\n=Uscudama=, a town of Thrace. _Eutropius_, bk. 6, ch. 8.\n\n=Usip\u0115tes=, or =Usipii=, a people of Germany. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_,\n bk. 4, ch. 1, &c.\n\n=Ust\u012bca=, a town in an island on the coast of Sicily, near Panormum.\n _Horace_, bk. 1, ode 17, li. 11.\n\n=Utens=, a river of Gaul, now _Montone_, falling into the Adriatic by\n Ravenna. _Livy_, bk. 5, ch. 35.\n\n=Ut\u012dca=, now _Satcor_, a celebrated city of Africa, on the coast\n of the Mediterranean, on the same bay as Carthage, founded by a\n Tyrian colony above 287 years before Carthage. It had a large and\n commodious harbour, and it became the metropolis of Africa, after\n the destruction of Carthage in the third Punic war, and the Romans\n granted it all the lands situate between Hippo and Carthage. It\n is celebrated for the death of Cato, who from thence is called\n _Uticensis_, or of Utica. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 6, li. 306.\n \u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 18, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 16, ch. 40.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 25,\n ch. 31.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 242.\u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 20,\n li. 513.\n\n=Vulcan\u0101lia=, festivals in honour of Vulcan, brought to Rome from\n Pr\u00e6neste, and observed in the month of August. The streets were\n illuminated, fires kindled everywhere, and animals thrown into the\n flames, as a sacrifice to the deity. _Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_,\n bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 1.\u2015\u2015_Columella_, bk. 11.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 18, ch. 13.\n\n=Vulc\u0101ni insula=, or =Vulcania=, a name given to the islands between\n Sicily and Italy, now called Lipari. _Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 8,\n li. 422. They received it because there were there subterraneous\n fires, supposed to be excited by Vulcan the god of fire.\n\n=Vulcanius Terentianus=, a Latin historian, who wrote an account of the\n life of the three Gordians, &c.\n\n=Vulc\u0101nus=, a god of the ancients who presided over fire, and was\n the patron of all artists who worked iron and metal. He was son of\n Juno alone, who in this wished to imitate Jupiter, who had produced\n Minerva from his brains. According to Homer, he was son of Jupiter\n and Juno, and the mother was so disgusted with the deformities of\n her son, that she threw him into the sea as soon as born, where he\n remained for nine years. According to the more received opinion,\n Vulcan was educated in heaven with the rest of the gods, but his\n father kicked him down from \u2666Olympus, when he attempted to deliver\n his mother, who had been fastened by a golden chain for her insolence.\n He was nine days in coming from heaven upon earth, and he fell in the\n island of Lemnos, where, according to Lucian, the inhabitants, seeing\n him in the air, caught him in their arms. He, however, broke his leg\n by the fall, and ever after remained lame of one foot. He fixed his\n residence in Lemnos, where he built himself a palace, and raised\n forges to work metals. The inhabitants of the island became sensible\n of his industry, and were taught all the useful arts which could\n civilize their rude manners, and render them serviceable to the good\n of society. The first work of Vulcan was, according to some, a throne\n of gold with secret springs, which he presented to his mother to\n avenge himself for her want of affection towards him. Juno no sooner\n was seated on the throne, than she found herself unable to move.\n The gods attempted to deliver her by breaking the chains which\n held her, but to no purpose, and Vulcan alone had the power to set\n her at liberty. Bacchus intoxicated him, and prevailed upon him to\n come to Olympus, where he was reconciled to his parents. Vulcan has\n been celebrated by the ancient poets for the ingenious works and\n automatical figures which he made, and many speak of two golden\n statues, which not only seemed animated, but which walked by his side,\n and even assisted him in the working of metals. It is said that, at\n the request of Jupiter, he made the first woman that ever appeared\n on earth, well known under the name of Pandora. _See:_ Pandora. The\n Cyclops of Sicily were his ministers and attendants, and with him\n they fabricated not only the thunderbolts of Jupiter, but also arms\n for the gods and the most celebrated heroes. His forges were supposed\n to be under mount \u00c6tna, in the island of Sicily, as well as in every\n part of the earth where there were volcanoes. The most known of\n the works of Vulcan which were presented to mortals are the arms of\n Achilles, those of \u00c6neas, the shield of Hercules described by Hesiod,\n a collar given to \u2660Hermione the wife of Cadmus, and a sceptre, which\n was in the possession of Agamemnon king of Argos and Mycen\u00e6. The\n collar proved fatal to all those that wore it, but the sceptre, after\n the death of Agamemnon, was carefully preserved at Cheron\u00e6a, and\n regarded as a divinity. The amours of Vulcan are not numerous. He\n demanded Minerva from Jupiter, who had promised him in marriage\n whatever goddess he should choose, and when she refused his\n addresses, he attempted to offer her violence. Minerva resisted with\n success, though there remained on her body some marks of Vulcan\u2019s\n passion, which she threw down upon earth wrapped up in wool. _See:_\n \u2663Erichthonius. This disappointment in his love was repaired by\n Jupiter, who gave him one of the Graces. Venus is universally\n acknowledged to have been the wife of Vulcan; but her infidelity is\n well known, as well as her amours with Mars, which were discovered by\n Ph\u0153bus, and exposed to the gods by her own husband. _See:_ Alectryon.\n The worship of Vulcan was well established, particularly in Egypt,\n at Athens, and at Rome. It was usual, in the sacrifices that were\n offered to him, to burn the whole victim, and not reserve part of it,\n as in the immolations to the rest of the gods. A calf and a boar pig\n were the principal victims offered. Vulcan was represented as covered\n with sweat, blowing with his nervous arm the fires of his forges.\n His breast was hairy, and his forehead was blackened with smoke. Some\n represent him lame and deformed, holding a hammer raised in the air,\n ready to strike; while with the other hand he turns, with pincers,\n a thunderbolt on his anvil, for which an eagle waits by his side to\n carry it to Jupiter. He appears on some monuments with a long beard,\n dishevelled hair, half naked, and a small round cap on his head,\n while he holds a hammer and pincers in his hand. The Egyptians\n represented him under the figure of a monkey. Vulcan has received\n the names of _Mulciber_, _Pamphanes_, _Clytotechnes_, _Pandamator_,\n _Cyllopodes_, _Chalaipoda_, &c., all expressive of his lameness and\n his profession. He was father of Cupid by Venus; of C\u00e6culus, Cecrops,\n Cacus, Periphetes, Cercyon, Ocrisia, &c. Cicero speaks of more than\n one deity of the name of Vulcan. One he calls son of C\u0153lus and father\n of Apollo by Minerva; the second he mentions is son of the Nile, and\n called Phtas by the Egyptians; the third was the son of Jupiter and\n Juno, and fixed his residence in Lemnos; and the fourth who built\n his forges in the Lipari islands was son of Menalius. Vulcan seems\n to have been admitted into heaven more for ridicule than any other\n purpose. He seems to be the great cuckold of Olympus, and even his\n wife is represented as laughing at his deformities, and mimicking\n his lameness to gain the smiles of her lovers. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_\n & _Shield of Heracles_, lis. 140 & 320.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 3,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 1, li. 57; bk. 15, li. 18; bk. 11, li. 397,\n &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 1, ch. 20; bk. 3, ch. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 22.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bks. 2\n & 3.\u2015\u2015_Varro_, _de Lingua Latina_.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, 7, &c.\n\n \u2666\u2018Olympas\u2019 replaced with \u2018Olympus\u2019\n\n \u2660\u2018Hermoine\u2019 replaced with \u2018Hermione\u2019\n\n \u2663\u2018Erichsithonius\u2019 replaced with \u2018Erichthonius\u2019\n\n=Vulc\u0101tius=, a Roman knight, who conspired with Piso against Nero, &c.\n _Tacitus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A senator in the reign of Diocletian, who attempted to\n write a history of all such as had reigned at Rome, either as lawful\n sovereigns or by usurpation. Of his works nothing is extant but an\n account of Avidius Cassius, who revolted in the east during the reign\n of Marcus Aurelius, which some ascribe to Spartianus.\n\n=Vuls\u012bnum=, a town of Etruria. _See:_ Volsinium.\n\n=Vulso=, a Roman consul who invaded Africa with Regulus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another\n consul. He had the provinces of Asia while in office, and triumphed\n over the Galatians.\n\n=Vult\u016dra=, or =Vulturaria=, a mountain on the borders of Apulia.\n _Horace_, bk. 3, ode 4, li. 9.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 9, li. 183.\n\n=Vulturius=, a man who conspired against his country with Catiline.\n\n=Vulturnius=, a surname of Apollo. _See:_ Vulturnus.\n\n=Vulturnum=, a town of Campania, near the mouth of the Vulturnus.\n _Livy_, bk. 25, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 3, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also an ancient\n name of Capua. _Livy_, bk. 4, ch. 37.\n\n=Vulturnus=, a river of Campania rising in the Apennines, and\n falling into the Tyrrhene sea, after passing by the town of Capua.\n _Lucretius_, bk. 5, li. 664.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 7, li. 729.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The god of the Tiber was also known by that name. _Varro_, _de\n Lingua Latina_, bk. 4, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wind, which received the name\n of Vulturnus when it blew from the side of the Vulturnus, highly\n incommoded the Romans at the battle of Cann\u00e6. _Livy_, bk. 22, chs. 43\n & 46.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A surname of Apollo on mount Lissus in Ionia, near Ephesus.\n The god received this name from a shepherd who raised him a temple\n after he had been drawn out of a subterraneous cavern by vultures.\n\n=Vulsinum=, a town of Etruria, where Sejanus was born.\n\n=Uxama=, a town of Spain on the Iberus. _Silius Italicus_, bk. 3,\n li. 384.\n\n=Uxantis=, now _Ushant_, an island on the coast of Britany.\n\n=Uxellodunum=, a town of Gaul defended by steep rocks, now _Puech\n d\u2019Issoiu_. _C\u00e6sar_, _Gallic War_, bk. 8, ch. 33.\n\n=Uxentum=, a town of Calabria, now _Ugento_.\n\n=Uxii=, mountains of Armenia, with a nation of the same name,\n conquered by Alexander. The Tigris rises in their country. _Strabo._\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus._\n\n=Uxisama=, an island in the western ocean.\n\n=Uzita=, an inland town of Africa destroyed by C\u00e6sar. _Hirtius_,\n _African War_, ch. 41, &c.\n\n\n X\n\n=Xanthe=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 356.\n\n=Xanthi=, a people of Thrace.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The inhabitants of Xanthus in Asia.\n _See:_ Xanthus.\n\n=Xanthia Phoceus=, a Roman whom Horace addresses in his bk. 2, ode 4,\n and of whom he speaks as enamoured of a servant-maid.\n\n=Xanth\u012dca=, a festival observed by the Macedonians in the month called\n Xanthicus, the same as April. It was then usual to make a lustration\n of the army with great solemnity. A bitch was cut into two parts,\n and one half of the body placed on one side, and the other part on\n the other side, after which the soldiers marched between, and they\n imitated a real battle by a sham engagement.\n\n=Xanthippe=, a daughter of Dorus. _See:_ Xantippe.\n\n=Xanthippus=, a son of Melas killed by Tydeus. _See:_ Xantippus.\n\n=Xantho=, one of Cyrene\u2019s attendant nymphs. _Virgil_, _Georgics_, bk. 4,\n li. 336.\n\n=Xanthus=, or =Xanthos=, a river of Troas, in Asia Minor. It is the\n same as the _Scamander_, but, according to Homer, it was called\n Xanthus by the gods and Scamander by men. _See:_ Scamander.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n river of Lycia, anciently called _Sirbes_. It was sacred to Apollo,\n and fell into the sea near Patara. _Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 6, li. 172.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 4, li. 143.\u2015\u2015_Mela_, bk. 1, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One\n of the horses of Achilles, who spoke to his master when chid with\n severity, and told him he must soon be killed. _Homer_, _Iliad_,\n bk. 19.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the horses given to Juno by Neptune, and afterwards\n to the sons of Leda.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An historian of Sardes in the reign of\n Darius.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek historian of Lydia, who wrote an account of his\n country, of which some fragments remain. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of Lesbos.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A king of B\u0153otia, who made war against\n the Athenians. He was killed by the artifice of Melanthus. _See:_\n Apaturia.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Greek poet. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 4, ch. 26.\n \u2015\u2015_Suidas._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A philosopher of Samos, in whose house \u00c6sop lived some\n time as servant.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Lycia, on the river of the same name,\n at the distance of about 15 miles from the sea-shore. The inhabitants\n were celebrated for their love of liberty and national independence.\n Brutus laid siege to their city, and when at last they were unable\n longer to support themselves against the enemy, they set fire to\n their houses and destroyed themselves. The conqueror wished to spare\n them, but though he offered rewards to his soldiers if they brought\n any of the Xanthians alive into his presence, only 150 were saved,\n much against their will. _Appian_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Brutus_.\n\n=Xant\u012dcles=, one of the leaders of the 10,000 Greeks, after the battle\n of Cunaxa.\n\n=Xantippe=, a daughter of Dorus, who married Pleuron, by whom she had\n Agenor, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The wife of Socrates,\n remarkable for her ill humour and peevish disposition, which are\n become proverbial. Some suppose that the philosopher was acquainted\n with her moroseness and insolence before he married her, and that\n he took her for his wife to try his patience, and inure himself to\n the malevolent reflections of mankind. She continually tormented him\n with her impertinence; and one day, not satisfied with using the most\n bitter invectives, she emptied a vessel of dirty water on his head,\n upon which the philosopher coolly observed, \u201cAfter thunder there\n generally falls rain.\u201d _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 7, ch. 10;\n bk. 9, ch. 7; bk. 11, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Socrates_.\n\n=Xantippus=, a Laced\u00e6monian general who assisted the Carthaginians\n in the first Punic war. He defeated the Romans, 256 B.C., and took\n the celebrated Regulus prisoner. Such signal services deserved to\n be rewarded, but the Carthaginians looked with envious jealousy upon\n Xantippus, and he retired to Corinth after he had saved them from\n destruction. Some authors support that the Carthaginians ordered him\n to be assassinated, and his body to be thrown into the sea as he was\n returning home; while others say that they had prepared a leaky ship\n to convey him to Corinth, which he artfully avoided. _Livy_, bk. 18\n & bk. 28, ch. 43.\u2015\u2015_Appian_, _Punic Wars_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Athenian general\n who defeated the Persian fleet at Mycale with Leotychides. A statue\n was erected to his honour at the citadel of Athens. He made some\n conquests in Thrace, and increased the power of Athens. He was father\n to the celebrated Pericles by Agariste the niece of Clisthenes, who\n expelled the Pisistratid\u00e6 from Athens. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7;\n bk. 8, ch. 52.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Pericles who disgraced his father by his\n disobedience, his ingratitude, and his extravagance. He died of the\n plague in the Peloponnesian war. _Plutarch._\n\n=Xenag\u014fras=, an historian. _Dionysius of Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n philosopher who measured the height of mount Olympus.\n\n=Xenarchus=, a comic poet.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A peripatetic philosopher of Seleucia,\n who taught at Alexandria and at Rome, and was intimate with Augustus.\n _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A pretor of the Ach\u00e6an league, who wished to\n favour the interest of Perseus king of Macedonia against the Romans.\n\n=Xenares=, an intimate friend of Cleomenes king of Sparta.\n\n=Xenetus=, a rich Locrian, whose daughter Doris married Dionysius of\n Sicily, &c. _Aristotle_, _Politics_, bk. 5, ch. 7.\n\n=Xeneus=, a Chian writer who composed a history of his country.\n\n=Xeni\u0103des=, a Corinthian who went to buy Diogenes the Cynic when sold\n as a slave. He asked him what he could do; upon which the Cynic\n answered, \u201cCommand freemen.\u201d This noble answer so pleased Xeniades,\n that he gave the Cynic his liberty, and entrusted him with the care\n and education of his children. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015_Aulus Gellius_,\n bk. 2, ch. 18.\n\n=Xenius=, a surname given to Jupiter as the god of _hospitality_.\n\n=Xenoclea=, a priestess of Apollo\u2019s temple at Delphi, from whom\n Hercules extorted an oracle by force, when she refused to answer\n him because he was not purified of the blood and death of Iphitus.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 13.\n\n=Xen\u014fcles=, a tragic writer, who obtained four times a poetical prize\n in a contention in which Euripides was competitor, either through the\n ignorance or by the bribery of his judges. The names of his tragedies\n which obtained the victory were \u0152dipus, Lycaon, Bacch\u00e6, Athamas\n Satyricus, against the Alexander, Palamedes, Trojani, and Sisyphus\n Satyricus of Euripides. His grandson bore also the name of Xenocles,\n and excelled in tragical compositions. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_,\n bk. 2, ch. 8.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A Spartan officer in the expedition which Agesilaus\n undertook against the Persians.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An architect of Eleusis.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n friend of Aratus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the friends of Cicero.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A celebrated\n rhetorician of Adramyttium. _Strabo_, bk. 13.\n\n=Xenocr\u0103tes=, an ancient philosopher born at Chalcedonia, and educated\n in the school of Plato, whose friendship he gained, and whose\n approbation he merited. Though of a dull and sluggish disposition, he\n supplied the defects of nature by unwearied attention and industry,\n and was at last found capable of succeeding in the school of Plato\n after Speusippus, about 339 years before Christ. He was remarkable\n as a disciplinarian, and he required that his pupils should be\n acquainted with mathematics before they came under his care, and he\n even rejected some who had not the necessary qualification, saying\n that they had not yet found the key of philosophy. He recommended\n himself to his pupils not only by precepts, but more powerfully\n by example, and since the wonderful change he had made upon the\n conduct of one of his auditors [_See:_ Polemon], his company was\n as much shunned by the dissolute and extravagant, as it was courted\n by the virtuous and benevolent. Philip of Macedon attempted to gain\n his confidence with money, but with no success. Alexander in this\n imitated his father, and sent some of his friends with 50 talents\n for the philosopher. They were introduced, and supped with Xenocrates.\n The repast was small, frugal, and elegant, without ostentation.\n On the morrow, the officers of Alexander wished to pay down the\n 50 talents, but the philosopher asked them whether they had not\n perceived from the entertainment of the preceding day that he was not\n in want of money. \u201cTell your master,\u201d said he, \u201cto keep his money;\n he has more people to maintain than I have.\u201d Yet, not to offend the\n monarch, he accepted a small sum, about the 200th part of one talent.\n His character was not less conspicuous in every other particular,\n and he has been cited as an instance of virtue from the following\n circumstance: The courtesan Lais had pledged herself to forfeit\n an immense sum of money, if she did not triumph over the virtue of\n Xenocrates. She tried every art, assumed the most captivating looks,\n and used the most tempting attitudes to gain the philosopher, but\n in vain; and she declared at last that she had not lost her money,\n as she had pledged herself to conquer a human being, not a lifeless\n stone. Though so respected and admired, yet Xenocrates was poor,\n and he was dragged to prison, because he was unable to pay a small\n tribute to the state. He was delivered from confinement by one of his\n friends. His integrity was so well known, that when he appeared in\n the court as a witness, the judges dispensed with his oath. He died\n B.C. 314, in his 82nd year, after he had presided in the academy\n for above 25 years. It is said that he fell in the night with his\n head into a basin of water, and that he was suffocated. He had\n written above 60 treatises on different subjects, all now lost.\n He acknowledged no other deity but heaven, and the seven planets.\n _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 10, ltr. 1,\n &c. _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 5, ch. 32.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Lucian._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician in the age of Nero, not in\n great esteem. His Greek treatise, _de alimento ex aquatilibus_, is\n best edited by Franzius, Lipscomb, 8vo, 1774.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An excellent painter.\n _Pliny_, bk. 34, ch. 8.\n\n=Xenodamus=, an illegitimate son of Menelaus by Gnossia. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An athlete of Anticyra. _Pausanias_, bk. 10, ch. 36.\n\n=X\u0113nod\u012dce=, a daughter of Syleus, killed by Hercules. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 2, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of Minos and Pasiphae. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 1.\n\n=Xenod\u014fchus=, a Messenian crowned at the Olympic games. _Pausanias_,\n bk. 4, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Cardia, &c.\n\n=Xenoph\u0103nes=, a Greek philosopher of Colophon, disciple of Archelaus,\n B.C. 535. He wrote several poems and treatises, and founded a\n sect which was called the Eleatic, in Sicily. Wild in his opinions\n about astronomy, he supposed that the stars were extinguished every\n morning, and rekindled at night; that eclipses were occasioned by\n the temporary extinction of the sun; that the moon was inhabited,\n and 18 times bigger than the earth; and that there were several suns\n and moons for the convenience of the different climates of the earth.\n He further imagined that God and the world were the same, and he\n credited the eternity of the universe, but his incoherent opinion\n about the divinity raised the indignation of his countrymen, and\n he was banished. He died very poor, when about 100 years old.\n _Cicero_, _Academica Priora_, bk. 4, ch. 37; _de Divinatione_, bk. 1,\n ch. 3; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 11.\u2015\u2015_Lactantius_, _Divinae\n institutiones_, bk. 3, ch. 23.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A governor of Olbus, in the age of\n Marcus Antony. _Strabo_, bk. 14.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of the ministers of Philip,\n who went to Annibal\u2019s camp, and made a treaty of alliance between\n Macedonia and Carthage.\n\n=Xenoph\u012dlus=, a Pythagorean philosopher, who lived to his 170th year,\n and enjoyed all his faculties to the last. He wrote upon music, and\n thence he was called the musician. _Lucian_, _Macrobii_.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk.\n 7, ch. 50.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 8, ch. 13.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015One of Alexander\u2019s\n generals. _Curtius_, bk. 5, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A robber of whom Aratus hired\n some troops.\n\n=Xen\u014fphon=, an Athenian, son of Gryllus, celebrated as a general, an\n historian, and a philosopher. In the school of Socrates he received\n those instructions and precepts which afterwards so eminently\n distinguished him at the head of an army, in literary solitude, and\n as the prudent father of a family. He was invited by Proxenus, one of\n his intimate friends, to accompany Cyrus the younger in an expedition\n against his brother Artaxerxes king of Persia; but he refused to\n comply without previously consulting his venerable master, and\n inquiring into the propriety of such a measure. Socrates strongly\n opposed it, and observed that it might raise the resentment of his\n countrymen, as Sparta had made an alliance with the Persian monarch;\n but, however, before he proceeded further, he advised him to consult\n the oracle of Apollo. Xenophon paid due deference to the injunctions\n of Socrates, but as he was ambitious of glory, and eager to engage\n in a distant expedition, he hastened with precipitation to Sardis,\n where he was introduced to the young prince, and treated with great\n attention. In the army of Cyrus, Xenophon showed that he was a true\n disciple of Socrates, and that he had been educated in the warlike\n city of Athens. After the decisive battle in the plains of Cunaxa,\n and the fall of young Cyrus, the prudence and vigour of his mind were\n called into action. The 10,000 Greeks who had followed the standard\n of an ambitious prince were now at the distance of above 600 leagues\n from their native home, in a country surrounded on every side by a\n victorious enemy, without money, without provisions, and without a\n leader. Xenophon was selected from among the officers to superintend\n the retreat of his countrymen, and though he was often opposed by\n malevolence and envy, yet his persuasive eloquence and his activity\n convinced the Greeks that no general could extricate them from every\n difficulty better than the disciple of Socrates. He rose superior to\n danger, and though under continual alarms from the sudden attacks of\n the Persians, he was enabled to cross rapid rivers, penetrate through\n vast deserts, gain the tops of mountains, till he could rest secure\n for a while and refresh his tired companions. This celebrated retreat\n was at last happily effected; the Greeks returned home after a march\n of 1155 parasangs, or leagues, which was performed in 215 days, after\n an absence of 15 months. The whole, perhaps, might now be forgotten,\n or at least obscurely known, if the great philosopher who planned it\n had not employed his pen in describing the dangers which he escaped,\n and the difficulties which he surmounted. He was no sooner returned\n from Cunaxa, than he sought new honours in following the fortune of\n Agesilaus in Asia. He enjoyed his confidence, he fought under his\n standard, and conquered with him in the Asiatic provinces, as well\n as at the battle of Coron\u00e6a. His fame, however, did not escape the\n aspersions of jealousy; he was publicly banished from Athens for\n accompanying Cyrus against his brother, and being now without a home,\n he retired to Scillus, a small town of the Laced\u00e6monians, in the\n neighbourhood of Olympia. In this solitary retreat he dedicated his\n time to literary pursuits, and as he had acquired riches in his\n Asiatic expeditions, he began to adorn and variegate by the hand of\n art, for his pleasure and enjoyment, the country which surrounded\n Scillus. He built a magnificent temple to Diana, in imitation of that\n of Ephesus, and spent part of his time in rural employments, or in\n hunting in the woods and mountains. His peaceful occupations, however,\n were soon disturbed. A war arose between the Laced\u00e6monians and Elis,\n and the sanctity of Diana\u2019s temple, and the venerable age of the\n philosopher, who lived in the delightful retreats of Scillus, were\n disregarded, and Xenophon, driven by the Elians from his favourite\n spot, where he had composed and written for the information of\n posterity, and the honour of his country, retired to the city of\n Corinth. In this place he died in the 90th year of his age, 359\n years before the christian era. The works of Xenophon are numerous.\n He wrote an account of the expedition of Cyrus, called _the Anabasis_,\n and as he had no inconsiderable share in the enterprise, his\n description must be authentic, as he was himself an eye-witness.\n Many, however, have accused him of partiality. He appeared often\n too fond of extolling the virtues of his favourite Cyrus, and while\n he describes with contempt the imprudent operations of the Persians,\n he does not neglect to show that he was a native of Greece. His\n _Cyrop\u00e6dia_, divided into eight books, has given rise to much\n criticism, and while some warmly maintain that it is a faithful\n account of the life and the actions of Cyrus the Great, and declare\n that it is supported by the authority of Scripture, others as\n vehemently deny its authenticity. According to the opinions of\n Plato and of Cicero, the Cyrop\u00e6dia of Xenophon was a moral romance,\n and these venerable philosophers support that the historian did\n not so much write what Cyrus had been, as what every true, good,\n and virtuous monarch ought to be. His _Hellenica_ were written as a\n continuation of the history of Thucydides; and in his _Memorabilia_\n of Socrates, and in his _Apology_, he has shown himself, as Valerius\n Maximus observes, a perfect master of the philosophy of that great\n man, and he has explained his doctrines and moral precepts with all\n the success of persuasive eloquence and conscious integrity. These\n are the most famous of his compositions, besides which there are\n other small tracts, his eulogium given on Agesilaus, his \u0153conomics,\n on the duties of domestic life, the dialogue entitled Hiero, in\n which he happily describes and compares the misery which attended the\n tyrant, with the felicity of a virtuous prince; a treatise on hunting,\n the symposium of the philosophers, on the government of Athens and\n Sparta, a treatise on the revenues of Attica, &c. The simplicity\n and the elegance of Xenophon\u2019s diction have procured him the name\n of the Athenian muse, and the bee of Greece, and they have induced\n Quintilian to say that the graces dictated his language, and that\n the goddess of persuasion dwelt upon his lips. His sentiments, as to\n the divinity and religion, were the same as those of the venerable\n Socrates; he supported the immortality of the soul, and exhorted\n his friends to cultivate those virtues which ensure the happiness of\n mankind, with all the zeal and fervour of a christian. He has been\n quoted as an instance of tenderness and of resignation on Providence.\n As he was offering a sacrifice, he was informed that Gryllus his\n eldest son had been killed at the battle of Mantinea. Upon this he\n tore the garland from his head, but when he was told that his son had\n died like a Greek, and had given a mortal wound to Epaminondas, the\n enemy\u2019s general, he replaced the flowers on his head, and continued\n the sacrifice, exclaiming that the pleasure he derived from the\n valour of his son was greater than the grief which his unfortunate\n death occasioned. The best editions of Xenophon are those of\n Leunclavius, folio, Frankfurt, 1596, of Ernesti, 4 vols., 8vo,\n Lipscomb, 1763, and the Glasgow edition, 12mo; of the Cyrop\u00e6dia,\n 1767, the expedition of Cyrus, 1764, the Memorabilia, 1761, and\n the history of Greece, 1762, and likewise the edition of Zeunius,\n published at Leipsic, in 8vo, in 6 vols., between the years 1778 and\n 1791. _Cicero_, _Orator_, ch. 19.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 5, ch. 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Quintilian_, bk. 10, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 3, ch.\n 13; bk. 4, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_, _Xenophon_.\u2015\u2015_Seneca._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n writer in the beginning of the fourth century, known by his Greek\n romance in five books, _De Amoribus Anthi\u00e6 et Abrocom\u00e6_, published in\n 8vo and 4to by Cocceius, London, 1726.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician of the emperor\n Claudius, born in the island of Cos, and said to be descended from\n the Asclepiades. He enjoyed the emperor\u2019s favours, and through him\n the people of Cos were exempt from all taxes. He had the meanness\n to poison his benefactor at the instigation of Agrippina. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 12, chs. 61 & 67.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer under Adrian, &c.\n\n=Xera=, a town of Spain, now _Xerex_, where the Moors gained a battle\n over Roderic king of the Goths, and became masters of the country.\n\n=Xerolibya=, a part of Africa between Egypt and Cyrene.\n\n=Xerxena=, a part of Armenia. _Strabo_, bk. 11.\n\n=Xerxes I.=, succeeded his father Darius on the throne of Persia, and\n though but the second son of the monarch, he was preferred to his\n elder brother Artabazanes. The causes alleged for this preference\n were, that Artabazanes was son of Darius when a private man, and\n that Xerxes was born, after his father had been raised on the Persian\n throne, of Atossa the daughter of Cyrus. Xerxes continued the warlike\n preparations of his father, and added the revolted kingdom of Egypt\n to his extensive possessions. He afterwards invaded Europe, and\n entered Greece with an army which, together with the numerous retinue\n of servants, eunuchs, and women that attended it, amounted to no\n less than 5,283,220 souls. This multitude, which the fidelity of the\n historians has not exaggerated, was stopped at Thermopyl\u00e6, by the\n valour of 300 Spartans, under king Leonidas. Xerxes, astonished that\n such a handful of men should dare to oppose his progress, ordered\n some of his soldiers to bring them alive into his presence; but\n for three successive days the most valiant of the Persian troops\n were repeatedly defeated in attempting to execute the monarch\u2019s\n injunctions, and the courage of the Spartans might perhaps have\n triumphed longer, if a Trachinian had not led a detachment to the\n top of the mountain, and suddenly fallen upon the devoted Leonidas.\n The king himself nearly perished on this occasion, and it has been\n reported that, in the night, the desperate Spartans sought, for\n a while, the royal tent, which they found deserted, and wandered\n through the Persian army, slaughtering thousands before them. The\n battle of Thermopyl\u00e6 was the beginning of the disgrace of Xerxes.\n The more he advanced, it was to experience new disappointments; his\n fleet was defeated at Artemisium and Salamis, and though he burnt the\n deserted city of Athens, and trusted to the artful insinuations of\n Themistocles, yet he found his millions unable to conquer a nation\n that was superior to him in the knowledge of war and maritime affairs.\n Mortified with the ill success of his expedition, and apprehensive\n of imminent danger in an enemy\u2019s country, Xerxes hastened to Persia,\n and in 30 days he marched over all that territory which before he\n had passed with much pomp and parade in the space of six months.\n Mardonius, the best of his generals, was left behind with an army\n of 300,000 men, and the rest that had survived the ravages of war,\n of famine, and pestilence, followed their timid monarch into Thrace,\n where his steps were marked by the numerous birds of prey that\n hovered round him, and fed upon the dead carcases of the Persians.\n When he reached the Hellespont, Xerxes found the bridge of boats\n which he had erected there totally destroyed by the storms, and he\n crossed the straits in a small fishing vessel. Restored to his\n kingdom and safety, he forgot his dangers, his losses, and his\n defeats, and gave himself up to riot and debauchery. His indolence\n and luxurious voluptuousness offended his subjects, and Artabanus,\n the captain of his guards, conspired against him, and murdered him\n in his bed, in the 21st year of his reign, about 464 years before\n the christian era. The personal accomplishments of Xerxes have been\n commended by ancient authors, and Herodotus observes that there was\n not one man among the millions of his army that was equal to the\n monarch in comeliness or stature, or that was as worthy to preside\n over a great and extensive empire. The picture is finished, and the\n character of Xerxes completely known, when we hear Justin exclaim\n that the vast armament which invaded Greece was without a head.\n Xerxes has been cited as an instance of humanity. When he reviewed\n his millions from a stately throne in the plains of Asia, he suddenly\n shed a torrent of tears on the recollection that the multitude of\n men he saw before his eyes in 100 years should be no more. His pride\n and insolence have been deservedly censured; he ordered chains to be\n thrown into the sea, and the waves to be whipped, because the first\n bridge he had laid across the Hellespont had been destroyed by a\n storm. He cut a channel through mount Athos, and saw his fleet sail\n in a place which before was dry ground. The very rivers were dried\n up by his army as he advanced towards Greece, and the cities which he\n entered reduced to want and poverty. _Herodotus_, bk. 1, ch. 183; bk.\n 7, ch. 2, &c.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 11.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 9.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, bk. 3,\n _Varia Historia_, ch. 25.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 10, &c.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_,\n bk. 3, ch. 4; bk. 8, ch. 46.\u2015\u2015_Lucan_, bk. 2, li. 672.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_,\n _Themistocles_, &c. _Valerius Maximus._\u2015\u2015_Isocrates_, _Panathenaicus_.\n \u2015\u2015_Seneca_, _de Constantia Sapientis_, ch. 4.\n\n=Xerxes II.=, succeeded his father Artaxerxes Longimanus on the throne\n of Persia, 425 B.C., and was assassinated in the first year of his\n reign by his brother Sogdianus.\n\n=Xerxes=, a painter of Heraclea, who made a beautiful representation of\n Venus.\n\n=Xeuxes=, an officer of Antiochus the Great king of Syria.\n\n=Xiline=, a town of Colchis.\n\n=Xiphonia=, a promontory of Sicily at the north of Syracuse, now\n _Cruce_. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Also a town near it, now _Augusta_.\n\n=Xois=, an island formed by the mouths of the Nile. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\n\n=Xuthia=, the ancient name of the plains of Leontium in Sicily.\n _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Xuthus=, a son of Hellen, grandson of Deucalion. He was banished from\n Thessaly by his brothers, and came to Athens, where he married Creusa\n the daughter of king Erechtheus, by whom he had Ach\u00e6us and Ion. He\n retired after the death of his father-in-law into Achaia, where he\n died. According to some, he had no children, but adopted Ion, the son\n whom Creusa, before her marriage, had borne to Apollo. _Apollodorus_,\n bk. 1, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 7, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Euripides_, _Ion_, bk. 1,\n scene 1.\n\n=Xychus=, a Macedonian who told Philip of his cruelty when he had put\n his son Demetrius to death, at the instigation of Perseus.\n\n=Xylenop\u014flis=, a town at the mouth of the Indus, built by Alexander,\n supposed to be _Laheri_. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 23.\n\n=Xyline=, a town of Pamphylia. _Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 15.\n\n=Xylop\u014flis=, a town of Macedonia. _Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 10.\n\n=Xynias=, a lake of Thessaly, or, according to some, of B\u0153otia. _Livy_,\n bk. 32, ch. 13; bk. 33, ch. 3.\n\n=Xynoichia=, an anniversary day observed at Athens in honour of Minerva,\n and in commemoration of the time in which the people of Attica left\n their country seats, and, by advice of Theseus, all united in one\n body.\n\n\n Z\n\n=Zabatus=, a river of Media, falling into the Tigris, near which the\n 10,000 Greeks stopped in their return. _Xenophon._\n\n=Zabdic\u0113ne=, a province of Persia.\n\n=Zabirna=, a town of Libya, where Bacchus destroyed a large beast that\n infested the country. _Diodorus_, bk. 3.\n\n=Zabus=, a river of Assyria, falling into the Tigris.\n\n=Zacynthus=, a native of B\u0153otia, who accompanied Hercules when he went\n into Spain to destroy Geryon. At the end of the expedition he was\n entrusted with the care of Geryon\u2019s flocks by the hero, and ordered\n to conduct them to Thebes. As he went on his journey, he was bit by\n a serpent, and some time after died. His companions carried his body\n away, and buried it in an island of the Ionian sea, which from that\n time was called _Zacynthus_. The island of Zacynthus, now called\n _Zante_, is situate at the south of Cephalenia, and at the west of\n the Peloponnesus. It is about 60 miles in circumference. _Livy_, bk.\n 26, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 4, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bks. 2 & 8.\u2015\u2015_Mela_,\n bk. 2, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Odyssey_, bk. 1, li. 246; bk. 9, li. 24.\n \u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Ars Amatoria_, bk. 2, li. 432.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23.\n \u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 3, li. 270.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A son of Dardanus.\n _Pausanias_, bk. 8.\n\n=Zadris=, a town of Colchis.\n\n=Zagr\u00e6us=, a son of Jupiter and Proserpine, the same as the first\n Bacchus, of whom Cicero speaks. Some say that Jupiter obtained\n Proserpine\u2019s favours in the form of a serpent in one of the caves\n of Sicily, where her mother had concealed her from his pursuits, and\n that from this union Zagr\u00e6us was born.\n\n=Zagrus=, a mountain on the confines of Media and Babylonia. _Strabo_,\n bk. 11.\n\n=Zalates=, an effeminate youth brought to Rome from Armenia as a\n hostage, &c. _Juvenal_, satire 20, li. 164.\n\n=Zaleucus=, a lawgiver of the Locrians in Italy, and one of the\n disciples of Pythagoras, 550 B.C. He was very humane, and at the\n same time very austere, and he attempted to enforce his laws more\n by inspiring shame than dread. He had wisely decreed that a person\n guilty of adultery should lose both his eyes. His philosophy was\n called to a trial when he was informed that his son was an adulterer.\n He ordered the law to be executed; the people interfered, but\n Zaleucus resisted, and rather than violate his own institutions, he\n commanded one of his own eyes, and one of those of his son, to be\n put out. This made such an impression upon the people, that while\n Zaleucus presided over the Locrians, no person was again found\n guilty of adultery. _Valerius Maximus_, bk. 1, ch. 2; bk. 6, ch. 5.\n \u2015\u2015_Cicero_, _de Legibus_, bk. 2, ch. 6; _Letters to Atticus_, bk. 6,\n ltr. 1.\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 2, ch. 37; bk. 3, ch. 17;\n bk. 13, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 6.\n\n=Zama=, or =Zagma=, a town of Numidia, 300 miles from Carthage,\n celebrated for the victory which Scipio obtained there over the great\n Annibal, B.C. 202. Metellus besieged it, and was obliged to retire\n with great loss. After Juba\u2019s death it was destroyed by the Romans.\n _Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 91.\u2015\u2015_Cornelius Nepos_, _Hannibal_.\n \u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 30, ch. 29.\u2015\u2015_Sallust_, _Jugurthine War_.\u2015\u2015_Florus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 3, li. 261.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 17.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Cappadocia,\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015of Mesopotamia.\n\n=Zameis=, a debauched king of Assyria, son of Semiramis and Ninus, as\n some report. He reigned 38 years.\n\n=Zamolxis=, or =Zalmoxis=, a slave and disciple of Pythagoras. He\n accompanied his master in Egypt, and afterwards retired into the\n country of the Get\u00e6, which had given him birth. He began to civilize\n his countrymen, and the more easily to gain reputation, he concealed\n himself for three years in a subterraneous cave, and afterwards made\n them believe that he was just raised from the dead. Some place him\n before the age of Pythagoras. After death he received divine honours.\n _Diodorus._\u2015\u2015_Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 19, &c.\n\n=Zancle=, a town of Sicily, on the straits which separate that island\n from Italy. It received its name from its appearing like a scythe,\n which was called \u03be\u03b1\u03bd\u03ba\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd in the language of the country, or, as\n others say, because the scythe with which Saturn mutilated his father\n fell there, or because, as Diodorus reports, a person named Zanclus\n had either built it or exercised its sovereignty. Zancle fell into\n the hands of the Samians 497 years before the christian era, and\n three years after it was recovered by Anaxilaus the Messenian tyrant\n of Rhegium, who gave it the name of his native country, and called it\n _Messana_. It was founded, as most chronologers support, about 1058\n years before the christian era, by the pirates of Cum\u00e6 in Italy,\n and peopled by Samians, Ionians, and Chalcidians. _Strabo_, bk. 6.\n \u2015\u2015_Diodorus_, bk. 4.\u2015\u2015_Silius Italicus_, bk. 1, li. 662.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_,\n _Fasti_, bk. 4, li. 499; _Metamorphoses_, bk. 14, li. 6; bk. 15,\n li. 290.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 4, ch. 23.\n\n=Zarax=, a town of Peloponnesus.\n\n=Zarbi\u0113nus=, a petty monarch of Asia, who was gained to the interest\n of the Romans by one of the officers of Lucullus. Tigranes put him\n to death for his desertion, and his funeral was celebrated with great\n magnificence by the Roman general. _Plutarch_, _Lucullus_.\n\n=Zariaspes=, a Persian who attempted to revolt from Alexander, &c.\n _Curtius_, bk. 9, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A river, now _Dehash_, on which Bactria,\n the capital of Bactriana, was built. It is called Bactrus by Curtius,\n bk. 7, ch. 4.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 6, chs. 15 & 16.\n\n=Zathes=, a river of Armenia.\n\n=Zaueces=, a people of Libya. _Herodotus_, bk. 4, ch. 193.\n\n=Zeb\u012bna Alexander=, an impostor who usurped the throne of Syria, at the\n instigation of Ptolemy Physcon.\n\n=Zela=, or =Zelia=, a town of Pontus near the river Lycus, where C\u00e6sar\n defeated Pharnaces son of Mithridates. In expressing this victory,\n the general used the words, _Veni_, _vidi_, _vinci_. _Suetonius_,\n _C\u00e6sar_, ch. 37.\u2015\u2015_Hirtius_, _Alexandrine War_, ch. 72.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of\n Troas at the foot of Ida.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Another in Lycia.\n\n=Zelasium=, a promontory of Thessaly. _Livy_, bk. 31, ch. 46.\n\n=Zeles=, a town of Spain.\n\n=Zelus=, a daughter of Pallas.\n\n=Zeno=, a philosopher of Elia or Velia in Italy, the disciple, or,\n according to some, the adopted son of Parmenides, and the supposed\n inventor of dialectic. His opinions about the universe, the unity,\n incomprehensibility, and immutability of all things, were the same\n with those of Xenophanes and the rest of the Eleatic philosophers.\n It is said that he attempted to deliver his country from the tyranny\n of Nearchus. His plot was discovered, and he was exposed to the most\n excruciating torments to reveal the name of his accomplices, but this\n he bore with unparalleled fortitude, and not to be at last conquered\n by tortures, he cut off his tongue with his teeth, and spit it into\n the face of the tyrant. Some say that he was pounded alive in a\n mortar, and that in the midst of his torments he called to Nearchus,\n as if to reveal something of importance; the tyrant approached him,\n and Zeno, as if willing to whisper to him, caught his ear with his\n teeth, and bit it off. _Cicero_, _Tusculan\u00e6 Disputationes_, bk. 2,\n ch. 22; _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 3, ch. 33.\u2015\u2015_Diodorus Siculus_,\n _Fragment_.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Maximus_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius_,\n bk. 9.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The founder of the sect of the stoics, born at Citium\n in the island of Cyprus. The first part of his life was spent\n in commercial pursuits, but he was soon called to more elevated\n employments. As he was returning from Ph\u0153nicia, a storm drove his\n ship on the coast of Attica, and he was shipwrecked near the Pir\u00e6us.\n This moment of calamity he regarded as the beginning of his fame. He\n entered the house of a bookseller, and, to dissipate his melancholy\n reflections, he began to read. The book was written by Xenophon;\n and the merchant was so pleased and captivated by the eloquence\n and beauties of the philosopher, that from that time he renounced\n the pursuits of a busy life, and applied himself to the study of\n philosophy. Ten years were spent in frequenting the school of Crates,\n and the same number under Stilpo, Xenocrates, and Polemon. Perfect\n in every branch of knowledge, and improved from experience as well\n as observation, Zeno opened a school at Athens, and soon saw himself\n attended by the great, the learned, and the powerful. His followers\n were called _Stoics_, because they received the instructions of the\n philosopher in the portico called \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03b1. He was so respected during\n his lifetime, that the Athenians publicly decreed him a brazen statue\n and a crown of gold, and engraved their decree, to give it more\n publicity, on two columns in the academy, and in the Lyceum. His\n life was an example of soberness and moderation; his manners were\n austere, and to his temperance and regularity he was indebted for the\n continual flow of health which he always enjoyed. After he had taught\n publicly for 48 years, he died in the 98th year of his age, B.C. 264,\n a stranger to diseases, and never incommoded by a real indisposition.\n He was buried in that part of the city called Ceramicus, where the\n Athenians raised him a monument. The founder of the stoic philosophy\n shone before his followers as a pure example of imitation. Virtue he\n perceived to be the ultimate aim of his researches. He wished to live\n in the world as if nothing was properly his own; he loved others, and\n his affections were extended even to his enemies. He felt a pleasure\n in being kind, benevolent, and attentive, and he found that these\n sentiments of pleasure were reciprocal. He saw a connection and\n dependence in the system of the universe, and perceived that from\n thence arose the harmony of civil society, the tenderness of parents,\n and filial gratitude. In the attainment of virtue the goods of the\n mind were to be preferred to those of the body, and when that point\n was once gained, nothing could equal our happiness and perfection,\n and the stoic could view with indifference health or sickness, riches\n or poverty, pain and pleasure, which could neither move nor influence\n the serenity of his mind. Zeno recommended resignation; he knew that\n the laws of the universe cannot be changed by man, and therefore he\n wished that his disciples should not in prayer deprecate impending\n calamities, but rather beseech Providence to grant them fortitude\n to bear the severest trials with pleasure and due resignation to the\n will of Heaven. An arbitrary command over the passions was one of\n the rules of stoicism; to assist our friends in the hour of calamity\n was our duty, but to give way to childish sensations was unbecoming\n our nature. Pity, therefore, and anger, were to be banished from the\n heart, propriety and decorum were to be the guides in everything, and\n the external actions of men were the best indications of their inward\n feelings, their secret inclinations, and their character. It was the\n duty of the stoic to study himself; in the evening he was enjoined to\n review with critical accuracy the events of the day, and to regulate\n his future conduct with more care, and always to find an impartial\n witness within his own breast. Such were the leading characters of\n the stoic philosophy, whose followers were so illustrious, so perfect,\n and so numerous, and whose effects were productive of such exemplary\n virtues in the annals of the human mind. Zeno in his maxims used to\n say, that with virtue man could live happy under the most pressing\n calamities. He said that nature had given us two ears, and only\n one mouth, to tell us that we ought to listen more than speak. He\n compared those whose actions were dissonant with their professions,\n to the coin of Alexandria, which appeared beautiful to the eye,\n though made of the basest metals. He acknowledged only one God,\n the soul of the universe, which he conceived to be the body, and\n therefore he believed that those two together united, the soul and\n the body, formed one perfect animal, which was the god of the stoics.\n Amongst the most illustrious followers of his doctrine, and as the\n most respectable writers, may be mentioned _Epictetus_, _Seneca_,\n the emperor _Antoninus_, &c. _Cicero_, _Academica_, bk. 1, ch. 12;\n _De Natura Deorum_, bk. 1, ch. 14; bk. 2, chs. 8 & 24; bk. 3, ch. 24;\n _For Marcellus_; _Orator_, ch. 32, &c.; _de Finibus Bonorum et\n Malorum._\u2015\u2015_Seneca._\u2015\u2015_Epictetus._\u2015\u2015_Arrian._\u2015\u2015_\u00c6lian_, _Varia\n Historia_, bk. 9, ch. 26.\u2015\u2015_Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An Epicurean\n philosopher of Sidon, who numbered among his pupils Cicero, Pomponius\n Atticus, Cotta, Pompey, &c. _Cicero_, _de Natura Deorum_, bk. 1,\n chs. 21 & 34.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rhetorician, father to Polemon, who was made king\n of Pontus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The son of Polemon, who was king of Armenia, was also\n called Zeno. _Strabo_, bk. 12.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 2, ch. 56.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A native of Lepreos, son of Calliteles, crowned at the Olympic\n games, and honoured with a statue in the grove of Jupiter, and at\n Olympia. _Pausanias_, bk. 6, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A general of Antiochus.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n philosopher of Tarsus, B.C. 207.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015The name of Zeno was common to\n some of the Roman emperors on the throne of Constantinople, in the\n fifth and sixth centuries.\n\n=Zenobia=, a queen of Iberia, wife to Rhadamistus. She accompanied\n her husband when he was banished from his kingdom by the Armenians;\n but as she was unable to follow him on account of her pregnancy,\n she entreated him to murder her. Rhadamistus long hesitated, but\n fearful of her falling into the hands of his enemy, he obeyed,\n and threw her body into the Araxes. Her clothes kept her up on the\n surface of the water, where she was found by some shepherds, and\n as the wound was not mortal, her life was preserved, and she was\n carried to Tiridates, who acknowledged her as queen. _Tacitus_,\n _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 51.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Septimia, a celebrated princess of\n Palmyra, who married Odenatus, whom Gallienus acknowledged as his\n partner on the Roman throne. After the death of her husband, which,\n according to some authors, she is said to have hastened, Zenobia\n reigned in the east as regent of her infant children, who were\n honoured with the title of C\u00e6sars. She assumed the name of Augusta,\n and she appeared in imperial robes, and ordered herself to be\n styled the queen of the east. The troubles which at that time\n agitated the western parts of the empire, prevented the emperor\n from checking the insolence and ambition of this princess, who\n boasted to be sprung from the Ptolemies of Egypt. Aurelian was\n no sooner invested with the imperial purple than he marched into\n the east, determined to punish the pride of Zenobia. He well knew\n her valour, and he was not ignorant that in her wars against the\n Persians she had distinguished herself no less than Odenatus.\n She was the mistress of the east; Egypt acknowledged her power,\n and all the provinces of Asia Minor were subject to her command.\n When Aurelian approached the plains of Syria, the Palmyrean queen\n appeared at the head of 700,000 men. She bore the labours of the\n field like the meanest of her soldiers, and walked on foot fearless\n of danger. Two battles were fought; the courage of the queen\n gained the superiority, but an imprudent evolution of the Palmyrean\n cavalry ruined her cause; and while they pursued with spirit the\n flying enemy, the Roman infantry suddenly fell upon the main body\n of Zenobia\u2019s army, and the defeat was inevitable. The queen fled\n to Palmyra, determined to support a siege. Aurelian followed her,\n and after he had almost exhausted his stores, he proposed terms\n of accommodation, which were rejected with disdain by the warlike\n princess. Her hopes of victory, however, soon vanished, and though\n she harassed the Romans night and day by continual sallies from her\n walls, and the working of her military engines, she despaired of\n success when she heard that the armies which were marching to her\n relief from Armenia, Persia, and the east, had partly been defeated\n and partly bribed from her allegiance. She fled from Palmyra in the\n night, but Aurelian, who was apprised of her escape, pursued her,\n and she was caught as she was crossing the river Euphrates. She was\n brought into the presence of Aurelian, and though the soldiers were\n clamorous for her death, she was reserved to adorn the triumph of\n the conqueror. She was treated with great humanity, and Aurelian\n gave her large possessions near Tibur, where she was permitted\n to live the rest of her days in peace, with all the grandeur and\n majesty which became a queen of the east, and a warlike princess.\n Her children were patronized by the emperor, and married to persons\n of the first distinction at Rome. Zenobia has been admired not only\n for her military abilities, but also for her literary talents. She\n was acquainted with every branch of useful learning, and spoke with\n fluency the language of the Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Latins.\n She composed an abridgment of the history of the oriental nations,\n and of Egypt, which was greatly commended by the ancients. She\n received no less honour from the patronage she afforded to the\n celebrated Longinus, who was one of her favourites, and who taught\n her the Greek tongue. She has also been praised for her great\n chastity, and her constancy, though she betrayed too often her\n propensities to cruelty and intoxication when in the midst of her\n officers. She fell into the hands of Aurelian about the 273rd year\n of the christian era. _Aurelius Victor._\u2015\u2015_Zosimus_, &c.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town\n of Syria on the Euphrates.\n\n=Zenobii insul\u00e6=, small islands at the mouth of the Arabian gulf.\n\n=Zenod\u014drus=, a sculptor in the age of Nero. He made a statue of Mercury,\n as also a colossus for the emperor, which was 110 or 120 feet high,\n and which was consecrated to the sun. The head of this colossus was\n some time after broken by Vespasian, who placed there the head of\n an Apollo surrounded with seven beams, each of which was seven feet\n and a half long. From this famous colossus the modern coliseum, whose\n ruins are now so much admired at Rome, took its name. _Pliny_, bk. 54,\n ch. 7.\n\n=Zenodotia=, a town of Mesopotamia, near Nicephorium. _Plutarch_,\n _Crassus_.\n\n=Zenod\u014dtus=, a native of Tr\u0153zene, who wrote a history of Umbria.\n _Dionysius of Halicarnassus_, bk. 2.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A grammarian of Alexandria,\n in the age of Ptolemy Soter, by whom he was appointed to take care of\n the celebrated library of Alexandria. He died B.C. 245.\n\n=Zenothemis=, a Greek writer. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 17, ch. 30.\n\n=Zephyrium=, a promontory of Magna Gr\u00e6cia towards the Ionian sea,\n whence, according to some, the Locrians are called _Epizephyrii_.\n \u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A town of Cilicia. _Livy_, bk. 33, ch. 20.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A cape of Crete,\n now _San Zuane_.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Pontus, &c.\n\n=Zephy\u0306rum=, a promontory in the island of Cyprus, where Venus had\n a temple built by Ptolemy Philadelphus, whence she was called\n _Zephyria_. It was in this temple that Arsione made an offering of\n her hair to the goddess of beauty.\n\n=Zephy\u0306rus=, one of the winds, son of Astreus and Aurora, the same as\n the _Favonius_ of the Latins. He married a nymph called Chloris, or\n Flora, by whom he had a son called Carpos. Zephyr was said to produce\n flowers and fruits by the sweetness of his breath. He had a temple\n at Athens, where he was represented as a young man of delicate form,\n with two wings on his shoulders, and with his head covered with all\n sorts of flowers. He was \u2666supposed to be the same as the west wind.\n _Hesiod_, _Theogony_, li. 377.\u2015\u2015_Virgil_, _\u00c6neid_, bk. 1, li. 135;\n bk. 2, li. 417; bk. 4, li. 223, &c.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 1,\n li. 64; bk. 15, li. 700.\u2015\u2015_Propertius_, bk. 1, poem 16, li. 34, &c.\n\n \u2666 \u2018suppossd\u2019 replaced with \u2018supposed\u2019\n\n=Zerynthus=, a town of Samothrace, with a cave sacred to Hecate. The\n epithet of _Zerynthius_ is applied to Apollo, and also to Venus.\n _Ovid_, _Tristia_, bk. 1, poem 9, li. 19.\u2015\u2015_Livy_, bk. 38, ch. 41.\n\n=Zethes=, =Zetes=, or =Zetus=, a son of Boreas king of Thrace and\n Orithyia, who accompanied, with his brother Cailas, the Argonauts\n to Colchis. In Bithynia, the two brothers, who are represented\n with wings, delivered Phineus from the continual persecution of\n the Harpies, and drove these monsters as far as the islands called\n Strophades, where at last they were stopped by Iris, who promised\n them that Phineus should no longer be tormented by them. They\n were both killed, as some say, by Hercules during the Argonautic\n expedition, and were changed into those winds which generally\n blow eight or ten days before the dog-star appears, and are called\n Prodromi by the Greeks. Their sister Cleopatra married Phineus king\n of Bithynia. _Orpheus_, _Argonautica_.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 1, ch. 9;\n bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015_Hyginus_, fable 14.\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Metamorphoses_, bk. 8,\n li. 716.\u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 18.\u2015\u2015_Valerius Flaccus._\n\n=Zetta=, a town of Africa, near Thapsus, now _Zerbi_. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\n \u2015\u2015_Hirtius_, _African War_, ch. 68.\n\n=Zetus=, or =Zethus=, a son of Jupiter and Antiope, brother to Amphion.\n The two brothers were born on mount Cith\u00e6ron, where Antiope had fled\n to avoid the resentment of her father Nycteus. When they had attained\n the years of manhood, they collected a number of their friends to\n avenge the injuries which their mother had suffered from Lycus, the\n successor of Nycteus on the throne of Thebes, and from his wife Dirce.\n Lycus was put to death, and his wife tied to the tail of a wild bull,\n that dragged her over rocks and precipices till she died. The crown\n of Thebes was seized by the two brothers, not only as the reward of\n this victory, but as their inheritance, and Zethus surrounded the\n capital of his dominions with a strong wall, while his brother amused\n himself with playing on his lyre. Music and verses were disagreeable\n to Zethus, and, according to some, he prevailed upon his brother\n no longer to pursue so unproductive a study. _Hyginus_, fable 7.\n \u2015\u2015_Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6, &c.\u2015\u2015_Apollodorus_, bk. 3, chs. 5 & 10.\n \u2015\u2015_Horace_, bk. 1, ltr. 18, li. 41.\n\n=Zeugis=, a portion of Africa, in which Carthage was. The other\n division was called _Byzacium_. _Isidorus_, bk. 14, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015_Pliny_,\n bk. 5, ch. 4.\n\n=Zeugma=, a town of Mesopotamia, on the western bank of the Euphrates,\n where was a well-known passage across the river. It was the eastern\n boundary of the Roman empire, and in Pliny\u2019s age a chain of iron was\n said to extend across it. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.\u2015\u2015_Strabo_, bk. 16.\n \u2015\u2015_Curtius_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\u2015\u2015_Tacitus_, _Annals_, bk. 12, ch. 12.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n town of Dacia.\n\n=Zeus=, a name of Jupiter among the Greeks, expressive of his being the\n father of mankind, and by whom all things live. _Diodorus_, bk. 5.\n\n=Zeuxid\u0103mus=, a king of Sparta, of the family of the Proclid\u00e6. He was\n father of Archidamus and grandson of Theopompus, and was succeeded by\n his son Archidamus. _Pausanias_, bk. 3, ch. 7.\n\n=Zeuxidas=, a pretor of the Ach\u00e6an league, deposed because he had\n promised to his countrymen an alliance with the Romans.\n\n=Zeuxippe=, a daughter of Eridanus, mother of Butes, one of the\n Argonauts, &c. _Apollodorus_, bk. 3, ch. 15.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A daughter of\n Laomedon. She married Sicyon, who after his father-in-law\u2019s death\n became king of that city of Peloponnesus, which from him has been\n called Sicyon. _Pausanias_, bk. 2, ch. 6.\n\n=Zeuxis=, a celebrated painter, born at Heraclea, which some suppose to\n be the Heraclea of Sicily. He flourished about 468 years before the\n christian era, and was the disciple of Apollodorus, and contemporary\n with Parrhasius. In the art of painting he surpassed not only all\n his contemporaries, but also his master, and became so sensible,\n and at the same time so proud, of the value of his pieces, that he\n refused to sell them, observing that no sum of money, however great,\n was sufficient to buy them. His most celebrated paintings were his\n Jupiter sitting on a throne, surrounded by the gods; his Hercules\n strangling the serpents in the presence of his affrighted parents;\n his modest Penelope; and his Helen, which was afterwards placed in\n the temple of Juno Lacinia, in Italy. This last piece he had painted\n at the request of the people of Crotona, and that he might not be\n without a model, they sent him the most beautiful of their virgins.\n Zeuxis examined their naked beauties, and retained five, from whose\n elegance and graces united, he conceived in his mind the form of\n the most perfect woman in the universe, which his pencil at last\n executed with wonderful success. His contest with Parrhasius is well\n known [_See:_ Parrhasius]; but though he represented nature in such\n perfection, and copied all her beauties with such exactness, he\n often found himself deceived. He painted grapes, and formed an idea\n of the goodness of his piece from the birds which came to eat the\n fruit on the canvas. But he soon acknowledged that the whole was\n an ill-executed piece, as the figure of the man who carried the\n grapes was not done with sufficient expression to terrify the birds.\n According to some, Zeuxis died from laughing at a comical picture\n which he had made of an old woman. _Cicero_, _de Inventione_, bk. 2,\n ch. 1.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Parallela minora_, &c.\u2015\u2015_Quintilian._\n\n=Zeuxo=, one of the Oceanides. _Hesiod._\n\n=Zilia=, or =Zelis=, a town in Mauritania, at the mouth of a river of\n the same name. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 1.\n\n=Zimara=, a town of Armenia Minor, 12 miles from the sources of the\n Euphrates. _Pliny_, bk. 5, ch. 24.\n\n=Zingis=, a promontory of \u00c6thiopia, near the entrance of the Red sea,\n now cape _Orfui_.\n\n=Ziob\u0115ris=, a river of Hyrcania, whose rapid course is described by\n _Curtius_, bk. 6, ch. 4.\n\n=Zip\u00e6tes=, a king of Bithynia, who died in his 70th year, B.C. 279.\n\n=Zitha=, a town of Mesopotamia.\n\n=Ziza=, a town of Arabia.\n\n=Z\u014d\u012dlus=, a sophist and grammarian of Amphipolis, B.C. 259. He rendered\n himself known by his severe criticisms on the works of Isocrates\n and Plato, and the poems of Homer, for which he received the name\n of _Homeromastic_, or the chastiser of Homer. He presented his\n criticisms to Ptolemy Philadelphus, but they were rejected with\n indignation, though the author declared that he starved for want of\n bread. Some say that Zoilus was cruelly stoned to death, or exposed\n on a cross by order of Ptolemy, while others support that he was\n burnt alive at Smyrna. The name of _Zoilus_ is generally applied\n to austere critics. The works of this unfortunate grammarian are\n lost. _\u00c6lian_, _Varia Historia_, bk. 11, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015_Dionysius of\n Halicarnassus._\u2015\u2015_Ovid_, _Remedia Amoris_, li. 266.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer\n in the army of Alexander.\n\n=Zoippus=, a son-in-law of Hiero of Sicily.\n\n=Zona=, a town of Africa. _Dio Cassius_, bk. 48.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015Of Thrace, on the\n \u00c6gean sea, where the woods are said to have followed the strains of\n Orpheus. _Mela_, bk. 2, ch. 2.\u2015\u2015_Herodotus._\n\n=Zon\u0103ras=, one of the Byzantine historians, whose Greek Annals were\n edited, 2 vols., folio, Paris, 1686.\n\n=Zopy\u0306rio=, one of Alexander\u2019s officers left in Greece when the\n conqueror was in Asia, &c. _Curtius_, bk. 10, ch. 1.\n\n=Zopy\u0306rion=, a governor of Pontus, who made war against Scythia, &c.\n _Justin_, bk. 2, ch. 3.\n\n=Zopy\u0306rus=, a Persian, son of Megabyzus, who, to show his attachment\n to Darius the son of Hystaspes, while he besieged Babylon, cut\n off his ears and nose, and fled to the enemy, telling them that he\n had received such a treatment from his royal master because he had\n advised him to raise the siege, as the city was impregnable. This\n was credited by the Babylonians, and Zopyrus was appointed commander\n of all their forces. When he had totally gained their confidence,\n he betrayed the city into the hands of Darius, for which he was\n liberally rewarded. The regard of Darius for Zopyrus could never be\n more strongly expressed than in what he used often to say, that he\n had rather have Zopyrus not mutilated than 20 Babylons. _Herodotus_,\n bk. 3, ch. 154, &c.\u2015\u2015_Plutarch_, _Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata_,\n ch. 3.\u2015\u2015_Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 10.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An orator of Clazomen\u00e6.\n _Quintilian_, bk. 3, ch. 6.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician in the age of Mithridates.\n He gave the monarch a description of an antidote which would prevail\n against all sorts of poisons. The experiment was tried upon criminals,\n and succeeded.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A physician in the age of Plutarch.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015An officer\n of Argos, who cut off the head of Pyrrhus. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A man\n appointed master of Alcibiades, by Pericles. _Plutarch._\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A\n physiognomist. _Cicero_, _de Fato_, ch. 5.\u2015\u2015\u2015\u2015A rhetorician of\n Colophon. _Diogenes La\u00ebrtius._\n\n=Zoroanda=, a part of Taurus between Mesopotamia and Armenia, near\n which the Tigris flows. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 27.\n\n=Zoroaster=, a king of Bactria, supposed to have lived in the age of\n Ninus king of Assyria, some time before the Trojan war. According to\n Justin, he first invented magic, or the doctrines of the Magi, and\n rendered himself known by his deep and acute researches in philosophy,\n the origin of the world, and the study of astronomy. He was respected\n by his subjects and contemporaries for his abilities as a monarch,\n a lawgiver, and a philosopher, and though many of his doctrines are\n puerile and ridiculous, yet his followers are still found in numbers\n in the wilds of Persia, and the extensive provinces of India. Like\n Pythagoras, Zoroaster admitted no visible object of devotion except\n fire, which he considered as the most proper emblem of a supreme\n being; which doctrines seem to have been preserved by Numa, in\n the worship and ceremonies which he instituted in honour of Vesta.\n According to some of the moderns, the doctrines, the laws, and\n regulations of this celebrated Bactrian are still extant, and they\n have been lately introduced in Europe in a French translation by\n Marcus Anquetil. The age of Zoroaster is so little known that many\n speak of two, three, four, and even six lawgivers of that name. Some\n authors, who support that two persons only of this name flourished,\n describe the first as an astronomer living in Babylon, 2459 years\n B.C., whilst the era of the other, who is supposed to have been\n a native of Persia, and the restorer of the religion of the Magi,\n is fixed 589, and by some 519 years B.C. _Justin_, bk. 1, ch. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Augustine_, _City of God_, bk. 21, ch. 14.\u2015\u2015_Orosius_, bk. 1.\n \u2015\u2015_Pliny_, bk. 7, ch. 10; bk. 30, ch. 1.\n\n=Zos\u012dmus=, an officer in the reign of Theodosius the younger, about\n the year 410 of the christian era. He wrote the history of the Roman\n emperors in Greek, from the age of Augustus to the beginning of the\n fifth century, of which only the five first books, and the beginning\n of the sixth, are extant. In the first of those he is very succinct\n in his account from the time of Augustus to the reign of Diocletian,\n but in the succeeding he becomes more diffuse and interesting. His\n composition is written with elegance, but not much fidelity, and the\n author showed his malevolence against the christians in his history\n of Constantine, and some of his successors. The best editions of\n Zosimus are that of Celarius, 8vo. Jen\u00e6, 1728, and that of Reiemier,\n 8vo, Lipscomb, 1784.\n\n=Zosine=, the wife of king Tigranes, led in triumph by Pompey.\n _Plutarch._\n\n=Zoster=, a town, harbour, and promontory of Attica. _Cicero_, _Letters\n to Atticus_, bk. 5, ltr. 12.\n\n=Zosteria=, a surname of Minerva. She had two statues under that name\n in the city of Thebes, in B\u0153otia. The word signified girt, or armed\n for battle, words synonymous among the ancients. _Pausanias_, bk. 9,\n ch. 17.\u2015\u2015_Homer_, _Iliad_, bk. 2, li. 478; bk. 11, li. 15.\n\n=Zotale=, a place near Antiochia in Margiana, where the Margus was\n divided into small streams. _Pliny_, bk. 6, ch. 16.\n\n=Zothraustes=, a lawgiver among the Arimaspi. _Diodorus._\n\n=Zuchis=, a lake to the east of the Syrtis Minor, with a town of the\n same name, famous for a purple dye, and salt-fish. _Strabo_, bk. 17.\n\n=Zygantes=, a people of Africa.\n\n=Zygia=, a surname of Juno, because she presided over marriage (_a_\n \u03b6\u03b5\u03c5\u03b3\u03bd\u03c5\u03bc\u03b9 _jungo_). She is the same as the _Pronuba_ of the Latins.\n _Pindar._\u2015\u2015_Pollux_, bk. 3, ch. 3.\n\n=Zygii=, a savage nation at the north of Colchis. _Strabo_, bk. 11.\n\n=Zygop\u014flis=, a town of Cappadocia, on the borders of Colchis. _Strabo_,\n bk. 12.\n\n=Zygr\u012bt\u00e6=, a nation of Libya.\n\n\n\n\n APPENDIX OF TABLES\n\n\n GRECIAN MEASURES OF LENGTH REDUCED TO\n\n English\n paces. ft. in. dec.\n _Dactylus_ or _Digit_ 0 0 0 7554\u00b9\u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2086\n 4 _Doron_ 0 0 3 0218\u00be\n 10 2\u00bd _Lichas_ 0 0 4 5546\u215e\n 11 2\u00be 1\u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2080 _Orthodoron_ 0 0 8 3101\u2079\u2044\u2081\u2086\n 12 3 1\u2155 1\u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2081 _Spithame_ 0 0 9 0656\u00bc\n 16 4 1\u2157 5\u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2081 1\u2153 _Foot_ 0 1 0 0875\n 18 4\u00bd 1\u2158 1\u2077\u2044\u2081\u2081 1\u00bd 1\u215b _Cubit_ (\u03c0\u03c5\u03b3\u03bc\u03b7) 0 1 1 5984\u215c\n 20 5 2 1\u2079\u2044\u2081\u2081 1\u2154 1\u00bc 1\u00bd _Pygon_ 0 1 3 1093\u215c\n 24 6 2\u2156 2\u00b2\u2044\u2081\u2081 2 1\u00bd 1\u2153 1\u2155 _Larger Cubit_ (\u03c0\u03b7\u03c7\u03c5\u03c2) 0 1 6 13125\n 96 24 9\u2156 8\u2078\u2044\u2081\u2081 8 6 5\u2153 4\u2155 4 _Pace_ (\u03bf\u03c1\u03b3\u03c5\u03b9\u03b1) 0 6 0 525\n 9600 2400 960 872\u2078\u2044\u2081\u2081 800 600 533\u00bd 480 400 100 _Stadium_ 100 4 4 5\n 76800 19200 7680 6981\u2079\u2044\u2081\u2081 6400 4800 4266\u2154 3840 3200 800 8 _Milion_ 805 5 0 0\n\n\n ROMAN MEASURES OF LENGTH REDUCED TO\n\n English\n paces. ft. in. dec.\n _Digitus transversus_ 0 0 0 725\u00bc\n 1\u2153 _Unica_ 0 0 0 967\n 4 3 _Palmus minor_ 0 0 2 901\n 16 12 4 _Pes_ 0 0 11 604\n 20 15 5 1\u00bc _Palmpipes_ 0 1 2 505\n 24 18 6 1\u00bd 1\u2155 _Cubitus_ 0 1 5 406\n 40 30 10 2\u00bd 2 1 _Gradus_ 0 2 5 01\n 80 60 20 5 4 3\u2153 2 _Passus_ 0 4 10 02\n 10000 7500 2500 625 500 416\u2154 250 125 _Stadium_ 120 4 4 5\n 80000 60000 20000 5000 4000 3333\u2153 2000 1000 8 _Milliare_ 967 0 0 0\n\n\nThe Grecian square measures were the _plethron_, or acre, containing\n 1444, as some say, or as others report, 10,000 square feet; the\n _aroura_, which was half the _plethron_. The _aroura_ of the\n Egyptians was the square of 100 cubits.\n\nThe Roman square measure was the _jugerum_, which, like their _libra_\n and their _as_, was divided into twelve parts called _unci\u00e6_, as the\n following table shows:\u2015\u2015\n\n Square English Square Square\n Unci\u00e6. feet. Scruples. roods. poles. feet.\n 1 _As_ or 12 28800 288 2 18 250,05\n \u00b9\u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2082 _Deunx_ 11 26400 264 2 10 183,85\n \u215a _Dextans_ 10 24000 240 2 2 117,64\n \u00be _Dodrans_ 9 21600 216 1 34 51,42\n \u2154 _Bes_ 8 19200 192 1 25 257,46\n \u2077\u2044\u2081\u2082 _Septunx_ 7 16800 168 1 17 191,25\n \u00bd _Semis_ 6 14400 144 1 9 125,03\n \u2075\u2044\u2081\u2082 _Quincunx_ 5 12000 120 1 1 58,82\n \u2153 _Triens_ 4 9600 96 0 32 264,85\n \u00bc _Quadrans_ 3 7200 72 0 24 198,64\n \u2159 _Sextans_ 2 4800 48 0 16 132,43\n \u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2082 _Uncia_ 1 2400 24 0 8 66,21\n\n N.B. The _Actus Major_ was 14,400 square feet, equal to a _Semis_.\n The _Clima_ was 3600 square feet, equal to a _sescuncia_, or\n an _uncia_ and a half, and the _actus minimus_ was equal to a\n _sextans_.\n\n The Roman _as_ or _\u00e6s_ was called so because it was made of brass.\n\n\n ATTIC MEASURES OF CAPACITY FOR THINGS LIQUID,\n REDUCED TO THE ENGLISH WINE MEASURE.\n\n sol.\n gals. pts. in. dec.\n _Cochlearion_ 0 \u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2082\u2080 0 0356\u2075\u2044\u2081\u2082\n 2 _Cheme_ 0 \u00b9\u2044\u2086\u2080 0 0712\u215d\n 2\u00bd 1\u00bc _Mystron_ 0 \u00b9\u2044\u2084\u2088 0 089\u00b9\u00b9\u2044\u2084\u2088\n 5 2\u00bd 2 _Conche_ 0 \u00b9\u2044\u2082\u2084 0 178\u00b9\u00b9\u2044\u2082\u2084\n 10 5 4 2 _Cyathus_ 0 \u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2082 0 356\u00b9\u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2082\n 15 7\u00bd 6 3 1\u00bd _Oxybaphon_ 0 \u215b 0 335\u215c\n 60 30 24 12 6 4 _Cotyle_ 0 \u00bd 2 141\u00bd\n 120 60 48 24 12 8 2 _Xestes_ 0 1 4 283\n 720 360 388 144 72 48 12 6 _Chous_ 0 6 25 698\n 8640 4320 3456 1728 864 576 144 72 12 _Metretes_ 10 2 19 626\n\n\n ROMAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY FOR THINGS LIQUID,\n REDUCED TO ENGLISH WINE MEASURE.\n\n sol.\n gals. pts. in. dec.\n _Ligula_ 0 \u00b9\u2044\u2084\u2088 0 117\u2076\u2044\u2081\u2082\n 4 _Cyathus_ 0 \u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2082 0 469\u2154\n 6 1\u00bd _Acetabulum_ 0 \u215b 0 704\u00bd\n 12 3 2 _Quartarius_ 0 \u00bc 1 409\n 24 6 4 2 _Hemina_ 0 \u00bd 2 818\n 48 12 8 4 2 _Sextarius_ 0 1 5 636\n 288 72 48 24 12 6 _Congius_ 0 7 4 942\n 1152 288 192 96 48 24 4 _Urna_ 3 4\u00bd 5 33\n 2304 576 384 192 96 48 8 2 _Amphora_ 7 1 10 66\n 46080 11520 7680 3840 1920 960 160 40 20 _Culeus_ 143 3 11 095\n\n N.B. The _quadrantal_ is the same as the _amphora_. The _Cadus_,\n _Congiarius_, and _Dolium_ denote no certain measure. The Romans\n divided the _Sextarius_, like the _libra_, into 12 equal parts,\n called _Cyathi_, and therefore their _calices_ were called\n _sextantes_, _quadrantes_, _trientes_, &c., according to the number\n of _cyathi_ which they contained.\n\n\n ATTIC MEASURE OF CAPACITY FOR THINGS DRY,\n REDUCED TO ENGLISH CORN MEASURE.\n\n sol.\n pecks. gals. pts. in. dec.\n _Cochlearion_ 0 0 0 0 276\u2077\u2044\u2082\u2080\n 1 _Cyathus_ 0 0 0 2 763\u00bd\n 15 1\u00bd _Oxybaphon_ 0 0 0 4 144\u00be\n 60 6 4 _Cotyle_ 0 0 0 16 579\n 120 12 8 2 _Xestes_ 0 0 0 33 158\n 180 18 12 3 1\u00bd _Ch\u0153nix_ 0 0 1 15 705\u00be\n 8040 864 576 144 72 48 _Medimnus_ 4 0 6 3 501\n\n N.B. Besides this _Medimnus_, which is the _Medicus_, there was a\n _Medimnus Georgicus_, equal to six Roman _Modii_.\n\n\n ROMAN MEASURES OF CAPACITY FOR THINGS DRY,\n REDUCED TO ENGLISH CORN MEASURE.\n\n sol.\n pecks. gals. pts. in. dec.\n _Ligula_ 0 0 \u00b9\u2044\u2084\u2088 0 01\n 4 _Cyathus_ 0 0 \u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2082 0 04\n 6 1\u00bd _Acetabulum_ 0 0 \u215b 0 06\n 24 6 4 _Hemina_ 0 0 \u00bd 0 24\n 48 12 8 2 _Sextarius_ 0 0 1 0 48\n 384 96 64 16 8 _Semimodius_ 0 1 0 3 84\n 768 192 128 32 16 2 _Modius_ 1 0 0 7 68\n\n\n THE MOST ANCIENT GRECIAN WEIGHTS, REDUCED TO ENGLISH TROY WEIGHT.\n\n lb. oz. dwt. gr. dec.\n _Drachma_ 0 0 6 2 \u00b2\u00b2\u2044\u2084\u2089\n 100 _Mina_ 1 1 0 4 \u2074\u2074\u2044\u2084\u2089\n 6000 60 _Talentum_ 65 0 12 5 \u2074\u00b3\u2044\u2084\u2089\n\n\n LESS ANCIENT GRECIAN AND ROMAN WEIGHTS,\n REDUCED TO ENGLISH TROY WEIGHT.\n\n lb. oz. dwt. gr. dec.\n _Lentes_ 0 0 0 0 \u2078\u2075\u2044\u2081\u2081\u2082\n 4 _Siliqu\u00e6_ 0 0 0 3 \u00b9\u2044\u2082\u2088\n 12 3 _Obolus_ 0 0 0 9 \u00b3\u2044\u2082\u2088\n 24 6 2 _Scriptulum_ 0 0 0 18 \u00b3\u2044\u2081\u2084\n 72 18 6 3 _Drachma_ 0 0 2 6 \u2079\u2044\u2081\u2084\n 96 24 8 4 1\u2153 _Sextula_ 0 0 3 0 \u2076\u2044\u2087\n 144 36 12 6 2 1\u00bd _Sicilius_ 0 0 4 13 \u00b2\u2044\u2087\n 192 48 16 8 2\u2154 2 1\u2153 _Duella_ 0 0 6 1 \u2075\u2044\u2087\n 576 144 48 24 8 6 4 3 _Unica_ 0 0 18 5 \u00b9\u2044\u2087\n 6912 1728 576 288 96 72 48 36 12 _Libra_ 0 10 18 13 \u2075\u2044\u2087\n\n N.B. The Roman ounce is the English _avoirdupois_ ounce, which was\n anciently divided into seven _denarii_, and eight _drachm\u00e6_, and as\n they reckoned the _denarius_ equal to an Attic _drachma_, the Attic\n weights were one-eighth heavier than the correspondent weights\n among the Romans.\n\n The Greeks divided their _obolus_ into _chalci_ and smaller\n proportions; some into six _chalci_, and every _chalcus_ into seven\n smaller parts; and others divided into eight _chalci_, and each\n _chalcus_ into eight parts.\n\n\n THE GREATER WEIGHTS REDUCED TO ENGLISH TROY WEIGHT.\n\n lb. oz. dwt. gr.\n _Libra_ 0 10 18 13\u2075\u2044\u2087\n 1\u00b9\u2044\u2082\u2084 _Mina Attica communis_ 0 11 7 16\u00b2\u2044\u2087\n \u2153 1\u2077\u2044\u2082\u2085 _Mina Attica media_ 1 2 11 10\u00b2\u2044\u2087\n 62\u00bd 60 46\u215e _Talentum Atticum commune_ 56 11 0 17\u00b9\u2044\u2087\n\n N.B. There was also another Attic talent which consisted of 80, or,\n according to some, of 100 _min\u00e6_. It must, however, be remembered,\n that every _mina_ contains 100 _drachm\u00e6_, and every talent 60\n _min\u00e6_. The talents differ according to the different standard of\n their _min\u00e6_ and _drachm\u00e6_, as the following table indicates:\u2015\u2015\n\n lb. oz. dwt. gr.\n _The Mina \u00c6gyptiaca_ } { 133\u2153 } { 1 5 6 22\u00b2\u2076\u2044\u2084\u2089\n _Antiochica_ } Consists { 133\u2153 } Equivalent { 1 5 6 22\u00b2\u2076\u2044\u2084\u2089\n _Cleopatr\u00e6 } of Attic { } to English {\n Ptolemaica_ } drachm\u00e6 { 144 } troy { 1 6 14 16\u00b3\u00b2\u2044\u2084\u2089\n _Alexandrina } { } weight {\n Dioscoridis_ } { 160 } { 1 8 16 7\u2074\u00b9\u2044\u2084\u2089\n\n _The Talentum } { } {\n \u00c6gyptiacum_ } { 80 } { 86 8 16 8\n _Antiochicum_ } Consists { 80 } Equivalent { 86 8 16 8\n _Ptolemaicum } of Attic { } to English {\n Cleop._ } min\u00e6 { 86\u2154 } troy { 93 11 11 0\n _Alexandri\u00e6_ } { 96 } weight { 104 0 19 14\n _Insulanum_ } { 120 } { 130 1 4 12\n _Antiochi\u00e6_ } { 360 } { 390 3 13 11\n\n\n THE VALUE AND PROPORTION OF THE GRECIAN COINS.\n\n \u00a3 s. d. q.\n _Lepton_ 0 0 0 0\u00b3\u00b9\u2044\u2083\u2083\u2086\n 7 _Chalcus_ 0 0 0 0\u00b3\u00b9\u2044\u2084\u2088\n 14 2 _Dichalcus_ 0 0 0 1\u2077\u2044\u2082\u2084\n 28 4 2 _Hemiobolus_ 0 0 0 2\u2077\u2044\u2081\u2082\n 56 8 4 2 _Obolus_ 0 0 1 1\u2159\n 112 16 8 4 2 _Diobolus_ 0 0 2 2\u2153\n 224 32 16 8 4 2 _Tetrobolus_ 0 0 5 0\u2154\n 336 48 24 12 6 3 1\u00bd _Drachma_ 0 0 7 3\n 662 96 48 24 12 6 3 2 _Didrachmon_ 0 1 3 2\n 1324 112 96 48 24 12 6 4 2 _Tetradrachmon_ 0 2 7 0\n 1660 384 120 60 30 15 7\u00bd 5 2\u00bd 1\u00bc _Pentadrachmon_ 0 3 2 3\n\n N.B. The _drachma_, and the _didrachmon_, were silver, the others\n generally of brass. The _tridrachmon_, _triobolus_, &c., were\n sometimes coined. The _drachma_ and the _denarius_ are here\n supposed to be equal, though often the former exceeded in weight.\n\n The gold coin among the Greeks was the _stater aureus_, which weighed\n two Attic _drachm\u00e6_, or half the _stater argenteus_, and was worth\n 25 Attic _drachm\u00e6_, of silver, or in \u00a3 s. d.\n English money 0 16 1\u00be\n Or according to the proportion of gold to silver,\n at present 1 0 9\n The _Stater Cyzicenus_ exchanged for 28 Attic _drachm\u00e6_,\n or 0 18 1\n The _Stater Philippi_ and _Stater Alexandri_ were of\n the same value.\n The _Stater Daricus_, according to Josephus,\n was worth 50 Attic _drachm\u00e6_, or 1 12 3\u00bd\n The _Stater Cr\u00e6si_ was of the same value.\n\n\n THE VALUE AND PROPORTION OF THE ROMAN COINS.\n\n \u00a3 s. d. q.\n _Terentius_ 0 0 0 0\u2077\u2077\u2075\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080\u2080\n 2 _Sembella_ 0 0 0 1\u00b9\u00b9\u2044\u2082\u2080\n 4 2 _Libella_, or _As_ 0 0 0 3\u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2080\n 10 5 2\u00bd _Sestertius_ 0 0 1 3\u00be\n 20 10 5 2 _Quinarius_, or _Victoriatus_ 0 0 3 3\u00bd\n 40 20 10 4 2 _Denarius_ 0 0 7 3\n\n N.B. The _denarius_, _victoriatus_, _sestertius_, and sometimes\n the _as_, were of silver, the others were of brass. The _triens_,\n _sextans_, _uncia_, _sextula_, and _dupondius_, were sometimes\n coined of brass.\n\n\n THE COMPUTATION OF MONEY AMONG THE GREEKS WAS BY DRACHM\u00c6,\n AS FOLLOWS:\u2015\u2015\n\n \u00a3 s. d. q.\n 1 _Drachma_ 0 0 7 3\n 10 _Drachm\u00e6_ 0 6 5 2\n 100 _Drachm\u00e6_ equal to a _Mina_ 3 4 7\n 10 _Min\u00e6_ 32 5 10\n 60 _Min\u00e6_ equal to a _Talent_ 193 15 0\n 10 _Talents_ 1937 10 0\n 100 _Talents_ 19375 0 0\n\n\n AMONG THE ROMANS THE COMPUTATION WAS BY SESTERTII NUMMI, AS\u2015\u2015\n\n \u00a3 s. d. q.\n A _Sestertius_ 0 0 0 1\u00bd\n 10 _Sestertii_ 0 1 7 1\u00be\n 1000 _Sestertii_ equal to one _Sestertium_ 8 1 5 2\n 10 _Sestertia_ 80 14 7 0\n 100 _Sestertia_ 807 5 10 0\n 1000 _Sestertia_ or _decies Sesterti\u00fbm_\n (centies und.) or _decies centena\n millia numm\u00fbm_ 8072 18 4 0\n _Centies_ vel _centies H. S._ 80729 3 4 0\n _Millies H. S._ 807291 13 4 0\n _Millies centies H. S._ 888020 16 8 0\n\n _The Mina Syria_ } { 25\n _Ptolemaica_ } { 33\u2153\n _Antiochica_ } Was { 100\n _Euboica_ } worth { 100\n _Babylonica_ } of { 116\n _Attica major_ } Attic { 133\u2153\n _Tyria_ } _Drachm\u00e6_ { 133\u2153\n _\u00c6gin\u00e6a_ } { 166\u2154\n _Rhodia_ } { 166\u2154\n\n _The Talentum Syrium_ } { 15\n _Ptolemaicum_ } { 20\n _Antiochicum_ } Was { 60\n _Euboicum_ } worth { 60\n _Babylonicum_ } of { 70\n _Atticum majus_ } Attic { 80\n _Tyrium_ } _min\u00e6_ { 80\n _\u00c6gin\u00e6um_ } { 100\n _Rhodium_ } { 100\n _\u00c6gyptium_ } { 80\n\n The Roman gold coin was the _aureus_, which generally weighed\n double the _denarius_.\n \u00a3 s. d. q.\n The value of it was, according to the first\n proportion of coinage mentioned by Pliny 1 4 3 3\n Or according to the proportion of coinage at\n present 1 0 9\n According to the decuple proportion mentioned\n by Livy and Julius Pollux 0 12 11\n According to Tacitus, as it was afterwards valued\n and exchanged for 25 _denarii_ 0 16 1 3\n\n The value of coin underwent many changes during the existence of\n the Roman republic, and stood, as Pliny mentions it, as follows:\n\n In the reign of Servius } The _as_ { 1 pound\n A.U.C. 490 } weighed { 2 ounces\n A.U.C. 537 } of brass { 1 ounce\n A.U.C. 586 } { \u00bd ounce\n A.U.C. 485 } The _denarius_ { 10 _asses_\n A.U.C. 537 } exchanged for { 16 _asses_\n A.U.C. 547, a scruple of gold was worth 20 _sestertii_;\n coined afterwards of the pound of gold, 20 _denarii\n aurei_; and in Nero\u2019s reign of the pound of gold, 45\n _denarii aurei_.\n\n N. B. In the above tables of money, it is to be observed that the\n silver has been reckoned at 5_s._ and gold at _\u00a3_4 per ounce.\n\n A talent of gold among the Jews was worth _\u00a3_5475, and one of\n silver _\u00a3_342 3_s._ 9_d._\n\n The greater talent of the Romans was worth _\u00a3_99 6_s._ 8_d._, and\n the less _\u00a3_60, or, as some say, _\u00a3_75, and the great talent\n _\u00a3_1125.\n\n The value of the Roman _pondo_ is not precisely known, though some\n suppose it equivalent to an Attic _mina_, or _\u00a3_3 4_s._ 7_d._\n It is used indifferently by ancient authors for _\u00e6s_, _as_, and\n _mina_, and was supposed to consist of 100, or 96 _denarii_. It\n is to be observed, that whenever the word _pondo_ is joined to\n numbers, it signifies the same as _libra_, but when it is used\n with other words it bears the same signification as the \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03b8\u03bc\u03b7\n or \u1f41\u03bb\u03ba\u03b7 of the Greeks, or the _pondus_ of the Latins. The word\n _nummus_, when mentioned as a sum of money, was supposed to be\n equivalent to a _sestertius_, and though the words _sestertius_\n and _nummus_ are often joined together, yet their signification\n is the same, and they intimate no more than either does\n separately.\n\n We must particularly remark, that in reckoning their _sesterces_,\n the Romans had an art which can be rendered intelligible by the\n observation of these rules: If a numeral noun agreed in case,\n gender, and number with the word _sestertius_, it denoted\n precisely as many _sestertii_; as for example, _decem sestertii_\n was ten _sestertii_. If a numeral noun of another case was\n joined with the genitive plural of _sestertius_, it denoted so\n many thousand, as _decem sesterti\u00fbm_ signifies so many thousand\n _sestertii_. If the adverb numeral was joined, it denoted so\n many hundred thousand, as _decies sesterti\u00fbm_ was ten hundred\n thousand _sesterii_. If the numeral adverb was put by itself,\n the signification was not altered; therefore _decies_, _vigesies_,\n &c., in a sentence, imply as many hundred thousand _sestertii_,\n or hundred _sestertia_, as if the word _sesterti\u00fbm_ was expressed.\n\n The _denarius_, which was the chief silver coin used at Rome,\n received its name because it contained _denos \u00e6ris_, ten _asses_.\n\n The _as_ is often expressed by an Lucius because it was one pound\n weight; and the _sestertius_, because it was equivalent to two\n pounds and a half of brass, is frequently denoted by H. S. or\n L. L. S.\n\n The Roman _libra_ contained twelve ounces of silver, and was worth\n about _\u00a3_3, sterling.\n\n The Roman talent was supposed to be equivalent to twenty-four\n _sestertia_, or nearly _\u00a3_193 sterling.\n\n\n THE END.\n\n\n Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO.\n Edinburgh & London","title":"A classical dictionary: containing a copious account of all the proper names mentioned in ancient authors with tables of coins, weights, and measures used among the Greeks and Romans and a chronological table","tradition":"myth-cosmogony","translated_text":null,"word_count":779810}